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FROM   THE   LIBRARY   OF 
REV.    LOUIS    FITZGERALD    BENSON,   D.  D. 

BEQUEATHED    BY   HIM   TO 

THE    LIBRARY   OF 

PRINCETON   THEOLOGICAL   SEMINARY 


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BIOGRAPHICAL   DICTIONARY 


OF 


MUSICIANS 


COMPILED  AND  EDITED  BY 

THEODORE   BAKER,   Ph.D. 


WITH  PORTRAITS  FROM  DRAWINGS  IN  PEN  AND  INK 

BY 

ALEX.  GRIBAYEDOFF 


$ 


NEW  YORK:     G.    SCHIRMER 

1900 


COPYRIGHT,   igOO,  BY 

G.  SCHIRMER 


PREFACE 

Concise  biographical  dictionaries  of  musicians  are  no  longer  a  novelty;  but  their 
contents  and  tendency  are  too  apt  to  be  influenced  by  the  immediate  environment, 
the  nationality,  or  the  idiosyncrasies  of  the  compilers.  In  the  present  lexicon  it  has 
been  the  editor's  endeavor  to  give  an  impartial  general  view  of  musical  biography,  past 
and  present,  favoring  no  nation  or  period  unduly.  It  has  been  his  especial  aim  to 
make  up  for  the  scant  attention  which  leading  English  and  American  musicians  have 
received  at  the  hands  of  foreign  biographers;  in  this  point,  no  other  work  of  similar 
scope  can  compare  with  this  in  completeness,  recentness,  and  accuracy.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  living  musicians  have,  in  general,  a  somewhat  larger  relative  space  allotted 
them  than  those  whose  career  is  closed.  The  reasons  which  determined  this  course 
are,  firstly,  that  full  and  correct  information  about  contemporaries  is  frequently 
unavailable  for  the  general  public,  being  either  scattered  in  numerous  periodicals  and 
books  of  reference,  or  not  published  at  all ;  secondly,  that  earlier  lexica  already  contain 
the  life-histories  of  most  musicians  of  prominence.  It  is  true,  that  in  such  published 
biographical  sketches  many  errors  of  fact  occur ;  in  the  difficult  matter  of  dates, 
especially,  much  requires  rectification.  Hundreds  of  emendations  are  contained  in  the 
present  work,  which  will,  it  is  hoped,  prove  more  trustworthy  than  its  predecessors. 
A  careful  collation  of  the  standard  works  of  reference  has  resulted  in  a  weeding-out  of 
very  many  mistakes,  due  to  carelessness  or  inadvertence,  in  the  biographical  matter 
belonging  to  past  epochs.  A  large  amount  of  reliable  and  valuable  information  has 
been  obtained  by  direct  correspondence  with  musicians  and  writers  of  note,  though 
many  inquiries  remained  unanswered.  The  comparative  brevity  of  sketches  of  certain 
prominent  contemporaries  is  due  to  the  impossibility  of  gathering  sufficient  and 
reliable  data. 

A  feature  of  peculiar  interest  and  value  is  presented  in  the  three  hundred  accompany- 
ing pen-and-ink  vignettes,  by  the  Russian  artist  Gribayedoff,  after  authentic  portraits 
or  recent  photographs.  In  their  selection,  again,  a  preponderance  of  contemporary 
over  deceased  musicians  will  be  observed,  the  general  plan  having  been,  to  portray 
individuals  in  whom  a  personal  interest  is  felt.  It  was  impossible  to  make  the  list  as 
complete  as  projected,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  procuring  originals. 

Despite  all  vigilance,  many  of  the  statements  made  in  the  nearly  six  thousand 
biographies  given  in  the  Dictionary  doubtless  require  correction.  Any  suggestions 
tending  to  the  improvement  of  the  work  will  be  gratefully  received  by  the  editor,  to 
whom  communications  may  be  addressed  in  care  of  the  publishers. 

The  editor  wishes  to  extend  sincere  thanks  to  all  the  distinguished  contributors  who 
have  so  kindly  furnished  the  material  requested,  and  so  essentially  lightened  his  task. 
Special  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  Richard  Aldrich,  cf  New  York,  for  careful  and  critical 
proof-reading,  and  for  timely  assistance  in  completing  several  important  articles. 

The  Editor. 
New  York,  January  i,   1900. 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    FOREIGN    WORDS 


A.,  alto. 
Abate    \ 

Abbate  [-abbot  [often  a  merely  honorary  title]. 
Abbe      ) 

Abt.,  about. 

Acad.,  Academy. 

A  Capp.,  a  cappella. 

Acc,  according(Iy). 

AcCOIlip.,  accompaniment. 

Acct.,  account. 

A.  Gr.  O.,  American  Guild  of  Organists. 

Allg-.,  Allgeill.  (Ger.,  allgemein),  universal, 
general. 

Alltiq.,  antiquarian. 

App.,  appointed,  appointment. 

AlT.,  arranged,  arrangement. 

Art.,  article. 

Aspirant  (Ger.),  an  unsalaried  orchestra- 
player  awaiting  advancement. 

ASSOC.,  association. 

Asst.,  assistant. 

Auglll.,  augmented. 

b.,  born. 

I  J.,  bass. 

Bar.,  baritone. 

b.  COllt.,  basso  continuo. 

Biirgerregiment  (Ger.),  militia  regiment. 

Camerlillg-O  (It.),  Chamberlain. 

Cantab.  (Lat. ,  Cantabrigiensis),  of  Cambridge. 

Catll.,  cathedral. 

Cav.  (It.,  Cavaliere),  Chevalier. 

'Cello,  violoncello. 

Cent.,  century. 

Cf.  (Lat.,  confer),  compare. 

CIl.,  church. 

ell.,  chorus,  choir. 

Cliantre  (Fr.),  singer. 

Cliapelle  (Fr.),  chapel,  choir. 

Chef  de   Chant  (Fr.),  ehorusmaster. 

Chef  tie  in  us  iq  il<>  (Fr.),  bandmaster,  con- 
ductor. 

Chef  d'orchestre  (Fr.),  conductor. 

Chev.,  Chevalier. 

Ch.m.,  Choinn.,  choirmaster. 

ChoragUS  (Lat.),  precentor. 


Chormeister  (Ger.),  conductor  (of  a  choral 

society). 
Circa  (Lat.),  about. 
Clar.,  clarinet. 

Coll.,  collected,  collection  ;    college. 
Commercienrath    (Ger.),     Counsellor    of 

Commerce  [often  honorary  title]. 
Comp.,  composed,  composer,  composition. 
Comte  (Fr.),  Count. 
Concertmeister  (Ger.),  leader. 

Cond.,  conducted,  conductor,  conducting. 

Congr.,  Congregational. 

Cons.,    Conservatory   (Conservatorium,    Con- 
servatoire, Conservatorio). 

COllt.,  continuo. 

Conte  (It.),  Count. 

Coiltraltista  (It.),  male  contralto. 

Cpt.,  counterpoint. 

d.,  died. 

d.-bass,  double-bass. 

Deiltsch  (Ger.),  German. 

Dir.,  director. 

Dom  (Ger.),  cathedral. 

Domchor  (Ger.),  cathedral-choir. 

Drain.,  dramatic. 

Dr.  jur.  (Lat.,  doctor  juris),  doctor  of  Ia\v(s). 

Dr.  phil.  (Lat.,  doctor  philosophise),    Doctor 
of  Philosophy. 

Due  (Fr.),  Duke. 

Ed.,  edited,  editor,  edition. 

e.g.  (Lat.,  exempli  gratia),  for  example. 

Ellg.,  engaged. 

Engl.,  England,  English. 

Ellt.,  entered. 

Episc,  Episcopal. 

Est.,  establ.,  established. 

Et  al.  (Lat.,  et  alii,  alia?,  alia),  and  others. 

Et    seq.   (Lat.,  et  sequentes,  sequentia),   and 

the  following. 
Evang.,  Evangelical. 
F.,  Fellow. 
f.,  for. 

Fest.,  Festival. 
fl.,  flute. 
Fr.,  French. 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    FOREIGN    WORDS 


frag'lil.,  fragmentary. 

Frau  (Ger.),  Mrs.,  Madam. 

Frailleill  (Ger.),  Miss. 

F.  (R.)  C.  O.,  Fellow  of  the  (Royal)  College 

of  Organists. 
Freiherr  (Ger.),  Baron. 
Gelieim    (Ger.),    Privy ;     Gelieimratli, 

Privy  Counsellor. 

Ger.,  German. 

Gesellscliaft  (Ger.),  Society,  Association. 

Gov.t,  Government. 

Grossherzoglieli  (Ger.),  Grandducal. 

Harm.,  harmony. 

Harps.,  harpsichord. 

Haiiptkirclie  (Ger.),  principal  church. 

Herr  (Ger.),  Mr. 

Herzoglicll(Ger.),  Ducal. 

H.  M.'s  Th.,  Her  Majesty's  Theatre. 

HocllSCllllle  (Ger.),  "  High  School,"  col- 
lege, university. 

Hof  (Ger.),  court ;  a  frequent  prefix,  as  in  Hof- 
kapelle,  court  chapel,  or  court  orchestra  ; 

Hof  kapellmeister,  court  conductor ; 
Hofmusikintendant,  Superintendent 
of  the  court  music  ;  etc. 
Hon.,  honorary. 

llOIl.  Causa  (Lat.,  honoris  causa),  because  of 
respect  [affixed  to  honorary  titles]. 

ib.,  ibid.  (Lat.,  ibidem),  in  the  same  place. 

id.  (Lat.,  idem),  the  same. 

i.e.  (Lat.,  id  est),  that  is. 

Imp.,  Imperial. 

Ilicid.,  incidental. 

lust.,  institution,  institute. 

IllStr.,  instrument  ;  ilistr.l,  instrumental  ; 
illstr.S,  instruments. 

Illtrod.,  introduction. 

It.,  Ital.,  Italian. 

Jlistizratll  (Ger.),  Counsellor  of  justice  [often 
honorary  title]. 

Eammersanger  (Ger.),  chamber-singer. 

Kapelle  (Ger.),  chapel,  choir,  orchestra. 

Kapellm.  (Ger.,  Kapellmeister),  conductor. 

Kerk  (Dutch),  church. 

Kirclie  (Ger.),  church  (often  compounded 
with  Saints'  names  ;  as  TllOlliaskircbc, 
Church  of  St.  Thomas  ;  Nikolaikirche, 
Ch.  of  St.  Nicholas  ;  Petrikircbe,  Ch. 
of  St.  Peter;  etc.). 

Kommerzieiirat.  Same  as  Commercien- 
rath. 


Kreuzkirche  (Ger.),  Church  of  the  Holy 
Cross  ;  that  in  Dresden,  with-  the  Gymna- 
sium (KreilZSChllle)  attached,  is  most 
frequently  mentioned. 

KiillStler  (Ger.),  artist. 

Lelirergesaiigverein    (Ger.),    Teachers' 

Singing-society. 
Liceo  (It.),  Lyceum,  College. 

Liederkrauz,  Liedertafel  (Ger.),  male 

choral  society  with  social  tendency. 

Lustspiel  (Ger.),  comedy. 

Llltlierie  (Fr.),  the  art  of  making  bow-instru- 
ments. 

Lyr.,  lyric. 

Maestro  (It.),  teacher  ;  conductor  ;  m.  al 
Cembalo,  (formerly)  the  orchestral  con- 
ductor, who  sat  at  the  harpsichord  ;  in. 
dei  putti,  Master  of  the  Boys. 

Maitre  de   chant  (Fr.),  conductor  of   a 

chorus  ;  singing-master. 
Hiilinerclior    (Ger.),    male    chorus  ;     Men's 
Choral     Society    (Maiiiiergesangver- 
ein). 

Marchenspiel(Ger.),  fairy-play,  fairy-opera. 

Marcliese  (It.),  Marquis. 

M.  de  Chap.  (Fr.,  maitre  de  chapelle),  con- 
ductor. 

M.  di  capp.  (It.,  maestro  di  cappella),  con- 
ductor. 

M.  E.,  Methodist  Episcopal. 

Melodr.,  melodrama. 

mod.,  moderately. 

lll.-SOpr.,  mezzo-soprano. 

M.  T.  A.,  Music  Teachers'  Association. 

Mils.,  music  ;  musical  ;  musician. 

MllS.  Alltiq.  Soc,  Musical  Antiquarian 
Society. 

MllS.  BaC.  (Lat.,  Musicse  Baccalaureus), 
Bachelor  of  Music. 

MllS.  Doc.  (Lat.,  Musiae  Doctor),  Doctor  of 
Music. 

Mlisico  (It.),  male  soprano. 

Mlisik  (Ger.),  music  ;  often  compounded,  as 
Mlisikdirector,  musical  director;  31  11- 
siklebrer,  music-teacher ;  Musikver- 
eill,  Musical  Society. 

11.,  near. 

11.  d.,  no  date. 

N".  E.,  New  England. 

X.  M.  T.  A.,  National  Music  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation. 


ABBREVIATIONS   AND    FOREIGN    WORDS 


N.  S.,  New  Style. 

Op.,  opus  ;  opera. 

Oper  (Ger.),  opera. 

Orcll.,  orcll.l,  orchestra,  orchestral. 

Org'.,  organ,  organist. 

Orig'.,  original. 

O.  S.,  Old  Style. 

OXOU.  (Lat.,  Oxonise),  of  Oxford. 

p.,  part. 

Pes.,  pieces. 

P.  E.,  Protestant  Episcopal. 

Perl".,  performed. 

Pf".,  pianoforte. 

Pllilll.,  Pllilharill.,  Philharmonic. 

Pres.,  President. 

Presb.,  Presbyterian. 

Principe  (It.),  president,  chairman. 

Proc.,  Proceedings. 

Prof.,  Professor. 

Pllbl.,  published. 

R.,  Royal. 

R.  A.  M.,  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 

R.  C,  Roman  Catholic. 

R.  C  M.,  Royal  College  of  Music. 

recte  (Lat.),   correctly,  properly. 

rectillS  (Lat.),  more  correctly,  more  properly. 

RegeilS  cliori  (Lat.),  choirmaster,  precentor. 

Regius  musicus,  Royal  musician. 

Reichsfreiherr(Ger.),  Baron  of  the  Empire. 

R^petiteur    (Fr),     Repetitor     (Ger.), 

coach  or  drillmaster  for  soloists  or  chorus. 

rev.,  revised. 

Rev.,  Reverend. 

Ritter  (Ger.),  Knight,  Baronet. 

Rom.,  romantic. 

S.,  soprano  ;  S.  A.  T.  B.,  soprano,  alto,  tenor, 
bass. 

SiiugervereilligUllg  (Ger.),  Singers'  Asso- 
ciation. 


Sell.,  school. 

Scllllle  (Ger.),  school. 

Schulratll  (Ger.)  Inspector  of  Schools. 

Siebeilburgeil  (Ger.),  Transylvania. 

Sillgakadeillie  (Ger.),  Singing-Society. 

Soc.,  Society. 

Sopr.,  soprano. 

Soprailista  (It.),  male  soprano. 

St.,  studied. 

Staatsbibliothek  (Ger.),  State  (National) 
Library. 

SllCC.,  successful. 

T.,  tenor. 

Th.,  theatre. 

Thaler  (Ger.),  silver  coin  ;  value  about  75 
cents. 

Thomaskirclie  (Ger.),  Church  of  St. 
Thomas. 

Thomasscllllle(Ger.),  the  celebrated  Gym- 
nasium connected  with  the  Thomaskirche 
at  Leipzig. 

Toiikiilistler  (Ger.),  "tone-artist,"  mu- 
sician. 

TrailSCr.,  transcribed,  transcription. 

Traiisl.,  translated,  translation. 

II.  (Ger.),  und. 

Unit.,  Unitarian. 

Univ.,  University. 

U.  S.,  United  States. 

V.,  very  ;  (Lat.)  vide,  see  ;  (Ger.)  VOll,  of. 

Var.,  variation. 

VCS.,  voices. 

Vereill  (Ger.),  Society,  Association,  Union. 

via.,  viola. 

vlll.,  violin. 

Volksoper  (Ger.),  folk-opera  (opera  in  popu- 
lar style  on  a  popular  or  national  subject). 

W.,  with. 

Ztg.  (Ger.,  Zeitung),  Gazette. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY 


OF 


MUSICIANS 


Aaron,  ,  abbot  of  the  monasteries  of  St. 

Martin  and  St.  Pantaleon  at  Cologne,  where  he 
died  in  1052.  Wrote  "  De  militate  caniusvoca- 
lis  et  de    modo    cantandi    atque    psallendi  "    (in 

library  of  St.  Martin),  and  "  De  regulis  tonorum 
et  symphoniarum."  He  introduced  the  Gregorian 
nocturnes  into  Germany. 

Aaron  (or  Aron),  Pietro,  b.  Florence,  1480 
or 'go  ;  d.  between  1545-62.  Noted  theorist  ;  in 
turn  cantor  of  boy-choir  at  Imola,  canon  and 
choir-master  at  Rimini,  monk  (order  of  Hospita- 
lers) at  Bergamo,  Padua  and  Venice.  Wrote 
"  Lucidario  in  musica  di  alcune  opinioni  antiche 
e  moderne  "  (1545);  "II  Toscanello  in  musica  " 
(1523,  '25,  '29,  '39,  '62) ;  "  Trattato  della  natura 
e  cognitione  di  tutti  gli  tuoni  di  canto  hgurato  " 
(1525);  "  Gompendiolo  di  molti  dubbj,  segreti, 
et  sentenze  intorno  al  canto  fermo  et  tigurato 
..."  (Milan,  no  date);  this  last  also  in  Latin  as 
"  Libri  tres  de  institutione  harmonica  "  (bologna, 
15 16). 

A'baco,  Evarista  Felice  dell',  b.  Verona, 
1662  ;  d.  Munich,  Feb.  26,  1726,  as  leader  of 
orch.  to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Bavaria.  Comp. 
violin-sonatas  w.  continuo,  and  concertos  for 
bow-instr.s. 

Abba-Corna'glia,  Pietro,  b.  Alessandria, 
Piedmont,  Mar.  20,  1851  ;  d.  there  May  2,  1894. 
Pupil  of  Milan  Cons.,  1868-71.  Talented  opera- 
comp.  {Isabella  Spinola,  1877;  Maria  di  War- 
den, 1S84  ;  Una  partita  di  scacchi,  Pavia,  1S92); 
also  wrote  good  chamber-  and  sacred  music 
(Requiem  Mass). 

Abbadi'a,  Natale,  b.  Genoa,  Mar.  n,  1792  ; 
d.  Milan,  abt.  1875.  Chorus-master  1831-37  at 
Carlo  Felice  Th.,  Milan.  Comp.  the  opera, 
Giannina  di  Pontieu,  ovv.  La  villanella  d'onore 
(Genoa,  1812),  and  the  farce  L' imbroglione  cd  il 
castigamatti  (do.);  also  masses,  motets,  etc. 

Abbadi'a,  Luigia,  daughter  of  Natale  A.; 
b.    Genoa,     1821.       Celebrated    mezzo-soprano 


stage-singer ;  de'but  Sassari,  1836.  Roles  : 
Maria  Padilla  (written  for  her  by  Donizetti), 
Saffo,  Vestale,  Elvira  (in  Ernani).  In  1870  she 
established  a  singing-school  at  Milan. 

Abbati'ni,  Antonio  Maria,  Roman  com- 
poser ;  b.  Castello,  1595  (1605  ?);  d.  there  1677. 
Maestro  di  cappella  at  the  Lateran,  1626-8,  and 
thereafter  successively  at  4  other  Roman 
churches.  Comp.  much  church-music,  most 
still  in  MS.;  publ.  3  books  of  Masses,  4  of 
Psalms,  various  24-part  Antiphons  (1630,  '38, 
'77),  and  5  books  of  Motets  (1635).  Co-worker 
with  Kircher  on  the  "  Musurgia."  Prod.  2 
operas,  Del  male  in  bene  (Rome,  1654),  and 
lone  (Vienna,  1666). 

Abbey,  John,  noted  English  organ-builder; 
b.  Whilton,  Northamptonshire,  Dec.  22,  1785  ; 
d.  Versailles,  Feb.  19,  1859.  On  Seb.  Frard's 
invitation  he  went  to  Paris  in  1S26,  settled  there, 
and  built  many  organs  for  churches,  cathedrals, 
chapels,  etc.,  throughout  France.  His  sons,  E. 
and  J .  Abbey,  still  carry  on  the  business  at 
Versailles. 

Abbott,  Emma,  dramatic  soprano,  b.  Chi- 
cago, 1S50.  After  years  of  hard  work  as  a 
natural  singer  and  guitar-player,  she  came  to 
New  Vork  abt.  1S70,  took  lessons  of  Erani, 
sang  in  Dr.  Chapin's  church  at  $1,500,  and  in 
1872,  aided  by  the  congregation,  went  to 
Europe,  studying  with  Sangiovanni  at  Milan 
and  Delle  Sedie  at  Paris.  Has  sung  with  great 
success  abroad  and  at  home.  Married,  1878, 
Mr.  E.  Wetherell  of  N.  V.  (d.  1888). 

Abd  el  Kadir   (or  Abdolkadir),   Ben  Isa, 

Arabian  writer  in  the  14th  century,  author  of 
3  mus.  treatises  noticed  by  Kiesewetter  ("  Musik 
der  Araber,"  1842,  p.  33):  "The  Collector 
of  Melodies";  "The  Aim  of  Melodies  in  the 
Composition  of  Tones  and  Measures";  and 
"  The  Treasure  of  Melodies  in  the  Science  of 
Musical  Cycles." 

Abd  el  Mumin  (or  Abdolmumin).  See 
Saffieddin. 


ABEILLE— ABRANYI 


Abeille,    Johann    Christian     Ludwig,    b. 

Bayreuth,  Feb.  20,  1761  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Mar.  2, 
183S.  Leader  of  the  Duke  of  Wurttemberg's 
private  orch. ;  later  court  org.  and  mus.  director. 
Fine  pianist  and  organist  ;  comp.  the  operettas 
Amor  und  Psyche  (Stuttgart,  1801),  and  Peter 
und  Anne  hen  (Stuttg.,  1809);  harpsichord- and 
chamber-music  (concertos,  trios,  duets,  etc.); 
and  songs  still  sung  in  schools. 

A'bel,  Clamor  Heinrich,  b.  Westphalia  near 
middle  of  17th  century;  d.  (?).  Publ.  3  sets 
of  pieces  for  strings  (1674,  '76,  '77).  He  was 
chamber-musician  at  the  Hanoverian  court. 

A'bel,  Leopold  August,  b.  1720  at  Kothen 

(where  his  father,  Christian  Ferdinand  A., 
was  a  viola-da-gamba  player)  ;  fine  violinist  ; 
played  in  court  orchestras  at  Brunswick,  Son- 
dershausen,  Schwedt,  and  Schwerin  ;  publ.  6 
violin-concertos.      Brother  of 

A'bel,  Karl  Friedrich,  renowned  player  on 
the  viola  da  gamba  ;  b.  Kothen,  1725  ;  d. 
London,  Jan.  (or  June)  22,  1787.  He  received 
thorough  training  from  his  father,  and  from  J. 
S.  Bach  at  the  Thomasschule,  Leipzig  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Polish  Band  at  Dresden, 
174S-5S;  visited  Leipzig  and  other  German 
towns,  and  went  to  London  in  1759,  where  the 
Duke  of  York  assisted  him.  In  1765,  cham- 
ber-musician to  Queen  Charlotte.  He  was  inti- 
mate with  Joh.  Chr.  Bach.  He  comp.  2  operas  : 
Love  in  a  Village  (London,  1760),  and  Berenice 
(1764)  ;  also  popular  symphonies,  overtures, 
quartets,  sonatas  for  harpsichord,  concertos  for 
harpsichord  and  strings,  etc.  He  revisited  Ger- 
many 1783-5,  returning  to  London  via  Paris. 
He  was  the  last  great  virtuoso  on  the  gamba. 

A'bel,  Ludwig,  b.  Eckartsberga,  Thuringia, 
Jan.  14,  1835  ;  d.  Neu-Pasing,  n.  Munich, 
Aug.  13,  1S95.  Pupil  of  Ferd.  David  ;  mem- 
ber of  Gewandhaus  orch.  at  Leipzig,  the  Wei- 
mar court  orch.  (1853),  leader  of  court  orch. 
at  Munich  (1867),  teacher  in  and  (187S)  In- 
spector of  the  Royal  Music-School  then  man- 
aged by  v.  Billow  ;  1880,  royal  Professor  ;  re- 
tired on  pension,  1894.  Violin-virtuoso  of  high 
rank,  and  an  excellent  orch.  conductor  ;  wrote 
a  good  Violin  Method,  also  studies,  variations, 
etc. 

Abe'la,  Don  Placido,  b.  Syracuse, 1S14;  prior 
of  abbey  at  Monte  Cassino,  where  he  died  July  6, 
1876.  Fine  organist;  comp.  much  good  church- 
music. 

Abe'la,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Borna,  Saxony, 
Apr.  29,  1803  ;  d.  Halle,  Apr.  22,  1841,  as  cantor 
of  the  Francke  Institute.  Publ.  a  volume  of 
school-songs  ;  also  male  choruses. 

A'bell,  John,  a  celebrated  alto  singer  (mu- 
sieo),  and  lutenist  ;  b.  London,  abt.  1660  ;  d. 
Cambridge  (?),  abt.  1724.  In  1679,  member  of 
the  Chapel  Royal  ;  lied  to  the  Continent  dur- 
ing the  Revolution  of  1688,  and  won  fame  and 
wealth  by  his  singing.      In  Kassel  he  was  made 


Intendant  of  Music  (169S-9).  About  1700  he 
returned  to  England.  He  was  also  a  song- 
writer and  collector  (collections  publ.  in  1701, 
and  1740). 

A'benheim,  Joseph,  violinist  ;  b.  Worms, 
1S04  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Jan.  19,  1891.  Member 
and  (1854)  musical  director  of  the  Stuttgart 
Cons.  Orch. — Comp.  overtures,  entr'acte  music, 
etc.;  some  minor  pf.-pes.  and  songs  have  been 
publ. 

A'bert,  Johann  Joseph,  b.  Kochowitz,  Bo- 
hemia, Sept.  21,  1832.  Choir-boy  at  Gast- 
dorf  and,  from  S  to  15,  at  Leipa  monastery, 
whence  he  fled  to  an  uncle  in  Prague,  who 
sent  him  (1848)  to  the  Prague  Cons.  (Kittl, 
Tomacek).  He  first  st.  the  double-bass;  his 
etudes,  concertos,  etc.,  for  this  instr.  are 
classics.  He  also  wrote  overtures,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1852  with  a  symphony  in  B  minor. 
Engaged  as  double-bass  player  in  the  court 
orch.  at  Stuttgart,  he  comp.  2  symphonies  (G 
min.  and  A  maj.),  and  an  opera,  A  una  -con 
Landskron  (Stuttgart,  1859)  ;  in  i860  a  second 
opera,  Die  Almohaden,  was  prod.  Studied  fur- 
ther in  Paris  and  London  ;  wrote  opera  Konig 
Enzio  (1S62)  after  returning  to  Germany,  and 
his  "Columbus"  symphony,  which  made  him 
famous.  A  3-act  romantic  opera,  Astorga 
(Stuttgart,  1866),  followed;  A.  was  then  app. 
Musikdirektor  and  (1867)  Kapellm.  at  the 
Stuttgart  Court  Th.,  succeeding  Eckert;  he 
retired  in  1S88.  Other  works  are  the  5-act  opera 
Ekkehard  (Berlin,  1878),  probably  his  mag- 
num opus  ;  a  5th  symphony  in  C  min.,  and  a 
6th  "lyric"  symphony  in  D  min.;  a  mass  f. 
mixed  ch.  w.  org.-accomp. ;  overtures,  string- 
quartets,  pf.-pes.  and  songs. 

Abes'ser,  Edmund,  b.  Margolitz,  Saxony, 
Jan.  13,  1837  ;  d.  Vienna,  July  15,  1889. 
One  opera,  Die  liebliche  Fee;  much  salon-music. 

Abos  (or  Avos,  Avossa),  Girolamo,  comp. 
for  stage  and  church  ;  b.  Malta,  shortly 
after  1700  ;  d.  Naples,  1786  (?).  Pupil  of  Leo 
and  Durante  at  Naples  ;  in  1756,  maestro  al 
cembalo  at  the  Italian  Th.,  London  ;  in  1758, 
teacher  in  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de'  Turcliini, 
Naples  (Paisiello  was  his  pupil).  Wrote  9 
operas  for  Naples,  Rome  and  London,  and, 
after  1758,  much  sacred  music  (7  masses,  sev- 
eral litanies,  etc.). 

Abraham,  John.     See  Braiiam. 

Abraham,  (Dr.)  Max.     See  Peters,  C.  F. 

Abranyi,  Kornel,  b.  1S22  at  Szent  Gy- 
orgz  Abranyi,  Hungary,  of  the  noble  Hun- 
garian family  EordSgh  ;  the  founder  of  the 
first  Hungarian  musical  journal  (i860),  of  the 
Singers'  Union  (1S67),  and  one  of  the  chief  pro- 
moters of  the  National  Mus.  Acad,  at  Festh, 
of  which  he  is  a  professor  and  the  secretary 
(1S75).  His  publ.  comp. s  (songs,  choruses,  etc.) 
are  in  the  national  vein. 


ABT— ADAM    DE    LA    HALE 


Abt,  Franz,  song-writer  and  conductor  ;  b. 
Eilenburg,  Dec.  22,  1819  ;  d.  Wiesbaden, 
Mar.  31,  18S5.  He  was  sent  to  the  Leipzig 
Thomasschule  to  study  theology,  his  father  be- 
ing a  clergyman,  and  later  obtained  an  excellent 
musical  education  both  there  and  at  the  Univ. 
On  his  father's  death  he  gave  up  theology,  hav- 
ing already  made  several  successful  attempts  at 
composition,  and  having  conducted  a  students' 
philharmonic  society.  In  1S41  he  went  to 
Bernburg  as  Kapellm.  of  the  Court  Th.,  but  in 
the  same  year  relinquished  this  post  for  a  simi- 
lar one  at  the  Zurich  Th.  Here  he  remained 
till  1852,  conducting  several  singing-societies 
and  composing  many  vocal  works,  particularly 
for  men's  voices.  He  was  then  app.  2nd  Kapellm. 
at  Brunswick,  3  years  later  becoming  1st 
Kapellm.,  a  position  held  up  to  18S2,  when  he 
retired  to  Wiesbaden. —  Abt  wrote  over  500 
works,  comprising  more  than  3,000  numbers  ; 
the  largest  are  the  7  secular  cantatas.  His  pop- 
ularity as  a  song-writer  is  due  chiefly  to  the  flow- 
ing, easy  and  elegant  style  of  his  vocal  melo- 
dies, many  of  which  ("  Wenn  die  Schwalben 
heimwarts  zieh'n,"  "  Gute  Nacht,  du  mein 
herziges  Kind,"  "  So  viele  tausend  Blumen," 
etc.)  have  become  true  folk-songs ;  numerous 
part-songs  are  likewise  deservedly  prime  favor- 
ites ;  in  these  and  his  choruses  for  men's  and 
for  women's  voices,  he  rivals  Mendelssohn  in  the 
hearts  of  his  countrymen.  On  his  vocal  works 
rests  his  lasting  fame  ;  his  pf.-compositions,  of  a 
light  and  popular  character,  are  already  for- 
gotten.— His  son, 

Abt,  Alfred,  b.  Brunswick,  May  25,  1S55  ;  d. 
of  consumption  at  Geneva,  Apr.  29,  1SS8.  Had 
been  Kapellm.  at  theatres  in  Rudolstadt,  Kiel 
and  Rostock. 

Achard,  Leon,  lyric  tenor  ;  b.  Lyons,  Feb. 
16,  1831  ;  st.  at  Paris  Cons.  (Bordogni);  debut 
at  Theatre-Lyrique,  1854.  Engaged  1S56-62 
at  the  Grand  Th.,  Lyons;  1S62-71  at  the 
Opera-Comique,  Paris  ;  and  1871  at  the  Crand 
Opera. 

Ack'ermann,  A.  J.,  b.  Rotterdam,  Apr.  2, 
1836.  Studied  at  The  Hague  in  the  R.  Music- 
School,  under  Ltibeck,  Nicolas  and  Wietz  ;  app. 
teacher  of  pf.  there  in  1S65  ;  of  org.  and  theory, 
1867. — Works  :  Pf.-pcs.  f.  2  and  4  hands  ; 
songs. 

Acton,  John,  English  singing-teacher  and 
composer  ;  b.  Manchester  (?),  1863.  Pupil  of 
Francesco  Lamperti  at  Milan.  Prof,  of  singing 
at  the  Manchester  R.  C.  M.  since  its  opening  in 
1893  ;  since  1894,  cond.  of  the  St.  Cecilia 
Choral  Soc. — Works  :  2  cantatas  f.  women's 
voices,  Forest  Bells,  and  The  Rose  and  the  Night- 
ingale; a  male  chorus,  "  For  home  and  liberty." 
w.  pf.-accomp.  (prize  from  S.  London  Mus. 
Club,  1888);  also  duets,  songs  and  pf.-pieces. 

Adam,  Louis,  b.  Muttersholtz,  Alsatia, 
Dec.   3,    175S  ;  d.    Paris,   Apr.    11,    184S.      He 


went  to  Paris  in  1775,  and  from  1797-1S43  was 
prof,  of  pf.  at  the  Paris  Cons.  He  was  a  close 
student  of  the  Cerman  classic  masters,  an  ad- 
mirable pianist,  a  comp.  of  numerous  pf.-pieces 
much  in  vogue  at  the  time  (especially  the  varia- 
tions on  "  Le  roi  Dagobert  "),  and  an  eminent 
pedagogue,  the  teacher  of  Kalkbrenner,  Herpld, 
Henri  le  Moine  and  F.  Chaulieu,  and  author  of 
two  standard  instruction-books  for  piano  : 
"  Methode  ou  principe  generale  du  doigte  pour 
le  Forte-piano"  (Paris,  Sieber,  1798),  and 
"  Methode  nouvelle  pour  le  Tiano  "  (5  editions, 
1802-32),  written  expressly  for  pupils  of  the 
Cons. — His  son, 

Adam,  Adolphe-Charles,  celebrated  opera- 
composer,  was  b.  Paris,  July  24,  1802  ;  d.  there 
May  3,  1856.  He 
entered  the  Cons,  in 
1S17,  but  made  little 
progress  until  taken 
in  hand  by  Boieldieu 
in  his  class  for  com- 
position. After  pub- 
lishing various  pf.- 
pieces,  he  brought 
out  the  1 -act  opera 
Pierre  et  Catherine 
(1S29),  the  success 
of  which  encouraged 
him  to  produce  13 
more  similar  works 
in  quick  succession, 
the  Postilion  de  Longjumeau  (1S36)  gaining  Eu- 
ropean celebrity  for  its  author,  and  still  keeping 
his  name  in  grateful  memory.  In  all,  he  wrote  53 
theatrical  works,  the  most  popular  operas  after 
the  Postilion  being  Le  Chalet  (1S34),  Le  fidele 
Berger,  Le  Brasseur  de  Preston  (1838),  Le  Roi 
d' Yvetol  (1842),  La  Poupee  de  Nuremberg,  Ca- 
gliostro,  and  Richard  en  Palestine  (1S44);  also 
the  ballets  Giselle,  Le  Corsaire,  Faust,  etc.  In 
1847,  on  account  of  difficulties  with  the  director 
of  the  Opera-Comique,  A.  founded  the  Theatre 
National,  but  was  ruined  financially  by  the  rev- 
olution of  1848,  and  entered  the  Paris  Cons,  as 
prof,  of  composition,  succeeding  his  father,  who 
died  that  year. — A.  does  not  rank  with  the  fore- 
most dramatic  composers  of  France,  his  style 
being  distinguished  by  taking  rhythms  and  light 
elegance  and  grace,  rather  than  forceful  origi- 
nality. His  forte  was  comic  opera,  in  which  he 
was  a  worthy  successor  of  Boieldieu. 

A'dam,  Karl  Ferdinand,  b.  Zadel,  n.  Mei- 
ssen, Dec.  22,  1S06  ;  d.  Leisnig,  Dec.  23,  1868, 
as  cantor  and  musical  director  there. — Works  : 
Popular  choruses  and  quartets  f.  men's  voices  ; 
songs  ;  pf.-pcs. 

Adam  de  la  Hale  (or  Halle),  called  le Bossu 
d' 'Arras  (Hunchback  of  Arras);  b.  Arras,  abt. 
1240  ;  d.  Naples,  12S7.  A  gifted  Trouvere, 
many  of  whose  works  have  been  preserved  (publ. 
1872  by  Coussemaker  as  "  (Euvres  completes  du 
Trouvere  Adam  de  la  Hale");  the  most  inter- 


ADAM    VON    FULDA— ADLER 


esting  is  a  dramatic  pastoral  entitled  Le  jeu  de 
Robin  it  de  Marion  (1285),  written  for  the 
Aragonese  court  at  Naples,  resembling  an  Optra 
comique  in  its  plan.  lie  was  a  master  of  the 
chanson,  in  the  dual  capacity  of  poet  and  com- 
poser ;  his  works  are  of  the  utmost  value  as 
illustrating  the  music  of  the  period. 

A 'dam  von  Fulda,  noteworthy  German 
theorist  and  composer  ;  b.  abt.  1450  ;  d.  after 
1537.  His  treatise  on  mus.  theory  is  to  be 
found  in  vol.  iii  of  Gerbert's  "  Scriptores 
ecclesiastici  "  ;  his  compositions  were  highly 
prized  in  their  day. 

A'damberger,  Valentin  {not  Joseph),  b. 
Munich,  July  6,  1743  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  25, 
1804.  Dramatic  tenor,  pupil  of  Valesi  1755-61; 
eng.  at  Venice,  1762,  as  1st  tenor;  sang  with 
growing  success  in  other  Italian  cities,  and 
assumed  the  name  of  "  Adamonti."  He  sang 
in  London  in  1777,  and  in  1780  was  eng.  at  the 
Vienna  Court  Opera,  in  1789  also  as  "  Hof- 
kapellsanger."  Mozart  wrote  for  him  the  part 
of   Belmonte,  and  some  concert-arias. 

Ada'mi  da  Bolse'na  (or  da  Volterra), 
Andrea,  b.  Bologna,  1664  ;  d.  Rome,  July  22, 
1742.  Famed  as  the  author  of  "  Osservazioni 
per  ben  regolare  il  coro  dei  cantori  della  cap- 
pella  Pontificia  "  (Rome,  1711),  a  work  of  his- 
torical value.  Cantor  of  the  Pontifical  Chapel, 
and  music-teacher. 

Adamon'ti.     See  Adamberger. 

Adamow'ski  [-moff'-],  Timothee,  b.  War- 
saw, Mar.  24,  1858.  Violin-virtuoso  ;  at  first  a 
pupil  of  A.  Kontchi  at  Warsaw  Cons.;  1876-9 
of  Massart  in  Paris  Cons.  In  1879  he  went  to 
America,  and  travelled  as  soloist  with  M.  Stra- 
kosch,  Clara  Louise  Kellogg,  and  finally  with  a 
company  of  his  own,  with  which  he  played  in 
Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Washington, 
Chicago,  etc.  From  1885-6  he  taught  in  the 
New  Engl.  Cons.,  Boston  ;  in  1888  he  organized 
the  Adamowski  String-quartet  (A.,  E.  Fiedler, 
D.  Kuntz,  and  G.  Campanari  ;  reorganized  1890 
with  A.,  A.  Moldauer,  Max  Zach  and  Josef 
Adamowski,  the  last  a  brother  of  T.  A.,  and  an 
excellent  'cellist).  In  18S7  A.  appeared  at  Lon- 
don (Crystal  Palace,  St.  James'  Hall,  Covent 
Garden),  and  Warsaw  ;  in  1895,  again  in  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  since  which  time  he  has  spent 
the  summer  season  regularly  in  these  two  cities. 
In  1898  he  played  at  Warsaw  with  the  Phil- 
harm.  Orch.  and  the  Mus.  Society.  His  quartet 
gives  about  30  concerts  annually  in  the  chief 
towns  of  the  U.  S.  From  1890-4  he  also  cond. 
the  six  weeks'  popular  summer  concerts  of  the 
Boston  Symphony  Orch.  —  He  has  publ.  several 
songs,  and  has  a  Novellette  f.  vln.  and  pf. 
in  MS. 

Ad'ams,  Stephen.     See  Maybrick,  M. 

Ad'ams,  Charles  R.,  tine  dramatic  tenor  ; 
b.    Charlestown,    Mass.,    abt.    1848.      Pupil    in 


Vienna  of  Barbieri  ;  was  then  eng.  for  3  years 
at  the  Royal  Opera,  Berlin,  and  thereafter  for  9 
years  at  the  Imp.  Opera,  Vienna  ;  has  also 
sung  at  La  Scala,  Covent  Garden,  Madrid, 
various  German  towns,  in  the  U.  S.,  etc.  Set- 
tled in  Boston,  1879.  Has  a  predilection  for 
Wagner  roles  ;  is  also  an  excellent  actor  and 
teacher. 

Ad'ams,  Thomas,  eminent  organist  and 
comp.  for  org.;  b.  London,  Sept.  5,  1 7S5  ;  d. 
there  Sept.  15,  1S58.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Dr. 
Busby,  and  organist  at  several  prominent  Lon- 
don churches.  His  publ  organ-works  include 
many  fugues,  voluntaries,  90  interludes,  and 
several  variations  on  popular  airs  ;  he  also  wrote 
variations  for  piano,  and  many  anthems,  hymns, 
and  sacred  songs.  Plis  skill  in  improvising  was 
remarkable  ;  for  years  he  had  charge  of  the  per- 
formances on  Flight  and  Robson's  "Apollon- 
icon." 

Ad'cock,  James,  b.  Eton,  England,  June 
29,  177S;  d.  Cambridge,  Apr.  30,  i860.  Chor- 
ister, 1786,  of  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor, 
and  lay-clerk  in  1797  ;  later  a  member  of  va- 
rious church-choirs  in  Cambridge  ;  and,  finally, 
choir-master  at  King's  College. — Works  :  Sev- 
eral 3-  and  4-part  glees  ;  an  evening  service  in 
Bj?  ;  anthems  ;  and  a  book,  "  The  Rudiments  of 
Singing." 

Ad'dison,  John,  composer  and  double-bass 
player  ;  b.  London,  1765  ;  d.  there  Jan.  30, 
1S44  — Works  :  6  operettas,  very  popular  at  the 
period;  a  "sacred  drama,"  Elijah;  songs, 
glees,  etc.;  also  "Singing  Practically  Treated 
in  a  Series  of  Instructions  "  (London,  no  date 
[1836]). 

Adelbol'dus  [ah-],  Bishop  of  Utrecht  ;  d. 
1027.  Wrote  a  treatise  on  mus.  theory,  publ.  by 
Gerbert  in  the  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  i. 

A'delburg,  August,  Ritter  von ;  b.  Con- 
stantinople, Nov.  1,  1830  ;  d.  insane  at  Vienna, 
Oct.  20,  1873.  Fine  violinist,  pupil  (1850-4)  of 
Mayseder.  His  tone  is  said  to  have  been  well- 
nigh  unmatchable  in  fullness  ;  his  numerous 
comp.s  were  chiefly  for  violin  (concertos,  so- 
natas f.  pf.  and  vln.,  string-quartets),  and  some 
sacred  pieces  ;  also  3  operas :  Zrinyi  (Pesth, 
186S)  ;    Wallenstein;  and  Martinuzzi. 

A'delung.     See  Adlung. 

Ad'ler  [ahd-],  Georg,  violinist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Ofen,  1806  ;  good  pianist  and  teacher. 
— Works  :  Chamber-music,  pf. -variations,  part- 
songs,  songs. 

Ad'ler  [ahd-],  Guido,  mus.  theorist  and 
writer;  b.  Eibenschi'itz,  Moravia,  Nov.  1,  1855. 
Studied  at  the  Academic  Gymasium  in  Vienna, 
where  he  conducted  the  pupils'  chorus,  and  at 
the  Vienna  (Ons.  under  Bruckner  and  Dessoff  ; 
entered  the  Univ.  in  1874,  and  founded,  in  co- 
operation with    Felix  Mottl   and  K.  Wolf,    the 


ADLER— AGAZZARI 


academical  Wagner  Society  ;  took  the  degree  of 
Dr.  jur.  in  1S7S,  and  in  1SS0  that  of  Dr.  phil. 
(dissertation  on  "  Die  historischen  Grundklas- 
sen  der  christlich-abendlandischen  Musik  bis 
1600"),  and  in  1S81  qualified  as  private  lecturer 
on  mus  science  (thesis,  "  Studie  zur  Geschichte 
der  Harmonie  ").  With  Chrysander  and  Spitta 
he  founded,  in  1SS4,  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift 
fiir  Musik wissenschaft  ";  in  18S5  he  was  app. 
prof,  of  mus.  science  in  the  German  Univ.  at 
Prague,  writing  a  monograph  on  the  Faux  bour- 
don and  the  treatise  by  Gulielmus  Monachus. 
In  1892,  he  was  elected  president  of  the  central 
committee  of  the  "  Internat.  Ausstellung  fitr 
Musik  und  Theater";  in  1895,  he  succ.  Hans- 
lick  as  prof,  of  mus.  history,  Univ.  of  Vienna, 
becoming  "  prof,  in  ordinary"  in  1S9S. 

Ad'ler  [ahd-],  Vincent,  pianist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Raab,  Hungary,  Apr.  3,  1S26  ;  d. 
Geneva,  Jan.  4,  1S71.  Pupil  of  his  father,  and 
of  Erkel  at  Pesth  ;  studied  in  Vienna  and 
Paris  ;  1S65,  prof,  at  Geneva  Cons. — Works  : 
Op.  11,  Valse  rococo  ;  op.  13,  Feuilles^d' Album  ; 
op.  15,  Allegro  de  concert  ;  op.  16,  Etudes  de 
style  ;  op.  24,  Grande  Marche  ;  op.  26,  Barca- 
rolle ;  etc. 

A'dlgasser,  Anton  Cajetan,  b.  Innzell, 
Bavaria,  Apr.  3,  172S  ;  d.  Dec.  21,  1777,  at 
Salzburg,  where  he  had  studied  under  Eberlin, 
and,  since  1 751,  was  first  organist  at  the  cathe- 
dral.— Works  :   Church-comp.s  of  merit. 

Ad'lung  [ahd-]  (or  A'delung),  Jakob,  b. 
Bindersleben,  near  Erfurt,  Jan.  14,  1699  ;  d. 
there  July  5,  1762.  Studied  music  at  Erfurt  ; 
became  town  organist  (1727)  and  prof,  in  the 
gymnasium  (1741),  also  giving  private  music- 
lessons.  He  was  not  only  an  indefatigable 
teacher  of  the  clavichord,  but  also  built  16 
clavichords  with  his  own  hands.  Three  of  his 
works,  "  Anleitung  zurmus.  Gelahrtheit  "  (175S  ; 
2d  edition  17S3,  revised  by  J.  A.  Hiller),  "  Mu- 
sica  mechanica  organoedi "  (1768),  and  "  Musi- 
kalisches  Siebengestirn "  (1768),  have  historical 
value. 

Adolfa'ti,  Andrea,  b.  Venice,  1711  ;  d. 
Genoa  (?),  abt.  1760.  Pupil  of  Galuppi  ;  in.  di 
capp.  at  church  of  the  Madonna  della  Salute, 
Venice,  and  (1750)  at  the  church  dell'  Annuncia- 
zione,  Genoa.  He  wrote  5  operas,  and  much 
church-music. 

Adras'tos,  pupil  of  Aristotle  ;  peripatetic 
philosopher  of  Philippopolis  abt.  330  B.C.; 
wrote  "Three  Books  of  Harmony"  (a  Latin 
translation  was  found  1788  in  the  library  of  the 
King  of  Sicily). 

Adriano  di  Bologna.     See  Banchieri. 

A'driansen,  Emanuel  (called  Hadrianus), 
b.  Antwerp.  Eminent  lutenist  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury; publ.,  1592,  a  coll.  of  canzonets,  dance- 
tunes,  fantasias,  madrigals,  motets  and  preludes 
(by  C.  di  Rore,  O.  di  Lasso,  J.  van  Berchem, 
H.  Waelrant,  etc.),  freely  transcribed  for  lute  in 
tablature. 


Adrien  (Andrien),  Martin-Joseph  [also 
called  La  Neuville,  or  Adrien  l'aine],  b. 
Liege,  May  26,  1707  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  19,  1S22. 
From  1 785-1 804,  bass-singer,  then  chorus-mas- 
ter, at  Paris  Grand^  Opera  ;  in  1822,  singing- 
teacher  at  the  "  Ecole  royale  de  musique."  — 
Works  :  "  Hymne  a  la  Liberte"  (1792,  celebrat- 
ing the  Prussians'  departure);  "  Hymne  a  la 
Victoire  "  (1795);  and  the  "  Hymne  aux  martyrs 
de  la  liberte." 

^Egi'dius  Zamoren'sis,  Joannes,  Francis- 
can monk  of  Zamora,  Spain,  abt.  1270  ;  wrote 
"Ars  musica "  (in  MS.  at  the  Vatican,  and 
printed  in  Gerbert's  "  Scriptores  "  ). 

■rfEgi'dius  de  Muri'no,  theorist  of  the  15th 
century  ;  wrote  treatise  on  mensural  music, 
printed  by  Coussemaker,  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  iii. 

Aerts  [arts],  Egide,  flutist  ;  b.  Boom,  n. 
Antwerp,  Mar.  1,  1822  ;  d.  Brussels,  June  9, 
1853.  Entered  Brussels  Cons,  at  12  ;  at  15, 
gave  brilliant  concerts  in  Paris  ;  app.,  1847, 
teacher  of  flute  in  Brussels  Cons.— Works  (in 
MS.):   Symphonies,  flute-concertos,  etc. 

Aerts  [arts],  Felix,  b.  St.-Trond,  Belgium, 
May  4,  1S27  ;  d.  Nivelles,  Dec.  (  ? ),  18S8. 
Pupil  of  Brussels  Cons.  (C.  Planssen);  violinist 
in  Brussels,  conductor  in  Tournay;  lived  in 
Paris  for  some  years,  and  in  Nivelles,  as  music- 
teacher,  from  i860. — Works  :  2  Essays  on  Plain 
Song  ;  an  elementary  instruction-book  ;  also  fan- 
tasias f.  orch.,  variations  f.  vln.,  litanies,  school- 
songs,  etc. 

Affilard,  Michel  1',  musician  and  singer  from 
1683-1708  in  the  chapelle  of  Louis  XIV.;  wrote 
a  very  successful  text-book  on  sight-singing  : 
"  Principes  tres  faciles  pour  bien  apprendre  la 
musique  .  .  .",  which  went  through  7  editions 
(Paris,  1705 — Amsterdam,  1717). 

Afra'nio,  canon  at  Ferrara,  inventor  of  the 
bassoon  ;  b.  Pa  via,  end  of  the  15th  century.  He 
is  mentioned,  and  the  bassoon  depicted,  in  Al- 
bonesio's  work  "  Introductio  in  chaldaicam 
linguam  .    .   ."    (Pavia,  1539). 

Afze'lius,  Arvid  August,  Swedish  writer, 
pastor  at  Enkoping  ;  b.  May  6,  17S5  ;  d.  Sept. 
25,  1871.  Publ.  2  collections  of  "  Svenska  Folks- 
visor"  [Swedish  Folk-songs]  (1814-16,  3  vol.s) ; 
and  "Afsked  af  Svenska  Folksharpan  "  [Fare- 
well of  the  Swedish  Folk's-harp]  (1848,  1  vol.). 

Agazza'ri,  Agostino,  b.  Siena,  Dec.  2, 
1578  ;  d.  there  Apr.  10,  1640.  Entered  the 
service  of  the  Emperor  Matthias  as  a  profes- 
sional musician  ;  proceeding  to  Rome,  he  was 
in  turn  in.  di  capp.  at  the  German  College  (be- 
fore 1603),  the  church  of  S.  Apollinaris,  and  the 
Seminario  romano  ;  intimacy  with  Viadana  led 
to  his  adoption  of  the  latter's  innovations  in 
sacred  vocal  music  (writing  church  concerti  for 
1  or  2  voices  with  instrumental  harmonic  sup- 
port). From  1630,  in.  di  capp.  at  Siena  cathe- 
dral.    His  works,   variously    reprinted  in  Ger- 


AGELAOS— AGRICOLA 


many  and  Holland,  were  in  great  favor,  and 
very  numerous  (madrigals,  psalms,  motets, 
magnificats,  and  other  church-music).  I  lis 
little  pamphlet  on  "La  musica  ecclesiastica '' 
(Siena,  1638)  is  a  theoretical  endeavor  to  bring 
the  practice  of  church-music  into  accord  with 
the  Resolution  of  the  Council  of  Trent  ;  he  was 
also  among  the  first  to  give  written  instructions 
for  the  performance  of  the  basso  continuo  (Pre- 
face to  Book  iii  of  the  Motets  [Zanetti,  Rome, 
1606]). 

Agela'os  of  Tegea,  reputed  the  first  virtuoso 
on  the  cithara  played  alone,  took  first  prize 
given  in  the  Pythian  games  of  559  B.  c.  for 
playing  on  stringed  instruments. 

AgnelTi,  Salvatore,  b.  Palermo,  1817  ; 
pupil  of  the  Naples  Cons,  under  Furno,  Zinga- 
relli  and  Donizetti  ;  began  his  professional  ca- 
reer as  a  writer  of  Italian  operas  for  Naples  : 
//  Lazzarone  napolitano  (1839),  and  La  Locan- 
deria  di  spirito  (1839)  ;  going  to  Marseilles 
(where  he  still  lives)  in  1846,  he  brought  out 
the  operas  La  Jacquerie  (1849),  Leonore  de 
Medicis  (1S55),  and  Les  deux  Avares  (i860), 
besides  several  ballets  ;  3  operas,  Cromwell, 
Stejajiia,  and  Sforza,  remain  in  MS.  Me  has 
also  written  a  cantata  {Apothe'ose  de  Napoleon  /, 
performed  by  three  orchestras  in  the  Jardin  des 
Tuileries,  1856),  a  Miserere,  and  a  Stabat 
Mater. 

Agne'si,  Maria  Theresia  d',  pianist  and 
dramatic  comp. ;  b.  Milan,  1724;  d.  17S0  (?). — 
Works  :  4  operas  (all  given  in  1771),  Sofonisba 
(Naples),  Ciro  in  Armenia  (Milan),  Nitocri 
(Venice),  Lnsubria  consolata  (Milan)  ;  also  so- 
natas f.  pf.,  and  ditto  f.  harp. 

Agne'si,  Luigi  {rate  Louis-Ferdinand- 
Leopold  Agniez),  bass  opera-  and  concert- 
singer  ;  b.  Erpent,  Namur,  July  17,  1S33;  d. 
London,  Feb.  2,  1875.  Pupil  of  Brussels 
Cons. ;  conductor  of  several  singing-societies, 
and  choir-master  at  St.  Catherine's  ch. ;  comp. 
the  unsucc.  opera  Harold  le  Norm  and  (1858)  ; 
st.  1861  with  Duprez  ;  filled  numerous  engage- 
ments in  Germany,  Holland,  Belgium,  Paris, 
and  especially  in  London,  where  his  reputation 
was  high. 

Agniez,  L.-F.-L.     See  Agnesi,  L. 

Agobar'dus,  Archbishop  of  Lyons,  d.  Sain- 
tonge,  840.  Wrote  3  mus.  treatises  (publ.  in  vol. 
xiv  of  "  Bibliotheca  Patrum  ")  :  "  De  divina 
psalmodia,"  "  De  ecclesia;  officiis,"  and  "  De 
correctione  Antiphonarii." 

Agosti'ni,  Ludovico,  b.  Ferrara,  1534  ;  d. 
there,  Sept.  20,  1590,  as  m.  di  capp.  at  the  ca- 
thedral and  also  to  Alphonso  II.  of  Este.  He 
was  both  poet  and  composer  ;  his  madrigals, 
motets,  masses,  vespers,  etc.,  were  published  in 
2  collections  at  Venice  (Gardano)  and  Ancona 
(Landrino)  respectively. 

Agosti'ni,  Paolo,  b.  Vallerano,  1593  ;  d. 
Rome,  1(129.      Pupil  of  B.  Nanini  ;  was  succes- 


sively organist  of  S.  Maria  in  Trastevere,  m.  di 
eapp.  at  S.  Lorenzo  at  Damaso,  and  the  succes- 
sor of  Ugolini  in  the  similar  office  at  the  Vati- 
can. His  publ.  works,  2  books  of  psalms  (1619), 
2  books  of  Magnificats  and  Antiphons  (1620), 
and  5  books  of  Masses  (1624-28),  form  but  a 
small  portion  of  his  compositions,  which  are 
marvels  of  contrapuntal  ingenuity,  some  of 
them  in  4S  parts.  He  was  the  pioneer  in  the 
employment  of  large  bodies  of  singers  in  divided 
choirs. 

Agosti'ni,  Pietro  Simone,  b.  Rome  abt. 
1650  ;  maestro  to  the  Duke  of  Parma.  Wrote 
the  opera  //  ratto  delle  Sabine  (Venice).  Publ. 
Cantatas  for  solo  bass  voice  (Rome,  1680). 

Agramon'te,  Emilio,  b.  Puerto  Principe, 
Cuba,  Nov.  28,  1844.  He  studied  composition 
under  Balartand  Botessini,  in  Spain,  and  Maiden 
and  David  in  Paris  ;  piano  under  Jovell  and  l'.is- 
cani  (Spain),  and  Marmontel  (Paris) ;  also  singing 
under  Roger,  Selva,  and  Delle  Sedie.  In  1865 
he  took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  at  the  Univ.  of 
Madrid  ;  he  taught  singing  in  Barcelona,  1865- 
6  ;  in  Cuba,  1866-8  ;  since  then  in  New  York. 
From  1869-72  A.  conducted  the  "  Eight  o'clock 
Mus.  Club  "  ;  the  Vocal  Union  of  New  Brunswick 
(N.  J.),  from  1878-83  ;  the  Amer.  Composers' 
Choral  Assoc,  from  1890-2  ;  and,  since  1886, the 
"Gounod  Society "  of  New  Plaven,  Conn,  (an 
excellent  chorus  of  300  voices').  During  30 
years'  active  work  in  N.  Y.,  he  has  trained  many 
good  singers. — Works  (in  MS.)  :  Numerous 
songs  and  sacred  compositions  (a  Stabat  Mater)  ; 
of  his  various  lectures,  one,  "  Qualifications 
necessary  in  a  Vocal  Master,"  was  publ.  in  the 
"  Art  Journal." 

Agrell',  Johann,  b.  Loth,  Sweden,  Feb.  1, 
1701  ;  d.  Nuremberg,  Jan.  19,  1769.  From  1723- 
46,  he  was  court  violinist  at  Kassel,  and  also 
noted  as  a  harpsichord-player  ;  1746,  after  visit- 
ing Italy,  Kapellm.  at  Nuremberg. — Works  : 
Symphonies  f.  orch. ;  7  concertos  f.  harpsichord 
and  quartet  ;  7  trios  ;  several  duos  ;  6  sonatas 
f.  harpsichord  solo. 

Agri'cola,  Alexander,  eminent  composer, 
probably  of  German  nationality  ;  b.  abt.  1470  ; 
d.  abt.  1530  near  Valladolid,  Spain.  He  was  one 
of  Okeghem's  many  distinguished  pupils  ;  served 
as  a  singer  under  Charles  VIII.  of  France,  Lor- 
enzo de'  Medici  at  Milan,  and  finally  Philip  I. 
(the  Fair),  whom  he  followed  from  Brussels  in 
1505  to  Spain.  31  of  his  songs  and  motets  were 
printed  by  Petrucci  (Venice,  1502—3),  who  also 
published  (Venice,  1503)  a  vol.  of  5  masses  (Le 
Serviteur,  Je  ne  demande,  Malheur  me  bat, 
Primi  toni,  Secundi  toni). 

Agri'cola,  Martin,  a  very  important  mus. 
theorist  and  writer  ;  b.  Sorau  (Saxony),  14S6  ;  d. 
Magdeburg,  June  10,  1556  ;  an  authority  on  the 
instruments  of  his  time,  and  a  valuable  source 
for  the  history  of  notation.  Mattheson  says  that 
he  was  the  first  to  abandon  the  old  tablature  for 


AGRICOLA— AHLE 


modern  notation.  From  1510-24  he  was  a  pri- 
vate music-teacher  in  Magdeburg  ;  1524,  app. 
cantor  at  the  first  Lutheran  school  there.  His 
friend  and  patron,  Rhaw,  of  Wittenberg,  printed 
several  of  his  works,  chief  among  which  are 
"  Musica  figuralis  deudsch,"  "  Von  den  Propor- 
tionibus  "  (both  without  date  or  author's  name, 
but  reprinted  together  in  1532);  "  Musica  in- 
strumentalis  deudsch  "  (chief  work  ;  152S,  '29, 
'32);  "  Rudimenta  musices "  (1539,  '43;  this 
2nd  ed.  entitled  "  Quaestiones  vulgariores  in 
musicam  ");  "Duo  libri  musices  "  (1561,  being 
the  Rudimenta  and  De  Proportionibus  in  one 
vol.);  "Scholia  in  musicam  planam  Wenceslai 
de  Nova  Domo "  (1540);  Virdung's  "Musica 
getutscht  "  in  verse,  with  the  original  illustra- 
tions ;  also  a  few  collections  of  pieces,  "  Ein 
kurz  deudsch  musica  "  (1528);  "  Musica  chorahs 
deudsch  "  (1533);  "  Deudsche  Musica  urid  de- 
sangbtichlein  "  (1540);  "  Ein  Sangbi'ichlein  aller 
Sonntags-Evangelien  "  (1541). 

Agri'cola,  Johann,  b.  Nuremberg  abt.  1570  ; 
d.  (  ?  ).  Prof,  of  music  at  Gymnasium  Augusti, 
Erfurt.  Publ.  Motets  (Nuremberg,  1601),  Can- 
tiones  (do.),  28  Motets  (Erfurt,  1611). 

Agri'cola,  Wolfgang  Christoph,  German 
composer.  Publ.  8  masses,  "  Fasciculus  musi- 
calis "  (Wiirzburg  and  Cologne,  1651),  and  a 
coll.  of  motets,  "  Fasciculus  variarum  cantio- 
num 

Agri'cola,  Georg  Ludwig,  b.  Grossfurra,  n. 
Sondershausen,  Oct.  25,  1643  ;  d.  Feb.  20,  1676, 
at  ( lotha,  where  he  was  Kapellm.  from  1670. 
Publ.  "  Musikal.  Nebenstunden "  f.  2  vlns.,  2 
vlas.,  and  bass  (Muhlhausen,  1670);  Sonatas, 
Preludes,  etc.  (1675);  "  Deutsche  geistliche 
Madrigalien  "  (Gotha,  1675). 

Agri'cola,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Dobitschen, 
n.  Altenburg,  Jan.  4,  1720;  d.  Berlin,  Nov. 
12  (Dec.  1?),  1774.  He  entered  the  Univ. 
of  Leipzig  in  1738  as  a  law-student,  but  also 
studiecl  music  for  threeyears  with  J.  S.  Bach,  and 
later  (1741)  with  Quantz  in  Berlin;  was  made 
court-composer  (1750)  and  director  of  the  Royal 
Chapel  (1759),  succeeding  Graun.  His  compo- 
sitions, which  had  no  enduring  success,  were  8 
operas  (brought  out  1750-72  at  Berlin  and  Pots- 
dam), and  a  variety  of  sacred  music  and  arrange- 
ments of  the  King's  compositions;  except  a  psalm 
and  some  chorals,  none  was  published.  He  was 
a  good  singing-teacher  (transl.  Tosi's  "  Method 
of  Singing"),  and  was  said  to  be  the  finest  organ- 
ist in  Berlin.  Under  the  pseudonym  "  Olibrio," 
he  printed  some  polemical  pamphlets  directed 
against  Marpurg,  and  made  some  valuable  ad- 
ditions to  Adlung's  "  Musica  mechanica  orga- 
noedi." 

Ag'the  [ahg'teh],  Karl  Christian,  b.  Ilett- 
stadt,  1762;  d.  Nov.  27,  1797,  at  Ballenstedt,  as 
court-org.  to  the  Prince  v.  Bernburg. — Works:  5 
operas,  1  ballet,  sonatas  f.  pf. ,  songs,  etc. 

Ag'the,  Wilhelm  Joseph  Albrecht,  son  of 


preceding;  b.  Ballenstedt,  1790;  d.  after  1848. 
Pupil  of  Fischer  in  Erfurt  ;  in  1S10,  music- 
teacher  in  Leipzig,  and  member  of  the  Gewand- 
haus  Orchestra ;  1 823,  teacher  of  Logier's  method , 
in  Dresden;  1826  in  Posen  (Theodor  Kullak  be- 
ing one  of  his  pupils);  1830  in  Breslau,  and  1832 
in  Berlin,  where  for  13  years  he  was  director  of 
a  music-school.  Some  of  his  piano-pieces  are  of 
interest. 

Ag'the,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Sangers- 
hausen,  1794;  d.  insane  at  Sonnenstein,  n.  Pir- 
na,  after  1S2S.  Pupil  of  Miiller  and  Riemann 
(Dresden),  and  Weinlig  (Leipzig).  Cantor  of 
the  Dresden  Kreuzschule,  1822-S. 

Agua'do,  Dionisio,  famous  guitar-player; 
b.  Madrid,  Apr.  8,  17S4  ;  d.  there  Dec.  20, 
1849.  Wrote  various  pieces  and  etudes  for  gui- 
tar, also  a  "Method"  (publ.  1825;  in  French, 
1S27). 

Aguia'ri,  Lucrezia.     See  Agujari. 

Aguile'rade  Heredia,  Sebastiano,  a  monk, 
composer  and  maestro  de  musica  at  the  cathedral 
in  Saragossa  early  in  the  17th  century;  publ. 
(i6iS)acoll.  of  Magnificats  still  sung  there,  and 
elsewhere  in  Spain. 

Aguja'ri  [-yah'-],  Lucrezia  (known  as  La 
Bastardina,  or  Bastardella,  being  the  natural 
daughter  of  a  nobleman),  a  brilliant  singer  with 
phenomenal  compass  (c1-<4) ;  b.  Ferrara,  1743;  d. 
Parma,  May  18,  1783.  Her  father  entrusted  her 
instruction  to  P.  Lambertini;  in  1764  she  made  a 
triumphant  debut  at  Florence,  followed  by  a  suc- 
cession of  brilliant  appearances  in  Milan  and  other 
Italian  cities,  also  in  London.  Mozart  wrote  of 
her,  that  she  had  "a  lovely  voice,  a  flexible 
throat,  and  an  incredibly  high  range."  She 
sang  by  preference  the  music  of  Colla,  a  maestro 
die,  whom  she  married  in  1780,  then  retiring 
from  the  stage. 

Ah'le,  Johann  Rudolf,  b.  Muhlhausen, 
Thuringia,  Dec.  24,  1625;  d.  there  July  8, 
1673.  A  diligent  composer  of  church-music 
and  writer  of  theoretical  works  ;  his  "  Compen- 
dium pro  tonellis"  (1648)  ran  through  4  edi- 
tions [2d  (1673)  as  "  Brevis  et  perspicua  intro- 
ductio  in  artem  musicam  "  ;  3d  and  4th  (1690 
and  1704)  as  "  Kurze  und  deutliche  Anleitung 
."].  Principal  compositions,  "  Geistliche 
Dialoge,"  songs  in  several  parts  (164S)  ;  "  Thii- 
ringischer  Lustgarten "  (1657);  "Geistliche 
Fest-  u.  Communionandachten  "  (posthumous). 
Many  of  his  chorals  are  still  popular  in  Thu- 
ringia.— For  a  time  he  was  cantor  in  Gottingen; 
in  1654,  organist  of  St.  Blasius,  Muhlhausen; 
in  1 661,  elected  burgomaster  of  the  town. 

Ah'le,  Johann  Georg,  son  of  the  preceding; 
b.  Muhlhausen,  1650  ;  d.  there  Dec.  2,  1706  ; 
succeeded  his  father  as  organist,  composed  nu- 
merous works  popular  at  the  time,  and  was 
made  poet-laureate  by  Emperor  Leopold  I. 
He  wrote  a  method  of  composition,  "  Musika- 
lische    Fruhlings-,    Sommer-,    Herbst-    u.    Win- 


AIILSTROM— ALARY 


tergesprache  "  (1695-1701) ;  also  "  Instrumen- 
talische  Frtihlingsmusik,"  and  "  Anmuthige 
zehn  vierstimmige  Viol-di-gamba-Spiele  "  (1681). 

Ahl'strbm,  A.  J.  R.,  b.  Stockholm,  1762; 
d.  after  1827.  Org.  and  court-accompanist  ; 
publ.  songs,  also  sonatas  for  pf.  and  for  vln. 
(1783,  '86).  Editor  for  2  years  of  "  Musikalisk 
Tidsfoerdrife."  Co-editor  (with  Bomann)  of  a 
coll.  of   Swedish  folk-songs  and  dances. 

Ahlstrom,  Johan  Niklas,  b.  Wisby,  Swe- 
den, June  5,  1805  ;  d.  Stockholm,  May  14,  1S57. 
He  comp.  operas,  songs,  etc. 

Ah'na.     See  De  Ahna. 

Ai'bl  [l-bl],  Joseph,  firm  of  music-publ.s 
estab.  at  Munich  in  1824  ;  the  subsequent  heads 
were  Eduard  Spitzweg  (from  1836),  and  his  sons, 
Eugen  and  Otto. 

AFblinger  [1-],  Johann  Kaspar,  b.  Wasser- 
burg,  Bavaria,  Feb.  23,  1779  ;  d.  Munich, 
May  6,  1867.  Studied  music  in  Munich,  then 
at  Bergamo  under  Simon  Mayr  (1802)  ;  lived  at 
Vicenza  1803-11  ;  became  (1S19)  2d  ///.  die. 
to  the  viceroy  at  Milan  ;  founded  the  "  Odeon  " 
(society  for  the  cultivation  of  classical  vocal 
music)  at  Venice,  in  cooperation  with  Abbe 
Trentino  ;  was  engaged  (1825)  for  Munich  as 
2d  Kapellm.;  returned  in  1833  to  Bergamo,  and 
made  the  fine  collection  of  ancient  classical 
music  now  in  the  Staatsbibliothek  at  Munich. 
He  was  the  foremost  promoter  of  classical  vocal 
performances  in  All  Saints'  church,  Munich, 
and  wrote  many  celebrated  sacred  compositions 
(masses,  requiems,  liturgies,  psalms,  etc.). 
His  one  opera,  Rodrigo  e  Ximine  (Munich, 
1821),  and  3  ballets,  were  less  successful. 

Ai'chinger  [!-],  Gregor,  b.  Augsburg  (?),  abt. 
1565  ;  d.  there  Jan.  21,  162S,  as  canon  and  vicar- 
choral  of  the  cathedral.  Comp.  much  sacred 
vocal  music  :  3  books  of  "  Sacrae  cantiones " 
(Augsburg  &  Venice,  1590  ;  Venice,  1595  ;  Nu- 
remberg, 1597),  "Tricinia,"  "  Divinae  laudes  " 
(1602)  ;  his  "  Cantiones  ecclesiasticae  .  .  ." 
(Dillingen,  1607)  are  noteworthy  as  one  of  the 
earliest  works  in  which  the  term  basso  continue* 
appears. 

Aide,  Hamilton,  b.  Paris,  1S30,  of  Greek 
parentage.     Vocal  comp. ;  poet. 

Aig'ner  [ig-],  Engelbert,  dramatic  comp.; 
b.  Vienna,  Feb.  23,  1798  ;  d.  abt.  1S52.  Pupil 
of  Stadler  ;  1S35-7,  director  of  ballet  in  court 
theatre. — Works  :  Opera  Die  Wunderlilie 
(1827)  ;  2  comic  operas  :  Das  geheime  Fenster 
(1826),  and  Der  Angriffsplan  (1829)  ;  cantata, 
Lob  der  Tonkunst ;  a  mass;  a  quintet  in  G; 
6  choruses  f .  men's  v. ;  some  unpubl.  masses  ; 
and  a  requiem. 

A'imo.     See  ITavm,  N.  F. 

Aire'ton,  Edward,  violin-maker  in  London  ; 
b.  1727,  d.  1807.      lie  worked   under  Wamsly  ; 


his  violins  and  'cellos,   of  pale  yellow,  were  after 
Nicolo  Amati  models. 

Ajol'la.     See   Lavolle. 

Ak'eroyde,  Samuel,  Engl,  song-writer,  b. 
Yorkshire  after  1650.  Many  of  his  popular 
comp. s  were  printed  in  collections  of  the  period  ; 
e.  g.,  in  "  D'Urfey's  3rd  coll.  of  Songs"  (1685), 
"  Theater  of  Musick  "  (1685-6-7),  "  Banquet  of 
Musick "  (168S),  "Comes  Amoris  "  (16S5-7), 
"  Thesaurus  musicus  "  (1693-6),    etc. 

A'la,  Giovanni  Battista,  org.  at  ch.  of  the 
Serviti  in  Monza,  where  he  was  born  1580  (?)  ; 
d.  1612  (?).  Publ.  Canzonette  e  Madrigali  (Mi- 
lan, 1617-25)  ;  also  Concerti  ecclesiastici  (Milan, 
1616-28,  4  vol.s),  and  Pratum  musieum  (Ant- 
werp, 1635,  containing  motets). 

Alabieff,  Alexander,  a  well-known  Russian 
song-composer  ;  b.  Moscow,  Aug.  30,  1802  ;  d. 
there  in  1852.  A  special  favorite  is  the  "  Night- 
ingale" song  (Sa/ai't'i). 

Alard,  Cesar,  excellent  violoncellist,  b.  ( losse- 
lies,  Belgium,  May  4,  1&37  ;  entered  the  Brussels 
Cons,  at  9,  as  violinist,  but  was  persuaded  by  Ser- 
vais  to  study  the  'cello  instead,  and  in  2  years  took 
a  second,  and  soon  after  a  first  prize.  From  Brus- 
sels he  went  to  England,  travelled  with  Jullien's 
orchestra  as  a  soloist,  and,  after  concert-tours  for 
several  years,  plaved  wfth  Pasdeloup  at  Paris  ; 
in  1S66  journeyed  to  Havana,  1868  to  New 
York,  and  in  1870  returned  to  Paris. 

Alard,  Jean-Delphin,  a  distinguished  violin- 
ist of  the  modern  French  school  ;   b.     Bayonne, 

Mar.  8,  1815  ;  d. 
Paris,  Feb.  22, 
18S8.  A  pupil  of 
Habeneck  at  Paris 
Cons.  (1827),  his 
celebrity  dates 
from  1 831;  he  suc- 
ceeded Baillot  as 
prof,  in  1843,  and 
as  leader  of  the 
royal  orchestra, 
teaching  in  the 
Conserv.  till  1875. 
A  fine  instructor 
(Sarasate  was  his 
pupil),  he  pub- 
lished a  "  Violin 
School"  of  high  merit,  a  selection  from  18th- 
century  classics  ("  Les  maitres  classiques  du 
violon"),  and  numerous  brilliant  and- popular 
compositions  for  violin  (concertos,  etudes,  fan- 
tasias, duets  for  pf.  and  vln.,  etc.).  His  play- 
ing was  full  of  fire  and  spirit,  and  his  interpre- 
tation of  classic  German  chamber-music  was 
exceptionally  fine. 

Ala'ry,Giulio  Eugenio  Abramo,  b.  Mantua, 
1814  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  17,  1891.  Pupil  (1827-31) 
of  Milan  Cons.;  then  flutist  in  La  Scala;  since 
1838    in    Paris  as    music-teacher. — Works:     9 


ALAYR  AC— ALBERT 


operas  ;  a  "  mystery,"  La  Redemption;  numer- 
ous minor  pieces. 

Alayrac.     See  Dalavrac. 

Albane'se, ,  b.  Albano,  n.   Rome,  1729; 

d.  Paris,  1S00  ;  from  1752-62,  principal  singer 
{musico)  at  the  Parisian  Concerts  Spirituels. 
Comp.  songs  ("  romances  ")  very  popular  in  their 
day. 

Albane'si,  Carlo,  b.  Naples,  Oct.  22,  1856  ; 
pupil  of  his  father  (pf.)  and  Sabino  Falconi 
(comp.).  In  1893,  app.  prof,  of  pf.-playing 
at  R.  A.  M.,  London,  succeeding  Wingham. 
Fine  pianist. — Works:  "  Sei  fogli  d' Album,"  op. 
13  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  2  pf. -sonatas  ;  12  Preludes,  and 
40  or  50  minor  pes.  f.  pf. 

Alba'ni  is  the  stage-name  of  Marie  Louise 
Cecilia  Emma  Lajeunesse,  a  gifted  dramatic 
soprano,  b.  Chambly,  n.  Montreal  (Canada), 
1852  ;  trained  in  the  Convent  of  the  Sacred 
Heart  at  Montreal  ;  removed  to  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  in  1S64,  where  her  singing  in  the  cathe- 
dral attracted  such  general  attention,  that  her 
father  was  persuaded  to  take  her  to  Europe  for 
study;  pupil  of  I  Hiprez  at  Paris  for  8  mos. ,  and  of 
Lamperti  at  M  ilan  for  a  longer  period  (the  latter's 
treatise  on  the  Trill  is  dedicated  to  her);  made 
her  debut  at  Messina  in  1S70  {Sonnambuld), 
under  the  name  of  Albani,  in  grateful  memory 
of  the  town  where  her  public  career  began. 
After  singing  in  Florence,  London  (1872),  and 
Paris,  she  again  studied  with  Lamperti  for  sev- 
eral months  ;  sang  at  Covent  Garden  in  1S73, 
also  at  St.  Petersburg  ;  returning  to  America, 
she  revisited  Albany,  and  sang  in  the  cathedral  ; 
in  iS74sang  again  at  Covent  Garden,  where  she 
has  since  been  permanently  engaged.  Married 
the  lessee  of  the  theatre,  Mr.  Ernest  Gye,  in 
1878.  Her  principal  roles  are  Amina  {Sonnam- 
buld), Marguerite  {Faust),  Mignon,  Ophelia, 
Elsa,  Senta,  Elisabeth,  Lucia  ;  she  is  also  an 
oratorio-singer  of  the  first  rank,  and  a  fine  pi- 
anist. She  has  sung  in  opera  on  the  continent 
(Berlin,  1SS7)  with  great  success,   [v.  Appendix.] 

Alba'ni,  Mathias  (father  and  son),  violin- 
makers  of  Dozen  (Tyrol).  A.  the  elder,  b. 
Bozen,  162 1  ;  d.  there  1673,  was  one  of  Stainer's 
aptest  pupils  ;  A.  the  younger  learned  the  trade 
of  his  father,  and  worked  with  the  Amatis  at 
Cremona,  settling  finally  in  Rome.  His  instru- 
ments, from  1702-9,  are  considered  almost  equal 
to  the  genuine  Amatis  ;  whereas  his  father's 
violins,  though  powerful  in  tone,  are  less  re- 
markable in  quality. 

Albeniz,  Pedro,  b.  Logroiio  (Old  Castile, 
Spain),  April  14,1795  ;  d.  Madrid,  Apr.  12,  1.S55. 
In  early  youth,  organist  in  various  .Spanish 
towns  ;  later,  a  pupil  of  Kalkbrenner  and  Henri 
Herz  in  Paris  ;  app.  (1830)  pf.-prof.  at  Madrid 
Cons.,  and  (1834)  court  organist.  An  early  and 
powerful  promoter  of  modern  methods  of  piano- 
playing  in  Spain,  a  composer  of  some  70  piano- 


pcs.  (rondos,  variations,  fantasias,  etudes,  etc.), 
also  songs  ;  author  of  a  pf.  Method  adopted  by 
the  Madrid  Cons. 

Albeniz,  Isaac,  fine  concert-pianist,  grand- 
nephew  of  Pedro  A.;  b.  Camprodon,  Spain, 
May  29,  1861.  Pupil  of  Marmontel,  Jadas- 
sohn, Reinecke,  Brassin  and  Liszt  (for  pf.), 
and  of  Dupont  and  Gevaert  (comp.). — Works  : 
Comic  opera,  'J'lie  Magic  Opal  (London,  1893, 
v.  succ);  opera,  Enrico  Clifford  (Barcelona,' 
1895,  do);  1 -act  zarzuela,  San  Antonio  do  la 
Florida  (Madrid,  1895,  do.);  opera,  Pepita 
Jimenez  (Barcelona,  1S96);  over  200  publ. 
comp.s  f.  pf.  {Concerto  fantastico).  Pianist  to 
the  Queen  of  Spain.      Living  in  London. 

Albeniz,  Pedro,  Spanish  monk  ;  b.  Biscay  ; 
d.  in  1821  in  San  Sebastian,  where  he  was 
maestro  at  the  cathedral.  Wrote  many  masses, 
motets,  villancicos,  etc.;  also  a  Method  of  Mu- 
sic, highly  esteemed  in  Spain. 

Alberga'ti,  Pirro  Capacelli,  Conte  d', 
comp.,  b.  Bologna,  towards  end  of  17th  cent. 
His  works,-  very  popular  at  the  time,  were  2 
operas:  Gli  amici  (1699)  and  //  principe  sel- 
vaggio  (1712)  ;  an  oratorio  Giobbe  (1688),  and 
many  minor  oratorios  and  cantatas  :  also  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  w.  continuo, 
Cantate  morali  f.  solo  voice,  dances,  etc. 

Albert,  Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  Prince 
Consort  of  Queen  Victoria  ;  b.  Schloss  Rosenau, 
Aug.  26,1819;  married  Feb.  10,  1S40;  d.  Dec.  14, 
1S61.  A  zealous  promoter  and  patron  of  art,  he 
himself  comp.  an  opera,  Jean  le  Fol  (Bagnieres 
de  Bigorre,  1S65);  an  operetta,  Les  Petits  du 
Premier  (Paris,  1S64);  masses,  songs,  etc. 

Albert,  Heinrich,  b.  Lobenstein  (Saxony), 
July  8  (new  style),  1604;  d.  Ronigsberg,  Oct.  6, 
1651.  In  1622  he  went  to  Dresden  to  study 
music  under  his  uncle,  Heinrich  Schtitz,  but  his 
parents  soon  decided  that  he  should  study  law, 
and  sent  him  to  Leipzig.  Going  to  Ronigs- 
berg (1626),  he  was  attached  to  an  embassy  to 
Warsaw  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Swedes  ;  re- 
turning to  K.,  he  became  organist  of  the  cathe- 
dral (1631),  and  resumed  mus.  study  under 
Stobaus.  He  was  a  gifted  composer,  and  a  fine 
poet  (of  the  "  Ronigsberg  school"),  writing  the 
'words  for  the  majority  of  the  songs  he  set  to 
music.  He  published  8  famous  books  of  arias 
["Aden"]  (1638-50),  and  the  "  Kiirbshutte  " 
(1645),  collections  of  chorales,  arias  and  Lieder, 
for  one  or  several  voices  ;  many  of  his  hymn- 
tunes  are  still  sung  in  Prussia.  He  is  some- 
times called  the  father  of  the  German  Lied.  A 
selection  of  his  songs,  with  the  music,  has  been 
issued  in  the  "  Neudrucken  deutscher  Littera- 
turwerke  "  (Eitner  :   Plalle,  1SS3-4). 

Albert,  Max,  a  zither-virtuoso  who  inv. 
many  improvements  for  his  instr. ;  b.  Munich, 
Jan.  7,  1833  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  4,  1SS2. 


ALI5ERT— ALBERTINI 


Albert,  Eugene  (Francis  Charles)  d', 
[writes  his  name  in  German  style,  Eugen,\ 
pianist  ;  b.  Glas- 
gow, Apr.  10, 
1864.  His  father, 
Charles  L.  N.  d' 
A.  (b.  Xienstetten, 
near  Hamburg, 
Feb.  25,  1809;  d. 
London,  May  26, 
1866),  was  a  musi- 
cian and  dancing- 
master,  and  com- 
posed many  pop- 
ular dances  ;  he 
was  his  son's  first 
teacher.  —  Eugene 
was  elected  New- 
castle scholar  in  the  National  Training  School, 
London,  in  1876,  and  was  taught  by  Pauer  (pf.), 
and  Stainer,  Prout  and  Sullivan  (harm,  and 
comp.);  in  1881,  he  was  elected  Mendelssohn 
scholar,  and  studied  under  Richter  (Vienna)  and 
Liszt  (Weimar);  the  latter  dubbed  him  "  the 
young  Tausig "  on  acct.  of  his  remarkable 
technique.  On  Feb.  5,  1SS1,  he  played  the 
Schumann  concerto  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  Lon- 
don, and,  on  Oct.  24,  a  concerto  in  A,  of  his 
own,  at  a  Richter  Concert.  Since  that  time  he 
has  arrived  at  full  pianistic  maturity,  one  of  his 
feats  being  the  performance  of  5  Beethoven 
sonatas  (op.  31,  53,  90,  109,  no)  at  a  Gewand- 
haus  recital  on  Nov.  20,  1893,  thus  vying  with 
Billow's  famous  programs.  As  a  composer  he 
has  publ.  2  pf. -concertos,  in  B  minor  and  E  ;  2 
overtures  (Hyperion  and  Esther');  a  symphony 
in  F  ;  a  pf. -suite  in  5  movements  ;  a  pf. -sonata 
in  F  sharp  min.;  an  A  minor  string-quintet; 
minor  pf.-pcs. ,  and  several  songs;  text  (after 
Fr.  Hebbel's  fairy  comedy  Der  Rubin)  and 
music  of  an  opera  in  2  acts,  Der  Rubin  [  The 
Ruby]  (Karlsruhe,  Oct.  12,  1S93),  which  had  a 
favorable  reception  ;  text  and  music  of  the  3-act 
opera  Ghismonda  (Dresden,  1895,  mod.  succ); 
opera  Gemot  (Mannheim,  1897;  succ);  i-act 
mus.  comedy  Die  Abreise  (Frankfort,  1898 ; 
succ);  op.  14,  "Der  Mensch  u.  das  Leben  " 
(by  O.  Ludwig),  f.  6-p.  ch.  and  orch.;  op.  16.  4 
pf. -pieces  (Waltz,  Scherzo,  Intermezzo,  Ballade). 
— D'Albert  married  the  celebrated  pianist  Teresa 
Carrefio  in  1892  (divorced  1895),  and  now  resides 
in  Germany.  1895,  app.  1st  Kapellm.  at  Weimar, 
as  1  >r.  Lassen's  successor  ;  but  resigned  speedily, 
being  himself  succeeded  by  Bernh.  Stavenhagen. 

Albertaz'zi,  Emma,  nee  Ilowson,  stage-con- 
tralto ;  b.  London,  May  1,  1814  ;  d.  there  Sept. 
25,  1847.  Pupil  of  Sir  M.  Costa;  debut  1829, 
Argyle  Rooms,  London.  Engaged  at  King's 
Th.,  1830;  at  Piacenza,  Italy,  in  1831,  where 
she  married  Sgr.  Albertazzi.  Sang  in  La  Scala, 
'31  ;  Madrid  ('33),  and  Paris  (Ital.  Op.,  '35), 
her  most  brilliant  period.  Reappeared  in  Lon- 
don, 1S37.  She  had  a  fine  voice,  but  no  passion 
or  animation  in  singing  or  acting. 


Alber'ti,  Joh.  Friedrich,  b.  Tonning,  Schles- 
wig,  Jan.  11,  1642;  d.  Merseburg,  June  14, 
1710.  Pupil  of  Werner  Fabricius,  Leipzig  ;  org. 
at  Merseburg  cathedral  till  1691.  A  learned 
contrapuntist,  whose  chorals,  fugues,  etc.,  were 
held  in  estimation. 

Alber'ti,  Giuseppe  Matteo,  b.  Bologna, 
1685  ;  d.  after  1746.  Violinist  and  comp.  of 
great  merit  ;  pupil  of  Manzolini  and  Minelli 
(vln.)  and  F.  Arresti  (cpt.)  ;  "  principe "  of 
the  B.  Philh.  Academy. — Publ.  works  :  10  Coti- 
certi  (sextets)  ;  12  vln. -sonatas  w.  basso  continuo; 
12  Sinfonie  f.  2  vlns.,  via.,  'cello,  and  org. 

Alber'ti,  Domenico,  b.  Venice,  1707  ;  d. 
Formio,  1740,  is  still  known  to  fame  as  the  first 
to  develop  and  extensively  employ  the  style  of 
broken-chord  bass-accomp.,  in  similar  figures, 
named  "  Alberti  "  or  "  Albertinian  bass  "  after 
him.      The  specimen  is  the  opening  measures  of 

Allegro  moderato. 
tr. 


zfti 

—m  '  — 

wm-*-  m 

-m- 

m — 

■m- 

mf      . 

-m- 

« 

m 

-t= 

&?F 

Er?^ 

a  sonata  of  his  (No.  6  of  the  "  VIII  Sonate  per 
cembalo  ").  He  first  attracted  notice  as  an  ama- 
teur singer,  developing  into  a  pianist  and  com- 
poser of  easy  popular  piano-music,  also  3  operas, 
Endimione,  Galatea,  Olimpiade.  In  1737  he 
was  attached  to  the  suite  of  the  Venetian  ambas- 
sador at  Rome,  and  was  a  much-admired  singer 
and  player. 

Alber'ti,  Karl  Edmund  Robert,  writer  on 
music;  b.  Danzig,  July  12,  1S01  ;  d.  Berlin, 
1874.  While  studying  theology  and  philosophy 
at  Berlin,  he  also  worked  hard  at  music  under 
Zelter.  His  compositions  comprise  only  a  few 
books  of  songs  ;  his  chief  writings  were  "  Die 
Musik  in  Kirche  und  Staat  "(1843)  ;  "Andeutun- 
gen  zur  Geschichte  der  Oper"  (1S45)  ;  "Ri- 
chard Wagner"  (1S56)  ;  "  Rafael  und  Mozart  " 
(1856)  ;  "  Beethoven  als  dramatischer  Tondich- 
ter  "  (1859)  ;  also  numerous  contributions  to  the 
"  Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung." 

Alberti'ni,  Gioacchino,  b.  1751  ;  d.  War- 
saw, in  April,  1S11.  About  1784,  Royal  Polish 
Kapellm.  His  Italian  operas,  Circe  ed  Ulisse 
(Hamburg,  17S5)  and  Virginia  (Rome,  1786), 
were  extremely  popular. 


ALBERTINI— ALCOCK 


Alberti'ni,    Michael   (called    Momoletto), 

famous  soprano  singer  [niusico)  at  Kassel  early 
in  the  iSth  century.  Mis  sister  Giovanna 
(called  Romanina)  was  prima  donna  there. 

Albica'stro,  Henrico  (real  name  Weissen- 
burg),  b.  Switzerland,  end  of  17th  cent.;  d.  (?). 
Violinist  and  composer.  Publ.  several  sets  of 
sonatas  for  violin  accomp.  by  bass,  or  by  2  or  3 
other  instr.s. 

Albino'ni,  Tommaso,  opera-composer  and 
violinist  ;  b.  Venice,  1674  ;  d.  there  1745  ; 
wrote  some  46  operas,  chiefly  for  Venice  ;  in 
Germany  he  was  best  known  as  a  violinist  and 
instrumental  composer  (symphonies,  sonatas, 
concertos,  etc.,  among  them  some  valuable 
works).      He  was  also  an  admired  singer. 

Albo'ni,  Marietta,  celebrated  contralto,  b. 
Cesena  (Romagna),  Mar.  10,  1823  ;  d.  Ville 
d'Avray,  France,  June  23,  1894.  Studied  under 
Mine.  Bertolotti  at  Bologna  (where  she  began 
her  stage-career  in  1839),  and  later  with  Rossini, 
whose  sole  pupil  she  is  said  to  have  been.  Her 
debut  as  Orsini  in  Donizetti's  Lucrezia  Borgia^ 
at  La  Scala  (Milan,  1S43),  was  a  brilliant  success; 
with  her  impresario,  Mertelli,  she  made  an  Italian 
tour,  then  proceeding  to  Vienna.  She  visited 
St.  Petersburg,  returned  to  Germany  in  1S45, 
sang  at  the  Roman  carnival  in  1847,  and  ap- 
peared at  Covent  Garden  in  London  the  same 
spring,  entering  into  not  unsuccessful  rivalry 
with  Jenny  Lind,  then  at  the  zenith  of  her  fame. 
Engaged  the  following  Oct.  in  the  Italian  Opera 
at  Paris,  she  was  received  with  unbounded  en- 
thusiasm, and  sang  for  several  years  alternately 
in  these  capitals.  In  1853  she  made  a  trium- 
phal progress  through  the  two  Americas  ;  mar- 
ried Count  Pepoli  in  1854,  and  at  his  death  ('66) 
retired  from  the  stage.  Her  voice  was  rich, 
sweet  and  powerful,  with  a  compass  of  2  octaves 
(g — g")  and  perfectly  equalized. 

Al'brecht,  Johann  Lorenz,  b.  Gormar,  near 
Muhlhausen  (Thuringia),  Jan.  8,  1732  ;  d. 
Muhlhausen,  1773.  He  studied  at  Leipzig,  and 
in  175S  became  cantor,  music-director  and 
teacher  in  the  Gymnasium  at  M.  Edited 
Adlung's  "  Musica  mechanica  "  and  "  Sieben- 
gestirn  "  (Berlin,  176S),  wrote  an  "  Abhandlung 
fiber  die  Frage  :  ob  die  Musik  beim  Gottes- 
dienst  zu  dulden  sei  odernicht"  (1764);  "Gri'ind- 
liche  Einleitung  in  die  Anfangslehren  der 
T6nkunst  "  (1761);  and  a  treatise  "  Vom  Hasse 
der  Musik"  (1765);  contributed  articles  to  Mar- 
purg's  "  Kritische  Beitrage,"  etc.  Composed  a 
Passion,  some  cantatas  and  harpsichord-lessons. 

Al'brecht,  Johann  Matthaus,  b.  Oster- 
behringen,  n.  Gotha,  May  1,  1701;  d.  Frankfort, 
1769.  Organist  ;  author  of  harpsichord-con- 
certos which,  though  praised,  remain  unpubl. 

Al'brecht,  Eugen  Maria,  a  line  violinist  and 
musician  ;  b.  St.  Petersburg,  June  16,  1S42  ; 
d.  there  Feb.  9  (Jan.  28,  O.  S.),  1S94.  1857-60, 
a  pupil  of    David  at  Leipzig   Cons.;    1860-77, 


leader  of  the  orchestra  at  the  Italian  opera,  St. 
Petersburg,  and  (1S67-72)  musical  director  of 
military  schools  ;  since  1877,  Mus.  Intendant  of 
the  Imperial  theatres  there.  Also  the  founder 
(1S72)  of  the  Chamber-music  Society,  and  violin- 
master  to  several  of  the  Imp.  princes.  —  His 
father,  Karl  A.,  b.  Breslau,  1S17  (?);  d.  Mos- 
cow, June  26,  1S93,  was  Kapellm.  for  12  yrs.  of 
the  Imp.  Russian  Opera,  and  later  Director  of 
Moscow  Cons. 

Al'brechtsberger,  Johann  Georg,  famous 
theoretical  writer,  composer,  and  teacher  ;  b. 
Klosterneuburg,  n.  Vienna,  Feb.  3,  1736  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Mar.  7,  1S09.  After  holding  positions 
as  organist  and  music-master  in  smaller  towns 
(especially  12  years  in  Molk,  where  his  fine 
playing  attracted  the  Emperor  Joseph's  notice), 
he  was  eng.  in  Vienna  as  Regens  chori  to  the 
Carmelites  ;  app.  court  organist  in  1772,  and,  in 
1792,  Kapellm.  at  St.  Stephen's  cathedral.  His 
(very  important)  theoretical  writings  (complete 
ed.  publ.  by  J.  v.  Seyfried)  are:  "  Grundliche 
Anweisung  zur  Composition"  (1790  and  1818  ; 
French  ed,,  1814);  "  Kurzgefasste  Methode, 
den  Generalbass  zu  erlernen"  (1792;  also  in 
French)  ;  "  Clavierschule  fiir  Anfanger  "  (180S); 
the  well-known  "  Modulations  from  C  maj.  and 
C  min."  ;  and  some  Wsser  essays.  Of  his  244 
compositions,  only  27  have  been  printed  (pf.- 
fugues  ;  pf. -quartet  ;  a  Concerto  tiger  f.  pf. ,  2 
vlns.,  and  bass;  organ-preludes;  and  quartets, 
quintets,  sextets  and  octets  for  strings)  ;  the  MS. 
scores  (in  the  possession  of  Prince  Esterhazy- 
Galantha)  comprise  26  masses,  43  graduals,  34 
offertories,  6  oratorios  ;  28  trios,  42  quartets, 
and  38  quintets,  for  strings  ;  besides  a  great  va- 
riety of  church-music.  He  was  Beethoven's 
teacher  in  cpt. ,  and  expressed  but  a  poor  opin- 
ion of  his  pupil's  talents. 

Albri'ci,  Vincenzo,  born  Rome,  June  26, 
1631  ;  died  Prague,  1696.  About  1660,  Kapellm. 
to  Queen  Christina,  at  Stralsund,  Sweden  ;  1664, 
do.  to  the  Elector,  at  Dresden  ;  1680,  organist 
of  the  Thomaskirche,  Leipzig  ;  afterwards, 
church-music  director  at  Prague.  His  works 
(MS.)  were  destroyed  in  the  Dresden  library 
during  the  bombardment  of  1760  ;  only  a  few 
were  saved,  but  never  publ. 

Alcarrot'ti,  Giovanni  Francesco,  Italian 
comp.  of  the  16th  cent. — Publ.  works  :  2  vol.s 
of  5-  and  6-part  Madrigals  (1567,  1569). 

Al'cock,  John,  b.  London,  Apr.  11,  1715  ; 
d.  Lichfield,  Feb.  23,  1806.  At  14,  a  pupil  of 
Stanley,  the  blind  organist  ;  in  1738,  organist 
of  two  London  churches  ;  in  1737,  at  Plymouth, 
and  1740,  at  Reading.  In  174S  he  was  app. 
organist,  master  of  the  choristers,  and  lay-vicar 
of  Lichfield  cathedral  ;  in  1761,  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  Mus.  Doc.  (Oxford).  His  publ.  comp.s 
comprise  harpsichord-lessons,  concertos,  collec- 
tions of  psalms,  hymns,  and  anthems  ;  church- 
services  ;  glees    and    catches.     His    son,    John 


ALDAY— ALKAN 


(1740-91),  was  also  an  organist,  and   publ.  sev- 
eral anthems  (1773-6). 

Alday,  family  of  French  musicians.  The 
father  (b.  Perpignan,  1737)  was  a  mandolinist. 
His  two  sons  made  their  reputation  as  violin- 
ists ;  A.  le  vieux  (b.  1763)  was  a  composer  of 
merit,  and  wrote  a  Method  f.  vln.,  of  which 
several  editions  appeared  ;  A.  le  jewie  (b. 
1764),  a  pupil  of  Viotti,  in  Paris,  was  the  finer 
player  of  the  two  ;  he  went  to  England,  and 
settled  in  Edinburgh,  where  (1S06)  he  was  a 
conductor,  teacher,  and  composer  of  many  light 
and  pleasing  vln. -pes.,  now  forgotten. 

Alden,  John  Carver,  b.  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  11,  1852;  pupil,  in  Boston,  of  Carl  Fael- 
ten  ;  in  Leipzig,  of  Paul,  Plaidy,  and  Papperitz. 
For  some  years  associate-teacher  (with  Faelten) 
at  the  N.  E.  Cons.  ;  now  (1S99)  head  of  the 
piano  dept.  at  the  Quincy  Mansion  School, 
Wollaston,  Mass. — Works:  A  pf. -concerto  in 
G  minor,  and  other  pf. -music  ;  songs  ("  Du 
bist  wie  eine  Blume")  ;  anthems,  etc. — A.  is 
known  as  a  very  successful  pf. -teacher. 

Aldovrandi'ni,  Giuseppe  Antonio  Vin- 
cenzo,  b.  Bologna,  1665  ;  d.  (?).  Cpt.  pupil 
of  G.  A.  Perti  ;  1695,  a  member,  and  1702, 
"  principe,"  of  Bologna  Philh.  Acad.  ;  also  for 
a  time  ;;/.  di  c.  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua,  and 
do.  at  the  Acad,  of  the  Spirito  Santo  at  Fer- 
rara.  Wrote  11  operas,  besides  much  church- 
music  (oratorios,  concertos,  motets,  sinfonie, 
etc.),  some  of  which  were  publ. 

Aldrich,  Henry,  b.  Westminster,  1647  :  d. 
Oxford,  Dec.  14,  17 10  ;  a  man  of  versatile  at- 
tainments, being,  besides  a  good  musician,  a 
theologian,  historian,  and  architect.  He  was 
educated  in  Christ  Church  (Oxford),  of  which 
he  became  the  Dean  in  1689  ;  thus  he  had 
great  influence  on  musical  instruction  and  prac- 
tice in  the  college.  He  wrote  learned  works  : 
"  On  the  Commencement  of  Greek  Music," 
"  Theory  of  Organ-building,"  "  Theory  of 
Modern  Instr.s,"  etc.  ;  composed  many  services 
and  anthems,  some  of  which  are  still  sung  ;  also 
wrote  catches,  and  the  like.  The  collections 
of  Boyce,  Arnold,  and  Page  contain  numerous 
compositions  of  his. 

Alembert,  Jean  le  Rond  d',  mathematician 
and  writer;  b.  Paris,  Nov.  16,  1717  ;  d.  there 
Oct.  29,^1783.  His  works  on  musical  science 
were  "  Elements  de  musique  theorique  et  pra- 
tique, suivant  les  principes  de  M.  Rameau,"  a 
treatise  giving  R.'s  theories  in  luminous  detail 
(1st  ed.  1752) ;  "  Recherches  sur  la  courbe, 
que  forme  une  corde  tendue  mise  en  vibration  "  ; 
"R.'s  sur  les  cordes  sonores "  ;  "R.'s  sur  la 
vitesse  du  son  "  ;  "  Histoire  de  la  musique  fran- 
caise";  most  of  which  were  also  publ.  in  Ger- 
man. He  contributed  many  articles  on  mus. 
subjects  to  the  great  "  Dictionnaire  encyclope- 
dique"  edited  by  himself  and  Diderot  (Paris, 
1751-72,  in  28  vol.s). 


Alessan'dri,  Felice,  dramatic  composer  and 
conductor,  b.  Rome,  1742  ;  d.  Berlin  [or  in 
Italy  (?)],  1S11.  Studied  music  at  Naples;  /;/. 
di  capp.  at  Turin  ;  then  lived  in  Paris  (1768), 
London,  St.  Petersburg  (1784),  and  various  Ital- 
ian towns  ;  from  1789-92  was  2nd  Kapellm,  of 
the  Berlin  opera,  where  his  //  RitornQ  di  I  Tlisse 
had  great  success  ;  a  satirical  opera  made  him 
many  enemies,  whose  intrigues  finally  cost  him 
his  position  ;  he  lived  thereafter  in  retirement. 
His  26  operas  are  quite  forgotten. 

Alessan'dro  Merlo  (or  Aless.  Romano), 
called  della  Viola,  b.  Rome  (?),  abt.  1530; 
pupil  of  Goudimel  ;  singer  in  the  Pope's  chapel 
abt.  1570  ;  later  Olivetan  monk.  —  Publ.  works  : 
2  vol.s  of  Canzoni  alia  Neapolitana  (1572-5)  ; 
1  of  Madrigals  (1577)  ;  1  of  Motets  a  5  %>oci 
(1579)  ;  and  others  in  collections  of  the  period. 

Alfara'bi,  or  Alphara'bius,  properly  El 
Farabi  (abbr.  Farabi),  so  named  from  his 
birthplace  Farab  (now  transoxine  Othrax). 
Famous  Arabian  mus.  theorist  ;  b.  900  (?)  ;  d. 
Damascus,  950.  His  works  contain  descriptions 
of  the  different  Arabian  mus.  instr.s,  of  the  mus. 
scales,  and  of  the  different  systems  of  music. 
He  vainly  attempted  to  introduce  the  Greek  sys- 
tem into  his  own  country. 

Alfie'ri,  Abbate  Pietro,  Camadulian  monk, 
prof,  of  singing  at  the  English  college,  Rome  ; 
b.  Rome,  June  29,  1S01  ;  d.  there  June  12, 
1863.  His  fine  collection  of  i6th-cent.  church- 
music  (mostly  by  Palestrina),  "  Raccolta  di 
Musica  Sacra,"  in  7  vol.s,  is  very  valuable,  and 
is  supplemented  by  later  and  less  extensive 
ones  :  "  Excerpta  ex  celebrioribus  de  musica 
viris "  [Praenestino,  Vittoria,  Allegri]  (Rome, 
1S40)  ;  "Raccolta  di  Mottetti "  [Palestrina, 
Vittoria,  Avia,  Anerio]  (Rome,  1S41),  etc.;  his 
essays  on  plain  song  :  "  Accompagnamento  col- 
l'Organo  "  (1840)  ;  "  Ristabilmento  del  Canto  e 
d.  Mus.  eccl."  (1843)  ;  "  Saggio  storico  .  .  .  d. 
Canto  Gregoriano"  (1855);  "  Prodromo  sulla 
restaur,  de'  libri  di  Canto  detto  Greg."  (1857); 
and  many  other  articles  in  mus.  periodicals  on 
eccl.  music,  are  of  noteworthy  historical  inter- 
est ;  as  also  his  biogr.  sketches  of  N.  Jommelli 
(1845),  B.  Bittoni,  and  others. 

Algarot'ti,  Francesco,  b.  Venice,  Dec. 
11,  1712  ;  d.  Pisa,  March  3,  1764  ;  a  man  of 
versatile  ability  and  wide  knowledge,  a  favorite 
of  Frederick  the  Great,  who  induced  him  to 
come  to  Berlin  in  1746,  and  gave  him  the  title 
of  Count.  His  musical  monument  is  the  "  Sag- 
gio sopra  1'opera  in  musica,"  publ.  1755,  and 
in  many  later  editions,  and  transl.  into  German 
and  French. 

Alkan,     Charles-Henri-Valentin    (Alkan 

Paine),  b.  Paris,  Nov.  30,  1S13  ;  d.  there  March 
29,  18S8  ;  a  pupil  of  Zimmerman  in  the  Paris 
Cons.,  to  which  he  was  admitted  when  but  6 
years  of  age  ;  took  the  first  piano-prize  at  10, 
and  after  1831  occupied  himself  with  composi- 


ALKAN— ALOUEN 


tion  and  teaching,  with  occasional  appearances 
in  public  as  pianist.  His  romantic  comp.s  f.  pf. 
are  highly  original,  diversified,  and  often  very 
diihcult,  embracing  numerous  Preludes,  charac- 
teristic pes.,  marches,  a  concerto,  several  pes. 
of  familiar  modern  types,  and  a  variety  of  excel- 
lent etudes.  His  chief  pf.-pes.  are  :  Etudes- 
Caprices,  op.  12,  13,  16  ;  concert-study  Le 
Preux,  op.  17  ;  3  Grandes  Etudes  (op.  15), 
Aime-moi,  Le  vent,  Morte  ;  Nocturne,  op.  22  ; 
Saltarelle,  op.  23  ;  Marche  funebre,  op.  26  ; 
Marche  triomphale,  op.  27  ;  Bourree  d'Au- 
vergne,  op.  29  ;  pf.-trio,  op.  30  ;  25  Preludes, 
op.  31  ;  Receuil  d'  Impromptus,  op.  32  ; 
Grande  Sonate,  op.  33  ;  Douze  Etudes,  op.  35  ; 
12  Grandes  Etudes,  op.  39  ;  Minuetto  alia  te- 
desca,  op.  46  ;   etc. 

Alkan,  Napoleon-Morhange  {le  jettne),  b. 
Paris,  Feb.  2,  1S20  ;  brother  of  the  foregoing  ; 
is  also  an  excellent  and  popular  pianist,  and  has 
published  several  brilliant  salon-pcs. 

Allac'ci,  Leone  (or  Leo  Allatius),  b.  Chios, 
1586;  d.  Rome,  Jan.  19,  1669;  was  made  cus- 
todian of  the  Vatican  Library  in  1661  ;  compiled 
and  publ.  (Rome,  1666)  a  "  Dramaturgia,"  or 
catalogue  of  all  dramas  and  operas  till  then 
brought  out  in  Italy, — an  important  historical 
work  (2nd  augm.  ed.  Venice,  1753);  wrote  a 
treatise,  "  I)e  Melodiis  Graecorum." 

Alle'gri,  Gregorio,  b.  Rome,  1584  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  18,  1662.  A  pupil  of  Nanini  ;  en- 
tered the  Papal  Chapel  in  1629,  after  acting  for 
some  years  as  chorister  and  composer  for  the 
cathedral  at  Ferrao.  Chiefly  known  to  fame  as 
the  comp.  of  the  celebrated  Miserere  in  9  parts, 
[i.  e  ,  for  two  choirs  singing 4  and  5  parts  respect- 
ively,] regularly  sung  during  Holy  Week  at  the 
Sistine  Chapel,  and  surreptitiously  written  out 
by  Mozart  after  twice  hearing  it,  though  its 
publication  was  forbidden  on  pain  of  excommu- 
nication ;  since  then  it  has  been  frequently  pub- 
lished. Many  other  comp.s  by  A.  are  preserved 
in  MS.;  2  books  of  Concern  and  2  of  Mottetti 
have  been  printed. 

Alle'gri,  Domenico,  Roman  composer,  and 
from  16 10  29  in.  di  c.  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore,  is 
noteworthy  as  being  among  the  first  to  provide 
vocal  music  with  an  independent  instrumental 
accomp.  A  few  of  his  Mottetti  are  still  extant 
(a  sopr.  solo  with  vlns.,  a  tenor  duet,  and  a  bass 
solo,  each  accomp.  by  2  vlns.). 

Allen,  Henry  Robinson,  Irish  dramatic 
singer  (bass);  b.  Cork,  1809;  d.  London,  Nov. 
27,  1876.  St.  in  the  R.  Acad,  of  Mus. ;  sang  in 
opera  at  Drury  Lane  ;  also  gave  concerts. 

Allen,  George  Benjamin,  composer  and  sing- 
er ;  b.  London,  Apr.  21,  1822;  d.  Brisbane, 
Queensland,  Nov.  30,  1897.  Successively  chor- 
ister, conductor,  and  organist,  in  England,  Ire- 
land and  Australia  ;  also  manager  of  a  comedy- 
opera  company,  producing  several  of  Sullivan's 
operas. — Works  :  2-act  opera,  Castle  Grim  (Lon- 
don, 1S65);   5-act  opera,   The  Viking  (not  perf . ) ; 


opera.  The  Wicklow  Rose  (Manchester,  1882); 
two  others  in  MS.  ;  3  cantatas  ;  2  Te  Deums  ; 
anthems  ;  much  concerted  vocal  music,  many 
songs,  etc. 

Allen,  Nathan  H.,  b.  Marion,  Mass.,  1S48. 
Pupil  (1867-70)  of  Haupt  in  Berlin  (organ);  then 
settled  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  as  org.  of  the  Cen- 
tre Ch.  and  teacher. — Works  :  Church-music 
(hymns,  anthems,  quartets);  concert-pes.  f.  org., 
and  f.  pf.  and  org.,  vln.  and  pf.,  etc.;  pf.-pes. 
(Fantaisie-Impromptu  ;  Nocturne  ;  3  Winter 
Sketches) ;  exercises  and  arrangements  f .  org. ; 
songs,  and  part-songs.  Also  "  Hymns  of  M. 
Luther,"  w.  the  original  melodies,  and  Ger.  and 
Engl,  text  (New  Vork). 

Allihn,  Heinrich  Max,  b.  Halle-on-Saale, 
Aug.  31,  1841  ;  from  1885  pastor  and  school- 
inspector  at  Athenstedt,  near  Halberstadt(  I  larz); 
edited  the  2nd  edition  (1S88)  of  Topfer's  "  Lehr- 
buch  der  Orgelbaukunst,"  and  has  contributed 
articles  on  organ-building  to  the  "  Zeitschrif  t 
fiir  Instrumentenbau." 

Allitsen,  Frances,  contemporary  comp.  and 
concert-singer  ;  debut  as  vocalist  at  Grosvenor 
Hall,  London,  in  July,  1882.  Her  settings  of 
songs  by  Tennyson,  Heine,  and  other  poets,  are 
admired. 

Alma'gro,  Antonio  Lopez,  Spanish  comp. 
and  pianist  ;   b.  Murcia,  Sept.  17,  1839. 

Alme'ida,  Fernando  d',  b.  Lisbon,  abt.  1618. 
Distinguished  pupil  of  Duarte  Lobo  ;  in  1638, 
entered  the  Order  of  Christ  at  Thomar,  where  he 
died  Mar.  21,  1660. — Of  his  many  church-com- 
positions, onlv  one  folio  vol.  in  MS.  is  extant: 
"  Lamentacoes,  Responsorias  e  Misereres  das 
tres  officias  da  Quarta,  Quinta  e  Sexta-feria  da 
Semana  Santa." 

Al'menrader,  Karl,  bassoon-virtuoso  ;  b. 
Ronsdorf,  n.  Diisseldorf,  Oct.  3,  1786  ;  d.  Nas- 
sau, Sept.  14,  1843.  Was  in  turn  prof,  of  bas- 
soon at  Cologne  Music-school  (1810),  member  of 
Frankfort  theatre-orch.  (1812),  and  regimental 
bandmaster  ;  started  a  manufactory  for  wind- 
instr.s  (1820)  at  Nassau,  but  gave  it  up  in  2 
years,  entering  the  Nassau  Court  Orch.  at  Bieb- 
rich.  He  materially  improved  the  bassoon,  wrote 
a  treatise  on  it  (Mainz,  1S24),  and  a  method  for 
it.  Publ.  a  bassoon-concerto  ;  potpourri  f.  b. 
and  orch. ;  variations  f.  b.  w.  vln.,  via.  and  'cello  ; 
introd.  and  var.s  f.  bassoon  and  quartet  ;  1  'uet- 
tinos  f.  2  bassoons;  etc.;  also  the  popular  ballad, 
"  Des  Hauses  letzte  Stunde."  In  MS.  are  3 
concertos,  and  other  works. 

Alphara'bius.     See  Alfarabi. 

Alquen,  Peter  Cornelius  Johann  d',  pop- 
ular song-writer,  b.  Arnsberg.  Westphalia,  1795; 
d.  Miilheim-on-Rhine,  Nov.  27,  1S63.  A  med- 
ical student  in  Berlin,  he  was  a  music-pupil  of 
Klein  and  Zelter,  and  gave  up  med.  practice  to 
devote  himself  to  composition. 


L3 


A  LOU  EN— AM  A  LI  A 


Alquen,  Franz  d',  younger  brother  of  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  Arnsberg,  1810  ;  d.  London,  June 
iS,  18S7  ;  a  law-student,  but  took  piano-lessons 
of  Ferd.  Ries,  with  whom  he  travelled,  and 
adopted  the  career  of  a  professional  pianist  and 
teacher.  In  1S27,  teacher  in  Brussels  ;  1S30, 
went  to  London.  Publ.  concertos,  sonatas,  and 
other  pf.-pcs. 

Alshalabi,  Mohammed,  Spanish-Arabian 
writer,  early  in  the  15th  century.  The  MS.  of 
his  work  on  mus.  instr.s  is  in  the  Escurial. 

AlsTeben,  Julius,  b.  Perlin,  Mar.  24,  1832  ; 
d.  there  Dec.  8,  1894.  Dr.  phil.,  Kiel  Univ. 
Pf. -pupil  of  Leuchtenberg  and  Zech  ;  st.  theory 
with  S.  Dehn.  First  a  concert -pianist  and 
teacher;  1S65,  president  of  Berlin  "  Tonkiinst- 
lerverein";  1872,  "Professor";  1879,  pres.  of 
the  "  Musiklehrerverein,"  being  one  of  its  foun- 
ders. Editor  (from  1874)  of  "  Harmonie  "  ;  has 
publ.  "  12  Vorlesungen  fiber  Musikgeschichte," 
and  "  Licht-  und  Wendepunkte  in  der  Entwicke- 
lung  der  Musik  "  (1SS0)  ;  contributor  to  several 
musical  papers. — Comp.s  :  Requiem  f.  6-  and  8- 
part  choruses  a  cappella  ;  a  liturgy  ;  overtures 
and  march  f.  orch.  ;  songs  ;  pf.-pcs. 

Al'sted(t),   Johann   Heinrich,  b.  Herborn, 

Nassau,  in  15S8  ;  d.Weissenburg,  Siebenbt'irgen, 
163S.  Prof,  of  phil.  and  theol.  at  both  those 
towns.  Articles  on  music  are  found  in  his 
"  Encyclopadie  der  gesammten  Wissenschaf- 
ten  "  (1610)  ;  wrote  "  Elementale  musjcum"  (in 
his  "Elementale  mathematician,"  publ.  1611), 
transl.  into  English  by  Birchensha  (1644). 

Al'tenburg,  Michael,  b.  Alach,  n.  Erfurt, 
May  27,  1584;  d.  Erfurt,  Feb.  12,  1640.  St. 
theology  at  Halle  ;  in  161 1,  pastor  at  Trochtel- 
born  ;  1621,  in  Gross-SiJmmerda  ;  1637,  asst.- 
pastor  (Diakonus)  at  Erfurt. — Composed  much 
excellent  church-music  ;  7-part  Wedding-motet  ; 
5-,  6-,  and  S-part  Church  and  Home-Songs  ; 
Festival  Songs  in  5-14  parts;  6-part  "  Intra- 
den  "  f.  instr.s  or  voices  ;  etc. 

Al'tenburg,  Johann  Ernst,  b.  Weissenfels, 
1734;  d.  Bitterfeld,  1796.  Trumpet-virtuoso; 
field-trumpeter  in  the  7  Years'  War,  then  organ- 
ist at  Bitterfeld.  Wrote  a  valuable  treatise : 
"  Versuch  einer  Anleitung  zur  heroisch-musika- 
lischen  Trompeter- und  I'aukenkunst  "  (Halle, 
1795)  ;  also  pes.  f.  2,  4,  6  and  8  trumpets,  and  a 
concerto  f.  7  trumpets  and  kettle-drums. 

Altes,  Joseph-Henri,  b.  Rouen,  Jan.  18, 
1826  ;  d.  Paris,  July  24,  1895.  Pupil  of  the 
Paris  Cons.,  and  a  fine  flute-player  (Grand 
Opera)  ;  successor  of  Dorus  as  Cons,  professor 
(186S-94)  ;  publ.  flute-pes.,  many  with  accomp. 
of  pf.  or  orch. 

Altes,  Ernest-Eugene,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Paris,  March  28,  1830.  Violinist  and 
conductor  ;  pupil  of  Habeneck,  in  Paris  Cons.; 
took  1st  vln.  prize  in  1848,  and  the  2nd  for  har- 
mony   (under    Bazin)    in    1S49  I    nl    IS7i,    app. 


deputy-conductor  of  the  Opera,  1879-87  con- 
ductor, then  retired. — Principal  comp.s  :  A  sym- 
phony, string-quartet,  trio  f.  pf.  and  strings, 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  etc. 

Alt'nikol,  Johann  Christoph  (J.  S.  Pach's 
pupil  and  son-in-law)  ;  b  (?)  ;  d.  Naumburg, 
1759,  as  organist  there.  Publ.  works  :  Several 
cantatas  w.  gr.  orch.  ;  Magnificat ;  some  others 
in  MS.  in  Berlin  Royal  Library. 

Alvary,  Max,  dram,  tenor,  b.  Hamburg  (?), 
1858  ;  d.  at  his  country-seat  Uatenberg,  near 
Gross-Tabarz,  Thuringia,  Nov.  8,  1S98.  His 
real  name  was  Achenbach,  his  father  being  the 
celebrated  painter.  His  debut  was  at  Weimar; 
he  became  famous  in  New  York,  1884-9,  as  a 
Wagner  singer  (Siegfried  was  his  finest  role)  ; 
then  returned  to  Hamburg,  but  visited  N.  Y. 
during  two  subsequent  seasons. 

Alvs'leben,  Melitta.  See  Otto-Alvsleben. 

Aly'pios,  Grecian  musical  theorist,  abt  360 
B.C.,  whose  "  Introd.  to  Music,"  containing  all 
the  Greek  transposing  scales  both  in  vocal  and 
instr.  notation,  is  the  chief  source  for  our  knowl- 
edge of  ancient  Greek  notation.  It  has  been 
publ.  by  Meursius  (1616)  and  Meibom  ("  Anti- 
quae  musicae  auctores  septem,"  Amsterdam, 
1652)  ;  the  notation  has  been  reprinted  more  re- 
cently by  Bellermann,  Paul,  Riemann,  etc. 

Amade,  Ladislaw,  Paron  von,  b.  Kaschau, 
Hungary,  Mar.  12,  1703;  d.  Felbar,  Dec.  22, 
1764.  National  poet,  and  composer  of  folk- 
songs, which  were  coll.  and  publ.  (Pesth,  1836) 
by 

Amade,  Thaddaus,  Graf  von,  b.  Pressburg, 
Jan.  12,  1783  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  17,  1S45  ;  a  suc- 
cessful pianist  and  composer,  who  discovered, 
and  provided  means  for  developing,  Liszt's  mus. 
genius. 

Amade'i,  Roberto,  b.  Loreto,  Italy,  Nov. 
29,  1840.  Organist  and  m.  di  c.  at  Loreto,  suc- 
ceeding his  father. — Works  :  The  operas  Lu- 
chino  Visconti  (Lugo,  1869);  Bianca  </<■'  Rossi 
(Bari)  ;  II  Bacchettone  (comic)  ;  the  i-act  "  boz- 
zetto  "  A  more  allegro  (Loreto,  '96  ;  succ.)  ;  also 
much  church-music,  and  pf.  and  vocal  music. 

Ama'lia,  the  name  of  three  artists,  princesses 
by  birth.  (1)  Anna  A.,  Princess  of  Prussia,  sis- 
ter of  Frederick  the  Great,  b.  Nov.  9,  1723  ;  d. 
Mar.  30,  1782  ;  composed  a  series  of  excellent 
chorales,  and  also  wrote  new  music  to  the  text 
book  of  Graun's  "  Tod  Jesu." — (2)  Anna  A., 
Duchess  of  Weimar,  mother  of  the  Grand-duke 
Ernst  August,  b.  Oct.  24,  1739  !  d  Apr.  10, 
1807  ;  composed  the  operetta  Erwin  und  El- 
mire  (text  by  Goethe). — (3)  Marie  A.  Friede- 
rike,  Princess  of  Saxony,  sister  of  King  John  of 
Saxony,  b.  Aug.  10,  1794,  Dresden  ;  d.  there 
Sept.  18,  1870.  As  a  writer  of  comedies  she  was 
known  under  the  name  "  Amalie  Heiter  ";  com- 
posed also  church-music  and  several  operas  (  L  'na 


14 


AMATI-AMIOT 


donna,  Lc  ire  cintnrc,  Die  Siegesfahne,  Der 
Kanonenschuss,  etc.)  [Riemann], 

Ama'ti,  a  renowned  family  of  violin-makers 
at  Cremona,  Italy,  (i)  Andrea,  b.  1520  (?),  d. 
1577  (?),  was  the  first  violin-maker  of  the  family  ; 
his  violins  were  usually  of  small  pattern,  but 
show  a  marked  advance  over  the  Brescia  instr.s. 
— His  2  sons  (2),  Antonio,  b.  1550,  d.  1635, 
and  (3)  Geronimo,  d.  1638,  worked  for  a  time 
together,  producing  violins  of  nearly  the  same 
style  as  their  father. — (4)  Niccolb,  b.  Sept.  3, 
1596  ;  d.  Aug.  12,  16S4,  the  most  celebrated 
of  the  Amatis,  improved  the  model  in  several 
respects,  and,  though  generally  working  with 
a  small  pattern,  built  some  so-called  "grand 
Amatis" — large  violins  of  more  powerful  tone, 
and  in  great  request.  The  tone  of  his  instr.s 
is  clearer,  purer,  and  more  sonorous  than  in 
those  of  his  predecessors.  I  lis  label  is  "  Nico- 
laus  Amati  Cremonens.  Hieronimi  filius  An- 
tonii  nepos.  Fecit  anno  16 — ."  In  his  work- 
shop were  trained  both  Andrea  Guarneri  and 
Antonio  Stradivari. — (5)  Niccolo's  son  Gero- 
nimo, the  last  of  the  family,  was  far  inferior  to 
his  father  as  a  workman. 

Ama'ti,   Vincenzo  (called  Amatus),  Dr.  of 

theol.,  and  in.  di  capp.  at  Palermo  cathedral 
abt.  1665  ;  b.  Cimmina,  Sicily,  Jan.  6,  1629  ;  d. 
Palermo,  July  29,  1670.  Publ.  sacred  comp.s, 
and  the  opera  I.  hauro  (Aquila,  1664). 

Ama'ti,  Antonio  and  Angelo,  organ-build- 
ers at  Pavia  abt.  1830. 

Am'bros,  August  Wilhelm,  distinguished 
musical  historiograph  and  critic  ;  b.  Mauth,  n. 
Prague,  Nov.  17,  1816  ;  d.  Vienna,  June  28, 
1876  ;  divided  his  student-years  at  Prague  Univ. 
between  law  and  music  ;  was  app.  Public  Prose- 
cutor at  Prague  in  1850,  but  continued  his  musi- 
cal work  and  study,  and  in  1856  attracted  general 
notice  by  his  essay  on  "  Die  Grenzen  der  Musik 
und  Poesie  "  (2nd  ed.  Leipzig,  1SS5  ;  Engl, 
transl.  N.  Y.,  1893),  a  study  in  mus.  aesthetics 
put  forth  in  reply  to  Hanslick's  "  Vom  Musi- 
kalisch-Schonen,"  and  a  treatise  of  high  and 
lasting  value  as  a  corrective  to  Hanslick's  ex- 
treme views.  This  was  followed  by  "  Cultur- 
historische  Bilder  aus  dem  Musikleben  der  Ge- 
genwart  "  (i860;  2d  ed.  Leipzig,  1865),  a  col- 
lection of  admirable  essays  ;  he  was  then(iS6o) 
engaged  by  Leuckart  of  Breslau  (now  in  Leip- 
zig) to  write  a  History  of  Music,  his  principal 
work,  and  a  life-task  destined  to  render  him 
famous.  In  1S69  he  was  app.  prof,  of  music, 
Prague  Univ.,  and  prof,  of  mus.  history  at 
Prague  Cons.;  1872,  app.  to  a  position  in  the 
Ministry  of  Justice,  Vienna,  and  also  prof,  in 
the  Cons,  at  Vienna.  In  gathering  the  mate- 
rials necessary  for  the  history,  he  spent  years  of 
labor  in  the  libraries  of  Munich,  Vienna,  and 
several  Italian  cities,  having  leave  of  absence  for 
this  purpose,  and  likewise  a  grant  of  money 
from  the  Vienna  Academy.  Vol.  in,  down  to 
Palestrina,  appeared  186S  ;  A.  died  before  com- 


pleting the  fourth,  which  was  edited  from  his 
notes  and  materials  by  C.  F.  Becker  and  G. 
Nottebohm  ;  a  fifth  vo'l.  was  published  (1882) 
by  O.  Kade  from  further  collected  materials, 
and  W.  Langhans  has  written  a  sequel,  in  a 
more  popular  style,  bringing  the  work  up  to 
date  (2  vol.s,  1882-6).  A  list  of  names  and  gen- 
eral index  were  also  published  by  W.  Baumker 
in  18S2.  A  2nd  ed.  (Leuckart,  Leipzig,  1880) 
of  the  original  4  vol.s  has  been  printed  ;  con- 
tents :  Vol.  i,  The  Beginnings  of  Music,  Mus. 
of  the  Antique  World,  of  the  Greeks,  etc.;  Vol. 
ii,  from  the  Christian  era  down  to  the  First  Flem- 
ish School  ;  Vol.  iii,  from  the  Netherlander  to 
Palestrina  ;  Vol.  iv,  Palestrina,  his  contempora- 
ries and  immediate  successors.  Vol.  i  has  been 
rewritten,  not  wholly  to  its  advantage,  by  B. 
Sokolovsky.  Vol.s  ii  and  iii  are  of  peculiar  value. 
Two  series  of  entertaining  essays,  "  Bunte  Blat- 
ter "  (1872-74),  are  interesting  to  either  ama- 
teurs or  professionals.  Ambros  was  also  an 
excellent  practical  musician,  being  a  fine  pianist, 
and  the  composer  of  an  opera,  Bretislaw  a  fitka, 
overtures  to  Othello  and  the  Magico  prodigi- 
oso,  several  piano-pes.,  numerous  songs,  and  2 
masses,  a  Stabat  Mater,  etc. 

Ambrose  (Ambrosius),  b.  Trier  (Treves), 
A.D.  333  ;  d.  Milan,  Apr.  4,  397  ;  elected  Bishop 
of  Milan  in  374;  canonized  after  death.  Cele- 
brated for  his  regulation  (3S4)  and  development 
of  singing  in  the  Western  Churches,  by  the  in- 
troduction and  cultivation  of  ritual  (antiphonal 
and  congregational)  song,  as  practised  at  the 
time  in  the  Eastern  Church,  and  by  the  conse- 
quent adoption  of  the  4  authentic  church-modes  ; 
his  indisputable  authorship  of  many  sacred 
songs  has  earned  him  the  title  of  "  Father  of 
Christian  Ilymnology."  It  does  not  appear 
that  St.  Ambrose  was  acquainted  with  the  use 
of  the  letters  A-G  as  signs  of  notation  ;  his  re- 
puted authorship  of  the  "  Ambr.  Chant,"  Te 
De um  laudamus ,  is  mythical. 

Am'im)erbach,  Elias  Nikolaus,  contrapun- 
tist and  organist  ;  b.  abt.  1540  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan. 
27>  1597.  In  1570  was  organist  of  the  Thomas- 
kirche,  Leipzig  ;  publ.  (Leipzig,  1571)  an  "  Or- 
gel-  oder  Instrument-Tabulatur,"  a  work  im- 
portant as  bearing  historical  witness  to  the  prog- 
ress in  the  practice  of  tuning,  the  fingering  of 
keyboard-instr.s,  and  the  execution  of  graces, 
etc.  (described  by  Becker,  "Die  Hausmusik  in 
Deutschland,"  Leipzig,  1840)  ;  and  "  Ein  neu 
kiinstlich  Tabulaturbuch "  (1573;  2nd  ed., 
15S3).  Also  printed  many  comp.s  for  organ 
and  clavichord. 

Amiot,  Father,  b.  Toulon,  1718,  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary to  China  ;  transl.  Li  Koang  Ti's  work 
on  Chinese  music  :  "  Commentaire  sur  le  livre 
classique  touchant  la  musique  des  anciens "  ; 
also  wrote  "  Memoire  sur  la  musique  des  Chinois, 
tant  anciens  que  modernes  "  (Vol.  vi  of  "  Me- 
moires  concernant  l'histoire,  les  sciences,  les 
arts,  etc.,  des  Chinois";  Paris,  17S0,  15  vol.s, 
edited  by  Abbe  Roufher). 


15 


AMON— ANDRE 


Am'(m)on,  Blasius,  d.  Vienna,  June,  1590  ; 
a  Tyrolese  by  birth,  educated  as  a  sopranist  in 
the  service  of  Archduke  Ferdinand  of  Austria  ; 
an  able  contrapuntist,  many  of  whose  works 
were  printed  (book  of  5-part  Introits,  Vienna, 
1582  ;  ditto  4-part  Masses,  Vienna.  1588  ;  2 
books  of  4-  to  6-part  Motets,  Munich,  1590-91  ; 
five  4-part  Masses,  Munich,  1591  ;  and  a  book 
of  4-part  Introits,  Munich,  1601)  ;  numerous 
works  in  MS.  are  in  the  Munich  Library.  He 
died  as  a  Franciscan  friar. 

Am'ner,  John,  b.  late  in  the  16th  cent.;  d. 
1C41.  Organist  and  choir-master  at  Ely  cathe- 
dral, England,  1610-41  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon., 
1613. — Works:  Hymns  in  3  to  6  parts,  "for 
voices  and  vyols,"  161 5  ;  anthems  ;  etc. — Ralph, 
his  son,  was  bass  singer  at  the  R.  Chapel, 
Windsor,  from  1623-63. 

A'mon,  Johann  Andreas,  b.  Bamberg, 
1763  ;  d.  Ottingen,  March  29,  1825  ;  a  virtu- 
oso on  the  Waldhorn,  and  pupil  of  l'unto,  with 
whom  he  made  long  professional  tours  to  the 
chief  cities  of  France  and  Germany.  App. 
music-director  at  Heilbronn  in  1789,  he  lived 
there  till  1817,  then  accepting  the  post  of  Ka- 
pellm.  to  the  Prince  of  Ottingen- Wallenstein. — 
His  printed  comp.s  include  symphonies,  a  pf.- 
concerto,  a  concerto  f.  flute  and  viola,  various 
sonatas,  trios,  quartets,  quintets,  etc.,  all  hardly 
remembered  to-day. 

A'nacker,  August  Ferdinand,  b.  Freiberg, 
Saxony,  Oct.  17,  1790  ;  d.  there  Aug.  21,  1854  ; 
a  pupil  of  Schicht  and  Schneider  at  Leipzig  ;  in 
1822  cantor  and  music-director  in  Freiberg,  and 
a  teacher  of  music  in  the  Seminary  ;  in  1827, 
conductor  of  the  miners'  band.  A  sound  musi- 
cian and  composer  (wrote  the  cantatas  Berg- 
nlannsgruss  and  Lebens  Illume  unci  Lebens 
Unbestand,  the  opera  Bergmannstreu,  various 
piano-pes.,  songs,  etc.).  Founded  singing-socie- 
ties by  which  the  best  works  of  Seb.  Bach, 
Graun,  Hasse,  Schneider,  etc.,  were  given. 

Ancot,  a  family  of  musicians  at  Bruges. — 
Jean  (pere),  b.  Oct.  22,  1779  ;  d.  July  12, 
184S  ;  violin-virtuoso,  pianist,  and  composer; 
st.  (1799-1804)  in  Paris  under  Baillot,  Kreutzer, 
and  Catel,  then  settled  in  Bruges  as  teacher. 
Publ.  4  violin-concertos  ;  overtures,  marches, 
sacred  music,  etc.;  most  of  his  works  are  still 
in  MS.  Taught  his  2  sons — (1)  Jean  (fils),  b. 
July  6,  1799  ;  d.  Boulogne,  June  5,  1829;  fin- 
ished his  mus.  education  at  the  Paris  Cons, 
under  Pradher  and  Berton  ;  an  accomplished 
pianist,  in  London  1823-25,  and  settled  in  Bou- 
logne after  making  concert-tours  through  Bel- 
gium ;  an  astonishingly  prolific  composer  (225 
works,  chiefly  pf. -sonatas,  a  concerto,  varia- 
tions, etudes,  fugues,  4-hand  fantasias,  also 
violin-concertos,  etc.); —  and  (2)  Louis,  b.  June 
3,  1S03  ;  d.  Bruges,  1S36  ;  for  a  time  pianist  to 
the  Duke  of  Sussex,  London;  made  extended 
continental  tours,  taught  at  Boulogne  and 
Tours,  and  finally  returned  to  Bruges.  Comp.s 
of  little  value. 


An'der,  Aloys,  remarkable  dramatic  singer 
(lyric  tenor),  b.  Liebititz,  Bohemia,  Aug.  10, 
1824;  d.  Bad  Wartenberg,  Dec.  II,  1S64.  His 
debut  as  Stradella  (1845)  at  the  Vienna  court 
opera,  was  a  complete  success,  though  he  had 
had  no  previous  stage-training  ;  he  was  en- 
gaged in  V.  till  1864  (?).  Principal  parts,  Lo- 
hengrin, Johann  of  Leyden,  Arnold  (in  Tell), 
etc. 

An'ders,  Gottfried  Engelbert,  b.  Bonn, 
1795;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  22,  1S66.  Archivist  and 
superintendent  of  Paris  Library.  Wrote  mono- 
graphs on  Paganini  (1831),  and  Beethoven 
(i839)- 

Andersen-Boker,  Orleana,  b.  New  York, 
1835  ;  a  pupil  of  Timm  in  piano-playing  and 
thorough-bass  ;  an  excellent  pianist,  and  de- 
serving of  special  mention  on  account  of  her 
fine  arrangements  (piano,  S  hands)  of  Mendels- 
sohn's Symphonies  and  of  Spohr's  Double 
Symph.  and  Historical  Symph. 

Andersen,  Lucy,  ne'e  Philpot,   b.    Bath,   in 

Dec,  1790;  d.  London,  Dec.  24,  187S.  Fine 
pianist,  pupil  of  Windsor  at  Bath,  and  the 
teacher  of  Oueen  Victoria  and  her  children. 

An'ding,  Johann  Michael,  b.  Queienfeld, 
n.  Meiningen,  Aug.  25,  1S10  ;  d.  Hildburg- 
hausen,  Aug.  9,  1S79,  as  music-teacher  at  the 
Seminary.  Publ.  "  Vierstimmiges  Choralbuch" 
(186S),  "  Handbi'ichlein  fur  Orgelspieler "  (3d 
ed.,  1872);  also  organ-pes.,  part-songs,  school 
song-books,  etc. 

Andre,  Johann,  father  of  a  musical  family  ; 
b.  Offenbach,  March  28,  I74i;d.  there  June  18, 
1799.  Founder  of  the  well-known  music-publ. 
house  at  Offenbach,  est.  Aug.  1,  1774-  He 
was  an  accomplished  pianist,  a  composer  of 
some  30  operas  and  "  Singspiele  "  (Der  Topfer, 
Erwin  und  Elmire,  Belmonte  e  Constanze  [Ber- 
lin, 17S1,  a  year  before  Mozart's],  etc.),  of 
many  instr.l  works  and  songs  (Rheinweinlied, 
Bekranzt  mil  Laub),  and  was  the  creator  of  the 
durchkomponirte  Ballade,  the  first  being  "  Die 
Weiber  von  Weinsberg "  (17S3).  For  7  years 
(1777-84)  he  was  Kapellm.  at  Dobbelin's  Thea- 
tre in  Berlin.  Up  to  his  death  his  establish- 
ment issued  about  1,200  numbers. 

Andre,  Johann  Anton,  third  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  Offenbach,  Oct.  6,  1775  ;  d.  there 
April  8  [Grove],  1842 ;  a  precocious  mus. 
talent,  pupil  of  Vollweiler  in  Mannheim  from 
1793-96;  was  a  fine  pianist,  violinist  and  com- 
poser before  entering  the  Univ.  of  Jena  ;  after 
completing  his  studies,  he  made  extensive 
travels,  and  on  his  father's  death  took  charge  of 
the  business,  adding  peculiar  lustre  to  its  good 
name  by  the  purchase  (1S00)  of  Mozart's  entire 
mus.  remains.  He  publ.  M.'s  autograph  the- 
matic catalogue,  and  supplemented  it  by  a  list 
of  the  works  so  acquired.  By  accepting  the 
application  of  the  lithographic  process  to  music- 
printing  (1779),  another  long  stride  was   taken 


10 


ANDREOLI— ANFOSSI 


towards  placing  this  firm  in  the  front  rank. 
He  was  an  excellent  composer  (2  operas,  sym- 
phonies, songs,  etc.),  a  successful  teacher,  and 
a  noteworthy  theorist  ("  Lehrbuch  d.  Tonsetz- 
kunst "  [unfinished],  2  vol.s  on  Harmony,  Cpt., 
Canon,  and  Fugue,  1S32-43,  new  revised  ed., 
1875;  and  "Anleitung  zum  Violinspiele "). 
His  sons  were  : — (1)  Carl  August,  b.  June  15, 
1806  ;  d.  Frankfort,  Feb.  15,  18S7  ;  head  (since 
1835)  of  the  Frankfort  branch,  opened  in  182S, 
and  founder  of  the  piano-factory  ("  Mozart- 
flugel");  author  of  "  Der  Klavierbau  u.  seine 
Geschichte"  (1855). — (2)  Julius,  b.  Offenbach, 
June  4,  1808;  d.  Frankfort,  Apr.  17,  18S0;  a 
fine  organist  and  pianist,  pupil  of  Aloys 
Schmitt  (his  grandfather's  pupil),  author  of  a 
"  Praktische  Orgelschule,"  composer  of  several 
interesting  organ-pieces,  and  arranger  of  Mo- 
zart's works  f.  pf.  4  hands. — (3)  Jon.  August, 
b.  Mar.  2,  1817  ;  d.  Oct.  29,  1S87;  his  father's 
successor  (1839)  in  the  Offenbach  publishing 
establishment.  His  2  sons,  Karl  (b.  Aug.  24, 
1853)  and  Adolf  (b.  Apr.  10,  1855),  are  the 
present  proprietors  of  the  business. — (4)  Jean 
Baptiste  {de  St.  Gilles),  b.  March  7,  1823  ; 
d.  Frankfort,  Dec.  9,  1882,  pianist,  and  com- 
poser of  various  pes.  f.  piano  and  voice,  was  a 
pupil  of  A.  Schmitt,  Taubert  (pf.),  and  Kessler 
and  Dehn  (harmony);  lived  for  years  in  Berlin 
with  the  (honorary)  title  of  "  Ilerzoglich  bern- 
burgischer  Hof kapellmeister." 

Andreo'li,  Carlo,  pianist  and  organist,  b. 
Mirandola,  Jan.  S,  1840.  Pupil,  and  from  1S75 
pf. -teacher,  in  Milan  Cons.  Gave  successful 
concerts  in  London,  1S58.  Composed  Noc- 
turnes, Romances,  etc. — His  father,  Evange- 
lista  A.,  organist  and  teacher  at  Mirandola,  was 
b.  1S10  ;  d.  June  16,  1S75. — His  brother, 

Andreo'li,  Guglielmo,  b.  Modena,  Apr.  22, 
1835  ;  d.  Nice,  Mar.  13,  1S60.  Pupil  of  Milan 
Cons. ;  excellent  pianist  ;  gave  a  series  of  con- 
certs (1856-9)  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  London. 

Andreo'li,  Giuseppe,  b.  Milan,  July  7,  1757; 
d.  there  Dec.  20,  1S32  ;  eminent  double-bass 
player  at  La  Scala,  and  prof,  of  his  instr. 
(1S08-30)  at  Milan  Cons.  Also  an  excellent 
harpist. 

Andreoz'zi,  Gaetano,  b.  Naples,  1763  ;  d. 
Paris,  Dec.  24,  1826  ;  a  pupil  of  Jommelli  ; 
composed  27  operas,  the  first,  at  the  age  of  16, 
being  La  Morte  di  Cesare  for  the  Teatro  Argen- 
tino  at  Rome.  Went  to  Russia  in  1784  ; 
printed  6  string-quartets  in  Florence,  1786,  and 
in  1790  became  m.  di  c.  there,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  at  Madrid  ;  finally  settled  in  Naples, 
whence  poverty  drove  him  in  1825  to  Paris.  He 
also  wrote  3  oratorios. 

Andre'vi,  Francesco,  prominent  Spanish 
composer  and  theorist,  of  Italian  parentage  ;  b. 
Sanabuya,  n.  Lerida,  Nov.  16,  1786;  d.  Barce- 
lona, Nov.  23,  1853.  He  took  holy  orders  ;  was 
music-director    at     the    cathedrals    of  Valencia, 


Sevilla,  and  other  Spanish  cities,  also  at  Bor- 
deaux from  1832-42,  during  the  Carlist  wars. 
From  1845-9  he  lived  in  Paris,  and  was  then 
called  to  Barcelona  as  maestro  of  the  church  of 
Our  Lady  of  Mercy.  The  best  of  his  numerous 
and  excellent  compositions  are  an  oratorio,  The 
Last  Judgment,  a  Requiem,  and  a  Stabat  Mater; 
only  a  Nunc  dimittis  and  a  Salve  regina  have 
been  printed.  A  treatise  on  Harmony  and  Cpt. 
has  been  translated  into  French  (Paris,  1848). 

Andrien.     See  Adrien. 

Andries,  Jean,  b.  Ghent,  Apr.  25,  1798  ;  d. 
there  Jan.  21,  1872  ;  from  1S51  Director,  and 
after  1856  Hon.  Dir.,  of  the  Ghent  Cons., 
where  he  had  been  prof,  of  vln.-  and  ensemble- 
classes  since  1835  ;  also  (till  1855)  solo  violinist 
at  the  theatre. — Wrote:  "  Apercu  historique  de 
tous  les  instr.s  de  musique,  actuellement  en 
usage";  "Precis  de  l'histoire  de  la  musique 
depuis  les  temps  les  plus  recules "  (1862); 
"Instr.s  a  vent.  La  Flute "  (1866);  "Re- 
marques  sur  les  cloches  et  les  carillons"  (1868). 

Ane'rio,  Felice,  b.  Rome,  abt.  1560;  d. 
there  abt.  1630  ;  st.  under  G.  M.  Nanini,  was 
then  app.  maestro  of  the  English  College,  and 
later  (Apr.  3,  1594)  Palestrina's  successor  as 
composer  to  the  Papal  Chapel.  His  eminence 
is  best  attested  by  the  fact  that  several  of  his 
comp.s  were  for  a  long  time  supposed  to  be 
Palestrina's  own.  Besides  numerous  MSS.  in 
Roman  libraries,  many  of  A.'s  works  are  extant 
in  printed  collections,  between  1585-1622  ;  sev- 
eral books  of  madrigals  a  5  and  6,  canzonets 
and  madrigals  a  3-4,  concerti  spirituali  a  4, 
litanies  a  4-S,  and  2  books  of  hymns,  eatitiea 
and  motets  ;  also  separate  motets,  etc. 

Ane'rio,  Giovanni  Francesco,  younger 
brother  of  Felice,  b.  Rome,  abt.  1567;  d. 
1620  (?);  1575-79,  chorister  at  St.  Peter's  ;  abt. 
1609,  m.  die.  to  King  Sigismund  III  of  Poland; 
1610  m.  di  c.  at  Verona  cathedral  ;  i6ir,  Prefect 
of  the  Seminario  romano  ;  and  1613-20,  m.  di  c. 
at  the  Jesuit  church  of  S.  Maria  dei  Monti  at 
Rome,  taking  holy  orders  in  1616.  A  very 
prolific  composer  of  all  the  forms  of  sacred 
music  then  in  vogue,  many  of  his  works  being 
printed  by  the  leading  Italian  publishers  ;  cele- 
brated as  the  arranger  of  Palestrina's  6-part 
Missa  Papa  Marcelli,  for  4  parts  (Rome, 
1600). 

Anet,  Baptiste.     See  Baptiste.  # 

Anfos'si,  Pasquale,  prolific  composer  of 
operas  (54  in  all);  b.  Taggia,  n.  Naples,  Apr.  5, 
1727;  d.  Rome,  Feb.,  1797.  Originally  a  vio- 
linist, he  studied  composition  under  Piccinni,  and 
brought  out  2  unsuccessful  operas,  but  with 
his  third  venture,  LHncognita  perseguitata 
(Rome,  1773),  won  popular  approval,  being 
supported  by  a  powerful  clique  hostile  to  Pic- 
cinni. In  ungenerous  rivalry  with  his  old 
teacher  and  friend,  he  brought  out  a  great  num- 


17 


ANGELET— ANTIQUIS 


ber  of  operas  ;  his  works  soon  palled  on  the 
Roman  palate,  and  he  sought  new  fields, — in 
Paris  (1799),  London  (1781-3,  as  director  of  the 
Italian  Opera),  and  after  that  in  Prague, 
Dresden,  and  Berlin.  Returning  to  Italy  in 
1784,  he  was  in  1791  made  ;;/.  di  c.  at  the 
Lateran,  and  turned  his  attention  to  sacred  com- 
position (4  oratorios,  masses,  psalms,  etc.).  His 
once  lauded  works  are  now  forgotten. 

Angelet,  Charles-Francois,  an  excellent 
pianist,  b.  Ghent,  Nov.  18,  1797  ;  d.  Brussels, 
Dec.  20,  1832  ;  a  pupil  of  Zimmerman  at  the 
Paris  Cons.;  established  himself  as  a  teacher  at 
Brussels,  studied  composition  there  under  Fetis, 
and  publ.  various  piano-pcs. ,  a  trio,  a  symphony, 
etc.  Appointed  court-pianist  to  King  William 
I  of  the  Netherlands  in  1829. 

Angeli'ni,  Bontempi    Giovanni     Andrea, 

singer,  composer,  theorist  ;  b.  Perugia,  abt. 
1624;  d.  near  P.,  July  1,  1705.  Maestro  in 
Rome  and  Venice,  later  in  the  service  of  the 
Margrave  of  Brandenburg  and  the  Elector  of 
Saxony.  His  opera  Paride,  given  in  Dresden, 
Nov.  3,  1662,  was  the  first  Italian  opera  ever 
produced  there.  He  returned  to  Italy  in  1694. 
Wrote  several  works,  among  them  an  "  Historia 
musica  "  (Perugia,  1695),  interesting  for  the  dis- 
cussion about  the  ancients'  ideas  of  harmony. 

Angelo'ni,  Luigi,  b.  Frosinone,  Papal  States, 
1758;  d.  London,  1842.  Wrote  a  valuable  mono- 
graph, "  Sopra  la  vita,  le  opere  ed  il  sapere  di 
Guido  d'Arezzo,  restauratore  della  scienza  e  del- 
l'arte  musica"  (Paris,  181 1). 

Anglebert,  Jean  Baptiste  Henri  d',  a  dis- 
tinguished pupil  of  Champion,  and  court  clavi- 
cembalist  to  Louis  XIV  ;  b.  1628  (?),  d.  Paris, 
Apr.  23,  1691.  Publ.  in  1689  "Pieces  de  clavecin 
avec  la  maniere  de  les  jouer,  diverses  chaconnes, 
ouvertures  et  autres  airs  de  M.  Lully,  mis  sur 
cet  instrument,  quelque  fugues  pour  orgue  et  les 
principes  de  l'accompagnement.  Livre  premier," 
among  which  are  22  variations  on  Folies  d'Es- 
pagne  (varied  before  him  by  Corelli  and  after 
him  by  Scarlatti).  This  work  shows  d'A.  to 
have  been  a  master  of  the  quaint  clavier-style 
then  prevailing;  it  is  also  valuable  for  its  expla- 
nation of  several  old-fashioned  graces. 

Animuc'cia,  Giovanni,  the  distinguished 
predecessor  of  Palestrina  at  the  Vatican  ;  b. 
Florence,  abt.  1500;  d.  Rome,  March,  1571. 
From  the  circumstance  that  he  wrote  the  first 
Laudi  spiriiuali  for  the  lectures  held  by  Neri  in 
the  oratory  of  S.  Filippo,  he  has  been  styled  the 
"  Father  of  Oratorio."  These  Laudi  were  con- 
trapuntal songs  in  several  parts,  interspersed 
with  occasional  strophes  or  lines  sung  by  a  solo 
voice  for  variety's  sake;  the  first  book  of  the 
Laudi  was  printed  by  Dorici  (1565),  the  second 
by  Blado  (Rome,  1570).  Other  publ.  works  are 
a  book  of  masses  (1567),  2  of  magnificats,  a 
4-part  Credo,  etc.;  the  greater  part,  however,  are 
probably  in   MS.   in  the  Vatican  Library.      His 


compositions  show  a  gradual  emancipation  from 
the  involved  formalism  of  the  Flemish  school, 
and  prove  him  to  have  been  a  worthy  forerunner 
of  Palestrina.  Hewasapp.  mac stro  at  St.  Peter's 
in  I555- 

Animuc'cia,  Paolo,  brother  of  Giovanni; 
noteworthy  contrapuntist;  was  ;;/.  di  c.  at  the 
Lateran,  1550-52,  and  died  1563  in  Rome.  Only 
a  few  of  his  comp.s,  found  in  collections  of  the 
time,  are  still  extant. 

Ankerts,  d'.     See  Dankers,  Ghiselin. 

Anna  Amalia.     See  Amalia  (i). 

Anniba'le,  called  II  Padova'no  (or  Pata- 
vi'nus)  from  his  birthplace,  Padua  ;  contra- 
puntist of  the  15th  century  ;  from  1552-6,  or- 
ganist of  2nd  organ  at  San  Marco,  Venice. 
■ — Publ.  1  book  of  5-p.  motets;  1  of  6-p.  mo- 
tets (1567);  1  of  5-p.  madrigals  (1583);  1  of  4-p. 
motets  (1592);  besides  2  masses  and  some  madri- 
gals in  collections. 

An'schiitz,  Johann  Andreas,  b.  Koblenz. 
Mar.  19,  1772;  d.  1858.  Founder,  in  1808,  of 
a  mus.  society,  also  a  school  for  vocal  and  instr. 
music,  at  Koblenz.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  pro- 
fession, but  also  a  good  pianist  and  conductor, 
and  composed  pf. -variations  and  numerous  well- 
received  vocal  works  (songs;  2  arias  f.  alto;  some 
sacred  music,  etc.). 

An'schiitz,  Karl,  b.  Koblenz,  Feb.,  1S15;  d. 
New  York,  Dec.  30,  1870.  Pupil  of  Friedr. 
Schneider;  in  1S44  he  assumed  the  directorship 
of  the  music-school  founded  by  his  father,  Jo- 
hann Andreas,  but  went  in  1848  to  London 
(where  he  conducted  the  Wednesday  Concerts 
for  a  time),  and  in  1857  to  N.  Y.  as  conductor  of 
Strakosch  &  Ullmann's  opera-troupe.  In  Sept., 
1S62,  he  opened  a  season  of  German  opera  on 
his  own  account,  which  deserved  the  success  it 
failed  to  obtain.  From  1860-2  he  conducted 
the  Arion  singing-society.  He  was  a  gifted  con- 
ductor and  cultivated  musician  ;  his  publ.  comp.s 
consist  of  a  few  piano-pcs. 

Anselm  of  Parma  (Anselmus  Georgius 
Parmensis),  b.  in  Parma;  d.  1443.  A  man  of 
profound  erudition,  whose  treatise  "  De  har- 
monia  dialogi  (de  harm,  coelesti,  de  harm,  in- 
strumentali,  de  harm,  cantabili),"  long  regarded 
as  lost,  was  found  at  Milan  in  1824. 

Antegna'ti,  Costanzo,  celebrated  organ- 
builder;  b.  Brescia,  abt.  1550;  d.  there  abt. 
1620.  Organist  at  Br.  cathedral.  Wrote  sacred 
comp.s  (masses,  motets,  psalms,  and  canzoni), 
publ.  Venice,  1619-21;  and  pieces  in  organ- 
tablature;  also  an  interesting  and  rare  treatise, 
"  L'Arte  organica  "  (Brescia,  1608). 

Anti'co,  Andrea.    See  Antiquus,  Andreas. 

Anti'quis,  Johannes  [Giovanni]  de,  mae- 
stro di  c.  iii  the  ch.  of  San  Niccolo  atBari  (Na- 
ples).   Publ.  "Villanelle  alia  Napolitana"  (1574), 


18 


ANTIQUUS— ARAJA 


which  contains  a  few  pes.  by  him  ;  and  the  1st 
book  of  his  4-p.  madrigals  (Venice,  15S5). 

Anti'quus,  Andreas  (also  A.  de  Antiquiis 
Vene'tus,  or  Andrea  Anti'co)  ;  b.  Montona 
(Istria),  in  latter  half  of  the  15th  cent.  Music- 
printer  in  Rome  and  (1520)  Venice,  probably 
the  first  of  his  trade  after  Petrucci,  who  publ. 
many  of  his  "  Frottole  "  (Venice,  1504-8). 

An'ton,  Konrad  Gottlob,  b.  Lauban,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  29,  1746  ;  d.  July  3,  1S19  ;  prof,  of 
Oriental  languages  at  Wittenberg  from  1775. 
Wrote  "  Versuch,  die  Melodie  u.  Ilarmonie  der 
alten  hebraischen  Gesange  u.  Tonstucke  zu  ent- 
ziffern  .  .  .,"  an  attempt  to  explain  the  He- 
brew accents  as  musical  notes  ;  also  wrote  on  the 
Hebrew  metrical  system,  etc. 

Anto'ny,  Franz  Joseph,  b.  Minister,  West- 
phalia, Feb.  1,  1790  ;  d.  there  1837.  1819,  music- 
director  at  the  cathedral  ;  1832,  organist,  suc- 
ceeding his  father  (Joseph  A.,  b.  Jan.  12,  1758; 
d.  1S36).  Publ.  "Archaologisch-liturgisches  Ge- 
sangbuch  des  Gregorianischen  Kirchengesangs  " 
(1829),  and  "  Geschichtliche  Darstellung  der 
Entstehung  und  Vervollkommnung  der  Orgel  " 
(1832).     Composed  church-music. 

A'pel,  Johann  August,  b.  Leipzig,  1771;  d. 
there  Aug.  9,  1816.  Dr.  juris;  author  of  a 
series  of  articles  on  rhythm  ("  Allg.  musikal. 
Zeitung,"  1807-8),  and  a  large  work  on  "  Me- 
trik "  (1814-16,  2  vol.s),  in  both  of  which  he 
combats  Gottfried  Hermann's  views  (in  the 
latter's  "  Elementa  doctrinae  metricae  "). 

Apell',  Johann  David  von,  b.  Kassel,  Feb. 
23i  J754  I  d.  there  1833.  Theatre-Intendant, 
and  Dir.  of  Kassel  Singing-Society  ;  member  of 
several  foreign  mus.  societies.  Prolific  com- 
poser :  4  operas,  several  ballets  and  cantatas,  3 
symphonies,  3  quartets,  etc.,  etc. 

Apollo,  the  son  of  Jupiter,  and  the  Greek  god 
of  light  ;  hence,  the  god  of  poetry  and  music, 
and  the  fabled  inventor  of  stringed  instr.s.  In 
his  train  were  the  9  Muses  ;  the  Pythian  games, 
celebrated  every  4  years  at  Delphi,  in  which 
musical  contests  were  most  prominent,  were  given 
in  his  honor. 

Ap'pel,  Karl,  violinist,  b.  Dessau,  Mar.  14, 
1812  ;  pupil  of  Linden  and  Schneider;  leader 
of  the  ducal  orchestra  ;  composed  an  opera,  Die 
Rauberbraut  (Dessau,  1840),  and  very  popular 
humorous  male  quartets. 

Appun,   Georg   August   Ignaz,    b.  Hanau 

(Kassel),  Sept.  1,  1816  ;  d.  there  Jan.  14,  1885  ; 
a  musician  of  versatile  talent,  a  player  on  almost 
all  mus.  instr.s,  and  up  to  i860  a  teacher  of 
theory,  instr.l  playing,  and  singing  in  Hanau 
and  Frankfort  ;  then  occupied  himself  exclusive- 
ly with  acoustical  experiments  and  the  construc- 
tion of  acoustical  apparatus,  notably  an  harmo- 
nium of  53  degrees  within  an  octave. 

Apri'le,  Giuseppe,  one  of  the  finest  contralti 
(jnusico)  of  his  time  ;  b.  Bisceglia  (Apulia),  Oct. 


Foster,     b.    Boston, 
Writer   and    critic.     A 


then, 
cpt., 


29,  1738;  d.  Martina,  1814  ;  a  pupil  of  Avos, 
and  the  teacher  of  Cimarosa.  From  1763  he 
sang  in  the  principal  theatres  of  Italy  and  Ger- 
many, then  settling  in  Naples  as  a  singing- 
master,  as  which  he  was  famous.  His  vocal 
method  :  "The  Italian  Method  of  Singing,  with 
36  Solfeggi,"  first  publ.  by  Broderip  (London), 
has  been  reprinted  in  many  editions  and  several 
languages  ;  he  also  wrote  vocal  music,  solfeggi, 
etc. 

Ap'thorp,  William 
Mass.,  Oct.  24,  184 
student  at  Harvard, 
where  he  graduated 
in  1869,  he  st.  pf., 
harm.,  and  cpt.  un- 
der J.  K.  Paine  from 
1863-7  I  then  P1- 
under  B.  J.  Lang 
for  7  or  8  years 
longer.  While  in 
Harvard,  he  was 
asst.  -  pianist  and 
cymbalist  in  the  Pi- 
erian Sodality,  and 
cond.  that  society 
1868-9.  Taught  pf. 
and  harm,  at  Bos- 
ton "  National  Coll.  of  Music  "  (1872-3) ; 
until  1886,  taught  successively  pf.,  harm, 
fugue,  and  general  theory  at  the  N.  E.  Cons.; 
also,  for  some  years,  aesthetics  and  mus.  hist,  in 
the  Coll.  of  Mus.  of  Boston  Univ.  He  began 
his  career  as  music  critic  on  the  "Atlantic 
Monthly"  (from  1872-7)  ;  was  eng.  as  mus.  critic 
on  the  "  Sunday  Courier  "  in  1876;  as  mus.  and 
dram,  critic  on  the  "Traveller"  in  1878;  has 
been  mus.  critic  on  the  "  Evening  Transcript  " 
since  1SS1,  and  also  dram,  critic  since  1882. 
A.  has  also  given  courses  of  lectures  at  the  Lowell 
Inst.,  Boston,  and  Peabody  Inst.,  Baltimore  ;  has 
contributed  many  articles  on  music  and  drama 
to  leading  periodicals  ;  has  edited  the  "  Program- 
books  "  of  the  Boston  Symph.  Orch.  since  1892  ; 
and  has  publ.  the  following  works  :  "  Hector 
Berlioz.  Selections  from  his  Letters  and  .  .  . 
Writings,"  with  biogr.  sketch  (N.  Y.,  1879)  ; 
"  Musicians  and  Music-lovers,  and  other  Es- 
says" (N.  Y. ,  1894);  "Jacques  Damour,  and 
Other  Stories,"  Englished  from  Zola  (Boston, 
1895);  and  "By  the  Way — About  Music  and 
Musicians "  (Boston,  1899).  Critical  editor  of 
Scribner's  "Cyclopedia  of  Music  and  Musi- 
cians" (N.  Y.,  1888). 

Aptom'mas,  John  and  Thomas,  two  broth- 
ers, b.  at  Bridgend,  England,  in  1826  and  1S29 
respectively  ;  remarkable  harp-players,  both  liv- 
ing in  London  as  teachers  ;  the  younger  was 
from  1S51-6  in  New  York.  Compositions  ele- 
gant, though  hardly  equal  to  Parish- Alvars'; 
have  also  written  a  "  History  of  the  Harp" 
(London,    1S59). 

Ara'ja,  Francesco,  opera-composer  ;  b. 
Naples,  abt.  1700  ;  d.  Bologna,  abt.  1770.      His 


19 


ARANDA— ARDITI 


first  opera,  Berenice  (Florence,  1730),  made  his 
name  ;  in  1735  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  and 
wrote  many  successful  operas  in  Italian  and 
Russian,  his  Cephalos  and  Prokris  \Cefalo  e 
Procri\  being  the  first  opera  written  in  the  Rus- 
sian language.  Returned  to  Italy  in  1759.  Also 
wrote  church-music,  and  a  Christmas  oratorio, 
La  Nativita  di  Gesii. 

Aran'da,  Matheo  de,  Portuguese  musician, 
prof,  of  mus.  (1544)  at  Coimbra  Univ. — Publ. 
(J 533)  "  Tratado  de  canto  llano  y  contrapuncto." 

Aran'do,  Del  Sessa  d',  Ital.  comp.  of  the 
16th  cent. ;  publ.  a  vol.  of  4-part  madrigals  (Gar- 
dano  :   Venice,  1 57 1). 

Arau'xo  (or  Araujo),  Francisco  Correa  de, 

Dominican  monk  and  eminent  Spanish  musician, 
b.  abt.  1 58 1  ;  Bishop  of  Segovia,  where  he  died 
Jan.  13,  1663.  Wrote  the  important  treatise 
"  Libro  de  tientes  y  discursosde  musica  . 
intitulado  :  Facultad  organica  .  .  ."(1626); 
two  others,  "  Casos  morales  de  la  musica,"  and 
"  De  Versos,"  are  in  MS. 

Arban,  Joseph-Jean-Baptiste-Laurent,  b. 
Lyons,  Feb.  28,  1825  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  9,  1889. 
Virtuoso  on  the  cornet  ;  teacher  at  Paris  Cons., 
cond.  of  the  music  of  the  Opera  balls,  inventor 
of  several  wind-instr.s.  Publ.  a  Method  f.  Cor- 
net and  Saxhorn  ;  also  many  transcr.s  f.  orch. 

Arbeau,  Thoinot,  pen-name  of  Jean  Ta- 
bourot  ;  b.  Dijon,  1519  ;  d.  Langres,  1595  (?). 
In  his  curious  "  Orchesographie  "  (1589,  1596), 
dancing,  and  playing  on  the  drum  and  fife,  are 
taught  catechetically,  aided  by  a  kind  of  tabla- 
ture. 

Ar'buckle,  Matthew,  famous  American 
cornet-player  and  bandmaster  ;  b.  (?),  1828  ;  d. 
New  Vork,  May  23,  1883.  Wrote  "Arbuckle's 
Complete  Cornet  Method  "  (Boston,  no  date). 

Ar'buthnot,  John,  British  physician  ;  b.  Ar- 
buthnot,  Scotland,  1667;  d.  London,  Feb.  27, 
1735  ;  app.  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen 
Anne  in  1709.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Scriblerus  Club  ( 1 714),  and  was  friendly  to 
Handel  during  the  composer's  wrangles  with  his 
opera-company;  his  "Miscellaneous  Works" 
throw  sharp  side-lights  on  various  persons  of  in- 
terest. 

Ar'cadelt,  Jacob  (or  Jachet  Arkadelt, 
Archadet,  Arcadet,  Harcadelt),  distin- 
guished Flemish  composer  and  teacher  ;  b.  abt. 
1 5 14,  maestro  dei  pntti  to  the  Papal  Chapel 
(T 539)i  I54°  singer  in  the  same,  in  1544  holding 
the  office  of  Camerlingo,  went  in  1555  with  the 
Due  de  Guise  to  Paris,  where  he  is  mentioned  in 
1557  as  Regius  musicus,  and  where  he  probably 
died  between  1570-75.  His  Roman  period  was 
devoted  to  secular,  his  Paris  period  to  sacred 
composition.  Of  his  numerous  extant  works, 
6  books  of  5-part  madrigals  (Venice,  153S-1556, 
his  finest  and  most  characteristic  comp.s),  and  3 
books  of  masses  in  3-7  parts  (Paris,  1557),  are 
chief  among  those  preserved  in  print. 


Arca'is,  Francesco,  Marchese  d',  b.  Ca- 
gliari,  Sardinia,  Dec.  15,  1830;  d.  Castel  Gan- 
dolfo,  n.  Rome,  Aug.  15,  1S90.  A  critical 
writer  and  reviewer  of  markedly  conservative 
tendency,  on  the  staff  of  the  "  Opinione,"  and 
also  a  contributor  to  the  Milanese  "  Gazzetta 
Musicale."  His  ventures  as  a  dramatic  com- 
poser (3  operettas)  were  unfortunate. 

Archadet.     See  Arcadelt. 

Archambeau,  Jean-Michel  d',  composer;  b. 
Herve,  Belgium,  Mar.  3,  1823  ;  in  1838,  teacher 
of  music  at  Herve  College;  1S4S,  organist  at 
Petit-Rechain. — Works  :  1  operetta,  2  masses  f. 
3  men's  voices,  12  litanies,  7  motets;  also  several 
Romances  sans  paroles  f.  pf.- 

Archer,  Frederick,  organist ;  b.  Oxford, 
Engl.,  June  16,  1838.  Taught  by  his  father  ; 
also  st.  in  London  and  Leipzig.  Organist,  con- 
ductor, and  opera-director  in  London  ;  went  to 
New  York  in  1881,  and  became  org.  of  Ply- 
mouth church,  Brooklyn,  later  of  Ch.  of  the  In- 
carnation, N.  Y.  In  1S85,  founded  the  mus. 
weekly  "  The  Key-note,"  of  which  he  was  the 
editor  ;  1S87,  conductor  of  Boston  Oratorio  Soc. 
From  1895-98,  cond.  of  the  Pittsburg  (Pa.) 
Orchestra  ;  succeeded  by  Victor  Herbert. — 
Works  :  For  organ,  Adagio  maestoso  ;  Fugue 
in  D  min.  ;  Grand  Fantasia  in  F  ;  Andantes  in 
D,  F,  and  A  ;  Concert-variations  ;  Marche 
triomphale  ;  12  pieces.  For  />/.,  Polka  de  salon  ; 
2  Gavots  (D  and  Ef?)  ;  3  Impromptus  ;  Can- 
tata, King  Witlaf's  Drinking-horn;  songs, 
part-songs,  etc.  Wrote  "  The  Organ,"  theoreti- 
cal text-book  ;  and  "  The  Collegiate  Organ- 
Tutor." 

Archy'tas,  Cheek  mathematician,  disciple  of 
Pythagoras,  lived  at  Tarentum  abt.  400-365  B.  C. 
His  writings  are  only  fragmentary. 

Ardi'ti,  Luigi,  b.  Crescentino,  Piedmont, 
July  16  [ace.  to  his  autobiography],  1822  ;  pupil 
of  Milan  Cons.  Began  his  career  as  a  violinist  ; 
became  director  of  opera,  and  honorary  member 
of  the  Accademia  Filarmonica  at  Vercelli  in 
1843,  going  thence  to  Milan,  Turin,  and  Havana 
as  an  opera-conductor,  a  position  in  which  he 
excels.  In  1847,  '48,  '50,  etc.,  he  visited  New 
York  with  the  Havana  opera-company;  con- 
ducted the  performance  at  the  opening  of  the 
N.  Y.  Acad,  of  Music  in  1854.  Finally  left 
America  in  1856,  going  to  Constantinople,  and 
thence  to  London,  where  he  settled  in  1858, 
as  conductor  of  Her  M.'s  Theatre,  and  resides 
there  as  a  well-liked  teacher  and  composer. 
He  also  led  a  campaign  of  Italian  opera  in  Ger- 
many, at  St.  Petersburg  (1S71  and  '73),  and  (for 
some  years)  annually  at  Vienna,  from  1870.  His 
operas  (/  Briganti,  11  Corsaro,  La  Spia)  have 
had  fair  success  ;  but  his  best  and  most  popular 
comp.s  are  his  numerous  songs,  especially  the 
vocal  waltzes  (//  Hacio,  L'Arditi,  I.e  Tor  tore  lie, 
etc.)  Wrote  "  My  Reminiscences"  (London, 
1896). 


20 


ARDITI— ARMBRUST 


Ardi'ti,    Michele,    Marchese  ;  b.    Presicca, 

Naples,  Sept.  29,  1745  ;  d.  Naples,  Apr.  23, 
1838.  Archaeologist  and  amateur  composer, 
pupil  of  Tommelli  ;  wrote  1  opera,  Olimpiade ; 
also  sacred  and  secular  cantatas,  motets,  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  arias  w.  orch.,  pf.-sonatas, 
etc. 

A'rens,  Franz  Xavier,  b.  near  the  Mosel, 
Germany,  Oct.  28,  1856.  Came  to  America  in 
early  youth  ;  pupil  of  his  father  and  Singen- 
berger  of  Milwaukee  ;  also  st.  in  Germany 
w.  Rheinberger,  Wiillner,  Abel,  Janssen,  and 
Kirchner  ;  conductor  of  Cleveland  "  Gesang- 
verein"  and  Philh.  Orch.  (till  1887);  also  or- 
ganist.— Works  :  The  Troubadour,  secular  can- 
tata ;  "  Salve  regina,"  f.  mixed  ch.;  Symphonic 
Fantasia,  f.  orch.  ;  string-quartet  in  A  min.; 
Prelude  and  Fugue  f .  org. ;  etc. 

Aren'sky,  Anton  Stepanovitch,  Russian 
comp.  and  pianist  ;  b.  Novgorod,  July  30,  1862. 
From  1879-82,  pupil  of  Johanssen  and  Rimsky- 
Korsakov  at  St.  Petersburg  Cons.;  in  1882  he 
was  app.  prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  the  Imp. 
Cons.,  Moscow,  and  in  1895  succeeded  Bala- 
kirev  as  conductor  of  the  Imp.  Court  Choir. — 
Works  :  Op.  1,  6  pf.-pcs.  in  canon-form  ;  op.  2, 
pf. -concerto  w.  orch.  ;  op.  4,  .Symphony  No.  1, 
f.  orch.  ;  op.  5,  Six  pieces  p.  piano  ;  op.  8, 
Scherzo  f.  pf.  ;  op.  11,  String-quartet,  G  maj.  ; 
op.  12,  two  pes.  f.  'cello  and  pf . ;  op.  13,  inter- 
mezzo f.  orch.  ;  op.  15,  Suite  f.  orch.  (Romance, 
Valse,  Polonaise)  ;  op.  19,  Three  pf.-pcs.  ;  op. 
20,  Bigarrures  f.  pf.;  op.  23,  "Silhouettes," 
Suite  f.  orch.  ;  op.  24,  Trois  Esquisses  f.  pf. 
(A,  Ab,  F  min.)  ;  op.  25,  four  pf.-pcs.  ;  op. 
28,  6  "  Essais  sur  des  rythmes  oublies,"  f.  pf. 
4  hands  ;  op.  30,  4  pes.  f.  vln.  and  pf.  ;  op.  32, 
pf.-trio  ("  Davidoff  ")  ;  op.  33,  Third  Suite  f. 
orch.  ;  op.  34,  6  small  pes.  f.  pf.  4  hands.  ;  op. 
35,  String.-quartet  (vln.,  via.,  2 'celli)  ;  op.  36, 
24  pf.-pcs.  ;  op.  37,  Rafaello,  i-act  opera  (St. 
Petersburg,  1 895  ?).      Also  a  Fourth  Suite  f .  orch. 

Argine,  dall'.     See  Dall'  Argine. 

A'ria,  Cesare,  b.  Bologna,  Sept.  21,  1820; 
d.  there  [an.  30,  1894.  St.  piano  and  theory  with 
Gius.  Pilbtti ;  later  in  Bol.  Cons,  under  P.  Mattel. 
A  favorite  of  Rossini.  Lived  for  some  years 
in  France  and  England  as  teacher  of  singing, 
pf.,  and  comp.;  1S40,  music-director  of  the  Te- 
atro  Comunale,  Bologna  ;  1S50,  President  of  the 
Accad.  Filarmonica.  Comp.  fine  churchmusic 
(a  Dies  irae  is  particularly  noteworthy). 

Ari'bo  Scholas'ticus,  probably  a  native  of 
the  Low  Countries  ;  d.  about  1078.  Wrote  a 
valuable  treatise,  "  Musica  "  [printed  inGerbert's 
"  Scriptores,"  vol.  ii],  containing  a  commentary 
on  Guido  d'Arezzo's  writings. 

Arien'zo,  Nicola  de,  dramatic  comp.;  b. 
Naples,  Dec.  24,  1843 (or '42);  pupil  of  Labriola 
(pf.),  Fioravanti  and  Moretti  (cpt.),  and  Merca- 
dante  (comp.).  First  operas  (in  Neapol.  dialect), 
Monzu  Gnazio  0  La  Fidanzata  del  Parrucehiere 


(Naples,  i860),  and  I  due  Mariti  (Naples,  1806), 
were  succ. ;  others  are  I.e  /w>.sv(iS68),  //  Caccia- 
tore  delle  Aipi  (1S70),  //  Cuoco  (1873),  /  Viaggt 
(Milan,  1S75),  La  Figlia  del  Diavolo  (Naples, 
1879  '<  severely  criticised  for  a  straining  after 
realistic  and  original  effect),  /  Ire  Coscritti  (Na- 
ples, 1880),  La  Tier  a  (1SS7),  Rita  di  Lister 
(MS.),  etc.  Also  wrote  an  oratorio,  //  Crista 
sulla  croce,  a  Pensiero  sinfonico,  overtures,  some 
vocal  music  (4  Nocturnes)  and  pf.-pcs. ;  and  a 
manual,  "  L'invenzione  del  sistema  tetracordo  e 
la  moderna  musica"  (1879),  favoring  pure  into- 
nation instead  of  equal  temperament,  and  dis- 
criminating a  3rd  mode  (of  the  Minor  Second) 
besides  the  usually  accepted  Major  and  Minor 
modes. 

Ari'on,  famed  Greek  singer  (7th  century 
B.C.),  a  poet,  and  player  on  the  cithara.  He  was 
a  native  of  Lesbos,  and  lived  for  many  years  at 
the  court  of  Periander,  Tyrant  of  Corinth. 

Arios'ti,  Attilio,  b.  Bologna,  1660  ;  d.  there 
abt.  1740;  composer  of  15  operas,  the  first  of 
which,  Dafne,  was  given  at  Venice  (16S6)  ;  in 
169S,  court  Kapellm.  at  lierlin,  and  for  a  short 
time  the  teacher  of  Handel  ;  in  1716  in  London, 
as  a  rival  of  Buononcini,  both  being  for  a  while 
competitors  with  Handel  for  public  favor,  and 
both  defeated  by  his  genius  ;  in  1720  these  three 
composed  the  opera  Aluzio  Scevola  in  company, 
each  taking  one  act.  In  1727  Ariosti  returned  to 
Italy,  and  died  in  obscurity.  He  also  wrote  an 
oratorio,  a  volume  of  cantatas,  and  some  lessons 
for  the  viola  d'amore,  on  which  he  was  an  accom- 
plished performer. 

Aristi'des  Quintilia'nus,  a  Greek  writer  on 
music  abt.  A.D.  160  ;  a  teacher  of  music  at 
Smyrna,  and  celebrated  from  his  work  "  On  Mu- 
sic "  [printed  in  Meibom's  "  Antiquae  Musicae 
Auctores  Septem  "  (1652)]. 

Aristo'teles  (Ar'istotle),  (1),  b.  Stagyra 
(Macedonia),  384  B.C. ;  d.  322  B.C. ;  a  Greek  phi- 
losopher, pupil  of  Plato.  The  19th  section  of  his 
"Problems"  affords  valuable  information  con- 
cerning the  Greek  system  of  music  ;  further  re- 
marks are  found  in  Book  viii  of  the  "  Politica," 
and  in  the  "  Poetica." — (2)  Pseudonym  of  a  writer 
on  mensurable  music  of  the  I2th-i3th  centuries. 

Aristox'enos,  b.  Tarentum,  abt.  354  B.C.; 
one  of  the  earliest  Greek  writers  on  music.  His 
"Harmonic  Elements"  (complete)  and  "  Rhyth- 
mical Elements  "  (fragmentary)  are  the  most  im- 
portant treatises  on  Greek  music  that  are  left  us, 
excepting  certain  essays  by  Plato  and  Aristotle. 
Publ.  (1868)  by  P.  Marquand,  text  German  and 
Greek,  with  commentaries.  Alsor/".  Oscar  Paul, 
"  Boethius  u.  die  griechische  Harmonik,"  and 
"Absol.  Harm,  der  Griechen." 

Arm'brust,  Karl  F.,  fine  organist;  b.  Ham- 
burg, March  20,  1S49  ;  d.  Hanover,  July  22, 
1896.  St.  Stuttgart  Cons.  (Faisst);  1869,  org. 
of  St.  Peter's  ch.,  Hamburg.     Teacher  of  org. 


ARMMUTSTER— ARNOLD 


and  pf.  at  II.  Cons.     Musical  critic  (II.  "  Frem- 
denblatt  "). 

Arm'bruster,  Karl,  b.  Andernach-on-Rhine, 
July  13,  1846  ;  pupil  of  Hompesch  at  Cologne. 
Precocious  pianist  ;  settled  in  London,  1863. 
An  influential  admirer  of  Wagner,  he  has  done 
much  to  spread  the  Wagner  cult  in  England  ; 
was  Hans  Richter's  asst.-cond.  at  the  Wagner 
Concerts  of  1882-4  J  then  cond.  at  the  Royal 
Court  Th.,  later  at  the  Haymarket  ;  cond.  Tris- 
tan und Isolde  In  1892  at  Covent  Garden,  and  is 
now  conductor  at  Drury  Lane. 

Armingaud,  Jules,  b.  Bayonne,  May  3, 
1820  ;  one  of  the  best  violinists  in  Paris,  who 
was  refused  admission  to  the  Cons,  when  19  be- 
cause he  was  "  too  far  advanced";  orchestra- 
player  at  the  Grand  Opera,  and  leader  of  a  famous 
string-quartet  recently  enlarged  by  adding  some 
wind-instr.s,  and  now  called  the  Societe  classique. 
He  is  the  reputed  introducer  of  Beethoven's 
quartets  into  Parisian  mus.  circles  ;  has  publ. 
some  violin-pcs. 

Arnaud,  Abbe  Francois,  theoretical  writer  ; 
b.  Aubignan,  n.  Carpentras,  July  27,  1721  ;  d. 
Paris,  Dec.  2,  17S4  ;  wrote  many  essays  on  mis- 
cellaneous mus.  subjects  (Collected  Writings, 
Paris,  1808,  3  vol.s).  In  the  "  Memoires  pour 
servir  a  l'histoire  de  la  revolution  operee  dans  la 
musique  par  M.  le  Chevalier  Gluck,"  he  warmly 
espouses  the  great  reformer's  principles. 

Arnaud,  Jean-Etienne-Guillaume,  b.  Mar- 
seilles, Mar.  16,  1S07;  d.  there  Jan.,  1863. 
Composer  of  some  200  songs  ("romances"), 
many  of  which  have  won  great  favor. 

Arne,  Thomas  Augustine,  one  of  the  fore- 
most of  English  composers  ;  b.  London,  March 
12,  1710  ;  d.  there  March  5,  1778.  By  dint  of 
stolen  nightly  practice  he  became  a  fine  player 
on  the  spinet  and  violin,  in  despite  of  his  father's 
wishes  that  he  should  study  law  ;  the  latter  finally 
yielded  to  the  inevitable,  and  Arne,  free  to  pur- 
sue his  mus.  work,  set  to  music  various  texts — 
Addison's  Rosamond  and  Field's  Tragedy  of 
Tragedies  (1733)  ;  a  masque,  Dido  and  sEneas 
(1734)  ;  and  Zara  (1736).  In  1736  he  married 
Cecilia  Young,  a  fine  singer  and  a  prime  favor- 
ite of  Handel's.  In  1738,  as  composer  to  the 
Drury  Lane  Th.,  he  set  Dalton's  adaptation  of 
Comus  to  music,  a  composition  which  firmly 
established  his  reputation.  The  music  to  the 
masque  of  A  If  red  ( 1 740)  contains,  among  other 
fine  songs,  the  celebrated  "  Rule  Britannia." 
While  residing  in  Dublin  (1742-4)  he  brought 
out  2  new  operas,  Britannia  and  Eliza,  and  the 
mus.  farce  Thomas  and  Sally.  He  became 
comp.  to  Vauxhall  Gardens,  London,  in  1745. 
Further  dramatic  works  were,  Congreve's 
masque,  The  Judgment  of  Paris  (1740),  Colin 
and  Phosde  (1745),  Arlaxerxes  (1762),  Olympiad 
(1765),  and  the  music  to  Mason's  Caractacus 
(l77(j)  ',  als°  settings  for  songs  in  As  you  Like 
it,  and  "  Where  the  Bee  Sucks"  in  The   Tem- 


pest ;  etc.  I  lis  2  oratorios  are  Abel  (1755),  and 
Judith  (1764).  1  >r.  A.  was  the  first  to  introduce 
female  voices  into  oratorio-choruses  {Judith). 
Besides  the  above,  he  composed  numerous  minor 
texts,  and  wrote  orch.  overtures,  vln. -sonatas, 
organ-music,  harpsich. -sonatas,  many  songs, 
glees,  catches,  canons,  and  the  like.  With  the 
exception  of  2  years  in  Dublin,  A.  lived  con- 
tinuously in  London  as  a  composer  and  concert- 
giver  ;  he  was  created  Mus.  Doc.  (Oxon.)  in  1759. 

Arne,  Michael,  natural  son  of  Dr.  Arne,  b. 
London,  1741  ;  d.  there  Jan.  14,  1786  [not 
1806]  ;  a  clever  dramatic  composer  (9  operas, 
the  best  being  Cymon,  1767)  ;  writer  of  a  num- 
ber of  songs,  and  a  skilful  player  on  the  harpsi- 
chord. In  1779,  music-director  at  Dublin  The- 
atre ;  from  1784  onward  he  conducted  some  of 
the  Lenten  oratorios  at  London  theatres.  A 
curious  episode  in  his  career  was  his  search  for 
the  philosopher's  stone  (abt.  1768),  during  which 
he  neglected  his  profession  and  ruined  himself 
pecuniarily. 

Arne'iro,  Jose  Augusto    Ferreira  Veiga, 

Viscount  d',  distinguished  Portuguese  composer, 
b.  Macao,  China,  Nov.  22,  183S  ;  pupil  (1859) 
of  Botelho  (harm.),  Schira  (cpt.  and  fugue),  and 
Soares  (pf.),  at  Lisbon.  Has  written  the  ballet 
Ginn  (1866)  ;  2  operas,  L'Elisire  di  giovinezza 
and  La  Derelitta  (1885)  ;  and  a  Te  Benin  (his 
chief  work),  performed  Lisbon,  1871,  and  later 
in  Paris  under  the  modern  and  much-affected 
title  of  Symphonie-Cantate. 

Arnold,  Georg,  Tyrolese  church-comp.  of 
the  17th  cent.;  b.  Weldsberg  ;  organist  at  Inns- 
bruck, later  to  the  Bishop  of  Bamberg. — Publ. 
works  (1652-76)  :  Motets,  psalms,  and  2  books 
of  masses  in  9  parts. 

Arnold,  Samuel,  b.  London,  Aug.  10,  1740  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  22,  1802  ;  educated  by  Gates  and 
Nares  as  a  chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  he 
early  showed  a  gift  for  composition,  and  in  1763 
was  commissioned  to  write  an  opera  for  Covent 
Garden — The  Maid  of  the  ^////—successfully 
produced  in  1765.  This  was  followed,  up  to 
1S02,  by  42  stage-pieces  (operas,  mus.  after- 
pieces, and  pantomimes).  His  first  oratorio, 
The  Cure  of  Saul,  came  out  in  1767  ;  Abimelech, 
The  Resurrection,  The  Prodigal  Sou,  and  Elijah, 
followed  in  the  order  given.  He  took  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  (Oxon.)  in  1773,  and  in  1783  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Nares  as  organist  and  composer  to 
the  Chapel  Royal,  for  which  he  composed  sev- 
eral services  and  anthems.  In  1789  he  was 
app.  conductor  of  the  Acad,  of  Ancient  Music  ; 
in  1793,  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey.  His 
edition  of  Handel's  works,  begun  in  1786,  em- 
braces 36  vol.s,  but  is  incomplete  and  not  free 
from  errors.  His  principal  work,  "  Cathedral 
Music"  (1790,  4  vol.s),  is  a  collection  in  score  of 
the  finest  cathedral  services  by  English  masters 
of  2  centuries,  forming  a  sequel  to  Boyce's  work 
of  like  name  ;  republ.  by  Rimbault  (1847). 


ARNOLD— ARTCHIBOUSHEFF 


Arnold,  Johann  Gottfried,  'cello-player and 
composer  ;  b.  Niedernhall,  n.  Oehringen,  Feb. 
x5.  1773  ;  d.  Frankfort,  July  26,  1806.  Pupil 
of  Romberg  and  Willmann  ;  after  concert-tours 
in  Germany  and  Switzerland,  he  was  app.  1st 
'cellist  at  Frankfort  Th. — Works  :  Symphonic 
concertante  f.  2  flutes  w.  orch. ;  5  'cello-con- 
certos ;  6  sets  of  var.s  f.  'cello  (op.  9)  ;  pes.  f. 
guitar  ;  etc. 

Arnold,  Ignaz  Ernst  Ferdinand,  a  lawyer 
in  Erfurt,  where  he  was  b.  Apr.  4,  1774,  and  d. 
Oct.  13,  1812.  Wrote  (1803,  etc.)  biogr.  sketches 
of  Mozart,  Haydn,  Cherubini,  Cimarosa,  Paisi- 
ello,  Dittersdorf,  Zumsteeg,  Winter,  and  Him- 
mel  (republ.  1816,  as  "  Galerie  der  beruhmtes- 
ten  Tonkunstler  des  18.  u.  19.  Jahrhunderts  "). 
Also  wrote  "  Derangehende  Musikdirektor  oder 
die  Kunst,  ein  Orchester  zu  bilden  "  (1806). 

Arnold,  Karl  (Sr.),  b.  Neukirchen,  n.  Mer- 
gentheim,  Wi'irttemberg,  May  6,  1794  ;  d.  Chris- 
tiania,  Nov.  11,  1S73.  Pupil  of  A.  Schmitt,  J. 
A.  Andre,  and  Karl  Vollweiler,  at  Frankfort  ; 
fine  pianist  ;  lived  successively  at  St.  Peters- 
burg (18 19),  Berlin  (1S24),  Mi'inster  (1S35),  and 
Christiania  (1849),  where  he  conducted  the 
Philh.  Soc,  and  was  org.  of  the  principal 
church. — Works:  An  opera,  Irene  (Berlin,  1832); 
pf. -sextet,  and  sonatas,  variations,  fantasias, 
etc. ,  for  pf . 

Arnold,  Karl  (Jr.),  b.  St.  Petersburg,  1820. 
A  pupil  of  Bohrer  ;  was  a  'cellist  in  the  royal 
orch.  at  Stockholm. 

Arnold,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Sontheim, 
n.  Ileilbronn,  Mar.  10,  1S10  ;  d.  Feb.  13,  1864, 
at  Elberfeld,  where  he  was  a  music-seller. 
Publ.  10  series  of  Volkslieder,  and  the  "  Loch- 
eimer  Liederbuch,"  K.  Paumann's  "  Ars  or- 
ganisandi,"  arrangements  of  Beethoven's  sym- 
phonies f.  pf.  and  vln.,  numerous  original  pf.- 
pcs.  ;  and  wrote  an  "  Allgemeine  Musiklehre, 
als  Einleitung  zu  jeder  Schule." 

Arnold,  Yourij  von,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Nov. 
I,  1S11  ;  d.  Simferopol,  Krimea,  July  19,  1898  ; 
a  student  and  soldier,  who  in  1838  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  music,  giving  lectures  and  com- 
posing 2  Russian  operas,  The  Gypsy  (1853) 
and  Swatlaha  (1854,  won  a  prize)  ;  also  over- 
tures, part-songs,  songs,  etc.  Lived  1863-8  in 
Leipzig,  as  editor  of  a  paper  ;  since  1870,  prof, 
of  singing  at  Moscow  Cons.  Wrote  "  Die  alten 
Kirchenmodi  historisch  u.  akustisch  entwickelt  " 
(187S). 

Ar'noldson,  Sigrid,  dramatic  soprano,  b. 
Stockholm,  Sweden,  abt.  1865  ;  daughter  of 
Oscar  A.,  the  celebrated  tenor  (b.  i843[?],  d. 
Stockholm,  1881).  Pupil  of  Maurice  Strakosch. 
Debut  1886,  at  Moscow  ;  then  sang  as  prima 
donna  in  St.  Petersburg  and  in  London  (Drury 
Lane)  with  brilliant  success;  1887,  in  Amster- 
dam and  The  Hague,  then  in  Paris  (Opera- 
Comique),  Nice,  and  Rome  ;  1SS8,  eng.  at  Co- 
vent  Garden,  London,  as  successor  of  the  Patti. 


In  1S89  she  excited  indescribable  enthusiasm  in 
Moscow  and  Zurich.  In  May,  189S,  she  was 
at  the  Royal  Opera  in  Pesth  ;  in  Oct.  she  sang 
in  Amsterdam  at  the  Dutch  Opera  with  marked 
success. — Chief  roles,  Rosine,  Dinorah,  Son- 
nambula,  Mignon,  Cherubin,  Zerlina,  Traviata. 
Ar'nulf  von  St.  Gillen,  of  the  15th  century  ; 
wrote  "  Tractatulus  de  differentiis  et  generibus 
cantorum,"  printed  in  Gerbert's  "  Scriptores," 
vol.  iii. 

Arquier,  Joseph,  b.  Toulon,  1763  ;  d.  Bor- 
deaux. Oct.,  1 8 16.  Studied  in  Marseilles; 
1784,  'cellist  in  Lyons  Th.  orch.  ;  '89,  in  Mar- 
seilles, '90  in  Paris.  About  1800,  he  went  to 
New  Orleans  as  director  of  an  opera-troupe, 
but  failed,  and  returned  to  France  in  1804,  hold- 
ing various  positions  in  Paris,  Toulouse,  Mar- 
seilles, and  Perpignan  ;  he  died  in  poverty. 
— Works  :    16  operas,  mostly  comic. 

Arria'ga  y  Balzola,  Juan  Crisostomo  Ja- 
cobo  Antonio  d',  b.  Bilbao,  Jan.  27,  1806  ;  d. 
Feb.,  1S25.  Pupil  of  Fetis  at  Paris  Cons. 
(1821)  ;  in  1S24,  repe'titeur  there  for  harmony 
and  cpt. — Publ.  works  :   3  string-quartets. 

Arrie'ta,  Don  Juan  Emilio,  b.  Puenta  la 
Reina  (Spain),  Oct.  21,  1823  ;  d.  Madrid,  Feb. 
12,  1894.  St.  under  Vaccai  at  Milan  Cons. 
(1S42-5);  returned  to  Spain,  1S48;  in  1857,  app. 
prof,  of  comp.  at  Madrid  Cons.  ;  1885,  Coun- 
cillor in  Ministry  of  Instruction  ;  1877,  Director 
of  Madrid  Cons.  Dramatic  composer :  Opera 
Ildegonda  (Milan  Cons.  Th.,  1845),  followed 
by  about  50  zarzuelas  and  operas,  the  most  am- 
bitious being  Isabel  la  Catdlica  6  sea  la  conquista 
de  Granada  (Madrid,  1850).  Chief  success  as 
writer  of  zarzuelas,  the  Spanish  comic  operas. 

Arri'go  Tedesco  (Henry  the  German),  pseu- 
donym of  Heixrich  Isaac,  in  Italy. 

Arrigo'ni,  Carlo,  b.  Florence,  abt.  1705  ;  d. 
Tuscany  (?),  abt.  1743.  Renowned  lutenist,  and 
maestro  di  c.  to  the  Prince  of  Perpignan.  He 
was  invited  to  London,  in  1732,  to  strengthen 
the  clique  opposed  to  Handel  ;  but  made  no 
impression.  Is  said  to  have  brought  out  an  un- 
successful opera,  Fernando ;  produced  an  ora- 
torio, Esther  (Vienna,  1738);  publ.  "  Cantate 
di  camera"  (London,  1732). 

Arronge,  Adolf  1',  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  8, 
1838.  Pupil  of  R.  Genee,  and  afterwards  of 
Leipzig  Cons.  Since  1874,  theatre-manager  at 
Breslau. — Works  :  Comic  operas  {Das  Gespenst; 
Der  zweite  Jakob,  etc.);  "  Singspiele,"  musical 
farces  {Mein  Leopold);  songs,  etc. 

Artari'a,  music-publ.  house  in  Vienna,  estab- 
lished by  Carlo  A.  in  1780. 

Artchi'bousheff,  Nicholas  Vassilievitch, 
b.  Tsarskoje-Sielo,  Russia,  Mar.  7,  1858.  Law- 
student  (till  1879)  •  advocate  ;  pianist.  St.  har- 
mony, etc.,  with  Soloviev  and  R.-Korsakov. 
Has  made  many  transcriptions  f.  pf.  ;  has  also 
written  a  polka  f.  orch.,  2  pf. -mazurkas,  and 
several  vocal  romances. 


ARTEAGA— ASHDOWN 


Artea'ga,  Stefano,  Spanish  Jesuit,  b.  Mad- 
rid^), 1730  (?);  d,  Paris,  Oct.  30,  1799.  Inti- 
mate with  the  celebrated  Padre  Martini  at  Bo- 
logna ;  author  of  the  valuable  treatise  "  Le 
rivoluzioni  del  teatro  musicale  italiano  dalla  sua 
origine  sino  al  presente "  (Bologna,  1783,  2 
vol.s  ;  thoroughly  revised  ed.,  Venice,  1785,  3 
vol.s). 

Arthur,  Alfred,  b.  n.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Oct.  S, 
1844.  Pupil,  in  the  Music  School,  Boston,  of 
B.  F.  Baker,  G.  Howard,  Arbuckle,  and  Bowen  ; 
at  the  Boston  Cons.,  of  Eichberg  (harm,  and 
comp.).  From  1S69-71,  tenor  in  Ch.  of  the 
Advent,  Boston  ;  then  settled  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  where  since  1878  he  has  been  choirmas- 
ter of  the  Woodland  Av.  Presb.  Ch.  ("  Bach 
Choir"),  and  cond.  since  1873  of  the  Vocal  So- 
ciety ;  is  also  Dir.  of  the  Cleveland  School  of 
Music. — Works  :  3  operas,  The  Water-carrier 
(MS.,  1876)  ;  The  Roundheads  and  Cavaliers 
(MS.,  187S);  and  Adaline  (MS.,  1879);  church- 
music,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc.  ;  "  Progressive  Vocal 
Studies"  (18S7)  ;  "Album  of  Vocal  Studies" 
(1S88) ;  etc. 

Artot,  Maurice  Montagney,  ancestor  of  a 
line  of  celebrated  musicians,  Montagney  being 
the  true  family-name.  He  was  born  at  Gray 
(Haute-Saone),  Feb.  3,  1772  ;  died  Brussels, 
Jan.  8,  1829.  Bandmaster  in  a  French  regt. ; 
then  1st  horn-player  in  Th.  de  la  Monnaie, 
Brussels,  and  conductor  at  the  Convent  of  the 
Beguines.  Also  taught  singing,  and  played  the 
guitar  and  violin  well. 

Artot,  Jean-Desire  Montagney,  son  of 
Maurice  ;  b.  Paris,  Sept.  23,  1803  ;  d.  St.  Josse 
ten  Noode,  Mar.  25,  1887;  taught  by  his  father, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  the  theatre  ;  1843,  prof, 
of  horn  in  the  Brussels*  Cons. ;  1849,  1st  horn 
in  the  private  orch.  of  King  Leopold  I. — Publ. 
fantasias  and  etudes  f.  horn,  and  quartets  f.  4 
valve-horns  or  cornets  a  pistons. 

Artot,  Alexandre-Joseph  Montagney,  son 

of  Maurice  ;  b.  Brussels,  Jan.  25,  1815  ;  d. 
Ville-d'Avray,  July  20,  1845.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  and  Snel  of  Brussels  ;  1824-31,  of  R. 
and  A.  Kreutzer  at  Paris  Cons.  Eminent  vio- 
linist ;  extended  concert-tours  through  England, 
the  Continent,  and  the  United  States  (1843). — 
Works  :  Violin-concerto  in  A  min. ;  fantaisies 
for  vln.  and  pf.  (op.  4,  5,  8,  11,  16,  19);  airs 
varies  f.  vln.  and  orch.  (or  pf.)  (op.  I,  2,  17); 
Rondeaus  f.  do.  do.  (op.  9,  15);  serenades, 
romances,  etc.;  also  (MS.)  a  pf. -quintet,  string- 
quartets,  etc. 

Artot,  Marguerite  -  Josephine  -  Desiree 
Montagney,  daughter  of  Jean-Desire,  b.  Paris, 
July  21,  1835  ;  renowned  dramatic  soprano, 
pupil  of  Mme.  Viardot-Garcia  (1855-7);  debut 
at  Brussels,  1857,  in  concerts  ;  eng.  at  Grand 
Opera,  Paris,  in  1858,  but  soon  left  this  position 
for  starring-tours  in  France,  Belgium,  and  Hol- 
land ;  studied  for  a  time  in  Italy,  and  sang  for 
several    years   in    Germany,    where    her   fame 


reached  its  height.  In  St.  Petersburg,  1866;  then 
to  London,  Copenhagen,  etc.  Married,  in 
1869,  the  Spanish  baritone  Padilla. 

Artschibuschew.    See  Artchibousheff. 

Artu'si,  Giovanni  Maria,  contrapuntist,  b. 
Bologna,  abt.  1550  ;  d.  Aug.  18,  1613.  Was 
canon  in  ordinary  at  the  ch.  of  San  Salvatore. 
A  musician  of  the  old  school,  his  writings  and 
compositions  are  very  conservative.  He  wrote 
"  L'Arte  del  contrappunto  ridotto  in  tavole " 
(Part  I,  1586;  P.  II,  1589;  a  2nd  ed.  at 
Venice,  1598,  in  1  vol.);  also  ','  L'Artusi,  ovvero 
delle  imperfettioni  della  moderna  musica " 
(Venice,  1586;  2nd  ed.,  1600);  "  Considerazioni 
musicali  "  (Venice,  1607);  and  "  Impresa  del  R. 
P.  Gioseffo  Zarlino "  (Bologna,  1604).  Com- 
posed a  set  of  4-p.  Canzonette  (1598),  an  8-p. 
Cantate  Domino  f.  2  choirs,  and  other  sacred 
music. 

Asantchev'ski  (Asantschewski,  Assant- 
chevski),  Michael  Pavlovitch,  b.  Moscow, 
183S  ;  d.  there  Jan.  12/24,  1881.  Pupil  of 
Hauptmann  and  Richter  at  Leipzig  Cons,  in 
1S61-2  ;  lived  in  Paris,  1S66-70,  where  he 
bought  the  library  of  Anders,  and,  adding  to  it 
his  own,  presented  them  to  the  St.  Petersburg 
Cons.,  which  thus  possesses  one  of  the  finest 
mus.  libraries  in  the  world.  From  1870-6, 
Director  of  the  Cons.,  succeeding  Zaremba  ; 
later  he  devoted  himself  to  comp. — Works  : 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  2,  in  B  min.;  pf.-trio 
in  F  sharp  min.,  op.  10;  Fest-Polonaise  f.  2 
pfs.,  op.  12;  minor  pf.-pcs.;  overtures  f. 
orch.,  etc. 

Asch'enbrenner,    Christian   Heinrich,    b. 

Altstettin,  Dec.  29,  1654  ;  d.  Jena,  Dec.  13, 
1732.  An  able  violinist  ;  leader  at  Zeitz 
(1677-81)  and  Merseburg  (1683-90);  Music- 
Director  to  the  Duke  of  S. -Zeitz  (1695-1713); 
and  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke  of  S. -Merseburg 
(1713-19)  ;  then  retired  on  pension  to  Jena. 
Only  extant  works  :  "  Cast- u.  Hochzeitsfreude, 
bestehend  in  Sonaten,  Praludien,  Allemanden, 
Couranten,  Balletten,  Arien,  Sarabanden  mit  3, 
4  u.  5  Stimmen,  nebst  dem  basso  continuo " 
(1673). 

Asch'er,  Joseph,  b.  Groningen,  Holland, 
June  4,  1829  ;  d.  London,  June  4,  1869  [these 
dates  are  correct].  Pianist  and  composer, 
pupil  of  Moscheles  in  London  and  Leipzig 
(1S46).  Went  to  Paris  in  1849,  and  subse- 
quently became  court  pianist  to  the  Empress 
Eugenie.  Composed  much  popular  salon-music 
(over  100  nocturnes,  mazurkas,  galops,  etudes, 
transcriptions);  favorites  are  the  2  mazurkas 
"La  Perle  du  Nord  "  and  "  Dozia,"  and  an 
etude,  "  Les  gouttes  d'eau,"  besides  the  song 
"  Alice,  where  art  thou?" 

Ashdown,  Edwin,  London  music-publisher, 
successor  (18S4)  of  Ashdown  &  Parry,  who 
were  the  successors  (i860)  of  Wessel  &  Co. 


24 


ASIITON— ATTWOOD 


Ashton,     Algernon     Bennet      Langton, 

talented  pianist  and  composer;  b.  Durham, 
Engl.,  Dec.  9,  1S59.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons. 
(Coccius,  Papperitz,  Jadassohn,  Reinecke), 
1875-79;  and  of  Raff  at  Frankfort,  1886,  for 
corap.;  since  then  in  London.  App.  pf. -teacher 
at  R.  C.  M.  in  18S5.— Works  :  Choral  and 
orchestral  music  ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  suite  f.  2  pfs.; 
Sonata,  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  op.  86,  C  min. ;  pf.-trio, 
op.  88  ;  pes.  f.  org.;  pf. -music  ;  violin-concerto; 
3  overtures  ;  op.  36,  4  Idyls  f.  pf. ;  op.  47,  3 
Gavots  f.  pf. ;  op.  67,  "Roses  and  Thorns"  f. 
pf . ;  op.  69,  3  Fantasias  f.  pf . ;  Spanish,  Engl., 
Scotch,  and  Irish  dances  ;  many  other  solo 
pf.-pes. ;  some  chamber-music,  many  part-songs  ; 
over  125    songs  ;  etc. 

Asio'li,  Bonifazio,  b.  Correggio,  Aug.  30, 
1769  ;  d.  there  May  18,  1S32.  A  prolific  com- 
poser of  wonderful  precocity,  and  a  pupil  of  L. 
Crotti,  at  the  age  of  8  he  had  written  3  masses 
and  20  other  sacred  works,  a  harpsichord-con- 
certo and  a  vln. -concerto,  both  w.  orch.,  and  2 
harp-sonatas  f.  4  hands.  St.  at  Parma  1780-2, 
under  Morigi  ;  then  visited  Uologna  and  Venice, 
where  he  was  much  applauded  at  private  con- 
certs as  a  cembalist,  improviser,  and  composer. 
Returning  to  Correggio,  his  first  opera  buffa, 
La  Volubile  (1785),  was  successfully  produced  ; 
1786,  m.  di  c.  at  C;  1787,  attached  to  the  Mar- 
quis Gherardini  as  maestro,  going  with  him  (1796) 
to  Turin  and  (1799)  to  Milan,  where  his  opera 
Cinna  had  been  favorably  received  in  1793. 
From  1808-14  ne  was  Ist  prof,  of  cpt.,  and  In- 
spector, at  the  newly-founded  Milan  Cons.,  and 
then  retired  from  public  activity. — Works  :  7 
operas,  an  oratorio  (Giacobbd),  very  many  canta- 
tas, masses,  motets,  duets,  songs,  etc. ;  a  sym- 
phony, an  overture,  concertos,  serenades,  sona- 
tas, chamber-music,  organ-pes.,  etc.,  etc.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  clearly-written  text- 
books :  "  Principi  elementari  di  musica  "  (1S09  ; 
French  ed.  1819)  ;  "  L'Allievo  al  cembalo"; 
"  Primi  elementi  per  il  canto  "  ;  "  Elementi  per 
il  contrabasso  "  (1823);  "  Trattato  d'armonia  e 
d'accompagnamento "  (1813),  with  a  posth.  se- 
quel, "II  maestro  di  composizione "  (1836); 
"  Dialoghi  sul  trattato  d'  armonia "  (1814)  ; 
"  Osservazioni  proprio  al  temperamento  degli 
istrumenti  stabili,"  with  a  supplement  "  Disin- 
ganno  sulle  osservazioni  ecc." 

Aso'la  (or  Asula),  Giovanni  Matteo,  one 
of  the  first  to  use  a  basso  continue/  for  the  org.- 
accomp.  of  sacred  vocal  music  ;  b.  Verona,  abt. 
1560  ;  d.  Venice,  Oct.  1,  1609.  Composed 
much  church-music  (masses,  antiphones,  psalms, 
etc.)  ;  2  books  of  madrigals  (Venice,  15S7  and 
1596  ;  also  later  editions). 

Aspa,  Mario,  opera-composer  ;  b.  Messina, 
1799  ;  d.  there  Dec.  14,  1S68.  Pupil  of  Zinga- 
relli  in  Naples.  Wrote  some  42  operas  ;  the 
best  are  //  muratore  di  Napoli  (1850)  ;  I  due 
Forzati  (abt.  1834);  Piero  di  Calais  (187 2) ;  Un 
travestimento  (1846). 


Assantcheffsky,     Michael.      See    Asant- 

CHEVSKI. 

Asz'mayer,  Ignaz,  b.  Salzburg,  Feb.  ir, 
1790  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  31,  1S62.  Pupil  of 
Michael  Haydn  and  Brunmayr  ;  1S08,  org.  at 
Salzburg;  1815,  st.  with  Eybler,  Vienna;  1824, 
Kapellm.  at  the  "  Schottenstift  "  ;  1825,  Imperial 
organist  ;  1838,  vice-,  1846  second  Kapellm.  to 
the  court,  succeeding  Weigh — Publ.  2  oratorios, 
Saul  und David,  and  Sauls  Tod ;  a  3rd,  Das 
Geliibde,  is  in  MS.  ;  also  1  mass  (he  wrote  15), 
and  a  few  of  his  other  sacred  works  (requiems,  a 
Te  Deum,  graduals,  offertories,  hymns,  etc.); 
most  of  his  secular  works  (symphonies,  over- 
tures, pastorales,  etc.),  some  60  in  all,  have  been 
printed. 

Astarit'ta,  Gennaro,  opera-composer ;  b. 
Naples,  abt.  1749;  d.  1S03.  Wrote  over  20 
operas,  given  in  Naples,  Rome,  Venice,  Dres- 
den, Berlin,  etc.  Fra  i  due  litiganti  il  terzo 
gode  (Naples,  1766)  was  probably  the  first; 
Circe  ed  Ulisse  (1777),  the  best. 

Astor'ga,  Emmanuele,  Baron  d',  composer 
of  sacred  music  ;  b.  Palermo,  Dec.  11,  16S1  ;  d. 
Prague,  Aug.  21,  1736.  A  pupil  of  Scarlatti, 
and  later  at  the  convent  of  Astorga,  Spain 
(whence  his  name)  ;  he  was  a  favorite  at  the 
Court  of  Parma,  spent  many  years  in  travel,  and 
abt.  1720  retired  to  Schloss  Kaudnitz,  Bohemia. 
— Works  :  A  pastoral  opera,  Dafne  (Vienna, 
1705)  ;  over  100  cantatas  ;  a  celebrated  Stabat 
Mater  f.  4  voices  (Oxford,  1713)  ;  etc. 

Attaignant,  Pierre  (also  Attaingnant,  At- 
teignant),  music-printer  in  the  first  half  of  the 
16th  cent.,  and  the  first,  in  Paris,  to  employ 
movable  types.  The  20  books  of  motets  printed 
by  him  (1525-50),  and  other  compositions, 
chiefly  by  French  musicians,  are  very  rare. 

At'tenhofer,  Karl,  b.  Wettingen,  Switzer- 
land, May  5,  1S37.  Pupil  of  D.  Elster  (Wet- 
tingen), Kurz  (Neuenberg),  and  Richter,  Pap- 
peritz, Dreyschock,  Rontgen,  and  Schleinitz 
(Leipzig  Cons.,  1857-S).  1859,  teacher  of  music 
at  Muri  (Aargau)  ;  1S63,  conductor  of  Rappers- 
wyl  Men's  Choral  Union,  and  in  1866  took 
charge  of  3  Unions  at  Zurich,  where  he  settled 
in  1867.  He  has  also  held  various  positions  as 
organist,  teacher,  etc.  A  well-known  and  emi- 
nent composer  of  choral-songs  for  men's  voices 
(e.  g.,  the  cantata  Hegelingenfahrt,  1S90,  and 
Friihlingsfeier,  op.  51)  ;  also  masses,  children's 
songs,   songs  w.  pf.,  pf.-pes.,  violin-etudes,  etc. 

At'trup,  Karl,  b.  Copenhagen,  Mar.  4,  184S. 
Pupil  (1867)  of  Gade,  whom  he  succeeded,  in 
1869,  as  organ-teacher  at  the  Copenhagen  Cons.; 
organist  at  several  churches.  His  studies  for 
organ,  and  songs,  are  of  value. 

Attwood,  Thomas,  b.  London,  Nov.  23, 
1765  ;  d.  Chelsea,  Mar.  24,  1S38.  Chorister  in 
the  Chapel  Royal,  and  a  pupil  of  Nares  and 
Ayrton,  from  1776-81  ;   sent  by  the   Prince  of 


2.5 


AUBER— AUDRAN 


Wales  (afterwards  George  IV.)  to  Naples,  where 
he  studied,  1783-5,  with  Filippo  Cinque  and 
Gaetano  l.atilla  ;  then  with  Mozart  in  Vienna 
until  1787.  He  was,  successively,  organist  of 
St.  George  the  Martyr,  London,  and  a  member 
of  the  Prince's  private  band  ;  teacher  of  the 
Duchess  of  York  (1791),  of  the  Princess  of 
Wales  (1795);  org.  of  St.  Paul's  (1795);  com- 
poser to  the  King's  Chapel  Royal,  succeeding 
Dupuis  (1796)  ;  org.  of  the  King's  private  chapel 
at  Brighton  (1S21),  and  org.  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
(1836). — Works  :  19  operas  ;  anthems,  services, 
glees,  songs,  pf. -sonatas,  etc.  Me  occupies  a 
high  place  among  English  composers. 

Auber,  Daniel-Francois-Esprit,  a  prolific 
composer  of  French  operas,  was  born  at  Caen  in 
Normandy,  Jan.  29,  __^ 

1782  ;  d.  Paris,  May 
14,  1871.  His  fa- 
ther, an  art-dealer 
and  print-seller  in 
Paris,  wished  his  son 
to  devote  himself  to 
business,  and  sent 
him  to  London  to 
acquire  a  knowledge 
of  the  trade.  Auber's 
irresistible  inclina- 
tion for  music,  how- 
ever, manifested  it- 
self, and  in  1804  he 
returned    to     Paris, 

following  thenceforward  his  natural  bent, 
first  opera,  Julie,  a  resetting  of  an  old  libretto, 
was  produced  by  amateurs  at  Paris  in  18 12,  with 
an  orchestra  of  six  stringed  instruments.  Cheru- 
bini  happened  to  be  among  the  auditors  ;  he, 
recognizing  Auber's  talent,  supervised  his  further 
instruction,  and  while  with  him,  A.  wrote  a  mass 
for  four  voices.  Auber's  first  public  productions, 
Le  Se'jotir  militaire  (1813),  and  Le  Testament  et 
les  Billets-doux  (1819),  were  indifferently  re- 
ceived ;  but  his  next  opera,  La  Bergere  chate- 
laine (1820),  was  a  success.  From  that  date  un- 
til 1869,  scarcely  a  year  passed  without  the  pro- 
duction of  one  or  several  operas,  in  all  over  forty. 
One  of  these,  Masaniello,  on  la  Muetle  de  Por- 
tici,  produced  in  1828,  was  considered  a  master- 
piece by  Wagner,  and  with  Meyerbeer's  Robert  le 
Diable  and  Rossini's  Guillanme  Tell,  laid  the 
foundations  of  French  grand  opera.  Its  por- 
trayal of  popular  fury  is  so  graphic,  that  the 
Brussels  riots  followed  its  performance  in  that 
city  on  August  25,  1830.  It  seems  to  have  been 
inspired  by  the  revolutionary  spirit  prevalent  at 
that  time  in  Paris  ;  it  differs  wholly  from  Auber's 
other  operas,  which  are  comic,  the  best  of  them 
composed  to  libretti  by  Scribe.  In  this  genre 
Auber  is  foremost  among  French  composers  ; 
and  although  it  has  been  written  of  him,  that 
"  in  early  essays,  he  displayed  an  original  style, 
but  afterwards  became  an  imitator  of  Rossini, 
and  disfigured  his  melodies  with  false  decorations 
and  strivings  for  effect,"  his  music  is  sparkling 


His 


and  has  the  true  Parisian  chic  and  polish.  La 
Muette  <le  Portici,  I.e  Macon,  Fra  Diavolo,  Les 
Diamants  de  la  couronne,  ami  a  few  of  his  other 
operas,  are  still  stock-pieces  in  France  and  Ger- 
many. In  1835,  A.  succeeded  to  Gossec's  chair 
in  the  Academy  ;  in  1842,  he  was  appointed  Di- 
rector of  the  Conservatory  of  Music  in  Paris,  as 
Cherubini's  successor  ;  in  1857,  Napoleon  III. 
made  him  imperial  maitre  de  chapelle.  The 
virility  of  his  personality  was  evinced  by  his  last 
opera,  Rives  d'arnour,  a  title  suggestive  of 
youthful  feeling,  produced  when  he  was  87  years 
of  age.  Auber  was  a  thorough  Parisian,  and 
during  the  latter  years  of  his  life  was  said  not  to 
have  set  foot  outside  the  city  boundaries.  He 
remained  there  even  during  its  siege  by  the  Ger- 
mans. 

Operas  :  Julie  (1812),  Le  Sejour  militaire  (1813),  Le 
Testament  et  les  Billets-doux  (i8iq),  La  Bergere  chate- 
laine(1820),  Emma,  ou  la  Promesse  imprudente  (1821), 
Leicester  (1822),  La  Neige,  ou  le  nouvel Eginhard  (1823), 
Vendome  en  Espagne  (1823,  with  HeroldJ,  Les  Trois 
Genres  (1824, with  Hoieldieu),Zt>  Concerta  laCour  (1824), 
Lcocadie  (1824),  Le  Macon  (1825J,  Le  Timide  (1826), 
Fiorella  (1826),  La  Muette  de  Pjrtici  (1828) ,  La  Fiancee 
(1829),  Fra  Diavolo  (1830),  Le  Dieu  et  la  Bayadere 
(1830),  La  Marquise  de  Brinvilliers  (1831,  together 
witli  eight  other  composers),  Le  Philtre  ("1831),  Le  Ser- 
mctit,  011  les  Faux  Monnayeurs  C1832),  Gustaze  III  (Le 
Bat  masque,  1833),  Lestocq  (1834),  Le  Cheval  de  bronze 
(1835  ;  extended  into  a  grand  ballet  in  1857),  Aete'on, 
Les  Chaperons  blancs,  L^Ambassadrice  (1836),  Le 
Domino  noir  (1837),  Le  Lac  des  Fees  (1839),  Zanetta 
(1840),  Les  Diamants  de  la  couronne  (1841),  Le  Due 
a" Olonne  (1842),  La  Part  du  Diable  (1843),  La  Sirene 
(1844),  La  Barcarolle  (1845),  Haydce  (1847),  V Enfant 
prodigue  (1850),  Zerline,  ou  la  corbeille  d  'oranges  (1851), 
Marco-Spada  (1852,  extended  to  a  grand  ballet  in  1857), 
Jenny  Bell  (1855),  A/anon  Lescaut  (1856),  Magenta 
(1859),  La  Circassienne  (1861),  La  Fiancee  du  Roi  de 
Garbe  (1864),  Le  pre}nier  jour  de  bonheur  (1868),  Reves 
d'arnour  (1869). 

Aubert,  Jacques  (called  "  le  vieux"),  emi- 
nent French  violinist  ;  b.  1668  ;  d.  Belleville, 
May  19,  1753.  Violinist  in  the  royal  band 
(1727);  leader  in  orch.  of  the  Gr.  Opera  and  the 
Concerts  Spirituels  (1728);  also  leader  in  the 
band,  and  Director  of  music,  of  the  Due  de 
Bourbon. — Works  :  An  opera  ;  several  ballets  ; 
and  much  chamber-music,  etc.,  for  violin,  dis- 
tinguished for  elegance. 

Aubery   du    Boulley,    Prudent-Louis,    b. 

Verneuil,  Eure,  Dec.  9,  1796;  d.  there  Feb., 
1870.  Prolific  comp.  of  chamber-music  in 
which  the  guitar,  flute,  and  pf.  are  much  em- 
ployed ;  author  of  a  Method  f.  guitar  (op.  42), 
and  a  text-book,  "  Grammaire  musicale  "  (Paris, 
1830).  He  studied  in  the  Paris  Cons,  till  1815, 
under  Momigny,  Mehul,  and  Cherubini  ;  was 
at  first  an  amateur  musician,  but  later  a  teacher 
who  did  much  to  cultivate  a  taste  for  music  in 
his  province. 

Audran,  Marius-Pierre,  operatic  tenor  and 
song-composer  ;  b.  Aix,  Provence,  Sept.  26, 
1816  ;  d.  Marseilles,  Jan.  9,  1887.  Pupil  of 
E.  Arnaud.  After  successful  appearances  at 
Marseilles,  Brussels,  Bordeaux,  and  Lyons,  he 
became    1st  tenor  at  the  Opera-Comique,    Paris, 


26 


AUDRAN— AZVEDO 


soloist  at  the  Cons.  Concerts,  and  member  of 
the  Cons.  Jury.  After  travelling  (1852-61),  he 
settled  in  Marseilles,  becoming  (1863)  Director 
of  the  Cons,  there,  and  prof,  of 'singing. 

Audran,  Edmond,  son  of  Marius  ;  b.  Lyons, 
Apr.  11,  1S42  ;  pupil  of  the  Ecole  Niedermeyer, 
Paris  ;  1861,  mattre  de  ch.  at  church  of  St.- 
Joseph  de  Marseille.  His  debut  as  a  composer 
was  at  Marseilles,  1862,  with  the  opera  L  Ours 
et  la  Pacha  ;  up  to  1S97  he  has  successfully 
prod.  36  other  operas,  operettas,  etc.,  chiefly  of 
a  light  character,  in  minor  Parisian  theatres  ; 
has  also  written  a  mass,  a  funeral  march  f. 
Meyerbeer's  death,  etc.  Now  living  in  Paris. 
He  has  produced  the  operetta  La  Fiancee  des 
Verts-Poteaux  (Paris,  1887  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  operetta 
Olivette  (given  Berlin,  1895,  as  Capitain  Ca- 
ricciolo ;  succ);  opera  Sainte-Freya  (Paris, 
1892  ;  succ.)  ;  operetta  La  Mascotte  (1880 ; 
given  1700  times  up  to  Aug.  29,  '97)  ;  operetta 
Miss  Helyett  (Paris,  1890 ;  succ.)  ;  operetta 
Madame  Suzet/e  (Paris,  1893  ;  succ.)  ;  operetta 
Man  Prince!  (Paris,  1893;  succ);  3-act  lyric 
comedy  Photis  (Geneva,  1896  ;  succ.)  ;  3-act 
com.  opera  La  Duchesse  de  Per  rare  (Paris,  '95  ; 
mod.  succ.)  ;  4-act  com.  opera  La  Poupc'e 
(Paris,  '96  ;  mod.  succ)  ;  comic  operetta  Mon- 
sieur Lohengrin  (Paris,  1896  ;  v.  succ)  ;  Les 
petites  femmes  (1897)  ;  and  others. 

Au'er,  Leopold,  distinguished  violinist ;  b. 
Veszprim,  Hungary,  May  28,  1845.  Pupil  of 
the  Conservatories  at  Pesth  (Ridley  Kohnetol) 
and  Vienna  (Dont,  1857-8);  finally,  of  Joachim. 
1863-5,  leader  in  Diisseldorf,  and  1866  in  Ham- 
burg ;  since  1S68,  soloist  to  the  Tsar,  and  of  the 
Imp.  orch.  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  violin-prof, 
at  the  Cons.  He  is  one  of  the  finest  among 
contemporary  performers. 

Au'er,  Carl.     See  Frotzler. 

Au'gener  &  Co.,  London  firm  of  music-sell- 
ers and  publishers,  founded  1S53  by  George  A. 

Au'gustine  (Augusti'nus),  Aure'lius,  bet- 
ter known  as  St.  Augustine  ;  b.  Tagaste,  Nu- 
midia,  354  ;  d.  Hippo,  Algeria,  430.  Re- 
nowned father  of  the  Latin  Church,  educated  at 
Madaura  and  Carthage.  His  writings  contain 
valuable  information  concerning  Ambrosian 
song;  that  entitled  "  De  Musica  "  treats  only 
of  metre. 

Aulet'ta,  Domenico,  produced  the  opera  La 
Locandiera  di  spirito  at  Naples  in  1760. 

Aulet'ta,  Pietro,  m.  di  c.  to  the  Duke  of 
Belvedere ;  between  172S-52  he  produced  7 
operas  at  Rome,  Venice,  Naples,  and  Paris. 

Aurelia'nus  Reomen'sis,  monk  at  Reome 
in  the  gth  century;  wrote  a  treatise,  "  Musica 
disciplina,"  publ.  by  Gerbert  in  "  Scriptores," 
vol.  i. 

Aus  der  Ohe,  Adele.     See  Appendix. 

Au'spitz-Kolar,  Auguste,  b.  Prague  abt. 
1843  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  23,  1878  ;  daughter  of 
J.  G.  Kolar,  actor  and  dramatic  poet.     Excel- 


lent pianist,  pupil  of  Smetana,  then  of  J. 
Proksch,  and  of  Mine.  Clauss-Szarvady  in 
Paris  ;  married  H.  Auspitz  in  1S65.  Publ.  a 
few  pf.-pes. 

Aute'ri-Manzoc'chi,  Salvatore,  composer 
of  operas  and  songs;  b.  Palermo,  Dec  25,  1S45; 
pupil  of  Platania  at  Palermo,  and  Mabellini  at 
Florence. — Operas  :  Dolores  (Florence,  1875  ; 
very  succ) ;  //  Negriero  (Barcelona,  1878)  ; 
Stella  (Piacenza,  18S0  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  //  Conte  di 
Gleichen  (Milan,  1S87)  ;  and  the  3-act  opera 
seria  Graziella  (Milan,  '94  ;  mod.  succ).  Re- 
sides in  Trieste,  as  a  singing-teacher.  His 
first  opera,  Marcellina,  was  never  performed. 

Auvergne,  Antonio  d',  b.  Clermont-Fer- 
rand, Oct.  4,  1713  ;  d.  Lyons,  Feb.  12,  1797. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  his  father.  He  went  to  Paris 
in  1739,  played  next  year  in  the  Concerts  Spiritu- 
els,  joined  the  King's  band  in  1741,  and  the  Op- 
era orch.  in  1742.  He  cond.  the  latter  1751— 5  ; 
was  Director  until  1790,  and  retired  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolution  to  Lyons.  His  first 
stage-work  was  a  ballet,  Les  amours  de  Tempe 
(1752)  ;  in  1753  he  made  a  sensation  with  Les 
troqueurs,  the  first  genuine  opera  comique  :  it 
resembled  the  Italian  intermezzi  with  spoken 
dialogue  instead  of  recitative,  and  soon  super- 
seded the  come'die  a  ariette  (vaudeville  with  inci- 
dental music).  He  produced  9  other  stage- 
pieces,  and  left  3  more  in  MS. 

Aventi'nus,  Johannes  (real  name  Thurn- 
mayer  or  Turmair),  b.  Abensberg  (whence 
Aventinus),  July  4,  1477;  d.  Jan.  9,  1534.  Au- 
thor of  "  Annales  Boiorum  "  (1554),  containing 
considerable  information,  not  wholly  trust- 
worthy, about  mus.  matters  ;  editor  of  Nicolaus 
Faber's  "  Musicae  rudimenta  admodum  brevia, 
etc." 

Av'ison,  Charles,  Engl,  comp.,  org.,  and 
writer  ;  b.  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1710  ;  d.  there 
May  9,  1770.  St.  in  Italy  ;  then  under  Ge- 
miniani  in  London.  Organist  in  Newcastle. — 
Works  :  Concertos  f.  organ  or  harpsichord  ;  do. 
f.  strings  and  harpsichord  ;  violin-sonatas  ; 
songs  ;  also  "  An  Essay  on  Mus.  Expression" 
(London,  1752,  '53,  '75)  ;  also  publ.,  with  J. 
Garth,  Marcello's  "  Psalm-Paraphrases"  (1757), 
with  English  words. 

Ayrton,  Edmund,  Engl.  comp.  and  org. ;  b. 
Ripon,  Yorkshire,  1734  ;  d.  Westminster,  May 
22,  1S08.  Pupil  of  Nares.  From  17S0-1805, 
Master  of  Children  of  the  Chapel  Royal.  Wrote 
2  full  services,  also  anthems. 

Ayrton,  William,  son  of  preceding;  b.  Lon- 
don, Feb.  24,  1777  ;  d.  there  May  8,  1S58. 
Writer  on  music;  1813-26,  critic  of  "  Morning 
Chronicle";  1837-51,  of  "  Examiner  "  ;  1S23- 
33,  editor  of  the  "  Harmonicon."  Also  edited 
"  Knight's  Musical  Library  "  (1834),  and  "  Sa- 
cred Minstrelsy  "  (1S35). 

Azve'do,  Alexis-Jacob,  French  writer  and 
critic  ;  b.  Bordeaux,  Mar.  18,  1813  ;  d.  Paris, 
Dec    21,     1875.     Author    of   several    valuable 


27 


BABBI— BACH 


monographs,  particularly  "  G.  Rossini,  sa  vie  et 
ses  oeuvres  "  (Paris,  1S65)  ;  contributor  to  "  La 
France  musicale,"  "  Le  Siecle,"  "  La  Presse," 
"  Le  Menestrel,"  and  (1859-70)  feuilletoniste 
to  "  L'Opinion  nationale."  He  was  a  zealous 
partisan  of  the  Italian  school,  and  many  of  his 
criticisms  are  biassed. 

B 

Bab'bi,  Christoph  (Cristoforo),  violinist ; 
b.  Cesena,  1748;  d.  Dresden,  1S14.  From  1780, 
leader  in  the  Electoral  orch. — Works  :  Sym- 
phonies, vln. -concertos,  and  quartets  and  duets 
f.  flute. 

Babi'ni,  Matteo,  celebrated  tenor ;  b.  Bo- 
logna, Feb.  19,  1754;  d.  there  Sept.  22,  1816. 
Pupil  of  Cortoni  ;  debut  1780.  His  great  suc- 
cess brought  him  engagements  in  London,  St. 
Petersburg,  Vienna  (1785),  and  Berlin.  Settled 
in  Paris,  a  court  favorite,  till  the  Revolution 
drove  him  back  to  Italy  ;  in  1792  he  was  again 
in  Berlin  ;  1796,  in  Trieste.      He  died  wealthy. 

Bac'chius  (Senior),  Greek  theorist  (abt.  150 
A.D.),  two  treatises  by  whom  are  still  extant, 
publ.  in  Greek,  Latin,  and  French  by  Mersenne, 
Meibom,  Morel,  and  Bellermann. 

Bacfart  (or  Bacfarre),  Valentin,  a  cele- 
brated lutenist  whose  real  name  was  Graew ; 
b.  Transylvania,  1515  ;  d.  Padua,  Aug.  13,  1576. 
He  lived  alternately  at  the  court  of  Vienna,  and 
at  that  of  Sigismund  Augustus  of  Poland. 
Publ.  2  works  on  lute-tablature  (1564,  '65). 

Bach  is  the  name  of  the  illustrious  family 
which,  during  two  centuries,  supplied  the  world 
with  a  number  of  musicians  and  composers  of 
distinction.  History  possesses  few  records  of 
such  remarkable  examples  of  hereditary  art, 
which  culminated  in  Johann  Sebastian. 

The  genealogy  of  the  family  is  traced  to  Hans 
Bach,  born  about  1561  at  Wechmar,  a  little 
town  near  Gotha.  Veit  Bach,  d.  1619,  the  pre- 
sumed son  of  this  Hans,  and  Caspar  Bach,  are 
the  first  of  the  family  concerning  whose  musical 
tendencies  we  have  any  information.  Veit  was 
by  trade  a  baker,  and  emigrated  to  Hungary; 
returning  to  Wechmar,  he  settled  there  as  a 
miller  and  baker.  His  chief  relaxation  consisted 
in  playing  on  the  zither.  His  son,  Hans,  b.  abt. 
1580,  d.  1626,  was  known  as  "  der  Spielmann," 
(i.  e.,  "the  player"),  although  he  followed  the 
supplementary  occupation  of  carpet-weaver. 
He  received  instruction  from  the  town-musician 
of  Gotha,  the  above-mentioned  Caspar  Bach, 
supposed  to  be  his  uncle.  As  a  travelling- 
violinist,  to  be  found  at  all  the  principal  festi- 
vals, he  was  popular  throughout  Thuringia,  and 
his  three  sons,  Johann,  Christoph,  and  Hein- 
rich,  inherited  his  ability.  The  Bach  genealogy 
mentions  a  second  son  of  Veit,  presumably 
Lips  Bach  (d.  Oct.  10,  1620),  who  also  had 
three  sons,  who  were  sent  to  Italy,  to  study 
music,  by  the  Count  of  Schwarzburg-Arnstadt. 
From  Hans  and  Lips,  the  two  sons  of  Veit, 
sprang  the  main  branches  of  the  Bach  family, 


whose  male  members  filled  so  many  positions  as 
organists,  cantors,  and  Kapellmeister  throughout 
Thuringia,  that,  in  some  instances,  even  after 
there  had  ceased  to  be  any  member  of  the  family 
among  them,  the  town-musicians  were  known  as 
"the  Bachs."  When  the  families  became  nu- 
merous and  widely  dispersed,  they  agreed  to  as- 
semble on  a  fixed  date  each  year.  Erfurt,  Arn- 
stadt,  Steinach,  and  Meiningen  were  the  places 
chosen  for  these  meetings,  which  continued  un- 
til the  middle  of  the  18th  century,  as  many  as 
120  persons  of  the  name  of  Bach  then  assem- 
bling. The  hours,  interspersed  with  music, 
were  devoted  to  the  narration  of  their  experi- 
ences, mutual  criticism,  encouragement  and  ad- 
vice, and  the  examination  of  the  compositions 
of  each  member,  which  eventually  formed  a  col- 
lection known  as  the  Bach  Archives.  A  part  of 
this  interesting  collection  was  in  the  possession 
of  Karl  Ph.  E.  Bach  at  the  end  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. 

The  principal  members  of  the  Bach  family  are 
enumerated  below,  in  alphabetical  order,  with 
their  chronological  list-numbers. 

2.  BACH,   Christoph 

5.  "         Georg  Christoph 

3.  "  Heinrich 
1.         "          Johann 

8.  "  "  Ambrosius 

10.  "  "  Bernhard 

ig.  "  "  Christian 

6.  "  "  Christoph 

9-  ||  "               ||  . 

14. 

18.  "        Friedrich 

4.  "  "      Egidius 
13.  "  "      Ernst 
12.  "  "      Ludwig 

7.  "  "      Michael 
n.  "  "      Nikolaus 

15.  "  "      Sebastian 

17.  "  Karl  Philipp  Emanuel 

16.  "  Wilhelm  Friedemann 

20.  "  Wilhelm  Friedrich  Ernst 

i.  Bach,  Johann  (eldest  son  of  Hans),  b. 
1604  ;  d.  1673.  Org.  at  Schweinfurt,  then  at 
Suhl.  In  1635,  dir.  of  the  "  Raths-Musikanten  "; 
1647,  org.  of  the  church  at  Erfurt.  Left  MS. 
comp.s  of  considerable  merit. 

2.  Bach,  Christoph  (2nd  son  of  Hans,  and 
grandfather  of  Johann  Sebastian),  b.  1613  ;  d. 
1661.  Court  and  town-musician  of  Eisenach. 
Distinguished  organist  ;  left  several  organ-pcs. 
(in  the   B.  Archives). 

3.  Bach,  Heinrich  (3rd  son  of  Hans),  b. 
Wechmar,  Sept.  16,  1615  ;  d.  Arnstadt,  July  16, 
1692.  From  1641,  org.  of  Arnstadt  ch.  for  51 
years.      Left   MS.  organ-pcs.,  and  hymn-tunes. 

4.  Bach,  Johann  Egidius  (2nd  son  of  Jo- 
hann [1]),  b.  1645  ;  d.  1717.  Succ.  his  father 
as  municipal  mus.-dir. ,  and  org.  of  the  ch.  at 
Erfurt.  Left  church-comp.s,  among  others  the 
motet  <7  9  f.  double  choir,  Unser  Leben  is/  ein 
Schattcn  (1696). 

5.  Bach,  Georg  Christoph  (eldest  son  of 
Christoph  [2]),  b.  Eisenach,  1641  ;  d.  1697. 
Cantor  and  comp.  at  Schweinfurt.  His  motet, 
Siehe,  wie  fein  und  lieblich,  f.  two  tenors  and 


28 


BACH— BACH 


bass,  with  ace.  of  vln.,  3  'celli,  and  bass,  is  in 
th^  15.  Archives. 

6.  Bach,  Johann  Christoph  (eldest  son  of 
Heinrich  [3]),  org.  and  composer  (instr.  and 
vocal)  of  the  highest  rank  among  the  earlier 
Bachs  ;  b.  Arnstadt,  Dec.  6,  1642  ;  d.  Eisenach, 
Mar.  31,  1703.  From  1665  to  1703,  court  and 
town-organist  of  Eisenach.  Works  in  the  B. 
Archives  :  Wedding-hymn  f.  12  voices,  Es  erhub 
sicli  ein  Streit,  a  comp.  of  great  beauty  ;  motet  f. 
22  voices,  for  the  festival  of  St.  Michael  ;  alto 
solo,  w.  accomp.  of  vln.,  'cello,  and  bass  ;  and  2 
motets  a  4.  In  MS.  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Li- 
brary: Motet  a  8  f.  double  choir,  Lieber  Herr 
Gott,  wecke  tins  auf  (1672) ;  motet  a  4,  Ich  lasse 
dich  nicht;  motet  a  8,  Unsres  Herzens  Freude 
hat  ein  Ende;  motet  a  8,  Herr,  nun  lassest  dn 
deinen  Dienerj  Sarabande  f.  clavecin  w.  12  vari- 
ations ;  etc. 

7.  Bach,  Johann  Michael,  brother  of  pre- 
ceding, and  as  org.  and  composer  almost  his 
equal  in  merit  ;  b.  Arnstadt,  Aug.  9,  1648  ;  d, 
Gehren,  May,  1694.  Org.  and  town-clerk  of 
Gehren  from  1673  ;  also  maker  of  harpsichords, 
vlns.,  etc.   Comp.  motets,  preludes,  and   fugues. 

8.  Bach,  Johann  Ambrosius  (2nd  son  of 
Christoph  [2]  ),  distinguished  org.;  b.  Erfurt, 
Feb.  22,  1645;  d.  Eisenach,  1695  He  was  the 
father  of  J.  Sebastian.      His  twin-brother, 

9.  Bach,  Johann  Christoph,  d.  Arnstadt, 
1694,  was  court  violinist  and  Stadtpfeifer  at 
Arnstadt  from  1671.  There  was  such  a  remark- 
able resemblance  between  the  brothers,  in  every 
particular,  voice,  gestures,  moods,  and  style  of 
music,  that  even  their  respective  wives  could 
distinguish  them  only  by  the  color  of  their 
clothes. — Church-comp.  a  4,  "  Nun  ist  alles 
iiberwunden." 

10.  Bach,  Johann  Bernhard  (son  of  Johann 
Egidius  [4]  ),  org.  and  comp.  f.  organ,  one  of 
the  best  of  his  generation  ;  b.  Erfurt,  Nov. 
23,  1676;  d.  Eisenach,  June  11,  1749.  Org.  at 
Erfurt,  Magdeburg,  and  the  successor  of  Johann 
Christoph  [6],  at  Eisenach,  in  1703.  Also  cem- 
balist in  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Eisenach's  orch. — 
Works  :  Harpsich.-pcs.,  several  chorale-arrange- 
ments f.  org.,  and  4  orchestral  suites,  these  lat- 
ter now  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library. 

11.  Bach,  Johann  Nikolaus  (eldest  son  of 
Johann  Christoph  [6]),  b.  Eisenach,  Oct.  10, 
1669  ;  d.  there  1753.  In  1695,  app.  org.  at 
Jena,  where  he  estab.  a  harpsichord-factory, 
made  many  improvements  in  the  instr.s,  and 
directed  his  efforts  to  establishing  equal  tem- 
perament in  pf.  and  org  -tuning. — Works:  Suites 
f.  org.  and  harpsich.;  motets,  and  other  sacred 
comp.s;  also  a   comic   operetta,   Der  Jenaische 

Wrin-  it  in/  Bier-Rufer,  a  scene  from  Jena  col- 
lege-life. 

12.  Bach,  Johann  Ludwig  (son  of  Johann 
Michael  [7J  ),  b.  Amte-Gehren,  1677;  d.  1730. 
Court  Kapellm.  at  Saxe-Meiningen.      MS.    Re- 


quiem f.  2  choirs,  w.  instr.  1  accomp.,  in  Berlin 
Royal  Library. 

13.  Bach,  Johann  Ernst  (only  son  of  Johann 
Bernhard  [10]),  b  Eisenach,  Sept.  1  (June  28?), 
1722;  d.  there  Jan.  28,  1777  (17S1?)!  St.  law 
at  Leipzig  for  6  years,  returning  to  Eisenach  and 
practising  as  advocate.  In  174S  was  app.  asst. 
to  his  father,  org.  of  St.  George's  ch. ;  1756,  app. 
hon.  Kapellm.  at  Weimar,  w.  pension.  Publ. 
comp.s:  Sonatas  f.  clavecin  w.  vln.,  etc.;  many 
others  in  MS. 

14.  Bach,  Johann  Christoph  (brother  of 
Johann  Sebastian,  and  eldest  son  of  Johann 
Ambrosius  [8]),  b.  Erfurt,  June  16,  1671;  d. 
Ohrdruff,  Feb.  22,  1721.  He  was  organist  at 
Ohrdruff,  and  his  distinguished  brother's  teacher 
on  the  clavichord. 

15.  Bach,  Johann  Sebastian,  the  most 
famous  of  the  family,  and  one  of  the  great 
masters  of  music  ; 
b.  Eisenach,  Mar. 
21  (bapt.  Mar.  23), 
16S5  ;  d.  Leipzig, 
July  28,  1750.  He 
first  learned  the 
vln.  from  his  father 
(Joh.  Ambrosius 
[8]  ).  His  mother, 
Elizabeth,  ne'e 
Lammerhirt,  was  a 
native  of  Erfurt. 
Both  his  parents 
dying  in  his  tenth 
year,  he  went  to 
live    w  i  t  h     his 

brother,  Johann  Christoph  [14],  at  Ohrdruff,  who 
taught  him  the  clavichord  ;  but  the  boy's  genius 
soon  outstripped  the  brother's  skill,  and  led  to 
somewhat  harsh  treatment  by  the  latter.  Unable 
to  obtain  the  loan  of  a  MS.  vol.  of  works  by  com- 
posers of  the  day,  Sebastian  secretly  obtained 
possession  of  the  work,  and,  by  the  light  of  the 
moon,  painfully  and  laboriously  copied  the  whole, 
within  six  months,  only  to  have  it  taken  from  him, 
when  his  brother  accidentally  found  him  practis- 
ing from  it.  He  recovered  it  when  his  brother's 
death  occurred  shortly  after.  Left  to  his  own  re- 
sources, J.  S.  went  to  Ltineburg  with  a  fellow- 
student  named  Erdmann,  and  both  were  admitted 
as  choristers  at  St.  Michael's  ch.,  also  receiving 
gratuitous  scholastic  education.  The  fame  of  the 
family  had  preceded  Sebastian,  for  in  the  choice 
collection  of  printed  and  MS.  music  of  the  ch. 
were  to  be  found  the  comp.s  of  Heinrich  and  J. 
Christoph  B.  [6].  A  fellow-Thuringian,  George 
Bohm,  was  the  org.  of  St.  John's  ch.,  and  Bach  at- 
tentively studied  his  compositions.  He  also  often 
went  on  foot  to  Hamburg,  to  hear  the  famous 
old  Dutch  organist  Reinken,  and  to  Celle,  where 
French  music  was  exclusively  used  in  the  services 
of  the  Royal  Chapel.  With  indefatigable  indus- 
try he  developed  his  technical  skill  on  the  violin, 
clavichord,  and  organ,  and  perfected  himself  in 
the  art  of  composition ;  often  working  and  study- 


29 


BACH 


ing  the  whole  night  through.  In  1703  he  became 
violinist  in  the  Weimar  court  orch.,  but  the  fol- 
lowing year  quitted  this  post  for  the  more  con- 
genial one  of  org.  of  the  new  church  at  Arnstadt. 
Some  of  his  comp.s  of  this  early  period,  f.  clav. 
and  org.,  are  of  importance.  In  1705  he  ob- 
tained leave  of  absence,  and  walked  to  Ltibeck, 
to  make  the  acquaintance  of  the  famous  organist 
Dietrich  Buxtehude.  He  was  so  impressed  with 
this  master's  style,  that  he  trebled  his  leave  of 
absence,  and  returned  only  after  a  peremptory 
summons  from  the  church-consistory  of  Arn- 
stadt. He  received  favorable  offers  from  different 
places,  and  on  June  29,  1707,  accepted  the  app. 
as  org.  at  Muhlhausen.  On  Oct.  17  he  married 
his  cousin,  Maria  Barbara  Bach,  daughterof  Jo- 
hann  Michael  [7].  The  following  year,  he  went 
to  Weimar,  played  before  the  reigning  duke,  and 
was  at  once  offered  the  post  of  court  organist. 
In  1714  he  was  made  Concertmeister.  All  this 
time  he  was  writing  much  church-  and  organ- 
music.  In  his  autumn  vacations  he  made  pro- 
fessional clavichord- and  org. -tours.  In  1713  he 
visited  Kassel  and  Halle,  Leipzig  in  I7i4(\vhere 
he  furnished  all  the  organ-music  for  a  service 
cond.  in  the  Thomaskirche,  and  prod,  a  cantata), 
Halle  again  in  1716,  and  Dresden  in  1717.  In 
this  town  his  challenge  to  Marchand,  a  French 
organist  of  high  reputation,  was  evaded  by  the 
latter's  failure  to  appear.  In  1717  B.  was  app. 
Kapellm.  and  dir.  of  chamber-music  to  Prince 
Leopold  of  Anhalt,  at  Kothen,  and  this  period 
is  especially  rich  in  the  production  of  orchestral 
and  chamber-music.  In  1719  he  revisited  Halle, 
hoping  to  meet  Handel;  but  the  latter  had  just 
left  for  England.  In  1720,  during  his  absence 
at  Carlsbad,  his  wife  died  suddenly.  In  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year  he  applied,  though 
(owing  to  bribery)  without  success,  for  the 
organistship  of  the  Jacobikirche,  Hamburg. 
Here  he  again  met  the  aged  Reinken,  whose 
admiration  he  excited  by  his  brilliant  playing. 
In  1721  he  married  his  second  wife,  Anna  Mag- 
dalene Wulken,  a  daughter  of  the  court-trum- 
peter at  Weissenfels.  Thirteen  children  were 
born  to  them.  Of  highly-cultured  musical  taste, 
she  participated  in  his  labors,  and  wrote  out  the 
parts  of  many  of  his  cantatas.  B.  prepared  2 
books  of  music  especially  for  her.  In  May, 
1723,  he  succ.  Johann  Kuhnau  as  cantor  at  the 
Thomasschule,  Leipzig,  becoming  also  org.  and 
dir.  of  mus.  at  the  two  principal  churches,  the 
Thomaskirche  and  the  Nicolaikirche,  and  con- 
tinuing in  the  service  of  Prince  Leopold  of 
Anhalt  as  Kapellm.  von  Haus  aus.  He  further 
received  the  app.  of  hon.  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke 
of  Weissenfels,  and,  in  1736,  that  of  court  com- 
poser to  the  King  of  Poland,  Elector  of  Saxony. 
He  remained  in  his  post  at  Leipzig  for  27  years, 
and  there  composed  most  of  his  religious  music, 
lie  often  visited  Dresden,  where  his  eldest  son, 
Wilhelm  Friedemann,  was  app.  in  1733  org.  of 
the  Sophienkirche.  On  these  occasions  he  fre- 
quently attended  the  Italian  opera,  then  cond. 
by  Hasse,     His  2nd  son,  Karl  Philipp  Emanuel, 


was  app.  in  1740  chamber-musician  to  Frederick 
II.  of  Prussia.  He  communicated  to  his  father 
the  king's  oft-expressed  wish  to  see  and  hear 
him;  and  on  May  7,  1747,  with  his  son  Wilhelm 
Friedemann,  B.  arrived  at  Potsdam.  Here,  at 
the  king's  request,  he  tried,  and  improvised 
upon,  the  various  Silbermann  pianos  in  the  dif- 
ferent rooms  of  the  palace,  to  the  admiration  of 
his  royal  host,  and  of  the  musicians  who  followed 
them  from  room  to  room.  The  next  day  B.  tried, 
in  a  similar  manner,  the  principal  organs  in 
Potsdam,  finally  improvising  a  6-part  fugue  on 
a  theme  proposed  by  the  king.  On  his  return 
to  Leipzig  he  wrote  a  3-part  fugue  on  this 
theme,  a  Ricercare  in  6  parts,  several  canons 
inscribed  "  Thematis  regii  elaborationes  canoni- 
cae,"  and  a  Trio  for  flute,  violin,  and  bass; 
dedicating  the  whole  to  Frederick  as  a  "  Musi- 
kalisches  Opfer." — Bach  was  nearsighted  from 
childhood,  and  later  his  eyes  showed  symptoms 
of  weakness,  probably  due  to  the  strain  of  his 
youthful  night-labors;  in  1749  an  unsuccessful 
operation  resulted  in  total  blindness,  and  his 
hitherto  robust  health  also  declined.  His  sight 
was  suddenly  restored  on  July  10,  1750  ;  but  10 
days  later,  stricken  by  apoplexy,  he  died.  He 
worked  to  the  end,  dictating  the  choral  "  Vor 
deinen  Thron  tret'  ich  hiermit,"  his  last  compo- 
sition, a  few  days  before  his  death. 

Clearness  and  acuteness  of  intellect,  strength 
of  will,  irresistible  persistency,  a  love  cf  order, 
and  a  high  sense  of  duty  were  his  leading 
characteristics.  His  home-life  was  of  the  happi- 
est description.  Among  the  long  list  of  his  dis- 
tinguished pupils  were  Johann  Ludwig  Krebs, 
Gottfried  August  Homilius,  Johann  Friedrich 
Agricola,  Philipp  Kirnberger,  Johann  Theo- 
philus  Goldberg,  Marpurg,  Joh.  Kaspar  Vog- 
ler  ;  also  his  own  sons  Wilhelm  Friedemann, 
Karl  Philipp  Emanuel,  and  Johann  Christoph 
Friedrich,  for  whose  instruction  he  wrote  the 
"Clavierbiichlein"  and  the  "  Kunst  der  Fuge." 
He  engraved  several  of  his  own  works  on  cop- 
per; invented  the  "viola  pomposa  "  (an  instr. 
between  viola  and  'cello),  and  a  "  Lauten-Clavi- 
cembalum"  (a  clavichord  with  catgut  strings) ;  he 
promoted  the  adoption  of  the  tempered  system 
of  tuning  keyboard  stringed  instr.s;  and  intro- 
duced the  style  of  fingering  which,  with  com- 
paratively few  modifications,  is  still  in  use. 

Bach's  compositions  mark  an  epoch.  They 
are  a  fusion  of  two  eras: — the  polyphonic  con- 
trapuntal (thematic  development  by  strict  and 
free  imitation)  and  the  harmonic  tonal  (chord- 
combinations  founded  on  the  modern  system  of 
major  and  minor  keys).  His  originality  and  fe- 
cundity of  thematic  invention  are  astounding  ; 
moulded  with  his  consummate  contrapuntal  art, 
and  the  freedom  born  of  full  mastery,  poly- 
phonic structures  were  reared  which  will  be  the 
admiration  of  ages.  His  style  is  elevated,  and 
of  sustained  individuality  in  melody,  rhythm, 
and  harmony;  the  momentum  of  his  grand 
fugues  is  inexorable  as  the  march  of  Fate.  As 
an  inexhaustible  mine  for  study,   the  complete 


30 


BACH— BACH 


critical  edition  publishing  (since  1851)  by  the 
"  Bach-Gesellschaft,"  a  society  founded  in  1S50 
by  Schumann,  Otto  Jahn,  Hauptmann,  K.  F. 
Becker,  and  the  publisher  Hartel,  demands 
special  recognition.  The  Peters'  edition  of  B.'s 
works  is  also  valuable.  Few  of  them  were  publ. 
during  his  lifetime  ;  Mizler's  "  Musikalische 
Bibliothek"  (1754)  contains  an  almost  complete 
catalogue.  Bach's  importance  was  but  meagrely 
appreciated  by  his  contemporaries,  and  for  half  a 
century  after  his  death  he  was  practically  ignored. 
Some  few  works  were  then  occasionally  per- 
formed, or  even  published ;  but  Mendelssohn, 
by  a  performance  of  the  St.  Matthew  Passion  at 
Berlin,  in  1829,  first  drew  general  attention  to 
the  great  value  of  Bach's  comp.s.  The  centenary 
of  his  death  (1S50)  was  marked  by  the  formation, 
at  Leipzig,  of  the  Bach-Gesellschaft.  Bach-  Ver- 
eine,  societies  for  the  cultivation  and  prod,  of 
B.'s  music,  exist  at  Leipzig,  Berlin,  London,  and 
in  many  other  European  cities. 

Works  :  Vocal :  The  5  sets  of  sacred  Cantatas 
for  every  Sunday  and  feast-day,  already  men- 
tioned, besides  several  special  ones,  e.  g. ,  Got- 
tes  Zeil  ist  die  l>es/e  Zeit,  and  the  Trauerode 
on  the  death  of  the  Electress  of  Saxony  ;  5 
Passions,  including  the  gigantic  St.  Matthew, 
the  St.  John,  and  the  doubtful  St.  Lake;  a 
Christinas  Oratorio,  in  5  parts  ;  Grand  Mass  in 
Bmin.,and4  smaller  do.;  motets;  2  Magnifi- 
cats; 5  Sanctus  ;  many  secular  cantatas,  includ- 
ing two  comic  ones. — Instrumental  :  Very  nu- 
merous pieces  f.  pf.  (i.  e.,  clavichord): — In- 
ventions in  2  and  3  parts;  6  "small"  French 
suites;  6  "  large"  English  suites;  Preludes  and 
Fugues,  includ.  the  "  Wohltemperirtes  Klavier" 
in  2  parts  vv.  its  48  Preludes  and  Fugues  in  all 
keys  (cf.  art.  Busoxi)  ;  pf. -sonatas  w.  one  or 
more  instr.s,  among  them  the  6  famous  sonatas 
f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  solo  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  'cello  ; 
solos,  trios,  etc.,  for  different  instr.s  in  various 
combinations  ;  concertos  for  1  to  4  pf.s  ;  vln.  and 
other  instr.l  concertos  w.  orch.l  overtures  and 
suites  ;  and  many  organ  comp.s  (fantasias,  tocca- 
tas, preludes,  fugues,  and  chorale-arrangements). 

Several  biographies  of  B.  have  appeared;  the 
best  and  most  exhaustive  is  "  Johann  Sebastian 
Bach,"  by  Philipp  Spitta  (Leipzig,  1873-80,  2 
vol.s;  Eng.  transl.  by  Clara  Bell  and  Fuller 
Maitland,  London,  1SS4-5).  Also  may  be 
mentioned,  "  Uber  J.  S.  Bach's  Leben,  Kunst 
und  Kunstwerke,"  by  Forkel  (1802)  ;  Hilgen- 
feldt,  "  B.'s  Leben,  Wirken  and  YVerke  "  (1850); 
Bitter,  "J.  S.  B."  (4  vol.s;  2nd  ed.,  1881)  ; 
Poole,  "Sebastian  Bach"  (London,  1882).  His 
earliest  biographers  were  his  son,  K.  Ph.  E., 
and  J.  Fr.  Agricola  (in  Mizler's  "  Musikalische 
Bibliothek,"  vol.  iv,  1  [1754]). 

16.  Bach,  Wilhelm  Friedemann  {Bach  of 
Halle),  eldest  son  of  J.  Sebastian  ;  b.  Weimar, 
Nov.  22,  1 7 10  ;  d.  Berlin,  July  1,  1784.  Pupil 
of  his  father  (pf.),  and,  at  15  yrs.  of  age,  of 
Graun  at  Merseburg  (vln.).  Also  st.  at  the 
Thomasschule,  and   at   the   Univ.    of  Leipzig, 


where  he  distinguished  himself  in  mathematics. 
Org.  of  the  Sophienkirche,  Dresden,  1733-47  \ 
of  the  Marienkirche,  Halle,  1747-64.  Of  su- 
perior gifts,  grand  organist,  dexterous  fugue- 
player,  and,  after  his  father,  the  most  clever 
musician  in  Germany,  he  unfortunately  gave 
way  to  dissipation,  was  removed  from  his  offices, 
and  died  in  misery.  MS.  works  in  the  Berlin 
Royal  Library  ;  many  have  been  printed. 

17.  Bach,  Karl  Philipp  Emanuel  {the  Ber- 
lin or  Hamburg  Bach),  3rd  [and  2nd  surviving] 
son  of  J.  Sebastian  ; 
b.  Weimar,  Mar. 
(8?)  14,  1714;  d. 
Hamburg,  (Sept.  ?) 
Dec.  14,  1788.  He 
studied  philosophy 
and  law  at  Leipzig 
and  Frankfort-on- 
Oder  ;  but  the  in- 
herited passion  for 
music,  and  com- 
pleteness of  musical 
study  under  his 
father,  decided  his 
profession.  He  con- 
ducted a  singing- 
society  at  Frankfort,  for  which  he  also  com- 
posed. In  1737  (1738?)  he  went  to  Berlin. 
App.  chamber-musician  and  clavecinist  to  Fred- 
erick the  Great,  1746-57  [Fetis  and  Riemann  : 
1740-67].  At  the  outbreak  of  the  7  years'  war 
he  went  to  Hamburg,  where  he  was  church 
mus.  dir.,  and  in  1767  succ.  Telemann  as 
Musikdirector  of  the  principal  church  there, 
a  position  he  held  until  death.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  performers  of  his  time,  and 
his  compositional  style  was  light,  pleasing,  and 
elegant,  rather  than  of  great  profundity.  He 
may  be  looked  upon  as  the  father  of  the  modern 
school  of  pf. -playing,  originator  of  the  sonata- 
and  symphony-forms,  later  perfected  by  Haydn, 
Mozart,  and  Beethoven,  and  a  promoter  of 
orchestral  development.  His  important  theo- 
retical work,  "  Versuch  fiber  die  wahre  Art,  das 
Clavier  zu  spielen  "  (2  parts,  1753-62),  clumsily 
ree'dited  by  Schelling  in  1857,  contains  detailed 
explanations  concerning  the  embellishments  in 
clavichord-playing.  His  compositions  are  also 
voluminous  ;  for  clavier  they  number  210  solo 
pes.;  52  concertos  w.  orch.;  quartets,  trios, 
duets,  sonatas  (v.  Btilow  edited  6  for  the  Peters' 
Ed.  ;  C.  F.  Baumgart  edited  the  entire  "  So- 
natensammlung  fur  Kenner  und  Liebhaber,"  in 
6  books,  for  Leuckart),  sonatinas,  minuets,  polo- 
naises, solfeggi,  fugues,  marches,  etc.  Also  18 
orch.l  symph.s;  34  miscellaneous  pes.  f.  wind-in- 
str.s  ;  trios  f.  fl.,  vln.,  and  bass  ;  do.  f.  vln.  and 
bass;  flute-,  'cello-,  and  oboe-concertos  ;  soli  f.  fl. , 
viola  di  gamba,  oboe,  'cello,  and  harp;  duets  f.  fl. 
and  vln.;  f.  2  vln.s;  f.  2  clarinets. — Vocal:  2  ora- 
torios, Die  Israeli/en  in  der  Wiiste,  and  Die 
Auferstehung  und  Himmelfahrt  Jesu ;  22  Pas- 
sions ;  cantatas ;    etc. — K.    H.   Bitter   publ.    (2 


3i 


BACH— BACH  MANN 


vol.s,  1868  ;  2nd  ed.    1880)  "  K.   Ph.    E.    Bach 
und  W.  Friedemann  Bach  und  deren    Brt'tder." 

18.  Bach,  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich 
{the  Biickeburg  Bach),  gth  son  of  J.  Sebastian  ; 
b.  Leipzig,  June  29,  1732  ;  d.  Biickeburg,  Jan. 
26,  1795.  Also  st.  law  at  Leipzig,  but  adopted 
the  profession  of  music,  and  was  app.  Kapellm. 
at  Biickeburg,  with  a  salary  of  1,000  thalers. 
MS.  works  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library  :  Sacred 
cantatas  w.  instr.l  accomp. ;  oratorio,  the  Resur- 
rection of  Lazarus,  f.  4  voices  and  orch.;  instr.l 
symph.s  ;  concertos,  quartets,  trios,  vln. -quar- 
tets, sonatas,  and  miscellaneous  pes.  Theatrical 
cantata,  Pygmalion.    Opera,  Die  Amerikanerin, 

19.  Bach,  Johann  Christian  {the  Milan  or 
English  Bach),  nth  and  youngest  surviving  son 
of  J.  Sebastian;  b.  Leipzig  [bapt.  Sept.  7], 
1735  ;  d.  London,  Jan.  1,  1782.  In  his  14th 
year,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  went  to  Ber- 
lin, to  study  with  his  brother  K.  Ph.  Emanuel. 
In  1754  he  became  org.  of  Milan  cath.  His 
technical  talents  and  vocal  comp.s  in  popular 
style,  won  him  great  favor.  In  1759  he  ac- 
cepted an  app.  as  concert-director  in  London, 
and  was  also  app.  mus. -master  to  the  Queen 
and  Royal  Family.  In  1763  he  prod,  his  opera 
Orione,  ossia  Diana  vendicata  ;  followed  by 
several  others,  with  brilliant  temporary  success. 

20.  Bach,  Wilhelm  Friedrich  Ernst  (son 
of  Johann  Christoph  Friedrich  [iS],  and  grand- 
son and  last  male  descendant  of  J.  Sebastian), 
b.  Biickeburg,  May  27,  1759;  d.  Berlin,  Dec. 
25,  1S45.  St.  with  his  father,  and  with  his 
uncle  Johann  Christian,  in  London,  and  there 
became  esteemed  as  a  teacher,  pianist  and  organ- 
ist. On  his  uncle's  death,  he  went  to  Paris 
and  gave  concerts.  In  1789,  prod,  a  cantata  at 
Minden  before  Friedrich  Wilhelm  II.,  who  app. 
him  Kapellm.;  he  was  afterwards  app.  pianist 
to  Queen  Louise,  and  music-master  to  the  royal 
princes.  On  the  Queen's  death,  he  was  pen- 
sioned.— Comp.s  :  Cantatas,  songs,  pf.-music 
and  instr.l  works  ;  a  few  have  been  publ. 

Bach,  August  Wilhelm,  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  4, 
1796;  d.  there  Apr.  15,  1869.  Organ-virtuoso; 
1S22,  teacher  at  the  R.  Inst,  for  Church-music  ; 
1832,  followed  Zelter  as  Director ;  in  1858, 
"  Professor."  Member  of  the  Berlin  Acad. 
Composed  the  oratorio  Bonifacius,  and  the  ' '  sa- 
cred drama  "  Iphigenia  in  Delphi.  Mendelssohn 
was  his  pupil  in  organ-playing. 

Bach  [Bak],  Alberto,  b.  Gyula,  Hungary, 
1S44  ;  teacher  and  critic  ;  author  of  "  Musical 
Education  and  Vocal  Culture"  (Edinburgh, 
1SS0;  5th  ed.  London,  1898);  "The  Art  of 
Singing  "  (Edinburgh,  1886)  ;  "  The  Art-Ballad: 
Loewe  and  Schubert"  (London,  3d  ed.,  1897); 
"  Principles  of  Singing"  (London,  2d  ed.,  1897). 

Bach,  Leonhard  Emil,  pianist  and  com- 
poser; b.  Posen,  Mar.  n,  1849.  Pupil  of  Th. 
Kullak  (pf.)  and  of  YVuerst  and  Kiel  (theory). 
1869,  teacher  in  Kullak's  Academy,  Berlin  ; 
1874,  court  pianist  to  Prince  George  of  Prussia. 


Went  to  London  abt.  1890  (?). — Works  :  A  i-act 
opera,  Irmengard  (London,  1S92  ;  v.  succ); 
I-act  opera,  The  Lady  of  Longford  (London, 
1894  ;  succ.)  ;  2-act  comic  opera,  Des  A'ouigs 
Garde  (Cologne,  1895  ;  succ.)  ;  and  many  salon- 
pcs.  for  pf . 

Bach,  (Dr.)  Otto,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  9,  1833  ; 
d.  Unter-Waltersdorf,  July  3,  1893.  Pupil  of 
Sechter,  then  of  Marx  (Berlin)  and  Hauptmann 
(Leipzig).  Kapellm.  at  several  German  theatres  ; 
1868,  artistic  director  of  the  Mozarteum,  Salz- 
burg, and  Kapellm.  at  the  cathedral  ;  since  Apr. 
1,  1880,  Kapellm.  at  the  new  Votivkirche  at 
Vienna. — Works:  5  operas,  Sardanapal  (i860?); 
Die  Liebesprobe  [Der  Lowe  von  Salamanka\ 
(Augsburg,  1867)  ;  Die  Argonauten  (1870)  ;  Le- 
nore  (Gotha,  1874)  ;  Medea  (?)  ;  Der  Blumen 
Rache,  ballad  f.  ch.  and  orch.  ;  4  symphonies  ; 
overture,  "Elektra";  Requiem,  masses,  cho- 
ruses, and  chamber-music. 

Bache  [bach],  Francis  Edward,  b.  Bir- 
mingham, Sept.  14,  1833  ;  d.  there  of  consump- 
tion, Aug.  24,  1858.  Pupil  of  Mellon  (vln.) 
and  Bennett  (theory)  ;  1853-5  ar-  Leipzig  Cons 
(Plaidy  and  Hauptmann).  A  gifted  composer. 
— Works:  2  operas,  Which  is  which  ?  (1851), 
and  Riibezahl  (1S53);  concerto  f.  pf.  and  orch., 
in  E  ;  a  pf.-trio;  solo  pes.  f.  pf . ;  songs,  etc. 

Bache,  Walter,  excellent  pianist,  brother  of 
preceding  ;  b.  Birmingham,  June  19,  1842  ;  d. 
London,  Mar.  26,  1888.  Pupil  of  J.  Stimpson 
(org.  of  Birm.  Town  Hall),  and  (1858-61)  of 
Plaidy,  Moscheles,  Hauptmann,  and  Richter  at 
Leipzig.  1S62-5,  st.  with  Liszt  at  Rome;  also 
began  his  career  as  a  concert-giver  and  teacher. 
1865,  returned  to  London.  He  was  an  ardent 
disciple  of  Liszt,  and  did  much  to  introduce 
his  works  to  the  British  public.  For  some  years 
he  was  prof,  of  pf.  at  the  R.  A.  M. 

Bach'mann,  Anton,  court-musician  and  in- 
strument-maker at  Berlin,  inventor  of  the  ma- 
chine-head method  of  tuning  'celli  and  double- 
basses  ;  b.  1716  ;  d.  Mar.  8,  1800. — Karl  Lud- 
wig  B.,  his  son  and  successor,  b.  1743,  d.  1S09, 
was  a  good  viola- player,  belonging  to  the  royal 
orch.  ;  his  wife,  Charlotte  Karoline  Wilhel- 
mine  B.,  ne'e  Stowe,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  2,  1757  ;  d. 
Aug.  19,  1817,  was  a  pianistand  excellent  singer, 
being  a  member  of  the  Berlin  Singakademie  un- 
der Fasch. 

Bach'mann,  Pater  Sixtus,  b.  Kettershausen, 
Bavaria,  July  iS,  1754  ;  d.  Marchthal,  n.  Vienna, 
1S18.  Brilliant  organist  and  pianist  of  remark- 
able precocity,  and  wonderfully  retentive  memory. 
At  9  he  is  said  to  have  played  by  heart  over 
200  pieces ;  in  1766  he  held  his  own  in  an 
organ-competition  with  Mozart,  then  10  years 
old,  at  Biberach.  He  became  a  Premonstrant 
monk  at  Marchthal. — Works  :  Numerous  masses, 
highly  esteemed  ;  cantatas,  symphonies,  sona- 
tas, violin-quartets,  organ- fugues.  Rubl.  works: 
4  pf. -sonatas  ;  Diversi  Pezzetti  ;  organ-fugue 
"  alia  zoppa," 


32 


BACHM  ANN— BAILEY 


Bach'mann,  Georg  Christian,  clarinettist  ; 
b.  Paderborn,  Jan.  7,  1S04  ;  d.  Brussels,  Aug. 
28,  1842,  as  soloist  in  the  royal  orch.,  and  Cons, 
teacher.      Also  celebrated  as  a  clarinet-maker. 

Bach'mann,  Georges,  b.  abt.  184.8;  d.  Paris, 
Dec.  (?),  1894.      Prolific  pf. -composer. 

Bach'mann,  Gottlob,  organist  and  comp. ; 
b.  Bornitz,  Saxony,  March  28,  1763  ;  d.  Zeitz, 
Apr.  10,  1S40.  Pupil  of  Freeh  at  Zeitz,  also  st. 
(1785)  in  Leipzig,  and  (1790)  in  Dresden  with 
Naumann.  I/9L  organist  at  Zeitz. — Works: 
3  operas,  a  cantata,  many  ballads  and  songs, 
3  symphonies,  much  chamber-music,  numerous 
pf. -pieces. 

Bach'ofen,  Johann  Kaspar,  b.  Zurich, 
1692  ;  d.  there  1755.  Singing-master,  organist, 
director,  and  composer  of  sacred  compositions 
once  very  popular  in  Switzerland. 

Bach'rich,  Sigismund,  violinist  and  dra- 
matic composer ;  b.  Zsambokreth,  Hungary, 
Jan.  23,  1S41.  St.  in  Vienna  Cons.,  1851-7, 
under  Bohm  (violin);  was  for  a  short  time  con- 
ductor at  a  small  Viennese  theatre  ;  went  to 
Paris  in  1861,  but  returned  after  a  few  years  to 
Vienna  ;  was  for  12  years  a  member  of  the 
Hellmesberger  Quartet,  and  is  now  teacher  at 
the  Cons.,  and  a  member  of  the  Philh.  and 
Opera  orchestras  and  the  Rose  Quartet. — 
Works:  Comic  •  opera  Muzzedin  (Vienna,  1883); 
do.  Heinivon  Steier  (1884);  operetta  Der  Fuchs- 
Major  (Prague,  1889  ;  succ);  ballet  Sakuntala; 
and  2  operettas  (Vienna,  1S66). 

Back'er-Grdn'dahl,  Agathe,  pianist  ;  b. 
Holmestrand,  Norway,  Dec.  1,  1847.  Pupil 
(i860)  of  Kjerulf  and  Lindemann  ;  1S03,  of 
Kullak's  Acad.,  Berlin;  1S71,  of  Billow  in 
Florence  ;  later  of  Liszt  at  Weimar.  Married 
1875,  in  Christiania,  to  the  singing-teacher  Gron- 
dahl. — Works  :  6  Etudes  de  concert,  op.  rr  ;  3 
morceaux,  op.  15  ;  4  Sketches,  op.  19  ;  pf. -suite 
in  5  movem.,  op.  20  ;  songs,  etc. 

Back'ers,  Americus.     See  Broadwood. 

Back'ofen,  Johann  G.  Heinrich,  b.  Dur- 
lach,  Baden,  1768  ;  d.  Darmstadt,  1839.  Vir- 
tuoso on  the  harp,  clarinet,  flute,  and  English 
horn  ;  made  long  tours  through  Southern  Europe 
and  Germany  ;  1806,  chamber-musician  at  Go- 
tha  ;  in  1S15,  founded  a  wind-instr.  factory  at 
Darmstadt.  Wrote  methods  f.  harp  (1S03), 
clarinet,  and  Engl,  horn  ;  publ.  pieces  for  the 
above  in  various  combinations ;  many  com- 
positions in  MS. 

Bacon,  Richard  Mackenzie,  teacher, 
writer,  and  critic  ;  b.  Norwich,  Engl.,  May  1, 
1776  ;  d.  there  Nov.  2,  1844.  Author  of 
"Science  and  Practice  of  Vocal  Ornament"; 
"  Elements  of  Vocal  Science  "  (London,  1824); 
"Art  of  Improving  the  Voice  and  Ear"  (Lon- 
don, 1S25)  ;  editor  of  the  "  Quarterly  Mus. 
Mag.  and  Review"  from  1818-28  ;  founded  the 
triennial  Mus.  Festivals  at  Norwich. 

Badarczev'ska,  Thekla,  pf. -composer  ;  b. 


Warsaw,  1838  ;  d.  there  1862.  Her  best  piece 
is  "La  priere  d'une  vierge";  the  others  are 
practically  unknown. 

Ba'der,  Karl  Adam,  opera-tenor  ;  b.  Bam- 
berg, Jan.  10,  17S9  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  14,  1870. 
Succeeded  his  father  as  cathedral-org.  at  Bam- 
berg (1S07)  ;  began  stage-career  181 1  ;  1820-45, 
first  tenor  at  Berlin  Court  Opera,  then  stage- 
manager  till  1849  !  afterwards  music-director  at 
the  Catholic  Hedwigskirche.  The  heroic  tenor- 
roles  in  Spontini's  operas  were  his  forte;  he  was 
also  a  fine  actor. 

Badi'a,  Carlo  Agostino,  b.  Venice,  1672  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Sept.  23,  1738,  as  court  composer. 
Wrote  16  operas;  15  oratorios;  12  cantatas  for 
solo  voice  and  harpsich.  (publ.  as  "  Tributi  ar- 
monici  ")  ;  and  33  cantatas  a  1-3  (MS.). 

Badi'a,  Luigi,  b.  Tirano,  Naples,  1822  ; 
wrote  4  operas  and  numerous  successful  songs. 

Baer'mann,  Karl.     See  Barmann. 

Bag'ge,  Selmar,  b.  Koburg,  June  30,  1823; 
d.  Basel,  July  17,  1896.  St.  at  Prague  Cons. 
with  Dionys  Weber,  and  in  Vienna  with  Sech- 
ter  ;  1851-55,  comp. -teacher  at  V.  Cons.  Jour- 
nalist and  critic  ;  editor  (in  Leipzig,  1S63-6)  of 
"  Allgem.  Musikzeitung  "  ;  1868,  app.  Director 
of  the  Basel  Music-School  ;  edited,  for  some 
years,  the  "  Schweizerische  Sangerzeitung." — 
Works  :  A  symphony,  chamber-music,  sonata 
f.  pf.  and  'cello,  pf.-pes.,  songs,  and  "  Lehrbuch 
der  Tonkunst "  (1873). 

Bahn,  Martin.     See  Trautwein. 

Bahr  (or  Bar,  Beer),  Johann,  leader  of  the 
Duke  of  Weissenfels'  orch.;  b.  Georg-a.-d.- 
Enns  (Austria),  1652  ;  d.  1770.  Known  by  nu- 
merous satirico-polemical  musical  pamphlets 
(signed"  Ursus  murmurat,"  "  Ursus  triumphat," 
etc.)  against  Hartnoth  of  Gotha  (1697,  etc.)  ; 
also  wrote  "  Bellum  musicum  "  (1701),  and  "  Mu- 
sikalische  Diskurse  "  (1719). 

Ba'i  [bah'-e]  (or  Baj),  Tommaso,  b.  Creval- 
cuore,  n.  Bologna,  abt.  1660  ;  d.  Rome,  Dec. 
22,  1 714.  Tenor  singer  at  the  Vatican  ;  vi.  di  c, 
in  1713.  A  disciple  of  Palestrina,  his  posthu- 
mous fame  rests  on  his  Miserere,  sung  during 
Holy  Week,  alternately  with  those  by  Allegri 
and  Baini,  in  the  l'apal  Chapel.  This  work  is 
publ.  (Choron,  Burney,  Peters)  in  various  coll.s 
of  music  of  the  Papal  Chapel. 

Baif,  Jean-Antoine  de,  b.  Venice,  1532; 
d.  Paris,  Sept.  19,  1589.  Gave  concerts  at  Paris, 
and  publ.  2  works  in  lute-tablature,  12  sacred 
songs,  and  2  books  of  4-p.  chansons. 

Bailey,  Marie  Louise,  concert-pianist,  b. 
Nashville,  Oct.  24,  1S76  ;  st.  from  1889  in  Leip- 
zig Cons,  with  C.  Reinecke,  winning  a  scholar- 
ship, and  later  with  Leschetizky,  Vienna.  De- 
but Feb.  28,  1893,  at  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig, 
after  which  she  played  by  request  before  King 
Albert  of  Saxony,  and  received  the  title  of  "  Kgl. 
Sachs.  Kammervirtuosin."  Returning  to  Amer- 
ica, she  first  appeared  in  Carnegie  Hall,  N.  Y., 


33 


BAILLOT— BALAKIREV 


with  the  Damrosch  orch. ;  then  made  a  long  and 
successful  tour  of  the  U.  S.  and  Canada.  Miss 
B.  has  publ.  a  "  Menuet  de  concert  "  f.  pf.,  and 
a  Fantaisie  on  Amer.  national  airs.  Her  pres- 
ent home  is  Vienna. 

Baillot,  Pierre-Marie-Fran^ois  de  Sales, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  French  violinists  ; 
b.  Passy,  Oct.  i, 
1771  ;  d.  Paris, 
Sept.  15,  1842. 
His  first  teachers 
were  Polidori  of 
Florence,  at 
Passy,  and  (1780) 
Sainte-Marie,  at 
Paris.  Fro  m 
1783-91  he 
studied  under 
Pollani,  at  Rome; 
then  returned  to 
Paris,  where 
Viotti  procured 
him  the  position 
of  leader  in  the 
Th.  Feydeau. 
Still  doubtful,  apparently,  as  to  earning  a  living 
as  a  musician,  he  obtained  a  minor  appointment 
in  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  and  held  it  until 
1795,  when,  on  the  strength  of  his  continually 
growing  reputation  as  a  concert-violinist,  he  was 
app.  prof,  of  vln.  at  the  Cons.  He  made  up 
for  lost  time  by  diligent  study  under  Cherubini, 
Reicha,  and  Catel.  His  first  foreign  tour,  to 
Russia,  was  undertaken  1805-8,  and  followed 
by  others  through  Belgium,  Holland  and  Eng- 
land (1815-16),  Switzerland  and  Italy  (1833), 
etc.  In  1S21  he  was  made  leader  at  the  Grand 
Opera,  and  in  1825  solo  violinist  in  the  royal 
orch. — His  chief  work  is  the  admirable  text- 
book, "L'Art  du  Violon  "  (1834).  With  Rode 
and  Kreutzer  he  wrote  "  Methode  du  Violon," 
adopted  by  the  Paris  Cons.,  and  republ.  in 
countless  editions  and  many  languages  ;  he  also 
edited  the  "  Methode  de  Violoncelle  "  by  Levas- 
seur,  Catel,  and  Baudiot,  and  wrote  essays : 
"  Notice  sur  Gretry"  (1814)  ;  "  Notice  sur  Vi- 
otti "  (1825)  ;  and  others. — His  principal  com- 
positions are  10  vln. -concertos,  3  string-quar- 
tets, 15  trios  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass,  6  duos  f. 
2  vlns.,  30  sets  of  airs  varies,  24  preludes  in 
all  keys,  a  symphonic  concertante  f.  2  vlns.  w. 
orch.,  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  etc.;  mostly  dif- 
ficult, and  not  much  played  now-a-days.  He 
had  several  distinguished  pupils — Ilabeneck 
aine,  Mazas,  the  2  Danclas,  etc. 

Baillot,  Rene-Paul,  son  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Paris,  Oct.  23,  1813  ;  d.  there  Mar.  28,  1889  ; 
prof,  of  ensemble-playing  at  Paris  Cons. 

Bai'ni,  Abbate  Giuseppe,  a  composer,  writer, 
and  critic  of  ultra-conservative  tendency  ;  b. 
Rome,  Oct.  21,  1775  ;  d.  there  May  21,  1844. 
Pupil  of  his  uncle,  Lorenzo  B.;  later  of  Janna- 
coni,  the  maestro  of  St.  Peter's,  who  had  him 
app.  singer  in  the  Pontifical  choir,  and  whom  he 


succeeded  in  1817.  B.'s  life-work  aadmagnum 
opus  was  the  monograph  :  "  Memorie  storico- 
critiche  della  vita  e  delle  opere  di  Giovanni 
Pierluigi  da  Palestrina  "  (Rome,  1828  ;  German 
transl.  by  Ivandler,  w.  notes  by  Kiesewetter, 
1834).  He  likewise  wrote  a  "  Saggio  sopra 
l'identita  de'  ritmi  musicali  e  poetici."  His 
most  celebrated  comp.  is  a  Miserere  (1821), 
given  alternately,  during  his  lifetime,  with  those 
of  Allegri  and  Bai  at  the  Sistine  Chapel,  during 
Holy  Week.  Others  are  Psalms  and  Hymns  a 
4  ;  Hymns  a  8  ;  masses,  motets,  church-concer- 
tos, a  Te  Deum,  etc. 

Baj,  Tommaso.     See  Bai. 

Bajet'ti,  Giovanni,  stage-composer  ;  b. 
Brescia,  Italy,  abt.  1815  ;  d.  Milan,  April  28, 
1876.  For  many  years  leader  of  orch.  in  La 
Scala,  Milan,  where  he  produced  Gonzalvo  (opera, 
1841),  L 'Assedio  di  Brescia  (1844),  Caterina  0  la 
figlia  del  bandito  (1S47),  Faust  (ballet,  1848), 
Uberto  da  Brescia  (1866),  and  II  genio  d' Italia 
(Piacenza,  1843);  all  with  success. 

Baker,  Benjamin  Franklin,  b.  Wenham, 
Mass.,  July  10,  181 1  ;  sang  in  churches  in  Salem, 
Boston,  and  Portland  ;  in  1S37,  took  charge  of 
the  music  in  Dr.  Channing's  ch.  at  Boston,  and 
in  1 841  succeeded  Lowell  Mason  as  teacher  of 
music  in  the  public  schools  ;  was  also  vice-pres. 
of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  for  6  years, 
frequently  singing  solos  at  their  concerts.  Est. 
the  Boston  Music  School  (1851-68).  Editor  of 
the  Boston  "  Musical  Journal."  Retired  in 
1868. — Works  :  3  cantatas,  The  Storm-A'ing, 
The  Burning  Ship,  and  Camillns,  the  Roman 
Conqueror;  various  vocal  quartets,  songs,  etc. 
Author  of  a  text-book  :  "  Thorough-bass  and 
Harmony"  ;  has  compiled  several  volumes  of 
glees  and  anthems. 

Baker,  George,  b.  Exeter,  Engl.,  in  1773  ; 
d.  Rugeley,  Feb.  19,  1847.  Organ-pupil  of 
Hugh  Bond  and  William  Jackson  (Exeter);  st. 
the  violin  with  Ward,  and  pf.  with  Dussek  and 
Cramer  at  London.  Org.  at  Stafford  (1795), 
Derby  (1S10),  Rugeley  (1824);  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon., 
1797. — Works  :  The  Caffres,  "  musical  enter- 
tainment" (London,  1802  ;  unsucc);  4-,  5-,  and 
6-p.  anthems  ;  glees  f.  3  and  4  voices  ;  songs  ; 
organ-voluntaries  ;  pf. -sonatas. 

Baker-Grdndahl,  A.  See  Backer-Gr6n- 
dahl. 

Balaki'rev,  Mily  Alexejevitch,  b.  Nishnij 
Novgorod,  Russia,  1836.  St.  at  Kasan  Univ.; 
self-taught,  as  a  musician.  Pianistic  debut  at 
St.  Petersburg,  1855,  was  very  successful.  With 
Lamakin,  in  1862,  he  founded  the  "  Free  Music 
School."  1866,  app.  opera-conductor  at  Prague; 
1867-70,  conducted  concerts  of  the  Imp.  Music 
Society  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  introduced  com- 
positions of  Berlioz  and  Liszt  to  the  Russian 
public.  Retired  to  private  life  in  1872.  Plis 
own  works  are  a  syniph.  poem  "Tamara"; 
music  to  King  Tear  ;  overtures  with  Russian, 
Czechish,    and    Spanish  themes ;    an    Oriental 


34 


BALART— BALFE 


Fantasia,  "  Islamei,"  f.  pf . ;  pes.  and  arrange- 
ments f.  pf. ;  etc.  He  has  publ.  (1866)  a  fine 
coll.  of  Russian  Folk-songs. 

Balart',  Gabriel,  comp.  of  "  zarzuelas " 
(Spanish  operettas)  ;  b.  Barcelona,  June  8,  1824; 
d.  there  July  5,  1893.  Pie  finished  his  mus. 
studies  in  Paris,  returned  to  Spain  in  1852,  was 
opera-conductor  in  various  Spanish  theatres, 
and,  finally,  Director  of  the  Barcelona  Cons. 

Balat'ka,  Hans,  b.  Hoffnungsthal,  Moravia, 
Mar.  5,  1S27;  d.  Chicago,  Apr.  17,  1899.  Choir-, 
boy  in  Olmtitz  cathedral;  1846-8,  pupil  of  Froch, 
Sechter,  and  Centiluomo  at  Vienna,  and  con- 
ducted the  Academical  Singing  Societies  there. 
Went  to  America,  1849  ;  founded  the  Milwaukee 
Musikverein  in  1851,  and  was  its  conductor  till 
i860,  when  he  became  cond.  of  the  Chicago 
Philh.  Soc,  and  in  1862,  of  the  Musical  Union. 
In  1S67,  he  gave  independent  symphony-con- 
certs ;  was  cond.  of  the  Germania  Mannerchor 
(1S67),  made  concert-tours  w.  Mine.  Pappen- 
heim  (1870),  was  again  cond.  at  Milwaukee,  and 
from  1873  had  lived  in  Chicago,  where  he  organ- 
ized the  Liederkranz  and  the  Mozart  Club, 
and  for  several  years  cond.  the  Symphony  So- 
ciety.— Works  :  The  Power  of  Song,  double  ch.  f. 
men's  voices  (1856)  ;  Festival  cantata  f.  soprano 
and  full  orch.  (1869);  choruses  and  quartets  f. 
men's  or  mixed  voices  ;  abt.  30  songs  w.  ace.  of 
orch.  or  pf. ;  over  20  fantasias  and  transcriptions 
f.  orch. 

Bal'bi,  Ludovico  ;  abt.  1600,  m.  di  capp.  at 
S.  Antonio,  Padua  ;  abt.  1606,  ditto  at  the 
Franciscan  monastery,  Venice.  Publ.  masses, 
motets,  canzoni,  madrigals,  sacred  songs,  etc.; 
edited  (with  J.  Gabrielli  and  Vecchi)  a  coll.  of 
graduals  and  antiphones,  by  celebrated  Italian 
masters,  publ.  by  Gardano  (Venice,  1591). 

Bal'bi,  Melchiore  (Caw),  theorist  and 
comp.;  b.  Venice,  June  4,  1796  ;  d.  Padua,  June 
21,  1879.  Pupil,  at  Padua,  of  Nini,  Valeri,  and 
Calegari  ;  from  1818-53,  leader  at  both  the 
Paduan  theatres  ;  1854,  m.  di  capp.  in  the  basi- 
lica S.  Antonio. — Works  :  The  operas  La  Notte 
perigliosa  (1820),  L'Abitator  del  bosco  (1S21), 
L'Alloggio  militare  (1825),  all  produced  in 
Padua;  masses,  psalms,  a  Miserere,  a 
Requiem  (for  Rossini,  1S6S)  ;  also  edited 
Calegari's  "  Trattata  del  sistema  armonico " 
(Milan,  1829),  and  wrote  a  "  Grammatica 
ragionata  della  musica  sotto  l'aspetto  della 
lingua  "  (1845),  and  "  Nuova  scuola  basata  sul 
sistema  semitonato  equabile  "  (1S72). 

Bal'dewin  [-veen].     See  Bauldewijn. 

Balfe  [balf],  Michael  William,  very  popu- 
lar British  composer  ;  b.  Dublin,  May  15,  1S08; 
d.  Rowney  Abbey,  Hertfordshire,  Oct.  20, 
1870.  Taught  in  Ireland  by  O'Rourke,  and  in 
London  by  C.  F.  Horn  ;  in  1S24  he  was  a  violin- 
ist in  the  Drury  Lane  orch.,  and  also  sang  in 
London  and  the  provinces.      His  patron,  Count 


Mazzara,  took  him  to  Italy  in  1825  ;  he  studied 
comp.  with  Frederici  at  Rome,  and  singing  with 
F.  Galli  at  Milan,  where  his  first  dramatic  piece, 
the  ballet  La  Pe'rouse,  was  prod.  (1826).  After 
brief  instruction  by  Bordogni,  he  sang  as  first 
baritone  at  the  Ital.  Opera,  Paris  (1828),  and  in 
Italian  theatres  until  1835,  also  producing  sev- 
eral Italian  operas  ; 
and  married  Lina 
Roser,  an  Hungarian 
vocalist  [d.  London, 
June  8,  1S88,  aged 
80].  Returning  to 
England  in  1835,  his 
brilliant  career  as  a 
composer  of  English 
operas  began  with 
The  Siege  of  Rochelle 
(Drury  Lane).  Fail- 
ing as  manager  of 
an  opera-troupe,  B. 
went  to  Paris  for  a 
few  years,  but  re- 
turned in  1S43  with 
The  Bohemian    Girl, 

his  most  popular  opera,  which  made  the  round  of 
the  chief  Continental  stages,  and  was  produced, 
extended  to  5  acts,  as  La  Bohdmienne  at  Paris  in 
1S56,  with  overwhelming  applause.  Excepting 
visits  to  Vienna  (1S46),  Berlin  (184S),  and  St. 
Petersburg  and  Trieste  (1852-6),  he  stayed  in 
England  ;  and  retired  to  his  country-seat,  Rowney 
Abbey,  in  1S64.  In  1857,  his  daughter,  Victoire, 
made  her  debut  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre  in  Italian 
opera. — Operas  :  I Rivali  di  se  stessi  (Palermo, 
1829) ;  Un  Avvertimento  at gelosi  (Pavia,  1S30)  ; 
Enrico  LV  al  Basso  della  Mama  (Milan,  1S31)  ; 
The  Siege  of  Roc  he  lie  (London,  Drury  Lane, 
1835);  The  Maidof  Artois(fb.,  1836);  Catherine 
Grey;  Joan  of  Arc  (ib.,1837);  Diadeste  (ib.,  1838); 
Falstaf(H.  M.  Th.,  1S38);  Keolantke  (Lyceum, 
1840)  ;  Le  Buits  d'amour  (Paris,  Op. -Com., 
1843)  ;  Les  quatre fils d'Aymon(ib.,  1844)  ;  The 
Bohemian.  Girl  (London,  Drury  Lane,  1S43)  ; 
Daughter  of  Si.  Mark  (ib.,  1844);  The  En- 
chantress  (ib. ,  1S45);  I'ftoile  de  S/ville  (Paris, 

1545)  ;    The    Bondman    (London,   Drury    Lane, 

1546)  ;  The  Maid  of  Honour  (ib.,  1847)  ;  The 
Sicilian  Bride  (ib.,  1S52)  ;  The  Devil's  in  it 
(Surrey  Th.,  1852)  ;  Pit/ore  e  Duca  (Trieste, 
1856  ;  revived  as  The  Painter  of  Antwerp,  Lon- 
don, 1881)  ;  The  Rose  of  Castile  (Lyceum,  1857)  \ 
La  Zingara  [The  Bohemian  Girl  in  Italian]  (H. 
M.Th.,  1858);  Satanella (Lyceum,  1S5S);  Bianca 
(1S60)  ;  The  Puritan's  Daughter  (1S61)  ;  The 
Armourer  of  Nantes ;  Blanche  de  Nevers 
(1S63) ;  The  Sleeping  Queen  [operetta]  (Lon- 
don, 1S63)  ;  The  Knight  of  the  Leopard,  given 
in  Italian  as  II  Talismano  (Drury  Lane,  June 
11,  1874). — Also,  Mazeppa,  a  cantata,  and  two 
other  cantatas  ;  ballads,  glees,  part-songs,  etc. 
Biographical:  "A  Memoir  of  M.  W.  P.,"  by 
Charles  Lamb  Kenney  (London,  1875)  ;  "  Balfe  : 
His  Life  and  Work,"  by  W.  A.  Barrett  (Lon- 
don, 1S82). 


35 


BALLARD— BANTOCK 


Ballard,  a  family  of  French  music-printers 
using  movable  types  ;  founded  by  Robert  B., 
whose  patent  of  1552,  from  Henri  II,  made  him 
"  Seul  imprimeur  de  la  musique  de  la  chambre, 
chapelle,  et  menus  plaisirs  du  roy."  This  pat- 
ent was  renewed  to  various  members  of  the 
family  until  1776,  when  it  (and  also  the  firm) 
expired. 

Balthasar  (called  Balthasar  -  Florence), 
Henri  Mathias,  b.  Arlon,  Belgium,  Oct.  21, 
1 .844  ;  pupil  of  Fetis,  Brussels  Cons.  ;  married 
(1863)  a  daughter  of  Florence,  the  instrument- 
maker. — Works  :  Operas,  symphonies,  a  Missa 
solemnis,  cantatas,  a  vln. -concerto,  a  pf. -con- 
certo, etc. 

Banchie'ri,  Don  Adriano,  born  Bologna, 
I567(?)  I  d.  1634.  Poet,  theorist,  church-com- 
poser ;  organist  at  Imola  and  Bologna.  Wrote 
masses,  psalms,  motets,  madrigals,  church-f0«- 
certi,  etc.;  and  the  treatises  "  Cartella  musicale 
del  canto  figurato,  fermo  e  contrappunto  "  (1610; 
Venice,  1614) ;  "  Direttorio  monastico  di  canto 
fermo"  (Bologna,  1615);  "  Lettere  armoniche  " 
(Bologna,  1628);  and  "  Organo  suonarino." 
He  named  the  7th  scale-degree  da,  being  an  op- 
ponent of  the  hexachordal  system. 

Banck,  Karl,  eminent  critic;  b.  Magdeburg, 
May  27,  1809  ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  28,  1889. 
Pupil,  from  his  sixth  year,  of  his  father  ;  from 
1826-9  0I  B.  Klein,  L.  Berger,  and  K.  F.  Zelter, 
in  Berlin  ;  lived  in  Magdeburg,  Berlin,  Leipzig 
(where  he  knew  Schumann,  and  wrote  for  his 
"  Zeitschrift  "),  Jena,  etc.,  finally  settling  (1840) 
in  Dresden  as  mus.  critic  and  vocal  teacher. 
— Works:  Part-songs,  pf.-pcs.,  and  especially 
Lieder;  edited  a  series  of  ancient  vocal  and  instr. 
works  (sonatas  by  Scarlatti  and  Martini,  arias  by 
Gluck),  etc. 

Bandi'ni,  Primo,  b.  Parma,  Nov.  29,  1S57  ; 
1869-75,  pupil  of  the  R.  School  of  Music  there; 
has  written  the  operas  Eufemio  di  Messina 
(Parma,  1878),  and  Fausla  (Milan,  1886),  both 
fairly  successful  ;  his  last  is  the  4-act  opera 
Janko  (Turin,  1897),  succ. 

Banes,  Antoine-Anatole,  b.  Paris,  June  8, 
1856.  Pupil  of  E.  Durand  ;  officer  of  public 
instruction  ;  composer,  for  the  minor  Parisian 
theatres,  of  a  large  number  of  operas,  ballets, 
operettas,  etc.,  the  latest  being  the  3-act  ope- 
retta Toto  (Paris,  '92),  succ.  ;  the  i-act  operetta 
Madame  Rose  (Paris,  1893),  succ.  ;  the  3-act 
operetta  Le  Bonhomme  de  neigc  (Paris,  1894), 
succ.  ;  the  3-act  opera,  Le  Roi  Frelon  (Paris, 
95),  fiasco  ;  and  a  lyric  fantasia,  Nuit  d'amour, 
3  acts  (Paris,  1896),  mod.  succ. 

Ban'ister,  John,  b.  London,  1630  ;  d,  there 
Oct.  3,  1679.  Violinist,  sent  for  study  to  France 
by  Charles  II.,  and  later  a  member  of  the  lat- 
ter's  band,  from  which  an  outspoken  preference 
for  English  over  the  French  musicians  belong- 
ing to  it,  caused  his  expulsion.  Director  of  a 
music-school,  and  concert-giver.  He  wrote 
music    for  Davenant's  Circe  and  Shakespeare's 


Tempest  (both  1676)  ;  "  New  Ayres  and  Dia- 
logues for  voices  and  viols  of  2,  3,  and  4  parts" 
(London,  1678)  ;  songs. 

Ban'ister,  John  (Jr.),  d.  1735  ;  violinist,  son 
of  preceding;  member  of  the  private  band  un- 
der Charles  II.,  James  II.,  and  Anne;  leader  at 
the  Italian  Opera,  London. 

Ban'ister,  Henry  Joshua,  b.  London,  1803; 
d.  there  1S47.  Excellent  'cellist,  son  of  Chas. 
Wm.  B.  [1768-1831  ;  a  composer  who  publ.  a 
"Coll.  of  Vocal  Music";  London,  1S03]  ;  au- 
thor of  several  good  instruction-books  f.  'cello. 
His  son, 

Ban'ister,  Henry  Charles,  b.  London,  June 
13,  1S31  ;  d.  Streatham,  n.  London,  Nov.  20, 
1897  ;  pupil  of  preceding,  and  of  C.  Potter  in 
the  R.  A.  M.,  at  which  he  twice  gained  the 
King's  Scholarship  (1846-48)  ;  1851,  assistant 
prof.,  1853,  full  prof,  of  harm. and  comp.  at  R.  A. 
M.;  wasalso  (since  1880)  prof,  of  harm,  at  Guild- 
hall School,  and  (since  1S81),  at  the  R.  Norm. 
College  for  the  Blind.  A  fine  concert-pianist; 
composed  4  symphonies  and  5  overtures  f.  orch., 
besides  chamber-music,  cantatas,  pf.-music, 
chants,  songs,  etc.  Printed  a  "  Text-book  of 
Music  "  (London,  1872,  and  15  editions  since)  ; 
"  Some  Musical  Ethics  and  Analogies  "  (1884)  ; 
"  Lectures  on  Musical  Analysis  "  (1887)  ;  a  life 
of  "George  Alexander  Macfarren"  (1892); 
"Musical  Art  and  Study"  (1888);  "Helpful 
Papers  for  Harmony  Students"  (1895). 

Bannelier,  Charles,  b.  Paris,  March  15, 
1840  ;  pupil  of  the  Conservatoire  ;  contributor  to 
and  later  (till  1880)  editor  of  the  "  Revue  et  Ga- 
zette Musicale."  Translator,  into  French,  of 
Hanslick's  "  Vom  Musikalisch-Schonen  "  (1877), 
and  the  text  of  Bach's  "  St.  Matthew's  Pas- 
sion "  ;  arranged  Berlioz's  Symphonie  fantas- 
tiqne  as  a  pf.-duet. 

Ban'ti-Gior'gi,  Brigida,  b.  Crema,  Lom- 
bard)-, in  1759  ;  d.  Bologna,  Feb.  18,  1806  ;  a 
celebrated  dramatic  soprano,  "discovered"  as 
a  chanieuse  in  a  Paris  cafe  by  de  Vismes,  Direc- 
tor of  the  Acade'mie  ;  she  was  engaged  at  the 
Grand  Opera,  and  her  career  in  Paris,  London, 
and  Milan,  and  other  Italian  cities,  was  a  series 
of  triumphs  due  solely  to  her  beautiful  voice 
(which  was  of  extraordinary  range  and  perfectly 
even  throughout)  and  wonderful  natural  talents  ; 
for  she  was  the  despair  of  successive  teachers, 
and  never  learned  even  to  read  music  well  at 
sight,  but  trusted  wholly  to  memory  and  inspi- 
ration.— Her  husband  was  the  dancer  Zaccaria 
Banti. 

Bantock,  Granville,  b.  London,  Aug.  7, 
1868.  Ent.  R.  A.  M.,  1SS9  ;  st.  3  years,  took 
1st  Macfarren  Prize  for  comp. ;  public  perform- 
ance of  his  1st  work,  "  The  Fire-Worshippers," 
1889,  very  successful.  In  1892  his  i-act  roman- 
tic opera  Ccedmar  was  produced  in  London  with 
success,  followed  by  B.'s  engagement  by  the 
Gaiety  Th.  as  cond.  for  a  tour  through  England, 
later  through  America  (1895)  and  Australia. — 


36 


BAPTIE— BARDI 


Works  :  Dram.  Cantata,  "  The  Fire-Worship- 
pers "  (18S9) ;  "  Thorvenda's  Dream,"  poem 
for  recitation  w.  accomp. ;  "  Wulstan,"  scene 
for  baritone  solo;  symph.  overture,  "Saul"; 
dramatic  symphony  in  24  parts,  "The  Curse  of 
Kehama";  Pf. -Album  (Rhapsodie,  Meditation, 
Phantasie)  ;  2  pf.-pcs.  (Barcarole  and  Reverie). 
— Operas:  Rameses  II.,  5  acts  ;  Ccedmar,  1  act 
(London,  1S92)  ;  The  Pearl  of  Iran,  i-act  com. 
opera.      He  writes  the  books  for  his  operas. 

Baptie,  David,  Scotch  composer  and  au- 
thor;  b.  Edinburgh,  Nov.  30,  1822;  living  in 
Glasgow.  Has  composed  many  anthems,  glees, 
part-songs,  etc.  ;  compiled  a  number  of  song- 
books  (among  them  "  Moody  &  Sankey's  Hymn- 
Book,"  1881),  and  publ.  "  A  Hand-Book  of 
Mus.  Biography "  (2d  ed.  London,  1887,  pp. 
260),  and  "  Musicians  of  all  Times"  (London, 
1S89),  containing  12,000  "skeleton"  biographi- 
cal sketches. 

Baptiste  (properly  Baptiste  Anet),  violin- 
ist, a  pupil  of  Corelli  ;  came  abt.  1700  to 
Paris,  where  he  made  a  profound  and  lasting 
impression  by  introducing  his  master's  works 
and  style  of  playing  ;  went  later  to  Poland, 
where  he  died  as  conductor  of  a  nobleman's  pri- 
vate music.  He  publ.  3  sets  of  vln. -sonatas  ;  2 
suites  de  pieces  f .  2  musettes  (op.  2)  ;  and  6  duos 
f.  2  musettes  (op.  3). 

Barbaco'la  (or  Barbarieu,  Barberau).  See 
Barbikeau. 

Barbadette,  Henri,  b.  1825  (?).  Author  of 
works  on  Beethoven,  Chopin,  Weber,  Schubert, 
Mendelssohn,  and  Stephen  Heller  (this  last  is 
publ.  in  English  also).  Contributor  of  biogr. 
articles  to  the  Paris  "  Menestrel."  Has  publ. 
pf.-pcs.  and  ensemble  works. 

Barbari'ni,  Manfredo  Lupi,  church-comp. 
of  the  16th  cent.;  some  motets  of  his  were  publ. 
under  the  name  of  "Lupi"  (no  uncommon 
pseudonym  at  the  time).      See  Lupi. 

Barbereau,  Maturin-Auguste-Balthasar, 
b.  Paris,  Nov.  14,  1799  ;  d.  there  July  18, 
1879.  Pupil  of  the  Cons.  (Reicha)  ;  took  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  (1824)  with  the  cantata  "Agnes 
Sorel"  ;  leader  at  Th.  des  Nouveautes  ;  con- 
ductor at  Th.  Francais.  In  1872,  prof,  of 
comp.  at  Cons.  ;  then  prof,  of  mus.  history,  a 
post  soon  resigned  to  E.  Gautier.  Publ.  2  in- 
complete works  :  "  Traite  theorique  et  pra- 
tique de  comp.  musicale  "  (1S45),  ar>d  "Etudes 
sur  l'origine  du  systeme  musical  "  (1S52). 

Barbier,  Frederic-Etienne,  b.  Metz,  Nov. 
15,  1S29  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1889.  Teacher, 
and  leader  at  the  Th.  International,  Paris. 
Composer  of  operas  ;  debut  at  Bourges  with  le 
mariage  de  Colombine  (1852),  after  which  he 
brought  out  over  30  operas,  mostly  in  one  act, 
and  light. 

Barbier,  Jules-Paul,  a  man  of  letters  and 
dramatist  ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  8,  1825  ;  joint  au- 
thor (with  Carre)  of  numerous  celebrated  opera- 


libretti  ;  Galathe"e,  music  by  V.  Masse ;  les 
noces  de  Jeannette,  music  by  V.  Masse  ;  Les 
Papillotes  de  M.  Benoist  (Reber)  ;  Les  Sabots 
de  la  Marquise  (Boulanger)  ;  Le  Roman  de  la 
Rose  (Pascal)  ;  Miss  Fauvette  (Y.  Masse)  ; 
l' Anneau  d'  argent  (Defies);  Deucalion  et  Pyr- 
rha  (Montfort)  ;  Le  Pardon  de  Ploermel  (Meyer- 
beer) ;  Faust  (Gounod)  ;  Philemon  et  Baucis 
(Gounod);  Romeo  et  Juliette  (Gounod);  Ham- 
let (Ambr.  Thomas)  ;  Polyeucte  (Gounod)  ; 
Francoise  de  Rimini  (Ambr.  Thomas).  His 
son,  Pierre  B.,  b.  Paris,  1S54,  is  likewise  a 
dramatist  and  librettist  [Le  Baiser  de  Suzon 
(Bemberg)  ;  Jehan  de  Sai litre'  (Erlanger)]. 

Barbie'ri,  Carlo  Emmanuele  di,  b.  Genoa, 
Oct.  22,  1822  ;  d.  Pesth,  Sept.  28,  1867.  Pupil 
of  Mercadante  and  Crescentini  ;  orch. -conduc- 
tor in  numerous  Ital.  theatres,  later  in  Vienna 
(1845),  Berlin  (1847),  Hamburg  (1851),  Rio  de 
Janeiro  (1853),  1856-62  in  Vienna  again,  then 
settling  in  Pesth  as  director  of  the  National 
Theatre. — Works  :  The  operas  Cristoforo  Co- 
lombo (Berlin,  1848),  Arabella  (Pesth,  1862), 
Nisida,  la  Perla  di  Procida  (1851),  Carlo  und 
Carlin  (1859),  Perdita,  ein  Wintermarchen 
(Leipzig,  1865,  and  in  many  other  German 
theatres)  ;  also  church-music,  pf.-pcs.,  and  Ger- 
man and  Italian  songs. 

Barbie'ri,  Francisco  Asenjo,  b.  Madrid, 
Aug.  3,  1823  ;  d.  there  Feb.,  1S94.  Famous  zar- 
zuelero  (composer  of  Spanish  operettas),  a  pupil 
of  the  Madrid  Cons.;  1S47,  secretary  of  the 
"  Zarzuela  Society";  his  first  zarzuela,  Gloria y 
peluca  (1850),  and  especially  the  second,  Jugar 
con  fuego,  gave  him  a  popularity  which  increased 
for  the  next  30  years,  during  which  he  produced 
over  60  operettas.  In  1868  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
harm,  and  history  at  the  Cons.  Also  comp. 
many  orchestral  works,  motets,  hymns,  songs, 
etc.,  and  wrote  musical  essays. 

Barbireau  (or  Barbiriau,  Barbarieu,  Bar- 
byrianus,  Barberau,  Barbingaut,  Barba- 
cola),  from  1448  choirmaster  of  Notre-Dame, 
Antwerp,  until  his  death  on  Aug.  8,  1491.  Cor- 
responded with  Rud.  Agricola,  is  quoted  by 
Tinctoris,  and  was  considered  a  high  authority. 
— Works  :  a  5-part  Mass,  "  Virgo  parens  Chris- 
ti  "  ;  a  4-p.  Mass,  "  Faulx  perverse";  a  4-p. 
Kyrie,  etc.  (in  MS.,  Imp.  Library,  Vienna). 

Barbot,  Joseph-Theodore-Desire,  tenor 
singer;  b. Toulouse,  Apr.  12,  1824  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan. 
1,  1897.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (Elwart,  Garcia)  ; 
eng.  1S48  at  the  Grand  Opera,  but  soon  left  it 
for  Italv,  where  he  sang  with  great  success  for 
many  years.  Created  role  of  "  Faust"  at  Th.- 
Lyrique,  March  19,  1S59.  In  1875,  prof,  of 
singing  in  Cons.,  succeeding  Mme.  Viardot. 

Bar'di,    Giovanni,    conte    del    Vernio,    a 

wealthy  and  cultivated  Florentine  nobleman  at 
the  end  of  the  16th  century.  At  his  house  the 
leading  men  of  letters  and  musicians  assembled, 
and  to  his  influence  was  due,  in  great  measure, 
the   quasi   revival   of    the  ancient   lyric   drama 


37 


BARGE— BARNEY 


(comp.  Peri,  Jacopo),  bearing  the  germs  of  mod- 
ern opera. 

Bar'ge  [-geh],  Johann  Heinrich  Wilhelm, 
b.  Wulfsahl,  Hanover,  Nov.  23,  1836.  A  self- 
taught  flute-player  ;  1853-60  in  a  Hanoverian 
regimental  band,  then  1st  flute  of  Detmold  court 
orch.,  and  from  1S67-95,  1st  flute  of  the  Leipzig 
Gewandhaus  Orch.,  retiring  on  pension  (suc- 
cessor, 2nd  flute  Schwedler,  who  was  succeeded 
as  2nd  flute  by  Fischer,  Barge's  pupil)  B.  still 
(1899)  retains  his  position  as  teacher  in  the  Leip- 
zig Cons. — Works  :  "  Method  for  Flute";  4  sets 
of  orchestral  flute-studies  ;  arrangements  for  flute 
of  classic  and  modern  compositions  ("  Samm- 
lung  beliebter  Stticke  f.  Fl.  u.  Pf."),  etc. 

Bargheer,  Karl  Louis,  violinist  ;  b.  Biicke- 
burg,  Dec.  31,  1S33  ;  pupil  of  Spohr  (1S48-50), 
when  he  became  leader  in  the  Detmold  court 
orch.;  st  later  with  David  and  Joachim.  1863, 
court  Kapellm.  at  Detmold,  making  numerous 
brilliant  concert-tours  ;  1S76-89,  leader  of  the 
Hamburg  Philh.  Soc. ,  and  teacher  in  the  Cons.; 
then  leader  in  the  Billow  orch. 

Bargheer,  Adolf,  brother  of  Karl  L.;  Spohr's 
last  pupil,  and  finished  by  Joachim  ;  b.  Bilcke- 
burg,  Oct.  21,  1840.  Court  musician  at  Det- 
mold ;  since  1866,  leader  and  first  violin-prof,  at 
the  Basel  School  of  Music. 

Bar'giel  [bar'ghe-el],  Woldemar,  b.  Berlin, 
Oct.  3,  1828  ;  d.  there  Feb.  23,  1897.  Pupil 
(1846)  of  Hauptmann,  Moscheles,  Gadeand  Rietz 
at  Leipzig  Cons. ;  for  some  years  a  private  teacher 
at  Berlin,  then  prof,  in  Cologne  Cons.;  1865, 
Director  of  the  Music  School  of  the  "  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Music"  at  Amsterdam,  and 
conductor  of  their  concerts  ;  from  1874,  prof,  at 
the  R.  Hochschule  at  Berlin  ;  1S75,  member  of 
the  senate  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  ;  1882,  Presi- 
dent of  the  "  Meisterschule  f.  musikalische  Kora- 
position."  He  occupied  a  high  place  among 
modern  German  instrumental  composers. — 
Works:  3  overtures  ("  Zu  einem  Trauerspiel  " 
[Romeo  and  Juliet],  op.  18  ;  "  Prometheus,"  op. 
16  ;   "  Medea,"  op.  22)  ;  symphony  in  C,  op.  30; 

3  Danses  brillantes  f.  orch.,  op.  24  ;  Intermezzo 
f.  orch.,  op.  46  ;  Psalm  96,  f .  double  ch.  a  cap- 
pella,  op.  33  ;  2  Psalms,  f.  ch.  and  orch.,  op. 
25,  26  ;  octet  f.  4  vlns.,  2  vlas.,  2  'celli,  op.  15a  ; 

4  string-quartets  (op.  47  is  No.  4)  ;  3  pf. -trios, 
op.  6,  20,  37  ;  Suite  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  op.  17  ; 
Adagio  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op.  38  ;  Sonata  f.  pf. 
and  vln.,  op.  10  ;  many  pf.-pcs. ,  part-songs. 

Barker,  Chas.  Spackmann,  noted  English 
organ-builder  ;  b.  Bath,  Oct.  10,  1806  ;  d.  Maid- 
stone, Nov.  26,  1879.  Est.  himself  at  Bath,  and 
invented  the  pneumatic  lever,  an  invention  of- 
fered unsuccessfully  to  several  English  builders, 
but  adopted  in  1S37  by  Cavaille-Col  of  Paris. 
Here  B.  took  charge  of  Daublaine  and  Callinet's 
factory  until  i860,  when  he  est.  the  firm  of  Bar- 
ker and  Verschneider,  which  built  several  cele- 
brated organs.  He  returned  to  London  in  1870. 
B.  also  invented  the  electric  action. 


Bar'mann,  Heinrich  Joseph,  famed  clari- 
nettist ;  b.  Potsdam,  Feb.  17,  1784  ;  d.  Munich, 
June  11,  1847.  He  made  brilliant  professional 
tours,  and  settled  in  Munich  as  court  musician — 
1st  clar.  in  court  orch.  He  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  Weber  and  Mendelssohn,  who  both 
wrote  various  clarinet-pieces  for  him. — He  com- 
posed about  90  works,  38  of  which  are  publ. 
(concertos,  fantasias,  quintets,  quartets,  varia- 
tions, sonatas,  duets,  etc.),  and  are  still  special 
favorites  with  clarinet-players.  His  brother 
Karl  (1 782-1842)  was  a  famous  bassoon-player. 

Bar'mann,  Karl  (Sen.),  son  of  Pleinr.  Jos. 
B.  ;  b.  Munich,  1S20;  d.  there  May  24,  1885  ; 
pupil  of  his  father,  whom  he  accompanied  on 
his  tours,  and  whose  fame  he  shared  ;  he  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  Munich  court  orch.  Wrote 
an  admirable  "  Method  for  Clarinet,"  with  a 
supplement,  "  Materialien  zur  weiteren  techni- 
schen  Ausbildung "  (Andre,  Offenbach).  His 
compositions  are  well  liked. 

Bar'mann  [Baermann],  Karl  (Jr.),  son  of 
the  preceding  ;  b.  Munich,  July  9,  1839  ;  pf.- 
pupil  of  Wanner  and  Wohlmuth,  later  of  Liszt  ; 
st.  comp.  with  Fr.  Lachner.  He  was  app. 
teacher  in  the  Munich  Cons.,  but  went  in  1881 
to  Boston,  Mass.,  where  he  enjoys  a  high  repu- 
tation as  pianist  and  pedagogue.  Has  written 
pf.-pcs.  (publ.  by  Andre,  at  Offenbach). 

Barnard,  Mrs.  Charles  (n/e  Alington),  an 

Engl,  song-writer  (pen-name  "  Claribel  ")  ;  b. 
Dec.  23,  1830  ;  d.  Dover,  Jan.  30,  1869.  Her 
numerous  songs  are  in  the  popular  vein,  and  are 
not  unpleasing.  She  has  also  publ.  vocal  quar- 
tets, trios,  and  duets,  and  pf.-pcs. 

Barnby,  Sir  Joseph,  conductor  of  marked 
ability,  fine  org.  and  comp.  ;  b.  York,  Engl., 
Aug.  12,  1S3S  ;  d. 
London,  Jan.  28, 
1896.  Of  musical 
family  ;  entered 
York  Minster  choir 
at  7,  at  10  taught 
the  other  boys,  at 
12  was  app.  or- 
ganist, at  15  music- 
master  at  a  school. 
In  1854  he  entered 
the  R.  A.  M.,  Lon- 
don ;  studied  under 
Ch.  Lucas  and 
Cipriani  Potter  ; 
held  in  succession 
post  of  organist  at  St.  Michael's,  St.  James 
the  Less,  to  the  Sacred  Harmonic  Soc,  and 
(1S62)  of  org.  and  choirmaster  at  St.  An- 
drew's. Organized  (1864)  Barnby's  Choir  (choral 
society),  with  five  annual  series  of  oratorio-con- 
certs. Organist  of  St.  Anne's,  1S71  ;  then  suc- 
ceeded Gounod  as  conductor  of  R.  Albert  Hall 
Choral  Soc,  raising  its  standard  of  performance 
to  a  very  high  level.  Conductor  of  the  Car- 
diff Festival,  1892  and   1895  ;  also  of  S.  Wales 


3S 


BARNEY— BARRY 


Festival.  In  1874  he  inaugurated  a  series  of 
daily  concerts  in  Albert  Hall,  which  were  not  a 
success.  Cond.  the  London  Mus.  Soc,  187S- 
86.  In  1875  he  was  app.  precentor  and  dir.  of 
mus.  at  Eton,  a  highly  important  and  influential 
position.  Elected,  Mar.  31,  1892,  Principal  of 
Guildhall  Sch.  of  Music.  Knighted  July,  1S92. 
Works  :  Rebekah,  a  sacred  idyll  (1870)  ;  Psalm 
97  (1883);  Service  (morn.,  noon,  eve.)  in  E; 
Magnificat  and  Nunc  dimittis  in  Ef),  f.  ch., 
org.,  and  orch.  (1881)  ;  Services,  Pieces,  Offer- 
tory Sentence  ;  Motet  "  King  all-glorious,"  f. 
soli.  6-part  ch.,  org.  and  orch.  ;  45  Anthems; 
250  Hymn-tunes  (compl.  coll.,  1S97)  ;  5  Trios 
f.  female  voices  ;  32  4-part  songs  ;  13  carols  ; 
19  songs  ;  organ-pcs.  ;  pf.-pcs. 

Barnby,  Robert,  alto  singer  ;  b.  York,  Eng- 
land, in  1821  ;  d.  London,  June  1,  1875.  Lay- 
vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey  abt.  1845  ;  Gentle- 
man of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1847. 

Bar'nett,  John,  b.  Bedford,  England,  July  1, 
1802  ;  d.  Cheltenham,  Apr.  17,  1890.  Pupil  of 
C.  E.  Horn,  Price,  and  Ries.  Brought  out 
his  first  operetta,  Before  Breakfast,  at  the 
Lyceum,  in  1825,  followed  by  many  small  pes., 
and  (1S34)  by  the  more  ambitious  opera  The 
Mountain  Sylph.  After  studying  in  Paris  and 
Frankfort,  he  brought  out  Fair  Rosamond  (Lon- 
don, 1S37),  and  Farinelli  (London,  183S)  ;  he 
settled  in  Cheltenham  in  1841  as  a  singing- 
teacher.  3  of  his  operas  have  never  been  per- 
formed. Besides  2  unfinished  oratorios  and  a 
symphony,  he  composed  2  string-quartets,  and 
many  part-songs  and  duets  ;  he  publ.  about 
4,000  detached  songs. 

Bar'nett,  John  Francis,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  London,  Oct.  16,  1S37.  Pf. -pupil 
of  Dr.  Wylde  (1849)  ;  won  Queen's  Scholarship 
at  R.  A.  M.  in  1850,  and  again  in  1852  ;  made 
his  pianistic  debut  at  the  New  Philh.  Concerts 
in  1853.  St.  1856-9  at  Leipzig  Cons.  (Mo- 
scheles,  Plaidy,  Hauptmann),  and  played  in  the 
Gewandhaus  in  i860.  Lived  at  home  as  teacher, 
concert-giver,  and  conductor;  1883,  app.  Prof. 
at  R.  Coll.  of  Mus. — Principal  works  :  An  orato- 
rio, The  Raising  of  Lazarus  (1876)  ;  several 
cantatas, —  The  Ancient  Mariner,  and  Paradise 
and  7 he  Peri  (Birmingham  Fest.,  1867  and  '70)  ; 
The  Good  Shepherd  (Brighton,  1876);  The 
Building  of  the  Ship  (Leeds,  1880);  The  Har- 
vest Festival  (Norwich,  1881)  ;  The  Wishing- 
bell,  etc.  ;— an  orchestral  piece,  The  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel  (Liverpool,  1874)  ;  symphony  in 
A  min.  ;  "  Ouverture  symphonique "  (1868); 
overture  to  Winter  s  Tale  (1S73)  !  pf. -concerto 
in  D  min.  ;  string-quintet, -quartet, -trio  ;  pf.- 
pcs.,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Bar'nett,  Joseph  Alfred,  tenor  vocalist ;  b. 
London,  June  15,  1S10  ;  d.  there  (?),  Apr.  29, 
1898.  A  composer  of  songs,  duets,  and  some 
good  sacred  music  ("  Exaudi  Deus,"  f.  ten. 
solo  ;   "  Ave  Maria,"  f.  quartet ;   "  Domine  sal- 


vum  fac,"  f.  ch.  and  soli);  also  gave  singing- 
lessons.      He  was  a  brother  of  John  Barnett 
Baron'  [-ron],  Ernst   Gottlieb,  b.   Breslau, 

Feb.  27,  1696  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  12,  I76o[Fetis]. 
Famous  lutenist  ;  court-player  at  Gotha,  in  1727, 
and  theorbist  to  the  Prussian  Crown  Prince 
(later  Friedrich  II.)  in  1734.  Wrote  "  Histo- 
risch-theoretische  u.  praktische  Untersuchung 
des  Instruments  der  Laute,  etc."  (1727)  ; 
an  Appendix  (on  the  lute)  to  Marpurg's  "  His- 
torisch-kritische  Beitrage,"  vol.  ii  ;  an  "  Ab- 
handlung  von  dem  Notensystem  der  Laute  und 
der  Theorbe  "  ;  and  some  minor  pamphlets. 
His  compositions  (concertos,  trios,  duets,  sona- 
tas, etc.)  are  unpublished. 

Barre  (or  Barra),  Leonard,  contrapuntist; 
b.  Limoges  ;  a  pupil  of  Willaert,  became  a 
singer  in  the  Papal  Chapel  (1537),  and  special 
envoy  in  the  Papal  musical  commission  sent  to 
the  Council  of  Trent  (1545).  Madrigals  and 
motets  by  him  are  still  extant. 

Barre,  Antoine,  madrigal-composer,  and 
from  1555-70  a  printer  at  Rome,  later  going  to 
Milan. 

Barret,  Apollon-Marie-Rose,  French  obo- 
ist ;  b.  1804  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  S,  1879  ;  pupil  of 
Yogt  in  Paris  Cons.  His  "  Complete  Method 
for  the  Oboe,"  with  supplementary  studies  and 
sonatas,  is  a  standard  work. 

Barrett,  John,  b.  1674  ;  d.  London,  1735 
(8?);  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Blow;  1710,  org.  at  St. 
Mary-at-Hill,  and  teacher  at  Christ's  Hospital, 
London.  Wrote  scenic  music,  entr'actes,  over- 
tures, popular  songs,  etc. 

Barrett,  William  Alexander,  English 
writer  and  lecturer  on  music;  b.  Hackney,  Mid- 
dlesex, Oct.  15,  1S36  ;  d.  London  (?),  Oct.  17, 
1891.  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon.,  1870.  Mus.  Ed.  of 
the  "Morning  Post"  (1869),  of  the  "  Globe  " 
(1874-5);  editor  of  "Monthly  Mus.  Record" 
(1877  and  1885),  and  of  the  "  Orchestra  and  the 
Choir"  (1S81)  ;  also  of  the  "  Musical  Times." 
Co-editor,  w.  Sir  John  Stainer,  of  a  "  Diet,  of 
Mus.  Terms"  (1S75  ;  3d  ed.,  1S8S).  Wrote 
monographs  on  "  English  Glee  and  Madrigal 
Writers"  (1877),  "  Balfe  :  His  Life  and  Work  " 
(1SS2)  ;  etc. — Composed  an  oratorio,  Christ  be- 
fore Pilate  (MS.),  madrigals,  and  anthems. 

Barrington,  Daines,  English  lawyer ;  b. 
London,  1727  ;  d.  there  Mar.  11,  1S00.  Wrote 
numerous  minor  essays  on  music  and  musicians 
— Crotch.  Mornington,  the  Wesleys  (father  and 
son),  Mozart  ; — "  Experiments  and  Observa- 
tions on  the  Singing  of  Birds  "  (London,  1773)  ; 
and  a  description  of  the  ancient  Welsh  Crwth 
and  Pib-corn. 

Barry,  Charles  Ainslie,  org.,  comp. ,  and  a 
writer  of  radical  tendency  ;  b.  London,  June  10, 
1830.  Pupil  of  Walmisley  ;  of  the  Cologne 
Cons. ;  and  (1856-7)  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles, 
Plaidy,  Richter).  Editor  of  "  Monthly  Mus. 
Record"  (1875-9);  contributor  to   the  "  Guar- 


39 


BARSANTI— BARTLETT 


dian,"  "  Athenreum,"  "  Mus.  World,"  etc. ;  1886, 
Sec.  of  the  Liszt  Scholarship.  Has  composed 
numerous  pf.-pcs.,  hymns,  songs,  etc.;  also  (in 
MS.)  a  symphony,  two  overtures,  and  a  march, 
f.  orch. ;  a  string-quartet  ;  and  cantatas. 

Barsan'ti,  Francesco,  b.  Lucca,  abt.  1690  ; 
d.  abt.  1760.  Flutist,  later  oboist,  at  Ital. 
Opera,  London  ;  lived  in  Scotland  for  a  time 
and  was  eng.  (1750)  as  viola-player  in  London. 
Publ.  "  A  Coll.  of  old  Scots  Tunes,  w.  the  Bass 
f.  Violoncello  or  Harpsichord  "  (Edinburgh, 
1742);  12  vln. -concertos,  6  flute-solos  w.  bass,  6 
sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  w.  bass,  6  antiphones  in  Pale- 
strina  style,  etc. 

Barsot'ti,  Tommaso  Gasparo  Fortunato, 
b.  Florence,  Sept.  4,  17S6  ;  d.  Apr.,  1868,  at 
Marseilles,  where  he  founded,  in  1821,  the  Free 
School  of  Music,  of  which  he  was  the  Director 
down  to  1852.  Publ.  a  Do  mine  salviim  fac 
regem  ;  a  "  Methode  de  Musique  "  (1828)  ;  pf.- 
variations  ;  and  nocturnes  f.  2  voices. 

Bar'tay,  Andreas,  Hungarian  composer;  b. 
Szeplak,  1798  ;  d.  Mayence,  Oct.  4,  1856.  In 
1838,  Director  of  the  National  Th.  at  Pesth  ; 
gave  concerts  in  Paris  (1848)  ;  afterwards  settled 
in  Hamburg. — Wrote  the  Hungarian  operas 
Aurelia,  Cse/,  and  The  Hungarians  in  Naples; 
the  oratorio  The  Storming  of  Of  en  ;  also  masses, 
ballets,  etc. 

Bar'tay,  Ede,  son  of  Andreas  B. ;  b.  Oct.  6, 
1825  ;  Director  of  the  National  Music  Academy, 
Pesth,  and  founder  of  the  Hungarian  pension- 
fund  for  musicians.  Has  written  an  overture, 
"  Pericles,"  and  other  works. 

Barth  [bart],  Christian  Samuel,  famous 
player  on  and  composer  for  the  oboe  ;  b. 
Glauchau,  Saxony,  1735  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  July 
8,  1809.  He  was  a  pupil  of  J.  S.  Bach  in  the 
Leipzig  Thomasschule,  and  oboist  successively 
in  orchestras  at  Rudolstadt,  Weimar,  Hanover, 
Kassel,  and  Copenhagen. — Works  :  Brilliant 
concertos  and  other  pes.  f.  oboe. 

Barth,  F.  Philipp  Karl  Anton,  son  of  pre- 
ceding; b.  Kassel,  about  1773  ;  succeeded  his 
father  at  Copenhagen  ;  publ.  collections  of  Dan- 
ish and  German  songs,  and  a  flute-concerto ; 
other  works  in  MS. 

Barth,  Joseph  Johann  August,  b.  Gross- 
lippen,  Bohemia,  Dec.  29,  1781.  From  abt. 
1S10-30,  tenor  concert-singer  in  Vienna,  and 
member  of  the  Imp.  choir. 

Barth,  Gustav,  son  of  Joseph  B. ;  b.  Vienna, 
Sept.  2,  1811  ;  d.  Frankfort,  May  12,  1897. 
Pianist,  conductor,  and  vocal  composer.  In 
1840,  he  married  Wilhelmine  Hasselt ;  1S43, 
conductor  of  the  Vienna  Male  Choral  Union  ; 
1858,  court  Kapellm.  at  Wiesbaden  ;  retired  to 
Frankfort  as  teacher  and  critic.  Wrote  songs, 
male  choruses,  etc. 

Barth,  Karl  Heinrich,  b.  Pillau,  Prussia, 
July  12,  1847  ;  taught  (1856-62),  by  L.  Stein- 
mann  in  Potsdam,  and  by  v.  Billow  (1862-4)  at 


Berlin  ;  also  by  Bronsart  and  Tausig.  1868,  app. 
teacher  at  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin  ;  1871,  at  R. 
Hochschule  f.  Musik.  Is  an  able  pianist, 
whose  concerts  in  Germany  and  England  have 
met  with  great  success.  The  trio  D.,  de  Ahna, 
and  Hausmann,  have  won  golden  opinions 
wherever  they  appeared.  B.  succeeded  v.  Bil- 
low as  cond.  of  the  Philh.  concerts  at  Hamburg. 

Barth,  Richard,  violin-virtuoso  (left-handed), 
Prof.  (Univ.  Music-Director)  at  Marburg,  till 
1894  ;  then  app.  Director  of  Hamburg  Philh. 
Concerts,  succeeding  v.  Bernuth. 

Bar'the,  Grat-Norbert,  dramatic  composer  ; 
born  Bayonne,  France,  June  7,  1828  ;  pupil  of 
Leborne  at  Paris  Cons. ;  won  the  Grand  prix 
de  Rome  (1S54)  with  the  cantata  Francesco 
da  Rimini. — Works  :  The  operas  Don  Carlos 
and  La  Fiancee  d'Abydos  (1865)  ;  an  oratorio, 
Judith;  etc. 

Bar'thel  [-tel],  Johann  Christian,  b.  Plau- 
en,  Saxony,  Apr.  19,  1776  ;  d.  Altenburg,  June 
10,  1831,  as  court  organist  (succeeding  Krebs). 
Composer  of  church-works  (an  Easter  cantata, 
a  coll.  of  104  psalms  f.  4  parts,  many  organ-pes., 
all  MS.),  and  pf.-pcs.  ("  Musikalische  Flora," 
18  dances  ;  and  12  waltzes — publ.). 

Barthelemon  {anglicd  Bartleman),  Fran- 
<;ois-Hippolyte,  talented  violinist  and  dramatic 
comp. ;  b.  Bordeaux,  July  27,  1741  ;  d.  London, 
July  20  (23?),  1808.  In  1765,  leader  in  the 
opera-orch.  at  London  ;  in  1770,  do.  at  Vaux- 
hall  Gardens  ;  eng.  in  Dublin,  1784. — Operas  : 
PtUopidas  (London,  1766)  ;  Le  Fleitve  Sea- 
ma  ndre  (Paris,  1768);  Le  Jitgement  de  Pdris 
(London,  1768)  ;  Le  Ceinture  enchante"  (ib.  ?)  ; 
The  Maid  of  the  Oaks  (ib.,  1774)  ;  Belphegor 
(ib.,  1778). — Also  wrote  concertos  f.  vln. ;  2  sets 
of  duos  f.  2  vlns.  ;  6  string-quartets  ;  studies  f. 
pf.  and  f.  org. ;   etc. 

Bartholomew,  William,  Engl,  violinist, 
writer  and  painter;  b.  London,  1793;  d.  there 
Aug.  18,  1867.  Intimate  friend  of  Mendelssohn, 
and  the  translator  into  English  of  the  libretti  to 
Antigone,  Athatie,  CEdipus,  Christus,  Elijah, 
Lamia  Sion,  Loreley,  Walpurgisnacht;  also  of 
Spohr'sf  essonda,  and  Costa's  Eli  and  N'aaman, 
etc. 

Bartlett,  Homer  Newton,  b.  Olive,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  28,  1845. 
Pianist,  organist, 
and  composer, 
precociously  de- 
veloped ;  pupil 
(1S61)  of  S.  B. 
Mills,  Max  Braun, 
Jacobsen,  and 
others.  Organist 
in  various  New 
York  churches  ; 
now  at  Madison 
Av.  Baptist  Ch. 
His  publ.  works 
include     a    sextet 


40 


'  BARTNANSKY— BASTON 


f.  strings  and  flute  ;  a  cantata,  The  L.ast  Chief- 
tain :  quartets,  anthems,  carols,  and  glees,  f- 
men's  and  women's  voices  ;  and  about  30  songs, 
and  60  pf.-pes.  In  MS.  he  has  the  3-act  opera 
La  Valliere  J  an  oratorio,  Samuel;  a  caprice, 
"Ignis  fatuus,"  and  2  marches  f.  orch. ;  a 
quartet  for  harp,  org.,  vln.,  and  'cello  ;  etc. 

Bartfian'sky.     See  Bortniansky. 

Bar'toli,  Padre  Erasmo,  b.  Gaeta,  1606  ; 
lived  as  "  Padre  Raimo  "  at  Naples,  where  he 
died  July  14,  1656  — MS.  works  (in  the  Ora- 
torian    Library)  :    Masses,    psalms,   and   motets. 

Bar'tolo,  Padre  Daniele,  learned  Jesuit  ;  b. 
Ferrara,  1608  ;  d.  Rome,  Jan.  13,  16S5  ;  wrote 
treatise  "  Del  suono,  de'  tremori  armonici  e  del- 
l'udito"   (Rome,  1679-81  ;  Bologna,  1680). 

Ba'selt,  Fritz  (Friedrich  Gustav  Otto), 
prolific  comp  ;  b.  Oels,  Silesia,  May  26,  1863. 
Pupil  of  Concertm,  Emil  Kohler,  Breslau,  and 
L.  Bussler,  Berlin.  Has  lived  in  turn  as  mu- 
sician, music-dealer,  composer,  teacher,  and 
cond.  in  Breslau,  Essen,  and  Nuremberg ; 
since  iSg4,  in  Frankfort-on-M.  as  director  of  the 
Philh.  Verein  (professional  concerts  w.  full 
orch.),  and  the  Frankf.  "  Sangervereinigung  " 
(abt.  1,200  voices). — Dramatic  works  :  3-act 
operetta  Der  Fiirst  von  Sevilla  (Nuremberg, 
18S8)  ;  3-act  operetta  Don  A/varo,  oder  der 
LLauptiuann  von  Zalamea  (Ansbach,  1892)  ;  1-act 
opera  Albrecht  Diirer  (Nuremberg,  1892)  ;  3-act 
operetta  Rene" und  Gaston  (Li'ibeck,  1893)  ;  i-act 
operetta  Der  So/in  des  Peliden  (Kassel,  1893)  ; 
3-act  "  Spieloper"  Die  A  nnaliese  (Kassel,  1896)  ; 
operetta  Die  Musketiere  im  Damenstift  (Kas- 
sel, 1896)  ;  i-act  operetta  Die  Circusfee  (Berlin, 
1897). — Besides  these,  he  has  written  nearly  100 
male  choruses,  mostly  a  cappe/ta,  many  of  which 
are  popular  ;  numerous  terzets,  duets,  songs  ; 
several  original  pes.  f.  orch  ,  strings,  vln.  and 
pf.,  etc.  ;  also  a  number  of  arrangements,  tran- 
scriptions, and  the  like. 

Base'vi,  Abramo,  writer  and  composer  ;  b. 
Leghorn,  Dec.  29,  1818  ;  d.  Florence,  Nov., 
1885.  Plis  2  operas,  Romilda  ed  Ezzelino 
(1840),  and  Enrico  Howard  (1S47),  being  coolly 
received,  he  founded  (184S  ?)  the  mus.  jour- 
nal "  Armonia "  (ceased  to  appear  in  1859); 
became  a  contributor  to  the  "  Boccherini  "  ;  also 
founded  (1859)  tne  "  Beethoven  Matinees  "  (now 
"  Societa.  del  Quartetto ").  He  published  a 
"Studio  sulle  opere  di  Giuseppe  Verdi  "  (1859)  ; 
"  Introduzione  ad  un  nuovosistema  d'  armonia" 
(1S62)  ;  "  Studi  sul  armonia"  (1865);  "  Com- 
pendio  della  storia  della  musica  "  (1865-6). 

Basil  (Saint)  the  Great,  b.  329  at  Coesarea, 
Cappadocia,  where  he  died  as  bishop  in  379. 
Reputed  to  have  introduced  congregational 
(antiphonal)  singing  into  the  Eastern  Ghurch, 
thus  being  the  forerunner  of  St.  Ambrose  in  the 
Western. 

Basi'li,  Francesco,  dramatic  and  sacred 
comp.;  b.  Loreto,  Feb.,  1766,  d.  Rome,  Mar. 
25,   1S50.     Pupil    of    his   father   [Andrea    B., 


1720-75],  later  of  Jannaconi  at  Rome.  M.  di 
capp.  at  Foligno,  Maeerata,  and  Loreto,  and  up 
to  1S24  brought  out  11  operas  and  several 
"  dramatic  oratorios  "  in  Rome,  Naples,  Flor- 
ence, Milan,  and  Venice.  App.  1827  censor  of 
Milan  Cons.;  in  1837,  m.  di  capp.  at  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Rome. — Wrote  psalms,  motets,  litanies,  a 
Miserere,  a  Magnificat,  a  Requiem  (for  janna- 
coni, 1816)  ;  symphonies,  pf. -sonatas,  songs, 
etc. 

Bassa'ni,  Giovanni,  m.  di  capp.  at  St. 
Mark's,  Venice,  abt.  1600.  2  vol.s  of  "  Con- 
certi  ecclesiastici  "  (1598,  '99),  and  1  of  4-p. 
"  Canzonette  "  (1587),  are  extant. 

Bassa'ni  (or  Bassiani),  Giovanni  Bat- 
tista,  excellent  violinist  and  comp.;  b.  Padua 
abt.  1657  ;  d.  Ferrara,  1716.  M .  di  capp.  at 
Bologna  and  Ferrara,  where  he  was  elected 
m.  di  c,  in  1703,  of  the  "  Accademia  della 
Morte." — Works  :  6  operas  ;  masses,  motets, 
psalms,  etc.  ;  sonatas  f.  vln. — Corelli  was  his 
pupil. 

Bassa'ni,  Geronimo,  b.  Padua,  late  in  the 
17th  century.  Pupil  of  Lotti  ;  a  fine  contra- 
puntist, singer,  singing-teacher  ;  produced  2 
operas  at  Venice,  Bertoldo  (1718),  and  Amor  per 
forza  (1721)  ;  also  wrote  masses,  motets,  and 
vespers. 

Basse'vi,   Giacomo.     See  Cervetto. 

Bassford,  William  Kipp,  pianist  and  organ- 
ist ;  b.  New  York,  April  23,  1S39.  Pupil  of 
Samuel  Jackson.  After  concert-tours  as  a  pian- 
ist through  the  U.  S.,  he  settled  in  N.  Y. ;  has 
been  organist  in  several  churches  (at  present  of 
Calvary  Ch.,  East  Orange,  N.  J.),  also  teaches 
pf.  and  composition. — Works  ;  Cassilda,  2-act 
opera  ;  mass  in  E\);  pf.-pes. ;  songs. 

Bas'si,  Luigi,  dramatic  baritone  ;  b.  Pesaro, 
1766  ;  d.  Dresden,  1825.  Sang  in  several  Ital- 
ian theatres  ;  from  1784  to  1806  in  Prague  ;  lived 
in  Vienna,  again  (1814)  in  Prague,  and  became 
director  of  the  Dresden  Opera.  Mozart  wrote 
the  part  of  Don  Giovanni  for  B. 

Bassiron,  Philippe,  Netherland  contrapunt- 
ist of  the  15th  century,  some  of  whose  masses 
are  given  by  O.  Petrucci  in  his  "  Missae  di  verso- 
rum  auctorum  "  (Venice,  1508). 

Bastardel'la.     See  Agujari. 

Bastiaans'fbas-te-ahns'],  J.  G.,  Dutch  comp. 
and  org.;  b.  Wilp,  1812  ;  d.  Haarlem,  Feb.  16, 
1875.  Pupil  of  Schneider  at  Dessau,  and  Men- 
delssohn at  Leipzig  ;  organist  at  the  "  Zuider- 
kerk,"  Amsterdam  ;  and  teacher  at  Blind  Inst. 
App.  in  1868  org.  of  the  great  organ  at  St. 
Bavo's,  Haarlem  (succ.  by  his  son,  Johann  ;  b. 
1854,  d.  1885).  Eminent  teacher.  Publ.  a  book 
of  chorals,  some  songs,  etc. 

Baston,  Josquin,  Netherland  contrapuntist, 
living  in  1556.  Motets  and  chansons  by  him  are 
found  in  many  coll.s  publ.  at  Antwerp,  Louvain, 
and  Augsburg  from  1542-61. 


4i 


BATCHELDER— BATTON 


Batch'elder,  John  C,  pianist  and  org.;  b. 
Topsham,  Vt.,  1852.  Pupil  for  4  years  of 
Haupt,  Ehrlich,  and  Loeschhorn,  at  Berlin. 
Teacher  of  org.  and  piano  in  Detroit  Cons. ;  org. 
of  St.  Paul's  Episc.  Ch.  Has  given  many  pub- 
lic organ-recitals. 

Bates,  Joah,  British  conductor  ;  b.  Halifax, 
Mar.  19,  1741  ;  d.  London,  June  8,  1799.  Pro- 
moter and  conductor  of  the  famous  "  Handel 
Commemoration  "  festivals  at  London  (1784,-5,- 
6,-7,  '91);  founder,  with  "other  amateurs,"  of 
the  "Concerts  of  Ancient  Music"  [not  Pe- 
pusch's]. — No  compositions  of  his  appear  to  be 
extant. 

Bates,  William,  English  comp.  of  the  18th 
cent.  (1720-1790?),  connected  with  the  Maryle- 
bone  and  Vauxhall  Gardens,  London. — Works  : 
Comic  opera  The  Jovial  Crew  (1760),  altered  to 
The  Ladies'  Frolic  (1770)  ;  opera  Pharnaces 
(1765)  ;  a  "  Mus.  prelude,"  The  Theatrical  Can- 
didates (1775)  ;  and  Flora,  or  Hob  in  the  Well 
(1768)  ;  also  canons,  glees,  catches  ;  vln. -sonatas  ; 
etc. 

Bateson,  Thomas,  b.  England  abt.  1575  ;  d. 
(?).  1599-1611,  org.  of  Chester  cathedral,  later 
of  Christ  Ch.  cathedral,  Lublin. — Mus.  Bac. 
(Dublin).  Wrote  "  A  Set  of  Madrigals  in  praise 
of  Queen  Elizabeth"  (1601)  ;  "First  Set  of 
Madrigals  "  (1604  ;  reprinted  1846)  ;  "  2nd  set  " 
(1618). 

Batiste,  Antoine-Edouard,  organist  ;  b. 
Paris,  Mar.  28,  1820  ;  d.  there  Nov.  9,  1S76. 
Pupil  (1828)  and  prof.  (1836)  at  Paris  Cons,  (har- 
mony, accomp.,  and  choral  classes).  Organist 
of  St  -Nicolas-des-Champs  (1842-54),  then  of  St.- 
Eustache.  He  composed  much  excellent  organ- 
music,  also  pf.-pes.  and  songs.  Edited  the 
official  "  Solfeges  du  Conservatoire"  (12  vol. s), 
and  publ.  a  "  Petit  Solfege  harmonique." 

Batistin.     See  Struck,  Joh.  Bapt. 

Baton,  Henri,  musette-player  ;  his  brother 
Charles  ("  Baton  le  jeune"),  a  performer  on  the 
vielle,  wrote  pieces  for  vielle  and  musette,  and  a 
"  Memoire  sur  la  vielle  en  D  la  re  "  ("  Mercure," 
1757). 

Bat'ta,  Pierre,  b.  Maastricht,  Holland,  Aug. 
8,  1795  ;  d.  Brussels,  Nov.  20,  1876,  as  solfeggio- 
teacher  at  the  Cons.  He  also  gave  'cello-lessons. 
He  had  3  sons  : 

Bat'ta,  Alexandre,  b.  Maastricht,  July  9, 
1816  ;  brilliant  'cellist,  pupil  of  Platel  in  Brussels 
Cons.;  settled  1835  in  Paris.  Made  very  suc- 
cessful concert-tours  on  the  Continent. — Works  : 
Many  melodious  pes.  and  transcriptions  f.  'cello 
w.  pf.-acc. 

Bat'ta,  Jean-Laurent,  b.  Maastricht,  Dec. 
30,  1 81 7;  d.  Nancy,  Jan.  (?),  1S80.  Piano-pupil 
of  Brussels  Cons.,  taking  1st  prize  in  1836. 
Lived  in  Paris,  and  from  1S48  in  Nancy  as  a 
music-teacher. 

Bat'ta,  Joseph,  b.  Maastricht,  Apr.  24,  1824. 
'Cellist  and  comp.;  pupil  of  Brussels  Consv  (2nd 


grand  prix  for  comp.  in  1S45)  ;  since  1846  in 
Paris,  as  an  orchestra-player  at  the  Opera- 
Comique.  Has  comp.  symphonies,  overtures, 
cantatas,  etc. 

Battaille,  Charles-Aimable,  dramatic  bass; 
b.  Nantes,  Sept.  30,  1822  ;  d.  Paris,  May  2,  1872. 
At  first  a  medical  student  ;  sang  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  Paris,  from  1S48-57,  when  a  throat- 
disorder  closed  his  public  career.  185 1 ,  prof,  of 
singing  at  the  Cons.  Publ.  an  extensive  Method 
of  Singing. 

Battanchon,  Felix,  eminent 'cellist  and  com- 
poser; b.  Paris,  Apr.  9,  1814  ;  d.  there  July,  1893. 
Pupil  of  Vaslin  and  Norblin  at  the  Paris  Cons.; 
from  1840,  member  of  Grand  Opera  orch.  In- 
vented (1 846),  and  vainly  tried  to  popularize,  a 
small  style  of  'cello,  called  "  Baryton." 

Batten,  Adrian,  English  comp.  and  org.;  b. 
abt.  1585  ;  d.  abt.  1637.  Vicar-choral  of  West- 
minster Abbey  in  1614,  and  of  St.  Paul's  in  1624, 
where  he  was  also  organist.  Wrote  church- 
services,  many  anthems,  and  other  sacred  music 
of  rather  mediocre  quality  ;  some  pes.  are  publ. 
in  "  Boyce's  Cathedral  Music,"  also  by  Novello. 

Battishill,  Jonathan,  b.  London,  May,  1738; 
d.  Islington,  Dec.  10,  1801.  A  chorister  (1747) 
in  St.  Paul's,  and  later  articled  to  W.  Savage, 
he  became  deputy-org.  (under  Boyce)  at  the 
Chapel  Royal,  and  afterwards  conductor  (cem- 
balist) at  Covent  Garden,  at  the  same  time  hold- 
ing the  post  of  organist  in  several  London 
parishes.  With  Arne  he  wrote  an  opera,  Almena, 
for  Drury  Lane  (1764)  ;  he  also  composed  a  pan- 
tomime, The  Files  of  Hecate,  in  that  year.  His 
many  anthems,  glees,  catches,  and  songs  were 
deservedly  popular. 

Battis'ta,  Vincenzo,  dramatic  composer  ;  b. 
Naples,  Oct.  5,  1S23  ;  d.  there  Nov.  14,  1S73. 
Pupil  of  the  Naples  Cons.  He  wrote  13  operas, 
11  of  which  were  produced  at  Naples,  between 
1844-69,  with  good  temporary  success,  but  now 
forgotten. 

Battisti'ni,  Mattia,  b.  Rome  (?),  Nov.  27, 
1857.  Renowned  dram,  baritone.  Debut  in 
L>onizetti's  La  Favorita  at  Rome,  Teatro  Argen- 
tina, 1878  ;  immediately  engaged  for  the  Ital. 
opera  in  Buenos  Ayres.  Has  sung  since  then  in 
Italian  on  all  principal  stages  in  Italy,  Spain, 
Portugal,  London  ;  also  (1893)  in  Berlin,  St. 
Petersburg,   etc. 

Battmann,  Jacques-Louis,  b. Maasmunster, 
Alsatia,  Aug.  25,  1818  ;  d.  Dijon,  July  5,  18S6. 
Organist  at  Belfort  (1840),  later  at  Vesoul. 
Wrote  pieces  and  etudes  f.  pf.  and  f.  org. ; 
masses,  motets,  choral  works  ;  an  Harmonium 
Method,  and  many  pieces  f.  harmonium  ;  a 
Piano  Method  ;  and  a  treatise  on  harmony, 
teaching  the  accomp.  of  Plain  Song. 

Batton,  Desire-Alexandre,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  2, 
1797;  d.  Versailles,  Oct.  15,  1855.  Pupil  of  the 
Cons.  (Cherubini)  ;  Grand  prix  de  Rome,  1816, 
for  his  cantata,  La  mort  d  'Adonis.     His  operas 


BATTU— BAYER 


La  fenitre  secrete  (1818),  Elhelvina  (1827),  Le 
prisonnier  d'etat  (1S28),  Le  champ  a'u  drapd'or 
(182S),  had  poor  success  ;  but  La  Marquise  de 
Brinvilliers  (1S32,  written  jointly  with  Auber, 
Herold,  and  others)  was  better  received.  In 
1842  he  wasapp.  Inspector  of  the  branch-schools 
of  the  Cons.,  and  teacher  of  a  vocal  class  in  1849. 

Battu,  Pantaleon,  b.  Paris,  1799;  d.  there 
Jan.  17,  1870.  Violinist,  pupil  of  the  Cons.  (R. 
Kreutzer)  ;  belonged  to  the  orchestra  of  the 
Opera  and  the  court  until  1830  ;  in  1846,  2nd 
chef  d'orchestre  at  the  Opera  ;  retired  1859. — 
Works  :  2  vln. -concertos  ;  3  duos  concertants  f. 
2  vlns. ;  "theme  vane "  f.  vln.  w.  orch. ;  ro- 
mances f.  vln.  w.  pf. 

Baudiot,  Charles-Nicolas,  b.  Nancy,  Mar. 
29i  1773  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  26,  1849.  'Cellist,  pu- 
pil of  Tanson  I'atne,  whom  he  succeeded,  in  1S02, 
as  'cello-prof,  at  the  Cons.  In  1816,  1st  'cellist 
in  the  royal  orch.;  pensioned  in  1832.  Publ.  a 
great  variety  of  chamber-music  f.  'cello,  and  2 
concertos,  2  concertinos,  etc.,  f.  ditto;  likewise 
many  arrangements.  Wrote  "  Methode  com- 
plete de  Violoncelle  "  (op.  25),  and  "  Instruction 
pour  les  compositeurs,"  a  guide  to  writers  for 
'cello.  With  Levasseur  and  Paillot  he  wrote  the 
'cello  method  used  at  the  Cons. 

Baudoin  (or  Baudouyn).    See  Bauldewijn. 

Bau'er,  Chrysostomus,  organ-builder  in 
Wi'trttemberg  early  in  the  18th  century.  In- 
vented the  single  large  bellows,  replacing  the 
set  of  small  ones  formerly  in  use. 

Bauldewijn  (or  Baulduin,  Baldewin,  Bal- 
duin,  Baudoin,  Baudouyn),  Noel  (Natalis), 
from  1513-18  maitre  de  chapelle  at  Notre-Dame, 
Antwerp,  where  he  died  in  1529.  Two  of  his 
motets  are  in  Petrucci's  "  Mottetti  della  Corona" 
(Venice,  15 19)  ;  others  in  other  collections  ;  also 
masses  in  MS.  at  Rome  and  Munich. 

Bau'mann,  Konrad.     See  Paumann. 

Baum'bach,  Friedrich  August,  composer 
and  writer  ;  b.  1753  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  30,  1813. 
From  1778-S9,  Kapellm.  at  Hamburg  opera  ; 
then  settled  in  Leipzig  as  a  composer. — Works  : 
Songs,  instr.-pes.  (for  harpsichord,  piano,  'cello, 
violin,  guitar,  etc.)  ;  also  wrote  the  mus.  articles 
for  the  "  Kurz  gefasstes  Llandworterbuch  iiber 
die  schonen  Kiinste  "  (Leipzig,  1794). 

Baum'bach,  Adolph,  b.  Germany,  1S30  (?) ; 
d.  Chicago,  1880.  Coming  to  America,  he  set- 
tled in  Boston  (1855)  ;  taught  piano  and  organ, 
and  publ.  instructive  pes.  f.  pf. ;  also  a  collection 
of  solo-quartets  f.  church-choirs. 

Baum'felder,  Friedrich,  b.  Dresden,  May 
28,  1836  ;  pianist,  and  comp.  of  brilliant  salon- 
music  ;  pupil  of  Julius  Otto,  later  of  the  Leip- 
zig Cons.  (Moscheles,  Wenzel,  Hauptmann). 
Has  also  publ.  etudes  ("  Tirocinium  musicae," 
op.  300)  ;  a  pf. -suite  (op.  101)  ;  a  pf. -sonata  (op. 
60)  ;  favorites  are  Confidence  (op.  48),  Rondo 
mignon  (op.  49),  and  Rococo  (op.  367). 


Baum'gart,  E.  Friedrich,  b.  Grossglogau, 

Jan  13,  1S17  ;  d.  Warmbrunn,  Sept.  14,  1871. 
University  Music-Director  at  Breslau,  and 
teacher  in  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music.  Edited 
K.  Ph.  E.  Bach's   "  Clavier-Sonaten." 

Baum'garten,  Gotthilf  von,  b.  Berlin,  Jan. 
12,  1741  ;  d.  Gross-Strehlitz,  Silesia,  in  1813. — 
Operas:  Zemire  und  Azor  (Breslau,  1775); 
Andromeda  [a  monodrama]  (ib.,  1776);  Das 
Grab  des  Mufti  (ib. ,  1778;  publ.  in  piano- 
score). 

Baum'garten,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Germany. 
1754  ;  d.  London,  1S24  ;  from  1780-94  he  was 
leader  of  the  Covent  Garden  opera-orch. — 
Works  :  Operas  and  pantomimes,  the  best- 
known  being  Robin  Hood  (London,  1786)  and 
Blue  Beard  (1792). 

Baum'gartner,  Wilhelm  [Guillaume],  b. 
1820  ;  d.  Zurich,  March,  1867.  Vocal  composer 
and  Music-director  at  St.  Gallen. 

Baum'gartner,  August,  b.  Munich,  Nov. 
9,  1S14  ;  d.  there  Sept.  29,  1862.  Choirmaster 
at  Ch.  of  St.  Anna,  Munich.  He  publ.  papers 
on  "  mus.  shorthand  "  in  the  "  Stenographische 
Zeitschrift  "  (1852);  a  "  Kurz  gefasste  Anleitung 
zur  musikalischen  Stenographic  oder  Tonzei- 
chenkunst  "  (1S53)  ;  and  a  "  Kurz  gefasste  Ge- 
schichte  der  musikal.  Notation  "  (1S56).  Com- 
posed an  instr.  Mass  ;  a  Requiem  ;  Psalms  ; 
also  pf.-pes.,  choruses,  etc. 

Baum'ker,  Wilhelm,  b.  Elberfeld,  Oct.  25, 
1842  ;  chaplain  and  school-inspector  at  Nie- 
derkriichten  ;  a  contributor  to  the  "  Allgem. 
deutsche  Biographie,"  the  "  Monatshefte  fiir 
Musikgeschichte,"  etc.;  author  of  "  Paliistrina, 
ein  Beitrag,  etc."  (1877),  "  Orlandus  di  Lassus, 
ein  historisches  Bildniss "  (1S78),  "Zur  Ge- 
schichte  d.  Tonkunst  in  Deutschland  "  (1SS1), 
"Der  Todtentanz "  (1SS1),  and  "Das 
katholische  deutsche  Kirchenlied  in  seinen 
Singweisen  von  den  fruhesten  Zeiten  bis  gegen 
Ende  des  17.  Jahrhunderts"  (18S3-1S91,  being 
vol.s  2  and  3  of  the  work  begun  [1862  ;  in  re- 
vised edition,  1886]  by  K.  S.  Meister)  ;  also 
"  Niederlandische  geistliche  Lieder  nebst  ihren 
Singweisen  aus  Handschriften  des  15.  Jahrh." 
(1888),  and  "  Ein  deutsches  geistliches  Lieder- 
buch  "  (melodies  from  the  15th  century;  Leipzig, 
1896). 

Bausch,  Ludwig  Christian  August,  b. 
Naumburg,  Jan.  15,  1S05  ;  d.  Leipzig,  May  26, 
1871.  Celebrated  maker  and  repairer  of  vio- 
lins and  bows  ;  est.  first  (iS26)in  Dresden,  then 
Dessau  (1S28),  Leipzig  (1S39).  Wiesbaden  (1862), 
Leipzig  (1863).  His  son  Ludwig  (b.  1829,  d. 
Leipzig,  Apr.  7,  1871)  lived  long  in  New  York, 
afterwards  setting  up  for  himself  at  Leipzig. 
Otto,  a  younger  son  (1841-1874),  inherited  the 
business,  which  is  now  run  by  A.  Paulus  at 
Markneukirchen. 

Bay'er,  Josef,  Austrian  violinist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  about  1851.     In  1S71,   2nd  violin  in 


43 


BAZIN— BEAUCHAMPS 


Court  Opera,  Vienna  ;  in  18S2  he  succeeded 
Doppler  as  Ballet-Director.  A  prolific  writer 
of  light  stage-music. — Works  :  Operetta  Der 
schone  Kaspar  (Munich,  1SS9)  ;  i-act  ballet 
Sonne  und  Erde  (Vienna,  1S89)  ;  ballet  Rouge 
et  noir  (ibid.,  1891) ;  i-act  pantomime  Der 
Kinder  Weihnachtstraum  (Munich,  1S91)  ; 
"  Oesterreichische  Marsche"  (Briinn,  1S91  ;  as 
"  Deutsche  Marsche"  at  Hanover,  1S91);  ballet 
Die  Welt  in  Bild  und  Tanz  (Berlin,  1S92)  ;  do. 
Die  Donaunixe  (Vienna,  1S92)  ;  do.  Columbia 
(Berlin,  1893);  do.  Rund  tun  Wien  (Vienna, 
U«)4);  do.  Olga  (Vienna,  1896);  operetta- Meister 
Menelaus  (Vienna,  1896) ;  4-act  ballet  Die  Braut 
von  Korea  (ibid.,  1897) ;  and  others. 

Bazin,  Frangois-Emanuel-Joseph,  b.  Mar- 
seilles, Sept.  4,  1816  ;  d.  Paris,  July  4,  1878. 
St.  at  Paris  Cons. ;  prix  de  Rome,  1840  ;  prof. 
of  singing,  1844,  later  of  harmony  ;  prof,  of 
comp.,  1871,  succeeding  Ambr.  Thomas;  mem- 
ber of  the  Academie,  1872,  succeeding  Carafa. 
— Works  :  9  operas,  no  longer  performed  ;  also 
a  "  Cours  d'harmonie  theorique  et  pratique," 
adopted  at  the  Cons. 

Bazzi'ni,  Antonio,  b.  Brescia,  Mar.  11, 
1818  ;  d.  Milan,  Feb.  10,  1897.  Violin-pupil  of 
Faustino  Camisani  ;  at  17,  in.  di  eapp.  of  the 
Ch.  of  S.  Filippo,  for  which  he  wrote  masses  and 
vespers,  besides  bringing  out  6  oratorios  w.  full 
orch.  Played  1836  before  Paganini,  and,  follow- 
ing his  advice  to  travel,  went  in  1837  to  Milan, 
and  gave  successful  concerts.  1840-46  his  tours 
extended  to  Venice,  Trieste,  Dresden,  Berlin, 
Copenhagen,  Warsaw,  and  finally  Leipzig,  where 
he  stayed  some  time,  an  enthusiastic  student  of 
Bach  and  Beethoven.  Travelled  through  Italy, 
then  (1848)  Spain  and  (1852)  France,  giving  some 
20  concerts  in  Paris  ;  he  also  went  to  England, 
but  1S64  returned  to  Brescia,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  composition.  1S73,  app.  prof,  of  comp. 
in,  and  in  1882  Director  of,  Milan  Cons.  In  his 
numerous  comp.s  the  exuberance  of  Italian 
melody  is  wedded  to  a  harmony  of  German  depth 
and  richness,  giving  him  a  unique  place  in  the 
annals  of  Italian  music. — Works  :  Opera  Tu- 
runda (Milan,  1867,  unsucc.)  ;  symphonic  poem 
Francesco,  da  Rimini  (1890)  ;  overtures  to  Al- 
fieri's  Saill  and  Shakespeare's  Lear;  symphonic 
cantata  Senacheribbo;  cantata  La  Risurrezione 
di  Cristo;  Psalms  LI  and  LVI  ;  concertos  f. 
vln.  w.  orch.;  5  string-quartets  and  1  string- 
quintet  (considered  his  finest  work)  ;  many  arr. 
and  orig.  pes.  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  songs,  etc. 

Bazzi'no,    Francesco    Maria,    b.    Lovere 

(Bergamo),  in  1593  ;  d.  Bergamo,  Apr.  15,  1660. 
Virtuoso  on  the  theorbo,  for  which  he  wrote 
pieces  ;  also  comp.  an  oratorio,  canzonette,  etc. 

Bazzi'no,  Natale,  b  (?),  d.  1639.  Publ. 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  etc. 

Be,  Guillaume  le.     See  Le  Be. 

Beach,  Mrs.  H.  H.  A.  (maiden-name  Amy 
Marcy   Cheney),    b.  Ilenniker,   N.  II.,   Sept. 


11,3  songs 


5,  1S67.  (lifted  composer,  residing  (1899)  in 
Boston,  Mass.  St.  with  E.  Perabo  and  K.  Baer- 
mann  (pf.),  and  Junius  W.  Hill  (harmony)  ; 
wholly  self-taught  in  cpt.,  comp.,  and  orchestra- 
tion. Mrs.  Beach  is  a  concert-pianist  ;  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Councillors  of  the  N.  E. 
Cons.;  and  Honorary  Corr.  Sec.  of  the  N.  Y. 
Manuscript  Soc. — 
Works:  Op.  1,  4 
songs  ,  2,  3  songs  ; 
3,  Cadenza  to  Beet- 
hoven's C  minor 
Concerto  f .  pf . ;  4, 
Valse  Caprice  f.  pf. ; 

5,  Mass    in    Eji  f. 
soli,   ch.,  and  orch.; 

6,  Ballade  in  D\) 
f.  pf.;  7,  "  O  praise 
the  Lord,"  f.  mi-xed 
chorus  ;  S,  3  sacred 
choruses  (mixed 
voices)  ;  9,  "  Little 
brown  bee,"  female 
quartet  ;  10,  3  "  Songs  of  the  Sea  ' 
(Burns)  [in  Song-Album]  ;  12,  "  My  luve  is  like 
a  red,  red  rose  ";  13,  "  Hymn  of  trust";  14,  4 
songs  [in  Song-Album]  ;  15,  4  Sketches  f.  pf. ; 
16,  "  The  Minstrel  and  the  King,"  f.  ten.  and 
bar.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.;  17,  Festival  Jubi- 
late, f.  mixed  ch. ;  18,  "Wandering  clouds," 
scena  and  aria  ;  19,  3  songs  ;  20,  "  Across  the 
world,"  song  ;  21,  3  songs  ;  22,  "  Bal  masque  " 
f.  pf. ;  23,  Romance  f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  24,  "  Bethle- 
hem," Xmas  anthem  ;  25,  "  Children's  Carnival," 
6  pes.  f.  pf. ;  26,  4  songs  ;  27,  "  Alleluia  !  Christ 
is  risen,"  anthem  ;  28,  3  pes.  f.  pf. ;  29,  4  songs  ; 
30,  "  The  Rose  of  Avontown,"  ballad  f.  sopr. 
solo  and  female  ch.;  31,  3  Flower-songs,  f. 
female  ch.;  32,  "  Gaelic"  symphony  in  E  min., 
f.  full  orch.;  33,  "Teach  me  thy  way,"  anthem  ; 
34,  Sonata  f .  pf.  and  vln.  in  A  min.  (MS.)  ;  35,  4 
German  songs  ;  36,  Children's  Album,  No.  1  (5 
pes.  f.  pf.) ;  37,  3  Shakespeare  songs  ;  3S, 
Christmas  anthem  ;  39,  3  part-songs  f.  female 
ch. ;  40,  3  pes.  f.  vln.  and  pf. 

Beale,  William,  b.  Landrake,  Cornwall,  Jan. 
1,  1784  ;  d.  London,  May  3,  1S54.  Famous  glee- 
and  madrigal-composer  ;  pupil  of  Dr.  Arnold 
and  R.  Cooke  ;  from  1813-54,  music-teacher  in 
London. — Collection  of  3-,  4-,  and  5-part  madri- 
gals (18 1 5)  ;  of  Glees  and  Madrigals  (1S20)  ; 
prize  madrigal  "  Awake,  sweet  Muse"  (1813)  ; 
and  many  other  detached  numbers. 

Beale,  Thos.  Willert,  b.  London,  1828.  A 
lawyer  by  profession,  but  st.  music  under  Roeckel, 
Flowers,  and  Pugni,  and  was  co-founder  of  the 
New  Philh.  Soc. — Operettas  :  An  Raster  Egg  ; 
Matrimonial  News.  Also  part-songs,  songs, 
and  pf. -music. 

Beauchamps,  Pierre-Fran^ois-Godard  de, 
b.  Paris  abt.  16S9  ;  d.  there  1761.  Wrote 
"  Recherches  sur  les  theatres  de  France,  depuis 
1161  jusqu'a  present"  (3  vol.s;  Paris,  1735)  ;  and 
"  Bibliotheque  des  theatres"  (1746),  describing 


44 


BEAULIEU— BECK 


the  operas  and  other  stage-pieces  which  had  been 
produced,  with  notes  on  the  authors,  musicians, 
and  actors. 

Beaulieu  [properly  Martin],  Marie-Desire, 
French  composer  and  author  ;  b.  Paris,  Apr.  n, 
1791  ;  d.  Niort,  Dec,  1S63.  Promoter  of  the 
grand  "  Association  musicale  de  l'Ouest,"  to 
which  he  bequeathed  100,000  francs  ;  founder  of 
the  Paris  society  for  classical  music.  Volumin- 
ous comp. :  Operas  Anacrdon,  Philadelphie;  lyric 
scenes  Jeanne  d' Arc,  Psyche  ft  V  Amour;  ora- 
torios V Hymne  dn  matin,  I'Hymne  de  la  unit, 
I 'Immortality  de  I  'dme;  masses,  hymns,  songs, 
pes.  for  orch.,  violin-fantasias,  etc.  lie  also 
wrote  :  "  Du  Rythme,  des  effets  qu'il  produit 
et  de  leurs  causes"  (1852)  ;  "  Memoire  sur  ce 
qui  reste  de  la  musique  de  l'ancienne  Grece  dans 
les  premiers  chants  de  l'Eglise  "  ;  "  Memoire  sur 
le  caractere  que  doit  avoir  la  musique  d'Eglise 
."  (1S5S)  ;  "  Memoire  sur  quelques  airs 
nationaux  qui  sont  dans  la  tonalite  gregorienne  " 
(1858)  ;  "  Memoire  sur  Forigine  de  la  musique  " 
(1S59). 

Beaumarchais,  Pierre  -  Augustin  -  Caron 
de,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1732;  d.  there  May  19, 
1799.  A  brilliant  dramatist  and  poet,  from 
whose  comedies,  Le  Barbier  de  Seville  and  Le 
Mariage  de  Figaro,  were  drawn  the  libretti  of 
Rossini's  and  Mozart's  famous  operas. 

Beauquier,  Charles,  French  writer,  b.  abt. 
1830.  Wrote  "  Philosophic  de  musique"  (1865), 
and  the  libretto  of  Lalo's  Fiesque.  Long  a  con- 
tributor to  the  "  Revue  et  Gazette  Musicale." 

BeccatelTi,  Giovanni  Francesco,  Floren- 
tine writer;  d.  1734.  De  was  m.  di  eapp.  at 
Prato  ;  publ.,  in  the  "  Giornale  dei  letterati 
d'ltalia"  (33rd  year,  3rd  Supplement),  a  number 
of  papers  on  music  ;  others  (praised  by  Padre 
Martini)  are  in  MS. 

Bech'er,  Alfred  Julius,  b.  Manchester, 
England,  Apr.  27,  1803;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  23, 
1848.  St  at  Heidelberg,  Berlin,  etc.;  1840, 
teacher  of  harm,  at  R.  A.  M.,  London,  but  re- 
moved to  Vienna,  where  he  edited  the  revolu- 
tionary paper,  "  Der  Radikale,"  and  where  he 
was  shot,  after  trial  by  court-martial,  for  sedi- 
tion.— Works  :  A  symphony  ;  string-quartets  ; 
pf.-pes. ;  and  songs  (many  printed);  miscella- 
neous writings  ;  and  2  pamphlets,  "  Das 
niederrheinische  Musikfest,  aesthetisch  u.  his- 
torisch  betrachtet  "  (1836),  and  "Jenny  Lind  : 
eine  Skizze  ihres  Lebens  "  (1S47). 

Bech'er,  Joseph,  b.  Neukirchen,  Bavaria, 
Aug.  1,  1 82 1.  Composer  of  over  60  masses, 
and  much  other  sacred  music. 

Bech'stein,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Karl, 
pianoforte  -  maker  ;  b.  Gotha,  June  1,  1826. 
Worked  in  German  factories,  also  with  Pape  and 
Kriigelstein,  London  ;  set  up  for  himself  in 
Berlin  in  1856,  and  has  now  one  of  the  largest 
and  best-known  factories  on   the  Continent,  em- 


ploying over  500  workmen,  and  turning  out 
2,600  pianos  yearly  (in  1S90). 

Beck,  David,  organ-builder  at  Halberstadt, 
Germany,  abt.  1590.  The  organs  at  Grimingen 
(1592-6),  and  in  St.  Martin's  ch.,  Halberstadt, 
are  his  work. 

Beck,  Reichardt  Karl,  living  in  Strassburg 

abt.  1650,  publ.  (1654)  a  book  of  sarabands, 
courants,  allemandes,  ballets,  etc.,  f.  2  vlns.  and 
harp. 

Beck,  Johann  Philipp,  edited  a  book  of 
dance-music  f.  viola  da  gamba  (1677). 

Beck,  Michael,  b.  Jan.  24,  1653,  at  Ulm, 
and  prof,  there  of  theology,  etc. ;  publ.  a  treatise 
"  liber  die  musikalische  Bedeutung  der  hebrai- 
schen  Accente  "  (1678,  1701). 

Beck,  Gottfried  Joseph,  b.  Podiebrad, 
Bohemia,  Nov.  15,  1723;  d.  Prague,  Apr.  8, 
1787  I  organist,  Dominican  friar  (later  Pro- 
vincial), and  prof,  of  philos.  at  Prague.  Wrote 
church-music  and  instr.  comp.s. 

Beck,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  abt.  1755  ; 
lived  in  Kirchheim.  Publ.  (1789-94)  concertos, 
sonatas,  variations,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Beck,  Franz,  b.  Mannheim,  1730;  d.  Bor- 
deaux, Dec.  31,  1809.  Violinist,  and  a  favorite 
of  the  Prince  Palatine  ;  a  fatal  duel  caused  his 
flight  to  Paris,  whence  he  went  to  Bordeaux  in 
1777,  and  became  concert-director  in  1780. — 
Works  :  24  symphonies  ;  violin  -  quartets  ; 
pf.-sonatas  ;  church-music. 

Beck,  Friedrich  Adolph,  publ.  (Berlin, 
1S25)  "Dr.  M.  Luther's  Gedanken  uber  die 
Musik." 

Beck,  Karl,  the  "creator"  of  the  role  of 
Lohengrin  at  Weimar,  Aug.  28,  1850  ;  b.  1S14; 
d.  Vienna,  Mar.  3,  1S79. 

Beck,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  Testh,  May  5, 
182S;  d.  Vienna  (?),  July  (?),  1893.  Dramatic 
baritone,  and  fine  actor  of  great  versatility  ; 
voice  "discovered"  at  Pesth,  where  he  first 
sang  ;  debut  at  Vienna  procured  eng.  at  Frank- 
fort ;  he  also  sang  in  Hamburg,  Bremen, 
Cologne,  Dusseldorf,  Mayence,  Wi'irzburg  ;  re- 
visited Vienna,  1853,  and  sang  in  Court  Opera 
till  retirement  on  pension  (1885).  He  died  in- 
sane.— Roles  :  Tell,  Don  Giovanni,  Alfonso, 
Hans  Sachs,  Alberich,  etc. 

Beck,  Joseph,  son  of  preceding ;  b.  June  n, 
1850  ;  fine  baritone,  singing  in  Austria,  Berlin 
(1S76),  and  Frankfort  (1SS0). 

Beck,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  Sept.  12,  1856.  Violinist  ;  pupil  (1879- 
82)  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Reinecke,  Jadassohn, 
Hermann,  etc.).  Settled  in  Cleveland  ;  founder 
of  the  "Schubert  Quartet." — Works:  Over- 
tures to  Byron's  Lara,  and  to  Romeo  and  Juliet; 
string-sextet  (1)  min.)  ;  string-quartet  (C  rain.)  ; 
cantata  Deukalion  [Bayard  Taylor]  ;  violin- 
music,  songs. 


45 


BFCKE— BECKMANN 


Becke,  Johann  Baptist,  b.  Nuremberg, 
Aug.  24,  1743  ;  court-musician  at  Munich  in 
1766.  Excellent  flutist  ;  publ.  concertos  for 
flute. 

Beck'el,  James  Cox,  b.  Philadelphia,  Dec. 
20,  1811.  From  1824-32,  org.  of  St.  James' P. 
E.  ch.,  Lancaster,  Pa.  Occupied  several  simi- 
lar positions  in  Phila. ,  the  last  being  the  Clin- 
ton St.  ch.  (1875-91).  Pupil,  in  Phila.  "Amer- 
ican Cons,  of  Music,"  of  Filippo  Trajetta 
(Traetta).  Now  music-publisher  in  Phila., 
and  Managing  Editor  of  "The  Musical  Clip- 
per."— Works:  Cantatas  ( The  Nativity,  The 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  etc.);  many  small  pf.-pes. ; 
songs,  etc. 

Beck'er,  Dietrich,  author  of  "  Sonaten  fur 
eine  Violine,  eine  Viola  di  Oamba,  und  Gene- 
ralbass  iiber  Chorallieder "  (Hamburg,  1668), 
and  "  Musikalische  Fruhlingsfri'ichte"  (3-  to  5-p. 
instr.  pes.  w.  continuo). 

Beck'er,  Johann,  b.  Ilelsa,  n.  Kassel, 
Sept.  1,  1726;  d.  1803.  Court  org.  at  Kassel. 
Publ.  a  book  of  chorals. 

Beck'er,  Karl  Ferdinand,  b.  Leipzig,  July 
17,  1804  ;  d.  there  Oct.  26,  1877.  Organist  at 
St.  Peter's.  Leipzig  (1825),  of  St.  Nicholas' 
(1837)  ;  organ-teacher  at  Cons.  (1S43)  ;  retired 
1S56.  He  revised  Forkel's  "  Systematisch- 
chronologische  Darstellung  d.  Musiklitteratur  " 
(1836;  Suppl.,  1839);  and  wrote  "Die  Haus- 
musik  in  Deutschland  im  16.,  17.  u.  iS.  Jahrh." 
(1840),  "  Die  Tonwerke  des  16.  u.  17.  Jahrh.," 
etc.  Publ.  pes.  f .  pf.  and  org. ;  also  choral- 
books.  He  gave  his  library,  containing  valu- 
able theoretical  works,  to  the  city  of  Leipzig 
("  Beckers  Stiftung  "). 

Beck'er,  Konstantin  Julius,  b.  Freiberg, 
Saxony,  Feb.  3,  1811;  d.  Oberlossnitz,  Feb. 
26,  1859.  Pupil  of  Anacker  (singing)  and  of 
Karl  Ferd.  Becker  (comp.).  1837-46,  editor 
of  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  f.  Musik";  1843-6, 
also  teacher  in  Dresden. — Works  :  Opera  Die 
Erstiirmung  von  Belgrad  (Leipzig,  1848);  1 
symphony  ;  a  rhapsody,  Das  Zigeuntrleben  ; 
duets,  songs,  etc.;  also  a  "  Mannergesang- 
schule  "  (1845),  and  a  "  Harmonielehre  fur 
Dilettanten  "  (1844). 

Beck'er,  Valentin  Eduard,  b.  Wilrzburg, 
Nov.  20,  1814;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  25,  1890.  Com- 
poser of  popular  male  choruses  ;  2  operas,  Die 
Bergknappen  and  Der  Deserteur  ;  masses  ;  a 
quintet  f.  clar.  and  strings  ;  and  other  instr. 
works. 

Beck'er,  Georg,  b.  Frankenthal,  Palatinate, 
June  24,  1S24  ;  pianist,  composer  and  writer  ; 
a  pupil  of  Kuhn  and  Prudent.  He  resides  at 
Geneva,  and  has  publ.  "  La  Musiqueen  Suisse" 
(1874),  "  Apercu  sur  la  chanson  francaise " 
[from  the  nth-i7th  century],  "Pygmalion  de 
J.  J.  Rousseau,"  "  Les  projets  de  notation  musi- 
cale  du  XIXe  siecle,"  "La  Musique  a.  Geneve 
depuis  50  ans,"  "  Eustorg  de  Beaulieu,"  "  Guil- 


laume  de  Gueroult,"  etc.  Edits  the  "Ques- 
tionnaire de^  l'Association  inlernationale  des 
Musiciens  -  Ecrivains ";  contributor  to  the 
"  Monatshefte  f.  Musikgeschichte,"  etc.  Has 
publ.  pf. -pes.,  and  songs. 

Beck'er,  Albert  Ernst  Anton,  highly 
gifted  composer  ;  b.  Quedlinburg,  June  13, 
1834;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  10,  1899.  St.  at  Qued- 
linburg under  BiJnicke,  and  at  Berlin  under 
Dehn  (1853-6)  ;  1881,  teacher  of  comp.  at 
Scharwenka's  Cons. ;  also  conductor  of  Berlin 
cathedral  choir.  His  symphony  in  G  min.,  a 
grand  mass  in  B  \)  min.  (1878),  and  the  oratorio 
Selig  aits  Giiade  (op.  61),  have  attracted  general 
notice  ;  other  works  of  importance  are  :  Op.  4, 
songs  ;  op.  13,  5  songs  from  Wolff's  "  Ralten- 
fjinger";  op.  14,  5  songs  from  Wolff's  "  Wilder 
Jager";  op.  15,  songs;  op.  32,  No.  1,  147th 
Psalm  f.  double  ch.  a  cappella  ;  op.  47,  Ballade 
(A  min.)  and  Scherzo  (B  min.)  f.  pf. ;  op.  48,  5 
songs  ;  op.  49,  pf. -quintet. ;  op.  50,  Cantata  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch. ;  op.  51,  Sacred  songs,  w.  pf. - 
accomp. ;  op.  52,  Fantasy  and  fugue  f.  organ; 
op.  66,  Concertstiick  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  op.  70, 
Adagio  in  E,  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  op.  73,  Cantata 
Herr,  wie  /ange,  f.  soli,  ch.,  orch.,  and  org.;  op. 
81,  Adagio  f.  'cello  and  org.;  op.  85,  Psalm 
104,  f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch.;  op.  86,  Adagio 
(No.  6)  in  A  min.,  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  opera 
Loreley{MS.,  1897). 

Beck'er,  Jean,  distinguished  violinist  ;  b. 
Mannheim,  May  11,  1833;  d.  there  Oct.  10, 
1884.  Pupil  of  Kettenus,  and  Vincenz  Lach- 
ner  ;  leader  in  Mannheim  orch.,  but  resigned  in 
1S58,  and,  after  brilliant  concert-tours,  settled 
(1S66)  in  Florence,  and  established  the  renowned 
"Florentine  Quartet"  (2nd  vln.,  Masi  ;  viola, 
Chiostri  ;  'cello,  Hilpert,  replaced  1S75  by 
Spitzer-Hegyesi),  dissolved  in  1880.  After 
this  he  made  successful  tours  with  his  children  : 
(1)  his  daughter  Jeanne  (b.  Mannheim,  June 
9,  1859),  a  gifted  pianist,  pupil  of  Keinecke 
and  Bargiel  :  (2)  Hans  (b.  Strassburg,  May  12, 
i860),  fine  viola-player,  pupil  of  Singer  ;  and 
(3)  Hugo,  accomplished  'cellist,  pupil  of  Fr. 
Grutzmacher,  and  since  1894  prof,  of  'cello  at 
the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort. — B.  has  also  publ. 
various  comp.s  (op.  10,  'cello-concerto  in  A). 

Beck'er,  Reinhold,  b.  Adorf,  Saxony,  1842  ; 
originally  a  violinist,  now  living  in  Dresden  as 
a  composer. — Works  :  The  successful  operas 
Frauenlob  (Dresden,  '92),  and  Ratbold  (May- 
ence,  1896  ;  1  act)  ;  the  symphonic  poem  Der 
Prinz  von  Hamburg ;  work  for  male  ch.,  Wald- 
morgeu  ;  a  violin-concerto  ;  songs. 

Beck'er,  Karl,  b.  Kirrweiler,  n.  Trier,  June 
5,  1853  i  iSSr,  music-teacher  at  011*61161'  Sem- 
inary; since  1885  ditto  at  Neuwied.  Has  publ. 
the  "Rheinischer  Volksliederborn  "  (1892);  also 
school  song-books. 

Beck'mann,  Johann  Friedrich  Gottlieb, 
b.  1737  ;  d.  Apr.  25,  1792,  at  Celle,  where  he  was 
organist  and    pianist  (harpsichordist).      One    of 


46 


BECKWITH— BEETHOVEN 


the  finest  players  and  improvisers  of  the  time  — 
Works  :  12  pf. -sonatas,  6  concertos,  and  solo 
pes.;  also  an  opera,  Lukas  unci  Hannchen 
(Hamburg,  1782). 

Beckwith,  John  Christmas,  distinguished 
organist,  b.  Norwich,  Engl.,  Dec.  25,  1750;  d. 
there  June  3,  1S09.  A  pupil  of  Philip  Hayes, 
he  became  org.  of  Norwich  cathedral  (succeed- 
ing Garland),  and  of  St.  Peter's,  Mancroft.  In 
1S03,  Mus.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc,  Oxon. — Works  : 
"  The  First  Verse  of  Every  Psalm  of  David, 
with  an  Ancient  or  Modern  Chant  in  Score, 
adapted  as  much  as  possible  to  the  Sentiment  of 
each  Psalm"  (London,  1S0S,  with  a  valuable 
preface:  "A  short  history  of  chanting"). 
Also  publ.  anthems;  glees;  songs;  pf.-pes. ; 
and  concertos,  etc.,  f.  org. 

Becquie,  Jean-Marie  (?),  b.  Toulouse,  abt. 
1800;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1825,  as  1st  flute  at 
the  Opera-Comique.  Pupil  of  Tulou  and  Guil- 
lou  at  Paris  Cons.  A  valued  comp. — Works  : 
Grande  fantaisie  et  variations,  f.  flute  vv.  orch.; 
"  Les  Regrets,"  f.  fl.  and  pf.;  fantasias,  rondos, 
airs,  etc.,  f.  fl. 

Becquie  ("de  Peyreville  "),  Jean-Marie, 
brother  of  above,  b.  Toulouse,  1797;  d.  Paris, 
Jan.,  1876.  Eminent  violinist,  pupil  of  R.  and 
A.  Kreutzer  at  Paris  Cons.,  and  long  a  member 
of  the  Theatre  Italien  orch. — Works  :  Fan- 
taisie f.  vln.  and  pf . ;  Air  varie,  f.  vln.,  via.,  and 
bass.;  ditto  with  quartet  ;  etc. 

Becvarov'sky,  Anton  Felix,  b.  Jungbunz- 
lau,  Bohemia,  Apr.  9,  1754;  d.  Berlin,  May  15, 
1823.  Organist  at  Prague,  and  (1779-96)  Bruns- 
wick ;  lived  in  Bamberg  till  1800,  thereafter  at 
Berlin. — Works  :  3  pf. -concertos,  3  pf. -sonatas, 
and  many  songs  for  solo  voice  w.  pf. 

Bedford,  Mrs.  Herbert.  See  Lehmanx, 
Liza. 

Bedos  de  Celles,  Dom  Francois,  Benedic- 
tine monk  at  Toulouse,  b.  Caux,  n.  Bezieres, 
1706  ;  d.  St.-Maur,  Nov.  25,  1779.  Wrote 
"  L'art  du  facteur  d'orgues "  (3  vol.s,  Paris, 
1766-78),  a  valuable  work  on  which  many  later 
treatises  are  based  ;  a  fourth  part,  containing 
historical  notes  on  the  organ,  has  appeared  in 
German  (1793).  Also  an  account  of  the  new 
organ  at  St. -Martin  de  Tours  ("  Mercure  de 
France"  for  fan.,  1762  ;  German  transl.  in  Ade- 
lung's  "  Musica  mechanica  organoedi  "). 

Beech/gard  (or  Beehgard),  Julius,  com- 
poser, b.  Copenhagen,  Dec.  19,  1S43  ;  pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons.,  and  of  Gade  at  Copenhagen  ; 
has  lived  in  Germany,  Italy,  and  Paris,  and  is 
now  settled  at  Copenhagen. — Works  :  3-act  op- 
era Frode  (Prague,  '94),  3-act  opera  Frau  Inge 
(Prague,  '94)  ;  concert-overture  f.  orch.;  2 
"cycles"  f.  baritone  solo  w.  pf  ;  pf.-pes.,  4- 
part  songs,  songs,  etc. 

Bee'cke,  Ignaz  von,  b.  abt.  1730,  d.  Waller- 
stein,  Jan.,  1803.  Captain  of  dragoons,  later 
"  Musikintendant  "  to  the  Prince  of  Ottinjr-Wal- 


lerstein.  Highly  accomplished  harpsichordist,  a 
friend  of  Jommelli,  Cluck  and  Mozart.  Wrote 
7  operas;  an  oratorio,  Die  Auferstehung  fesu;  a 
cantata,  symphonies,  quartets,  4  harpsd. -trios,  6 
harpsd. -sonatas,  many  songs,  etc. 

Beellaerts,  Jean.     See  Beli  ere. 

Beer  [bar],  Jacob  Liebmann.  Original 
name  of  Giaco.mo  Meyerbeer. 

Beer,  Josef,  b.  Griinwald,  Bohemia,  April  iS, 
1744;  d.  Potsdam,  iSir,  as  Royal  Prussian 
chamber-musician.  Skilful  clarinettist,  who  in- 
vented the  improvement  of  a  fifth  key,  and  wrote 
concertos,  duets,  variations,  etc.,  f.  clar. 

Beer,  Jules,  Meyerbeer's  nephew  (son  of 
Michael  Beer,  1800-33),  b.  abt.  1833,  lives  in 
Paris  as  an  amateur  dramatic  comp.  (5  comic 
operas,  and  other  works). 

Beer,  Max  Josef,  b.  Vienna,  1S51  ;  pupil  of 
Dessoff  ;  pianist  and  composer,  now  (1S99)  liv- 
ing in  Vienna. — Works  :  The  operas  Otto  dcr 
Schiitz  and  Der  Pfeiferkonig  (both  not  perf.), 
Friedel  mil  der  leeren  Tasche  (Prague,  1892), 
Der  Streikder  Schtniede  (1  act,  Augsburg,  1S97  ; 
succ.)  ;  operetta  Das  Stelldichein  auj  der  Pfakl- 
brilcke;  cantata  Der  wildejager,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  several  lyrical  pf.-pes.  (Abendfeier,  Ei- 
chendorffiana,  Haidebilder,  Spieimannsweisen, 
Was  sich  dcr  Wald  erzahlt,  etc.)  ;  a  pf.-suite  ; 
various  books  of  songs,  etc. 

Beeth  [bat],  Lola,  b.  Cracow,  1S62  ;  dram, 
soprano,  pupil  of  Frau  Dustman,  and  later  of 
Mine.  Viardot-Garcia  and  Desiree  Artot.  Debut 
18S2  at  Berlin  Court  Opera  as  "  Elsa  "  {Lohen- 
grin) ;  eng.  there  1SS2-8  ;  then  eng.  at  Vienna 
Court  Th.  1888-95.  Then  sang  3  mos.  at  Grand 
Opera,  Paris  ("  Elsa,"  "  Elisabeth,"  etc.);  later 
at  New  York,  Monte  Carlo  and  Pesth.  Reen- 
gaged, 1897,  at  Vienna  for  5  years. 

Beet/hoven    [bat'hS-vn],  Ludwig  van,  the 

composer  who  represents  the  fullest  maturity  (in 
emotional  scope,  in 
formal  construction, 
and  in  instrumental 
treatment)  of  the 
allied  classic  forms 
of  the  pf. -sonata, 
pf. -concerto,  string- 
quartet,  and  orches- 
tral symphony,  was 
born  at  Bonn-on- 
Rhine,  Dec.  16  (bap- 
tized Dec.  17),  1770 
(Beethoven  himself 
said  Dec.  16,  1772)  ; 
he  died  in  Vienna, 
Mar.  26,  1827.  His 
grandfather,  Lud- 
wig van    B.,  a  native 


of    Maestricht,  was  bass 


singer,  opera-composer,  and  Kapellm.  at  Bonn 
to  the  Elector  Clemens  August.  B.'s  father, 
Johann  van  B.,  was  a  tenor  singer  in  the  Elec- 
toral choir  ;  he  married  Maria  Magdalena  Laym 


47 


BEETHOVEN 


(ne'e  Keverich),  the  widow  of  the  chief  cook  at 
Ehrenbreitstein  ;  and  Ludwig  was  the  second 
child  born  to  them. — B.  attended  the  public 
schools  at  Bonn  till  his  14th  year.  His  musical 
education  was  taken  in  hand  in  his  fourth  year 
by  his  father,  a  strict  and  stern  master,  who 
taught  him  till  1779.  At  eight  he  played  the 
violin  well  ;  at  eleven  he  could  play  Bach's 
"  Wohltemperirtes  Clavier"  fluently  and  skil- 
fully. His  next  instructors  were  Pfeiffer,  a 
music-director  and  oboist ;  Van  der  Eeden,  the 
court  organist ;  and  the  latter's  successor,  Neefe. 
He  was  already  a  notable  improviser  on  the 
piano  ;  and  in  1781  ('82  ?)  appeared  his  first  pub- 
lished co'mposition,  3  pf. -sonatas.  In  1782,  dur- 
ing Neefe's  absence,  B.  was  formally  installed 
as  his  deputy  at  the  organ  ;  in  1783,  he  was  app. 
cembalist  for  the  rehearsals  of  the  opera-orch. — 
for  the  present,  to  be  sure,  without  emolument. 
In  1784  the  new  Elector,  Max  Eranz,  app.  B. 
asst. -organist  at  a  salary  of  150  florins  (about 
$63)  ;  this  place  he  held  till  1792  ;  from  1788 
he  also  played  2nd  viola  in  the  orch.  of  the 
theatre  and  church,  Reicha  being  the  conductor. 
On  a  visit  of  a  few  months  to  Vienna,  in  1787, 
B.  awakened  great  interest  by  his  extraordinary 
ability  as  an  extempore  pianist  ;  eliciting  from 
Mozart  the  exclamation  :  "  He  will  give  the 
world  something  worth  listening  to."  In  July 
his  mother  died  ;  his  father  gave  way  to  intem- 
perance, gradually  losing  his  voice  ;  and  B.'s 
home-life  became  wretched.  He  found  consola- 
tion in  the  family  of  Frau  von  Breuning,  the 
widow  of  a  court  councillor,  to  whose  daughter 
and  youngest  son  B.  gave  music-lessons.  In 
their  refined  society  his  taste  for  German  and 
English  literature  was  quickened.  About  this 
time  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  young 
Count  Waldstein,  his  life-long  friend,  admirer, 
and  benefactor.  In  his  leisure  hours  he  gave 
other  lessons,  took  long  walks,  and  occupied 
himself  with  composition.  Despite  his  remark- 
able faculty  for  improvisation,  the  display  of 
known  works  for  the  first  ten  years  (17S2-92)  is 
comparatively  meagre  :  half  a  dozen  songs  ;  a 
rondo,  a  minuet,  and  3  preludes  f.  pf . ;  3  pf.- 
quartets  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  a  string-trio,  op.  3  ;  4  sets 
of  pf. -variations  ;  a  rondino  f.  wind  ;  the  "  Rit- 
ter-Ballet  "  with  orch.  [publ.  1872]  ;  the  Baga- 
telles, op.  33  ;  2  violin-rondos,  op.  51  ;  the 
"  Serenade  Trio,"  op.  8  ; — to  which  add  the  lost 
cantata  praised  by  Haydn,  a  lost  trio  f.  pf.,  flute, 
and  bassoon,  and  an  Allegro  and  Minuet  f.  2 
flutes  (all  unpubl.).  And,  in  point  of  fact,  B. 
never  possessed  the  fatal  facility  of  invention 
which  rejoices  in  rapidity  rather  than  solidity  of 
production.  His  way  of  working  is  exhibited 
in  the  "sketch-books"  of  this  early  period, 
which  contain  rough  draughts,  as  it  were,  of 
motives,  themes,  ideas  ;  fragments  jotted  down 
in  moods  of  inspiration,  frequently  reappearing 
in  modified  forms,  and  in  many  cases  recogniz- 
able as  the  germs  of  later  compositions.  This 
method  of  tentative  notation  and  careful  and  oft- 
repeated  working-over,  was  his  through  life. 


The  year  1792  marks  a  turning-point.  Haydn, 
passing  through  Bonn,  warmly  praised  a  cantata 
of  B.'s  composition  ;  the  Elector,  probably  in- 
fluenced by  the  master's  opinion  and  the  repre- 
sentations of  the  friendly  Waldstein,  made  up 
his  mind  to  send  B.  to  Vienna,  then  the  centre 
of  musical  Europe.  Here,  a  member  of  the 
highest  circles  of  artists  and  art-lovers,  to  which 
his  native  genius  and  letters  from  the  Elector 
procured  speedy  admission,  B.  found  himself  in 
a  most  congenial  atmosphere.  Besides  his  sal- 
ary from  the  Elector  (discontinued  in  1794),  and 
an  annual  stipend  of  600  florins  from  Prince 
Lichnowsky,  one  of  his  truest  friends  and  warm- 
est admirers,  his  income  was  derived  from  the 
increasing  sale  of  his  works.  He  applied  to 
Haydn  for  further  instruction  ;  but,  dissatisfied 
with  his  loose  methods  of  teaching,  and  angered 
at  his  lack  of  appreciation  of  compositions  sub- 
mitted to  him  for  approval,  B.  surreptitiously 
took  lessons  of  Schenk,  carrying  his  exercises, 
after  correction  by  Schenk,  to  Haydn.  This 
peculiar  arrangement  continued  for  a  little  more 
than  a  year,  terminating  at  Haydn's  departure 
(Jan.,  1794)  for  England.  [Nottebohm  publ. 
B.'s  exercises  in  vol.  i  of  his  "  Beethovens  Stu- 
dien  "  (1S73).]  During  1794  he  had  quite  reg- 
ular lessons  in  counterpoint  with  Albrechts- 
berger,  whose  verdict  :  "  He  has  learned  noth- 
ing, and  will  never  do  anything  properly,"  can 
hardly  be  called  prophetic  ;  Salieri  gave  him 
many  valuable  hints  on  vocal  style  ;  and  Aloys 
Forster  contributed  good  counsel  on  the  art  of 
quartet-writing.  B.'s  contrapuntal  exercises 
under  Albrechtsberger  (publ.  Paris,  1832  ;  re- 
vised ed.  by  Nottebohm,  1873)  curiously  exhibit 
the  irrepressible  conflict  between  B.'s  imagina- 
tion and  the  dry  course  of  study  prescribed. 

Welcome  at  all  soir/es  and  private  musicales 
of  the  aristocracy,  B.  did  not  play  in  public  at 
Vienna  until  Mar.  29,  1795,  when  he  performed 
his  C  major  pf. -concerto  at  a  concert  in  the 
Burgtheater.  In  1796  he  visited  Nuremberg, 
Prague  and  Berlin,  and  played  before  King 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  II.  The  publication  of  the 
E|?  pf. -sonata  (op.  7)  in  1797,  a  work  of  strongly 
individual  type,  is  noteworthy.  Two  public  con- 
certs given  at  Prague  in  1798  are  chronicled 
as  making  a  profound  impression.  In  the  same 
year  he  met  two  famed  piano-virtuosi  :  Steibelt, 
whose  challenge  to  B.  as  an  extemporizer  and 
composer  resulted  in  his  own  overwhelming  dis- 
comfiture ;  and  Wolffl,  a  worthier  opponent, 
with  whom  B.  associated  and  made  music  on  a 
friendly  footing  (W.  inscribed  3  sonatas  to  him). 
To  1799  belong  the  3  sonatas  for  pf.  and  violin 
(op.  12),  the  Grande  sonate pathe'tique  (op.  13), 
the  second  pf. -concerto (in  B[?),  and  several  lesser 
publications.  With  1800  closes  what  is  called 
(after  the  generally-accepted  classification  by  W. 
von  Lenz  in  his  "  Beethoven  et  ses  trois  styles" 
[St.  Petersburg,  1852])  Beethoven's  "first 
period  "  of  composition;  the  "  second  period" 
extends  to  1815  ;  the  "  third,"  to  the  master's 
decease  in  1827.     The  works  of  this  first  period 


BEETHOVEN 


include  op.  1-1S  (6  pf.-trios,  4  string-trios,  the 
first  3  string-quartets,  9  pf. -sonatas  and  various 
sets  of  variations,  the  grand  aria  "  Ah  perfido," 
etc.,  etc.)  [For  a  detailed  discussion  of  this 
point,  cf.  v.  Lenz,  Grove,  Thayer,  el  a/.]  At 
this  time,  too  (1S00-1S01),  a  malady,  which 
later  resulted  in  total  deafness,  began  to  make 
alarming  progress,  and  caused  B.  acute  mental 
suffering.  From  his  entrance  into  Viennese 
society  he  was  known  as  an  "original";  even 
his  genuine,  sturdy  independence  and  self-suffi- 
ciency, due  at  bottom  to  a  native  love  of  freedom 
and  honesty,  a  detestation  of  shams,  and  just 
self-appreciation,  appeared  highly  eccentric  when 
contrasted  with  the  courtier-like  subservience  of 
great  musicians  like  Haydn  and  Mozart ;  and 
there  is  no  doubt  that  he  purposely  exaggerated 
this  eccentricity  (he  himself  remarked  that  "it  is 
good  to  mingle  with  aristocrats,  but  one  must 
know  how  to  impress  them  ").  His  genius  and 
geniality  as  an  artist,  and  his  noble  generosity, 
won  the  hearts  of  music-lovers,  and  caused  them 
to  condone  his  freaks.  With  increasing  deaf- 
ness, however,  his  character  altered  ;  he  gradu- 
ally grew  taciturn,  morose,  and  suspicious  (traits 
aggravated  by  the  sordid  meanness  of  his  broth- 
ers Karl  and  Tohann,  who  had  also  settled  in  Vi- 
enna), and  treated  his  best  friends  outrageous- 
ly. From  1822,  deafness  was  total,  or  nearly 
so  ;  as  early  as  1816  he  had  to  use  an  ear-trum- 
pet. Besides  this,  when  his  brother  Karl  died, 
in  1815,  leaving  a  son  to  B.'s  guardianship,  the 
latter  undertook  the  boy's  bringing-up  as  a  sacred 
trust  ;  the  ingratitude  of  this  graceless  scamp  of 
a  nephew  forms  one  of  the  saddest  chapters  in 
the  great  man's  life,  and  still  further  darkened 
his  declining  years. 

B.'s  freest  and  most  joyous  creative  period 
was  his  second.  It  was  the  period  of  the  fullest 
flow  of  ideas  (cf.  "sketch-books"),  not  as  yet 
overcast  by  the  gloom  of  his  keenest  anguish. — 
It  should  be  noted,  that  von  Lenz's  classifica- 
tion is  not  chronological,  either  in  dates  of  com- 
position, final  completion,  or  publication  ;  but 
is,  in  part,  a  somewhat  arbitrary  arrangement 
according  to  the  "style"  of  the  several  works. 
E.g.,  he  classes  the  second  symphony  (written 
1S02,  performed  1803,  published  1804,  as  op. 
36)  among  works  of  the  "  first  period." — The 
chief  works  comprised  in  the  "second  period" 
are  the  six  symphonies  from  III  to  VIII  inclu- 
sive ;  his  one  opera,  Fidelio  ;  the  music  to  Eg- 
mont ;  the  ballet  Prometheus  ;  the  mass  in  C, 
op.  86  ;  the  oratorio  Christus  am  Oelherg  (1803)  ; 
the  Coriolanus  overture  ;  the  pf. -concertos  in  G 
and  E\)  ;  his  violin-concerto  ;  the  quartets  in 
F  min.,  Eb,  and  those  inscribed  to  Rasumov- 
sky  ;  4  pf.-trios  (op.  38  ;  op.  70,  Nos.  1  and  2  ; 
op.  97)  ;  and  14  pf. -sonatas  (among  them  the 
two  "quasi  fantasia,"  op.  27  ;  the  "pastorale," 
op.  28  ;  op.  31,  No.  2  in  I)  minor  ;  the  "  YVald- 
stein,"  op.  53;  the  "  appassionata,"  op.  57; 
and  "  I.es  adieux,  l'absence,  et  le  retour,"  op. 
81)  ;  also  the  Liederkreis,  etc. 

The  "third  period"  includes  the  five  pf. -so- 


natas, op.  101,  106,  109,  no,  in  ;  also  (ace.  to 
date  of  publ.)  op.  102,  Nos.  1  and  2  ;  the  Missa 
solemnis  in  I),  op.  123  ;  the  Ninth  Symphony, 
op.  125  ;  the  "  Ruins  of  Athens  "  overture,  op. 
113,  and  march  with  chorus,  op.  114;  the  or- 
chestral overtures  op.  115  and  124  ;  the  grand 
fugue  for  string-quartet,  op.  133  ;  and  the  great 
string-quartets  op.  127  (E|?),  op.  i3o(B|?),  op.  131 
(C#  minor),  op.  132  (A  minor),  and  op.  135  (F). 

Fidelio  probably  cost  B.  more  pains  and  exas- 
peration than  any  other  one  work.  As  early  as 
1803  he  arranged  with  Schikaneder,  manager  of 
the  Theater  an  der  Wien,  to  write  an  opera  ;  it 
was  produced  Nov.  20,  1805,  amid  the  commo- 
tion and  gloom  incident  to  the  entrance,  just  a 
week  before,  of  the  French  army  into  Vienna. 
Originally  in  3  acts,  it  was  withdrawn  after 
three  consecutive  performances  ;  pruned,  rear- 
ranged, and  revised  time  and  again,  and  brought 
out  March  29,  1S06,  with  better  success,  but 
withdrawn  by  the  author  after  only  two  perform- 
ances. Once  more  sweepingly  revised,  it  was 
revived  in  1814,  and  was  this  time  very  success- 
ful. The  opera  was  at  first  named  Leonore, 
after  the  heroine  ;  and  its  overture,  twice  re- 
written, forms  an  interesting  study  in  evolution  ; 
the  present  Fidelio  overture  is  quite  differ- 
ent. B.'s  sketch-book  for  this  opera  contains 
300  large  pages  of  16  staves  each,  crammed 
with  heterogeneous  notes. — The  Eroiea  sym- 
phony (No.  3)  also  has  a  history.  At  first  en- 
titled the  "  Sinfonia  grande  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte," in  honor  of  the  supposed  champion  of 
"  liberty,  equality  and  fraternity,"  B.  tore  up 
the  dedication  in  a  transport  of  rage  on  hearing 
of  Napoleon's  proclamation  as  emperor  (May  18, 
1S04)  ;  the  title  was  altered  to  "  Sinfonia  eroiea 
composta  per  festeggiare  il  sovvenire  d'un  grand' 
uomo "  [Heroic  symphony,  composed  to  cele- 
brate the  memory  of  a  great  man]. — With  the 
Ninth  Symphony  B.  touches  the  limit  of  expres- 
sion in  symphonic  form  ;  the  choral  finale,  where 
orchestral  and  vocal  music  blend  in  an  outburst 
of  ecstasy  (the  words  are  from  Schiller's  "  Hymn 
to  Joy"),  is  the  apotheosis  of  musical  art.  Yet 
what  said  Fetis,  the  French  critic  and  historiog- 
rapher, to  this  finale?  "  Nevertheless,  this 
melody  [the  theme  of  the  Hymn]  which  caused 
him  [B.  ]  these  transports  of  joy,  is  quite  vulgar  ; 
but  he  regarded  it  less  from  a  musical  point  of 
view  than  from  that  of  the  sentiment  which  he 
wished  to  express  [!  !].  In  his  pre-occupation 
in  this  respect  there  was  more  of  German  dreami- 
ness than  of  aesthetic  conception."  Such  a 
critique  reminds  one  of  what  von  Lenz  said  con- 
cerning the  Parisian  conception  of  Liszt  :  "  They 
called  him  '  Litz ' — that  was  as  far  as  they  ever 
got  with  Liszt  in  Paris  !  " 

Up  to  1815,  B.'s  material  welfare  had  in- 
creased, though  hardly  in  proportion  to  his  social 
and  artistic  triumphs.  An  honored  and  frequent 
guest  at  the  houses  of  art-lovers  like  the  princes 
Lichnowsky,  Lobkowitz  and  Kinsky,  the  counts 
Moritz  Lichnowsky,  Rasumovsky  and  Franz 
von  Brunswick,  and  Baron  von  Gleichenstein,  his 


49 


BEETHOVEN 


bearing  towards  his  hosts  was  that  of  an  equal  to 
equals  ;  at  the  time  of  the  Vienna  Congress,  as  a 
guest  of  Archduke  Rudolf,  he  met  the  various 
reigning  monarchs  as  their  peer,  and  even  (as  he 
said  himself)  let  them  pay  court  to  him.  A  cu- 
rious incident  is  the  invitation  extended  to  15.  in 
1S09,  by  the  de  facto  "  King  of  Westphalia," 
Jerome  Bonaparte,  to  assume  the  post  of  mailre 
de  chapelle  at  Kassel  at  a  salary  of  600  ducats 
(about  $1,500).  There  is  no  proof  that  B.  seri- 
ously entertained  the  proposition  ;  he  really 
wanted  to  become  Imperial  Kapellmeister  at 
Vienna  ;  but  the  bare  possibility  of  losing  the 
great  composer  so  dismayed  his  Viennese  ad- 
mirers, that  Archduke  Rudolf,  and  Princes  Lob- 
kowitz  and  Kinsley,  settled  on  B.  an  annuity  of 
4,000  florins  (nominally  $2,000,  but  in  depreci- 
ated paper  of  fluctuating  value).  After  1815, 
his  growing  deafness,  and  the  sore  trials  inci- 
dental to  the  care  of  his  nephew,  caused  him  so 
much  mental  distress  that  he  often  thought  him- 
self on  the  verge  of  ruin,  though  he  never  really 
suffered  want. — In  December,  1826,  he  caught 
a  violent  cold,  which  resulted  in  an  attack  of 
pneumonia  ;  dropsy  then  supervened,  and  after 
several  unsuccessful  operations  he  succumbed  to 
the  disease  on  March  26,  1827.  His  funeral  was 
attended  by  20,000  persons,  and  titled  person- 
ages vied  with  each  other  in  the  expression  of 
homage  and  regret. 

While  Beethoven,  in  choosing  a  recognized 
(conventional)  form — the  sonata-form — as  a  ve- 
hicle for  the  expression  of  his  thought  (in  81 
works,  i.e.,  about  one-third  of  all),  still  belongs 
to  the  school  called  "  classic,"  his  methods  of 
moulding  this  form  were  eminently  unconven- 
tional ;  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  even  at  the  be- 
ginning of  his  "second  period"  the  progressive 
"  Allgemeine  musikalische  Zeitung  "  of  Leip- 
zig, though  not  belittling  his  importance,  repre- 
hends his  "  daring  harmonies  and  venturesome 
rhythms."  As  for  his  last  period,  no  general  ap- 
preciation of  the  latest  string-quartets  and  pf.- 
sonatas  was  found,  even  among  musicians,  until 
half  a  century  after  his  death.  His  innovations 
on  the  formal  key-scheme  of  his  predecessors  ; 
his  original  elaboration  of  connecting-links,  both 
in  thematic  development  and  between  separate 
movements  ;  his  fertility  in  incidental  modula- 
tion, and  the  inexhaustible  freshness  of  his 
rhythms,  render  the  structure  of  his  compositions 
thoroughly  characteristic — typical.  But  his  lof- 
tiest originality,  and  that  whence  the  differences 
in  formal  construction  naturally  flowed,  is  the 
intensity  and  fervor  of  subjective  emotion  which 
pervades  his  works.  It  is  this  mood  of  profound 
subjectivity,  of  individual,  powerful  soul-expres- 
sion, which  most  of  all  differentiates  B.'s  music 
from  that  of  Bach,  or  Haydn,  or  Mozart,  and 
which  opens  the  era  of  "  romantic  "  composition. 
Technically,  his  art  of  orchestration  reaches  a 
perfection  in  detail,  and  a  grandeur  of  effect,  be- 
fore unknown  ;  and  his  diversified  development 
of  the  motive  (melodic,  harmonic,  rhythmic) 
surpasses  anything   in  music  previous  to  Wag- 


ner. As  specimens  of  what  can  be  done  in 
thematic  treatment,  his  pf. -variations  on  given 
themes  are  a  ne  plus  ultra  of  musical  ingenuity 
It  is  noteworthy  that,  according  to  contemporary 
accounts,  his  "free  improvisations"  at  the  pi- 
ano, which  held  his  auditors  spellbound,  were 
developments  of  a  kindred  nature  ;  not  mere 
rhapsodies,  but  the  spontaneous  elaborations  of 
a  teeming  invention.  He  is  still  reverenced  as 
the  greatest  instrumental  composer  of  all  time  ; 
and  even  in  vocal  music,  his  Fidelio  and  the 
Missa  solemnis  are  creations  of  unique  power. 

Monuments  have  been  erected  to  B.  in  1845 
at  Bonn  (by  Hahnel),  and  in  1S80  at  Vienna  (by 
Zurr.busch). 

B.'s  works  comprise  13S  opus-numbers,  and 
about  70  unnumbered  compositions.  His  pub- 
lished works  are  noted  below. 

Instrumental   Works. 

Nine  Symphonies  :  No.  1,  op.  21,  in  C;  2,  op. 
36,  in  D  ;  3,  op.  55,  in  E[?  (the  "  Eroica")  ;  4, 
op.  60,  in  B[?  ;  5,  op.  67,  in  C  min.;  6,  op.  68,  in 
F  ("  Pastoral  ")  ;  7,  op.  92,  in  A  ;  8,  op.  93,  in 
F  ;  9,  op.  125,  in  D  min.  ("  Choral"). 

"The  Battle  of  Vittoria  "  (op.  91);  music  to 
the  ballet  Prometheus  (op.  43),  and  to  Goethe's 
Egmout  (op.  84),  both  with  overtures. 

Nine  further  overtures  :  Coriolanus  ;  Leonore 
(Nos.  1,  2  and  3);  Fidelio;  King  Stephen; 
Ruins  of  Athens;  "  Namensfeier,"  op.  115; 
"  Weihe  des  Hauses  "  (op.  124). 

Other  comp.s  f.  orch.:  Allegretto  in  Eb  ; 
March  from  Tarpeia,  in  C  ;  Military  March,  in 
1 )  ;  "  Ritter-Ballet  "  ;  12  Minuets  ;  12  "  deutsche 
Tanze  "  ;   12  Contretanze. 

Violin-concerto,  op.  61,  in   D. 

Five  Pf. -concertos  :  No.  1,  op.  15,  in  C  ;  2, 
op.  19,  in  BJ7  ;  3,  op.  37,  in  C  min.;  4,  op.  58, 
in  G  ;  5,  op.  73,  in  Eh  ("Emperor");  also  a 
pf. -concerto  arranged  from  the  violin-concerto. 
A  triple-concerto,  op.  56,  f.  pf.,  vln.,  'cello  and 
orch.;  a  "Choral  Fantasia"  f.  pf.,  chorus  and 
orch.;  a  Rondo  in  Bb,  f.  pf.  and  orch. — Ca- 
dences to  the  pf. -concertos. 

Two  Octets  for  wind,  both  in  Eb. 

One  Septet  f.  strings  and  wind,  op.  20,  in  Eb.' 

One  Sextet  f.  strings  and  2  horns,  op.  Sil'is,  in 
Eb.  . 

One  Sextet  f.  wind,  op.  71,  in  Ep. 

Two  Quintets  f.  strings  :  Op.  4,  in  E  min., 
and  op.  29,  in  C  ;  Fugue  for  string-quintet,  op. 
137  ;  also  Quintet  arr.  from  pf.-trio  in  C  min. 

Sixteen  String-quartets  :  Op.  18,  Nos.  1-6,  in 
F,  G,  D,  C  min.,  A  and  Bb  (first  period). — Op. 
59,  Nos.  1-3,  in  F,  E  min.,  and  C  ;  op.  74,  in 
Eb  (the  "  Harfenquartett  ")  ;  op.  95,  in  F  min. 
(second  period). — Op.  127,  in  Eb  ;  op.  130,  in 
Bb  ;  op.  131,  in  CJJ  min.;  op.  132,  in  F  min. ; 
op.  135,  in  F  ;  also  a  Grand  Fugue  f.  string- 
quartet,  op.  133,  in  Bb  (third  period). — One  pf- 
quartet  (arr.  of  the  pf. -quintet)  ;  3  juvenile  pf.- 
quartets,  in  Eb,  D  and  C. 

Five  String-trios  :   In   Eb,  G,  D,  C  min.,  and 


5" 


BEETHOVEN— BEFFARA 


D  (Serenade). — Eight  Pf. -trios  :  Op.  i,  Nos. 
1-3,  in  E^7,  G,  and  C  min.;  op.  70,  Nos.  1  and 
2,  in  D  and  Ej?  ;  op.  97,  in  B\)  ;  in  Bp  (1 
movera.)  ;  in  Ej?  (juvenile)  ;  also  an  arr.  of  the 
"  Eroica  "  symphony. — Grand  trio  in  Bh,  f.  pf., 
clar.  and  'cello,  op.  n  ;  ditto  f.  ditto,  in  Eh,  op. 
38  (arr.  from  septet,  op.  20)  ;  trio  f.  2  oboes 
and  cor  anglais,  in  C,  op.  87. 

Ten  Sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  :  In  D,  A,  E[?  ; 
in  A  min.;  in  F  ;  in  A,  C  min.,  G  ;  in  A,  op. 
47  ("  Kreutzer")  ;  in  G. — Rondo  f.  pf.  and  vln., 
in  G  ;   12  Variations,  in  F,  f.  do. 

Five  Sonatas  f.  pf.  and  'cello  :  In  F,  G  min.; 
in  A  ;  in  C,  D.  — 12  Variations  f.  do.,  in  C  ;  12 
do.  in  F  ;  7  do.  in  E[?. 

Sonata  f.  pf.  and  horn,  in  F,  op.  17. 

Sonata  f.  pf.  4  hands,  in  D,  op.  6. 

Thirty-eight  Sonatas  f.  pf.  solo  :  Op.  2,  Nos. 
1-3,  in  F  min.,  A  and  C  (ded.  to  Haydn)  ;  op. 
7,  in  Eh>  ;  op.  10,  Nos.  1-3,  in  G  min.,  F  and 
D  ;  op.  12,  Nos.  1-3,  in  I),  A  and  Ef?  (ded.  to 
Salieri) ;  op.  13  ("pathetic"),  in  C  min.  (ded. 
to  prince  Lichnowsky)  ;  op.  14,  Nos.  I,  2,  in  E 
and  G  ;  op.  22,  in  Bj?  ;  op.  26,  in  A  min.  (to 
prince  Eichnovvsky)  ;  op.  27,  Nos.  1  and  2 
("quasi  fantasia"),  in  EJ7  and  Cjf  min.  (to 
princess  Eichtenstein)  ;  op.  2S  ("pastorale"), 
in  U  ;  op.  31,  Nos.  1-3,  in  G,  D  min.,  and 
E|?  (to  countess  Browne)  ;  op.  49,  2  easy 
sonatas  in  G  min.  and  I)  ;  op.  53,  in  C  (to 
count  Waldstein)  ;  op.  54,  in  F  ;  op.  57  ("  ap- 
passionata  "),  in  1''  min.  (to  count  Brunswick)  ; 
op.  78,  in  F  ;  op.  79,  little  son.  in  G  ;  op.  81 
("  caracterislique  "),  in  E|?  ("  Ees  adieux,  l'ab- 
sence,  le  retour,"  to  archduke  Rudolf)  ;  op.  90, 
in  Ejj  (to  count  Lichnowsky)  ;  op.  101,  102,  106, 
109,  no,  in  (see  above).  Also  3  easy  sonatas 
comp.  at  age  of  10,  in  Ej?,  F  min.  and  1>  ;  3 
more,  in  C  (easy),  G  and  F  (easy). 

Variations  f .  pf .  :  Twenty-one  sets  :  —6  in  F  ; 
15  in  Ep  ("Eroica");  6  in  I)  ("  Turkish 
March");  32  in  G  min.  ;  33  in  C  ;  15  in  G 
(easy)  ;  the  remaining  sets  comprise  144  varia- 
tions.— Also  8  Var.  in  C,  and  6  in  D,  f.  pf.  4 
hands. 

Other  pf.  music  :  Three  sets  of  Bagatelles  ; 
4  Rondos,  in  G,  G,  A,  and  G  ("  a  capriccio")  ; 
Fantasia  in  G  min.  ;  3  Preludes  ;  Polonaise  ; 
Andante  in  F  ("  favori  ")  ;  Minuet  in  Eh,  and  6 
others  ;  13  Landler. — Also,  f.  pf.  4  hands  :  3 
Marches  ;  8  Variations  in  G  ;  6  do.  in  D. 

Vocal  Music 

Opera  Fidelio,  in  2  acts,  op.  72. 

Two  Masses,  in  G  and  U  ("  solemnis  "). 

Oratorio  Chrislus  am  Oclbcrg,  op.  85. 

Cantata  Der  glorreiclie  Augenblick,  op.  136 
(1814)  ;  also  arr.  as  Preis  der  Tonkunst. 

Meeresstille  und  gluckliche  Fahrt,  op.  112 
(poem  by  Goethe). 

Scena  ami  aria  f.  soprano,"  Ah  perfido,"  w. 
orch.,  op    65. 

Trio  f.  soprano,  tenor  and  bass,  "  Tremate, 
empi,  tremate,"  op.  116. 


"  Opferlied  "  f.  soprano  solo,  chorus,  and 
orch.,  op.   121 />is. 

"  Bundeslied  "  f.  2  solo  voices,  3-part  chorus, 
and  wind,  op.  122. 

"  Elegischer  Gesang "  f.  4  voice-parts  and 
strings. 

Sixty-six    songs    w.   pf.-accomp.  ;    one    duet. 

"Gesang  der  Monche "  ;  3  voice-parts  a 
cappella. 

Eighteen  vocal  Canons. 

Seven  books  of  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  Welsh 
and  Italian  Songs,  f.  voice,  pf.,  violin,  and 
'cello. 

Breitkopf  und  Hartel  were  the  first  to  publ.  a 
"complete  edition"  (1S64-67,  edited  by  Rietz, 
Nottebohm,  David,  Hauptmann,  Reinecke,  and 
others). — A.  W.  Thayer's  "  Chronologisches 
Verzeichniss  "  of  B.'s  compositions  is  a  valuable 
guide.  A  "  Thematisches  Verzeichniss,"  by 
Nottebohm  (2nd  ed.  1S68),  is  also  of  great 
utility. 

Biographical  :  F.  G.  Wegeler  and  Ferdinand 
Ries,  "  Biographische  Notizen  liber  L.  van  B." 
(Koblenz,  1S3S  ;  2nded.,  w.  Supplement,  1S45)  ; 
A.  Schindler,  "  Biographie  von  L.  van  B."  (3rd 
ed.  Miinster,  i860  ;  Engl,  transl.  by  Moscheles, 
1S41)  ;  W.  von  Lenz,  "  B.  et  ses  trois  styles" 
(St.  Petersburg,  1S52  ;  Paris,  1S55),  and  "  B., 
eine  Kunststudie  "  (6  vol.s,  1855-60;  vol.  i — 
biography — republ.  separately  in  1869)  ;  Lud- 
wig  Nohl,  "B.'s  Leben"  (3  vol.s,  1864-7), 
and  "  B.  nach  den  Schilderungen  seiner  Zeit- 
genossen "  (1877);  Ulibischeff,  "  B.,  ses  cri- 
tiques et  ses  glossateurs  "  (1857  ;  Ger.  transl.  by 
Bischoff,  1S59)  ;  A.  B.  Marx,  "  L.  van  B.'s 
Leben  und  Schaffen"  (2  vol.s  ;  3rd  ed.,  1875)  ; 
Alex.  W.  Thayer,  "  L.  van  Beethovens  Leben" 
(the  most  careful  and  complete  of  all  ;  3  vol.s  in 
German,  transl.  from  the  English  MS.  by  H. 
Deiters  ;  Berlin,  1S66,  '72,  '77  ;  fourth  and  final 
vol.  in  preparation)  ;  very  numerous  minor 
sketches  and  articles. 

Beethoven's  letters  have  never  been  publ.  in  a 
collected  edition.  The  several  partial  collec- 
tions are  by  Nohl,  "  Briefe  Beethovens  "  (1865, 
411  letters),  and  "  Neue  Briefe  Beethovens" 
(1S67,  322  letters)  ;  Kochel,  "  S3  neu  aufgefun- 
dene  Originalbriefe  Beethovens  an  den  Erzher- 
zog  Rudolf  "  (1865)  ;  Schone,  "  Briefe  von  Bee- 
thoven an  Grafin  Erdody  und  Mag.  Brauchle " 
(1867)  ;  Hadden's  "  Geo.  Thomson,  the  friend 
of  Burns"  (London,  1898),  contains  interesting 
business  letters  from  Beethoven  ;  other  letters  are 
scattered  through  various  essays,  biographies,  etc. 

Essays  relating  to  B.'s  musical  exercises, 
sketch-books,  etc.,  are  Ignaz  von  Seyfried's 
"  Ludwig  van  Beethovens  Studien  im  General- 
bass,  Kontrapunkt  und  in  der  Kompositions- 
lehre  "  (1832;  rev.  ed.  by  Nottebohm,  1873); 
Nottebohm's  "  Beethoveniana  "  (1872),  and 
"Neue  Beethoveniana"  (1878,  etc.,  in  the 
"  Musikalisches  Wochenblatt  "). 

Beffara',  Louis-Francois,   b.   Nonancourt, 


5i 


BFFFROY—  I'.ELLERMANN 


Eure,  Aug.  23,  1751  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  2,  1838. 
Gotnmissaire  de  Police  1792-1816,  at  Paris.  An- 
tiquary and  writer.  —  Works  :  "  Diet,  de  l'Acade- 
mie  royale  de  Musique"  (7  vol.s),  and  7  vol.s 
of  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Acaddmie  (Grand 
Opera)  ;  "  Diet,  alphab.  des  acteurs,  etc."  (3 
vol.s)  ;  "  Tableau  ehronologique  des  representa- 
tions journalieres,  etc."  (from  1671)  ;  "  Diet, 
alphab.  des  tragedies  lyriques  .  .  .  non 
representes  a  l'Academie,  etc."  (5  vol.s)  ;  "  Dra- 
maturgie  lyrique  etrangere  "  (17  vol.s).  He  left 
his  rare  coll.  of  books  and  MSS.  to  the  city  of 
Paris  ;  all  were  burned  during  the  Commune,  in 
1871. 

Beffroy  de  Reigny,  Louis-Abel  (better 
known  as  Cousin-Jacques),  b.  Laon,  Nov.  6, 
1757;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1811.  The  author  of 
several  whimsical  stage-pes.  for  which  he  wrote 
both  text  and  music,  and  all  of  which  are  forgot- 
ten. Fetis  says  that  he  had  neither  literary  nor 
musical  talent  ;  but  Nicodeme  dans  la  lune  (1790, 
given  191  times  in  13  mos.)  and  Les  deux  Nico- 
demes  (1791,  prohibited  after  7  representations, 
on  acct.  of  exciting  the  democrats),  were  certainly 
successful  in  their  way. 

Behn'ke  [ban'-keh],  Emil,  b.  Stettin,  1836  ; 
d.  Ostende,  Sept.  17,  1S92.  Lived  chiefly  in 
London  as  an  authority  on  voice-training,  and 
teacher  of  voice-production  to  singers  and  speak- 
ers. Lecturer  on  physiology  of  voice.  Wrote 
"  The  Mechanism  of  the  Iluman  Voice"  (Lon- 
don, 1880)  ;  "  Voice,  Song  and  Speech  "  [in  coop, 
with  Lennox  Browne]  (1883)  ;  "  Voice-training 
Exercises"  (1884),  and  "The  Child's  Voice" 
(1885),  the  last  two  in  coop.  w.  Dr.  C.  W.  Pearce. 

Behr,  Franz,  comp.  f.  pf.,  b.  Liibtheen, 
Mecklenburg,  July  22,  1S37.  Has  publ.  a  great 
number  of  light  and  popular  salon-pcs. ,  some 
under  the  pseudonyms  of  "  William  Cooper," 
"  Charles  Morley"  and  "  Francesco  d'Orso." 

Bei'er,  (Dr.)  Franz.  In  1S88,  Kapellm. 
(Musikdirektor  ?)  in  the  Royal  Theatre  at  Kas- 
sel  — Opera-parody  Der  Posaunist  von  Scher- 
kingen  (Kassel,  1S89  ;  succ);  comic  operetta 
Der  Gaunerkonig  (Kassel,  1890;  succ). 

Bel'cke,  Friedrich  August,  b.  Lucka,  Al- 
tenburg,  May  27,  1795  ;  d.  there  Dec.  10,  1874. 
Celebrated  trombone-player  ;  181 5,  in  Gewand- 
haus  Orch.,  Leipzig  ;  chamber-musician  at  Ber- 
lin,  1816-5S.  He  was  the  first  concert-virtuoso 
on  the  trombone,  for  which  he  wrote  concertos 
and  etudes.      His  brother, 

Bel'cke,    Christian    Gottlieb,    b.    Lucka, 

July  17,  1796  ;  d.  there  July  8,  1875  ;  a  brilliant 
flutist,  1S19-32  in  Gewandhaus  Orch.,  Leipzig, 
1834-41  at  Altenburg.  Wrote  concertos,  fan- 
tasias, etc.,  f.  flute. 

Beldoman'dis  (or  Beldemandis,  Belde- 
mando),  Prosdocimus  de,  b.  towards  end  of 
141I1  cent,  at  Padua,  where  he  was  prof,  of 
philosophy  abt.  1422.  Wrote  theoretical  and 
controversial   treatises  on   Mensural    Music  (one 


is  republ.  in  vol.  iii  of  Coussemaker's  "  Scrip- 
tores  ")  ;  he  was  a  strenuous  opponent  of  the 
theories  of  Marchettus  of  Padua. 

Be'liczay,  Julius  von,  b.  Komorn,  Hun- 
gary, Aug.  10,  1S35  ;  d.  Pesth,  May  1,  1893. 
Pupil  of  Joachim,  Hoffmann  and  Franz  Krenn  ; 
1888,  prof,  of  theory  at  the  Natl.  Acad,  of  Mus., 
Pesth. — Works  :  Mass  in  F,  often  perf.  ;  sym- 
phony in  I)  min.  (1SS8)  ;  Ave  Maria,  f.  sopr. 
solo,  ch.,  and  orch.  (op.  9)  ;  serenade  f.  strings 
(op.  36)  ;  Andante  f.  string-orch.  (op.  25)  ;  trio 
in  E[?  (op.  30)  ;  string-quartet  in  G  min.  (op. 
21)  ;  pf.-pes.,  etudes,  songs,  etc.  In  1891  he 
publ.  Part  I  of  a  "  Method  of  Comp."  (in  Hun- 
garian). 

Belin  (or  Bellin),  Guillaume,  abt.  1547 
tenor  singer  in  the  Chapelle  Royale,  Paris  ; 
comp.  Cantiques  in  4  parts  (1560)  and  Chansons 
(some  are  in  Attaignant's  coll.  of  1543-4). 

Belin,  Julien,  b.  Le  Mans,  abt.  1530;  one 
of  the  most  skilful  lutenists  of  his  time.  Publ. 
(Paris,  1556)  a  book  of  motets,  chansons,  and 
fantasias  in  lute-tablature. 

Bel'la,  Domenico  della,  famous  'cellist  and 
comp.  f.  'cello  ;  publ.  12  sonatas  w.  'cello  ob- 
bligato  and  cembalo  (Venice,  1704),  and  a  'cello- 
concerto  (1705). 

Bel'la,  Johann  Leopold,  b.  St.  Nicolan, 
Upper  Hungary,  1843  ;  priest  and  canon  at 
Neusohl  ;  comp.  of  much  church-music  in  se- 
vere style  ;  also  orch.  works,  national  choruses 
f.  men's  voices  and  mixed  chorus,  pf.-pes.,  etc. 

Bella'sio,  Paolo,  comp.  of  the  Venetian 
school  in  the  16th  cent.  ;  publ.  a  vol.  of  Madri- 
gals (1579),  one  of  Villanelle  alia  Romano 
(1595),  and  various  other  madrigals  in  the  coll. 
"  Dolci  affetti"  (1568). 

Bell'Ave're  (or  Bell'Haver'),  Vincenzo,  b. 

Venice,  i53o(?);  d.  there  1588(7);  pupil  of  A. 
Gabrieli,  whom  he  succeeded  as  2nd  org.  of 
San  Marco  (1586).  Publ.  several  books  of  mad- 
rigals (1567-75),  and  single  ones  in  various  col- 
lections. 

Bellaz'zi,  Francesco,  Venetian  comp., 
pupil  of  Giovanni  Gabrieli  ;  publ.  (1618-28)  a 
mass,  psalms,  motets,  litanies,  canzoni,  etc. 

Bellere  (or  Bellerus,  properly  Beellaerts), 
Jean,  bookseller  and  music-publisher  at  Ant- 
werp, where  he  died  abt.  1595.  A  partner  of 
Pierre  Phalese  {fils).  His  son,  Balthasar, 
transferred  the  business  to  Douai,  and  printed 
much  music  up  to  abt.  1625.  His  printed  cata- 
logue of  compositions  publ.  by  him  (1603-5), 
was  found  by  Coussemaker  in  the  Douai  library. 

Bel'lermann,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Erfurt, 
Mar.  8,  1795  ;  d.  Berlin,  Feb.  4,  1S74.  From 
1847-68,  Director  of  the  gymnasium  "  Zum 
grauen  Kloster"  at  Berlin.  Distinguished 
writer  on  Greek  music.  His  chief  work  is 
"Die  Tonleitern  u.  Musiknoten  der  Griechen  " 
(Berlin,  1S47;  explanatory  of  the  Greek  system 


52 


BELLERMANN— BELLINI 


of  notation);  "  Die  Ilymnendes  Dionysios  und 
Mesomedes "  (Berlin,  1S40),  and  "  Anonymi 
scriptio  de  musica  et  Bacchii  senioris  introduc- 
tio,  etc."  (1841),  are  smaller  treatises  on  Greek 
music  as  practised. 

Bel'lermann,  Johann  Gottfried  Heinrich, 

son  of  preceding;  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  10,  1S32; 
pupil  of  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Ch. -music,  also  of  E.  A. 
Grell.  1853,  teacher  of  singing  at  the  "  Graues 
Kloster";  1861,  R.  Musikdirector ;  1866,  prof, 
of  mus.  at  Berlin  Univ.,  succeeding  Marx.  He 
has  composed  many  vocal  works.  His  book, 
"  Die  Mensuralnoten  und  Taktzeichen  im  15. 
u.  16.  Jahrh."  (Berlin,  185S),  gives  an  excellent 
exposition  of  the  theory  of  mensural  music;  his 
treatise  "  Der  Kontrapunkt "  (1862;  2d  ed. 
1877)  revives  the  theories  of  J.  J.  Fux's  "  Gradus 
ad  Parnassum,"  his  adherence  to  which  B.  at- 
tempted to  justify  in  a  pamphlet  "  Die  Grosse 
d.  mus.  Intervalle  als  Grundlage  d.  Harmonie  " 
(1873).  He  has  also  contributed  interesting 
articles  to  the  "  Allg.  musikal.  Zeitung." 

Bellet'ti,  Giovanni  Battista,  baritone 
stage-singer,  b.  Sarzana,  1S15,  was  a  pupil  of 
Pilotti  at  the  Bologna  Liceo.  Debut  1838,  at 
Stockholm,  in  the  Bar  lucre;  he  then  sang  with 
Jenny  Lind  in  Denmark  and  in  London  (1848), 
Paris  and  the  United  States  (1850-2).  Retired 
in  1S62. 

Belleville-Oury,  Emilie,  brilliant  pianist, 
b.  Munich,  1808;  d.  there  July  23  (22?),  1880. 
Pupil  of  Karl  Czerny;  made  long  concert-tours, 
and  lived  for  many  years  in  London,  where  she 
married  the  violinist  Oury.  Her  popular  pf.- 
comp.s  are,  properly  speaking,  arrangements. 

Bell'Haver,  Vincenzo.     See  Bell'Avere. 

Bel'li,  Girolamo,  composer  of  the  Venetian 
school,  chapel-singer  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua. 
Publ.  1  book  of  6-p.  motets  (1586),  one  of  8-p. 
motets  (1589),  one  of  6-p.  madrigals  (1589),  one 
of  10-p.  motets  and  magnificats  (1594);  and 
some  5-p.  madrigals  in  the  collection  "De'  floridi 
virtuosi  d'ltalia  "  (1586). 

Bel'li,  Giulio,  b.  Longiano,  abt.  1560  ;  choir- 
master at  S.  Antonio,  Padua,  abt.  1600,  and  m. 
di  capp.  at  Imola  cathedral  abt.  1620.  Publ. 
4-p.  masses  (1599);  5-p.  masses  (1597)  ;  8-p. 
masses  and  madrigals  (new  ed.,  with  continuo, 
1607);  4-p.  canzonette  (1586  ;  2nd  ed.  1595); 
4-  and  8-p.  masses  (1608)  ;  8-p.  psalms  (1600, 
1604,  161 5,  the  last  with  con  timid);  motets, 
litanies,  etc.,  f.  double  choir  (1605,  1607),  "Con- 
certi  ecclesiastici  a  2  e  3  voci  con  basso  d'or- 
gano"  (1613,  1621). 

Bel'li,  Domenico,  musician  at  the  court  of 
Parma  ;  publ.  "  Arie  a  1  e  2  voci  per  sonare  con 
il  chitarrone  "  (1616),  and  "  Orfeo  dolente  "  (5 
Intermezzi  to  Tasso's  Aminta  ;   1616). 

Bellin,  Guill.  and  Julien.     See  Belin. 

Belli'ni,  Vincenzo,  famous  opera-composer  ; 
b.  Catania,  Sicily,  Nov.  3,  1802;  d.  Puteaux,  n. 


Paris,  Sept.  23,  1835.  Taught  at  first  by  his 
father,  an  organist,  he  was  sent  in  1819,  at  the 
expense  of  a  nobleman  impressed  by  the  boy's 
talent,  to  the  Conservatorio  di  San  Sebastiano  at 
Naples.  Here  his  instruction  from  the  masters 
Furno,  Tritto  and  Zingarelli  was  carried  on 
until  1827  with  the  slovenly  lack  of  method  then 
prevailing  in  the  institution;  B.  probably  profited 
far  more  by  his  private  and  zealous  study  of 
Haydn  and  Mozart,  Jommelli  and  Paisiello,  and, 
above  all,  Pergolesi.  His  student-compositions 
were  a  romance,  an  aria,  a  symphony  for  full 
orch.,  two  masses,  several  psalms,  and  a  cantata, 
Ismene;  finally  his  first  opera,  Adelson  e 
Salvini,  was  perf.  by  Cons,  pupils  on  Jan.  12, 
1825,  and  its  success  encouraged  him  to  further 
dramatic  effort.  Barbaja,  manager  of  the  San 
Carlo  Th.,  Naples,  and  La  Scala,  Milan,  com- 
missioned B.  to  write  an  opera,  and  Bianca  e 
Fernando  was  enthusiastically  received  at  the 
former  theatre  in  1826;  followed  in  1827  by  // 
Pi  rata,  and  in  1829  by  La  Straniera,  both  in 
Milan.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the 
librettist  of  II  Pi- 
rata,  Felice  Ro- 
mani,  wrote  the 
books  of  all  the  suc- 
ceeding operas  ex- 
cept /  Puritani. 
B.  met  his  first  re- 
verse at  Parma,  for 
the  inauguration  of 
the  Teatro  Nuovo 
in  which  town  he 
wrote  to  order  the 
opera  Zaira  (1829), 
which  was  a  flat  fail- 
ure. Undismayed, 
he  accepted  a  fresh 
order  from  La  Fen- 
ice  Theatre  at  Venice,  for  which  he  composed 
in  forty  days  the  opera  I  Capuleti  e  Montecchi 
(1S30),  which  was  hailed  as  a  masterwork. 
After  a  severe  illness,  he  brought  out  La  Son- 
nambula  at  the  Teatro  Carcano,  Milan  (1831); 
with  this  work,  and  Norma,  which  was  given 
at  La  Scala  on  Dec.  26,  1831,  B.  rose  to  the 
height  of  his  powers  and  the  zenith  of  his 
fame — yet  Norma,  which  B.  himself  considered 
his  greatest  work,  and  in  which  the  Malibran 
created  the  title-role,  was  coldly  received  that 
first  evening  !  But  in  brief  space  its  beauties 
were  recognized,  and  the  warmth  of  its  recep- 
tion in  other  cities,  notably  in  Paris  (1835), 
amply  justified  its  author's  verdict.  His  Be- 
atrice di  Tenda  (Venice,  1833)  shows  a  dis- 
tinct falling-off,  and  failed  of  popular  apprecia- 
tion. In  1834  he  was  invited  to  write  an  opera 
for  the  Theatre  Italien  at  Paris  ;  this  was  I  Puri- 
tani, libretto  by  Count  Pepoli  ;  its  triumphant 
production  was  the  composer's  last  great  success, 
for,  although  commissioned  immediately  to  write 
two  more  operas  for  the  San  Carlo  Th.,  he  died 
at  the  village  of  Puteaux,  whither  he  had  retired 
to  work  on  the  new  scores.     Forty  years   later, 


53 


BELLMAN— BENDA 


his  remains  were  removed  to  Catania,  where  a 
monument  was  erected  to  his  memory  ;  another 
monument,  due  to  the  exertions  of  his  bosom- 
friend,  Francesco  Florimo,  was  dedicated  at 
Naples  in  1886. 

Bellini's  genius  is  exhibited  in  the  grace, 
tenderness,  pathos  and  fervor  of  his  melodies, 
fashioned  with  a  consummate  knowledge  of  vocal 
resource  and  effect.  On  the  other  hand,  his 
scores  show  the  worst  defects  of  the  old  Italian 
school — monotony  in  harmony,  and  amateurish 
instrumentation  ;  for  these  his  imperfect  training 
is  doubtless  largely  responsible.  In  his  best 
moments  he  surpasses  his  brilliant  contemporary, 
Rossini,  in  the  grace  and  sensuous  warmth  and 
charm  of  his  melodies  ;  in  other  respects  he  is 
the  latter's  inferior. — Biographies  by  Florimo 
(in  vol.  iii  of  the  "  Scuola  musicale  di  Napoli ") 
F.  Cicconetti,  "Vita  di  V.  B."  (Prato,  1859) 
Michele  Scherillo,  "  Belliniana  "  (Milan,  1885 
new  notes)  ;  L.  Salvioli,  "Bellini,  Lettere  ine- 
dite"  (Milan,  1885);  Arthur  Pougin,  "Bellini, 
sa  vie,  ses  oeuvres  "  (Paris,  1868). 

Bell'man,  Carl    Mikael,  b.  Stockholm,  Feb. 

4,  1740;  d.  there  Feb.  II,  1795.  This  famous 
Swedish  poet  set  to  music  his  lyric  or  burlesque 
"popular  scenes,"  "  Bacchanaliska  ordens- 
kapitlets  handlingar"  (1783),  "  Fredmans  epist- 
lar"(i79o),  "  Fredmans  Sanger  "  (1791),   etc. 

Bell'mann,  Karl  Gottfried,  b.  Schellen- 
berg,  Saxony,  Aug.  11, "1760;  d.  Dresden,  1816. 
Celebrated  pf. -maker  ;  also  bassoon-player. 

Bell'mann,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Muskau, 
1772  ;  d.  Jan.  10,  1862,  in  Schleswig,  where  he 
had  been  organist  since  1813.  Composer  of  the 
German  national  song:  "  Schleswig-IIolstein 
meerumschlungen." 

Belloc,  Teresa  [Georgi  -  Trombetta- 
Belloc],     famous    dramatic   mezzo-soprano  ;  b. 

5.  Begnino,  Canavese,  Aug.  13,  1784;  d.  S. 
Giorgio,  May  13,  1855.  From  1804-24  she 
sang  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  and  made  triumphal 
tours  throughout  Italy,  also  to  Paris,  and  (1817) 
London.  She  left  the  stage  in  1827,  after  a 
season  in  Trieste.  She  sang  leading  roles  in 
over  80  operas,  Rossini's  being  the  favorites. — 
Biogr.  sketch,  "  La  cantante  Teresa  Belloc,"  by 
C.  Boggio  (Milan,  1895). 

Bello'li,  Luigi,  b.  Castelfranco,  Bologna, 
Feb.  2,  1770  ;  d.  Milan,  Nov.  17,  1817.  For 
years  he  was  horn-player  at  La  Scala,  and  from 
1812  prof,  of  horn  at  M.  Cons.  Wrote  several 
operas  and  ballets  (La  Scala,  1S03-6);  also  con- 
certos and  a  Method  f.  horn. 

Bello'li,  Agostino,  b.  Bologna;  1819-29  first 
horn  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  for  which  he  wrote  6 
ballets  (1821-23),  and  several  operas.  Publ. 
pieces  and  studies  f.  horn. 

Bemberg,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  Mar.  29,  1861 ; 
pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (Dubois,  Franck  and  Mas- 
senet).     Dramatic  composer. — Works:  i-act  op- 


era Le  baiser  de  Suzon  (Paris,  Op. -Com.,  1888), 
mod.  succ. ;  4-act  opera-le'gende  /./^///('(London, 
Covent  Garden,  1892  ;  New  York,  1894).  Has 
also  publ.  numerous  songs. 

Be'metzrieder,  T.,  b.  Alsatia,  1743,  d.  (?).  A 
mus.  theorist,  at  first  Benedictine  monk;  on  leav- 
ing the  order  he  became  Diderot's  pupil  and  pro- 
tege at  Paris,  and  lived  1 782-1816  (or  longer)  in 
London.  He  wrote  "  Lecons  de  clavecin  et 
principes  d'harmonie  "  (Paris,  1771  ;  London 
[English],  1778);  and  half  a  score  of  other  text- 
books of  doubtful  value. 

Ben'da,  Franz,  b.  Alt-Benatek,  Bohemia, 
Nov.  25,  1709  ;  d.  Potsdam,  Mar.  7,  1786. 
Famous  violinist,  pupil  of  Lobel,  Konieek  and 
(1732)  of  J.  S.  Graun  at  Ruppin.  Leader  of  the 
orch.  of  the  Crown  Prince  (afterwards  Frederick 
II.),  whom  he  accomp.  in  some  50,000 concertos 
during  40  years'  service.  Excellent  teacher. — 
Publ.  works:  12  violin  solos;  1  flute  solo;  3 
violin-etudes.  Symphonies,  concertos,  etc.,  in 
MS. 

Ben'da,  Johann,  brother  of  Franz  ;  b.  Alt- 
Benatek,  1713;  d.  Potsdam,  1752,  as  chamber- 
musician.    Violinist;  left  3  MS.  violin-concertos. 

Ben'da,  Georg,  brother  of  Franz  ;  b.  Jung- 
bunzlau,  Bohemia,  1722;  d.  Kostritz,  Nov.  6, 
1795.  Third  son,  and  pupil,  of  Hans  Georg 
Benda.  Chamber-mus.  (1742-8)  at  Berlin,  then 
at  Gotha,  where  he  became  court  Kapellm.  in 
1748,  and  in  1764  went  to  Italy,  returning  1766. 
He  remained  in  Gotha  till  1788,  producing  abt. 
10  operas,  operettas,  melodramas  (his  best  works : 
Ariadne  auf  Naxos,  Medea,  Almansor,  Nadine); 
then  resigned,  lived  in  Hamburg,  Vienna,  and 
other  towns,  finally  settling  in  Kostritz.  Most 
of  his  other  works  (church-music,  symphonies, 
concertos,  sonatas,  etc.)  are  in  MS.  in  the  Ber- 
lin library. — He  conceived  the  original  idea  of 
the  music-drama  with  spoken  words,  the  music 
being  carried  out  by  the  orchestra  only — i.e., 
pure  melodrama.     [But  cf.  Rousseau,  J.  J.J 

Ben'da,  Joseph,  violinist,  pupil  and  young- 
est brother  of  Franz;  b.  Mar.  7,  1724;  d.  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  22,  1804.  His  brother's  successor  as 
leader;  pensioned  1797. 

Ben'da,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Heinrich,  vio- 
linist; b.  Potsdam,  July  15,  1745;  d.  there  June 
19,  1814.  Eldest  son,  and  pupil,  of  Franz  B.; 
1765-1810,  royal  chamber-mus.;  excellent  pian- 
ist and  composer. — Works  :  2  operas,  Alceste 
(17S6)  and  Orpheus  (17S9);  an  operetta,  Das 
Blumenmddchen ;  2  oratorios,  and  a  cantata, 
Pygmalion;  concertos  f.  violin;  do.  f.  flute; 
much  chamber-music  ;  etc. 

Ben'da,  Friedrich  Ludwig,  son  of  Georg  ; 
b.  Gotha,  1746;  d.  Konigsberg,  Mar.  27,  1793. 
1782,  opcra.-A'a/>c,////i.  at  Hamburg,  later  cham- 
ber-virtuoso at  Schwerin,  finally  concert-director 
in  Konigsberg. — Works  :  1  opera  and  3  ope- 
rettas; also  cantatas,  3  violin-concertos,  etc. 


54 


BENDA— BENEDICTUS 


Ben'da,  Karl  Hermann  Heinrich,  youngest 
sonofGeorg;  b.  Potsdam,  May  2,  1748;  d.  Mar. 
15,  1836.  Fine  violinist,  leader  of  the  royal 
opera-orch.,  teacher  of  King  Friedrich  Wilhelm 
III.  and  Rungenhagen.    Comp.  chamber-music. 

Ben'dall,  Wilfred  Ellington, composer;  b. 
London,  Apr.  22,  1850;  pupil  of  Ch.  Lucas  and 
E.  Silas,  also  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (1872-4). — Works: 
Operettas,  cantatas,  part-songs, trios, duets,  songs, 
pf.-pcs. 

Ben'del,  Franz,  b.  Schonlinde,  northern  Bo- 
hemia, Mar.  23,  1833;  d.  Berlin,  July  3,  1874. 
Accomplished  pianist,  pupil  of  Proksch  (Prague) 
and  Liszt  (Weimar);  from  1862  in  Berlin  as 
teacher  in  Kullak's  Academy. — Works:  Salon- 
pieces  f.  pf.,  of  real  merit;  pf. -concerto,  pf.-trio, 
sonata  f.  pf,  and  vln.,  etudes  ("On  the  Lake  of 
Geneva,"  op.  109;  Study  in  Sixths,  R7  min.), 
nocturnes,  romances,  etc. ;  also  symphonies,  4 
masses,  several  books  of  songs. 

Ben'deler,  Johann  Philipp,  b.  Riethnord- 
hausen,  n.  Erfurt,  1660;  d.  1708  as  cantor  in 
Quedlinburg  (Harz).  Clavecinist,  organist  and 
writer  (his  "  Organopceia,"  publ.  1690,  was.re- 
publ.  1739  as  "  Orgelbaukunst "). 

Ben'der,  Jean  Valentin,  b.  Bechtheim,  n. 
Worms,  Sept.  19,  1S01;  d.  Brussels,  Apr.  14,1873. 
Clarinet-virtuoso  and  bandmaster;  music-direc- 
tor to  the  (Belgian)  Royal  House.  Composed 
military  music  and  clarinet-pcs. 

Ben'der,  Jakob,  brother  of  Valentin;  b. 
Bechtheim,  179S;  d.  Antwerp,  Aug.  9,  1844,  as 
director  of  the  Antwerp  wind-band,  having  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  in  this  position.  Also  clari- 
nettist; composed  military  music. 

Ben'dix,  Victor  E.,  b.  Copenhagen,  1S51; 
violin-virtuoso,  pianist,  composer ;  pupil  and 
protege  of  Gade.  Living  in  Copenhagen  as  a 
pf  .-teacher  and  conductor  of  a  choral  society. 
Besides  pf. -compositions  of  great  merit,  he  has 
written  3  symphonies: — Symphony  "ZurHohe," 
in  C  (1891)  [also  named  "  Felsensteigung  "]  ; 
Symphony  in  D,  "  Sommerklange  aus  Siidruss- 
land  "  ;   Symphony  in  A  min.   ('95 ?). 

Ben'dix,  Otto,  b.  Copenhagen,  1850  ;  pu- 
pil of  A.  Ree  and  Gade,  also  of  Kullak  (Berlin) 
and  Liszt  (Weimar).  Pf.-teacher  in  Copenh. 
Cons.,  and  oboist  in  theatre-orch.  Settled  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  1880,  as  teacher  of  pf.  in  the 
New  England  Cons.  Has  given  very  suc- 
cessful concerts  in  Europe  and  America,  and 
has  publ.   some  pes.  f.  pf. ,  etc. 

Ben'dl,  Karl,  b.  Prague,  April  16,  1S3S  ; 
d.  there  Sept.  20,  1S97.  Pupil  of  Blazok  and 
Pitsch  at  the  Organists'  School,  Prague,  till 
1S5S.  For  a  time  he  was  chorusmaster  of  the 
German  Opera,  Amsterdam  (1864).  Returned 
1865  to  Prague  ;  after  1S66,  conductor  of  the 
male  choral  society  "  Hlahol." — Works  :  Czech 
national  operas  Lejla  (186S),  Bretislav  and Jitka 
(1869),  Cernakorci  (1881),  Karel  Skreta  (comic, 


1883),  Dild  Tdbora  [Child  of  the  Camp]  (1892, 
3  acts)  ;  all  at  the  Natl.  Th.,  Prague,  and  on  its 
standing  repertory.  Also  3  masses,  several 
cantatas  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.;  an  overture,  a 
"  Dithyramb,"  a  "  Concert  Polonaise,"  a  "  Sla- 
vonic Rhapsody,"  etc.,  f.  orch.;  a  string-quar- 
tet; 200  Czech  songs  and  choruses  ;  pf. -music. — 
Bendl,  jointly  with  Smetana  and  Dvorak,  en- 
joys the  distinction  of  winning  general  recog- 
nition for  Czech  musical  art. 

Benedict,  Sir  Julius,  b.  Stuttgart,  Nov.  27, 
1804  ;  d.  London,  June  5,  1885.  He  was  the 
son  of  a  Jewish  banker  ;  pupil  of  Abeille,  Hum- 
mel (1819,  Weimar),  and  Weber  (1820,  Dres- 
den). In  1823,  Kapellm,  at  the  Karnthnerthor 
Th.,  Vienna,  and  1825  at  the  San  Carlo  Th., 
Naples,  where  his  first  opera,  Giacinta  ed  Er- 
nesto (1829),  was  performed,  which,  like  I  Por- 
toghesi  in  Goa  (Stuttgart,  1S30),  was  not  a 
marked  success.  After  2  visits  to  Paris  (1S30 
and  1835),  he  settled  in  London,  where  he  be- 
came a  fashionable  pf.-teacher  and  concert- 
giver,  and  also 
thoroughly  angli- 
cized. 1836,  con- 
ductor of  opera 
buffa  at  the  Ly- 
ceum, 1S37  at 
Drury  Lane,  where 
his  first  English 
opera,  The  Gypsy  s 
Warning,  was  pro- 
duced (1838).  In 
1850  and  '51  he  ac- 
companied Jenny 
Lind  on  her  Ameri- 
can tours  ;  then  be- 
came Col.  Mapleson's  conductor  at  Her  Majes- 
ty's Th.  and  Drury  Lane,  and  in  1859  at  Covent 
Garden  ;  also  of  the  "  Monday  Popular  Con- 
certs." He  also  conducted  several  Norwich 
Festivals,  and  (1876-80)  the  Liverpool  Philhar- 
monic. He  was  knighted  in  1S71. — Works: 
The  operas  above  mentioned,  and  also  The 
Brides  of  Venice  (1844),  The  Crusaders  (1S46), 
The  Lake  of  Glenaston  (1862),  The  Lily  of  Kil- 
larney  (1862  ;  on  the  Continent  as  The  Rose  of 
Erin),  The  Pride  of  Song  (1864);  4  cantatas, 
Undine  (i860),  Richard  Cceur-de-Lion  (1863),  1 
on  the  Prince  of  Wales'  return  from  India  (1876), 
and  Graziella  (18S2)  ;  2  oratorios,  St.  Cecilia 
(1866),  and  St.  Peter  (1S70)  ;  2  symphonies,  2 
pf. -concertos,  a  variety  of  pf.-music,  etc.  He 
also  wroteabiogr.  sketch  of  Weber  (in  Hueffer's 
"  Great  Musicians  "). 

Benedict,  Milo  Ellsworth,  b.  Cornwall, 
Vt.,  June  9,  1866.  Pf.-pupil  of  C.  Petersilea, 
in  theory  of  J.  K.  Paine  ;  in  Europe  1SS3-4, 
spending  3  mos.  at  Weimar  with  Liszt.  Living 
as  pf.-teacher  in  Boston.  Has  publ.  '^Corn- 
wall Dances,"  op.  1  ;  other  pf. -works  in  MS. 

Benedic'tus  Ap'penzelders  {B.  of  Appen- 
zell),   b.  Appenzell,  Switzerland  ;  master  of  the 


55 


BENELLI— BENNETT 


boys'  choir  at  Brussels,  1539-55. — Works  :  1 
book  of  4-part  motets,  "  Liber  primus  eccl. 
cantionum,  etc."  (Antwerp,  1553).  Not  the 
same  as  Benedictus  Ducts  [see  Ducis],  whose 
comp.s  are  frequently  confounded  with  the  Ap- 
penzeller's. 

Benel'li,  Alemanno.  Pen-name  of  Ercole 
Bottrigari. 

Benel'li,  Antonio  Peregrino,  b.  Forli, 
Romagna,  Sept.  5,  1771  ;  d.  Bornichau,  Saxony, 
Aug.  16,  1830.  In  1790,  first  tenor  at  San 
Carlo  Th.,  Naples  ;  in  London,  1798  ;  at  Dres- 
den, 1801-22,  when  his  voice  failed  ;  then  teacher 
of  singing  at  the  R.  Theatre  School,  Berlin  ; 
dismissed  1829  on  account  of  a  bitter  and  un- 
just attack  on  his  benefactor  Spontini.  Publ. 
a  Vocal  Method  (Dresden,  1819)  ;  considerable 
vocal   music,  and   Solfeggi  ;  and  a  few   pf.-pcs. 

Be'nes  [ba'nesh]  (Ger.  Benesch),  Josef, 
b.  Batelov,  Moravia,  Jan.  II,  1793  ;  d.  (?). 
Violinist ;  member  of  the  theatre-orchestras  at 
Baden  and  Pressburg.  In  1819,  began  an  artis- 
tic tour  in  Italy  ;  leader  of  the  orch.  at  Laibach, 
Carniola,  in  1823  ;  in  Vienna  1828  ;  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Imp.  orch.  in  1832.  Publ.  a  number 
of  violin-comp.s  ;  also  German  songs. 

Bene'voli,  Orazio,  b.  Rome,  1602,  as  the 
natural  son  of  Duke  Albert  of  Lorraine  ;  d. 
there  June  17,  1672.  Pupil  of  V.  Ugolini  ;  111. 
di  capp.  of  several  Roman  churches,  and  finally 
at  the  Vatican  (1646).  Of  the  highest  personal 
character,  and  a  contrapuntist  of  lofty  genius, 
he  lived  and  died  in  poverty.  His  polyphonic 
vocal  works  (masses  in  12,  16,  24,  and  even  48 
parts — the  mass  performed  at  Sta.  Maria  sopra 
Minerva,  Rome,  in  1650,  is  for  12  choirs,  i.e., 
48  real  parts — motets,  psalms  and  offertories  up 
to  30  parts)  are  the  consummating  point  of  the 
polychoric  a  cappella  style  ;  he  was  likewise  a 
pioneer  in  choral  comp.  with  obbligato  instru- 
mental accomp.  (his  mass  for  the  consecration 
of  Salzburg  cathedral,  1628,  is  written  on  54 
staves).  Few  of  his  works  were  publ. ;  most  are 
in   MS.  in  the  Vatican  library. 

Benfey'  [-fl],  Theodor,  b.  Norten,  n.  Got- 
tingen,  Jan.  28,  1809  ;  d.  there  June  26,  1881. 
Orientalist  and  philologist  ;  also  contributed 
mus.  articles  to  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur 
Musik." 

Beninco'ri,  Angelo  Maria,  b.  Brescia, 
Mar.  28,  1779  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  30,  1821.  Lived 
in  Spain,  Italy  and  Vienna  till  1803,  when  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  brought  out  several  unsuc- 
cessful operas  ;  the  only  successful  one,  Aladin 
(left  unfinished  by  Isouard,  for  which  B.  wrote 
the  last  3  acts,  and  a  march  for  the  first  act), 
was  prod.  6  weeks  after  his  death. 

Bennet,  Theodore.  See  Theodore  Ritter. 

Ben'nett,  Sir  William  Sterndale,  distin- 
guished English  comp.  ;  b.  Sheffield,  Apr.  13, 
1816  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  1,  1875.     His  father,  an 


organist,  died  when  B.  was  but  3  years  old,  and 
he  was  educated  by  his  grandfather,  John  B., 
a  lay-clerk  at  Cambridge.  At  S  he  entered  the 
choir  of  King's  College  Chapel,  and  at  10  the 
R.A.M.  (pupil  of  Ch.  Lucas,  Dr.  Crotch,  C. 
Potter  and  W.  II.  Holmes),  where  he  played, 
in  1833,  an  original  pf. -concerto  in  D  min., 
publ.  later  by  the  Academy.  In  1837  the  Broad- 
woods  sent  him  to  Leipzig  for  one  year,  a  visit 
repeated  1841-2  ;  he  was  intimate  with  Schu- 
mann and  Mendelssohn,  and  the  influence  of 
both,  particularly  the  latter,  is  reflected  in  some 
of  his  compositions.  From  1843-56,  he  gave  a 
series  of  chamber-concerts  in  England  ;  married 
Mary  Anne  Wood  in  1844  ;  founded  the  Bach 
Society  in  1849  ;  conducted  the  concerts  of  the 
Philharmonic  Society  1856-66,  and  the  Leeds 
Mus.  Festival  in  1858.  In  1S56,  too,  he  re- 
ceived the  title  of  Mus.  Doc.  from  Cambridge, 
after  his  election  to  the  chair  of  Musical  Profes- 
sor there.  In  1866  he  was  chosen  Principal  of 
the  R.A.M. ,  then  resigning  the  conductorship  of 
the  Philharmonic. 
The  additional  de- 
gree of  M.A.  was 
conferred  on  him 
by  Cambridge  in 
1867  ;  that  of  D.C. 
L.,  by  Oxford,  in  ):(> 
1870  ;  and  in  1871  % 
he  was  knighted.  ,, 
The  subscription-  I 
fund  of  the  Bennett 
testimonial  pre- 
sented him  at  St. 
James'  Hall,  1872, 
was  converted  by 
the  recipient  into  a 
scholarship  at  the  R.A.M.  He  is  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey. — Sterndale  Bennett  ranks 
high  among  English  composers  of  genuine 
originality.  Himself  a  pianist  of  rare  ability, 
he  favors  the  piano  above  all,  and  his  finest 
productions  are,  so  to  speak,  inspired  by  its 
peculiarities.  The  tale  of  his  works  is  scanty, 
but  in  polish,  refinement  and  careful  elabora- 
tion they  vie  with  the  best  in  musical  art. — 
Works  :  Op.  1,  1st  pf. -concerto,  in  D  min., 
1832  ;  op.  2,  Capriccio  f.  pf.,  in  D  ;  op.  3, 
overture  "  Parisina,"  f.  orch.,  1834-5;  op.  4, 
2nd  pf. -concerto,  E|?;  op.  8,  sestet  f.  pf.  and 
strings  ;  op.  9,  3rd  pf. -concerto,  in  C  min., 
1834;  op.  10,  3  Mus.  Sketches  f.  pf.  ;  op.  n, 
6  Studies  f.  pf.;  op.  12,  3  Impromptus  f.  pf . ; 
op.  13,  Sonata  f.  pf. ;  op.  14,  3  Romances  f. 
pf. ;  op.  15,  overture  "The  Naiads,"  f.  orch.; 
op.  16,  Fantasia  f.  pf.,  1842  ;  op.  17,  3  Diver- 
sions f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  op.  iS,  Allegro  grazioso, 
f.  pf . ;  op.  19,  4th  pf. -concerto,  in  P*  min., 
1S36-49  ;  op.  20,  overture  "  The  Wood-nymph," 
f.  orch.;  op.  22,  Caprice  in  E,  f.  pf.  and  orch.; 
op.  23,  6  songs  w.  pf.  ;  op.  24,  Suite  de  pieces 
f.  pf.,  1843;  op.  25,  Rondo  piacevole  f.  pf. ; 
op.  26,  pf.-trio,  1844;  op.  27,  Scherzo  f.  pf.  ; 
op.  28,  Rondino  f.  pf. ;  op.  29,  2  Studies  f.  pf. ; 


56 


BENNETT— BENSON 


op.  30,  4  sacred  duets  ;  op.  31,  Tenia  e  varia- 
zioni  f.  pf.;  op.  32,  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello, 
1852  ;  op.  33,  60  Preludes  and  lessons  f.  pf.  ; 
op.  34,  Rondo  f.  pf.  ;  op.  35,  6  songs  w.  pf. ; 
op.  36,  '-'  Flowers  of  the  month  ";  op.  37,  Rondo 
a  la  polonaise,  f.  pf.  ;  op.  38,  Toccata  f.  pf.  ; 
op.  39,  "  The  May  Queen,  a  Pastoral  "  (cantata 
by  Chorley),  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.  (Leeds,  1858)  ; 
op.  40,  Ode  (by  Tennyson)  ;  op.  41,  Cambridge 
Installation  Ode,  1862  ;  op.  42,  Fantaisie- 
Overture,  "  Paradise  and  the  Peri,"  f.  orch., 
1863  ;  op.  43,  symphony  in  G  minor  ;  op.  44, 
oratorio  The  Woman  of  Samaria,  Birmingham, 
1S67  ;  op.  45,  music  to  Sophocles'  Ajax ;  op. 
46,  pf. -sonata  "  The  Maid  of  Orleans."  Also, 
overtures  "  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor"  and 
"  Marie  du  Bois  ";  a  pf. -quintet,  w.  wind  ;  pf.- 
music,  part-songs,  songs,  and  coll. s  of  chants. 

Bennett,  Joseph,  prominent  English  mus. 
critic  and  writer  ;  b.  Berkeley,  Gloucestershire, 
Nov.  29,  1831.  Me  learned  to  play  several  in- 
str.s  ;  was  precentor  at  the  Weigh  House 
Chapel,  and  organist  of  Westminster  Chapel  ; 
then  mus.  critic  for  the  "Sunday  Times," 
"  Pall  Mall  Gazette,"  and  "  Graphic,"  also  con- 
tributing to  the  "Mus.  World"  and  "Mus. 
Standard";  at  present  on  the  staff  of  the  "  Mu- 
sical Times"  and  "Daily  Telegraph."  He 
edited  the  "Concordia"  1875-6,  and  "The 
Lute"  18S3-6.  Since  1885  he  has  annotated  the 
programs  of  the  Philharm.  Soc;  he  also  suc- 
ceeded J.  W.  Davison  as  writer  of  the  analyti- 
cal programs  for  the  Saturday  and  Monday  Pop- 
ular Concerts.  B.  has  furnished  several  Eng- 
lish composers  with  some  of  their  best  libretti. 
— Publ.  "  Letters  from  Bayreuth  "  (1877)  ;  "  The 
Musical  Year"  (1SS3)  ;  "  History  of  the  Leeds 
Mus.  Festivals,  1853-89"  (1892;  with  F.  R. 
Spark)  ;  and  Primers  of  mus.  biography. 

Ben'newitz,  Wilhelm,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  19, 
1832  ;  d.  there  Jan.,  1S71.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Kiel  ; 
player  in  the  royal  orch. — Opera,  Die  Rose  von 
Woodstock  (1876),  and  pes.  f.  pf.  and  'cello. 

Ben'newitz,  Anton,  b.  Privat,  Bohemia, 
Mar.  26,  1833.  Violinist  ;  since  1S82,  Director 
of  Prague  Cons. 

Benois,  Marie,  pianist  ;  b.  St.  Petersburg, 
Jan.  1,  1S61.  Pupil  of  Leschetizky  at  St.  Peters- 
burg Cons.,  where  she  won  gold  medal  (1876). 
For  two  years  she  made  brilliant  tours,  then 
(187S)  married  Wassily  Benois,  her  cousin. 

Benoist,  Frangois,  b.  Nantes,  Sept.  10, 
1794;  d.  Paris,  Apr.,  1S7S.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons.,  1811-15,  and  Grand  Prix  de  Rome  ;  re- 
turning from  Italy  in  1819,  he  became  organist 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  org. -prof,  at  the  Cons. ; 
in  1S40,  chej  dn  chant  at  the  Opera  ;  pensioned 
in  1872. — Works  :  2  operas,  Lconore  et  Fdlix 
(1821)  and  F Apparition  (184S) ;  4  ballets,  La 
Gipsy  (1839),  Le  Diablc  amour eux (1840),  A'isiJa 
ou  les  Amazons  des  Acores  (1S4S),  and  Pdquerette 
(185 1)  ;  a  Requiem   mass  f.  3  men's  voices  and 


a  child's  voice,  w.  org.  ad  lib.  ;  and  12  books  of 
organ-works,  "  Bibliotheque  de  l'organiste." 

Benoit,  Pierre-Leonard-Leopold,  eminent 
Flemish  composer  and  man  of  letters  ;  b.  Har- 
lebecke,  Belgium,  Aug.  17,1834.  While  study- 
ing in  the  Brussels  Cons.,  1851-55,  he  prod,  a 
small  opera  in  the  Parktheater,  and  wrote  the 
music  to  a  number  of  Flemish  melodramas  ;  he 
became  cond.  of  the  above  theatre  in  1856,  and 
won  the  Prix  de  Rome  in  1857  with  his  cantata 
Le  Meurtre  a" Abel.  He  now  studied  in  Leipzig, 
Dresden,  Munich  and  Berlin,  and  sent  an  essay 
to  the  Brussels  Academy  on  "  L'ecole  de  mu- 
sique  flamande  et  son  avenir."  In  1861  the 
Theatre-Lyrique  of  Paris  accepted  his  opera  Le 
roi  des  aulncs  ;  while  awaiting  its  performance, 
B.  acted  as  cond.  at  the  Bouffes-Parisiens  ;  but 
the  opera  was  not  given.  Since  1S67,  B.  has 
been  Director  of  the  Antwerp  Cons.  The  ten- 
dency of  his  compositions  is  strongly  influenced 
by  modern  German  music. — Works  :  Messe 
solennelle  (1862)  ;  Te  Deum  (1863)  ;  Requiem 
(1S63)  ;  the  Flemish  oratorio  Lucifer  (1S66)  ; 
the  2  Flemish  operas  Het  dorp  int  gebergte 
and  Lsa  ;  oratorio,  De  Schelde  ;  Drama  C/iristi, 
a  sacred  drama  f.  soli,  ch.,  org.,  'celli,  double- 
basses,  trumpets  and  trombones ;  De  Oorlog 
(War j  a  cantata  f.  double  ch.,  soli,  and  en- 
larged orch.);  a  "  Children's  Oratorio";  a  cho- 
ral symphony,  "  De  Maaiers  "  [The  Mowers]  ; 
music  to  Charlotte  Corday,  and  to  van  Goe- 
them's  drama  Willem  de  Zwijger (1876);  the  "Ru- 
bens cantata  "  Flaiuterens  kunstroem,  f.  mixed 
ch.,  children's  ch.,  and  orch.  (1877);  "  Antwer- 
pen,"  f.  triple  malech.  (1877);  "  Joncfrou  Kathe- 
lijne,"  scena  f.  altosoloand  orch.  (1879)  ;  "  Muse 
der  Geschiedenis,"  f.  ch.  and  orch.  (1S80)  ; 
"  Hucbald,"  f.  double  ch.,  baritone  solo,  and 
orch.  w.  harp  (18S0)  ;  "  Triomfmarsch  "  (18S0) ; 
grand  cantata  De  Rhyn,  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch. 
(18S9)  ;  a  mass;  motets  w.  org.  ;  "  Liefde  int 
leven  "  and  "  Liefdedrama,"  songs  ;  "  Sagen  en 
Balladen  "  f.  pf.  ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  a  flute-con- 
certo, etc. — Writings  :  "  De  vlaamsche  Musiek- 
school  van  Antwerpen  "  (1873)  ;  "  Considerations 
a  propos  d'un  projet  pour  l'institution.  de  Festi- 
vals en  Belgique  "  (1874)  ;  "  Verhandelung  over 
de  nationale  Toonkunde  "  (2  vol.s,  1S77-9)  ;  "De 
musikale  Opvoeding  en  Opleiding  in  Belgie " 
(no  date)  ;  "  Het  droombeeld  eener  musikale 
Wereldkunst"  (n.  d.)  ;  "  De  oorsprong  van  het 
Cosmopolitisme  in  de  Musiek  "  (1876)  ;  "  Over- 
schijn  en  blijk  in  onze  musikale  vlaamsche 
beweging  "  (n.  d.)  ;  "Onze  musikale  beweging 
op  dramatisch  gebied  "  (n.  d.)  ;  "  Onze  neder- 
landsche  musikale  eenheid  "  (n.  d.)  :  "  Brieven 
over  Noord-Nederland  "  (n.  d.)  ;  "  Een  konink- 
lijk  vlaamsch  Conservatorium  te  Antwerpen  " 
(n.  d.)  ;  and  many  contributions  to  musical  and 
other  journals.  In  1880  B.  became  correspond- 
ing member,  and  in  18S2  full  member,  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  Berlin. 

Benson,  Harry,  b.  Birmingham,  England, 
Dec.  14,  1848;  pupil  of  A.  Deakin  there,  of 
Geo.  A.  Browning  in  Bath,  and  of  G.  A.  Whit- 


57 


BENVENUTI— BERGER 


ing  and  St.  A.  Emery  at  New  England  Cons., 
Boston,  Mass.  For  some  years  instructor  in 
N.  E.  Cons.;  since  1S91,  head  of  vocal  dept. 
in  Boston  Training  School  of  Music.  B.  is 
teacher  and  examiner  for  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  Col- 
leges of  London  and  America,  and  an  active 
promoter  of  Tonic  Sol-fa  in  the  U.  S.  Has 
also  been  organist,  etc.,  at  various  Boston 
churches;  1894,  Mus.  Dir.  of  Walnut  Av. 
Congr.  Ch.,  Roxbury  (Boston).  He  is  widely 
and  favorably  known  as  a  conductorand  founder 
of  choral  societies  and  conventions. 

Benvenu'ti,  Tommaso,  dramatic  comp. ; 
b.  Venice,  1832,  and  still  lives  there.  Operas: 
Vulenzia  Candiano  (Mantua,  1S56),  Adriana 
Lecouvreur  (Milan,  1857),  Guglielmo  Shake- 
speare (Parma,  1861),  La  Stella  di  Toledo  (Milan, 
1864),  //  Falconiere  (Venice,  1S78),  and  the  op. 
buffa  Lebaruffe  Chiozzotte  (Florence,  1895;  mod. 
succ). 

Berar'di,  Angelo,  b.  Sant'Agata,  Bologna  ; 
168 1,  prof,  of  comp.  and  m.  di  capp.  at  Spoleto; 
1687,  canon  at  Viterbo;  1693,  m.  di  capp.  at  the 
Basilica  of  S.  Maria  in  Trastevere.  An  emi- 
nent theorist;  works  publ.  1683-1 706  at  Bologna. 
He  composed  a  Requiem  Mass  (1663),  2-  and 
4-p.  motets  (1665),  psalms  (1675),  offertories 
(1680);  etc. 

Berat,  Frederic,  b.  Rouen,  1S00  ;  d.  Paris, 
Dec.  2,  1855.  Vocal  comp.,  intimate  with  Be- 
ranger,  many  of  whose  poems  he  set  to  music. 
His  romances  and  chansonettes  are  still  popular  : 
A  la  frontiere,  Bibi,La  Lisetie  de  Be"ranger,  Le 
depart,  Ma  Normandie,  etc. 

Berbiguier,  Benoit-Tranquille,  b.  Cade- 
rousse,  Vaucluse,  Dec.  21,  17S2  ;  d.  Pont-Le- 
voy,  n.  Blois,  Jan.  29,  1S38.  Flute-virtuoso; 
pupil  of  Wunderlich  at  Paris  Cons.  His  works 
f.  flute,  which  are  classics,  include  15  books  of 
duos  f.  2  flutes;  2  do.  do.  f.  flute  and  vln.;  6 
gr.  solos  or  etudes  ;  10  concertos  ;  7  books  of 
sonatas,  w.  ace.  of  'cello  or  via. ;  8  variations, 
w.  pf.  or  orch.;  6  airs  and  var.s  ;  6  books  of 
trios  f.  3  fl.;  1  do.  f.  2  fl.  and  via.;  1  do.  f.  11., 
vln.,  and  "via.;  several  suites  of  easy  duos; 
grand  duo  concertant  f .  fl.  and  pf . ;  fantasias, 
romances,  arrangements,  etc. 

Berchem  (or  Berghem),  Jachet  de  (also 
Jaquet,  Jacquet,  and  Giachetto  di  Mantova), 
D.  Berchem  (?),  n.  Antwerp,  abt.  1500;  d.  15S0  ; 
famous  contrapuntist,  maestro  to  the  Duke  of 
Mantua  abt.  1535-65.  Publ.  many  masses,  mo- 
tets, madrigals,  etc. 

Be'rens,  Hermann,  b.  Hamburg,  Apr.  7, 
1825  (?);  d.  Stockholm,  May  9,  1880.  Excellent 
pianist,  pupil  of  his  father,  Karl  B.  [1S01-57], 
of  Reissiger  (Dresden)  and  Czerny.  Went  to 
Stockholm  in  1S47,  and  founded  celebrated 
Quartet  Soirees  ;  1849,  royal  mus.  director  at 
Orebro  ;  1SG0,  conductor  at  the  "  Mindre  "  Th. , 
Stockholm  ;  later  court-conductor,  teacher  of 
comp.  at  the  Academy,  and  prof,  and  member 
of  ditto. — Works  :   The  Greek   drama   Kodros  ; 


I  opera,  Violeita,  and  3  operettas.  Kin  Som- 
mernacktstrautn,  I.ullv  und  Quinault,  Riccardo  j 

overtures  f.  orch.,  quartets,  trios,  pf.-pes.,  songs 
and  part-songs,  and  a  successful  "  Neueste 
Schule  der  Gelaufigkeit  "  f.  pf. 

Beret'ta,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Verona, 
B'eb.  24,  1S19;  d.  Milan,  Apr.  28,  1876.  For 
several  years  director  of  Bologna  Cons.;  then 
devoted  himself  to  completing  the  great  "  Di- 
zionarioartistico-scientifico-storico-technologico- 
musicale  "  begun  by  A.  Barbieri  (publ.  Milan, 
Luigi  di  Giacomo  Pirola),  but  reached  only  the 
letter  G.  He  also  wrote  a  treatise  on  harmony, 
and  another  on  instrumentation  and  orchestra- 
tion ;  he  comp.  instrumental  and  sacred  music. 

Berg,  Adam,  music-printer  at  Munich  1540- 
99;  publ.  the  "  Patrocinium  musicum "  in  10 
vol.s,  5  being  devoted  to  Orlandus  Lassus. 

Berg,  Johann  von,  music-printer  of  Ghent ; 
settled  in  Nuremberg,  and  became  (1550)  Ul- 
rich  Neuber's  partner. 

Berg,   Konrad  Mathias,   b.  Kolmar,  Alsa- 

tia,  Apr.  27,  1785  ;  d.  Strassburg,  Dec.  13, 
1S52.  Violinist  and  pianist,  pupil  of  Paris 
Cons.  1806-7,  settled  as  pf. -teacher  in  Strass- 
burg, 1808. — Works:  4  string-quartets  ;  10  pf.- 
trios  ;  3  concertos  ;  sonatas,  variations  and  effec- 
tive 4-hand  pes.  f.  pf.  His  essay  "  Ideen  zu 
einer  rationellen  I.ehrmethode  der  Musik  mit 
Anwendung  auf  das  Klavierspiel  "  ("  Cacilia," 
vol.  xvii,  1835),  created  a  sensation;  also  an 
"  Apercu  historique  sur  l'etat  de  la  musique  a. 
Strasbourg  pendant  les  50  dernieres  annees" 
(1S40). 

Ber'ger,  Ludwig,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  iS,  1777; 
d.  there  Feb.  16,  1839.  Studied  harm,  and  cpt. 
under  J.  A.  Gurrlich  (Berlin,  1799)  and  pf.  un- 
der Clementi  (St.  Petersburg,  1804),  being  also 
strongly  influenced  by  Field's  playing.  Went 
to  Stockholm  in  1812,  and  thence  to  London, 
rejoining  Clementi  and  meeting  Cramer.  From 
1S15,  settled  at  Berlin  as  a  pf. -teacher  ;  among 
his  pupils  were  Mendelssohn,  Henselt,  Taubert, 
and  Fanny  Ilensel.  With  Klein,  Reichart,  and 
Rellstab  he  founded  the  junior  "  Liedertafel " 
(1819).  His  pf. -works,  especially  the  Studies, 
a  Toccata,  and  a  Rondo,  are  highly  esteemed; 
he  also  composed  the  opera  Oreste  (not  per- 
formed), cantatas,  male  quartets,  songs,  etc. 
A  full  and  sympathetic  account  of  his  career 
was  publ.  by  L.  Rellstab  in  the  "  Berlinische 
Zeitung  "  of  Feb.  12,  1S39. 

Ber'ger,  Francesco,  b.  London,  June  10, 
1834;  pupil  of  Luigi  Ricci  (Trieste)  for  harmony, 
and  of  Karl  Lickl  (Vienna)  f.  pf. ;  later  private 
pupil  of  Hauptmann  and  Plaidy  (Leipzig). 
Prof,  of  pf.  at  R.  A.  M.  and  Guildhall  Sch.  of 
Mus.;  for  some  years  director,  now  hon.  secre- 
tary, of  the  Philharmonic. —  Works:  An  opera 
and  a  mass  (prod,  in  Italy)  ;  songs  ;  many  part- 
songs  and  pf.-pes.  Wrote  "  First  Steps  at  the 
Pianoforte." 


58 


BERGER— BERIOT 


Ber'ger,  Wilhelm,  composer  ;  b.  Boston, 
Mass.,  U.  S.  A.,  Aug.  9,  1861  ;  taken  by  parents 
next  year  to  Bremen.  Stud,  in  the  Konigl. 
Hochschule  f.  Musik,  at  Berlin,  1S78-81  (Fr. 
Kiel).  Lives  (1898)  in  Berlin,  as  a  composer 
and  well-known  piano-teacher  ;  has  written  (op. 
55)  "  Gesang  der  Geister  liber  den  Wassern,"  f. 
4-p.  mixed  ch.  and  full  orch.;  a  Dram.  Fantasy 
in  overture-form  ;  also  pf. -pes.,  part-songs,  abt. 
80  songs,  etc.  Pf. -music  :  Up.  2,  5  pes. ;  op. 
4  and  7,  2  pes.  f.  vln.  and  pf.;op.  6,  Im- 
promptus ;  op.  9,  2  Klavierstucke  ;  op.  14,  3 
Klavierstucke;  op.  17,  5  Klavierstucke  in  Tanz- 
form  ;  op.  18,  4  Intermezzi  ;  op.  20,  Fantasie- 
stiick  ;  op.  21,  pf. -quartet  in  A  ;  op.  23,  12 
"  Aquarellen";  op.  53,  6  Klavierstucke.  In 
1898  he  won  a  prize  of  2,000  marks,  offered  by 
Dr.  Simon  of  Konigsberg,  with  his  setting  of 
Goethe's  "  Meine  Gottin  "  (op.  72). 

Ber'ger,  Siegfried.  Pseudonym  for  Che- 
lius,  Freiherr  vox. 

Ber'ger,  Otto,  b.  Machau,  Bohemia,  1S73  (?); 
d.  there  June  30,  1S97.  Talented  violoncellist  ; 
founded,  with  Suk,  Ilofmann  and  Nedbal,  the 
"  Smetana"  Quartet,  later  called  the  "Bohe- 
mian." 

Berg'green    [-gran],  Andreas    Peter,     b. 

Copenhagen,  Mar.  2,  1S01;  d.  there  Nov.  9, 
1SS0.  Originally  a  law-student,  he  turned  to 
music  ;  1838,  organist  of  Trinity  Church  ; 
1843,  prof,  of  vocal  music  at  the  Metropolitan 
School  ;  and  1859,  inspector  of  singing  in  all 
public  schools. — Works  :  Comic  opera  Billedet 
og  bustan  [Portrait  and  Bust]  (1832);  many  col- 
lections of  songs,  etc. — He  was  one  of  Gade's 
teachers. 

Berghem,  Jachet  de.     See  Berchem. 

Berg'mann,  Karl,  b.  Ebersbach,  Saxony, 
1821;  d.  New  York,  Aug.  16,  1876;  st.  under 
Zimmermann  in  Zittau,  and  Hesse  in  Breslau. 
Went  to  America  1850  with  the  travelling  "  Ger- 
mania"  Orch..  and  was  later  its  cond.  till  its  dis- 
solution (1854).  Also  cond.  Handel  and  Haydn, 
1852-4.  In  1S55,  entered  Philh.  orch.,  N.  Y., 
cond.  the  concerts  alternately  with  Th.  Eisfeld 
till  1862,  then  sole  cond.  until  his  death.  Also 
conducted  the  Germ,  male  chorus  "  Arion  "  for 
several  years.  B.  was  an  eminent  cond.,  a  good 
pianist  and  'cellist  ;  he  was  an  ardent  admirer  of 
Wagner,  Liszt,  etc.,  and  rendered  important 
services  to  the  cause  of  music  in  America  by  in- 
troducing their  works. 

Berg'ner,  Wilhelm,  b.  Riga,  Nov.  4,  1837; 
1861,  organist  of  the  English  church  at  Riga,  in 
1868  of  Riga  cathedral.  He  founded  a  Bach 
Society,  and  a  cathedral-choir,  and  is  a  zealous 
promoter  of  music  in  Riga  ;  he  brought  about 
the  first  production  of  Rubinstein's  sacred  opera 
Moses  (Feb.  20,  1S94),  and  procured  the  build- 
ing of  the  great  organ  in  the  cathedral  by 
Walcker  (1SS2-3). 


Bergon'zi,  Carlo,  1716-55,  violin-maker  at 
Cremona,  Stradivari's  best  pupil.  11  is  son, 
Michelangelo,  and  his  2  nephews,  Niccolo  and 
Carlo  Bergonzi,  were  of  minor  importance. 

Berg'son,  Michael,  b.  Warsaw,  May,  1S20. 
Pianist  and  comp. :  pupil  of  Schneider  (Dessau), 
and  Rungenhagen  and  Taubert  (Berlin).  Went 
to  Paris  (1S40),  and  to  Italy  in  1S46,  where  his 
opera  Louisa  di  Montfort  was  successfully 
prod.  (Florence,  1S47).  After  living  in  Vienna 
(1850-3),  Berlin  and  Leipzig,  he  revisited  Paris, 
and  brought  out  a  i-act  operetta  Qui  va  a  la 
chasse,  per d sa  place  (1859).  ^n  I$<J3,  Ist  P1-- 
teacher  in,  and  in  a  short  time  director  of, 
Geneva  Cons.;  went  to  London  in  a  few  years, 
and  lives  there  as  a  private  teacher. — Works  : 
For  pf.,  12  Crandes  Etudes,  op.  62;  Ecole  du 
mecanisme,  op.  65.;  Concerto  symphonique  in 
E  minor  ;  Trio,  op.  5  ;  Polonaise  heroique,  op. 
72;  Sonata  with  flute  ;  Duo  dramatique  f.  pf. 
and  flute;  duos  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  Mazurkas, 
Fantasias,    etc. 

Bergt,  Christian  Gottlob  August,  cele- 
brated teacher,  composer  and  organist  ;  b. 
Oderan,  Saxony,  June  17,  1772  ;  d.  Bautzen, 
Feb.  10,  1837,  where  he  was  organist  from  1802, 
also  music-teacher  at  the  Seminary  and  conduc- 
tor of  the  singing  society.  —  Mis  sacred  music 
(a  /\7.s\s7<w-Oratorio,  op.  10  ;  the  hymns  "  So 
weit  der  Sonne  Strahlen."  op.  17,  and  "Christus 
ist  erstanden,"  op.  iS,  f.  4  voices  and  orch.;  a 
Te  Deum  ;  the  canticle  "  Herr  Gott,  dich 
loben  wir,"  reset  ;  etc.),  is  well  known  through- 
out Germany  ;  he  also  wrote  6  operas,  several 
symphonies,  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  etc.;  a  set 
of  Lieder,  "  Conge,"  also  became  very  popular. 

Be'ringer,  Oscar,  b.  Fi'irtwangen,  July  14, 
1844.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Plaidy,  Mo- 
scheles,  Reinecke)  1864-6  ;  later,  at  Berlin,  of 
Tausig,  Ehrlich,  and  Weitzmann.  He  became 
prof,  in  the  "  Schule  des  hoheren  Klavierspiels  " 
at  B.  in  1S69  ;  went  to  London  in  1871,  and  in 
1873  established  a  similar  institution  there  : — 
"Acad.  f.  the  Higher  Development  of  Pf. -play- 
ing." Since  1894,  pf.-prof.  in  R.  A.  M.  lie 
is  a  pianist  of  great  perfection  of  method,  and 
his  book  of  Technical  Exercises  is  valuable;  he 
has  publ.  2  sonatinas  and  other  pf. -pes. ;  also 
songs. 

Be'ringer,  Robert,  brother  of  preceding,  b. 
Fiirtwangen,  June  14,  1841.  Has  given  many 
concerts  in  London,  and  the  provinces  ;  from 
1861,  pianist  at  the  Crystal  Palace  ;  cond.  of 
choral  societies,  and  lecturer  on  music.  Has 
written  pf. -music,   orchestral  pes.,  songs,  etc. 

BeTiot,  Charles  (-Auguste)  de,  famous  vio- 
linist ;  b.  Louvain,  Feb.  20,  1802  ;  d.  Brussels, 
Apr.  8,  1870.  Though  sometimes  called  the 
pupil  of  Viotti  and  Baillot,  he  owed  his  techni- 
cal foundation  to  the  careful  instruction  of  his 
guardian,  Tiby,  a  provincial  teacher.  At  9  he 
played  a  concerto  by  Viotti    in  public  ;  and   his 


59 


BERIOT— BERLIOZ 


later  wonderful  development  was  due  to  his  native 
musical  talent  and  individuality.  He  went  to 
Paris  in  1821  ;  made  a  triumphant  de:but  there  ; 
became  chamber-violinist  to  the  King  of  France; 
played  successfully 
in  many  concerts  in 
England ;  was  app. 
solo  violinist  to  the 
King  of  the  Neth- 
erlands (1826-30); 
lost  position  and 
salary  through  the 
Revolution,  and 
from  1830-5  made 
concert-tours 

through     Europe,    'i^J  B8ST..V  '"^^"S^\ 

many  with  Mme. 
Garcia  -  Malibran, 
whom  he  married 
in  1836.  After  her 
death  in  Sept.,de  B.  did  not  appear  in  public 
until  1840,  on  a  tour  in  Germany.  From  1S43- 
52  he  was  prof,  of  vln.  at  Brussels  Cons. ;  failure 
of  eyesight,  and  paralysis  of  left  arm,  necessi- 
tated his  retirement. — Ilepubl.  7  vln. -concertos; 
4 pf. -trios  ;  several  duos  brillants  f.  pf.  and  vln.; 
11  sets  of  variations  f.  vln.;  also  "  I'remier 
guide  des  violinistes  ";  "  Methode  deViolon  "  (3 
parts  ;  Paris,  1858  ;  his  best  work);  many  studies 
f.  vln. ;  etc. 

Beriot,  Charles-Vilfride  de,  son  of  preced- 
ing, b.  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1S35.  Pianist,  pupil  of 
Thalberg  (1S55).  Now  prof,  of  pf.  at  Paris 
Cons.  —  Works  :  Symph.  poem  "  Fernand  Cor- 
tez  ";  overtures  ;  3  pf. -concertos  ;  "  Operas  sans 
paroles"  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  a  Fantaisie- Ballet  f. 
vln.;  a  septet;  2  pf. -quartets  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  So- 
nata f.  pf.  and  flute;  abt.  60  comp.s  f.  pf . ; 
songs,  etc.  With  his  father  he  wrote  a  "  Me- 
thode d'accompagnement." 

Berlijn'  (or  Berlyn),  Anton  (or  Aron  Wolf 
[?]  ),  b.  Amsterdam,  May  2,  1817;  d.  there  Jan. 
16,  1870.  Pupil  of  L.  Erk  and  B.  Koch  ;  also 
of  G.  W.  Fink  at  Leipzig.  For  years  he  was 
conductor  at  the  Royal  Th.,  Amsterdam.  He 
wrote  9  operas  ;  7  ballets  ;  an  oratorio  Moses  auf 
Nebo;  a  symph.  cantata  ;  a  mass  ;  symphonies, 
overtures,  chamber-music,  etc. 

Berlin'  [-leen],  Johann  Daniel,  organist ;  b. 
Memel,  1710  ;  d.  Drontheim,  Norway,  1737. 
Publ.  "  Elements  of  Music,"  and  a  "  Guide  for 
Calculations  in  Temperament." 

Berlioz,  Hector  (-Louis),  a  composer  of  such 
marked  and  powerful  individuality  and  wide- 
spread influence  that  he  has  been  called  the 
"  father  of  [ultra-]  modern  orchestration,"  was 
born  at  Cote-Saint-Andre,  near  Grenoble, 
France,  Dec.  11,  1S03  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  9,  1869. 
His  father,  a  physician,  sent  him  to  Paris  to 
study  medicine  under  Amussat  ;  carried  away 
by  his  passion  for  music,  however  (although  the 
flageolet  and  guitar  were  the  only  instr.s  he  could 
play),  he  forsook  his  medical  studies  in  defiance 
of  parental   authority  and  a  cutting-off   of   his 


allowance.  Entering  the  Conservatory,  he  man- 
aged to  subsist  by  joining  the  chorus  of  the 
Gymnase  dramatiquej  impatient  of  Reicha's  for- 
mal system  of  instruction,  he  soon  left  the  Cons., 
determined  to  follow  his  own  bent.  Fired  by 
the  revolt  of  the  new  "  romantic  "school  against 
the  sway  of  the  "classics,"  B.  devoted  himself 
heart  and  soul  to  the  former  cause.  His  first 
essay  in  composition,  an  orchestral  Mass  given 
at  St.-Roch  in  1825,  was  unintelligible  both  to 
executants  and  hearers,  and  made  him  an  object 
of  ridicule  ;  still,  nothing  daunted,  he  persevered 
in  his  chosen  path,  which  led  straight  to  the 
realm  of  the  most  outspoken  and  elaborate  pro- 
gram-music. His  next  works  (182S)  were  two 
overtures,  "  Waverley "  and  "  Les  Francs- 
Juges,"  and  a  symphonic phantastique ,  ' '  Episode 
de  la  vie  d'un  artiste."  To  these,  and  other  less- 
known  pieces,  he  added,  at  a  concert  in  1829,  a 
composition  entitled  "Concerts  des  Sylphes," 
with  the  following  printed  program  :  "  Mephis- 
topheles,  to  excite  in  Faust's  soul  the  love  of 
pleasure,  convokes  the  spirits  of  the  air,  and  bids 
them  sing  ;  after  preluding  on  their  magic  instr.s, 
they  describe  an  enchanted  land,  whose  happy 
inhabitants  are  intoxicated  with  ever-renewed 
voluptuous  delights  ;  little  by  little  the  charm 
takes  effect,  the  voices  of  the  sylphs  die  away, 
and  Faust  falls  asleep  to  dream  delicious 
dreams."  It  shows  how  far  B.  had  already 
travelled,  at  the  age  of  25,  in  this  direction.  In 
1826,  to  obtain  "protection"  in  his  efforts  to 
compete  for  the  great  prizes,  he  had  reentered 
the  Cons.,  taking  a  course  in  free  composition 
with  Lesueur.  Cherubini  long  opposed  his  ad- 
mission to  the  annual  competitions  ;  at  length, 
in  1830,  he  bore  off  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome 
with  a  cantata,  Sardanapale.  From  his  sojourn 
of  iS  months  in  Rome  and  Naples,  he  brought 
back  the  overture 
to  King  Lear,  and 
a  sequel  to  the 
symphonie  phan- 
tastique— "  Lelio, 
ou  le  retour  a  la 
vie."  By  brilliant 
journalistic  work 
in  the  "Journal 
des  Debats,"  the 
"  Gazette  musi- 
cale,"  etc.,  he  in- 
creased in  promi- 
nence, and  be- 
came a  power  in 
musical  Paris. 
And  now  his  sym- 
phony     "  Harold 

en  Italie  "  (1834),  the  Messe  des  marts  (1837), 
the  dramatic  symphony  "  Romeo  et  Juliette," 
with  vocal  soli  and  chorus  (1839),  ar)d  the 
overture  "  Carnaval  romain,"  were  received 
with  poeans  of  praise  in  the  press  ;  though  the 
attitude  of  the  public  was  more  reserved.  But 
his  first  dramatic  attempt,  the  2-act  opera 
semi-seria    Benvenulo    Cellini    (Grand    Opera, 


60 


BERLIOZ— BERNARD 


Sept.  3,  183s),  was  rejected  in  toto  by  the  gen- 
eral public  at  Paris,  and  also  a  fortnight  later 
at  London  ;  though  the  chosen  few  at  Weimar 
lauded  it  to  the  skies.  For  Liszt  was  in  active 
sympathy  with  B.,  adopting  and  transmuting  the 
latter's  ideas  in  his  own  irresistibly  genial  and 
original  fashion.  In  1S39  B.  was  made  Conser- 
vator of  the  Conservatory,  and,  in  1852,  librarian, 
an  appointment  held  until  death  ;  the  coveted 
professorship  was,  nevertheless,  jealously  denied 
him.  In  1843  his  first  concert-giving  tour  in 
Germany,  etc.,  met  with  great  success,  which  he 
recorded  in  his  "  Voyage  musicale  en  Allemagne 
et  en  Italie  "  (1844;  two  vol.s).  Similar  excur- 
sions through  Austria,  Hungary,  Bohemia  and 
Silesia  (1845),  and  Russia  (1847),  were  equally 
fortunate.  In  London  (1S52)  he  conducted  the 
first  series  of  the  "  New  Philharm.  Concerts  "  ; 
in  1853  his  Benvenuto  Cellini  was  performed  at 
Covent  Garden  under  his  baton.  Beatrice  et 
Benedict,  a  comic  opera,  was  likewise  brought 
out  by  himself  at  Baden-Baden  (1S62).  He  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  juries  at  the  exhibi- 
tions in  London  and  Paris,  1855  and  1S61  ; 
elected  member  of  the  Academie  in  1856  ;  and 
decorated  with  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 
His  last  foreign  trip  was  to  St.  Petersburg,  by 
invitation  of  the  Grand  Duchess  Helene,  to  bring 
out  his  Damnation  do  Faust.  The  evening  of 
his  life  was  overcast  by  the  failure  of  his  opera, 
Les  Troyens  a  Carthage  (1S63),  and  the  death  of 
his  son  Louis  (1S67).  During  his  lifetime  he 
met  with  little  real  appreciation  in  his  native 
country,  though  posthumous  honors  are  now 
showered  upon  him  ;  but  the  somewhat  artificial 
"  Berlioz  cult"  in  France  in  no  way  rivals  the 
German  Wagner  movement.  Indeed,  Germany 
has  most  generously  honored  B.'s  memory  by  the 
first  complete  production,  under  Mottl's  direc- 
tion, of  the  opera  Les  Troyens  (in  two  parts  :  La 
prise  de  Troie,  3  acts,  and  Les  Troyens  a 
Carthage,  in  5  acts)  at  Karlsruhe  in  1897.  His 
bizarre  yet  very  popular  "  oratorio,"  La  Damna- 
tion de  Faust  (1846),  perhaps  marks  the  culmina- 
tion of  B.'s  striving  after  the  purely  fantastic  ; 
but  his  passion  for  unprecedented  orchestral 
combinations  and  gigantic  mass-effects  was  un- 
sated,  and  he  certainly  carried  the  science  of 
orchestration  to  wonderful  perfection.  His 
'"  Traite  d'instrumentation"  (Engl,  transl.,  Lon- 
don ;  German  transl.,  Leipzig,  1S64)  long  held 
first  place  among  works  of  its  class  (Gevaert's 
great  treatise  is  more  modern  and  complete). 
Besides  the  "Voyage  musicale"  he  publ. 
"  Soirees  d'orchestre  "  (1S53),  "  Grotesques  de  la 
musique "  (1S59),  "A  travers  chants"  (1862), 
and  his  "  Memoires  "  (1870  ;  Engl,  transl.,  Lon- 
don, 1884),  containing  an  autobiography  from 
1803-1S65.  His  prose  style  is  both  forceful  and 
polished  ;  in  verse  he  penned  the  words  to  his 
FEnfance  du  Christ  (see  below),  also  to  the 
operas  Beatrice  et  Benedict  and  Les  Troyens. — 
Other  large  compositions,  besides  works  already 
mentioned,  are  the  sacred  trilogy  FEnfance  du 
Christ  (Part  I,  Le  songe  d'LLerode;  II,  La  fitite 


en  Egyptej  III,  TArrive'e  a.  Sais) ;  a  Te  Deum 
f.  3  choirs,  orch.  and  organ  ;  a  "  Grande  sym- 
phonic Jnnebrc  et  triomphale"  f.  full  military 
band,  with  strings  and  chorus  ad  lib.;  overture 
to  Le  Corsaire;  Le  cinq  Mai,  f.  bass  solo,  ch. 
and  orch.  (for  the  anniversary  of  Napoleon's 
death)  ;  also  other  instrumental  and  choral 
works,  songs,  transcriptions. 

Berlyn,  Anton.     See  Berlijn. 

Bermu'do,  Juan,  b.  abt.  1510,  near  Astorga, 
Spain  ;  wrote  a  description  of  mus.  instr.s, — 
"  Declaracion  de  Instrumentos,"  and  publ.  1 
volume  (1545). — MS.  in  Natl.  Library,  Madrid. 

Bernabe'i,  Giuseppe  Ercole,  b.  Caprarola, 
Papal  States,  abt.  1620  ;  d.  Munich,  1687.  A 
pupil  of  Orazio  Benevoli,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1672  as  in.  di  capp.  at  the  Vatican  ;  1674,  court 
Kapellm.  at  Munich.  He  wrote  three  operas 
(prod,  in  Munich)  ;  publ.  2  books  of  madrigals 
(1669)  and  one  of  motets  (1690)  ;  other  works 
(masses,  offertories,  psalms)  are  in  MS.  in  the 
Vatican  Library. 

Bernabe'i,  Giuseppe  Antonio,  son  of  pre- 
ceding; b.  Rome,  1659;  d.  Munich,  Mar.  9, 
1732,  where,  in  1688,  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  court  Kapellm. — Works:  15  operas;  masses, 
etc. 

Bernac'chi,  Antonio,  celebrated  sopranist 
{mitsico)  ;  b.  Bologna,  abt.  1690;  d.  there  March, 
1756.  Pupil  of  Pistocchi.  Specially  engaged  by 
Handel  for  the  Italian  Opera,  London,  in  1729, 
as  the  finest  living  dram,  singer.  In  1736  he 
founded  a  singing-school  at  Bologna.  He  re- 
vived the  style  of  vocal  embellishment  which  the 
French  term   "roulades." 

Bernard,  Emery,  b.  Orleans,  France,  early 
in  the  16th  century.  His  Method  of  Singing 
passed  through  3  ed.s  (1541,  '61,  '70). 

Ber'nard,  Moritz,  b.  Kurland,  1794;  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  May  9,  1S71.  Pupil  of  John  Field 
(Moscow,  1811),  and  Hassler.  He  at  first 
travelled,  then  (1S16)  was  LCapellm.  to  Count 
Potocki,  and  in  1S22  teacher  of  music  in  St.  P., 
where  he  opened  a  music-store  in  1829.  Wrote 
minor  pf.-pes.,  and  an  opera,  Olga  (St.  P.,  1845). 

Bernard,  Paul,  b.  Poitiers,  France.  Oct.  4, 
1827;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  24,  1879.  A  pupil  of  Ha- 
levy,  Thalberg  and  others,  in  Paris  Cons.;  suc- 
cessful concert-pianist  and  teacher,  composed 
many  small  pf.-pes. ,  and  wrote  criticisms  for  the 
"  Menestrel,"  and  the  "  Revue  et  Gazette  Musi- 
cale." 

Bernard,  Daniel,  b.  1841,  d.  Paris,  June, 
1883  ;  a  distinguished  contributor  to  the  "  Me- 
nestrel." 

Bernard,  Emile,  b.  Marseilles,  Aug.  6,  1845. 
Pupil,  in  Paris  Cons  ,  of  Reber  (comn.)',  Benoist 
(org.),  and  Marmontel  (pf.).  Organist  of  Notre  - 
Dame-des-Champs,  Paris,  and  a  distinguished 
composer  of  the  new  school. — Works:  Vln.- 
concerto  ;  Concertsttick  f.  pf.  w.  orch.  ;  Fan- 
taisie  f.  do.,  op.   31 ;  2  Suites  f.  orch.  ;  "  Bea- 


61 


BERNARDI— BERTELMANN 


trice  "  overture  ;  a  pf.  -  quartet ;  a  pf .  -  trio  ; 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.  ; 
much  other  chamber-  and  pf. -music  ;  2  cantatas, 
Guillaume  le  conqzu'rant,  and  La  Captivite"  de 
Babylone. 

Bernar'di,  Steffano,  canon  at  Salzburg  abt. 
1634.  Publ.  madrigals,  masses,  motets  and 
psalms  (161 1-37),  also  a  "  Lehre  vom  Contra- 
punct"  (1634). 

Bernar'di,  Francesco.     See  Senesino. 

Bernar'di,  Enrico,  b.  Milan,  Mar.  11,  183S. 
A  travelling  conductor  and  leader,  now  director 
and  proprietor  of  an  orchestra  at  Milan.  Has 
written  several  fairly  succ.  operas  and  ballets 
(1854-79),  and  much  very  popular  dance-music; 
also  marches,  and  the  like. 

Bernardi'ni,  Marcello  ("  Marcello  di 
Capua"),  b.  Capua,  abt.  '762.  Wrote  over  20 
stage-works,  both  text  and  music,  most  per- 
formed 1784-99  at  Venetian  theatres,  with  good 
success. 

Bernasco'ni,  Andrea,  b.  Marseilles,  1712; 
d.  Munich,  Jan.  24,  1784,  where  he  was  court 
Kapellm.  from  1755.  He  wrote  much  sacred 
music,  and  iS  operas,  14  of  them  for  Munich. 

Bernasco'ni,  Pietro,  famous  Italian  organ- 
builder;  b.  (?),  d.  Varese,  May  27,  1S95.  Built 
the  organs  in  Como  cathedral,  and  in  Church  of 
San  Lorenzo  at  Milan. 

Berneli'nus,  supposedly  a  Benedictine  monk 
at  Paris  (1000),  where  he  wrote  on  music.  Ger- 
bert  publ.  his  treatise,  on  the  division  of  the 
monochord,  in  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  i. 

Ber'ner,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Breslau, 
May  16,  1780;  d.  there  May  9,  1827.  Fine 
organist,  music-teacher  at  the  Br.  Seminary, 
and  later  Director  of  the  R.  Academic  Inst,  for 
Church-music.     Wrote  much  ch. -music  (MS.). 

Bernhard  (St.),  of  Clairvaux,  b.  Fontaines, 
Burgundy,  1091;  d.  as  abbot  of  Clairvaux,  Aug. 
20,  1 1 53.      Theoretical  writer. 

Bern'hard  der  Deutsche,  organist  of  S. 
Marco,  Venice,  1445-59,  the  year  of  his  death, 
and  known  there  as  "Bernardo  di  Steffanino 
Murer,"  was  the  reputed  inventor  of  organ- 
pedals,  and  at  least  introduced  them  into  Italy. 

Bern'hard,  Christoph,  b.  Danzig,  1612;  d. 
Nov.  14,  1692,  Dresden,  where  he  studied  under 
II.  Schutz.  The  Elector  sent  him  to  study 
singing  in  Italy;  he  afterwards  became  2nd, 
and  then  1st  Kapellm.  at  Dresden,  succeeding 
Schutz.  He  was  a  remarkable  contrapuntist. 
Publ.  "Geistliche  Harmonica"  (1665),  and  "  Pru- 
dentia  prudentiana  "  (1669,  hymns).  A  treatise 
on  composition,  and  a  second  on  counterpoint, 
are  in  MS. 

Bernicat,  Firmin,  b.  1S41,  d.  Paris,  March, 
1883.  Wrote  13  operettas  for  minor  Paris 
theatres. 


Ber'no,  "  Augien'sis,"  abbot  of  Reichenau 
monastery  1008  to  his  death  on  June  7,  1048. 
Wrote  learned  treatises  on  music,  to  be  found 
in  Gerbert's  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  ii.  A  monograph 
on  his  system  of  music  was  publ.  by  W.  Bram- 
bach  (1881). 

Bernouilli,  Johann,  b.  Basel,  July  27,  1667; 
d.  there  Jan.  2,  1747,  as  Prof,  of  Sciences;  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Daniel  [b.  Groningen,  Feb.  9, 
1700;  d.  Basel,  Mar.  17,  1782].  Their  writings 
on  acoustics  are  valuable. 

Berns'dorf,  Eduard,  b.  Dessau,  Mar.  25, 
1S25.  Pupil  of  Schneider  and  A.  B.  Marx 
(Berlin).  Writer,  critic  (for  the  Leipzig  "  Sig- 
nale  "),  and  composer.  He  completed  Schlade- 
bach's  "  Universal-Lexikon  der  Tonkunst 
(1855-6,  3  vol.s  and  Appendix);  also  publ.  pf.- 
pcs.,  and  songs. 

Ber'nuth,  Julius  von,  b.  Rees,  Rhine  Prov- 
ince, Aug.  8,  1830.  Originally  destined  for 
the  law,  he  also  studied  music  at  Berlin  under 
Taubert  and  Dehn  ;  from  1S52-4,  barrister  at 
Wesel  ;  then  gave  up  law  and  studied  music  at 
Leipzig  Cons,  till  1857,  when  he  founded  the 
chamber-music  society  "  Aufschwung,"  and  in 
1859  the  "Dilettantes'  Orchestral  Society"; 
also  conducted  the  "  Euterpe,"  the  "  Singaka- 
demie,"  and  the  Male  Choral  Society.  During 
the  summer  of  1863  he  studied  singing  with 
Manuel  Garcia  at  London  ;  returning  to  Leip- 
zig, he  conducted  one  season  of  the  "  Euterpe  " 
concerts,  then  becoming  conductor  of  the  Ham- 
burg Philharmonic,  in  1867  of  the  H.  "  Singa- 
kademie,"  and  in  1873  director  of  a  conservatory 
there.      In  1878,  "  Royal  Prussian  Professor." 

Berr,  Friedrich,  famous  clarinettist  and 
bassoonist  ;  b.  Mannheim,  Apr.  17,  1794  ;  d. 
Paris,  Sept.  24,  1838.  Bandmaster  in  various 
French  regiments,  1S23  1st  clarinet  at  Th.  des 
Italiens,  1831  prof,  of  clar.  at  Paris  Cons.,  1836 
Director  of  the  new  School  of  Military  Music. — 
Works:  "  Traite  complet  de  la  clarinette  a  14 
clefs "  (1836).  Prolific  composer  f.  clar.,  bas- 
soon, etc.  ;  500  pes.  of  military  music  alone  ; 
suite,  trios,  duos,  etc. 

Berr6,  Ferdinand,  b.  Ganshoren,  n.  Brus- 
sels, Feb.  5,  1843.  Opera-composer  ;  first 
work  VOrage  an  moulin  (1867);  then  Le 
Couteau  de  Castille  (1867)  ;  others  in  MS.  Has 
publ.  over  50  songs  ("  romances"). 

Berta'li,  Antonio,  b.  Verona,  1605;  d.  Vi- 
enna, Apr.  I,  1669.  Viennese  court  musician 
from  1637  ;  1649,  till  death,  court  Kapellm., 
succeeding  Valentini.  Produced  several  can- 
tatas (1641-46),  and,  from  1653-67,  8  operas 
and  3  oratorios,  all  at  Vienna. 

Ber'telmann,  Jan  Georg,  b.  Amsterdam, 
Jan.  21,  1782;  d.  there  Jan.  25,  1S54.  Pupil  of 
D.  Brachthuijzer ;  prof,  at  the  R.  School  of 
Music,  where  he  formed  many  eminent  pupils 
(Stumpff,  Hoi,  Van  Bree,  et  al.).  Publ.  works: 
Mass,  requiem,  string-quartet,  pes.  f.  vln,  and 
pf.  ;  many  others  in  MS. 


62 


BERTELSMANN— BERTONI 


Ber'telsmann,  Karl  August,  b.  Gi'iters- 
loh,  Westphalia,  iSn  ;  d.  Amsterdam,  Nov. 
20,  1861.  Pupil  of  Rinck.  Director  (1839)  of 
the  "  Eutonia  "  society,  Amsterdam. — Works: 
Choruses  f.  men's  voices  ;  12  4-p.  songs  f. 
mixed  chorus  ;  songs  w.  pf.  ;  pes.  f.  org.  ;  pf.- 
music. 

Berthaume,  Isidore,  b.  Paris,  1752,  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  Mar.  20,  1802.  First  violin  at 
Grand  Opera,  1774;  cond.  of  the  "Concerts 
Spirituels,"  17S3  ;  finally  solo-violinist  in  the 
Imp.  orchestra  at  St.  Petersburg. — Works  : 
Sonatas,  solos,  duos,  and  a  concerto  f.  vln.  ; 
symphonie  concertante  f.  2  vlns.  ;  sonata  and 
sonatinas  f.  pf. 

Berthelier,  Henri,  solo  violinist  in  orch.  of 
Paris  Opera,  and  in  Cons,  concerts.  1894,  suc- 
ceeded Maurin  as  prof,  of  violin  at  Cons. 

Bert'hold,    Karl    Friedrich   Theodor,    b. 

Dresden,  Dec.  18,  1815;  d.  there  Apr.  28,  1882. 
Pupil  of  J.  Otto  and  Fr.  Scheider  ;  in  1864  he 
succeeded  the  latter  as  court  org.  at  Dresden. 
He  wrote  an  oratorio  Petrus.a.  Missa  solemnis, 
a  symphony,  overtures,  church-music,  etc.  ;  also 
(with  Fiirstenau)  a  pamphlet  dn  "  Die  Fabrika- 
tion  musikalischer  Instrumente  im  Vogtlande " 
(1876). 

Bertin,  Louise-Angglique,  b.  at  the  Roches, 
n.  Paris,  Feb.  15,  1805  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  26, 
1877.  Pupil  of  Fetis  ;  dramatic  composer, 
singer,  pianist. — Operas  :  Guy  Mannering  (pri- 
vate perf.),  Lf  Loupgarou  (Paris,  1827),  Faust 
(1831),  Notre-Dame  de  Paris  \Esmeraldd\ 
(1836)  ;  many  minor  compositions,  of  which 
"  Six  Ballades  "  were  publ. 

Berti'ni,  Abbate  Giuseppe,  b.  Palermo, 
1756  ;  d.  there  1S49  (?)■  M-  &  capp.  to  tne  Si- 
cilian court  ;  publ.  a  "  Dizionario  storico-cri- 
ticodegli  scrittori  di  musica  "  (Palermo,  1814). 

Berti'ni,  Benoit-Auguste,  b.  Lyons,  June 
5,  1780.  Pupil  of  Clementi  in  London  (1793), 
later  pf. -teacher  there.  Wrote  an  n-page 
pamphlet,  "  Stigmatographie,  ou  l'art  d'ecrire 
avec  des  points,  suivie  de  la  melographie,  nou- 
velle  art  de  noter  la  musique "  (Paris,  1812), 
and  "  Phonological  System  for  acquiring  ex- 
traordinary facility  on  all  musical  instruments  as 
well  as  in  singing  "    (London,   1S30). 

Berti'ni,  Henri-J6rome,  pianist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  London,  Oct.  28,  179S  ;  d.  Meylau, 
near  Grenoble,  Oct.  1,  1876.  When  six  months 
old  he  was  taken  to  Paris,  where  he  was  taught 
by  his  father  and  his  elder  brother,  Benoit- 
Auguste  ;  played  early  in  public,  and  at  12 
made  a  concert-tour  through  the  Netherlands 
and  Germany.  He  returned  to  Paris  for  study  ; 
spent  some  time  in  Great  Britain  ;  and  from 
1821-59  resided  in  Paris,  whence  he  made  many 
brilliant  artistic  tours.  In  1S59  he  retired  to 
his  estate  at  Meylau.  Both  as  pianist  and 
composer,  he  was  a  musician  of  the  highest  tal- 
ent and  lofty  ideals,  unalterably  opposed  to  the 


£3 


flashy  virtuosity  then  so  much  in  vogue.  His 
technical  studies  are  still  of  value  ;  an  excellent 
selection  of  50  has 
been  edited  by  G. 
Buonamici  ;  an  arr. 
of  Bach's  "48  Pre- 
ludes and  Fugues " 
f.  4  hands,  is  also 
useful.  He  also 
wrote  much  cham- 
ber-music, and  pes. 
f.  pf.-solo — over  200 
works  in  all. 

Berti'ni,  Dome- 
nico,  born  Lucca, 
June  26,  1829 ;  d. 
Florence,  Sept.  7, 
1890.        Pupil     of 

Michele  Puccini.  1S57,  Director  of  the  mus. 
inst.  at  Massa  di  Carrara,  also  m.  di  capp.; 
went  to  Florence  in  1862,  as  singing-teacher 
and  critic,  and  became  director  of  the  "Cheru- 
bini  "  Society.  Contributor  to  the  "  Boccherini  " 
of  Florence,  "  La  Scena  "  of  Venice,  and  other 
periodicals.  He  comp.  2  operas,  masses,  mag- 
nificats, and  chamber-music  ;  also  wrote  "  Com- 
pendio  di  principi  di  musica,  secondo  un  nuovo 
sistema"  (1866). 

Berton,  Pierre-Montan,  b.  Paris,  1727;  d. 
there  May  14,  1780,  as  conductor  of  the  royal 
orch.  and  of  the  Grand  Opera.  A  contemporary 
of  Gluck  and  of  Piccinni,  his  great  talent  for  con- 
ducting aided  efficiently  in  the  improvement  of 
French  opera.  He  wrote  several  operas,  and 
rearranged  others  by  Lully,  etc. 

Berton,  Henri-Montan,  son  of  preceding, 
b.  Paris,  Sept.  17,  1767;  d.  there  Apr.  22,  1844. 
Opera-composer,  pupil  of  Rey  and  Sacchini. 
In  1782,  violinist  in  Opera-orch.;  1795,  prof,  of 
harm,  in  Paris  Cons.;  1807,  cond.  of  the  Opera 
buffa;  1815,  member  of  the  Academy;  1816, 
prof,  of  comp.  at  Cons.  Of  his  47  operas,  the 
best  are  Montano  et  Stephanie  (1799),  Le  De'lii-e 
(1799),  and  Aline,  reine  de  Golconde  (1803) ;  he 
also  wrote  5  oratorios,  5  cantatas,  and  many 
"  romances."  His  theoretical  works  are  curi- 
ous rather  than  valuable. — Biogr.  by  Raoul- 
Rochette  :  "  Notice  hist,  sur  la  vie  et  les  ou- 
vrages  de  M.  Berton  "  (Paris,  1844),  and  by  H. 
Blanchard:  "Henri-Montan  Berton"  (Paris, 
1839). 

Berton,  Francois,  natural  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  Paris,  May  3,  1784;  d.  July  15,  1832. 
Pupil  of  Cons.  1796-1804;  prof,  of  singing 
there  1821-7.  He  composed  several  operas, 
and  some  vocal  music. 

Berto'ni,  Ferdinando  Giuseppe,  b.  Island 
of  Salo,  n.  Venice,  Aug.  15,  1725;  d.  Desen- 
zano,  Dec.  I,  1813.  Pupil  of  Padre  Martini; 
1752,  organist  at  San  Marco;  1784,  Galuppi's 
successor  as  m.  di  capp.  ;  choirmaster  at  the  Cons, 
de'  Mendicanti  from  1757-97. — Works:  5  ora- 
torios, and  much  other  church-music  ;  34  operas  ; 
chamber-music  ;  6  harpsichord-sonatas,  etc. 


BERTRAND— BETZ 


Bertrand,  Jean-Gustave,  b.  Vaugirard,  n. 
Paris,  Dec.  24,  1S34;  d.  Paris,  1880.  Writer 
and  critic. — Works:  "  Histoire  ecclesiastique 
de  l'orgue  "  (1859);  "  Essai  sur  la  musique  dans 
l'antiquite  " ;  "Pes  origines  de  l'harmonie  " 
(1866);  "  De  la  reforme  des  etudes  du  chant  au 
Conserv."  (1871);  "Pes  nationalites  musicales 
etudiees  dans  le  drame  lyrique"  (1872).  Con- 
tributor to  Pougin's  Supplement  to  Fetis. 

Ber'wald,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Stockholm, 
July  23,  1788;  d.  there  Sept.,  1861.  Violinist, 
pupil  of  Abbe  Vogler,  and  of  remarkable  pre- 
cocity, playing  in  public  at  5,  and  writing  a 
symphony  at  9;  after  concert-tours,  he  became 
(1816)  chamber-musician  to  the  King,  and  from 
1819  was  conductor  of  the  royal  orch.  His  com- 
positions are  mostly  forgotten. 

Ber'wald,  Franz,  nephew  of  preceding,  b. 
Stockholm,  July  23,  1796;  d.  there  Apr.  30, 
1868,  as  Director  of  the  Cons. — Works:  1  opera, 
Estrella  di  Soria  (Stockholm,  1862)  ;  sympho- 
nies; chamber-music. 

Ber'win,  Adolf,  b.  Schwersenz,  n.  Posen, 
Mar.  30,  1847.  Pupil  of  Pechner  (pf.)  and 
Frohlich  (vln.),  also  of  Rust  at  Berlin  (cpt.)  and 
Dessoff  at  Vienna  (comp.).  In  1882,  Director 
of  the  Royal  Pibrary  and  Cecilia  Academy  at 
Rome.  Edited  an  Pal.  transl.  of  Pebert  and 
Stark's  Piano  School;  is  writing  a  "  History  of 
dram.  mus.   in  Italy  during  the  18th  century." 

Besard,  Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Besancon,  abt. 
1576.  Pearned  lutenist;  he  wrote  "  Phesaurus 
harmonicus"  (Cologne,  1603,  containing  many 
contemporary  comp.s,  arr.  f.  lute);  "  Isagoge  in 
artem  testudinarium,  das  ist:  Unterricht  iiber 
das  kiinstliche  Saitenspiel  der  Pauten  "  (Augs- 
burg, 1617;  being  a  2nd  ed.  of  his  "  Traite  du 
luth  ");  and  "  Novus  Partus,  etc."  (1617,  a  coll. 
of  24  pes.  f.  1  or  2  lutes). 

Beschnitt',  Johannes,  b.  Bockau,  Silesia, 
Apr.  30,  1825;  d.  Stettin,  July  14,  1880.  From 
1848,  teacher  and  cantor  at  the  Catholic  School, 
Stettin  ;  he  also  conducted  a  male  choral  society, 
for  which  he  wrote  many  easy  choruses. 

Besekir'sky,  Vasil  Vasilevitch,  violinist 
in  Moscow,  where  he  was  b.  1836;  he  has  made 
highly  successful  tours  to  Brussels  and  Paris 
(1858),  Madrid  (1866),  Prague  (1869),  and  publ. 
much  violin-music. 

Bes'ler,  Samuel,  b.  Brieg,  Silesia,  Dec.  15, 
1574;  d.  Breslau,  July  19,  1625,  where  he  was 
rector  of  the  Gymnasium  zum  Heiligen  Geist 
from  1605.  His  church-comp.s  are  preserved 
in  great  part  at  the  library  of  St.  Bernhardinus, 
Breslau. 

Bes'ler,  Simon,  cantor  at  St.  Maria  Magda- 
len, Breslau,  from  1615-28.  A  few  of  his  4-p. 
songs,  printed  in  score,  are  extant. 

Besoz'zi,  Louis-D6sire,  b.  Versailles,  Apr. 
3,  1814;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  II,  1879.  Of  a  musical 
family,  he  entered  the  Cons,  in  1825,  and  took 


the  first  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1837.  He  lived 
in  Paris  as  a  music-teacher,  and  composed  pf.- 
pcs.,  etc. 

Bes'sems,  Antoine,  violinist ;  b.  Antwerp, 
Apr.  6,  1809;  d.  there  Oct.  19,  1S68.  Pupil  of 
Baillot  at  Paris  Cons.  (1826);  member  of  the 
Ital.  Opera  orch.;  then  made  long  concert- 
tours,  and  from  1847-52  conducted  the  orch.  of 
the  "  Societe  royale  d'harmonie,"  Antwerp. 
Works:  Masses,  motets,  psalms,  graduals,  etc.; 
a  violin-concerto ;  Fantasias  f.  vln.;  12  grandes 
Etudes  f.  vln.  w.  pf.;  12  grands  Duos  de  con- 
cert f.  do.  do.;  other  vln.  -pes. ;  duos,  trios  and 
quartets  f.  strings,  etc. 

Besson,  Gustave-Auguste,  b.  Paris,  1820, 
d.  there  1875,  is  noted  for  his  improvements  in 
the  valves  of  wind-instruments. 

Best,  William  Thomas,  distinguished  or- 
gan-virtuoso; b.  Carlisle,  England,  Aug.  13, 
1826;  d.  Piverpool,  May  10,  1897.  Taught  by 
the  cathedral  organist  Young;  first  appointment, 
organ  of  Pembroke  chapel,  Piverpool;  1847,  at 
the  Church  of  the  Blind;  1848,  of  the  Philh. 
Society.  In  iS^2,  organist  of  the  Panopticon, 
Pondon,  and  also  at  St.  Martin's;  1854,  of  Pin- 
coin's  Inn  chapel;  1855-94,  of  St.  George's 
Hall,  Piverpool,  and 
also  resumed  (1872) 
the  post  of  organist 
of  the  Philh.  Society. 
In  1S80  he  was 
offered  the  option  of 
knighthood  or  a 
Civil-Pist  pension  of 
^roo  per  annum;  he 
accepted  the  latter, 
having  a  confirmed 
dislike  to  all  titles. 
He  retired  in  1894. 
Best's  extraordinary 
virtuosity  made  him 
much  in  request  for 
very  numerous  public  functions  ;  in  1890  he  went 
to  Sydney,  Australia,  to  inaugurate  the  organ  in 
the  new  Town  Hall.  His  recitals  were  a  fea- 
ture in  Piverpool  musical  life;  he  played  con- 
certos at  many  successive  Handel  Festivals. 
His  works,  popular  in  type  though  classical  in 
form,  include  church-services  and  anthems  ; 
sonatas,  preludes  and  fugues,  concert-fantasias, 
studies,  etc.,  for  organ;  also  2  overtures  and  a 
march  f.  orchestra,  and  several  pf.-pes.  His 
chief  text-books  are  "  The  Art  of  Organ-play- 
ing" (Pondon,  1870),  in  4  parts,  and  "  Modern 
School  for  the  Organ"  (Pondon,  1855);  he  also 
publ.  "  Handel  Album  "  (20  vol.s)  ;  "  Arrange- 
ments from  the  Scores  of  the  Great  Masters  " 
(5  vol.s)  ;  and  a  large  variety  of  transcriptions; 
B.  likewise  edited  many  other  of  Handel's  works. 
An  excellent  sketch  of  Best  is  to  be  found  in 
"  Musical  Times,"  June  I,  1897,  p.  382-3. 

Betz,  Franz,  distinguished  dramatic  bari- 
tone ;  b.  Mayence,  March  19,  1S35  ;  sang  from 


64 


BEVIGNANI— BIANCHINI 


1S56-9  at  Hanover,  Altenburg,  Gera,  Bernburg, 
Kothen,  and  Rostock  ;  after  his  debut  as  Don 
Carlos  in  Ernani  at  Berlin  (1S59),  ne  was  Per- 
manently  eng.  at  the  Royal  Opera  House  until 
his  retirement  in  1S97,  when  the  Emperor 
named  him  "  hon.  member  "  of  the  opera-com- 
pany. An  eminent  singer  of  Wagnerian  roles, 
he  created  the  Wotan  at  Bayreuth  in  1S76. 

Bevigna'ni,  Enrico  (Cavaliere),  b.  Naples, 
Sept.  29,  1841  ;  studied  comp.  under  Albanese, 
Lillo,  and  others  ;  his  first  opera,  Caterina 
Bloom  (Naples,  1S63),  was  very  successful  ;  but 
he  preferring  the  career  of  conductor,  was  eng. 
by  Col.  Mapleson  from  1864-70  at  II.  M.'sTh., 
London,  then  in  Covent  Garden  till  the  present 
time.  Engagements,  in  the  Italian  operas  at 
St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  alternated  with  the 
Eondon  seasons,  until  B.'s  engagement  for  the 
Metropolitan  Opera,  New  York.  —  By  the  Czar 
he  was  made  Knight  of  the  Order  of  St.  Stanis- 
las, which  carries  with  it  nobility  and  a  life- 
pension. 

Bev'in,  Elway,  Welsh  comp.  and  organist; 
b.  between  1560-70,  d.  1640(7);  he  was  a  pupil 
of  Tallis  ;  (15S9)  org.  of  Bristol  cathedral, 
and  (1605)  Gentleman  Extraordinary  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  but  lost  both  places  because  he 
became  a  Roman  Catholic. — Works  :  "A  Briefe 
and  Short  Introd.  to  the  Art  of  Musicke  " 
(1631);  a  Short  Service  in  D  min.;  an  anthem 
"Praise  the  Lord  "  (in  Barnard's  Coll.);  other 
anthems  MS. 

Bexfield,  William  Richard,  b.  Norwich, 
England,  Apr.  27,  1824  ;  d.  London,  Oct.  29, 
1853.  Pupil  of  Dr.  Z.  Buck  ;  org.  of  Boston 
church,  Lincolnshire  ;  from  1848,  at  St.  Helen's, 
London.  Took  degree  of  Mus.  Bac.  at  Oxford, 
1846  ;  Mus.  Doc.  at  Cambridge,  1S49. — Works: 
An  oratorio,  Israel  Restored  (1852);  a  cantata, 
Hector  s  Death  ;  anthems,  organ-fugues,  part- 
songs,  songs,  etc. 

Bey'er  [by-],  Johann  Samuel,  b.  Gotha, 
1669;  d.  Karlsbad,  May  9,  1744.  In  1697, 
cantor  at  Ereiberg,  Saxony  ;  1722,  at  Weissen- 
fels  ;  1728,  Musikdirector  at  Ereiberg.  Publ. 
"  Primae  lineae  musicae  vocalis  "  (1703);  "  Musi- 
kal.  Vorrath  neu  variirter  Festchoralgesange " 
(1716);  and  "  Geistlich-musikalische  Seelen- 
freude  "  (1724  ;   72  concert-arias,  etc.). 

Bey'er,  Rudolf,  b.  Wilther,  n.  Bautzen, 
Feb.  14,  1S28;  d.  Dresden,  Jan.  22,  1S53.  Music- 
teacher,  and  composer  of  songs,  chamber- 
music,  music  to   O.  Ludwig's  Maccabaer,  etc. 

Bey'er,  Ferdinand,  b.  Querfurt,  July  25, 
1805  ;  d.  Mayence,  May  14,  1S63.  Salon-com- 
poser of  pf. -pes.,  generally  pleasing  and  facile, 
but  of  little  depth. 

Biag'gi,  Girolamo  Alessandro,  writer  and 
composer  ;  b.  Milan,  181 5  ;  d.  Florence,  Mar. 
21,  1S97.  Pupil  of  Milan  Cons.  1829-39  (vio- 
lin ;  composition);  after  a  visit  to  France,  he 
returned  to  Milan,  was  for  a  short  time  m.  di 
capp.,   wrote    an  opera,     Martino    dclla    Scala, 

5  65 


was  for  some  years  (abt.  1S47)  editorof  "  l'ltalia 
musicale "  (Milan;  Lucca),  wrote  an  essay 
"  Delia  musica  religiosa  e  delle  questioni 
inerenti  "  (Milan  :  Ricordi,  1857);  then  settled 
in  Florence  as  prof,  of  mus.  hist,  and  aesthetics 
at  the  newly  established  R.  Istituto  Musicale, 
writing  articles  for  "  La  Nazione,"  and  the  re- 
view "La  Nuova  Antologia  ";  later  for  the 
"  Gazzetta  d'ltalia,"  under  the  pen-name 
"  Ippolito  d'Albano."  He  left  an  unfinished 
"Vita  di  Rossini."  The  tendency  of  his 
writings  is  conservative. — Other  works  :  "  Con- 
ferenze  su  la  riforma  melodrammatica  Fioren- 
tina,"  and  "  Sugli  istrumenti  a  pizzico." 

Bi'al[bee-],  Rudolf,  b.  Habelschwerdt,  Sile- 
sia, Aug.  26,  1834;  d.  New  York,  Nov.  13,  1SS1. 
Violinist  in  Breslau  orch.;  then  made  a  tour  in 
Africa  and  Australia  with  his  brother  Karl  ; 
settled  in  Berlin  as  conductor  of  the  Krollorch., 
and  (1864)  Kapellm.  of  the  Wallner  Th.,  where 
his  numerous  farces,  operettas,  etc.,  have  been 
performed  ;  later,  cond.  of  Italian  opera  in  Ber- 
lin, and  concert-agent  in  New  York. 

Bi'al,  Karl,  brother  of  Rudolf ;  b.  Habel- 
schwerdt, July  14,  1S33;  d.  Steglitz,  n.  Berlin, 
Dec.  21,  1892.  Pianist  and  music-teacher;  he 
composed  interesting  pf. -music  and  songs. 

Bian'chi,  Francesco,  b.  Cremona,  1752;  d. 
Bologna,  Sept.  24,  1S11  (ace.  to  some  at  Ham- 
mersmith, Nov.  27,  1S10).  From  1775-8,  111.  al 
cembalo  at  Ital.  Opera,  Paris,  where  his  first 
opera,  La  reduction  de  /'arts,  was  prod.  (1775); 
up  to  1S00  he  wrote  47  operas,  of  pleasing,  but 
ephemeral  quality  ;  went  to  Florence,  1780  ;  to 
Venice,  1785,  as  org.  at  San  Marco  ;  and  to 
London,  1793,  as  cond.  at  the  King's  Th. — His 
treatise  "  Dell'  attrazione  armonica  "  was  never 
publ.      He  was  the  teacher  of   II.  R.  Bishop. 

Bian'chi,  Valentine,  soprano  stage-singer; 
b.  Wilna,  1839  ;  d.  Candau,  Kurland,  Feb.  28, 
1884.  Studied  at  Paris  Cons. ;  debut  Frankfort, 
1855  ;  eng.  at  Schwerin  (1855-61),  Stettin,  St. 
Petersburg  (1862-5),  and  Moscow  (until  1867)  ; 
retired  1S70. 

Bian'chi,  Bianca  {rectius  Schwarz),  high 
soprano  opera-singer;  b.  in  a  village  on  the 
Neckar,  June  27,  1S5S  ;  pupil  of  Wilczek  (Hei- 
delberg) and  Mme.  Viardot-Garcia  (Paris),  Pol- 
lini  paying  her  expenses  and  then  engaging  her 
for  10  years.  Debut  at  Karlsruhe,  1873,  as 
Barberina  in  Figaro.  Sang  at  London,  Mann- 
heim, Karlsruhe,  and  was  eng.  at  Vienna  in 
1SS0. 

Bian'chi,  Eliodoro,  contemporary  opera- 
composer. — Works  :  Garad'amore  (Bari,  1873) ; 

Sarah  ;  Almanzor. 

Bianchi'ni,  Pietro,  b.  Venice,  Oct.  18,  1828. 
Began  as  violinist  in  the  Fenice  Th.  orch.;  1869 
;;/.  di  capp.  at  Feltre  ;  1871,  Conegliano  ;  1874, 
Parenzo  dTstria  ;  1878-87  at  Trieste  as  teacher 
ofvln.,  cpt.  and  comp. ;  now  Director  of  the  Mu- 
sic   School    cf    the    I'adri   Ar/neni,    Venice. — 


BIBER— BILLINGTON 


Works  :  Symphonies,  string-quartets  and  -trios, 
masses,  songs,  and  pf. -music. 

Bi'ber,  Heinrich   Johann    Franz   von,  b. 

Wartenberg,  Bohemia,  1644  ;  d.  Salzburg,  May 
3,  1704.  Noteworthy  violinist  and  composer, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  German  school  of 
violin-playing.  He  was  successively  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Emperor  Leopold  I.  (who  ennobled 
him),  the  Bavarian  court,  and  the  Archbishop  of 
Salzburg.  He  publ.  a  number  of  vln. -sonatas 
(one  is  in  David's  "  Hohe  Schule  "),  and  other 
pieces. 

Bi'ber,  Aloys,  distinguished  Bavarian  piano- 
maker;  b.  Ellingen,  1804;  d.  Munich,  Dec.  13, 
1858. 

Bie'dermann  [bee-],  tax-receiver  at  Beich- 
lingen,  Thuringia,  abt.  1786,  is  noteworthy  as  a 
real  virtuoso  on  the  hurdy-gurdy,  which  he  con- 
siderably improved. 

Bie'dermann,  Edward  Julius,  b.  Milwau- 
kee, Wis.,  Nov.  8,  1849.  .on  and  pupil  of 
A.  Julius  B.;  also  studied  pf.,  org.,  and  theory 
in  Germany,  1858-64.  Organist  in  turn  at  the 
following  New  York  churches  :  St.  Augustine's 
(R.  C),  St.  Gabriel's  (R.  C),  Dutch  Reformed, 
and  (since  18SS)  at  St.  Mary's  (R.  C.).  Has 
lived  for  30  years  in  N.  Y.  as  a  teacher. — 
Works:  2  grand  masses  f.  soli,  ch.,  org.  and 
orch.;  a  number  of  anthems  ;  vocal  duets  and 
solos  (sacred  and  secular). 

Biehl,  Albert,  pianist  and  teacher;  b.  Rudol- 
stadt,  Germany,  Aug.  16,  1833.  Publ.  trios, 
songs,  and  many  valuable  instructive  pf. -works 
fully  abreast  of  modern  technic :  "  Vorschule 
zur  Fingertechnik,"  op.  139  ;  op.  164,  Etudes 
f.  vln.  w.  accomp.  of  a  2nd  vln.;  op.  170,  20 
melod.  Vortrags-  u.  Gelaufigkeits-Studien  f.  pf.; 
op.  179,  Fingerfertigkeits-Etiiden  fttrdie  Mittel- 
stufe  ;  etc.,  etc. 

Bier'ey,  Gottlob  Benedikt,  b.  Dresden, 
July  25,  1772  ;  d.  Breslau,  May  5,  1S40.  Pupil 
of  G.  E.  Weinlig,  Dresden  ;  was  director  of  a 
travelling  opera-troupe  until  the  success  of  his 
opera  Wladimir  (Vienna,  1S07)  caused  his  app. 
as  Kapellm.  at  Breslau,  succeeding  Weber;  he 
was  theatre-director  there  1824-S,  when  he  re- 
tired.— Works  :  26  operas  and  operettas  ;  10 
cantatas,  masses,  orchestral  and  chamber-music, 
etc. 

Bie'se,  Wilhelm,  b.  Rathenow,  Apr.  20, 
1822,  piano-maker  (chiefly  uprights)  ;  est.  since 
1853  in  Berlin. 

Biga'glia,  Padre  Diogenio,  Benedictine 
monk  of  Venice,  publ.  in  1725  twelve  sonatas  f. 
solo  violin  or  flute.     Other  works  in  MS. 

Bigna'mi,  Carlo,  called  by  Paganini  'Ml 
primo  violinista  d'ltalia";  b.  Gremona,  Dec.  6, 
1808  ;  d.  Voghera,  Aug.  2,  1848.  Was  in  turn 
opera-conductor  at  Cremona  (1827),  Milan,  and 
(1833)  Verona  ;  returning  to  Gremona  1837,  he 
became  director  and  first  violin  of  the  orchestra, 
and  made   it  one   of  the  best  in    Lombardy. — 


Works  :  A  violin-concerto  ;  Capricci  o  Studi  per 
violino  ;  Fantasias  ;  Grande  Adagio  ;  Polacca  ; 
Variations,   etc. 

Bigna'mi,  Enrico,  b.  1842(7),  d.  Genoa, 
Feb.,  1894.  Violinist  and  composer. — Operas: 
Anna  Rosa  (Genoa,  '92  ;  succ.)  ;  Clan  Ltdgi 
Fcsclii  (never  produced). 

Bi'gnio,  Louis  von,  lyric  baritone  stage- 
singer;  b.  Pesth,  1839;  trained  at  Pesth  Cons., 
and  by  Rossi  and  Gentiluomo.  Debut  Pesth 
(German  Th.,  1S58)  ;  eng.  1858-63  at  the  Hun- 
garian National  Th.;  then,  till  1883,  at  the 
Vienna  Court  Opera,  when  he  was  pensioned, 
and  returned  to  Pesth  (Nat.  Th.)..  Was  also  well 
received  as  a  concert-singer  (in  London,  etc.). 

Bigot,  Marie  {ne'e  Kiene),  b.  Kolmar,  Up- 
per Alsatia,  Mar.  3,  1786  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  16, 
1S20.  A  distinguished  pianist,  she  lived  for 
years  in  Vienna,  where  she  was  known  and  es- 
teemed by  Beethoven  ;  went  to  Paris  in  1S08, 
and  gave  piano-lessons  from  1812  on. 

Bilhon  (or  Billon),  Jean  de,  singer  in  the 
Papal  Chapel,  first  half  of  16th  century.  Masses, 
magnificats,  and  motets  by  him  are  in  collec- 
tions (1534-44). 

Bille'ma,  Carlo  (b.  Naples,  abt.  1822),  and 
Raffaele  (b.  Naples,  1820;  d.  Saintes,  Dec. 
25,  1874),  two  brothers,  both  pianists,  and  com- 
posers of  salon-music.  Raffaele  lived  for  a  time 
in  Tunis,  and  from  1855  as  a  music-teacher  in 
Saintes. 

Bil'lert,  Karl  Friedrich  August,  b.  Alt- 
stettin,  Sept.  14,  1S21  ;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  22,  1875. 
Musician  (contributor  to  the  Mendel-Reiss- 
mann  "  Musiklexikon  "),  and  painter. 

Billet,  Alexandre-Philippe,  b.  St.  Peters- 
burg, March  14,  1S17  ;  pupil  of  Paris  Cons.; 
pianist  and  composer  at  London. 

Bil'leter,  Agathon,  b.  Mannedorf,  Lake 
of  Zurich,  Nov.  21,  1&34.  Studied  at  Leipzig 
Cons.,  and  became  organist  and  conductor  at 
Burgdorf,  Switzerland,  Very  popular  composer 
of  part-songs  f.  men's  voices. 

Billings,  William,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  7, 
1746  ;  d.  there  Sept.  29,  1S00.  Writer  of  hymn- 
tunes,  anthems,  etc.,  of  which  he  publ.  several  col- 
lections : — "The  New  England  Psalm-Singer" 
(1770),  "The  Singing  Master's  Assistant" 
(1776),  "Music  in  Miniature"  (i779)-  "The 
Psalm  Singer's  Amusement"  (17S1),  "  The  Suf- 
folk Harmony  :  Containing  Tunes,  Fugues  and 
Anthems  "  (17S6),  "  The  Continental  Harmony  " 
(1794).  Billings  was,  in  his  rough  way,  a  pio- 
neer of  good  church-music  in  America  ;  he  first 
used  the  pitch-pipe,  introduced  the  'cello  into 
church-choirs,  and  is  said  to  have  originated 
concerts  in  New  England. 

Bil'lington,  Elizabeth  {ne'e  Weichsel),  b. 
London,  abt.  1768;  d.  near  Venice,  Aug.  25, 
1818.      Her  father  and   first  teacher  was  a  Ger- 


66 


BILLROTH— BIRNBACH 


man  clarinettist  ;  Joh.  Chr.  Bach  taught  her 
later.  She  was  a  soprano  stage-singer  of  great 
beauty,  yet  a  poor  actress  ;  her  voice  is  said  to 
have  been  marvellous,  and  of  wide  range  (3  oc- 
taves) : 

gva 

_o_  •"*" 


In  1784,  she  married  James  Billington,  a 
double-bass  player  ;  they  went  to  Dublin,  where 
she  made  her  debut  in  opera  in  Orpheus  et  Eury- 
dice  ;  at  London  she  first  appeared  as  Rosetta 
in  Lave  in  a  Village  (Covent  Garden,  1786),  and 
her  success  led  to  an  engagement.  She  remained 
in  London  till  1794;  sang  in  Naples,  1794  (in 
which  year  her  husband  died),  and  at  Venice, 
1796;  married  a  M.  Felissent,  1798,  but  soon 
left  him,  returned  to  London,  and  sang  at  Drury 
Lane,  Covent  Garden,  and  the  Ancient  and 
Vocal  Concerts  (1S01-17).  In  1S17,  she  was 
reconciled  to  M.  Felissent,  and  retired  to  her 
estate  of  St.  Artien,  near  Venice,  in  1818. 

Bill'roth  [-rot],  Johann  Gustav  Friedrich, 
b.  Hall,  n.  Li'ibeck,  Feb.  17,  1S0S  ;  d.  Halle, 
Mar.  28,  1836,  as  prof,  of  philos.  With  Karl 
Ferd.  Becker  he  publ.  a  coll.  of  Chorales  of  the 
16th  and  17th  centuries ;  also  contributed  to 
mus.  papers. 

Bill'roth,  Theodor,  eminent  surgeon  ;  b. 
Bergen,  Isle  of  Ri'igen,  Apr.  26,  1829  ;  d.  Ab- 
bazia,  Feb.  6,  1S94.  Intimate  friend  of  Brahms 
and  Hanslick  ;  the  latter  wrote  about  him  in  his 
autobiography. — Writings  on  music  :  "  Let- 
ters "  (Hanover,  1896)  ;  "  Werist  musikalisch  ?" 
(Berlin,  1S96  ;  posthumous,  edited  bv  Hans- 
lick). 

Bil'se,  Benjamin,  b.  Liegnitz,  Aug.  17, 
1S16.  He  was  "  Stadtmusikus  "  at  Liegnitz, 
and  brought  his  orchestra  to  a  remarkable  de- 
gree of  perfection,  so  that  his  concerts  and  con- 
cert-tours were  social  events.  From  186S-S4 
he  was  est.  at  the  "  Concerthaus "  in  Berlin, 
and  gave  very  popular  concerts.  He  retired 
1S94  with  the  title  of  "  Hofmusikus." 

Binchois  (Gilles  de  Binche,  called  Bin- 
chois),  b.  Binche  (or  Bins),  in  (Belgian)  Hai- 
naut,  abt.  1400  ;  d.  Lille,  1460  ;  was  one  of  the 
earliest  composers  of  the  first  Netherland  School. 
A  few  compositions  (a  mass  in  3  parts,  several 
3-part  chansons,  etc.,  and  6  rondeaux)  are  ex- 
tant in  MS. 

Bin'der,  Karl  Wilhelm  Ferdinand,  cele- 
brated harp-maker  at  Weimar  abt,  1797,  was  b. 
Dresden,  1764. 

Bin'der,  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  Nov.  29,  1816  ;  d. 
there  Nov.  5,  i860.  1st  Kapellm.  at  Josef- 
stadter  Th.,  1839-47  ;  went  to  Hamburg,  thence 
to  Pressburg,  and  then  returned  to  Vienna. — 
Works  :    Der     Wiener    Schusterhut    (melodr., 


1840);  Die  j  Wittfrauen  (opera,  1841)  ;  Purzel 
(vaudev.,  1843)  ;  overture  and  choruses  to  Elmar, 
a.  drama  ;  psalms  w.  orch.  ;  songs  w.  pf. 

Bio'ni,  Antonio,  dramatic  comp. ;  b.  Venice, 
1698,  d.  (?).  He  wrote  26  operas,  a  few  for 
Italy,  but  most  for  Breslau,  where  he  was  mus. 
director  and  manager  of  an  Italian  opera-troupe 
1726-33. 

Birch'all,  Robert,  London  music-publisher  ; 
d.  1819.  His  circulating  mus.  library  was  one 
of  the  first  ever  established.  His  successors 
were  Lonsdale  and  Mills. 

Bir'ckenstock  [ber'ken-],  Johann  Adam, 
violinist;  b.  Alsfeld,  Hesse-Darmstadt,  Feb.  19, 
1687  ;  d.  Eisenach,  Feb.  26,  1733  ;  in  1721 
leader,  1725  Kapellm.,  at  Kassel  ;  1730-33, 
Kapellm.  at  Eisenach. — Works:  12  vln.  -sonatas 
w.  basso  continuo  (Amsterdam,  1722)  ;  12  do. 
(1730)  ;  12  concertos  f.  4  vlns.  obbl.,  via.,  'cello, 
and  basso  cont.  (1730). 

Bird,  Arthur,  b.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  July  23, 
1856.  St.  in  Berlin,  1875-7, under  Haupt,  Loesch- 
horn,  and  Rohde.  Returning  to  America,  he 
became  organist  at  the  Kirk,  Halifax,  N.  S.; 
also  teaching  at  the  Young  Ladies'  Acad,  and 
the  St.  Vincent  Acad.  He  founded  the  first  male 
chorus  in  Nova  Scotia.  In  1881,  at  Berlin,  he 
studied  comp.  and  orchestration  with  H.  Urban; 
the  summer  of  1885-6  was  spent  with  Liszt  at 
Weimar.  His  first  concert  (1886),  at  Berlin, 
was  successful  ;  the  same  year,  B.  paid  his  last 
visit  to  America,  and  has  since  lived  in  Berlin 
(Grunewald). — Works  :  A  symphony  in  A,  and 
3  suites  f.  orch.;  serenade  f.  wind-instr.s  ;  forpf. : 
"  Puppentanze"  (4  pes.),  op.  10;  3  character- 
istic marches,  op.  11  ;  3  waltzes,  op.  12  ;  Zwei 
Poesien  f.  4  hands  ;  Introd.  and  Fugue  ;  Varia- 
tions and  Fugue  ;  3  Suites  ;  Sketches  ;  Ballet- 
music  ;  2  pes.  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  etc.;  the  comic 
opera  Daphne  (New  York,  1S97),  and  a  ballet, 
Riibezahl. 

Bird,  William.     See  Byrd. 

Bir'kler,  Georg  Wilhelm,  b.  Buchau,  Wlirt- 

temberg.  May  23,  1820  ;  d.  June  10,  1877,  as 
prof,  at  Ehingen  (Wi'irtt.)  gymnasium. — Comp. 
masses,  vesper  psalms,  etc.,  f.  mixed  and  men's 
voices;  wrote  about  old  church-music  in  Catholic 
mus.  papers. 

Birn'bach,  Karl  Joseph,  b.  Kopernick,  Si- 
lesia, 1751;  d.  Warsaw,  May  29, 1805, as  Kapellm. 
of  the  German  Theatre. — Works:  2  operas;  ora- 
torios, cantatas,  masses  ;  10  orchestral  sym- 
phonies, 16  pf. -concertos,  10  vln-concertos ; 
many  quartets  and  quintets;  pf. -music  ;  etc. 

Birn'bach,  Joseph  Benjamin  Heinrich,  son 
of  preceding,  b.  Breslau,  Jan.  8,  1795;  d.  Berlin, 
Aug.  24,  1879.  Pianist,  pupil  of  his  father; 
teacher  in  Breslau,  1S14-21,  then  in  Berlin, 
where  he  founded  a  musical  institute;  Nicolai, 
Ki'icken,  and  Dehn  were  some  of  his  pupils. — 
Works:  2  symphonies,  and  2  overtures,  f.  orch.; 
concertos  f.  pf.,  and  f.  oboe,  clar.,  and  guitar; 
quintet;  duos;   fantasias  and  sonatas  f.  pf . ;  etc. 


6> 


BISACCIA— BITTER 


Bisac'cia,  Giovanni,  b.  1815;  d.  Naples,  Dec. 
20,  1897.  Pupil,  in  Cons,  of  S.  Pietro  a  Majella, 
of  Crescentini  (singing)  and  Raimondi  and  Doni- 
zetti (comp.).  A  singer  in  the  Nuovo  and  San 
Carlo  theatres;  later  singing-teacher,  also  m.  di 
capp.  in  the  church  of  San  Fernando,  for  which 
he  wrote  some  music.  In  1838  he  brought  out 
2  mus.  i-act  farces,  /  tre  scioperati  and  //  figlio 
adottivo  (Cons,  theatre);  and  in  1858  an  opera 
buffa  Demi  Taddeo,  ovvero  la  Solachianello  di 
Casoria  (teatro  Nuovo). 

Biscaccian'ti,  Eliza  (ne'e  Ostinelli),  b.  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  i824(7?);d.  July  (?),  1896.  St.  in 
Italy  under  Vaccai,  Lamperti,  etc.  Returned 
to  New  York  in  1847;  married  Marquis  B.; 
brilliant  debut  ;  sang  in  opera  and  concert  in 
Boston  and  Philadelphia;  soon  went  back  to 
Europe,  and  sang  in  various  cities.  In  Boston 
again  1858;  travelled  to  San  Francisco  and  S. 
America,  and  again  to  Europe.  Earned  a  liveli- 
hood by  teaching  (in  Italy — Rome— and  else- 
where). 

Bisch'off,  Georg  Friedrich,  the  founder  of 
the  German  mus.  festivals;  b.  Ellrich,  Harz 
Mts.,  Sept.  21,  1780;  d.  Hildesheim,  Sept.  7, 
1S41,  where  he  had  been  musical  director  since 
1816.  He  arranged  the  first  Thuringian  Festival 
atFrankenhausen  (July  20  and  21,  18 10),  at  which 
Spohr  acted  both  as  conductor  and  soloist. 

Bisch'off,  Ludwig  Friedrich  Christian,  b. 

Dessau  (where  his  father,  Karl,  was  court-mu- 
sician), Nov.  27,  1794;  d.  Cologne,  Feb.  24, 
1867.  1823-49,  director  of  gymnasium  at  We- 
sel;  founder  (1850)  and  editor  of  the  "  Rhei- 
nische  Musikzeitung "  at  Cologne,  superseded 
(1853)  by  the  "  Niederrheinische  Musikzei- 
tung" ;  he  translated  Ulibischeff's  "  Beethoven" 
(1859)  into  German. 

Bisch'off,  Kasper  Jakob,  b.  Ansbach,  Apr. 
7,  1823;  d.  Munich,  Oct.  26,  1893,  where  he 
studied  (1S42)  under  Ett,  Stuntz,  and  Franz 
Lachner,  and  1848-9  in  Leipzig.  Founded 
(1850)  an  "  Evangelical  Sacred  Choral  Society  " 
at  Frankfort,  where  he  lived  as  a  singing-teacher. 
— Works:  An  opera.,  Jl/ashe  und Mantilla  (Frank- 
fort, 1852);  3  symphonies;  overture  to  Hamlet; 
chamber  and  church-music,  etc. ;  also  a  "  Manual 
of  Harmony"  (1890). 

Bisch'off,  Hans,  accomplished  pianist  and 
teacher;  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  17,  1852;  d.  Nieder- 
schonhausen,  n.  Berlin,  June  12,  1889.  Pupil 
of  Th.  Kullak  and  R.  Wi'ierst,  and  also  student 
at  Berlin  Univ.  (Dr.  phil.,  1873);  1873,  teacher 
of  pf.  at  Kullak's  Acad.;  1879,  also  of  peda- 
gogics; also  taught  at  Stern  Cons,  for  a  short 
time,  and  conducted  (with  Hellmich)  the  Monday 
Concerts  of  the  Berlin  "  Singakademie."  He 
edited  the  2nd  and  3rd  editions  of  Dr.  Ad.  Kul- 
lak's "TEsthetik  des  Klavierspiels"  (Berlin,  1876 
and  1889;  Engl,  transl.  New  York,  1895);  publ. 
an  "  Auswahi  Handel'scher  Klavierwerke,"  a 
"  Kritische  Ausgabe  von  J.  S.  Bach's  Klavier- 
werken,"  etc. 


Bishop,  Sir  Henry  Rowley,  noted  English 
composer;  b.  London,  Nov.  18,  1786;  d.  there 
Apr.  30,  1855.  Pu- 
pil of  Francesco 
Bianchi  ;  attracted 
attention  by  his  first 
opera,  The  Circas- 
sian 1 1  ride  (Drury 
Lane,  1809);  1810- 
11  comp.  and  cond. 
at  Covent  Garden, 
1  8  1  3  alternate 
cond.  of  the  Phil- 
harmonic. iSigora- 
torio-cond.  at  Cov- 
ent Garden,  1825 
cond.  at  Drury  Lane 
Th.,  1S30  Musical 
Director  at  Vauxhall;  took  degree  of  Mus.  Bac. 
at  Oxford,  1839;  1840-1  mus.  dir.  at  Covent 
Garden;  1841-3,  Prof,  of  Mus.  at  Edinburgh; 
knighted  in  1842;  cond.  of  Ancient  Concerts, 
1840-8;  in  1S48  was  app.  prof,  of  mus.  at  Ox- 
ford, where  he  received  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc. 
in  1853.  He  was  a  remarkably  prolific  dramatic 
composer,  having  produced  over  80  operas, 
farces,  ballets,  etc.  His  operas  are  generally 
in  the  style  of  English  ballad-opera;  some  of 
the  best  are  Corlez,  The  Fall  oj  Algiers,  The 
Knight  of  Snowdoun,  and  Oberon.  He  also 
wrote  The  Fallen  Angel  (oratorio),  The  Seventh 
Day  (cantata),  etc. ;  his  glees  and  other  lyric 
vocal  productions  are  deservedly  esteemed.  He 
publ.  vol.  i  of  "Melodies  of  Various  Nations"; 
also  3  vol.s  of  national  melodies,  to  which 
Moore's  poems  are   set. 

Bisp'ham  [bisp'-ham],  David,  dramatic  bari- 
tone; b.  Philadelphia,  about  i860.  At  first, 
singer  in  church  and  oratorio;  1885-7  st.  in  Italy 
(Vannuccini);  then  in  London  (YVm.  Shake- 
speare), and  again  in  Italy.  From  1891  he  has 
sung  in  opera  at  Covent  Garden,  with  growing 
success.  In  America,  seasons  of  1896-7  and 
1898-9.  A  favorite  concert-singer.  Roles  (over 
40  prepared;  favorites  in  sm.  caps.)  :  Pizzarro; 
Caspar  and  Ottokar  (Freischiitz);  Mephistoph- 
eles  and  Valentin  ;  Escamillo  (Carmen);  De 
Nevers  ;  Figaro  (Nozze) ;  Tonio  and  Silvio 
(Pagtiacci);  Alfio  (Caval.  rust.);  Vulcan  (Phil. 
el  Baucis);  Mefisto  (Boito,  Mefistofeles) ; 
Philippo  (Don  Carlos);  Iago. — Falstaff  ; 
Kurwenal;  Hans  Sachs;  Beckmesser;  Wol- 
fram; Alberich;  Wotan;  Hunding. 

Bit'ter,  Karl  Hermann,  b.  Schwedt-on- 
Oder,  Feb.  27,  1813  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  12,  1885. 
From  1879-82,  Prussian  Minister  of  Finance. 
Wrote  "Joh.  Seb.  Bach"  (1st  ed.  1865,  2 
vol.s;  2nd,  1881,  4  vol.s);  "Mozart's  Don 
Juan  und  (duck's  Iphigenia  in  Tauris  ;  ein 
Versuch  neuer  Ubersetzungen  "  (1S66)  ;  "  K.  Ph. 
E.  und  W.  Friedemann  Bach  und  deren  Bri'ider  " 
(1S68,  2  vol.s);  "  fjber  Gervinus'  'Handel  u. 
Shakespeare'"  (1869);  "  Beitrage  zur  Gesch. 
des  Oratoriums  "   (1872);    "  Studie  zum   Stabat 


68 


BITTONI— BLANC 


Mater"  (18S3)  ;  "Die  Reform  der  Oper  durch 
(duck  und  Wagner"  (1S84) ;  editor  of  Karl 
Lowe's  Autobiography  (1870). 

Bitto'ni,  Bernardo,  organist,  and  comp.  of 
admirable  sacred  music  (in  MS.)  ;  b.  Fabriano, 
1755  ;  d.  there  May  18,  1829. —  Biogr.  by  Alfieri. 

Bizet,  Georges  [baptismal  names,  Alex- 
andre-Cesar-Leopold], b.  Faris,  Oct.  25, 
1838  ;  d.  Bougival,  June  3,  1875.  He  entered 
the  Paris  Cons,  at 
nine,  his  teachers 
being  Marmontel 
(pf.),  Benoist 
(org.),  Zimmerman 
(harm.),  and  Ha- 
levy,  his  future 
father-in-law 
(comp.).  In  1857 
he  took,  among  78 
competitors,  the 
prize  offered  by  Of- 
fenbach for  the 
composition  of  an 
opera  buffa,  Le  doc- 
teur  Miracle,  and 
also  won  the  Grand 
prix  de  Rome.  Instead  of  the  prescribed  mass,  he 
sent  from  Rome,  during  his  first  year,  a  2-act  Ital. 
opera  buffa,  Don  Procopio  ;  later  he  sent  2  move- 
ments of  a  symphony,  an  overture  (La  Chasse 
d'Ossian),  and  a  comic  opera  (La  Guzla  de 
VEmir).  Returning,  he  prod,  a  grand  opera, 
Les  pecJieurs  de  perles  (Th.-Lyrique,  1863)  ; 
but  this  work,  and  also  La  jolie  fille  de  Perth 
(1867),  failed  of  popular  approval.  A  i-act 
opera,  Djamileh  (1872),  fared  no  better  ;  in  all 
his  music  B.  revealed  a  strong  leaning  towards 
Wagner,  then  so  unpopular  in  France  ; — but 
Pasdeloup  brought  out  his  overture  Pa  trie,  and 
the  2  symphonic  movements,  with  success.  The 
incidental  music  to  Daudet's  /' '  Ar/e'sieiinc 
(1872),  however,  turned  the  tide  of  popular  fa- 
vor ;  and  the  striking  success  of  Carmen  (Opera- 
Corn.,  Mar.  3,  1S75),  showed  what  B.  might 
have  done  had  he  been  spared  ;  he  died  just 
three  months  after  his  hardly  won  triumph.  Be- 
sides the  above-mentioned  works,  B.  comp.  two 
operas,  ATuma  (1S71),  pjan  le  Terrible  (not 
perf.);  abt.  150  pf.-pes.  of  all  kinds  (he  was  a 
brilliant  pianist),  and  songs,  etc. — Ch.  Pigot 
wrote  "  Bizet  et  son  ceuvre  "  (1886). 

Blaes  [blahs],  Arnold  Joseph,  b.  Brussels, 
Dec.  1,  1S14  ;  d.  there  Jan.  (?),  1892.  Clarinet- 
tist, pupil  of  Bachmann,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1842  as  solo  clarinet  and  teacher  at  the  Brussels 
Cons. 

Blagrove,  Henry  Gamble,  violinist  ;  b. 
Nottingham,  Oct.  20,  1S11;  d.  London,  Dec. 
15,  1S72.  Pupil  of  his  father,  R.  M.  Blagrove, 
and  played  in  public  at  5  ;  was  the  first  pupil  of 
the  R.  A.  M.  (opened  1823),  where  he  took  the 
silver  medal  in  1824.  Studied  under  Spohr  at 
Kassel,    1833-4  ;  after  which  he   played  at   the 


69 


leading    London  concerts  and    provincial  festi- 
vals. 

Blagrove,  Richard  Manning  (brother  of  II. 
G.),  b.  Nottingham,  1S27  (?)  ;  d.  London,  Oct. 
21,  1S95.  Ent.  R.  A.  M.  1837  ;  st.  viola  under 
H.  Hill,  for  4  years  ;  some  years  later,  app.  1st 
prof,  of  viola  in  R.  A.  M.  He  succeeded  Hill 
as  1st  viola  in  the  orch.  of  the  Philh.  Soc.  in 
1856  ;  and  played  at  the  Three  Choir  Festivals. 

Bla'hag  (or  Blahak),  Josef,  b.  Raggendorf, 
Hungary,  1779;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  15,  1846;  from 
1802-23,  tenor  at  the  Leopoldstadter  Th.,  Vi- 
enna ;  1824,  Kapellm.  of  St.  Peter's,  Vienna, 
succeeding  Preindl. — Works  :  14  masses  ;  25 
graduals  ;  29  offertories  ;  10  Tantum  ergos  ;  2 
Te  Deums. 

Blahet'ka  (or  Plahetka),  Marie-Leopol- 
dine,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Guntramsdorf, 
n.  Vienna,  Nov.  15,  1S11  ;  d.  Boulogne,  Jan. 
17,  1887.  St.  pf.-playing  under  Josef  Czerny, 
Kalkbrenner,  and  Moscheles  ;  comp.  under 
Sechter.  A  brilliant  pianist,  she  made  success- 
ful tours,  and  composed  effective  pf.-pes.  (con- 
certos, polonaises,  rondos,  sonatas,  variations, 
pf. -trios,  etc.),  and  songs  ;  also  wrote  an  opera, 
Die  Rauber  und  die  Sanger  (Vienna,  1830).  She 
resided  from  1840  in  Boulogne. 

Blainville,  Charles-Henri,  b.  in  a  village  n. 
Tours,  17.11;  d.  Paris,  1769.  He  was  a 'cellist, 
music-teacher  and  composer,  his  most  noted 
work  being  a  symphony  (1751)  in  the  "mode 
hellenique "  [e-f-g-a-b-c-d-e],  which  excited 
Rousseau's  admiration  and  Sarre's  pungent 
criticism.  —  Writings  :  L'harmonie  theorico- 
pratique"  (1751)  ;  "  L'esprit  de  l'art  musical" 
(1754;  German  transl.  in  Hiller's  "  Nachrich- 
ten " )  ;  and  "  Histoire  generale,  critique  et 
philologique  de  la  musique  "  (1767). 

Blake,  Charles  Dupee,  b.  Walpole,  Mass., 
Sept.  13,  1847.  Pupil  of  J.  C.  D.  Parker,  Da- 
vid Paine,  T.  P.  Ryder,  J.  K.  Paine,  and  II. 
Pond.  Organist,  in  turn,  at  Wrentham  and 
Holliston,  Mass.  ;  of  the  Bromfield  St.  M.  E. 
Ch.,  Boston,  and  the  Union  Ch.,  Boston. — 
Works  :  Many  easy  pf.-pes.  ;  Christmas  carols, 
songs,  etc. 

Blamont,  Francois-Colin  de,  b.  Versailles, 
Nov.  22,  1690;  d.  there,  Feb.  14,  1760.  A  pu- 
pil of  Lalande,  he  became  superintendent  of 
the  King's  music,  and  comp.  many  court  bal- 
lets, "  fetes,"  operas,  etc.  ;  also  3  books  of  can- 
tatas, 2  of  motets,  and  numerous  songs.  Wrote 
"  Essai  sur  les  gouts  anciens  et  modernes  de  la 
musique  francaise  "  (1754). 

Blanc,  Adolphe,  b.  Manosque,  Basses- 
Alpes,  June  24,  182S.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons. 
(1841),  and  private  pupil  of  Halevy.  The 
Prix  Chartier  was  awarded  him  in  1862  for 
chamber-music.  For  a  short  time  he  was  con- 
ductor at  the  Theatre-Lyrique. — Works  :  A  1- 
act  comic  opera,  Une  aventure  sous  la  Ligue  ; 
2    operettas,   Les   deux   billets   (1S6S),    and  Les 


BLANCH  ARD— BLAZE 


revcs  de  Marguerite ;  a  burlesque  symphony  ;  an 
overture;  trios,  quartets,  quintets  and  septets  f. 
strings,  with  and  without  pf . ;  pf.-pcs. 

Blanchard,  Henri -Louis,  b.  Bordeaux, 
Feb.  7,  177S;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1S5S.  Violin- 
ist and  composer  ;  conductor  (1818-29)  at  tne 
Theatre  des  Varietes,  Paris;  1830-3  manager  of 
the  Theatre  Moliere.  Later  he  became  a  dis- 
tinguished mus.  critic. — Works:  2  operas;  con- 
certini,  and  airs  varies,  f.  vln. ;  quartets  f.  vlns.; 
do.  f.  violas  ;  duos  f.  vlns.;  etc.  Some  of  his 
chamber-music  is  valuable. 

Blangi'ni,  Giuseppe  Marco  Maria  Felice, 

b.  Turin,  Nov.  18,  1781;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  18, 
1C41.  In  1789,  choir-boy  at  Turin  cathedral  ; 
at  12  he  played  the  cathedral  organ,  composed 
sacred  music,  and  was  a  skilful  'cellist.  In  1797 
the  family  moved  to  the  south  of  France,  and 
in  1799  to  Paris  ;  B.  gave  concerts,  wrote  fash- 
ionable romances,  and  came  into  vogue  as  an 
opera-composer  in  1S02,  when  he  completed 
Delia-Maria's  La  fausse  duegjie  ;  as  a  singing- 
teacher  he  was  also  in  request.  After  producing 
an  opera  in  Munich  (1805),  he  was  app.  court 
Kapellm.  (1806),  and  Princess  Borghese  made 
him  her  Director  of  Music.  King  Jerome  app. 
him  General  Music-Director  at  Kassel,  1809  ; 
he  returned  to  Paris  in  1S14,  and  was  made 
superintendent  of  the  King's  music  and  com- 
poser to  the  Court,  and  also  prof,  of  singing  at 
the  Cons.;  but  in  1830  he  lost  all  his  places  at 
Court,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days 
in  comparative  obscurity,  He  wrote  30  operas, 
A  masses  w.  orch.,  170  notturnos  f.  2  voices, 
and  174  romances  f.  one  voice.  M.  de  Ville- 
marest  edited  his  autobiography  :  "  Souvenirs 
de  F.  Blangini  "  (Paris,  1834). 

Blan'kenburg,  Quirin  van,  b.  Gouda,  Hol- 
land, 1654  ;  d.  The  Hague,  1749,  as  org.  of 
the  Reformed  Church.  He  wrote  "  Elementa 
musica  "  (1739),  an^  "  Clavicembel  en  Orgelboek 
der  Psalmen  en  kerkgezangen "  [of  the  Ref. 
Ch.]  (1732  ;  3rd  ed.,  1772). 

Blan'kenburg,  Christian  Friedrich  von,  b. 
Kolberg,  Pomerania,  Jan.  24,  1744;  d.  Leipzig, 
May  4,  1796.  Prussian  officer,  retired  on  pen- 
sion in  1777.  Publ.  a  musical  supplem.  to 
Sulzer's  "  Theorie  der  schonen  Kiinste  "  (in  the 
2nd  ed.,  1792-4). 

Bla'ramberg,  Paul  I.,  b.  Orenburg,  Russia, 
Sept.  26,  1841.  Pupil  of  Balakirev.  Law- 
student,  government  statistician,  and  journalist, 
since  1870  editor  of  the  Moscow  "  Russian 
Gazette";  has  composed  the  operas  Maria 
Tudor  (St.  Petersburg,  18S2);  The  first  /Russian 
Comedian  (ibid.);  Tuscliiusky  (Moscow,  1S95;  v. 
succ);  also  music  to  Ostrovski's  Voivode;  and  a 
cantata,   The  Demon  (after  Lermontov). 

Bla'sius,  Mathieu-Frederic,  b.  Lauter- 
burg,  Alsatia,  Apr.  23,  1 7 5 S ;  d.  Versailles, 
1S29.  Violinist,  clarinettist,  flutist,  and  bas- 
soonist ;  1791-181C,  conductor  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  Paris,    and  1795-1802  prof,   of  wind- 


instr.s  at  the  Cons. — He  wrote  3  operas  ;  3  melo- 
dramas ;  string-quartets  ■  3  violin-concertos, 
etc. ;  but  his  most  popular  comp.s  were  for  the 
above  wind-instr.s  in  various  combinations. 

Blass'mann,  Adolf  Joseph  Maria,  b.  Dres- 
den, Oct.  27,  1823;  d.  Bautzen,  June  30,  1891. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Ch.  Mayer  and  Liszt  ;  at  first 
teacher  at  Dresden  Cons.;  then  (1862-4)  cond. 
of  the  "Euterpe,"  Leipzig;  1S67,  court 
Kapellm,  at  Sondershausen,  whence  he  returned 
to  Dresden. — Works  :     Minor  pf.-pcs. 

Blatt,  Franz  Thaddaus,  b.  Prague,  1793, 
d.  (?).  Clarinettist,  pupil  of  Farnick  and  Dionys 
Weber  (comp.)  at  Prague  Cons.,  where  he  was 
app.  asst. -teacher  (1S18),  and  regular  teacher  in 
1S20. — Works  :  "  Complete  Method  f.  Clari- 
net"; 12  caprices  in  etude-form,  f.  clar. ;  trios 
f.  clar.,  op.  3  ;  3  duos  concertants  f.  clar.,  op. 
29  ;  variations,  caprices,  etudes,  etc.,  f.  clar. 

Blau'waert,  Emiel,  bass-baritone  concert- 
singer  ;  b.  St.  Nicholas,  Belgium,  June  13, 
1845  ;  d.  Brussels,  Feb.  3  (2?),  1891.  Pupil  of 
Brussels  Cons.  (Goossens  and  Warnots);  debut 
1865  in  Benoit's  Lucifer  as  the  "  Spotgeest  " 
(mocking  spirit);  also  sang  the  role  of  Gurne- 
manz  in  Parsifal  at  Baireuth. 

Blaze  [called  Castil-Blaze],  Francois- 
Henri-Joseph,  the  father  of  modern  French 
musical  criticism  ;  b.  Cavaillon,  Vaucluse,  Dec. 
1,  17S4;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  n,  1S57.  Taught  by 
his  father,  Henri-Sebastien  Blaze  [1763-1833],  in 
early  youth  ;  he  went  to  Paris  to  study  law,  but 
kept  up  his  musical  studies,  and  finally  (1S20) 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  music.  His  work 
"  L'Opera  en  France  "  (1820),  a  telling  arraign- 
ment of  contemporary  French  opera-production, 
won  him  first  of  all  the  post  of  critic  on  the 
"Journal  des  Debats";  his  articles,  signed 
"  XXX,"  made  him  a  power  among  musicians. 
During  40  years  of  uninterrupted  literary  activ- 
ity, he  publ.  many  works  on  music  :  "  Diction- 
naire  de  musique  moderne  "  (1S21,  2  vol.s  ;  2nd 
ed.,"  1825  ;  3rd  ed. ,  edited  by  J.  H.  Mees,  with 
historical  preface,  and  a  supplement  of  Neth- 
erland  musicians,  1828,  1  vol.);  "  Chapelle 
musique  des  Rois  de  France"  (1832);  "I. a 
Danse  et  les  Ballets  depuis  Bacchus  jusqu'a 
Mademoiselle  Taghoni  "  (1832);  "  Memorial  du 
grand  Opera "  (from  Cambert,  1669,  down  to 
and  inch  the  Restauration);  "  Le  Piano  ;  hist. 
de  son  invention,  etc."  (in  the  "  Revue  de 
Paris,"  1S39-40);  "  Moliere  musicien  "  (1S52); 
"  Theatres  lyriques  de  Paris  "' (2  vol.s  on  the 
Grand  Opera  [1855],  and  on  the  Italian  opera 
154S-1S56  [1S56]).  His  translations  of  German 
and  Italian  opera-libretti  {Der  FreischUtz,  Don 
Giovanni ,  Figaro,  LI  Barbiere,  Fidelia,  La  gazza 
ladra,  and  many  others)  gave  a  great  and  needed 
impetus  to  the  production  of  these  operas  in 
France.  He  composed  3  operas,  and  several 
skilfully  contrived  "pastiches";  a  collection 
of  "Chants  de  la  Provence";  chamber-music, 
romances,  etc. 


70 


BLAZE— BLUM 


Blaze,  Henri,  Baron  de  Bury,  son  of  pre- 
ceding; b.  Avignon,  1813  ;  d.  Paris,  March  15, 
1888.  His  title  was  bestowed  on  him  while  the 
attache  of  an  embassy;  before  and  after  which 
time  he  devoted  himself  to  literary  work.  He 
wrote  "Etudes  litteraires  sur  Beethoven"; 
"  Musique  des  drames  de  Shakespeare  "; 
"  Poetes  et  Musiciens  de  l'Allemagne";  and 
many  other  essays,  historical,  aesthetical,  and 
biographical,  for  the  "  Revue  des  deux  Mon- 
des." 

Bleu'er,  Ludwig,  violinist  ;  b.  Buda-Pesth, 
Aug.  21,  1863;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  15,  1S97.  St. 
with  Prof.  Gri'in  (Vienna)  and  in  the  Berlin 
"  Hochschule";  1883-93,  leaderof  Philh.  Orch., 
Berlin;   1894,  of  Detroit  Philh.  Club. 

Bletz'acher,  Joseph,  b.  Schwoich,  Tyrol, 
Aug.  14,  1835;  d.  Hanover,  June  16,  1895  ;  for 
25  years  principal  bass  at  the  Royal  Theatre, 
Hanover. 

Blew'itt,  Jonathan,  b.  London,  1782;  d. 
there  Sept.  4,  1853;  pupil  of  his  father,  Jonas 
B.,  and  Battishill.  Org.  in  several  London  and 
provincial  churches,  finally  at  St.  Andrew's, 
Dublin  (1811),  and  comp.  and  cond.  at  the  Th. 
Royal  there;  also  grand  organist  to  the  Masonic 
Soc.  of  Ireland.  Returning  to  London  in  1826, 
he  became  mus.  director  at  Sadler's  Wells  Th., 
and  brought  out  several  stage-pieces  with  inci- 
dental music,  pantomimes,  etc.,  at  Drury  Lane 
and  elsewhere.  He  wrote  many  popular  songs  ; 
also  a  treatise  on  singing,  "  The  Vocal  Assist- 
ant." 

Blied,  Jacob,  b.  Bruhl-on-Rhine,  Mar.  16, 
1844;  d.  there  Jan.  14,  1SS4.  Music-teacher 
(1S74)  at  the  Teachers'  Seminary  in  Bruhl. 
Wrote  didactic  works  for  pf.,  vln.,  and  voice; 
also  masses,  motets,  etc. 

Bloch,  Georg,  b.  Breslau,  Nov.  2,  1S47. 
Pupil  of  Ilainsch  and  J.  Schubert;  later,  at 
Berlin,  of  Taubert  and  F.  Geyer.  Teacher  in 
Breslaur's  Cons.,  Berlin  ;  founder  (1879)  and 
director  of  the  Opera  Society.  Has  written 
vocal  music. 

Blockx,  Jan,  b.  Antwerp,  Jan.  25,  1851; 
pianist  and  composer  ;  pupil,  in  the  Flemish 
Music  School,  of  Callaerts  (pf.)  and  Benoit 
(comp.)  ;  also  studied  with  L.  Brassin.  Since 
1886,  teacher  of  harm,  at  Antwerp  Cons.,  and 
mus.  dir.  of  the  "  Cercle  artistique  "  and  other 
societies. — Works:  The  operas  Mattre  Martin 
(Brussels,  1892  ;  mod.  succ.) ;  Rita  (MS.,  1895)  ; 
De  Herbergprinses  ["Tavern-Princess"]  (Ant- 
werp, 1S95  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  lets  vergeten  (i-act, 
1890?);  the  pantomime  St.  Nicholas  (Brussels, 
1S94)  ;  the  ballet  Milenka  (Brussels,  1S87)  ;  2 
works  f.  double  ch.,  soli  and  orch.,  Vredezang 
and  Op  Jen  spoor  n  ;  S-p.  madrigal  De  Landvest- 
rizers;  orchestral  overture  "Rubens";  etc. 

Blodek,  Pierre-Auguste-Louis,  b.  Paris, 
Aug.  15,  17S4  ;  d.  there  1S56.  Pupil  of  Bail- 
lot,  Gossec,  and  Mehul  at  P.  Cons.;  Prix  de 
Rome,  1S08,   with  cantata   Maria    Stuart ;    till 


1842,  viola-player  in  Grand  Opera  orch. — Works: 
1  opera,  Alia  fontana  (1S93);  1  ballet,  3  over- 
tures, 1  mass,  2  Te  Deums,  chamber-music,  pf.- 
pcs.,  songs. 

Blo'dek,  Wilhelm,  b.  Prague,  Oct.  3,  1834; 
d.  there  May  1,  1874.  St.  at  Prague  Cons., 
where,  after  teaching  3  years  at  Lubycz,  Po- 
land, he  became  prof.  (i860).  He  died  insane. 
Works:  V  Studni  [In  the  well],  i-act  comic 
Czech  opera  (Prague,  1867),  very  succ;  given 
in  German  as  I  in  Brunnen  (Leipzig,  1893); 
opera  Zidek  (unfinished);  a  mass,  an  overture, 
quartets  f.  men's  voices,  pf. -music,  and  songs. 

Bloomfield-Zeis'ler  [-tsis-],  Fanny,  re- 
markable pianist ;  b.  Bielitz,  Austrian  Silesia, 
July  16,  1866;  in  1868  her  parents  went  to 
America  and  settled  in  Chicago,  where  she  still 
(1S99)  resides.  Her  first  teachers  were  Bern- 
hard  Ziehn  and  Carl  Wolfsohn;  in  1876  she  al- 
ready played  in  public;  in  1878  (on  Mme.  Essi- 
poff's  recommendation)  she  went  to  Leschetizky, 
at  Vienna,  with  whom  she  studied  5  years;  sev- 
eral concerts  given  in  1883  were  highly  success- 
ful. From  1S83-93  she  appeared  on  the  Ameri- 
can concert-stage  every  season,  playing  with  all 
the  prominent  orchestras  in  the  U.  S.;  in  1893 
she  made  a  pianistic  tour  to  Berlin,  Vienna, 
Leipzig,  Dresden,  etc.,  her  success  being  so 
great  that  she  was  eng.  for  a  longer  tour  in 
1894-5,  winning  triumphs  upon  triumphs.  In 
1895-6  she  gave  50  concerts  in  the  U.  S.,  and 
in  the  autumn  of  1S97  made  a  tour  of  the  Pacific 
coast  with  brilliant  success.  In  the  spring  of 
iSgS,  a  tour-ne'e  in  Great  Britain  and  France 
served  to  confirm  the  unanimous  verdict  of  the 
American  and  European  press,  that  she  is  one 
of  the  greatest  among  contemporary  pianists. 

Blow,  (Dr.)  John,  b.  N.  Collingham,  Notting- 
hamshire, 164S;  d.  Westminster  (London),  Oct. 
1,  170S.  In  1660,  chorister  at  the  Chapel 
Royal,  under  Henry  Cooke;  on  leaving  the 
choir,  he  studied  under  John  Hingeston  and 
Dr.  Chr.  Gibbons,  becoming  a  skilful  organist. 
App.  org.  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1669,  but  had 
to  make  way  for  Purcell  in  1680;  on  Purcell's 
death,  he  was  reappointed  (1695-170S).  Gen- 
tleman of  the  Chapel  Royal,  March,  1674,  and, 
in  June,  succeeded  Humphreys  as  Master  of  the 
Children;  later  he  became  organist  of,  and  (1699) 
composer  to,  the  Chapel  Royal.  Oxford  Univ. 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  Blow 
began  to  compose  when  a  boy  in  the  Ch.  R., 
and  wrote  a  vast  amount  of  church-music  (ser- 
vices, anthems,  odes  for  St.  Cecilia's  day  and 
New  Vear's);  many  anthems  are  printed.  Also 
organ-music,  pieces  for  harpsichord,  and  songs. 

Blum  [bloom],  Karl  Ludwig,  b.  Berlin, 
1786;  d.  there  July  2,  1844.  A  most  versatile 
musician:  dramatic  composer,  organist,  'cellist, 
conductor,  actor,  singer,  and  poet.  Pupil  of 
H.  Grossi  (Berlin),  Fr.  A.  Hiller  (Konigsberg), 
and  Salieri  (Vienna);  in  1820,  app.  chamber- 
musician  to  the  Prussian  court;  in  1822,  stage- 
manager  of   the    Berlin    Opera.      He    produced 


71 


BLUMENFELD— BOCKH 


nearly  30  operas,  ballets,  vaudevilles,  etc.,  and 
was  the  first  to  bring  the  vaudeville  on  the  Ger- 
man stage.  His  vocal  and  instrumental  music 
is  forgotten. 

Blu'menfeld,  Felix,  b.  Kovalevska,  Govt,  of 
Cherson,  Russia,  Apr.  7,  1863;  from  1S81-5, 
pf.-pupil  of  Th.  Stein  at  St.  Petersburg  Cons.; 
took  gold  medal.  Since  1885,  prof,  at  Cons. 
Works  f.  pf. :  Allegro  de  concert,  w.  orch.,  op. 
7;  Variations  caracter. ,  op.  S;  24  Preludes,  op. 
17;  etc. 

Blu'menthal,  Joseph  von,  b.  Brussels,  Nov. 
I,  1782;  d.  Vienna,  May  9,  1850.  Violinist  and 
composer;  pupil  of  Abbe  Vogler  in  Prague  and 
(1803)  Vienna,  where  he  became  choirmaster  in 
the  Church  of  the  Piarists. — Works:  An  opera, 
Don  Sylvio  de  Rosalba  (1805);  music  to  several 
other  stage-pcs. ;  a  ballet;  symphonies,  string- 
quartets,  duos  and  other  violin-music,  also  a 
Method  for  violin. 

Blu'menthal,  Jacob  [Jacques],  pianist,  b. 
Hamburg,  Oct.  4,  1826;  pupil  of  Grund  (Ham- 
burg), of  Bocklet  and  Sechter  (Vienna),  and  of 
Herz  and  Halevy  (Paris  Cons.,  1846).  Settled 
in  London,  1848;  pianist  to  the  Queen,  and  suc- 
cessful teacher.  B.  has  written  many  melodious 
and  effective  salon-pcs.  f.  pf. ;  also  music  f.  'cello 
and  vln.,  and  numerous  songs. 

Blu'menthal,  Paul,  b.  Steinau-on-Oder,  Si- 
lesia, Aug.  13,  1843;  pupil  of  the  R.  Acad., 
Berlin.  Since  1870,  organist  in  Frankfort-on- 
Oder  ;  1876,  created  "  R.  Music-director." — 
Works  :   Masses,  motets,  orchestral  music. 

Blum'ner,  (Dr.)  Martin,  b.  Fiirstenberg, 
Mecklenburg,  Nov.  21,  1827.  Pupil  of  S.  W. 
Dehn  in  Berlin  (1S47);  1853,  vice-conductor, 
1S76,  regular  cond.  of  the  Berlin  Singakademie. 
He  is  a  vocal  composer  in  the  strict  style.  The 
titles  of  "R.  Music-director"  and  "  Prof."  have 
been  conferred  on  him. — Works:  2  oratorios, 
Abraham  (1S60),  and  Der  Fall  yerusalems 
(1SS1);  cantata  Columbus  (1853);  Te  Deum  in 
8  parts;   motets,  psalms,  Lieder,  etc. 

Bliith'ner  [bltit-],  Julius  Ferdinand,  b.  Fal- 
kenhain,  n.  Merseburg,  March  11,  1824.  Cele- 
brated piano-maker.  Founded  his  establishment 
at  Leipzig,  1S53,  with  3  workmen;  has  now 
(1897)  over  500,  and  turns  out  some  3000  pianos 
yearly.      Has  taken  many  first  medals. 

Boccheri'ni,  Luigi,  b.  Lucca,  Italy,  Feb.  19, 
1743;  d.  Madrid,  May  28,  1805.  Pupil  of  Abbate 
Vannucci,  and  studied  later  in  Rome.  Being  a 
fine  'cellist,  he  undertook  a  long  concert-tour 
with  the  violinist  Manfredi;  in  1768  they  were 
in  Paris,  and  B.  publ.  his  op.  1  (6  string-quar- 
tets), also  2  books  of  trios  f.  2  vlns.  and  'cello. 
These  charming  works  established  his  fame  as  a 
chamber-composer.  In  1769  he  settled  in  Ma- 
drid as  chamber-virtuoso  to  the  Infante  Luis, 
and  later  to  the  King.  In  1787  he  dedicated  a 
work  to  Friedrich  Wilhelm  II.  of  Prussia,  who 
thereupon  conferred  on  him  the  title  of  chamber- 
composer,  with  a  salary  which  ceased  at  the  King's 


death  in  1797.  After  this,  excepting  a  brief  period 
under  the  munificent  patronage  of  Lucien  Bona- 
parte, B.'s  affairs  went  from  bad  to  worse,  and 
he  died  in  extreme  poverty.  He  was  a  prolific 
chamber-composer  (2  octets,  16  sextets,  125 
string-quintets,  12  pf. -quintets,  18  quintets  f. 
strings  and  flute  [or  oboe],  91  string-quartets, 
54  string-trios,  42  trios,  sonatas  and  duets  f. 
vln.,  etc.  Also  20  symphonies,  an  opera,  an 
orchestral  suite,  a  'cello-concerto,  sacred  music, 
etc.).  Monograph  on  Boccherini's  life  and  works 
by  L.  Picquot  (1851);  also  by  H.  M.  Schletterer 
(Leipzig,  13r.  und  H.) 

Boch,  Franz  de,  b.  Potenstein,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  14,  1808.  'Cellist,  pupil  of  Prague  Cons.; 
he  joined  the  court  orch.  at  Stuttgart  in  1835, 
and  taught  in  the  Cons,  from  1S56. 

Boch'koltz-Falconi,  Anna  (properly  Bock- 
holtz),  b.  Frankfort,  1S20  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  24, 
1870.  Vocalist,  pupil  of  Brussels  Cons.  Settled 
in  Paris,  as  a  teacher,  in  1856.  She  publ.  songs 
and  vocal  studies. 

Boch'sa,  Karl,  b.  Bohemia  ;  d.  Paris,  1821, 
as  a  music-seller.  He  was  previously  oboist  in 
Lyons  and  Bordeaux  theatres. — Works:  9  quar- 
tets f.  clar.  and  strings;  9  quartets  f.  oboe  and 
strings;  6  duos  concertants  f.  2  oboes;  a  clar.- 
concerto;  2  quintets;  a  Method  f.  Flute;  do.  f. 
Clarinet. 

Boch'sa,  Robert-Nicolas-Charles,  son  of 
Karl  B. ;  b.  Montmedy,  Meuse,  Aug.  9,  1789;  d. 
Sydney,  Australia,  Jan.  6,  1856.  At  first  his 
father's  pupil,  he  played  in  public  at  7,  wrote  a 
symphony  at  9,  and  an  opera  at  16.  He  studied 
under  Fr.  Beck  (Bordeaux),  and  Me'hul  and  Ca- 
telat  Paris  Cons.  (1806);  Nadermann  and  Marin 
were  his  harp-teachers,  but  he  devised  novel 
methods;  he  became  harpist  to  Napoleon,  and 
also  to  Louis  XVIII.  Detected  in  forgeries,  he 
fled  to  London  (1S17);  Parish-Alvarsand  Chatter- 
ton  were  his  pupils  here.  With  Smart  he  inaugu- 
rated the  Lenten  oratorios  in  1822,  conducting 
them  alone  from  1823.  He  was  harp-prof,  at  the 
Acad,  of  Music  from  1822-7,  when  he  was  dis- 
missed; from  1826-32  he  conducted  Ital.  opera 
at  the  King's  Th.;  in  1839  he  eloped  with  Sir 
Henry  Bishop's  wife,  made  long  concert-tours 
with  her  in  Europe  and  America,  and  finally 
went  to  Australia. — Works  :  9  French  operas, 
one  prod,  in  Lyons  (1S04),  the  rest  in  Paris, 
(1813-1O);  4  ballets;  an  oratorio;  orchestral 
music,  etc.;  very  many  compositions  of  all  kinds 
f.  harp;  and  a  Method  f.  Plarp  (a  standard  work). 

Bock'eler,  Heinrich,  b.  Cologne,  July  11, 
1836;  in  1862  vicar-choral  and  conductor  of 
cathedral -choir  at  Aix-la-Chapelle;  since  1S76, 
editor  of  the  "  Gregorius-Blatt."  —  Works: 
Church-music;  choruses  f.  men's  voices. 

Bbckh,  August,  b.  Karlsruhe,  Nov.  24,  1785; 
d.  Berlin,  Aug.  3,  1867.  Philologist  and  anti- 
quarian; prof,  at  Berlin  Univ.  Wrote  a  scholarly 
treatise,  "  De  metris  Pindari  "  (introd.  to  his 
ed.  of  Pindar,  1821). 


BOCKLET— ROHM 


Bock'let,  Karl  Maria  von,  brilliant  pianist; 
b.  Prague,  1801  ;  d.  Vienna,  July  15,  1881. 
Pupil  of  Zawora  (Prague)  and  Hummel  (Wei- 
mar) for  pf . ;  of  Dionys  Weber  (Prague)  f. 
comp. ;  and  of  Pixis  f.  vln.  In  1S20,  violinist 
at  the  Vienna  "  Th.  an  der  Wien  "  ;  later  he 
embraced  the  career  of  a  concert-pianist  and  pf.- 
teacher  ;  Louis  Kohler  and  Jacob  Blumenthal 
were  his  pupils. 

Bock'miihl,  Robert  Emil,  b.  Frankfort, 
1820  ;  d.  there  Nov.  3,  1881.  'Cellist  and  com- 
poser f.  'cello. 

Bocks'horn  ("  Capricornus"),  Samuel,  b. 
Germany,  1629;  d.  Stuttgart,  1660.  (?).  Musical 
director  at  Trinity  Ch.,  Pressburg,  and  (1657) 
Kapellm.  to  the  Duke  of  Wtirttemberg.  He  publ. 
masses,  motets,  etc.,  and  secular  songs  and 
piano-pieces. 

Bocquillon-Wilhem,  G.  L.     See  Wilhem. 

Bo'de,  Johann  Joachim  Christoph,  born 
Barum,  Brunswick,  Jan.  16,  1730  ;  d.  Weimar, 
Dec.  13,  1703.  Oboist  in  Cette,  1755  ;  from 
1762-3,  music-teacher  and  editor  at  Hamburg, 
and  later  became  Lessing's  partner  as  printer 
and  publisher.  Settled  in  Weimar  177S.  Publ. 
concertos  f.  'cello,  bassoon,  and  vln.  ;  sym- 
phonies, etc. 

Bo'denschatz,  Erhard,  b.  Lichtenberg,  Sax- 
ony, 1570;  d.  as  pastor  at  Gross-Osterhausen, 
n.  Querfurt,  in  1638.  He  publ.  valuable  collec- 
tions :  "  Florilegium  Portense  "  (Leipzig,  1603 
and  161S),  containing  115  motets  ;  ditto  (2nd 
part,  Leipzig,  1621)  containing  150  motets,  all 
by  contemporaries;  also  "  Florilegium  sanctissi- 
morum  hymnorum  "  for  schools  (1606  ;  last  ed., 
1721).    His  own  compositions  are  less  interesting. 

Boe'decker,  Louis,  pianist;  b.  Hamburg, 
1845,  lives  there  as  music-teacher  and  critic. 
Pupil  of  E.  Marxsen.  Publ.  works,  abt.  30 
pf.-pcs.  ;  songs  ;  in  MS.,  orchestral,  choral, 
and  chamber-music. 

Boehm  ;  Boehme.     See  Bohm,  Bohme. 

Boe'kelman,  Bernardus,  pianist;  b.  Utrecht, 
Holland,  June  9,  1838.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
musical  director  A.  J.  B.  ;  st.  1857-60,  under 
Moscheles,  Richter  and  Hauptmann,  at  Leip- 
zig Cons.  ;  1S62-4,  private  pupil  of  Bulow, 
Kiel  and  Weitzmann  at  Berlin,  also  teaching  at 
Stern's  Cons.  Since  1866  in  New  York,  where 
he  founded  and  directed  (till  1888)  the  N.  Y. 
Trio  Club  for  chamber-concerts.  From  1883- 
97,  Mus  Dir.  at  the  Ladies'  School  in  Farm- 
ington.  Conn.;  now  (1899)  private  instructor  in 
New  York.  B.  is  a  well-known  teacher  and 
player.  Has  composed  for  orch.,  and  has  publ. 
special  etudes  f.  pf . ;  solo  pes.  f.  pf. ,  4  and  8 
hands;  pes.  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  and  songs.  His 
analytical  edition  of  Bach's  "Well-tempered 
Clavichord,"  in  colors,  is  unique. 

Boellmann,  Leon,  comp.,  organist,  and  pian- 
ist;  b.  Ensisheim,  Alsatia,  Sept.  25,  1862;  d. 
Paris,  Oct.  11,  1897.  A  pupil  of  the  Nieder- 
meyer  School,  Paris,  his  teacher  being  the  cele- 


brated organist  Gigout,  in  whose  Organ  School 
B.  taught  later.  A  successful  composer  in 
almost  all  styles,  he  left  68  published  works  ; 
among  his  noteworthy  orchestral  comp.s  are  a 
symphony,  Variations  symphoniques,  and  a 
Fantaisie  dialogue,  w.  organ  (all  produced  by 
Lamoureux). 

Boely,  Alexandre-Pierre-Francois,  b.  Ver- 
sailles, Apr.  19,  1785;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  27,  1S58. 
Pianist  ;  also  vln. -pupil  of  Ladurner  at  Paris 
Cons.,  and  organist  (for  some  years  at  St.- 
Germain  l'Auxerrois).  He  wrote  a  mass  for 
Christmas,  4  offertoires  and  many  other  pes.  f. 
org.,  much  pf.-music,  and   3  string-trios,  etc. 

Boers,  Joseph  Karel,  b.  Nymwegen,  Hol- 
land, 1S12  ;  d  Delft,  Oct.  1,  1896.  Pupil  of 
Liibeck  at  R.  Cons,  at  The  Hague  ;  1831  cond. 
at  R.  Th.  there.  Held  similar  posts  at  Paris 
and  Metz  ;  1841,  app.  prof,  at  the  Normal 
School,  Nymwegen,  and  cond.  of  Choral  Soci- 
ety; 1853,  app.  music-director  at  Delft.  He  wrote 
an  interesting  "  History  of  Musical  Instr.s  in 
the  Middle  Ages";  also  a  complete  bibliogra- 
phy of  ancient  and  modern  mus.  works  produced 
in  the  Netherlands.  Composed  a  symphony, 
overtures,  cantatas,  songs,  etc. 

Boesset,  Antoine,  Sieur  de  Villedieu,  In- 
tendant  of  Music  to  Louis  XIII  ;  b.  abt.  1585; 
d.  1643.  Celebrated  as  the  composer  of  many 
"  Airs  de  cour  "  in  4  or  5  parts,  and  of  numer- 
ous ballets. 

Boe'tius  [bo-a'-te-us]  (or  Boethius),  Anicius 
Manlius  Torquatus  Severinus,  b.  Rome  abt. 
475  A.  D.,  executed  524  (6?),  on  suspicion  of 
treason,  by  Theodoric,  whose  counsellor  he  had 
been  for  years.  Philosopher  and  mathemati- 
cian ;  author  of  "  De  Musica,"  a  Latin  trea- 
tise (in  5  books)  on  Greek  music,  which  was 
the  chief  source  for  the  theorizing  monks  of  the 
middle  ages.  Besides  MSS.  in  many  libraries, 
"  De  Musica  "  has  been  publ.  at  Venice  (1491- 
2  and  '99),  Basel  (1570),  and  Leipzig  (1867)  ; 
and  in  a  German  transl.  by  Oscar  Paul,  with  in- 
teresting introduction,  at  Leipzig  (1872). 

Bohl'mann,  Theodor  Heinrich  Friedrich, 
pianist;  b.  Osterwieck  am  Ilarz,  Germany,  June 
23,  1865  ;  st.  with  Dr.  Stade  (Leipzig),  Barth, 
Klindworth,  Tiersch,  d'Albert,  and  Moszkowski 
(Berlin).  Debut  Berlin,  March  3,  1890,  marked 
success  ;  concert-tour  in  Germany.  From  Sept., 
1890,  prof,  of  pf.  :.t  Cincinnati  Cons.  Has 
given  many  successful  concerts. 

Bohm,  Karl,  b.  Berlin,  Sept.  11,  1844,  pupil 
of  Loschhorn,  Reissmann,  and  Geyer.  Pianist 
and  jW<w-composer  ;  lives  in  Berlin. — Works  : 
Trios,  pf.-pcs.,  vln. -music,  songs. 

Bohm,  Georg,  organist  and  clavichordist;  b. 
Goldbach,  Thuringia,  1661;  d.  Liineburg,  1734. 
His  organ-preludes  and  suites  rank  high  among 
works  of  the  time. 

Bohm,  Theobald,  inventor  of  the  "Bohm 
flute";  b.  Munich,  Apr.  9,  1794;  d.  there  Nov. 
25,  1881.      Flutist,  comp.  f.  fl.,  "  Hofmusikus," 


73 


BOHM— BOIELDIEU 


and  member  of  the  royal  orch. — 1 1  is  system  of 
construction  marks  a  new  departure  in  the  make 
of  wood-wind  instr.s.  To  render  the  flute 
acoustically  perfect,  he  fixed  the  position  and 
size  of  the  holes  so  as  to  obtain,  not  convenience 
in  fingering,  but  purity  and  fullness  of  tone  ; 
all  holes  are  covered  by  keys,  whereby  prompt 
and  accurate  "speaking"  is  assured  ;  and  the 
bore  is  modified,  altering  the  tone  not  inconsid- 
erably. 

Bohm,  Joseph,  b.  I'esth,  Mar.  4,  1795  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Mar.  28,  1876.  Violinist,  pupil  of  his 
father;  at  8  years  of  age  he  made  a  concert-tour 
to  Poland  and  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  studied 
for  some  years  under  P.  Rode.  His  first  con- 
cert at  Vienna  (1815)  was  very  successful  ;  after 
a  trip  to  Italy,  he  was  app.  (1819)  vln.-prof.  at 
Vienna  Cons.,  and  (1821)  entered  the  Imp. 
orch.  lie  formed  distinguished  pupils — Joa- 
chim, Ernst,  Auer,  Hellmesberger  (Sr.),  .Singer, 
Ludwig,  Strauss,  Rappoldi,  Hauser,  etc.  Re- 
tired from  Cons.  1848,  from  orch.  1868. — Wrote 
concert-pcs.  and  quartets  ;  also  duets,  songs,  etc. 

Bohm,  Joseph,  b.  Kiihnltz,  Moravia,  Feb.  9, 
1841  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  6,  1893.  Pupil  of  Bocklet 
and  Krenn,  Vienna  ;  1865  organist,  1867  choir- 
master, 1S77  Kapellm.  at  the  Ilofpfarrkirche, 
Vienna  ;  also  director  of  the  school  of  church- 
music  of  the  Ambrosius-Verein. 

Boh'me,  Johann  August,  founded  a  busi- 
ness for  publishing  and  selling  music  at  Ham- 
burg, 1794.  His  son,  Justus  Eduard  P>.,  suc- 
ceeded him  in  1839,  and  his  grandson,  August 
Eduard  P.,  in  1885. 

Boh'me,    August     Julius    Ferdinand,    b. 

Ganderheim,  Brunswick,  Feb.  4,  1815  ;  d.  there 
May  30,  1883.  Pupil  of  Spohr;  Kapellm.  of 
theatres  at  Berne  and  Geneva  ;  1846,  cond.  of 
the  "  Euterpe  "  at  Dordrecht.  Has  composed 
orchestral  and  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. 

Boh'me,  Franz  Magnus,  b.  Willerstedt,  n. 
Weimar,  Mar.  11,  1827  ;  d.  Dresden,  Oct.  18, 
1898.  Pupil  of  J.  G.  Topfer  (Weimar),  and 
Hauptmann  and  Rietz  (Leipzig).  P'or  20  years 
music-teacher  in  Dresden  ;  received  the  title  of 
"  Prof."  from  the  King  ;  1878,  teacher  of  cpt. 
and  hist,  of  music  at  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort  ; 
retired  1885  to  Dresden. — Literary  works  :  "  Alt- 
deutsches  Liederbuch  "  (Leipzig,  1S77;  a  coll. 
of  Germ,  folk-songs — words  and  melodies — of 
the  I2th-I7th  centuries);  "  Aufgabenbuch  zum 
Studium  der  Harmonie  "  (1880)  ;  "  Kursus  der 
Harmonie  "  (Mayence,  1882)  ;  "  Geschichte  des 
Tanzes  in  Deutschland "  (Leipzig,  1895).  He 
is  the  editor  of  Erk's  "  Deutscher  Liederhort  " 
(MS.)  ;  and  has  publ.  several  books  of  sacred 
part-songs  and  male  choruses. 

Boh'mer,  Karl  (Hermann  Ehrfried),  violin- 
ist and  composer  ;  b.  The  Hague,  Nov.  6,  1799  ; 
d.  Berlin,  July  20,  1884.  Pupil  of  Polledro  ; 
1835, member  of  the  royal  orch.,  Berlin. — Works: 
Operas  {Meerkonig  unci sein  Liebchen,  etc.),  or- 
chestral music,  much  valuable  violin-music,  etc. 


Bohn,  Emil,  b.  Bielau,  n.  Neisse,  Jan.  14, 
1839.  Student  of  philol.  at  Breslau  ;  but  later 
devoted  himself  to  music.  1S68,  org.  of  the 
"  Kreuzkirche,"  Breslau  ;  also  founded  the  Pohn 
Choral  Society,  noted  for  its  historical  concerts. 
1884,  Dr.  pliil.  hon.  causa  (Breslau),  director  of 
the  University  Choral  Society,  and  lecturer  at  the 
Univ.;  also  mus.  critic  of  the  "  Breslauer  Zei- 
tung."  1895,  "  R.  Prof,  of  Music." — Works: 
"  Bibliographic  d.  Musikdruckwerke  bis  1700, 
welche  auf  der  Universitatsbibliothek,  etc.,  zu 
Breslau  aufbewahrt  werden  "  (1883)  ;  "  Die  mus. 
Handschriften  des  16.  und  17.  Jahrh.  in  der 
Stadtbibl.  zu  Breslau  "  (1S90).  He  has  com- 
posed part-songs  and  songs  ;  and  edited  the  pf.- 
works  of  Mendelssohn  and  Chopin. 

Boh'ner,  Johann  Ludwig,  b.  Tottelstedt,  n. 
Gotha,  Jan.  8,  1787  ;  d.  near  Gotha,  Mar.  28, 
i860.  A  composer  of  great  talent  but  weak 
character — the  reputed  original  of  E.  A.  T. 
Hoffmann's  "  Kreisler."  Excepting  a  year 
(1S10)  as  Kapellm.  at  Nuremberg,  he  led  a  rov- 
ing life,  and  finally  became  addicted  to  drink. 
— Works  :  An  opera,  Der  Dreiherrnstein  ;  over- 
tures, marches,  dances,  etc.,  f.  orch.;  concertos 
and  sonatas  f.  pf. ;  much  left  in  MS. 

Boh'rer,  Anton,  b.  Munich,  1783  ;  d.  Han- 
over, 1852.  Violinist,  pupil  of  R.  Kreutzer  in 
Paris.  Composed  chamber-music,  also  con- 
certos and  solo-pcs.  f.  vln.  With  his  brother 
-Max,  the  'cellist,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Bava- 
rian court  orch.;  from  1810-14  the  two  made 
tours  through  Austria,  Poland,  Russia,  Scan- 
dinavia and  England  ;  1S15  in  France,  1820  in 
Italy.  In  1834,  Anton  became  leader  of  orch. 
at  Hanover. 

Boh'rer,  Max,  'cello-virtuoso,  b.  Munich, 
1785;  d.  Stuttgart,  Feb.  28,  1867.  After  long 
concert-tours  with  Anton,  he  settled  (1S32)  in 
Stuttgart  as  first  'cellist  in  the  orch.  Tour  in 
the  United  States,  1842-43.  Compositions  of 
minor  importance. 

Boieldieu,  Fran^ois-Adrien,  French  dra- 
matic comp. ;  b.  Rouen,  Dec.  16,  1775;  d.  Jarcy, 
n.  Grosbois,  Oct.  8, 
1834.  Son  of  Arch- 
bishop Larochefou- 
cauld'ssecretary;  his 
mother  was  a  mil- 
liner.  Through  con- 
jugal differences,  the 
pair  were  divorced, 
and  the  boy  was  ap- 
prenticed to  Broche, 
the  cathedral  organ- 
ist, a  pupil  of  Padre 
Martini.  Broche,  of 
intemperate  habits, 
was  brutal  ;  the  boy, 
at  1 2  years  of  age,  ran 
away  ;  he  went  on 
foot  to  Paris,  and  was  with  difficulty  found  and 
brought  hack.  Broche  appears  to  have  been  his 
only  teacher,  natural  talent  supplying  the  lack  of 


'V 


\ 


74 


BOIELDIEU— BOISSELOT 


serious  study.  At  iS  yrs.  of  age,  lie  prod,  with 
success  an  opera  to  his  father's  libretto,  La  file 
coupable  (Rouen,  1793),  followed,  in  1795,  by 
Rosalie  et  Myrza.  His  local  reputation  en- 
couraged him  to  extend  his  sphere,  and  again 
he  walked  to  Paris,  but  his  reception  was  chill- 
ing, and  he  was  glad  to  earn  a  living  by  teaching 
and  piano-tuning,  Erard  employing  him.  He 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Mehul,  Rode,  Cheru- 
bini,  and  Garat  the  tenor,  who  sang  the  young 
man's  songs  in  public,  and  thus  procured  him 
recognition  and  a  publisher.  "  Le  Me'nestrel" 
"  S'il  est  vrai  que  d'etre  deux"  "  0  toi  que 
faime"  are  still  found  on  concert-programs. 
Fievee  the  novelist  wrote  him  a  libretto,  and  La 
Dot  de  Suzette,  in  one  act,  was  prod,  with  suc- 
cess (Opera-Corn.,  1796),  followed  in  1797  by  La 
Famille  Suisse  (Th.-F^eydeau).  1798  saw  the 
production  of  pf. -sonatas,  pf.-  and  harp-duets, 
and  a  pf. -concerto  ;  their  success  obtained  for 
him,  2  years  later,  the  appointment  of  professor 
of  piano  at  the  Paris  Conservatory.  Zoraime  et 
Zulnare  (1798),  Beniowski,  and  Le  Calif e  de 
Bagdad  (1800),  added  to  his  reputation.  Cheru- 
bini  good-naturedly  twitted  him  on  his  "  un- 
deserved success,"  and  B.  took  a  strict  course 
of  contrapuntal  study,  benefiting  much  by  the 
advice  of  Cherubini  and  Mehul.  Three  years 
elapsed,  and  Ma  tante  Aurore  (Th.-Feydeau, 
1803),  showed  marked  improvement,  and  was 
greeted  with  great  applause.  In  1802  he  had 
married  Clotilde-Auguste  Mafleuroy,  a  ballet- 
dancer,  and  the  conjugal  misery  that  resulted 
caused  his  self-expatriation  in  1803.  He  went 
to  St.  Petersburg,  and  was  app.  cond.  of  the 
Imperial  Opera,  with  a  handsome  salary.  He 
stayed  in  Russia  8  yrs. ;  his  contract  included 
3  operas  per  annum,  and  a  number  of  military 
marches,  but  of  this  period  little  was  worthy  of 
preservation.  Trouble  between  Russia  and 
France  brought  B.  back  to  Paris  in  1811.  A 
revival  of  Ma  tante  Aurore,  the  production  of  a 
revised  version  of  Riende  trop  (comp.  in  Russia), 
followed  in  1812  by  Jean  de  Paris,  created  the 
wildest  enthusiasm,  opera  having  been  at  a  low 
ebb  for  some  time.  In  1817  he  succeeded  Mehul 
as  prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Cons.,  and  was  elected 
a  Member  of  the  Institut.  In  1818  Le  petit 
chaperon  rouge  was  another  triumph.  In  1821 
he  was  created  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor.  Precarious  health  caused  a  silence  of 
7  yrs.,  but  in  1825  La  Dame  blanche  met  with 
unparalleled  success,  and  remains  his  chef 
d'auvre.  He  was  well  remunerated  for  his 
last  opera,  Les  deux  nuits  (1829),  but  it  was  a 
failure.  In  delicate  health,  with  pulmonary 
trouble  contracted  in  Russia,  mortification  and 
disappointment  aggravated  the  complaint.  His 
first  wife  had  died  in  1825,  and  in  1827  he  mar- 
ried Mile.  Phillis,  a  singer,  and  the  mother  of 
his  only  son  Adrien  V.  (below).  This  union  was 
most  happy,  and  in  his  last  days  of  illness  and 
pecuniary  difficulties,  he  was  much  consoled  by 
her  kindly  care  and  unswerving  fidelity.  He  had 
retired   from   the   Conservatory  in   1829,  with  a 


pension,  but  in  1830  the  new  government  re- 
voked the  pension.  He  applied  for  reinstate- 
ment at  the  Cons.,  was  reappointed,  but  did  not 
teach  again;  for  Thiers,  minister  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, recognized  the  master's  work,  and  re- 
lieved his  anxieties  by  an  annual  grant  of  6oco 
francs.  A  journey  to  Pisa  in  search  of  health  was 
of  no  benefit;  he  returned  to  Paris,  but  again 
had  to  seek  the  mild  Southern  climate,  and  died 
at  his  country-house  at  Jarcy.  Among  his 
pupils  were  Zimmerman,  Fetis,  Adam,  and 
Labarre. — Boieldieu  ranks  as  the  foremost  com- 
poser of  his  generation,  of  French  ope'ra-comique. 
Despite  the  carelessness  of  his  early  education, 
his  masterpieces  exhibit  evidences  of  painstaking 
and  conscientious  labor,  resulting  in  a  high  de- 
gree of  finish  and  perfection.  Besides  the  operas 
mentioned,  he  collaborated  with  Cherubini  in 
La  Prisonniere  (1799);  with  Mehul,  Kreutzer, 
et  til.  in  L.e  Baiser  et  la  Quittance  (1802)  ;  w. 
Cherubini,  Catel,  and  Niccolo  Isouard — his 
former  rivals  —  in  Bayard  a  Me'zieres  ;  w. 
Kreutzer  in  Henri  LV  en  Voyage  (1814) ;  w. 
Mme.  Gail,  pupil  of  Fetis,  in  Angela,  on 
V Atelier  de  Jean  Cousin  (1814)  ;  w.  Herold  in 
Charles  de  France ;  w.  Cherubini,  Berton  et  al. 
in  La  Cour  des  Fees  (1821)  ;  w.  Auber  in  Les 
trots  Genres;  w.  Cherubini,  Berton,  et  al.,  in 
Pharamond;  w.  Berton  et  al.  in  La  Marquise  de 
Brinvilliers. — Biographical:  "  B.,  sa  vie  et  ses 
ceuvres  "  (1875),  by  A.  Pougin. 

Boieldieu,  Adrien-L.-V.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing; b.  Paris,  Nov.  3,  1816;  d.  n.  Paris,  July, 
18S3.  Wrote  several  attractive  operas  and  oper- 
ettas; also  masses,  cantatas,  etc. 

Boisdeffre,  Charles-Henri-Rene,  b.  Vesoul 
(Haute-Savoie),  1838.  Composer  of  numerous 
songs,  church-music,  chamber-music,  etc.  Chev. 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  1894. 

Boise,  Otis  Bardwell,  b.  Oberlin,  Ohio, 
Aug.  13,  1S45.  Organist  at  14.  In  1861  stud- 
ied under  Hauptmann,  Richter,  Moscheles,  etc., 
at  Leipzig;  1864  under  Kullak  at  Berlin.  1S64- 
70,  organist  and  teacher  in  Cleveland;  1870-76, 
in  New  York;  1876-78,  spent  in  Europe.  Now 
(1899)  living  in  Berlin  as  a  teacher. — Works  : 
Symphonies  and  overtures  for  orch.;  pf. -con- 
certos, and  minor  pieces. 

Boisselot,  Jean-Louis,  b.  Montpellier  about 
1785;  d.  Marseilles,  1847.  A  maker  of  stringed 
instr.s  at  Montpellier,  he  removed  to  Marseilles, 
and  soon  set  up  a  successful  piano-factory,  of 
which  his  eldest  son,  Louis  (1809-50),  was  the 
manager  ;  Envois,  the  present  proprietor,  is 
the  founder's  grandson. 

Boisselot,  Xavier,  second  son  of  J.-L.  B. ; 
dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Montpellier,  Dec.  3, 
1811  ;  d.  Marseilles,  Apr.  10,  1893. — Works: 
The  operas  Ne  touchez  pas  a  la  reine  (Paris, 
1847)  ;  Mosquita  la  sorciere  (Paris,  1S51)  ; 
I'Ange  dec/at  (Marseilles,  1S69) ;  and  a  cantata, 
Velleda  (1836). 


75 


BOITO— BONONCINI 


Boi'to,  Arrigo,  poet  and  opera-composer;  b. 
Padua,  Feb.  24,  1842.  From  1S53-62,  pupil  of 
Milan  Cons.  (Mazzucato  and  Ronchetti-Mon- 
teviti).  Mis  first  important  ventures  were  two 
cantatas,  II  ./  di  giugno  (i860)  and  Le  Sorelle 
d'  Italia  (1862);  a  long  sojourn  in  Germany  and 
Poland  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  hear  Wag- 
ner's music,  of  which  he  became  a  passionate 
admirer  and  advocate.  In  1868  he  produced 
the  opera  Mefistofele  at  Milan;  though  he  had 
worked  on  it  several  years,  it  was  almost  a  total 
failure,  but  friendly  comments  induced  him  to 
remodel  it,  and  in 
its  new  form  it 
met  with  immense 
success  at  Bologna 
(1875),  Hamburg 
(1880),  Milan  (Fa 
Scala,  1881),  etc. 
In  spite  of  this 
success,  his  earlier 
opera  Ero  e  Lean- 
dro,  and  2  later 
ones,  Nerone  and 
Oreste  (?),  are  yet 
awaiting  produc- 
tion. B.  wrote  the 
libretto  for  Meji- 
stofele j  also  for  Ponchielli's  Gioconda,  Bottesi- 
ni's  Ero  e  Leandro,  Verdi's  Otello  and  Falstaff, 
Faccio's  A  m  le  to,  Coronaro's  Un  Tramonto  ;  his 
poetry  is  highly  esteemed  in  Italy.  A  fre- 
quently assumed  pen-name  is  the  anagrammatic 
"  Tobio  Gorria."  From  the  King  he  has  the 
titles  of  "  Cavaliere  "  and  "  Commendatore  "; 
in  1S92  he  was  app.  Inspector-General  of  Tech- 
nical Instruction  in  the  Italian  Conservatories 
and  Lyceums;  in  1895  he  was  made  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor.      He  lives  in  Milan. 

Bolck,  Oskar,  b.  Ilohenstein,  East  Prussia, 
Mar.  4,  1837;  d.  Bremen,  May  2,  1888.  Pupil 
(1857)  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Rietz  and  Moscheles). 
After  teaching  in  Leipzig,  Wiborg  (Finland), 
and  Liverpool,  he  became  (1868)  Kapellm.  at 
the  Wurzburg  Th.,  and  1869  at  Aachen.  1875, 
teacher  at  Riga,  where  his  opera  Pierre  und 
Robin  (1876)  was  produced.  Since  then  he  was 
chorusmaster,  in  turn,  at  Leipzig,  Hamburg,  and 
Bremen.  He  wrote  2  other  operas,  Gudrun  and 
Der  Schmied  von  Gretna  Green  (both  not  perf.), 
pf. -music,  songs,  etc. 

Boli'cius.  See  Wallick. 
Bol'te,  Johannes,  contemporary  German 
writer;  author  of  "  Die  Singspiele  der  englischen 
Comodianten  und  ihrer  Nachfolger  in  Deutsch- 
land,  Holland,  und  Skandinavien "  (Leipzig, 
1893). 

Bomtem'po,  Joao  Domingos,  fine  pianist; 
b.  Lisbon,  1775;  d.  there  Aug.  13,  1842.  He 
went  in  1806  to  Paris  for  study,  and  lived  there 
and  in  London  till  1820.  In  1833,  Director  of 
Lisbon  Cons. — Works:  2  pf. -concertos,  sonatas 
and  variations  f.  pf.,  an  opera,  several  masses, 
a  requiem;  and  a  Method  f.  pf.  (London,  1S16). 


Bo'na,  Giovanni,  cardinal;  b.  Mondovi,  Oct. 
12,  1609;  d.  Rome,  Oct.  25,  1674.  Wrote  "  De 
divina  Psalmodia,  .  .  .  tractatus  historicus, 
symbolicus,  asceticus "  (Rome,  1653),  contain- 
ing valuable  information  on  ancient  church- 
music, 

Bo'nawitz  (or  Bonewitz),  Johann  Hein- 
rich,  b.  Durkheim-on-Rhine,  Dec.  4,  1839. 
Pupil  of  the  Liege  Cons,  till  1852,  when  his 
parents  took  him  to  America.  Lived  1861-6  in 
Wiesbaden,  Paris,  and  London,  giving  concerts 
and  teaching.  From  1872-3  he  conducted  the 
"Popular  Symphony  Concerts  "  in  New  York, 
an  enterprise  which  failed,  owing  to  lack  of 
popular  appreciation;  after  a  successful  pianistic 
tour  in  the  U.  S.  (1873),  he  produced  2  operas 
in  Philadelphia,  The  Bride  of  Messina  (1874), 
and  Ostrolenka  (1875).  Returned  to  Europe, 
1876,  and  has  since  lived  in  Vienna  and  Lon- 
don. He  has  composed  2  other  operas,  and  a 
variety  of  pf. -music. 

Bo'nicke,  Hermann,  b.  Endorf,  Nov.  26, 
1821;  d.  Ilermannstadt,  Transylvania,  Dec.  12, 
1879,  as  conductor  of  the  Musical  .Society  there. 
— Works  :  An  opera,  Der  Liebesring  ;  part- 
songs  for  men's  voices  ;  an  excellent  Method  of 
Choral  Singing  ;  and  "  Kunst  des  freien  Orgel- 
spiels  "  (a  valuable  work). 

Boniven'ti  (or  Boneventi),  Giuseppe,  dra- 
matic comp.,  b.  Venice  abt.  1660;  d.  (?).  He 
was  /;/.  di  capp.  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua,  later  to 
the  court  of  Baden.  Wrote  11  operas  for  Venice, 
and  one  for  Turin. 

Bonnet,  Jacques,  b.  Paris,  1644  ;  d.  there 
1724.  Publ.  "  Histoire  de  la  musique  et  de  ses 
effets,  depuis  son  origine  jusqu'a  present " 
(1715),  and  "  Histoire  de  la  danse  sacree  et  pro- 
fane "  (1723). 

Bonnet,  Jean-Baptiste,  violinist  and  com- 
poser; b.  Montauban,  Apr.  23,  1763;  organist 
there  from  1802;  d.  (?)  Wrote  violin-music  (2 
concertos,  2  symphonies  concertantes  f.  2  vlns., 
and  many  duos). 

Bon'no  (or  Bono),  Joseph,  b.  Vienna, 
1710;  d.  there  Apr.  15,  1788.  In  1739,  imperial 
court  comp.  ;  1774,  court  Kapellm.  ;  from  1732- 
62  he  wrote  20  operas  and  serenades,  also  3  ora- 
torios, 4-p.  Psalms,  and  a    Magnificat,    in    MS. 

Bononci'ni,  Giovanni  Maria,  b.  Modena, 
1640;  d.  there  Nov.  19,  167S.  Entered  very 
young  into  the  service  of  Duke  Francesco  II  ; 
became  later  in.  di  eapp.  in  the  churches  of  S. 
Giovanni  in  Monte,  and  of  S.  Petronio,  at 
Bologna.— Publ.  12  vol.s  (1666-78)  containing 
Sinfonie,  Gighe,  and  Sonate  da  camera  in  1-3 
or  more  parts,  w.  instr.s  ;  6-p.  Madrigals  ; 
Allemandes  f.  3-4  instr.s  ;  etc.  ;  also  a  work, 
"  Musico-pratico  .  .  .  ,"  on  song-composition 
and  the  art  of  counterpoint. 

Bononci'ni  [he  usually  wrote  his  name 
Buononcini],  Giovanni  Battista,  celebrated 
dramatic  composer,  son  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Modena,  1660;  d.  Venice  (?),  1750  (or  later).    He 


76 


BONONCINI—  BO(  >M 


was  taught  at  first  by  his  father  ;  then  by 
G.  P.  Colonna  and  Don  Giorgio  Buoni  ('cello), 
at  Bologna,  where  he  brought  out  some  masses 
and  instrumental  music  (7  vol.s,  publ.  1685-91). 
In  1690  he  was  called  to  Vienna  as  court  'cellist  ; 
went  to  Rome  in  1694,  there  producing  his  first 
opera,  Tullo  Ostilio,  and  a  second,  Serse  (both 
1694).  Returning  to  Vienna  in  1699,  he  brought 
out  La  Fede pubblica  (1699),  and  Gli  Affelti  piit 
grandi  vinti  dal  piu  giusto  (1701)  ;  then,  under 
the  patronage  of  Queen  Sophie  Charlotte,  he 
spent  two  years  (1703-5)  at  Berlin  as  court  com- 
poser, and  wrote  Polifemo  (1703)  ;  on  the  sup- 
pression of  the  opera-company  after  the  Queen's 
death  (Feb.  1,  1705),  B.  again  betook  himself  to 
Vienna,  where  several  new  operas  were  per- 
formed  (Endimione,  1706;  Turno  Aricino,  1707  ; 
Mario  fuggitivo,  1708  ;  77  Sacrijicio  di  Romolo, 
1708  ;  Abdolonimo,  1709  ;  Muzio  Scevola,  1710  ; 
etc.).  He  also  resided  and  wrote,  at  intervals, 
in  various  Italian  cities  ;  while  at  Rome,  in 
1716,  he  was  invited  to  London  as  conductor 
and  dramatic  composer  for  the  new  King's 
Theatre,  and  more  particularly,  under  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough's  protection,  as  the  rival  of 
Handel.  This  operatic  (almost  political)  war- 
fare was  waged  with  varying  success  ;  B.  prod. 
Astarto  (1720)  ;  3  more,  Ciro,  Crispo,  and  Gri- 
selda,  in  1722  ;  Farnace  (1723)  ;  Erminia (1723)  ; 
Calpurnia  (1724)  ;  and  Astianatie  \Astianax\ 
(1727).  In  1 73 1,  however,  it  was  discovered 
that  he  had  given  out,  four  years  previously,  a 
madrigal  by  A.  Lotti  as  of  his  own  composition. 
Disgraced  by  this  act  of  plagiarism,  and  crushed 
by  Handel's  dramatic  supremacy,  B.  lost  posi- 
tion and  friends  ;  in  1733  he  fell  into  the  hands 
of  an  alchemist,  who  swindled  him  out  of  the  re- 
mains of  the  fortune  amassed  in  his  days  of  tri- 
umph. He  now  wandered  from  place  to  place  ; 
turned  up  in  Paris,  a  few  years  later,  when  he 
comp.  a  motet  for  the  "  Chapelle  royale,"  play- 
ing himself  the  'cello-accomp.  before  the  King  ; 
in  1737  his  opera  Alessandro  in  Sidone,  and  an 
oratorio,  Ezeckia,  were  given  in  Vienna  ;  and 
after  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  the  Emperor 
summoned  him  to  Vienna  to  compose  the  festi- 
val music  celebrating  the  event  (1748).  Soon 
after  this  he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed as  theatre-composer,  and  was  still  in  that 
position  at  the  age  of  90  ;  after  which  all  traces 
of  him  are  lost. — In  London  B.  publ.  Suites 
f.  harpsichord  (n.  d.)  ;  Cantate  e  Duetti,  dedi- 
cated to  George  I.  (1721)  ;  Divertimenti  f. 
harpsichord  (1722)  ;  and  "  12  sonatas  or  cham- 
ber airs  for  2  violins  and  a  bass"  (1732). 

Bononci'ni,  Marco  Antonio,  brother  of  the 
preceding  ;  b.  Modena,  1675  (?);  d.  there  July 
8,  1726.  Also  a  dramatic  comp.  of  distinction  ; 
from  1721  he  was  maestro  to  the  Duke  of  Mo- 
dena. Before  this,  he  travelled  in  Italy  and 
Germany,  bringing  out  a  number  of  operas, 
praised  by  Padre  Martini  for  their  "  lofty  style," 
and  thought  by  him  superior  to  those  of  most 
contemporaries. — Works  :   The  operas   Camilla, 


regina  dc  Volsci  (Vienna,  1692)  ;  Griselda 
(1700?);  Andromeda  j  Arminio ;  Sesostri  ;  li 
Turno  Aricino.  (Florence,  1704)  ;  Etearco 
(Vienna,  1707)  ;  La  Regina  creduta  re  (Venice, 
I7°7)  ;  Tigrane,  re  d' Armenia;  Cajo  Gracco 
(Venice,  1710)  ;  Asliniatte  (Venice,  171S)  ;  and 
an  oratorio,  La  Deeollaziotie  di  S.  Giovanni 
Battista  (Vienna,  1709). 

Bontem'pi  (surnamed  Angeli'ni),  Giovanni 
Andrea,  b.  Perugia,  abt.  1624  ;  d.  Bruso,  n. 
Perugia,  July  1,  1705.  Maestro  at  Rome  and 
Venice,  laterin  Berlin  and  Dresden  ;  returned  to 
Italy  in  1694,  and  was  in  Paris  in  1697. — Works  : 
3  operas,  Fa  ride  (1662),  Apollo  e  Dafne  (1671), 
Jupiter  ed  Lo  (1673);  the  oratorio  Marti rio  di 
S.  Emilia  no  ;  and  the  treatises  "Nova  quatuor 
vocibus  componendi  methodus  .  .  ."  (1660), 
"  Tract,  in  quo  demonstrantur  occultae  conveni- 
entiae  sonorum  systematis  participati"  (1690), 
and  an  "  Istoria  musica,  nella  quale  si  ha 
piena  cognizione  della  teoria  e  della  pratica  an- 
tica  della  musica  armonica"  (1695). 

Bonvin,  Ludwig,  b.  Siders,  Switzerland, 
Feb.  17,  1850.  His  mus.  training  in  early 
youth  was  irregular  ;  as  a  musician  he  is  chiefly 
self-taught.  After  a  course  of  medical  study  in 
Vienna,  and  a  journey  to  Italy,  he  entered  the 
Jesuit  novitiate  in  Holland,  becoming  org.  and 
choirmaster,  and  studying  harmony  and  cpt. ; 
further  study  of  early  church-music  at  Feldkirch, 
Austria,  and  of  Wagner  scores  in  England,  gave 
him  insight  into  the  mysteries  of  composition, 
and  awakened  his  talent  for  composing.  Since 
18S7  Father  Bonvin  has  been  director  of  chorus 
and  orchestra  at  Canisius  College,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y. ,  devoting  all  his  spare  moments  to  theo- 
retical study  and  to  composing. — His  publ.  works 
include  3  masses,  and  much  other  sacred  music 
(Litany,  Vesper,  Ave  Maria,  Ecce  sacerdos, 
Omne  die  die  Mariae,  antiphones,  chants,  sacred 
songs,  hymns,  etc.)  ;  "  Wittekind,"  f.  soli,  male 
ch.,  and  orch.  (Ger.  text)  ;  "Du  sonnige,  won- 
nige  Welt,"  f.  sopr.  and  bar.  soli,  mixed  ch., 
and'orch. ;  "  In  the  summer  night,"  f.  bar.  solo, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  Drei  Tonbilder,  a  Ballade,  and  a 
Festzug,  f.  full  orch.;  "  Xmas  Night's  Dream," 
f.  string-orch. ;  organ-pieces,  songs,  etc.  (44  opus- 
numbers). 

Boom  [bom],  Jan  E.  G.  van  (Senior),  b. 
Rotterdam,  Apr.  17,  1783.  Flutist  and  com- 
poser f.  flute;  lived  in  Utrecht. 

Boom,  Jan  [Johannes]  van,  son  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Utrecht,  Oct.  15,  1807;  d.  Stockholm, 
April,  1872.  Accomplished  pianist  ;  on  a  con- 
cert-tour through  Scandinavia  in  1825  he  was 
induced  to  settle  in  Stockholm,  where  he  was 
prof,  at  the  Royal  Acad.  1849-65. — Works  : 
Operas,  symphonies,  overtures,  string-quartet, 
trios,  a  pf. -concerto,  and  much  pf.  -music  (studies, 
duets,  etc.). 

Boom,  Hermann  M.  van,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Utrecht,  Feb.  9,  1S09  ;  d.  there  Jan.  6, 
1S83  ;   fine  flutist,    pupil   of   his   father,    and    of 


77 


BOORN— BORONI 


Tulou  (Paris) ;  from  1830  he  resided  in  Amster- 
dam for  man}'  years. 

Boorn,  Eduard  van  den,  Belgian  pianist 
and  critic  ;  d.  Liege,  Aug.  16,  1898,  aged  67. 
Fine  concert-pianist.  Mus.  critic  on  staff  of 
Liege  "  Meuse  "  ;  wrote  interesting  articles  for 
other  papers.  For  his  essay  :  "  De  1'influence 
leiiproque  de  l'industrie  sur  les  beaux-arts  et  des 
beaux-arts  sur  l'industrie,"  he  won  a  gold  medal. 

Boosey,  Thomas,  founder  (1825)  of  the 
London  music-publishing  house  of  Boosey  & 
Co.;  formerly  copyright  publishers  of  Italian 
operas  ;  now  of  cheap  editions  of  standard 
works  and  popular  English  music. 

Boott,  Francis  (pen-name  "  Telford  "),  b. 
Boston,  Mass.,  June  24,  181 3  ;  composer,  pupil 
of  L.  Picchianti  in  Florence,  where  he  settled. 
— Works  :  Grand  Mass  ;  Te  Deum,  and  "  Song 
of  Zechariah,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Miserere 
(a  capp.)\  songs,  duets  ;  string-quartets. 

Borde,  de  la.     See  Laborde. 

Borde'se  [-da'-sa],  Luigi,  b.  Naples,  18 15  ; 
d.  Paris,  Feb.  17,  1SS6.  Pupil  of  Naples  Cons. ; 
after  the  unsuccessful  production  (Turin,  1834) 
of  his  opera  Zelinio  e  Zoraide,  he  went  to  Paris, 
where,  finding  no  success  as  a  dramatic  com- 
poser, he  settled  as  a  singing-teacher  and  com- 
poser. Besides  8  operas,  he  wrote  3  masses,  a 
requiem,  motets,  and  hundreds  of  sacred  and 
secular  songs  ;  also  two  Vocal  Methods,  and 
many  vocalises,  etc.,  which  are  famous. 

Bordier,  Jules,  b.  1846  (  5?)  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan. 
29,  1896.  Distinguished  composer  ;  founded 
concerts  of  the  Association  Artistique  d'Angers  ; 
went  to  Paris  (1893)  as  partner  in  a  mus.-publ. 
house.  Early  champion  of  Wagner's  music  in 
French  provinces. — Works  :  Several  symph. 
poems;  "  Meditation  "  on  Bach's  7th  prelude; 
Hungarian  Dance,  and  other  instr.  pes.,  inch  a 
Danse  macabre  f.  violin  ;  music  to  A.  de  Vigny's 
"  Chatterton  ";  2  operas,  rVadia  (Paris),  and  Le 
Fiance  de  la  Mer  (Rouen)  ;  4-part  male  chorus 
"  Patrie"  (1893). 

Bordier,  Louis-Charles,  b.  Paris,  1700;  d. 
there  1764.  Abbe,  "  maitre  de  mus."  at  the 
Ch.  of  the  Innocents.  Publ.  "  Methode  de  mu- 
sique  pratique"  for  vocal  music  (1760-78),  and 
a  "  Traite  de  composition  "  (1770). 

Bordo'gni,  Giu- 
lio  Marco,  distin- 
guished tenor  and 
singing-teacher  ;  b. 
<  iazzaniga,  n.  B  e  r- 
g a  m  o  ,  1788;  d . 
Paris,  July  31, 
1856.  A  pupil  of 
S.  Mayr,  his  debut 
(La  Scala,  Milan, 
1  8  1  3  )  as  "Tan- 
credi "  was  brilliant. 
Prom  1819-33  he 
was  eng.  at  the  Th. 
des   Italiens,    Paris  ; 


after  this  he  devoted  himself  to  teaching.  From 
1820  (with  an  interval  of  some  years)  he  was  prof, 
at  the  Paris  Cons. ;  Sontag  was  one  of  his  pupils. 
His  "36  Vocalises,"  in  2  suites,  have  run  through 
many  editions  ;  he  also  publ.  several  other  sets. 

Bordo'ni,  Faustina.    See  Hasse,  Faustina. 

Bor'ghi,  Luigi,  skilful  violinist  and  compo- 
ser, was  a  pupil  of  Pugnani,  and  settled  in  Lon- 
don abt.  1780.  He  was  leader  of  the  2nd  vio- 
lins at  the  Handel  Commemoration  in  1784. 
Publ.  a  great  variety  of  excellent  instr. 1  music, 
chiefly  for  violin. 

Bor'ghi-Mamo,  Adelaide,  celebrated  dra- 
matic mezzo-soprano  ;  b.  Bologna,  1829.  Acting 
on  the  Pasta's  advice,  she  trained  herself  for  the 
stage  ;  debut,  1846,  in  //  Giuramento,  by  Merca- 
dante,  at  Urbino,  where  she  was  eng.  She  next 
sang  in  Italian  cities,  in  Vienna  and  Paris 
(1854-6),  and  1856-9  was  eng.  at  the  Grand 
Opera.  In  i860  she  appeared  with  great  suc- 
cess in  London  ;  then  returned  to  Italy,  and  is 
now  (1899)  living  in  Florence. — Her  daughter, 
Erminia,  endowed  with  a  grand  soprano  voice, 
made  ber  debut  at  Bologna  (1S75)  in  Boito's 
Mefistofele ;  has  sung  on  important  Italian 
stages,  also  at  the  Italian  Opera,  Paris. 

Bo'rodin  [-deen],  Alexander  Porphyrje- 
vitch,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  12,  1834  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  27  (28?),  1887. 
Student  of  medicine 
and  chemistry; 
army-surgeon;  prof, 
at  the  St.  Peters- 
burg medico  -  surg. 
Institute  ;  Counsel- 
lor of  State;  Knight; 
president  of  the  mus. 
Soc.  of  Amateurs. 
Intimate  with  Liszt 
(in  Weimar),  and 
BalakirefF,  at  whose 
suggestion  he  stud- 
i  e  d  music,  of 
which  he  was  pas- 
sionately fond.  He  became  a  foremost  expo- 
nent of  the  neo-Russian  musical  cult.  Biography 
by  A.  Habets  ;  .Fngl.  ed.  London,  1895. — 
Works  :  A  4-act  opera,  Prims  Igor  [posthu- 
mously finished  by  Rimsky-Korsakov],  (Kiev, 
1891,  very  successful);  3  symphonies  (Kb,  D, 
A  min.  [unfinished])  ;  symphonic  poem  "  Dans 
les  steppes  de  l'Asie  Centrale";  scherzo  f.  orch. 
(Ab);  2  string-quartets;  suite  f.  pf.;  pf.-pes.; 
songs,  etc. 

Boro'ni  (or  Buroni),  Antonio,  b.  Rome, 
173S  ;  d.  there  1797.  A  pupil  of  Padre  Martini 
and  Girolamo  Abos,  he  lived  in  Venice  (1760-4), 
Prague  (1765),  and  Dresden  (1769),  producing 
at  these  towns  4,  I,  and  3  operas  respectively  ; 
was  court  Kapellm.  at  Stuttgart,  where  lit-  wrote 
8  operas  (1770-80)  ;  finally  m.  di  capp,  at  St. 
Peter's,  Rome. 


r.ORTNIANSKI— BOTTESINI 


Bortnian'ski  [Bartfiansky],  Dimitri  Ste- 
fanovitch,  b.  Gluchov,  Ukraine,  1752;  d.  St. 
Petersburg  (Sept.  28),  Oct.  9,  1825.  Pupil  of 
Galuppi  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  later  at  Venice  ; 
also  studied  in  Bologna,  Rome,  and  Naples. 
After  producing  the  opera  Quinto  Fabio  at 
Modena  (177S),  he  returned  (1799)  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  was  app.  director  of  the  Imperial 
Choir  (called,  after  his  installation,  the  Imperial 
Chapel  Choir),  which  he  brought  to  a  high  state 
of  efficiency  by  radical  reforms.  He  wrote  a 
2-p.  Greek  mass  ;  35  4-p.,  and  10  8-p.  psalms  ; 
.10  concertos  f.  double  choir  ;  etc. 

Berwick,  Leonard,  b.  Walthamstow,  Essex 
(Engl.),  Feb.  26,  1S68.  Concert-pianist,  pupil 
of  H.  R.  Bird,  then  (1884-90)  of  Frankfort 
Cons.  (Clara  Schumann,  B.  Scholtz,  Ivan  Knorr). 
Debut  at  concert  of  London  Philharmonic 
Soc,  May  8,  1890;  has  played  with  marked 
success  at  the  Popular  Concerts  and  Crystal  Pal- 
ace ;  successful  tour  in  Germany  1895-6. 

Bo'sendorfer.  Firm  of  pf. -makers  at  Vienna, 
est.  by  Ignaz  Bosendorfer  (b.  Vienna,  1795  ;  d. 
there  1S59)  in  1S28,  now  managed  by  his  son 
Ludwig  (b.  Vienna,  Apr.  10,  1835).  Its  specialty 
is  concert-grands. 

Bos'si,  Marco  Enrico,  b.  Salo,  Brescia, 
Italy,  Apr.  25,  1S61  ;  son  and  pupil  of  the 
organist  Pietro  B.,  of 
Morbegno  [b.  1834, 
d.  Dec  30,  1896]. 
He  studied  (1S71-3) 
in  the  Liceo  Rossini, 
Bologna,  and  1S73- 
81  at  Milan  under 
Sangalli  (pf.),  Fuma- 
galli  (org.),  Campa- 
nari  (vln.),  Boniforti  Mk 
(cpt.),  and  Ponchielli  / m 
and  Dominiceti  , '  , 
(  c  o  m  p  .  )  .  From  / 
1 88 1-9 1,    ///.  di  capp. 

and    org.     at    Como  \  *^-^.  -*=^  \    ^ 

cath.  ;      then,      until  X 

1895,    prof,    of    org. 

and  harm,  in  the  R.  Cons.  San  Pietro  a  Majella 
at  Naples;  and  since  Jan.  1,  1896,  Director 
of,  and  prof,  of  advanced  comp.  and  org.  in, 
the  Liceo  Benedetto  Marcello,  Venice.  He  is 
also  conductor  of  the  "  Benedetto  Marcello  " 
Soc.  of  Concerts  in  Venice  ;  member  of  the 
permanent  government  commission  for  mus. 
art  ;  Chevalier  of  the  Ital.  Crown,  and  Chev.  of 
the  order  of  Isabella  la  Catolica  (Span.). — 
Works  :  Paquifa,  i-act  opera,  op.  10  (R.  Cons., 
Milan,  1881);  II  Veggentc,  i-act  op.  seria,  op. 
69  (Dal  Verme  Th.,  Milan,  1S90)  ;  L'Angelo 
del/a  notte,  4-act  melodrama,  op.  52  (Como)  ; 
"  Mossa  d'Averno,"  cantata  f.  4  voices,  pf. ,  and 
harmonium,  op.  S7  ;  "  Tota  pulchra,"  f.  mixed 
ch.  and  org.,  op.  96;  "Marinaresca,"  f.  soli, 
ch. ,  and  orch.,  op.  10S  ;  symphonic  poem  "II 
Cieco  "  (1S97),  f.  ten.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op. 
112;   Messa  (a  S.  Marco)  f.  3  equal  voices   and 


// 


org.,  op.  61;  "Westminster  Abbey,"  Inno  di 
Gloria  f.  ch.  and  org.,  op.  76  (perf.  twice  by 
Riedelverein,  Leipzig)  ;  Requiem  Masses,  op. 
83,  op.  90  ;  a  great  quantity  of  other  church- 
music  (e.g.,  op.  12-48,  written  for  Como  cathe- 
dral, all  MS.)  ;  overture  f.  orch.,  op.  1  ;  Im- 
promptu f.  orch.,  op.  55  ;  organ-concerto,  op. 
100  ;  much  fine  organ-music  (op.  3,  overture;  op. 
49,  2  scherzi  and  an  impromptu  ;  op.  53,  Inno 
Trionfale  ;  op.  54,  Suite  "  Res  severa  magnum 
gaudium";  op.  59,  4  pes.;  op.  60,  Sonata  1,  in 
D  min. ;  op.  62,  "  Fede  a  Bach,"  a  fugue; 
op.  64,  Fantasia  ;  op.  68,  Processional  March  ; 
op.  70,  6  pes.;  op.  71,  Sonata  No.  2  ;  op.  72, 
Marche  heroique  ;  op.  74,  3  pes.;  op.  78, 
Etude  symphonique  ;  op.  92,  3  pes. ;  op.  94,  2 
pes. ;  op.  100,  concerto  w.  orch. ;  op.  104,  5  pes. ; 
op.  113,  5  pes.);  a  string-trio  in  D  min., 
op.  107,  and  other  chamber-music  (f.  vln.  and 
pf.,  'cello  and  pf.,  etc.)  ;  pf. -music  (15  opus- 
numbers)  ;  vocal  romanze,  etc.;  up  to  op.  114 
(1S9S).  His  great  "  Metodo  di  Studio  per 
1'Organo  moderno,"  written  in  collaboration 
with  G.  Tebaldini  (Milan,  1S93),  is  op.  105. 

Bo'te  und  Bock.  Berlin  firm  of  music- 
publishers,  est.  183S  by  Eduard  Bote  and  Gus- 
tav  Bock  (successors  of  Frohlich  und  Westphal). 
Present  head  is  Hugo  Bock. 

Bo'tel,  Heinrich,  tenor  ;  b.  Hamburg,  May 
6,  1858;  "discovered"  by  Pollini  (he  was  a 
cab-driver)  ;  now  leading  lyric  tenor  in  Ham- 
burg City  Theatre. 

Botgor'schek,  Franz,  b.  Vienna,  May  23, 
1812  ;  d.  The  Hague,  May,  1882,  as  teacher  in 
the  Cons.  Flutist,  pupil  of  Vienna  Cons.  Publ. 
flute-music. 

Bott,  jean  Joseph,  eminent  violinist  ;  b. 
Kassel,  Mar.  g,  1S26  ;  d.  New  York,  Apr.  30, 
1895.  His  father,  the  court  musician  A.  Bott, 
was  his  first  teacher  ;  M.  Hauptmann  and  L. 
Spohr  completed  his  training.  Winner  of  the 
Mozart  scholarship  (1841),  solo  violinist  in  Elec- 
toral orch.  (1846),  2nd  Kapellm.  (1852),  court 
Kapellm.  at  Meiningen  (1857)  and  Hanover 
(1865),  pensioned  1878.  Taught  in  Magdeburg 
and  Hamburg,  and  came  to  New  York  in  1885. 
— Works  :  2  operas,  Der  Unbekanntc  (Kassel, 
1854),  and  Aktaa,  das  Madchen  von  KorintJi 
(Berlin,  1862)  ;  symphonies,  overtures,  vln. -con- 
certos, solos  f.  vln.  w.  pf.,  pf. -music,  songs. 

Bottee  de  Toulmon,  Auguste,  b.  Paris, 
May  15,  1797  ;  d.  there  Mar.  22,  1850.  A  law- 
yer by  profession,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
music,  becoming  a  good  amateur  'cellist  ;  he  was 
librarian  (gratis)  of  the  Cons.  1831-48,  and 
wrote  :  "  De  la  Chanson  en  Prance  au  moyen 
age  "  (1836)  ;  "  Notice  biographique  sur  les  tra- 
vaux  de  Guido  d'Arezzo  "  (1837);  "  Desinstr.sde 
musique  en  usage  au  moyen  age"  (1838) ;  etc. 

Bottesi'ni,  Giovanni,  double-bass  virtuoso 
and  composer;  b.  Crema,  Lombardy,  Dec.  24, 
1823  ;  d.  Parma,  July  7,  1SS9.  Studied  at  Milan 
Cons.    1835-9  under    Rossi    (double-bass),    and 


79 


BOTTRIGARI— BOWMAN 


Basili,  Vaccai,  Piantanida,  and  Ray.  His  first 
concert  at  Crema,  1840,  was  eminently  success- 
ful ;  until  1846,  he  made  tours  in  Italy  ;  then 
went  to  Havana,  visited  the  United  States,  etc., 
and  was  from  1855-7  conductor  of  the  Th.  des 
Italiens,  Paris.  Thence  he  made  concert-tours 
throughout  Europe,  became  m.  di  capp.  at 
Palermo  (Bellini  Th.)  in  1861,  at  Barcelona  in 
1863  ;  founded  the  Societa  del  Quartetto  at 
Florence,  conducted  the  opera  at  Cairo,  Egypt, 
and  at  the  Lyceum,  London  (1871),  and  became 
dir.  of  Parma  Cons. — Operas  :  Cristoforo  Co- 
lombo (Havana,  1847),  L'Assedio  di  Firenze 
(Paris,  1S56),  II  Diavolo  della  notte  (Milan, 
1859),  Marion  Delorme  (Palermo,  1862),  Vin- 
ciguerra  (Paris,  1S70),  AH  Baba  (London, 
1S71),  Ero  e  Leandro  (Turin,  1880) ;  the  oratorio 
The  Garden  of  Olivet  (Norwich  Festival,  1887)  ; 
symphonies,  overtures,  quartets  ;  unpubl.  pes. 
f.  double-bass  ;  songs. 

Bottriga'ri,  Ercole,  b.  Bologna,  Aug., 
1531  ;  d.  S.  Alberto,  Sept.  30,  1612.  A  man  of 
profound  learning,  he  wrote  "  II  Patrizio, 
ovvero  de'  tetracordi  armonici  di  Aristosseno " 
(Bologna,  1593)  ;  "II  Desiderio,  ovvero  de'  con- 
certi  di  vari  stromenti  musicali,  dialogo  di  mu- 
sica"  (1594,  under  the  assumed  name  "  Ale- 
manno  Benelli  ")  ;  "II  Melone,  discorso  armo- 
nico"  (Ferrara,  1602).  [Patrizio,  Desiderio,  and 
Melone  were  names  of  friends.]  He  left  a 
transl.  of  Boetius,  and  other  works,  in   MS. 

Boucher,  Alexandre-Jean,  b.  Paris,  Apr. 
11,  1778  ;  d.  there  Dec.  29,  1861.  Remarkable 
and  original  violin-virtuoso,  self-styled  "  1' Alex- 
andre des  violons."  Played  at  the  Concerts 
Spirituels  when  but  six;  1787-1805,  soloist  to 
Charles  IV.  of  Spain.  Travelled  in  Holland, 
Germany,  England,  etc.  Wrote  2  vln. -concertos. 

Bouichere,  Emile,  b.  i860  (?),  d.  Paris, 
Sept.  4,  1895.  Brilliant  pupil  of  Gust.  Le- 
fevre's  Acad.;  early  known  by  important  sacred 
comp.s  (masses,  motets)  ;  also  chamber-music. 
In  1892  he  est.  a  successful  vocal  acad.  He  was 
mus.  director  of  La  Trinite. 

Bourgault  -  Ducoudray,  Louis  -  Albert,  b. 
Nantes,  Feb.  2,1840.  Pupil  of  Ambroise  Thomas 
at  Paris  Cons.,  taking  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1S65.  He  founded  an  amateur  choral  society  in 
Paris  (1S6S) ;  spent  some  time  in  researches  in 
Greece,  after  which  he  wrote  "  Souvenirs  d'une 
mission  musicale  en  Grece,"  "  30  Melodies 
populaires  de  Grece  et  d'Orient,"  and  "  Etudes 
sur  la  mus.  ecclesiastique  grecque."  App. 
prof,  of  mus.  hist,  at  Paris  Cons.  (1878).  He 
has  coinp.  2  operas:  Thamara  (Paris,  1891), 
and  Brctagne  (not  perf.)  ;  for  orch.,  a  fantaisie 
in  C  min.,  a  Gavotte,  a  Marche  athenienne, 
l'Knterrement  d'Ophelie,  and  a  Rapsodie  cam- 
bodgienne  ;  a  symphonie  f.  female  chorus  and 
soli,  "La  Conjuration  des  Fleurs  "  ;  numerous 
songs  w.  pf. — Has  also  publ.  "  30  Melodies 
populaires  de  la  Basse-Bretagne,"  with  French 
translations. 


Bourgeois,  Loys  [Louis],  b.  Taris,  abt.  15 10; 
d.  (?)  ;  a  follower  of  Calvin,  with  whom  he  lived 
1545-57  at  Geneva.  He  is  renowned  as  one  of 
the  first  to  harmonize  the  melodies  to  the  French 
version  of  the  Psalms,  3  collections  in  4-6  parts 
having  been  publ.  by  him  at  Lyons  (1547)  and 
Paris  ( 1 561)  ;  some  of  these  melodies  are  his  own. 
His  treatise,  "  Le  droict  chemin  de  musique," 
etc.  (Geneva  and  Lyons,  1550),  proposed  a  re- 
form in  the  nomenclature  of  the  tones  ace.  to  the 
solmisation-syllables,  which  was  generally  adopt- 
ed in  France. 

Bourges,  Jean-Maurice,  b.  Bordeaux,  Dec. 
2,  1812  ;  d.  Paris,  March,  1881.  Composer  (pu- 
pil of  Barbereau)  and  mus.  critic,  co-editor  of  the 
"  Revue  et  Gazette  musicale." — Works  :  An  op- 
era, Sultana  (Paris,  Op. -Com.,  1846)  ;  a  Stabat 
Mater  ;  2  pf. -trios,  2  pf. -sonatas,  many  solo  pf.- 
pcs.,  vocal  romances,  etc. 

Bousquet,  Georges,  b.  Terpignan,  March  12, 
1818  ;  d.  St. -Cloud,  June  15,  1854.  St.  in  Paris 
Cons.,  took  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1838  ;  was 
chef  d'orck.  at  the  Opera  (1847),  and  (1849-51) 
at  the  Th.  Italien,  and  critic  for  "  Le  Com- 
merce," "  LTllustration,"  and  the  "  Gazette  mu- 
sicale."— Works  :  3  operas,  I ' Hotesse  de  Lyon 
(Cons.,  1844),  Le  Mousqtietaire(Op.-Com.,  1844), 
and  Tabarin  (Th.-Lyrique,  1852)  ;  2  masses,  a 
cantata,  a  Miserere,  considerable  chamber-music, 
etc. 

BoveTy,  Jules  (properly  Bovy,  Antoine- 
Nicolas-Joseph),  b.  Liege,  Oct.  21,  180S  ;  d. 
Paris,  July  17,  1868.  Self-taught  violinist  and 
composer  ;  conducted  theatre-orchestras  at  Lille, 
Douai,  Lyons,  Amsterdam,  Antwerp,  Rouen, 
Ghent  (1845),  and  Paris  (Th.  Cluny).  Wrote 
about  a  dozen  operas,  operettas,  ballets,  etc. 

Bovy,  Charles-Samuel  (known  under  the. 
nom  de  plume  of  Lysberg),  pianist  and  salon- 
comp. ;  b.  Lysberg,  n.  Geneva,  March  1,  1S21  ; 
d.  Geneva,  Feb.  15,  1873.  Educated  in  Geneva 
and  Paris  (Chopin,  pf. ,  and  Delaire,  harm.); 
teacher  of  pf.  at  Geneva  Cons. — Works  :  The 
i-act  comic  opera  La  fille  du  carillonneur  (Ge- 
neva, 1854)  ;  and,  for  piano,  a  romantic  sonata, 
'"  L'absence,"  much  brilliant  salon-music  ("  La 
Napolitaine,"  op.  26  ;  Deux  Nocturnes,  op.  29  ; 
Menuet,  op.  60  ;  "  Le  chant  du  rouet  ";  Idylle, 
op.  64  ;  "  Sur  l'onde,"  op.  94  ;  etc.),  paraphrases 
of  opera-themes,  etc. 

Bowman,  Edward  Morris,  b.  Barnard,  Ver- 
mont, July  18,  1S48.  Pupil  of  William  Mason 
(pf. )  and  J.  P.  Morgan  (org.  and  theory)  at  New 
Vork,  1S66;  from  1867-70  was  organist  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  of  the  Union  Meth.  Ch.,  then  for 
2  years  of  the  Second  Presb.  Ch.;  studied  in 
Berlin,  1872-73,  with  Fr.  Bendel  (pf.),  Ed. 
Rohde  and  Aug.  Haupt  (org.),  and  Weitzmann 
(comp.  and  orchestration)  ;  spent  summer  of 
1873  at  Paris  as  Ed.  Batiste's  pupil  in  organ- 
playing,  and  another  year  in  Berlin.  Tn  1874  he 
resumed  his  last  position  in  St.  Louis  ;  1877-S7, 
music-director  and  organist  of  the  Second   Bap- 


So 


BOYCE— BRAHMS 


tist  Ch.  in  that  city,  with  an  interval  of  Euro- 
pean study  under  Bridge,  Macfarren,  Turpin, 
and  Guilmant  in  1881,  during  which  B.  passed 
the  examination  of  the  London  R.  Coll  of  Or- 
ganists, being  the  first  American  to  do  so.  In 
1SS2,  president  of  the  Music  Teachers'  Nat. 
Assoc,  (has  been  thrice  reelected)  ;  in  1S84,  with 
150  others,  he  founded  the  Amer.  Coll.  of  Mu- 
sicians ;  was  its  first  president,  and  served  8 
terms,  being  now  Hon.  Pres.,  1st  Vice-Pres., 
and  Trustee.  1887,  organist  of  the  1st  Baptist 
Ch.,  Brooklyn,  N.Y.;  1891-95,  Ritter's  suc- 
cessor as  prof,  of  music  at  Vassar  College.  In 
1895  he  organized  the  fine  '"  Temple  Choir," 
Brooklyn  (200  voices),  which  he  still  conducts. 
Has  also  cond.  the  Newark,  N.  J.,  Harmonic 
Soc,  and  the  Cecilian  Choir.  One  of  the  fore- 
most organists  and  theorists  in  the  United 
States,  he  is  a  very  successful  teacher.  Has 
publ.  "  Bowman's-Weitzmann's  Manual  of  Mu- 
sical Theory"  (1877;  revised  ed.  in  prepara- 
tion ;  an  Engl,  compilation,  from  oral  communi- 
cations, of  W.'s  principles  and  rules  of  harmony  ; 
approved  by  W.,  and  later  translated  into  Ger- 
man) ;  and  other  works.  At  present  (1S99) 
organist  and  mus.  director  at  the  Baptist  Tem- 
ple, Brooklyn. 

Boyce,  William,  organist  and  composer  ;  b. 
London,  1716  ;  d.  Kensington,  Feb.  7,  1779. 
Chorister  in  St.  Paul's  under  Ch.  King  ;  articled 
pupil  to  Maurice  Greene,  org.  there,  and  studied 
later  with  Pepusch.  Became  (1736)  org.  at  St. 
Michael's,  Cornhill  ;  also  composer  to  the  Chapel 
Royal  and  the  King  ;  conducted  the  festivals  of 
the  Three  Choirs  (Gloucester,  Worcester,  Here- 
ford) in  1737  ;  org.  of  Church  of  Allhallows  in 
1749  ;  Master  of  the  Royal  Band,  1775  ;  and  as- 
sociate organist  to  the  Chapel  Royal,  1758,  then 
resigning  his  positions  at  St.  Michael's  and  All- 
hallows  to  devote  himself  to  issuing  Greene's  coll. 
of  "  Cathedral  Music  "  (1760-78)  in  3  vol.s,  com- 
prising morning  and  evening  services,  the  an- 
thems, and  settings  of  the  Sanctus,  by  Aldrich, 
Batten,  Bevin,  Blow,  Bull,  Byrd,  Child,  Jer. 
Clarke,  Creyghton,  Croft,  Farrant,  Gibbons, 
Goldwin,  Henry  VIII.,  Humphrey,  Lawes, 
Locke,  Morley,  Purcell,  Rogers,  Tallis,  Turner, 
Tye,  Weldon,  and  Wise. — Compositions  :  "Lyra 
Britannica"  (several  books  of  songs,  cantatas, 
and  duets)  ;  "  15  Anthems,  Te  Deum,  and  Jubi- 
late "  (17S0)  ;  "12  Anthems  and  a  Service" 
(1790)  ;  an  oratorio,  Noah;  masque,  Pelt  us  and 
Thetis ;  a  masque  for  The  Tempest ;  dirges  for 
Cymbeline  and  Romeo  and  Juliet  ;  several  odes, 
symphonies,  a  vln.  -concerto,  12  vln. -sonatas,  etc. 

Boyer,  (Louis-Joseph-Victor-)  Georges,  b. 
Paris,  July  21,  1850  ;  won  the  Prix  Rossini, 
over  169  competitors,  with  the  libretto  of  //erode 
(set  to  music  by  Chaumet ;  Bordeaux,  1892). 
Also  wrote  libretti  for  Le  portrait  de  Marion 
(Massenet),  Mirka  Venchanteresse,  Dolores,  and 
several  other  lyric  pieces.  Writes  for  the  "  Fi- 
garo," "  L'Evenement,"  and  the  "Petit  Jour- 
nal." 


Bradbury,  William  Batchelder,  b.  York, 
Me.,  Oct.  6,  1816  ;  d.  Montclair,  N.  J.,  Jan.  7, 
1868.  Studied  under  Sumner  Hill  and  Lowell 
Mason  ;  1S47-9  at  Leipzig  under  Hauptmann, 
Moscheles,  and  Bohme.  Till  1S54  he  taught, 
wrote,  and  conducted  mus.  conventions  ;  1854- 
67,  was  in  business  as  a  piano-maker.  Edited 
more  than  50  collections  of  music,  some  of  which 
had  an  immense  sale  (e.  g.,  "  Fresh  Laurels," 
1867,  1,200,000  copies). — Comp.  2  cantatas, 
Daniel '  (\v.  G.  F.  Root,  1853),  and  Esther  (1856). 

Brad'sky,  Wenzel  Theodor,  b.  Rakovnik, 
Bohemia,  Jan.  17,  1833  ;  d.  there  Aug.  10,  1SS1. 
Taught  by  Caboun  and  Pischek  at  Prague  ; 
joined  the  cath. -choir  at  Berlin,  where  he  gave 
singing-lessons  and  composed.  Frince  George 
of  Prussia,  whose  opera  Iolanthe  he  set  to  music 
in  1872,  app.  him  his  court-composer  in  1874. — 
Operas:  Der  Heirathszwang  (MS.,  1859) ;  Ros- 
•wilha  (Dessau,  i860);  Die  Brant  des  Waffen- 
sckmieds (MS.,  1861);  Das  R~ro&odil  (MS., 1862); 
Jarmila  (Prague,  1S79)  ;  Der Rattenf anger  von 
Hatneln  (Berlin,  1881)  ;  many  popular  part-songs 
and  songs. 

Bra'ga,  Gaetano,  b.  Giulianova,  Abruzzi, 
June  9,  1829.  Eminent  'cellist,  pupil  of  C.  Gae- 
tano at  Naples  Cons.  (1841-52).  A  great  trav- 
eller, he  has  lived  at  Florence,  Vienna,  Paris, 
and  London  (between  which  last  two  cities  he 
now  divides  his  time),  besides  making  concert- 
tours  of  Europe. — Works  :  Several  operas,  vocal 
chamber-music,  pes.  f.  'cello,  and  a  "  Metodo  di 
Violoncello." 

Braham  (properly  Abraham),  John,  re- 
nowned tenor  ;  b.  London,  1774  ;  d.  there  Feb. 
17,  1856.  Pupil  of  Leoni  (London),  Rauzzini 
(Bath),  and  Isola  (Genoa).  Sang  at  Covent  Gar- 
den when  very  young  ;  appeared  as  tenor  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1796  (opera  AfaAmoud),  and  was 
engaged  for  the  Ital.  Opera.  After  study  in 
Italy,  and  singing  in  several  cities  there,  he  re- 
appeared at  Covent  Garden  in  1801  ;  endowed 
with  a  powerful  voice  of  3-octave  compass,  his 
career  was  now  an  unbroken  series  of  triumphs. 
He  created  the  role  of  Hi'ion  in  Weber's  Oberon 
(London,  1826).  As  a  ballad-writer  he  was  very 
popular  ;  also  wrote  much  of  the  music  for  the 
operatic  roles  which  he  assumed,  and  the  inci- 
dental music  to  twelve  or  more  dramas. 

Brah/mig,  Julius  Bernhard,  b.  Hirschfeld, 
n.  Liebenwerda  (Merseburg),  Nov.  10,  1822  ;  d. 
Detmold,  Oct.  23,  1872,  as  mus. -teacher  at  the 
Seminary. — Publ.  "Choralbuch"  (1862) ;  "Rath- 
geber  fur  Musiker  bei  der  Auswahl  geeigneter 
Musikalien  "  (1865)  ;  Methods  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and 
via.  ;  school  song-books,  pes.  f.  pf.,  organ- 
music,  etc. 

Brahms,  Johannes,  composer,  was  born  in 
Hamburg,  May  7,  1S33  ;  he  died  in  Vienna, 
Apr.  3,  1S97.  His  father,  a  double-bass  player 
in  the  Hamburg  City  Theatre,  was  his  first 
teacher  ;  but  his  chief  instructor  was  Marxsen 
of  Altona,     At  14  he  made  his  pianistic  debut 


81 


BRAHMS 


at  Hamburg,  playing  variations  of  his  own  on  a 
folk-song.  In  1853  he  made  a  concert-tour  with 
Remenyi.  At  Got- 
tingen  he  was  heard 
by  Joachim,  who 
sent  him  to  Schu- 
mann. OnhimB.'s 
talent  made  so  pro- 
found an  impression 
that  he  published  an 
enthusiastic  article, 
"  Neue  Bahnen 
[New  Paths],  in  the 
"  Neue  Zeitschrift 
fur  Musik,"  hailing 
B.  as  the  coming 
hero  among  com- 
posers. However, 
a  number  of  compositions,  among  them  the  three 
pf. -sonatas  and  three  books  of  songs,  publ.  at 
Schumann's  instigation,  failed  of  popular  appre- 
ciation. B.  now  served  for  a  time  as  conductor  of 
the  Prince  of  Lippe-Uetmold's  orchestra  ;  the 
years  185S-62  he  spent  in  diligent  study  at  Plam- 
burg. — Although  B.,  from  the  outset,  confronted 
the  public  (to  employ  Schumann's  dictum)  "  fully 
equipped,  as  Minerva  sprang  from  the  brain  of 
Jupiter,"  his  earlier  compositions  show  a  prepon- 
derance of  technical  learning  ;  they  follow  classic 
models,  and  do  not  bear  the  stamp  of  individual- 
ity. But  in  the  Serenades  for  orchestra  (1 860-1) 
he  already  relegates  theoretical  science  to  its 
proper  position  as  a  means  to  an  end.  In  1862  he 
went  to  Vienna,  and  acted  as  conductor  of  the 
Singakademie  in  1863-4  ;  from  1864-9  ne  lived 
in  various  towns  (Hamburg,  Zurich,  Baden- 
Baden,  etc.),  and  also  made  concert-tours,  re- 
warded by  ever-growing  artistic  and  pecuniary 
success,  with  his  friend  Stockhausen  ;  in  1869 
he  returned  to  Vienna.  From  1S71-4  he  con- 
ducted the  grand  orchestral  concert;  of  the 
"  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde ";  when  Her- 
beck  assumed  this  function,  B.  again  left 
Vienna,  and  lived  for  a  time  near  Heidelberg, 
but  came  back  in  1S78,  and  thenceforward  made 
Vienna  his  home.  In  1877  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity tendered  him  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc;  but 
he  ignored  the  offer,  accepting,  however,  the 
degree  of  Dr.  phil.  from  Breslau  in  1881,  ex- 
pressing his  acknowledgment  of  the  honor  in 
the  "Akademische  Festouvertiire."  In  188.6  he 
was  created  a  knight  of  the  Prussian  Ordre pour 
le  mirite,  with  voting  privilege,  and  elected  a 
member  of  the  Berlin  Acad,  of  Arts.  In  1889 
he  was  presented  with  the  freedom  of  his  native 
city.  His  compositions  during  the  first  few 
years  in  Vienna  were  chiefly  in  the  genre  of 
chamber-music,  which  no  other  latter-day  com- 
poser has  so  enriched  ;  the  string-sextet,  piano- 
quintet,  and  the  first  three  piano-quartets,  were 
written  at  this  time.  He  also  composed  several 
sacred  works,  among  them  the  "German  Re- 
quiem," op.  45,  the  first  3  choruses  of  which 
were  given  in  Vienna  in  1867,  and  the  entire 
work  produced  in  the  Bremen  cathedral  in  April, 


1868.  He  left  his  mark  on  every  branch  of  com- 
position except  opera  ;  he  frankly  admitted  that 
he  "  knew  nothing  about  the  theatre."  Never- 
theless, the  idea  of  writing  an  opera  was  not 
wholly  strange  to  his  mind  (cf.  Widmann,  "J. 
B.  in  Erinnerungen  ").  B.  was  put  forward  by 
Hanslick,  and  other  critics  and  musicians  op- 
posed to  Wagnerian  tendencies,  as  the  modern 
champion  of  absolute  music.  There  is,  how- 
ever, reason  to  believe  that  B.  himself  was  not 
hostile  to  Wagner  ;  he  was  a  close  student  of 
Wagner's  scores,  and  highly  valued  several 
Wagner  autographs  in  his  possession  ;  he  even 
(on  Hanslick's  authority)  defended  Wagner 
against  hostile  criticism.  Apparently,  the  con- 
troversy was  neither  of  his  nor  of  Wagner's 
seeking  ;  but  it  led  to  the  latter's  sarcastic  re- 
mark :  "  Brahms  is  a  composer  whose  impor- 
tance lies  in  not  wishing  to  create  any  striking 
effect."  However,  though  a  conservator  of 
established  forms,  B.  was  a  thoroughly  modern 
musician — a  master,  not  a  slave,  of  form,  who 
did  not  hesitate  to  deviate  from  conventional 
lines  when  it  suited  his  artistic  purpose.  Since 
Robert  Schumann  penned  his  fervent  greeting 
to  the  twenty-year-old  Brahms,  the  musical 
world  had  naturally  watched  the  growth  of  the 
composer  with  the  liveliest  interest  and,  like- 
wise, with  the  keenest  critical  scrutiny.  The 
very  manner  of  his  introduction  to  the  public 
was  like  a  challenge  calculated  to  arouse  latent 
opposition  and  to  whet  active  criticism.  And 
hardly  any  modern  musician,  save  Wagner,  has 
been  the  object  of  so  much  hostility  and  animad- 
version as  Brahms.  Did  he,  in  fact,  fulfil  the 
confident  and  impassioned  predictions  of  his 
earliest  champion  ?  Yes  : — and  no  !  His  life- 
work  proved  a  disappointment  to  many  once 
ardent  admirers.  Liszt,  hearing  B.  play  his 
scherzo  in  El?  minor,  mistakenly  welcomed  him 
as  an  apostle  of  extreme  romanticism.  And  the 
young  Brahms — Brahms  the  pianist,  the  youth 
full  of  "  fire  and  flame,"  might  well  have  been 
expected  boldly  to  explore  untravelled  paths 
leading  to  a  new  Olympus.  Instead  of  this  he 
chose,  unmoved  by  praise  or  blame,  to  be  a 
standard-bearer  of  the  traditions  of  a  glorious 
past.  The  new  paths  which  he  trod  were  hardly 
those  which  Schumann  so  fondly  anticipated. 
Austerely  resisting  the  blandishments  of  the 
Muse  of  Programs,  he  stepped  aside  the  throng 
to  worship  at  the  shrine  of  Absolute  Music.  B. 
is  an  idealist  of  the  highest  and  purest  type. 
The  fine  fibre  of  his  musicianly  feeling  vibrates 
in  his  humblest  song  as  in  his  proudest  sym- 
phonic movement.  In  the  case  of  his  larger 
tone-pictures  the  ear  is  sometimes  wearied,  it  is 
true,  while  seeking  to  follow  the  clue  to  his 
meaning  through  mazes  of  labyrinthine  intri- 
cacy;  and  the  difficulty  is  increased,  it  must  be 
confessed,  by  the  peculiarities  of  an  instrumen- 
tation to  which  the  undignified  epithet  "  muddy" 
has  been  applied,  and  which,  contrasted  with  the 
glowing,  scintillating,  Hashing,  kaleidoscopic 
orchestral  color  of  many  of  his  contemporaries, 


82 


BRAHMS 


shows  dulL  and  monotonous.  But  this  is  the 
worst  that  can  be  urged  against  Brahms  the 
composer  ;  and,  given  a  conductor  like  Billow, 
wholly  in  sympathy  with  the  work  and  of  an  ana- 
lytic turn  of  mind,  passages  which  under  other 
hands  seemed  like  interminable,  dreary  wastes, 
are  made  to  "  blossom  like  the  rose."  In  his 
treatment  of  thematic  rhythms,  B.  is  a  lineal 
successor  of  Beethoven  ;  in  many  of  his  songs 
one  would  say  that  Schubert  lives  again,  but  a 
Schubert  whose  intense  spontaneity  is  controlled 
by  a  subtler  feeling  for  formal  finish.  Schubert, 
Schumann,  Franz,  and  Brahms  are  the  four 
great  figures  in  the  history  of  the  Lied.  Brahms' 
powerful  individuality  reaches  the  very  heart  of 
the  poem,  the  mood  in  which  the  poet  conceived 
it,  and  reflects  it  in  the  vocal  melody  ;  this  vocal 
melody  is  so  closely  interknit  with  the  piano- 
accompaniment,  that  both  flow  on  together  in 
one  broad,  deep  current  of  song.  The  most 
important  of  his  song-groups  is  the  setting  of 
the  romances  from  Tieck's  "Magelone";  but 
his  best-known,  and,  in  many  ways,  most  beau- 
tiful song  is  "Wie  bist  du,  meine  Konigin,"  op. 
32.  1 1  is  songs,  part-songs,  and  chamber-music, 
much  of  the  piano-music,  and  several  of  the 
choral  works  (notably  the  "  German  Requiem," 
the  "  Triumphlied,"  and  the  "  Schicksalslied  "), 
enjoy  real  and  undisputed  popularity  ;  his  four 
symphonies,  especially  Nos.  1  and  4,  and  the 
two  piano-concertos,  are  not  so  unreservedly  ad- 
mired. The  tale  of  his  published  works  reaches 
nearly  130.  He  was  a  model  of  unremitting', 
patient  industry  ;  he  labored,  for  example,  over 
ten  years,  off  and  on,  upon  his  first  symphony, 
which  created  a  profound  sensation  when  pro- 
duced in  1S76  ;  his  fame  had  already  been 
established,  however,  by  his  "  German  Re- 
quiem "  (1S6S). 

Brahms  the  pianist  was,  in  his  youth,  a  bril- 
liant and  versatile  player,  of  peculiar  note  in 
Bach  and  other  classics.  At  the  age  of  20,  hav- 
ing to  play  the  Kreutzer  Sonata  at  a  concert 
with  Remenyi,  the  piano  was  discovered  to  be  a 
semitone  below  concert-pitch  ;  there  being  no 
time  to  retune  it,  B.,  playing  without  notes, 
transposed  his  part  a  semitone  higher  throughout 
(from  A  to  B(?)  [as  Beethoven  transposed  his 
own  concerto  in  C  to  C#,  at  a  rehearsal].  But, 
in  the  early  '70's,  his  playing  had  lost  its  former 
charm  ;  though  still  masterly  in  feeling  and  in- 
tent, it  was  too  insecure  in  technique  and  weak 
in  climax  to  afford  full  pleasure.  It  is  by  his 
compositions  that  posterity  will  judge  him  ;  and 
its  verdict  will  probably  be,  that  he  was  the 
grandest,  most  virile,  and  most  original  sym- 
phonist  and  master  of  the  lesser  forms,  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  19th  century. 

Biographical.  II.  Reimann  .  "J.  B."  (Ber- 
lin) ;  H.  Deiters  :  "J.  B.:  eine  Charakteristik  " 
(Leipzig,  1SS0;  Part  II.  [898;  Engl,  transl., 
w.  Supplement,  London,  iSSS)  ;  B.  Vogel  : 
"  Johannes  Brahms  "  (Leipzig)  ;  Widmann  : 
"J.  B.  in  Erinnerungen  "  (Berlin,  189S)  ;  A. 
Dietrich  :    "  Erinnerungen   an   J.  B."  (Leipzig, 


1S9S)  ;  there  is  an  interesting  95-page  sketch  of 
B.,  by  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland,  in  "Masters  of 
German  Music  "  (New  York,  1S96). 

Compositions  (exclusive  of  Songs  for  one 
voice  with  pf.)  : — Op.  1,  sonata  for  pf.  in  C; 
2,  sonata  for  pf.  in  F#  min. ;  4,  scherzo  for  pf. 
in  E  J7  min..;  5,  sonata  for  pf.  in  F  min.;  8,  trio 
in  B,  f.  pf. ,  vln.,  and  'cello  ;  9,  variations  for  pf. 
on  a  theme  by  Schumann  ;  10,  4  ballads  for  pf.; 
11,  serenade  for  full  orch.,  in  D  ;  12,  Ave  Maria 
for  female  ch.  and  orch.  (or  organ)  ;  13,  funeral 
hymn  for  chorus  and  wind  ;  15,  pf. -concerto  in 
D  min.;  16,  serenade  for  small  orch.,  in  A  ;  17, 
4  songs  for  female  ch.,  2  horns  and  harp  ;  18, 
sextet  No.  1,  in  Bp,  for  strings  ;  20,  3  duets 
for  S.  and  A.  with  pf. ;  21,  variations  for  pf.  in 
D  :  (1)  on  original  theme  ;  (2)  on  a  Hungarian 
melody  ;  22,  7  Marienlieder ,  for  mixed  ch.,  in  2 
parts  ;  23,  variations  for  pf.,  4  hands,  on  theme 
by  Schumann  ;  24,  variations  and  fugue  for  pf., 
on  theme  by  Handel  ;  25,  pf. -quartet  No.  1,  in 
G  min.;  26,  pf. -quartet  No.  2,  in  A  ;  27,  Psalm 
xxiii  for  women's  voices,  with  org.  (or  pf.) ; 
2S,  4  duets  for  alto  and  bar.,  w.  pf.;  29,  2 
motets  for  5  voices  ;  30,  Sacred  Song  (Paul 
Flemming)  f.  4  voices,  mixed  ch.,  and  org.;  31, 
3  quartets  for  S.,  A.,  T.,  and  B.,  w.  pf. ;  34,  pf.- 
quintet  in  F  min.;  34a,  sonata  for  pf.,  4  hands 
(arr.  from  op.  34);  35,  28  variations  (Studien)  for 
pf . ;  36,  sextet  No.  2,  in  G,  for  strings  ;  37,  3 
sacred  choruses  for  female  voices  ;  38,  sonata  in 
E  min.,  for  pf.  and  'cello  ;  39,  16  waltzes  for 
pf.,  4  hands;  40,  trio  in  Ep,  for  pf. ,  vln.,  and 
horn  (or  'cello)  ;  41,  5  part-songs  for  4  men's 
voices  ;  42,  3  songs  for  6-p.  ch.  a  cappclla  ;  44, 
12  songs  and  romances  for  female  chorus  a 
cappella  ;  45,  German  Requiem,  soli,  chorus,  and 
orchestra  ;  50,  "  Rinaldo,"  cantata  (Goethe),  f. 
ten.  solo,  malech.,  and  orch.;  51,  2  string-quar- 
tets (C  min.  and  A  min.)  ;  52,  Liebeslieder, 
waltzes  for  pf.  and  4  voices  ;  53,  Rhapsodie 
(from  Goethe's  " Jfarzreise"),  for  alto  solo, 
male  ch.,  and  orch.;  54,  Schicksals  lied\  .Song  of 
Destiny]  (F.  Holderlin),  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  55, 
Triumphlied  (Revelations,  chap,  xix),  f.  8-p. 
ch.  and  orch.;  56,  variations  f.  orch.  on  a  theme 
by  Haydn;  60,  pf. -quartet  No.  3,  in  C  min.; 
61,  4  duets  for  S.  and  A. ;  62,  7  songs  for  mixed 
ch.;  64,  3  vocal  quartets  with  pf. ;  65,  Neue 
Liebeslieder,  waltzes  for  4  vcs.  and  pf. ;  66,  5 
duets,  S.  and  A.;  67,  string-quartet  No.  3,  in 
B(?;  6S,  symphony  No.  1,  C  min.;  73,  sym- 
phony No.  2,  in  D  ;  74,  2  motets  f.  mixed  ch.; 
75,  4  ballads  and  romances  f.  2  vcs.  w.  pf. ;  76, 
8  piano-pieces  ;  77,  violin-concerto  in  D  ;  7S, 
sonata  for  pf.  and  vln.,  in  G;  79,  2  Rhapsodies 
for  pf.  (B  min.  and  G  min.);  80,  Akademische 
Festouvertiire,  f.  orch.;  Si,  Tragische  Ouvertiire, 
f.  orch.;  82,  A'iinic  (Schiller),  f.  ch.  and  orch.; 
83,  pf.-concerto  No.  2,  in  Bp;  84,  5  romances 
and  songs,  f.  1  or  2  voices  ;  87,  pf.-trio  in  C  ; 
88,  string-quintet  in  I'  ;  89,  Gesang  der  Parzen 
(Goethe),  for  6-part  ch.  and  orch.;  90,  sym- 
phony No.  3,  in  I'  ;  91,  2  songs  for  alto,  w. 
viola    and    pf . ;    92,    4    vocal    quartets  with  pf.; 


83 


BRAII-MULLER—  BRANDEIS 


93a,  songs  and  romances,  f.  4-part  mixed  ch.; 
93b,  "Tafellied,"  for  4-part  mixed  ch.;  98, 
symphony  No.  4,  in  E  min.;  99,  sonata  No.  2 
in  F.  f.  'cello  and  pf . ;  100,  sonata  No.  2,  in  A, 
f.  vln.  and  pf . ;  101,  pf.-trio  in  C  min.;  102, 
concerto  in  C,  f.  vln.  and  'cello;  103,  8  "  Zi- 
geunerlieder  "  for  4  voices,  vv.  pf. ;  104,  5  songs 
f.  mixed  ch.;  108,  sonata  No.  3,  in  1)  min.,  f. 
vln.  and  pf. ;  109,  Deutsche  Fest-  und  Ge- 
denkspri'iche,  f.  double  ch.;  110,  3  motets  f.  4 
and   8  voices;    ill,   string-quintet  No.  2,  in  G  ; 

112,  "Zigeunerlieder"  f.  4  voices,  w.  pf.-accomp.; 

113,  13  canons  f.  female  voices,  w.  pf.-accomp.; 

114,  trio  in  A  min.,  for  pf.,  clar. ,  and  'cello  ;  115, 
quintet  in  D  min.,  for  clar.  and  strings;  116, 
Fantasien  f.  pf. ;  117,  3  Intermezzi  f.  pf . ;  118, 
6  Clavierstiicke  (Intermezzi  in  A  min.,  A,  F 
min.,  and  Eb  min.;  Iiallades,  Romanze)  ;  119,  4 
Clavierstlicke  (Intermezzi  in  B  min.,  E  min., 
and  C  ;  Rhapsodie)  ;  120,  2  sonatas  f.  clar.  (or 
via.)  and  pf. ;  op.  121,  "  Yier  ernste  Gesange  "  f. 
bass  w.  pf. 

Brahms'  songs  for  one  voice,  with  piano-ac- 
companiment, are  published  in  sets,  varying  in 
number,  as  op.  3,  6,  7,  14,  19,  32,  33  (from 
Tieck's  "  Magelone  "),  43,  ,46,  47,  48,  49,  57, 
58,  59,  63,  69,  70,  71,  72,  84,  85,  86,  91,  94,  95 
96,  97,  105,  106,  107,  121  ("Ernste  Gesange," 
his  last  published  work). 

Without  Opus-numisers  :  Hungarian 
Dances  for  orchestra. — Gluck's^  Gavotte  for  pf. 
solo. — Studies  forpf.  solo  :  (1)  Etude  after  Cho- 
pin ;  (2)  Rondo  after  Weber. — 15  Volkskinder- 
liedchen. — Mondnackt,  song  for  1  voice  w.  pf. — 
Prelude  and  fugue  in  A  min.,  and  fugue  in  A|? 
min.,  f.  organ. 

Brah-Miiller  (real  name  Miiller),  Karl 
Friedrich  Gustav,  b.  Kritschen,  Silesia,  Oct. 
7,  1839  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  1,  1878.  Teacher  at 
Pleschen,  then  at  Berlin,  where  he  st.  under 
Geyer  and  Wi'ierst ;  since  1867,  teacher  at  Wan- 
delt's  Inst.,  Berlin. — Works  :  "  Singspiel  "  Ein 
Malrose  von  der  Nymphe  (Berlin,  1864) ;  ope- 
retta Deutsc hland  im  Urwald j  Te  Deum  f.  ch. 
and  orch.;  vln. -quartets  ;  organ-  and  pf.-mus., 
songs,  etc. 

Bram'bach,  Kaspar  Joseph,  b.  Bonn,  July 
14,  1833.  His  first  teacher  in  comp.  was  A. 
zur  Nieden  ;  he  then  st.  1851-4  in  Cologne 
Cons.;  won  Mozart  scholarship,  and  st.  at 
Frankfort  under  Ferd.  Hiller.  Teacher  in  Co- 
logne Cons.  185S-61  ;  1S61-9,  musical  director 
at  Bonn,  where  he  has  since  lived  as  a  teacher 
and  composer.  His  secular  cantatas  are  espe- 
cially noteworthy  ;  the  larger  works  are  "  Trost 
in  Tonen,"  "  Das  eleusische  Fest,"  "  Friihlings- 
hymnus,"  "Die  Macht  des  Gesanges,"  "  Vel- 
leda,"  "  Alcestis,"  "  Prometheus,"  and  "  Colum- 
bus" (1S86)  ;  lesser  works  are  "  Germanischer 
Siegesgesang  "  (1874),  "  Das  Lied  vom  Rhein," 
"  Eenzerwachen,"  and  "  Rheinfahrt." — Other 
works:  An  opera  Ariadne;  concert -overture 
Tasso ;  pf. -concerto,  a  pf.-sextet,  a  string-sex- 
tet, 2  pf. -quartets,  vocal  music, 


Bram'bach,  Wilhelm,  b.  Bonn,  Dec.  17, 
1841  ;  philologist  ;  in  1866  prof,  extraordinary, 
1S68  ordinary  prof.,  at  Freiburg;  since  1872, 
head-librarian  at  Karlsruhe.  —  Works:  "Das 
Tonsystem  und  die  Tonarten  des  christlichen 
Abendlands  im  Mittelalter,"  etc.  (1SS1)  ;  "Die 
Musiklitteratar  des  Mittelalters  bis  zur  Bluthe 
der  Reichenauer  Sangerschule"  (1883)  ;  "  Her- 
manni  Contracti  musica"  (1884)  ;  and  "  Die  Rei- 
chenauer Sangerschule  "  (1888). 

BrambilTa,  Paolo,  b.  Milan,  1786  ;  d.  (?). 
Comp.  4  operas  for  Milan  and  Turin  (1816-19), 
and  6  ballets  for  La  Scala,  Milan  (1819-33). 

Brambil'la,  Marietta,  b.  Casano  d'Adda, 
1S07  ;  d.  Milan,  Nov.  6,  1875.  Famous  singer 
and  singing- teacher ;  pupil  of  Milan  Cons.; 
debut  London,  1827,  in  Rossini's  Semiramide, 
and  sang  for  years  in  the  principal  theatres  of 
Italy,  London,  Vienna,  and  Paris. — Publ.  songs, 
vocalises,  etc. 

BrambilTa,  Teresa  (sister  of  Marietta),  b. 
Cassano  d'Adda,  1813  ;  d.  Milan,  July  (?),  1S95. 
St.  singing  in  Milan  Cons.  Began  dram,  career 
1831  in  small  theatres  ;  1833,  sang  with  great 
success  in  Milan,  then  in  Odessa  ("  Norma  ")  ; 
recalled  1837  to  Milan,  sang  1840,  at  La  Scala, 
in  Due  illustri  rivali  by  Mercadante,  and  / 
Corsari  by  Mazzucato,  and  became  famous. 
After  passing  two  years  in  Spain,  she  sang  (1S46) 
in  Paris  in  Nabucco  with  great  success  ;  then 
eng.  at  La  Fenice  Th.,  Venice,  where  on  March 
II,  1851,  she  created  the  role  of  "  Gilda  "  in 
Rigoletto. 

Bran'ca,  Guglielmo,  b.  Bologna,  Apr.  13, 
1S49.  Pupil  of  A.  Busi  in  Bologna  Cons.;  has 
written  the  successful  operas  La  Catalana  (Flor- 
ence, 1S76),  Hermosa  (Florence,  1883),  and  La 
Figlia  di  Jorio  (Cremona,  1897). 

Brancac'cio,  Antonio,  b.  Naples,  1813  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  12,  1846.  Pupil  of  Naples  Cons.; 
wrote  the  operas  Rosmunda  (Venice,  1830)  ;  / 
duje  Vastasi  di  Porto  (Naples,  1830?)  ;  Le  Sarte 
calabresi  (Naples,  1832?);  /  Panduri  (Naples, 
1843)  ;  II M  or  to  ed  il  Vivoijb.,  1843)  ;  L'assedio 
di  Constantino  (Venice,  1844)  ;  Francesca  da 
Rimini  (Venice,  1844)  ;  L'Lncognita,  ossia  Dopo 
ij  anni  (Venice,  1846)  ;  II  Puntiglio  (Naples, 
1845)  ;  Li /la  (Venice,  1848). 

Bran'deis,  Frederic  [Friedrich],  b.  Vienna, 
July  5,  1835.  Pupil  of  J.  Fischhof  and  Karl 
Czerny  (pf.)  and  Rufinatscha  (comp.),  also  of 
Wilhelm  Meyerhofer  in  New  York*.  Went  to  the 
United  States  in  1S49  ;  debut  as  pianist  in  N.  V., 
1851.  He  toured  the  country  with  various 
troupes,  notably  Vincent  Wallace's  concert-com- 
pany, as  solo  pianist  and  conductor.  Organist 
of  several  N.  Y.  churches  ;  since  1886,  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul's  R.  C.  Ch.  at  Brooklyn. — 
Works  (for  orch.):  Introd.  and  Capriccio  ; 
Grand  March  ;  prelude  to  Schiller's  Maria 
Stuart;  Danse  heroi'que  ;  a  Suite  f.  string- 
orch.  ;    Romanza  f.    oboe  and  orch.   (for   mili- 


BRANDENBURG— BREITKOPF    UND    HARTEL 


tary  band)  ;  Funeral  March  of  Ilumpty  Dumpty, 
and  Polish  Dance;  a  ballade,  "The  Bards," 
duct  f.  ten.  and  bar.  w.  orch.;  ballade,  "The 
Ring,"  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.;  ballade,  "The 
Sunken  Cloister, "  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  pf.-trio  in 
G ;  several  sextets  f.  flute  and  strings.  The 
above  are  unpubl.,  though  performed. — Publ. 
works  incl.  a  great  variety  of  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
vocal  music  (sacred  and  secular),  etc. 

Bran'denburg,  Ferdinand,  born  Erfurt, 
(date  ?)  ;  d.  as  court  music-teacher  at  Rudolstadt, 
May  31,  1S50.  Violinist  and  composer;  living 
in  Leipzig,  1838,  where  he  produced  an  opera 
in  1847  with  temporary  success. 

Bran'des    [-dess],     Emma,     pianist  ;  b.    n. 

Schwerin,    Jan.     20,     1854.       Pupil     of  Aloys 

Schmitt  and  court  pianist  Goltermann.  Mar- 
ried Prof.  Engelmann,  of  Utrecht. 

Bran'dl,  Johann,  b.  at  Kloster  Rohr,  n. 
Ratisbon,  Nov.  14,  1760  ;  d.  Karlsruhe,  May 
26,  1837,  as  musical  director  to  the  Archduke  of 
Baden. — Works  :  2  operas,  Germania  and  Her- 
mann (both  1S00)  ;  melodrama  Hero  j  oratorios, 
masses,  a  symphony,  much  chamber-music,  and 
minor  pieces. 

Bran'dl,  Johann,  contemporary  operetta- 
comp.  in  Vienna  ;  has  produced  15  or  20  works 
since  1869,  all  of  short-lived  popularity  {Die 
Kosakin;  Ischl,  1892). 

Brand'stetter.     See  Garbrecht. 

Brandt,  Marianne  (true  name  Marie  Bi- 
schof ),  b.  Vienna,  Sept.  12,  1842.  Brilliant  con- 
tralto stage-singer,  pupil  of  Frau  Marschner 
at  Vienna  Cons.,  and  1869-70  of  Viardot-Gar- 
cia,  Paris  ;  eng.  1S67  in  Graz,  1S68-S6  at  Ber- 
lin Court  Opera.  Sang  the  role  of  Kundry  in 
Parsifal  at  Bayreuth,  1882,  alternating  with 
Frau  Materna,  who  created  it.  In#  18S6  she 
sang  in  German  opera  at  New  York. 

Brandus,  Dufour  et  Cie.,  Paris  firm  of  mu- 
sic-publishers, founded  by  M.  Schlesinger  (1834), 
and  taken  over  in  1S46  by  the  brothers  Louis 
Brandus  (d.  1S87)  and  Gemmy  B.  (d.  1873). 

Brant,  Jobst  (or  Jodocus)  vom  (Junior); 
captain  at  Waldsachsen,  and  governor  of  Lieben- 
stein,  in  the  16th  cent.  54  German  part-songs, 
and  a  6-p.  motet,  show  that  he  was  a  musicianly 
contrapuntist.  (Cf.  Eitner's  "Bibliographic  der 
Musiksammelwerke,"  etc.,  1877.) 

Brassin,  Louis,  pianist,  b.  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
June  24,  1S40  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  May  17,  18S4. 
Pupil  of  Moscheles  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  made 
concert  -  tours  with  his  brothers  Leopold  and 
Gerhard  ;  became  teacher  in  the  Stern  Cons., 
then  at  St.  Petersburg  Cons. — Works  :  2  oper- 
ettas ;  the  valuable  "  Ecole  moderne  du  piano, 
12  etudes  de  concert";  salon-pcs.  f.  pf. ;   songs. 

Brassin,  Leopold,  brother  and  pupil  of 
Louis  ;  b.  Strassburg,  May  2S,  1843  ;  d.  Con- 
stantinople, 1890.       Court  pianist   at  Koburg  ; 


teacher  at  the  Bern  Music-School,  later  at  St. 
Petersburg  and  Constantinople,  lie  comp.  con- 
certos f.  1  and  2  pf.s  ;  also  many  solo  pieces  f. 
pf. 

Brassin,  Gerhard,  violinist,  brother  of  Louis; 
b.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  June  10,  1844  ;  teacher  at 
the  Bern  Music-School  in  1863  ;  leader  at  Goth- 
enburg, Sweden  ;  teacher  at  Stern  Cons.,  Ber- 
lin, in  1874  ;  cond.  of  Tonkiinstlerverein  in 
Breslau,  1875-80  ;  since  then  in  St.  Petersburg. 
Publ.  valuable  solo  pes.  f.  vln. 

Brau'er,  Max,  b.  Mannheim,  May  9,  1855. 
From  1875-6,  pupil  of  Vincenz  Lachner, 
Karlsruhe  ;  then,  until  1880,  of  Hiller,  Jensen 
and  de  Lange  at  Cologne  Cons.  From  1880-S, 
Musikdirektor  at  Kaiserslautern  ;  since  18SS  till 
now  ('99),  musical  director  at  the  court  church, 
Karlsruhe. — Publ.  works  (16  opus-numbers)  : 
Pf.-pcs.  f.  2  and  4  hds. ;  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.; 
pieces  f.  vln.,  'cello,  organ  ("  Funerale "  ;  2 
Fugues)  ;  Suite  f.  string-orch.  (no  opus-num- 
ber). Also  Der  Lotse,  i-act  opera,  prod.  succ. 
at  Karlsruhe,  1885  ;  and  the  3-act  opera 
Morgiane  (not  perf.,  1899). 

Brebos,  Gilles.     See  Gilles. 

Bree,  [Johannes  Bernardus]  Jean  Bernard 

van,  b.  Amsterdam,  Jan.  29.  1801  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  14,  1S57.  Violinist  and  composer  ;  pupil 
of  Bertelmann  ;  1819,  orch. -player  in  the  Th. 
Francais,  Amsterdam  ;  1S29,  director  of  the 
Felix  Meritis  Society;  founded  the  "Cecilia" 
in  1840 ;  director  of  the  Music-School  of  the 
Soc.  for  the  Promotion  of  Music. — Works  : 
Dutch  opera  Sap  ho  (1834) ;  German  opera  Nimm 
dich  in  Acht  (1S45?)  ;  opera  Le  Bandit  (The 
Hague,  1840)  ;  2  melodramas  ;  several  masses, 
cantatas,  overtures,  chamber-music,  etc. 

Brei'denstein,  Heinrich  Karl,  b.  Steinau, 
Hesse,  Feb.  28,  1796;  d.  Bonn,  July  13,  1876. 
From  1823,  Music-Director  at  Bonn  Univ. — 
Works  :  A  cantata  ;  chorals,  etc.;  and  a  Method 
of  Singing. 

Breit'kopf  und  Har'tel,  firm  of  music-pub- 
lishers at  Leipzig,  founded  (as  a  printing-office) 
in  1719  by  Bernard  Christoph  Breitkopf  (b. 
Klausthal,  Harz,  Mar.  2,  1695  ;  d.  Mar.  26, 
1777).  His  son  and  successor,  J.  G.  Immanuel 
Breitkopf  (b.  Nov.  23,  1719  ;  d.  Jan.  29,  1794), 
entered  the  business  in  1745  ;  in  1754,  his  in- 
vention (or  revival  of  Petrucci's  invention)  of 
movable  types  rendered  it  possible  for  him  to 
add  music-printing  to  the  firm's  resources,  thus 
laying  the  foundation  for  future  expansion.  His 
son,  Chr.  Gottlob  B.,  relinquished  the  business 
in  1795  in  favor  of  his  friend  Gottfr.  Chr.  Hartel 
(b.  Schneeberg,  Jan.  27,  1763  ;  d.  July  25,  1827), 
in  whose  hands  its  prosperity  was  assured  ;  he 
added  a  piano-manufactory,  founded  the  "  Allg. 
musikalische  Zeitung  "  (1798).  introduced  pewter 
plates,  and  also  lithographed  titles.  Successive 
heads    of    the    business    were    Florenz    Hartel 


85 


BRENDEL— RRICCIALDI 


(1827-35)  ;  Dr.  Hermann  Ilartel  (d.  1882),  and 
his  brother  Raimund  Ilartel  (retired  1880;  d. 
1888)  ;  and  finally  the  sons  of  two  sisters  of 
Hermann  and  Raimund — Wilhelm  Volkmann 
(b.  1837,  d.  1893?),  and  Dr.  Oskar  von  Hase 
(b.  1846).  Among'  representative  enterprises 
must  be  mentioned  the  complete  editions  of 
Palestrina,  Mozart,  Beethoven,  Schubert,  and 
Mendelssohn  ;  the  monumental  edition  of  the 
Bach  Society  is  also  prepared  and  publ.  in  their 
establishment. 

Bren'del,  Karl  Franz,  b.  Stolberg,  Nov. 
26,  181 1  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  25,  1868.  Writer 
and  critic  of  neo-German  tendency;  pf. -pupil 
of  Fr.  Wieck;  editor  from  1844  of  Schumann's 
"  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik,"  and  1850-60  of 
the  monthly  "  Anregungen  fiir  Kunst,  Leben 
und  Wissenschaft."  He  was  later  app.  prof,  of 
mus.  hist,  at  Leipzig  Cons. ;  was  also  one  of 
the  founders  (1861),  and  for  years  the  president, 
of  the  "  Allgemeiner  deutscher  Musikverein."- — 
Works  :  "  Grundzuge  der  Geschichte  d.  Musik  " 
(184S  ;  5th  ed.  1861);  "Gesch.  d.  Musik  in 
Italien,  Deutschland  u.  Frankreich  von  den 
ersten  christlichen  Zeiten  an,"  etc.  (1852  ;  6th 
ed.,  edited  by  Dr.  F.  Stade,  1879)  ;  "  Die  Musik 
der  Gegenwart  u.  die  Gesammtkunst  der  Zu- 
kunft  "  (1854)  ;  "Franz  Liszt  als  Symphoniker" 
(1S59)  ;  "  Geist  u.  Technik  im  Klavierunter- 
richt "  (1867)  ;  also  many  newspaper  articles. 

Brenet,  Michel,  contemporary  French  mu- 
sicograph. — Works  :  "  Histoire  de  la  symphonie 
a  orchestre  depuis  ses  origines  "  (prize-essay, 
1882)  ;  sketch  of  Gretry  (1884)  ;  valuable  mono- 
graph on  Okeghem  (1S93)  ;  etc. 

Bren'ner,  Ludwig,  Fitter  von,  b.  Leipzig, 
Sept.  19,  1833,  and  pupil  of  the  Cons.;  after 
tours  on  the  Continent,  he  settled  in  St.  Peters- 
burg for  15  years  as  a  member  of  the  Imp.  orch. ; 
1872-6,  cond.  of  the  Berlin  Symphony  Orch.; 
in  1876,  est.  an  orch.  of  his  own  ("  Neue  Ber- 
liner Symphoniekapelle  ").  Now  living  at  Bres- 
lau,  where  since  1S97  he  has  cond.  Meyder's 
Concert  Orch.,  succeeding  Meyder. — Works  :  4 
grand  masses  ;  2  Te  Deums  ;  symphonic  poems, 
overtures  and  other  orchestral  music. 

Bres'laur,  Emil  (Prof.),  b.  Kottbus,  May 
29,  1S36  ;  studied  1S63-7  at  the  Stern  Cons., 
Berlin  ;  from  1S68-79,  teacher  at  Kullak's  Acad. ; 
and  since  1883  choirmaster  at  the  Reformed  Syn- 
agogue. A  Music-Teachers'  Society  founded 
by  him  in  1879  developed  in  1886  into  the 
"  Deutscher  Musiklehrer-Verband."  He  is  also 
the  founder  and  director  of  a  Piano-Teachers' 
Seminary;  editor  of  the  "  Klavierlehrer  "  ;  and 
the  author  of  several  important  works  on  piano- 
playing  :  "Die  technische  Grundlage  des 
Rlavierspiels  "  (1874,  earned  him  the  title  of 
"  Prof.")  ;  "  Ftthrer  durch  die  Klavierunter- 
richts-Litteratur"  ;  "  Zur  methodischen  TJbung 
des  Rlavierspiels"  ;  "  Der  entwickelnde  Unter- 
richt  in  der  Harmonielehre  "  ;  "  Uber  die  schad- 


lichen  Folgen  des  unrichtigen  Ubens";  also  a 
"  Klavierschule  "  ;  a  compilation,  "  Methodik 
des  Rlavierunterrichts  in  Einzelaufsatzen  " 
(1SS7)  ;  and  a  "  Melodiebildungslehre  auf 
Grundlage  des  harmon.  u.  rhythm.  Elements  " 
(1896). 

Breu'ning,  Ferdinand,  b.  Brotterode,  Thu- 
ringia,  Mar.  2,  1830  ;  d.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Sept. 
22,  18S3.  Pupil  (1S44)  of  Mendelssohn  and 
Hauptmann  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  1855,  pf.-prof. 
at  Cologne  Cons.,  succeeding  Reinecke  ;  1S65, 
mus.  director  at  Aixda-Chapelle. 

Breval,  Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Dept.  of  l'Aisne, 
France,  1765  ;  d.  Chamomile,  1S25.  'Cellist, 
pupil  of  Cupis  ;  1st  'cellist  at  Grand  Opera 
(17S1-1806),  and  'cello-prof,  at  Cons.  (1796- 
1802). — Works  :  2  operas,  8  symphonies,  7  'cel- 
lo-concertos, much  chamber  -  music,  and  a 
Method  f.  'cello. 

Brewer,  John  Hyatt,  org.  and  composer  ; 

b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  18,  1856.  For  7  years 
he  was  boy-soprano  in  various  churches  ;  was 
a  vocal  pupil  of  Walter,  Cutler,  and  Wilder, 
learned  pf.  and  harm,  of  R.  Navarro,  and  organ- 
playing  of  Diller,  Caulfield,  Whitely,  and  Dud- 
ley Buck  (pupil  of  the  latter,  for  5  years,  in 
org. ,  cpt.,  and  composition).  In  1871,  B.  began 
his  career  as  org.  at  the  City  Park  Chapel, 
passing  to  the  Ch.  of  the  Messiah  (4  yrs.),  Clin- 
ton Av.  Congr.  Ch.  (4  yrs.),  and  finally  (1881)  to 
the  Lafayette  Av.  Presby.  Ch.  as  org.  and  dir. , 
which  office  he  holds  at  this  date  (1899).  Active 
member  of  the  N.  Y.  MS.  Soc,  the  N.  Y.  State 
M.  T.  A.,  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  (Sec.  of  mus.  dept.),  Brooklyn  Apollo 
Club  (charter  member  and  accompanist)  ;  co- 
founder  of  the  A.  G.  O.  Has  cond.  the  Brook- 
lyn Hill,  Orpheus,  Damrosch,  and  Boylston  Glee 
Clubs,  the  Crccilia  Ladies'  Vocal  Soc,  and  the 
Hoadley  Amateur  Orch.;  and  is  a  busy  in- 
structor in  voice,  pf. ,  org.,  and  theory.— Works: 
Over  100,  incl.  some  30  songs  (sacred  and 
secular),  duets,  quartets,  anthems,  glees,  cho- 
ruses and  cantatas;  also  pes.  f.  org.,  pf.  and 
strings  ;  duos  f.  org.  and  pf. ;  and  a  Suite  (MS.) 
f.  orch. 

Briard,  Etienne,  type-founder  at  Avignon, 
1st  half  of  16th  century.  His  types  had  round 
note-heads  instead  of  the  ordinary  angular 
ones,  and  separate  notes  instead  of  ligatures. 
Carpentras'  works  were  printed  (Avignon,  1532) 
with  them. 

BricciaFdi,  Giulio,  renowned  flutist  ;  b. 
Terni,  Papal  States,  Mar.  2,  1818  ;  d.  P'lorence, 
Dec.  17,  iS8r.  At  15  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  St.  Cecilia  Acad,  at  Rome  ;  1834,  maestro 
to  the  Prince  of  Syracuse.  Made  concert-tours 
in  England,  America,  etc.  After  1S42,  lived 
chiefly  in  London. — Works:  Opera  Leonora  de 
Medici  (Milan,  1855)  ;  excellent  works  f.  flute  ; 
also  a  Method  f.  do. 


86 


BRIDGE— BROCKWAY 


Bridge,  Sir   John    Frederick,   b.   Oldbury, 

Worcestershire,  England,  Dec.  5,  1S44.  lie 
became  a  chorister  in  Rochester  cathedral  in 
1850,  and  was  taught  for  a  time  by  his  father 
[John  Bridge,  lay-clerk  in  the  cathedral],  was 
then  articled  to  J.  Hopkins,  and  studied  later 
under  Sir  John  Goss.  Organist  (1865)  of 
Trinity  Ch.,  Windsor,  1869  of  Manchester 
cathedral  ;  1875  deputy,  and  1882  principal, 
organist  at  Westminster  Abbey.  In  1S6S  he 
took  the  degree  of  Mus.  Bac.  (Oxford),  with  the 
oratorio  Mount  Moriah.  Now  professor  of 
harmony  and  counterpoint  at  the  R.  A.  M., 
Examiner  at  the  University  of  London,  and 
conductor  of  the  Western  and  the  Madrigal 
societies.  Knighted  in  1897. — Works  :  Can- 
tatas Boadicea  (1880),  Rock  of  Ages  (1885),  and 
Callirhoe  (Birmingham,  1S88) ;  The  Repentance 
of  Nineveh,  dramatic  oratorio  (Worcester,  1890); 
The  Lord's  Prayer  [after  Dante]  (1S92)  ;  The 
Cradle  of  Christ  ("  Stabat  Mater  speciosa," 
1S94)  ;  2  choral  ballades,  The  Festival,  and 
The  Inchcape  Bell;  concert-overture,  "  Morte 
d'Arthur  "  ;  Magnificat  and  Nunc  dimittis,  in  D  ; 
anthems,  part-songs,  and  songs.  Has  written 
primers  on  Counterpoint,  Double-counterpoint, 
Canon,  and  on  the  Organ-accompaniment  of  the 
Choral  Service. 

Bridge,  Joseph  Cox,  brother  of  preceding; 
b.  Rochester,  England,  Aug.  16,  1853.  Pupil 
of  his  brother,  and  Hopkins;  since  1877,  org. 
of  Chester  cathedral.  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon.,  1876  ; 
Mus.  Doc,  1884.  At  the  revival  of  the  Chester 
triennial  festival  in  1S79,  he  produced  a  Service 
f.  voices  and  orch.  —  Works  :  Oratorios  Daniel 
(1885),  Rndel  (1891) ;  string-quartet,  G  min.; 
sonata  f .  'cello  and  pf . ;  part-songs  ;  etc. 

Brie'gel,  Wolfgang  Karl,  b.  Germany,  May 
21,  1626  ;  d.  Darmstadt,  Nov.  19,  1712.  Org.  in 
Stettin  ;  1650,  court  cantor  in  Gotha  ;  1070, 
Kapcllm.  at  Darmstadt.  His  numerous  church- 
comp.s  and  instrumental  pes.  (publ.  1652-1709) 
were  highly  esteemed. 

Brink,  Jules  ten,  b.  Amsterdam,  Nov.  (?), 
1S38  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  9,  18S9.  Pupil  of  Heinze 
(Amsterdam),  Dupont  (Brussels),  and  E.  F. 
Richter  (Leipzig);  1S60-8,  mus.  director  at 
Lyons  ;  then  settled  in  Paris. — Works  :  2  operas, 
Calonice  (1S70,  i-act,  comic),  and  a  grand 
opera  (?)  (MS.);  suite  f.  orch.;  symphony,  sym- 
phonic poem,  violin-concerto,  etc. 

Brinsmead,  John,  b.  Wear  Gifford,  North 
Devon,  Oct.  13,  1S14.  Founded  his  celebrated 
piano-factory  in  London,  1835.  In  1863  his 
sons,  Thomas  and  Edgar,  were  admitted  to 
partnership  ("  John  B.  and  Sons").  His  "  Per- 
fect Check  Repeater  Action"  (pat.  186S)  is 
well  spoken  of. — Edgar  B.  wrote  a  "  History 
of  the  Pianoforte  "  (1868  ;  revised  and  republ., 
1879). 

Briss'ler,  Friedrich  Ferdinand,  b.  Inster- 
burg,  July  13,  1818  ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  6,  1893. 
Pupil  (1836)  of  the  Berlin  Academy;  gave  piano- 


recitals  and  concerts  1838-45  ;  and  became 
teacher  at  the  Stern  Cons. — His  2-  and  4-hand 
arrangements  of  classical  works  are  noteworthy. 
He  comp.  an  opera,  a  symphony,  and  other 
music. 

Brisson,  Frederic,  pianist  ;  b.  Angouleme, 
Charente,  Dec.  25,  1821.  Teacher  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  Many  salon-pcs.  f.  pf.  (Valse  de  concert 
is  op.  59)  ;  an  operetta,  Les  ruses  villageoises 
(1863);  an  "  Ecole  d'Orgue  ";  etc. 

Bristow,  George  Frederick,  b.  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  Dec.  19,  1S25  ;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  13, 
1S98.  Violinist  (1836)  in  Olympic  Th.,  N.  V.; 
from  1842,  in  the  N.  Y.  Philh.  Soc;  also  from 
1S51-62  cond.  of  the  Harmonic  Soc,  after- 
wards of  the  Mendelssohn  Union,  and  organist 
at  several  churches. — Works:  Opera,  Rip  Van 
Winkle  (N.  Y.,  1855);  opera  Columbus  (unfin.); 
2  oratorios,  Praise  to  God  (i860)  and  Daniel 
(1867)  ;  cantata,  The  Great  Republic,  w.  orch. 
(18S0)  ;  5  symphonies  ;  2  overtures  ;  2  string- 
quartets  ;  anthems,  songs,  pes.  f.  org.,  pf. ,  and 
vln. — His  father,  W.  R.  Bristow  (b.  England, 
1803  ;  d.  1S67),  was  well  known  as  a  conductor 
in  New  York. 

Bri'xi,  Franz  Xaver,  church-composer ;  b. 
Prague,  1732  ;  d.  there  Oct.  14,  1771.  Taught 
by  Segert  at  Prague  ;  organist  of  St.  Gallus  ; 
1756,  Kapellm.  at  Prague  cathedral. — Works  : 
52  grand  masses,  24  minor  ones,  several  ora- 
torios, a  Requiem,  etc. 

Broadwood  &  Sons,  London  firm  of  pf.- 
makers  ;  est  1730  by  the  Swiss  Burkhard 
Tschudi  (Shudi),  a  renowned  harpsiehord- 
maker.  John  Broadwood  (1732-1812),  a 
Scotch  joiner,  was  Shudi's  son-in-law  and  suc- 
cessor, and  was  in  turn  succeeded  by  his  sons 
James  Shudi  and  Thomas.  Henry  Fowler 
Broadwood  was  the  head  of  the  firm  at  the 
time  of  his  death  (London,  July  8,  1893)..  Up 
to  1885  the  firm  had  turned  out  nearly  180,000 
instruments.  They  use  the  "  English  action," 
based  on  the  Cristofori-Silbermann  model,  suc- 
cessively improved  by  Americus  Backers  and  the 
Broadwoods. 

Brockway,  Howard  A.,  b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. , 
Nov.,  22,  1870.  St.  pf.  18  mos.  with  H.  O.  C. 
Kortheuer,  and  went  to  Berlin  in  1890,  study- 
ing there  for  5  years  under  Barth  (pf.)  and  O.  P. 
Boise  (composition).  Since  1S95  in  N.  Y., 
teaching  pf.  and  comp.,  and  concertizing. — 
Publ.  works  :  Variations  on  an  original  theme, 
f.  pf. ;  6  Clavier-Sti'icke  ;  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln. 
(G  min.)  ;  Ballade  f.  pf . ;  a  Cavatina  and  a  Ro- 
manze  f.  vln.  and  orch.  (both  publ.  w.  pf.- 
accomp.)  ;  Nocturne  f.  pf. ;  Charaktersttrcke, 
"  Paganini,"  f.  pf. ;  "  Moment  musical"  f.  vln. 
and  pf. ;  Phantasiestiicke  f.  pf.  (publ.  in  Berlin)  ; 
"  Dance  of  the  Sylphs"  f.  pf.  (arr.  from  "  Syl- 
van Suite  "  f.  orch.;  publ.  in  New  York). — MS. 
works:  Cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Ballade 
f.  orch.,  in  ( '.  min.;  Symphony  in  D;  Scherzo 
f.  orch. ;  minor  vocal  pes. ;  etc. 


87 


BROD— BROWN 


Brod,  Henry,  oboist,  and  prof,  at  Paris 
Cons.;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  4,  1S01  ;  d.  there  Apr.  6, 
1839. 

Brod'sky,  Adolf,  distinguished  violinist  ; 
b.  Taganrog,  Russia,  .Mar.  21,  1851.  Pupil 
of  T.  Hellmesberger  and  the  Vienna  Cons. 
(1S62-3).  Member  of  the  Hellmesberger  Quar- 
tet ;  1868-70,  of  the  Imp.  opera-orch.;  studied 
with  Laub  at  Moscow  (1873-5),  and  was  app. 
prof,  at  the  Cons.  Leaving  Moscow  in  1879, 
he  cond.  the  symphony  concerts  at  Kiev,  made 
long  and  successful  concert-tours  in  1SS1  (Paris, 
Vienna,  London),  and  in  1883  succeeded 
Schradieck  as  vln.-prof.  at  Leipzig  Cons.  From 
1891-4,  in  N.  Y. ;  1S94  in  Berlin;  1S95  prof, 
of  vln. -playing  at,  and  later  Director  of,  the  Man- 
chester (Engl.)  R.  C.  of  Music. 

Broek'hoven,  John  A.,  b.  Beek,  Holland, 
1852.  Prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.,  Cincinnati 
Coll.  of  Mus. — Works:  Suite  Creole  f.  orch.; 
grand  overture  Columbia  f.  orch. 

Broer,  Ernst,  b.  Ohlau,  Silesia,  Apr.  11, 
1809  ;  d.  Tarnopol,  Mar.  25,  1886.  'Cellist  ; 
abt.  1840,  organist  at  Breslau,  and  1843-84  sing- 
ing-teacher at  the  Matthias  Gymnasium.  Comp. 
sacred  music. 

Bron'sart  von  SchelTendorf,  Hans  [Hans 
von  Bronsart],  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  11,  1830;  student 
at  Berlin  Univ.  1S49-52,  also  taking  lessons  in 
theory  from  Dehn,  and  on  the  piano  from  Kul- 
lak  ;  st.  with  Liszt  at  Weimar  for  some  years, 
gave  pf. -concerts  in  German  capitals,  Paris, 
and  St.  Petersburg;  cond.  the  "Euterpe"  in 
Leipzig  (1860-2),  and  the  "  Gesellschaft  d. 
Musikfreunde"  in  Berlin  (1865-6,  succeeding 
v.  Billow)  ;  in  1867  was  app.  intendant  of  the 
R.  Th.  at  Hanover,  and  1887  "  Hofmusikin- 
tendant"  at  Berlin. — Works:  Opera,  Der  Cor- 
sar  (MS.);  Cantata  Christnacht;  symphony/;? 
den  Alpen  ;  "  Fruhlingsphantasie  "  f.  orch.;  a 
string-sextet  ;  a  pf. -concerto  in  FJf  min.;  a  pf.- 
trio  in  G  min. ;  a  Fantasia,  and  other  solo  pes. 
f.  pf. 

Bron'sart,  Ingeborg  von  (n/e  Starck),  wife 
(since  1862)  of  preceding  ;  b.  St.  Petersburg, 
Aug.  24,  1840  ;  pianist,  pupil  of  Liszt,  and  a 
talented  composer  ;  3  operas,  Die  Got  tin  -.it 
Scti's  ;  Konig  Hjarne  (Berlin,  1891)  ;  Jery  und 
Bdteli  (Weimar,  1S73)  ;  also  interesting  pf.- 
music  (concertos,  sonatas,  fugues,  etudes,  salon- 
pcs. ,  vln. -music,  songs,  etc.). 

Bros,  Juan,  b.  Tortosa,  Spain,  1776 ;  d. 
Oviedo,  Mar.  12,  1S52.  Pupil  of  Querault  at 
Barcelona  ;  m.  di  capp.  at  Barcelona,  Malaga, 
Leon,  and  Oviedo  (1834).  Famous  church-com- 
poser ;  Masses,  3  Misereres,  a  Requiem,  a  Te 
Deum,  psalms,  etc. 

Bros'chi,  Carlo.     See  Farinelli. 

Brosig,  Moritz,  prolific  church-composer ; 
b.  Fuchswinkel,  Upper  Silesia,  Oct.  15,  1815  ;  d. 
Breslau,  Jan.    24,  1887.      Pupil  of   Franz  Wolf, 


the  musical  director  and  cath.  org.  at  Breslau, 
and  succeeded  him  in  1842  ;  in  1853,  cath. 
Kapellm.,  and  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Dr.  pkil.;  became  asst. -director  of  the  R.  Inst, 
f.  Catholic  Ch. -Music,  and  University  lecturer. 
— Works :  4  grand  and  3  short  instrumental 
masses  ;  7  books  of  graduals  and  offertories  ;  20 
books  of  organ-pes.;  an  "  Orgelbuch,"  a  "  Cho- 
ralbuch,"  a  "  Modulationstheorie,"  and  a  "  Har- 
monielehre  "  (1874). 

Brossard,  Sebastien  de,  b.  1660  ;  d.  Meaux, 
France,  Aug.  10,  1730.  In  1689,  Kapellm.  at 
Strassburg  cathedral;  1 700-30,  grand  chapclain 
and  maitre  de  musique  at  Meaux  cathedral. 
Famous  as  the  author  of  the  earliest  dictionary 
of  musical  terms  (except  Tinctor's  "  Defini- 
tiorum  "  Tabt.  1475],  and  Janowka's  "  Clavis  ad 
thesaurum  magnae  artis  musicae,"  etc.  [1703], 
to  neither  of  which  he  had  access,  however). 
Its  title  reads  "  Diet,  de  musique,  contenant  une 
explication  des  termes  grecs,  latins,  italiens  et 
francais  les  plus  usites  dans  la  musique,"  etc. 
(Paris,  1703;  2nd  ed.,  1705;  3rd  and  last,  no 
date).  He  also  publ.  a  considerable  variety  of 
church-music. 

Brossard,  Noel-Matthieu,  b.  Chalon-sur- 
Saone,  Dec.  25,  1789;  d.  there  (after  1853)  as 
magistrate.  Wrote  "  Theorie  des  sons  musi- 
caux  "  (Paris,  1847),  a  treatise  on  the  variability 
of  tones  according  to  modulation  (he  reckons  48 
distinct  tone-degrees  within  the  octave) ;  also 
minor  works. 

Brouck,  Jakob  de  (or  de  Prugg),  a  native 
of  Holland  ;  publ.  (Antwerp,  1579)  a  cou-  °f 
motets  and  chansons. 

Brouillon-Lacombe.     See  Lacombe. 

Broustet,  Edouard,  pianist  ;  b.  Toulouse, 
Apr.  29,  1836  ;  pupil  of  Stamaty,  Litolff  and 
Ravina.  After  tours  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  to 
Spain  and  Portugal,  he  settled  in  Toulouse. — 
Works  :  Symphonie  concertante  f.  pf.  and  orch. ; 
pf. -concerto;  3  pf. -trios  ;  1  pf. -quintet ;  solo  pes. 
f.  pf. ;  etc. 

Brown,  (Dr.)  John,  b.  Rothbury,  Northum- 
berland, 1 715  ;  d.  by  his  own  hand  (insane), 
Sept.  23,  1766.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and 
became  vicar  of  Great  Horkesley,  Essex,  in 
1754,  and  of  St.  Nicholas',  Newcastle,  in  1758. 
Author  of  an  interesting  and  original  "  Disserta- 
tion on  the  Rise,  Union  and  Power,  the  Pro- 
gressions, Separations  and  Corruptions  of  Poetry 
and  Music,  to  which  is  prefixed  The  Cure  of 
Saul,  a  Sacred  Ode "  (London,  1763;  German 
transl.  Leipzig,  1769  ;  Italian  transl.  1772).  It 
was  followed  by  "  Remarks  on  some  observa- 
tions on  Dr.  Brown's  '  Dissertation,'  etc."  (Lon- 
don, 1764). 

Brown,  Obadiah  Bruen,  b.  Washington, 
D.  C,  July  2,  1829.  Pupil  in  Boston  (1856)  of 
Zerrahn,  Parker,  Kreissmann,  Hause,  and  Da- 
vid Paine  ;  in  Leipzig  (1S69)  of  Lobe  and  Plaidy. 


SS 


BRUCH— BRUCKNER 


Teacher  of  music  in  State  Normal  Schools  at 
Salem,  Bridgewater,  and  Framingham,  Mass., 
also  in  numerous  public  schools  (last  in  Mai- 
den), and  organist  in  Boston  (Dr.  Hale's  ch.)  and 
Maiden  First  New  Jerusalem  Ch. — B.  has  publ. 
several  popular  coll.s  of  school-songs  ("Song 
Reader,"  "Morning  Hour");  a  book  of  re- 
sponsive psalms,  "  The  Carmina  Alterna";  also  a 
"  Tuner's  Manual  "  (for  pf. ,  with  Sumner  Hill). 
— Compositions  :  Choruses  f.  male,  female,  and 
mixed  voices  ;  vocal  quartets  and  trios  ;  about  20 
detached  songs  ;  many  anthems  ;  etc. 

Bruch,  Max,  dramatic,  choral  and  instru- 
mental composer,  and  pianist  ;  born  at  Cologne, 
Jan.  6,  1S38.  His 
mother  (n/e  Almen- 
rader),  a  singer, 
was  his  first  in- 
structor. He  after- 
wards studied  with 
Breidenstein  at 
Bonn.  In  1853  he 
gained  the  four- 
year  scholarship  of 
the  Mozart  Foun- 
dation, at  Frank- 
fort, and  became  a 
pupil  of  Ferdinand 
Hiller,  Reinecke 
and  Breuning. 

At  fourteen  years  of  age  he  brought  out  a 
symphony  at  Cologne,  and  in  1S58,  in  the  same 
city,  produced  his  first  dramatic  work,  Goethe's 
"  Singspiel "  Scher'z,  List  und  Rache  (op.  1). 
In  1861  he  visited  Berlin,  Leipzig,  Vienna, 
Dresden,  Munich  and  Mannheim,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1864,  producing  an  opera,  Loreley, 
composed  to  the  libretto  Geibel  had  written  for 
Mendelssohn.  Here  he  also  composed  his 
choral  work  for  men's  voices,  Frithjof,  which, 
on  a  tour  in  1864-65,  was  given  with  genuine 
artistic  and  popular  success  at  Aix,  Leipzig  and 
Vienna.  At  Koblenz  (1865-67)  he  wrote  his 
first  violin-concerto  (G  minor),  a  favorite  with 
all  violinists.  In  Berlin,  where  he  resided 
1871-73,  he  produced  in  1872,  with  but  scanty 
success,  his  opera  Hermione,  based  on  Shake- 
speare's Winter's  Talc.  From  1873-78,  with 
the  exception  of  two  artistic  journeys  to  Eng- 
land, he  remained  at  Bonn,  devoting  himself  to 
composition,  and  producing  the  choral  works 
Arminius  and  Lied  von  der  Glocke,  and  the 
second  violin-concerto  in  D  minor.  In  1883 
Bruch  visited  the  United  States,  and  brought 
out  his  Arminius  at  Boston.  Bruch's  chief  claim 
to  distinction  lies  in  his  development  of  the  epic 
cantata,  a  branch  of  composition  to  which  com- 
paratively little  attention  had  been  paid.  Among 
his  works  in  this  line  for  soli,  mixed  chorus  and 
orchestra,  are  Odysseus,  Arminius,  Lied  von 
der  Glocke,  Achilleus  ;  and,  for  male  chorus, 
Frithjof,  Salami's,  Normannenzug  and  Leoni- 
das  (op.  66).  Beautiful  sound-effects  and  clear 
melodious   invention   are    prominent   character- 


istics of  his  style.  Among  his  smaller  works, 
Kol  Xidrci,  a  Hebrew  melody  for  violoncello, 
has  become  popular.  He  has  also  written  the 
cantata  Das  Feuerkreuz  (op.  52,  1888),  the 
oratorio  Moses  (1895),  a  third  violin-concerto  in 
D  minor  (op.  61),  and  three  symphonies. 

Bruch  practised  as  a  music-teacher  at  Co- 
logne 1858-61,  was  musical  director  at  Koblenz 
1865-67,  and  court  Kapellm.  at  Sondershausen 
1867-70.  In  1878  he  succeeded  Stockhausen 
as  conductor  of  the  Stern  Choral  Union,  Berlin  ; 
in  1880,  Benedict  as  conductor  of  the  Philhar- 
monic Society,  Liverpool  ;  and  in  18S3,  Bernard 
Scholz  in  the  direction  of  the  Orchestral  Society 
at  Breslau.  He  remained  in  Breslau  until  1S90, 
and  in  1892  he  succeeded  von  Herzogenberg  as 
director  in  the  branch  of  composition  at  the 
Royal  Hochschule  in  Berlin. 

In  1881  B.  married  the  singer  Fraulein  Tuc- 
zek  of  Berlin. 

Bruck  (or  Brouck),  Arnold  von,  conject- 
urally  a  German  Swiss;  d.  1545.  In  1534, 
Kapellm.  to  Kaiser  Ferdinand  I.  Eminent  comp.. 
many  of  whose  motets,  hymns,  German  part- 
songs,  etc.,  are  preserved  in  collections  of  the 
16th  century. 

Briick'ler,  Hugo,  b.  Dresden,  Feb.  18,  1845; 
d.  there  Oct  4,  1871.  Gifted  song  -  composer. 
— Works  :  Op.  1  and  2,  songs  from  Scheffel's 
Trompcter  von  Sakkingen  (1,  five  songs  of 
Young  Werner  by  the  Rhine ;  2,  Margaret's 
Songs);  also  "  Sieben  Gesange  "  and  a  ballad, 
"  Der  Vogt  von  Tenneberg." 

Bruck'ner,  Anton,  b.  Ansfelden,  Upper  Aus- 
tria, Sept.  4,  1824;  d.  Vienna,  Oct.  11,  1896. 
Organist,  compos- 
er, and  teacher. 
Son  of  a  village 
schoolmaster,  early 
orphaned,  and 
chiefly  self-taught, 
he  became  by  dili- 
gent study  and 
practice  so  remark- 
able an  organist 
and  contrapuntist 
as  to  obtain,  in 
1855,  the  appoint- 
ment as  cathedral 
organist  at  Linz- 
on-Danube, in  com- 
petition with  many 
rivals.  As  opportunity  offered,  he  studied  comp. 
with  O.  Kitzler,  and  cpt.  with  Sechter;  in  1867 
he  succeeded  Sechter  as  court -organist  at 
Vienna,  also  as  prof,  of  org.,  harm.,  and  cpt.  at 
Vienna  Cons.;  in  1875  he  was  also  app.  "  Lek- 
tor "  of  music  at  Vienna  Univ.;  in  1891  the 
Univ.  gave  him  the  title  of  Dr.  /ion.  causa. 
Journeys  to  France  (1S69)  and  England  (1871) 
establ.  his  fame  as  one  of  the  greatest  of  con- 
temporary organ-virtuosi.  His  comp. s,  in  which 
Wagner's  influence  is  strongly  felt,   include  9 


BRUCKNER— BRUYCK 


symphonies  :  1st,  C  min.;  2nd,  C  min.;  3rd,  D 
min.;  4th  ("  Romantic")  in  Eh;  5th,  B  \)\  6th, 
A  maj.;  7th  (with  lovely  adagio),  in  fi;  8th, 
C  min.;  9th  (unfinished)  ;  a  fine  Te  Deum(iS86, 
Vienna)  ;  Grand  Masses  in  D  min.,  E  min.,  and 
F  min.;  a  Requiem,  Graduals,  Offertories, 
Psalms;  "  Germanenzug,"  f.  male  chorus; 
several  other  works  for  ditto  ;  chamber-music  ; 
string-quintet  in  F  ;  etc.  His  music  seems,  in 
general,  lacking  in  inspiration  and  individuality. 
— Biogr.  sketch  of  B.  by  Franz  Brunner  (Linz- 
on-Danube,  1S95  ;  pp.  43). 

Bruckner,  Oscar,  excellent  'cellist ;  b.  Erfurt, 
Jan.  2,  1857.  Pupil,  at  Dresden,  of  Fr.  Griitz- 
macher.  Sen.,  and  Draeseke  (theory).  After 
tours  in  Germany,  Russia,  Poland  and  Holland, 
he  was  app.  ducal  chamber-virtuoso  at  Strelitz  ; 
since  18S9,  1st  'cello  at  the  R.  Th.,  Wiesbaden, 
and  teacher  in  the  Cons. — Soli  f .  'cello ;  pf.- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Bruhns,  Nikolaus,  b.  Schwabstadt,  Schles- 
wig,  1665  ;  d.  Husum,  1697.  Organist,  pupil  of 
Buxtehude  at  Li'ibeck,  on  whose  recommenda- 
tion he  was  app.  organist  at  Copenhagen.  He 
was  also  a  violinist,  and  composed  f.  org.  and 
pf. 

Briill,  Ignaz,  b.  Prossnitz,  Moravia,  Nov.  7, 
1S46.  Pupil,  at  Vienna,  of  Epstein  (pf.),  Ru- 
finatscha  (comp.), 
and  Dessoff  (instru- 
mentation). After 
giving  pf. -recitals 
and  concerts  of  his 
own  compositions, 
he  made  extended 
pianistic  tournees, 
and  then  settled  in 
Vienna,  where  from 
1872-8  he  was  pf.- 
prof.  at  the  Horak 
Institute.  His  first 
opera,  Die  Bettler 
v  0  n  Sa  111  a  r  k  a  11  d 
(1864),  was  not  specially  successful  ;  but  the 
second,  Das  go/dene  Kreuz  (Berlin,  1875), 
speedily  attained  great  popularity  both  in  Ger- 
many and  abroad  ;  it  has  been  followed  by  Der 
Landfriede  (Vienna,  1877),  Bianca  (Dresden, 
1879),  Konigin  Mariette  (Munich,  1883),  Das 
steinerne  Herz  (Vienna,  1888),  Gringoire  (1  act, 
Munich,  1892),  Schach  dem  Konig  (Munich, 
1893),  and  a  2-act  comic  opera  Der  Hitsar 
(Vienna,  Mar.  2,  1898  ;  v.  succ).  B.  plays  now 
only  occasionally  in  concerts  (twice  at  Vienna,  in 
1895). — Other  works  :  "  Im  Walde,"  Jagdonver- 
tiire  f .  orch. ;  3  serenades  f.  do. ;  overture  to 
Macbeth  ;  Tanz-Suite  f.  orch.;  2  pf. -concertos  ; 
1  vln. -concerto  ;  suite  f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  Trio  ;  so- 
nata f.  'cello  and  pf. ;  do.  f.  2  pfs.,  4  hands  ; 
do.  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  pf.-pcs. ;  part-songs,  songs, 
etc. 

Brumel,  Anton,  Flemish  contrapuntist ;  b. 
abt.  1480  ;  d.  abt.  1520.     Lived  at  the  court  of 


Sigismund  Cantelmus,  Duke  of  Sora  ;  in  1505 
he  took  service  with  Alfonso  I.,  Duke  of  P'er- 
rara.  Many  of  his  masses  are  found  in  old  col- 
lections ;  others  are  in  MS.  at  Munich. 

Bruneau,  (Louis-Charles- Bonaventure-) 
Alfred,  b.  Paris,  March  3,  1S57  ;  ent.  Cons. 
1873,  pupil  of  Franchomme  ;  1st  'cello  prize 
1876  ;  also  st.  harm.  ('76-9)  with  Savard,  and 
comp.  w.  Massenet  ;  1st  prize,  1881,  w.  can- 
tata "  Sainte  Genevieve." — Opera  Kirim  at 
Opera-Populaire  (1887)  ;  opera  Le  Reve  (Paris, 
1892);  4-act  "  drame  lyrique  "  V Attaque  du 
moulin  (Opera-Comique,  Paris,  1S93  ;  very  suc- 
cessful); "drame  lyrique"  A/essidor  in  4  acts, 
libretto  by  Emile  Zola  [very  weak]  (Paris,  Gr. 
Opera,  Feb.  19,  1897  ;  unsucc).  Critic  1893-5 
for  the  Paris  "Gil  Bias";  1895  succeeded  Ch. 
Rety  as  critic  of  "  Le  P'igaro,"  also  made  Chev. 
of  Legion  of  Honor. — Other  compositions  : 
Heroic  overture  f.  orch.;  le'gende  "  Penthe'sile'e, 
Reine  des  Amazones  ";  Leda  ;  quatuor  f.  clari- 
nets ;  songs  w.  pf.-accomp.  ("  Miracle,"  "  Le 
Nouveau-Ne,"  "Soiree,"  etc.);  "  Lieds  de 
France."  settings  of  C.  Mendes'  "  Lieds  en 
prose." 

Brunel'li,  Antonio,  m.  di  capp.  to  the  Duke 
of  Florence,  publ.  (1605-21)  motets,  canzonette, 
madrigals,  etc.;  also  a  treatise  :  "  Regole  e  di- 
chiarazioni  di  alcuni  contrapunti  doppi,  .... 
con  diversi  canoni  sopra  un  sol  canto  fermo  " 
(Florence,  1610);  a  curious  work. 

Brunet'ti,  Gaetano,  b.  Pisa,  1753  ;  d.  Mad- 
rid, 180S.  Pupil  of  Nardini,  and  protege  of 
Boccherini,  whom  he  rewarded  with  ingratitude. 
Court  musician  to  Charles  IV.  of  Spain.  —  Works: 
32  symphonies,  5  concerted  symphonies  f.  vari- 
ous instr.s,  6  sextets,  32  quintets,  etc.,  mostly  in 
MS. 

Bru'ni,  Antonio  Bartolommeo,  violinist  and 
dram,  comp.;  b.  Coni,  Piedmont,  Feb.  2,  1759  > 
d.  there  1S23.  Pupil  of  Pugnani  (vln.)  and 
Spezzani  (comp.);  1781,  1st  violin  at  the  Co- 
me'die  Italienne  ;  1789,  conductor  at  the  Th.  de 
Monsieur,  later  at  the  Opera-Comique.  He 
wrote  18  operas,  a  quantity  of  violin-music,  and 
Methods  f.  vln.  and  via. 

Brun'ner,  Christian  Traugott,  b.  Briinlos 
(Erzgebirg),  Dec.  12,  1792  ;  d.  Chemnitz,  Apr. 
14,  1874,  as  organist  and  conductor  of  choral 
societies.  Wrote  instructive  pf.-pcs.,  also  pot- 
pourris, etc. 

Bruyck  [broik],  Karl  Debrois  van,  com- 
poser and  author  ;  b.  Bri'inn,  Mar.  14,  1828  ; 
living  at  Waldhofen  on  the  Ybbs.  A  law-student 
at  Vienna,  he  turned  to  music  in  1850,  studied 
theory  with  Rufinatscha,  and  wrote  for  mus. 
papers.  His  comp.s  are  mostly  in  MS.;  his 
chief  literary  productions  are  a  "  Technische  u. 
asthetische  Analyse  des  Wohltemp.  Claviers " 
(1867;  18S9)  ;  "Robert  Schumann"  (1868,  in 
Kolatschek's  "  Stimmen  der  Zeit  ");  and  "  Die 
Entwickelung  der  Klaviermusik  von  J.  S.  Bach 
bis  R.  Schumann"  (1880). 


90 


BRYENNIUS— BULL 


Bryen'nius,  Manuel,  the  last  ( '.reek  writer  on 
music  (about  1320).  lie  is  not  an  original 
theorist,  however,  his  "Harmonica"  being  a 
compilation  and  summary  from  earlier  Greek- 
authorities.  I'ubl.  in  Johann  Wallis's  "  Opera 
mathematica"  (vol.  iii,   1699). 

Buch'holz,  Johann  Simeon,  b.  Schlosswip- 
pach,  n.  Frfurt,  Sept.  27,  175S  ;  d.  Berlin,  Feb. 
24.  1S25  ;  founder  of  the  celebrated  firm  of  organ- 
builders.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Karl 
August  (1796-18S4),  whose  son,  Karl  Fried- 
rich,  last  of  the  name,  d.  Feb.   17,  1885. 

Biich'ner,  Emil,  b.  Osterfeld,  n.  Naumburg, 
Dec.  25,  1S26.  Pupil  (1S43-6)  of  Leipzig 
Cons. ;  1S65,  court  Kapellm.  at  Meiningen. — 2 
operas,  Dame  Kobold  (i860?)  and  Launcelot ; 
cantata,  Konig Harald 's  Brautfahrt ;  "  Wallen- 
stein  "  overture  ;  other  overtures,  symphonies, 
chamber-music,  etc. 

Buck,  Zechariah,  b.  Norwich,  Engl.,  Sept. 
9,  1798  ;  d.  Newport,  Essex,  Aug.  5,  1879.  Mus. 
Hoc,  Lambeth,  1853  ;  for  many  years  org.  of 
Norwich  cathedral.  An  excellent  teacher  and 
player  ;  a  composer  of  mediocre  ability. 

Buck,  Dudley,  noted  organist,  composer,  and 
teacher;  b.  Hartford,  Conn.,  Mar.  10,  1839. 
Pupil  of  W.  J.  Bab- 
cock  (pf.)  ;  later,  at 
Leipzig  Cons. 
(1858-9),  of  Plaidy 
and  Moscheles  (pf.), 
Hauptmann  (comp.), 
and  J.  Rietz  (instru- 
mentation) ;  also 
studied  under  Rietz 
ami  Johann  Schnei- 
der (organ)  at  Dres- 
den, and  thereafter 
spent  a  year  (1S6 1-2) 

for  study  in  Paris.  Returning  to  America,  he 
became  (1862)  organist  of  the  Park  Ch.,  Hart- 
ford ;  later  of  St.  James',  Chicago;  in  1872  of 
St.  Paul's,  Boston,  where  he  was  also  organist  to 
the  Music  Hall  Association.  In  1S75  he  was 
the  organist  of  the  Cincinnati  May  Festival ;  then, 
at  New  York,  asst. -conductor  of  Th.  Thomas' 
Central  Park  Garden  Concerts,  and  org.  of  St. 
Anne's,  Brooklyn  ;  in  the  same  year  becoming 
the  org.  of  Holy  Trinity  Ch.,  Brooklyn,  and 
director  of  the  Apollo  Club.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  American  composers  to  achieve  general  rec- 
ognition ;  his  church-music  and  numerous  can- 
tatas, sacred  and  secular,  are  deservedly  popular. 
— Works:  The  comic  opera  Deseret  (1880); 
symphonic  overture  "  Marmion  "  (1S80);  a  Can- 
zonetta  and  Bolero  f.  vln.  and  orch.  ; — Organ- 
music  :  Grand  Sonata  in  Ep,  op.  22;  Sonata 
No.  2,  in  G  min.,  op.  77  ;  Triumphal  March, 
op.  26  ;  Impromptu  and  Pastorale, op.  27  ;  Rondo- 
Caprice,  op.  35  ;  Idylle  "At  Evening,"  op.  52; 
"Four  Tone-pictures";  various  transcriptions 
and  sets  of  variations  ;  also  "18  Pedal-phrasing 
Studies,"  op.  28  (2  books) ;  and  "  Illustrations  in 


Choir-accompaniment,  with  Hints  on  Registra- 
tion," a  valuable  handbook  for  organists  and 
students  ; — Pf. -MUSIC  :  "  Midsummer  Fancies," 
"Winter  Pictures,"  Rondo-Caprice,  Scherzo- 
Caprice  ; — Cantatas,  (a)  for  male  chorus  : 
Chorus  of  Spirits  and  Hours,  from  P  route  t  lie  us 
Unbound;  King  Olafs  Christmas  ;  The  Xun 
of  Nidaros;  Voyage  of  Columbus;  Paul  Revere  s 
Ride;  (b)  for  mixed  chorus  :  Centennial  Medita- 
tion of  Columbia ;  Hymn  to  Music;  Legend  of 
Don  Munio;  The  Golden  Legend;  The  Light  of 
Asia ;  Easter  Morning;  The  46th  Psalm;  "  The 
Christian  Year,"  a  series  of  5  cantatas  (1,  The 
Triumph  of  David;  2,  The  Coming  of  the  King ; 
3,  The  Song  of  the  Aright ;  4,  The  Story  of  the 
Cross ;  5,  Christ,  the  Victor);  etc.  Furthermore, 
a  great  variety  of  excellent  church-music  (hymns, 
anthems,  3  Latin  offertories,  Glorias,  Jubilates, 
Te  Deums,  3  "  Benedic  anima,"4  "  Benedictus," 
3  "  Bonura  est,"  3  "  Cantate  Domino,"  etc.) — 
B.  has  also  publ.  "  The  Organist's  Repertoire  " 
(with  A.  P.  Warren)  ;  "  The  Influence  of  the 
Organ  in  History  "  (1882)  ;  and  a  "Dictionary 
of  Musical  Terms." 

Biih'ler,  Franz  Peter  Gregorius,  born  in 
Schneidheim,  n.  Nordlingen,  Apr.  12,  1760  ;  d. 
Augsburg,  Feb.  4,  1824.  A  Benedictine  monk 
at  Donauworth  ;  Kapellm.  at  Botzen,  1794  ;  at 
Augsburg  cathedral,  1801. — Works  :  Opera,  Die 
false  hen  Verdachte;  masses,  psalms,  hymns,  and 
the  like  ;  several  coll.s  of  German  songs  w.  pf. ; 
sonatas  and  preludes  f.  org. ;  theoretical  pam- 
phlets; etc. 

Bull,  John,  famous  organist  and  contrapuntal 

comp.;  b.  Somersetshire,  England,  1563;  d. 
Antwerp,  Mar.  12,  1628.  Pupil  of  William 
Blitheman  in  the  Chapel  Royal ;  org.  of  Hereford 
cath.,  1582,  later  also  Master  of  the  Children. 
15S6  Mus.  Bac,  1592  Mus.  Doc,  Oxon.  In 
1596  he  was  app.,  on  Queen  Elizabeth's  recom- 
mendation, prof,  of  mus.  at  Gresham  Coll.  ;  a 
post  resigned  on  his  marriage,  1607.  In  1617 
he  became  organist  of  the  cathedral  of  Notre 
Dame  at  Antwerp.  200  comp.s  are  attributed  to 
him;  list  in  Ward's  "Lives  of  the  Gresham 
Professors";  several  were  printed  in  contem- 
porary collections  (exercises  and  variations  for 
the  virginals,  some  canons,  and  an  anthem),  and 
a  few  are  reprinted  in  Pauer's  "  Old  Engl.  Com- 
posers." 

Bull,  Ole  Bornemann,  famous  violinist ;  b. 
Bergen,  Norway,  Feb.  5,  1810;  d.  at  his  country- 
seat,  Lysoen,  n.  Bergen,  Aug.  17,  1880.  At  first 
a  pupil  of  Paulsen,  he  rapidly  outgrew  that 
teacher's  method,  and  formed  a  style  peculiarlv 
his  own,  preferring  an  almost  level  bridge  and 
fiat  fingerboard.  A  student  of  theology,  he  failed 
to  pass  the  examinations;  directed  the  Philh.  and 
Dram.  Soc.s  at  Bergen  (1828)  ;  went  to  Spohr 
at  Kassel  in  1829,  found  him  uncongenial,  and 
proceeded  to  Paris  (1S31),  where  he  was  strongly 
influenced  by  Paganini,  and  made  his  debut  in 
1832.     Now,  technically  considered  a  finished 


91 


BULOW 


virtuoso,  he  began  his  long  travels  throughout 
Europe,  and  5  times  to  North  America  (1843-70). 
A  leading  trait  of  H.'s  character  was  his  pas- 
sionate love  for  his  native  land  ;  he  founded  a 
national  theatre  at  Bergen,  but  became  involved 
in  troublesome  dis- 
putes, left  the  town, 
and  in  1852  bought 
a  tract  of  125,000 
acres  in  Pennsyl- 
vania to  est.  a  Nor- 
wegian colony  ;  but 
the  scheme  failed, 
and  he  was  swin- 
dled out  of  an  im- 
mense sum.  His 
loss  was  soon  made 
good,  however,  by 
renewed  artistic 
tours.  Ole  B.  did 
not  rank  high  as  a 
cultivated  musician,  but  he  was  a  past-master  of 
all  resources  and  tricks  of  technique,  and  played 
his  own  pieces  (he  rarely  attempted  others)  with 
wonderful  skill  and  expression.  He  wrote  2 
concertos  (A  maj.  and  E  min.),  and  a  variety  of 
characteristic  solo  pieces. — Biogr.  "Ole  Bull:  a 
Memoir"  (Boston,  1883),  by  Sara  C.  Bull,  his 
second  wife  (German  ed.  Stuttgart,  1886);  O. 
Vik  is  his  Norwegian  biographer  (Bergen,  1890). 
Biilow  [bu'lo],  Hans  Guido  von,  a  pianist, 
conductor,  and  critic  of  wonderful  versatility  and 
the  highest  attain- 
ments ;  born  Dres- 
den, Jan.  8,  1830  ; 
died  Feb.  12, 
1894,  at  Cairo, 
Egypt,  whither  he 
had  gone  in  the 
vain  hope  of  re- 
storing his  under- 
mined health.  At 
the  age  of  9  his 
teachers  were 
Friedrich  Wieck 
(pf.)  and  Eber- 
wein  (  harmony)  ; 
when,  in  1848,  he 
matriculated  at  Leipzig  Univ.  as  a  law-student, 
he  continued  contrapuntal  study  under  Haupt- 
mann.  Next  year,  however,  found  him  at  Ber- 
lin, where  he  adopted  Wagner's  radical  ten- 
dencies (see  W.'s  "  Die  Kunst  und  die  Revo- 
lution," then  just  publ.)  ;  was  confirmed  in  his 
views  by  hearing  Lohengrin  given  at  Weimar 
under  Liszt's  direction,  and  joined  Wagner  in 
his  exile  at  Zurich.  During  1 850-1  the  master 
initiated  him  into  the  art  of  conducting ;  B. 
then  acted  as  conductor  in  the  theatres  at 
Zurich  and  St.  Gallen,  and  finally  became 
Liszt's  pupil  at  Weimar.  I  lis  first  pianistic 
tour  (1853),  through  Germany  and  Austria,  met 
with  fair  success  ;  his  second,  in  1855,  secured 
him  the  succession  to  Kullak  as  first  pf. -teacher 
in  the   Stern  Cons.,    Berlin,   a  post   held  until 


1864.  He  married  Cosima  Liszt  in  1857  ;  in 
1S58  he  was  app.  court  pianist  ;  in  1863  the 
Univ.  of  Jena  made  him  Dr.  phil.  hon.  causa. 
Wagner,  having  been  recalled  from  banishment 
by  Ludwig  II.  of  Bavaria,  influenced  his  royal 
patron  to  invite  B.  to  Munich  in  1864,  as  court 
pianist  ;  from  1867-9  ne  was  also  court 
Kapellm.,  and  Director  of  the  School  of  Music. 
From  1869,  after  separation  from  his  wife,  B. 
lived  in  Florence  as  a  teacher,  pianist,  and  con- 
cert-giver till  1872  ;  here  he  was  also  a  power  in 
musical  circles,  and  did  much  to  introduce 
German  music.  After  an  interval  filled  chiefly 
by  concert-tours,  he  succeeded  Fischer,  in  1878, 
as  court  Kapellm.  at  Hanover ;  but  frequent 
embroilments  with  the  theatre  Intendant  led  to 
B.'s  resignation  in  1S80,  and  from  Oct.  1  of 
that  year  until  1S85  he  acted  as  Hofmusik- 
Intendant  at  Saxe-Meiningen.  In  1882  he  took 
his  second  wife,  Marie  Schanzer,  an  actress  at 
Meiningen.  From  18S5-S  B.  devoted  much 
time  to  teaching  at  the  Raff  Cons.,  Frankfort, 
and  Klind worth's  Cons.,  Berlin  ;  he  likewise 
directed  the  Philharm.  Concerts  at  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Berlin.  In  1888  he  founded,  at  Ham- 
burg, the  "  Subscription  Concerts,"  which  were 
a  great  success  from  the  start. 

Billow's  characteristics,  both  as  a  player  and 
conductor,  were  complete  identification  with  the 
spirit  of  the  interpreted  compositions  ;  careful 
attention  to  the  minutest  details  of  phrasing, 
shading,  and  technique,  resulting  in  reproduc- 
tions of  flawless  accuracy  ;  tireless  energy  ;  and 
an  almost  unexampled  memory,  enabling  him 
not  only  to  play  his  entire  and  unmatchable 
repertory  by  heart,  but  also  to  conduct  the  most 
intricate  orchestral  works  without  score — a  mod- 
ern fashion  in  which  he  was  the  pioneer.  His 
training  of  the  Meiningen  orchestra,  with  which 
he  made  world-renowned  concert-tours,  will,  in 
particular,  ever  be  quoted  as  an  astounding  ex- 
ample of  the  subordination  of  the  instrumental 
factors  to  lofty  artistic  intelligence  and  will- 
power. No  pianist  except  d'Albert  has  success- 
fully followed  his  lead  in  giving  prograrhs  filled 
solelv  with  the  most  difficult  of  Beethoven's 
sonatas  ;  he  was,  indeed,  a  classical  player  par 
excellence,  though  having  at  his  fingers'  ends  all 
the  best  productions  of  modern  piano-literature. 
His  pianistic  tournees  in  Europe  and  America 
(where  he  gave  139  concerts  in  1875-6)  were 
the  triumphal  progresses  of  a  genuine  apostle  of 
high  art. — His  published  comp.s  include  the 
music  to  Shakespeare's  Julius  Ccesar  (op.  10),  a 
Ballade  f.  orch.,  "  Des  Sangers  Fluch  "  (op.  16), 
a  symphonic  Stimmungsbild,  "Nirwana"  (op. 
20),  4  CharakterstUcke  f.  orch.  (op.  23),  and  a 
few  pf. -pieces  and  songs  ;  also  masterly  tran- 
scriptions of  the  prelude  to  Wagner's  Meister- 
singer  and  the  whole  of  Tristan  und  Isolde,  and 
of  Berlioz's  overtures  to  Le  Corsaire  and  J!cn- 
venuto  Cellini.  His  critical  editions  of  Beetho- 
ven's sonatas,  and  of  Cramer's  etudes,  attest 
his  eminent  editorial  ability. — Biographical  : 
"  Brief e  und  Schriften  Hans  von  Billows,"  by 


92 


BULSS— BURGMULLER 


Marie  v.    B.,   contains   letters  from    1841-55  (2 
vol.s  ;   Leipzig,  1895). 

Bulss,  Paul,  baritone  stage-singer;  b.  Birk- 
holz  Manor,  Priegnitz,  Dec.  19,  1847.  Pupil  of 
G.  Engel;  eng.  in  theatres  at  Lt'ibeck,  Cologne, 
Kassel,  Dresden  (1S76-S9),  and  now  at  the  Berlin 
Court  Opera. 

Bult'haupt,  Heinrich,  poet  and  dramatist ;  b. 
Bremen,  Oct.  26,  1S49  ;  wrote  a  "Dramaturgic 
der  Oper "  (Leipzig,  18S7,  2  vol.s);  a  valuable 
work. 

Bung'ert,  August,  b.  Miilheim-on-Ruhr, 
March  14,  1846  ;  taught  by  H.  F.  Knfferath 
(pf.),  then  at  Co- 
logne Cons. ;  there- 
after, for  4  years, 
at  Paris  Cons, ;  he 
also  studied  with 
Mathias,  Kapellm. 
at  Kreuznach 
(1S69),  and  after- 
wards at  Karlsruhe; 
he  lived  (1873-81)  in 
Berlin,  pursu- 
ing contrapuntal 
studies  under  Kiel, 
and  since  1882  at 
Pegli,  near  Genoa. 
—  Compositions: 
Since  1871,  B.  has  worked  on  2  great  opera-cy- 
cles: I.  Die  Ilias,  comprising  (i)  A clullcs ;  (2) 
Klytemnestra ; — II.  Die  Odyssee,  comprising  (1) 
Kirke,  (2)  Nausikaa,  (3)  Odysseus'  Heimkehr 
(Berlin,  Mar  31,  1898  ;  mod.  succ),  (4)  Odysseus' 
Tod. — Each  of  these  6  "  Abende  "  is  also  pro- 
vided with  a  "  Vorspiel  "  ;  the  entire  work  (2 
cycles)  is  entitled  "  Homerische  Welt." — Die 
Odyssee  was  finished  in  1S96  ;  Die  Ilias  is 
partly  completed. — Comic  opera,  Die  Studenten 
von  Salamanca  (Leipzig,  1884)  ;  symph.  poem, 
Auf  der  Wartburg  j  Holies  Lied  der  Liebe,  w. 
orch. ;  "Tasso"  overture;  pf. -quartet,  op.  18 
(won  prize  offered  by  Florentine  Quartet,  187S); 
pieces  (e.g.,  "  Italienische  Reisebilder ")  and 
variations  (op.  13)  f.  pf.;  quartets  f.  men's 
voices  ;  songs  (many  to  Carmen  Sylva's 
"  Lieder  einer  Konigin  "). 

Bunning,  Herbert,  b.  London,  May  2,  1863. 
St.  comp.  at  Milan  from  1886  to  1891  under 
V.  Ferroni,  then  returning  to  London.  First 
succ.  work,  an  Ital.  scena,  Ludovico  il  Moro 
(1892).  Has  written  2  symphonic  poems,  a 
rhapsody,  overtures,  and  suites  ("  Village  Suite," 
1896)  for  orchestra  ;  scenas,  part-songs,  and 
songs  ;  opera,   The  last  days  of  Pompeii  (MS.). 

Bunting,  Edward,  historiographer  of  Irish 
music;  b.  Armagh,  Feb.,  1773  ;  d.  Belfast,  Dec. 
21,  1843.  His  collections  fill  3  volumes  (Lon- 
don, 1796;  London,  1809;  Dublin,  1840)  and 
are  based  on  diligent  research,  and  oral  commu- 
nication from  contemporary  harpers  of  note. 

Buonami'ci,  Giuseppe, distinguished  pianist; 
b.   Florence,  Feb.    12,    1846.     His  uncle,   Giu- 


seppe Ceccherini,  was  his  first  teacher  ;  from 
1868-70,  pupil  of  Billow  and  Rheinberger  at 
Munich  Cons.;  then,  for  3  years,  teacher  there 
of  advanced  pf.-classes.  1873,  cond.  of  the 
Florentine  Choral  Society  "Cherubini";  later 
founded  the  Flor.  "Trio  Society."  He  has 
publ.  a  compilation  of  the  technical  figures  found 
in  Beethoven's  pf.-music,  in  the  form  of  Daily 
Studies;  also  50  Etudes  from  Bertini  (preparatory 
to  Billow's  "Cramer");  has  edited  Bach's  les- 
ser Preludes  and  Fugues,  and  the  "  Biblioteca 
del  Tianista"  publ.  by  Ricordi.  Also  publ.  pf.- 
pcs. ,  a  concert-overture,  a  string-quartet,  and 
songs. 

Buononci'ni.     See  Bononcini. 

Buranel'lo.     See  Galuppi. 

Burbure  de  Wesembeck,  Leon-Philippe- 
Marie,  Chevalier  de,  b.  Termonde,  East  Flan- 
ders, Aug  16,  1812  ;  d.  Antwerp,  Dec.  8,  18S9. 
Nobleman  and  musical  connoisseur ;  wrote  valu- 
able monographs  on  the  ancient  Antwerp  music- 
guilds  of  St.  Jacob  and  Sta.  Maria  Magdalena  ; 
on  clavichord-  and  lute-makers  in  Antwerp  (from 
the  16th  cent.)  ;  on  the  Belgian  Cecilian  Society; 
and  on  Haussens,  Bosselet,  and  Okeghem.  Publ. 
comp.s  f.  orch.,  chamber-music,  church-music, 
etc. 

Bur'ci.     See  Burtius. 

Burck.     See  Burgk. 

Biir'de-Ney,  Jenny,  dramatic  soprano  ;  b. 
Graz,  Dec.  21,  1826  ;  d.  Dresden,  May  17, 
18S6.  Debut  at  Olmiitz,  1847  ;  sang  at  Prague, 
Lemberg,  Vienna  (1850),  Dresden  (1853),  Lon- 
don (1855-6),  Berlin,  Hanover,  etc.  Married 
(1S55)  the  actor  E.  Biirde  ;  retired  1867. 

Burette,  Pierre-Jean,  b.  Paris,  Nov.  21, 
1665  ;  d.  there  May'  19,  1747,  as  prof,  of  medi- 
cine at  Paris  Univ.,  member  of  the  Acad.,  etc. 
His  scholarly  notes  on  Greek  music,  in  which 
he  combats  the  idea  that  the  Greeks  cultivated 
polyphony,  are  printed  in  vol.s  i-xvii  of  the 
memoirs  of  the  "  Acad,  des  Inscriptions." 

Biir'gel,  Konstantin,  b.  Liebau,  Silesia, 
June  24,  1S37  ;  pupil  of  Brosig  (Breslau)  and 
Kiel  (Berlin)  ;  from  1S69-70  pf.-teacher  in  Kul- 
lak's  Academy  ;  now  private  teacher.  Has 
written  overtures,  chamber-music,  etc. 

Burgk  (properly  Joachim  Moller  [or  Miil- 
ler]),  called  Joachim  a  Burgk  (or  Burg,  or 
Burck),  b.  Burg,  n.  Magdeburg,  abt.  1541  ;  d. 
May  24,  1610,  Miilhausen,  Thuringia,  where  he 
had  been  org.  since  1566  (?).  Very  eminent 
(Protestant)  church-composer,  whose  works  were 
publ.  1550-1626. 

Burg'mein,  J.,  is  the  pen-name  of  Giulio 
Ricordi,  the  Milan  music-publisher. 

Burg'miiller,  Johann  Friedrich  Franz,  b. 
Ratisbon,  1806  ;  d.  Beaulieu,  France,  Feb.  13, 
1874.  Wrote  light  salon-music  ;  some  of  his 
studies  (op.  100,    105)  are  useful. 

Burg'miiller,  Norbert,  brother  of  preceding; 
b.  Dusseldorf,  Feb,  S,  1S10;  d.  Aix-la-Chapelle, 


93 


BURKHARD— BUSNOIS 


May  7,  1S36.  Highly  gifted  pianist  and  com- 
poser ;  pupil  of  Spohr  and  Ilauptmann  at  Kas- 
sel. — Publ.  a  pf. -concerto  in  F  #  min.  (op.  1)  ;  a 
sonata  in  F  min.  (op.  8)  ;  Rhapsodie  (op.  13)  ;  a 
Polonaise  (op.  16);  other  sonatas,  etc.;  also 
quartets. 

Burk'hard,  Johann  Andreas  Christian, 
pastor  and  school-inspector  at  Leipheim,  Swabia; 
publ.  a  small  Diet,  of  Music  (Ulm,  1832),  and  a 
"  Generalbasslehre  "  (1827). 

Bur'meister,  Richard,  composer  and  concert 
pianist  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Germany,  Dec.  7,  1S60. 
St.  w.  Liszt  at  Weimar,  Rome,  and  Pesth 
(18S0-3),  accompanying  him  on  his  travels. 
Teacher  in  Hamburg  Cons.;  then  for  12  years 
director  of  pf.-dept.  in  Peabody  Inst.,  Balti- 
more ;  at  present  (1S99)  residing  in  New  York. 
B.  makes  extensive  pianistic  tours  through 
Europe  and  America. — Works  :  Op.  1,  pf. -con- 
certo in  D  min.;  op.  2,  "  The  Chase  after  For- 
tune "  {Die  Jagd  nach  dew  Clink),  symphonic 
Fantasy  in  3  movements  ;  op.  3,  Cadenza  to 
Chopin's  F  min.  concerto  ;  op.  4,  3  songs  ;  op. 
5,  Capriccio  f.  pf . ;  op.  6,  "  Wanderer's  Night 
Song";  pf. -transcriptions  of  songs.  He  has 
rescored  Chopin's  F  minor  concerto,  and  arr. 
for  Liszt's  "Pathetic"  concerto  an  orchestral 
accompaniment. 

Burney,  Charles,  b.  Shrewsbury,  Engl.,  Apr. 
7,  1726;  d.  Chelsea,  Apr.  12,  1814.  Pupil  of  Baker 
(org.  of  Chester  cath.),  and  of  Arne  in  London 
(1744-7).  I11  I749  ne  became  org.  of  St.  Dionis 
Back-church,  and  harpsichord-player  at  the  sub- 
scription-concerts in  the  King's  Arms,  Corn- 
hill.  He  was  org.  at  Lynn-Regis,  Norfolk, 
1751  ;  Mus.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc  ,  Oxon.,  in  1769  ; 
travelled  in  France  and  Italy  (1770),  and  in  Ger- 
many, the  Netherlands,  etc.  (1772)  ;  was  elected 
F.R.S.  on  his  return  in  1773.  During  these 
journeys,  and  while  living  at  Lynn- Regis,  he 
collected  notes  for  his  historical  works  :  "  The 
Present  State  of  Music  in  France  and  Italy," 
etc.  (1771,  in  diary-form)  ;  "  The  Present  State 
of  Music  in  Germany,  the  Netherlands,"  etc. 
(1773)  ;  and  his  "  General  History  of  Music  "  (4 
vol.s,  1776-S9).  Other  writings  :  "A  Plan  for 
a  Music-School"  (1774);  "La  musica  che  si 
canta  annualmente  nelle  funzioni  della  setti- 
mana  santa  nella  Cappella  Pontificia,  composta 
da  Palestrina,  Allegri  e  Bai  "  (17S4);  the  articles 
on  music  for  Ree's  Encyclopaedia  ;  and  minor 
works.  He  composed,  for  Drury  Lane,  music 
to  the  dramas  Alfred,  Robin  Hood,  and  Queen 
Mali  (1750).  and  The  Cunning  Man  (1760,  text 
and  music  adapted  from  "  Le  Devin  du  Village  " 
by  Rousseau)  ;  also  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  f.  vln. ; 
vln. -concertos,  cantatas,  flute-duets,  etc. — His 
daughter.  Miss  Burney  (Mme.  d'Arblay),  wrote 
the  novel  "  Evelina." 

Buroni.     See  Boroni. 

Burr,  Willard,  b.  Ravenna,  Ohio,  Jan.  17, 
1852.  Graduate  of  Oberlin  Cons.,  1877;  pupil 
of  August  Haupt  at  Berlin,  1879-80.    Composer 


and  writer  in  Boston,  Mass. — Works  :  .String- 
quartets,  pf. -trios,  Grand  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.; 
sonatas,  nocturnes,  fantasias,  fugues,  etudes, 
etc.,  f.  pf.  ("'  From  Shore  to  Shore,"  op.  19, 
contains  a  series  of  7  pes.)  ;  anthems  and  other 
church-music  ;  songs. 

Burrowes,  John  Freckleton,  composer  and 
writer  ;  b.  London,  April  23,  1787  ;  d.  there 
Mar.  31,  1852.  Pupil  of  W.  Horsley  ;  member 
of  the  Philh.  Soc,  and  org.  of  St.  James',  Picca- 
dilly. He  was  a  good  pianist  and  successful 
teacher;  his  "Thorough-bass  Primer"  (Lon- 
don, 1818)  has  passed  through  many  editions. — 
Comp.s  :  Overture  f.  full  orch.;  sonatas  f.  pf. 
and  flute,  pf.  and  'cello,  and  pf.  and  vln.;  6 
Divertissements  f.  pf. ;  6  Engl.  Ballads  ;  many 
arrangements,  etc.;  he  also  wrote  a  "  Pianoforte 
Primer." 

Bur'tius  (or  Bur'ci,  Bur'zio),  Nicolaus, 
b.  Parma,  1450;  d.  there  abt.  1520.  Author  of 
"  Musicesopusculum"  (Bologna,  1487),  specially 
noteworthy  as  the  earliest  specimen  of  printed 
mensural  music  (cut  on  wooden  blocks). 

Busby,  Thomas,  b.  Westminster,  Engl., 
Dec,  1755  ;  d.  London,  May  28,  1838.  An 
articled  pupil  of  Battishill  (1769-74),  he  became 
org.  of  St.  Mary's,  Newington,  Surrey,  and 
(1798)  of  St.  Mary,  W7oolnoth,  Lombard  St.; 
he  took  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  at  Cambridge, 
1800.  His  writings  include  a  "  Genend  History 
of  Music  "  (London,  1819,  2  vol.s,  much  ma- 
terial being  taken  from  Burney  and  Hawkins)  ; 
"  Grammar  of  Music  "  (London,  181S)  ;  "  Con- 
cert-Room and  Orchestra  Anecdotes,"  etc. 
(1S25,  3  vol.s)  ;  "  Musical  Manual,  or  Techni- 
cal Directory  "  (182S).  His  music  comprises  an 
oratorio,  The  Prophecy  (1799),  several  odes, 
much  incidental  music  to  plays  ;  also  songs,  etc. ; 
and  is  not  of  marked  originality. 

Bu'si,  Giuseppe,  b.  Bologna,  180S;  d.  there 
Mar.  14,  1S71.  His  teachers  were  Palmerini 
(harm.)  and  T.  Marchesi  (cpt.)  ;  from  1830  he 
was  prof,  of  cpt.  at  the  Bologna  Liceo.  His 
church-music  is  valuable. 

Bu'si,  Alessandro,  son  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Bologna,  Sept.  28,  1833  ;  d.  there,  July  8,  189c  ; 
violoncellist,  composer,  contrapuntist  ;  player  in 
orch.,  then  conductor,  of  Comunale  Th.;  1S65, 
teacher  of  harmony  in  Bol.  Liceo;  1871,  sue 
ceeded  his  father  as  prof,  of  counterpoint  ;  1S84, 
also  app.  Dir.  of  School  of  Singing.  Biogr. 
sketch  by  L.  Torchi  :  "  Commemorazione  di  A. 
Busi  "  (Bologna,  1S96). — Best  works  :  Requiem 
mass  f.  tenors,  basses,  and  gr.  orch.;  Mass  f. 
ditto  ;  symphony  "  Excelsior"  f.  ch.  and  orch.; 
"  Elegia  funebre  "  (for  Rossini)  ;  capriccio  "In 
alto  mare,"  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  many  Romanze  f. 
voice  and  pf. ;  several  pf.-pes 

Busnois,  Antoine  (properly  de  Busne),  con- 
trapuntist of  the  First  Netherland  School  ;  1407, 
chapel-singer  to  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  ; 
d.  148 1.     Only  3  chansons  in  Petrucci's  "  Canti 


94 


BUSONI— BUTHS 


CL"  (1503),  and  a  few  MS.  masses,  magnificats, 
motets,  and  chansons,  are  still  extant. 

Buso'ni,  Ferruccio  Benvenuto,  b.  Empoli, 
near  Florence,  April  i,  1S66.  His  father  (Fer- 
dinando),  a  fine  clarinettist,  and  mother  (ne'e 
Weiss),  an  excellent  pianist,  were  his  first  teach- 
ers. At  8  he  made 
his  debut  as  a  pian- 
ist, at  Vienna  ;  then 
st.  in  Graz,  under 
W.  A.  Remy  (Dr. 
W.Mayer).  IniSSi, 
after  a  successful 
concert-tourin  Italy, 
elected  a  member  of 
the  Reale  Accade- 
mia  Filarmonica, 
Bologna.  In  1S86 
he  came  to  Leipzig  ; 
comp.  a  phantastic 
opera,  string-quartet 
(Dmin.),  symphonic 
suite,  etc.  iSSS-g, 
teacher  of  pf. -play- 
ing in  Ilelsingfors  Cons.;  1S90,  took  Rubin- 
stein prizes  for  composition  and  pf.-playing  (for 
Concertstiick  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  op.  31a  ;  Sonata  f. 
pf.  and  vln. ;  pf.-arr.  of  J.  S.  Bach's  K  [7  Prelude 
and  Fugue  for  Organ  ;  and  various  pf.-pcs., 
among  them  2  Cadenzas  to  Beethoven's  Con- 
certo in  G).  1S90,  prof,  in  the  Imp.  Cons,  at 
Moscow.  1891,  prof,  of  pf.-playing  in  the  New 
Engl.  Cons,  at  Boston,  Mass.;  1893,  returned 
to  Europe  ;  made  a  very  succ.  concert-tour  in 
1895  (Belgium,  Denmark,  and  Italy),  and  is  now 
(1899)  living  in  Berlin.  A  piano  -  virtuoso  of 
high  rank,  and  a  composer  of  promise.  A  very 
original  work  is  his  ed.  of  Bach's  "  Well-t.  Clavi- 
chord," with  critical  notes  and  etudes. — Works 
(about  40  publ.  opus-numbers):  12  songs  ;  4  Bal- 
letscenen,  7  etudes,  and  24  preludes  f.  pf. ; 
Vars.  and  Fugue  on  Chopin's  C  min.  Prelude  f. 
pf . ;  2  string-quartets;  2  vln. -sonatas  ;  a  vln.- 
concerto  ;  2  suites  f.  orch.;  a  "  Symphonisches 
Tongedicht "  f.  orch.;  a  Concertstiick  f.  pf . ;  a 
"  Lustspiel-Ouverti'ire  "  f.  orch.;  4  choruses  w. 
orch. ;  many  transcriptions  of  Bach's  works  ; 
Finnish  Folk-songs  f.  pf.,  4  hands  ;  Suite,  Sere- 
nade, and  Variations,  f.  'cello  ;  pf. -sonata,  op.  8  ; 
6 char.  pes.  f.  pf.,  op.  9  ;  3  Pezzi  nellostilo  antico 
f.  pf.,  op.  10  ;   Danze  antiche  f.  pf. ,  op.  11  ;  etc. 

Biisser,  Henri-Paul,  excellent  organist ;  b. 
Toulouse,  Jan.  16,  1872.  Studied  in  the  mai- 
trise  of  Toulouse  cath.,  then  in  Paris  at  the 
Niedermeyer  School,  later  at  the  Cons.  (Gui- 
raud,  Gounod).  Took  1st  Grand  prix  de  Rome 
in  1893  with  his  cantata  Antigone.  Since  1892, 
organist  at  St. -Cloud. — Works  :  i-act  pastorale 
Daphnis  et  Chlod (Paris,  Op. -Com.,  1897  ;  mod. 
succ.)  ;  cantata  Aniadis  de  Gaule  (1892,  2nd 
Grand  prix  de  Rome)  ;  orchestral  suite  A  la 
villa  Medicis ;  he  has  in  preparation  a  lyric 
drama  Colombo.,  and  a  3-act  opera,  Le  miracle 
des  perles. 


Busshop,  Jules  -  Auguste  -  Guillaume,  b. 
Paris,  Sept.  10,  1S10  ;  d.  Bruges,  Belgium.  Feb. 
10,  1896.  A  self-taught,  successful  composer 
of  motets,  cantatas,  etc.,  with  and  without 
orch.  accomp.;  prize-cantata,  Le  drapeau  beige, 
1S34  ;  Te  Deum  (Brussels,  i860);  several  over- 
tures ;  Symphony  in  F  ;  opera  Le  toison  d'or 
in  MS.;  Solemn  Mass;  considerable  military 
music. 

Buss'ler,  Ludwig,  distinguished  musical 
theorist  ;  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  26,  1S38.  His  father 
was  the  painter,  author,  and  privy  councillor 
Robert  Bussler  ;  his  maternal  grandfather  was 
the  famous  tenor  singer,  Karl  Bader.  He  studied 
at  first  as  a  choir-boy  under  von  Hertzberg  ;  in 
theory  he  was  taught  later  by  Dehn  and  Grell, 
and  learned  instrumentation  with  Wieprecht.  In 
1865  he  became  teacher  of  theory  in  the  Ganz 
School  of  Music,  Berlin  ;  since  1879,  at  the 
Stern  Cons.;  also  acted  as  cond.  at  the  Memel 
Theatre  in  1869,  etc.  In  1S83  he  became  mu- 
sical critic  for  the  "  National  Zeitung."  His 
eminently  practical  writings  are  a  "  Musikalische 
Elementarlehre"  (1S67,  3rd  ed.  1882;  English 
transl.  N.  V.,  1895)  ;  "  Praktische  Harmonie- 
lehre  in  Aufgaben  "  (1875;  1885;  English  transl. 
N.  Y.,  1895);  "  Der  strenge  Satz "  (1877); 
"  Harm.  Ubungenam  Klavier"  (no  date  ;  Engl, 
transl.  N.  Y.,  1S90)  ;  "  Kontrapunkt  und  Fuge 
im  freien  Tonsatz  "  (1878);  "  Mus.  Formen- 
lehre"  (1878;  Engl.  ed.  N.  Y.,  1883;  1896); 
"Praktische  mus.  Kompositionslehre "  :  Part 
I,  "  Lehre  vom  Tonsatz"  (1S7S)  ;  Part  II, 
"  Freie  Komposition  "  (iS"]^  ;  "  Instrumenta- 
tion und  Orchestersatz  "  (1S79)  ;  "  Elementar- 
melodik "  (1879);  "  Geschichte  der  Musik  " 
(1882,  six  lectures)  ;  "  Partiturstudium  "  [Modu- 
lationslehre]  (1882). 

Buss'meyer,  Hugo,  pianist ;  b.  Brunswick, 
Feb.  26,  1S42.  Pupil  of  Karl  Richter  and  H. 
Litolff  (pf.),  and  Methfessel  (comp.)  ;  1S60,  con- 
cert-tour in  South  America  (Rio,  Montevideo, 
Buenos  Ayres,  Chili,  and  Peru),  returning  to 
Paris  via  New  York.  In  i860  he  went  to  Mex- 
ico, and  then  settled  in  N.  Y.  He  has  publ.  a 
few  pf.-pcs.,  and  a  pamphlet,  "Das  Heiden- 
thum  in  der  Musik  "  (1871). 

Buss'meyer,  Hans,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Brunswick,  Mar.  29,  1S53  ;  pupil  of  the  Royal 
School  of  Music  at  Munich,  where  he  has  been 
teacher  since  1874.  He  studied  with  Liszt,  and 
made  pianistic  tours  in  S.  America  (1872-4)  ; 
founder  (1879)  and  cond.  of  the  Munich  Choral 
Society.      Has  written  pf.-pcs. 

Buths  [boots],  Julius,  brilliant  pianist  ;  b. 
Wiesbaden,  May  7,  1S51  ;  pupil  of  his  father 
(an  oboist)  and  Gernsheim  ;  later  of  Hiller 
(Cologne)  and  Kiel  (Berlin).  1S71-2,  cond.  the 
"  Cecilia  "  at  Wiesbaden;  won  the  Meyerbeer 
Scholarship  in  1S73,  and  lived  in  Milan  and 
Paris  1873-4;  cond.  in  Breslau,  1875-9;  m 
Elberfeld,  1879-90  ;  since  then,  cond.  of  the 
Mus.  Soc.  at  Elberfeld. — Works  :  Pf.-pcs.  (con- 


95 


BUTTSTEDT— CACCINI 


certo,  quintet,  suite,  Sarabande,  Gavotte,  Novel- 
letten,  etc.) 

Butt'stedt,  Johann  Heinrich,  fine  organ- 
ist ;  b.  ]!indersleben,  n.  Erfurt,  Apr.  25,  1666;  d. 
Erfurt,  Dec.  1,  1727,  as  cathedral  organist.  A 
pupil  of  Pachelbel.  Wrote  the  famous  pamph- 
let (a  defence  of  sol-mi-sation,  attacking  Mat- 
theson's  "  Neu  eroffnetes  Orchester"),  "  Ut,  re, 
mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  tota  musica  et  harmonia  aeterna," 
oder  "  Neu  eroffnetes  altes,  wahres,  einziges  u. 
ewiges  Fundamentum  musices  "  (abt.  1716)  ;  re- 
futed by  Mattheson's  "  Beschiitztes  Orchester" 
(1717).  Publ.  (Leipzig,  1716)  a  volume  of  clavi- 
chord-music, "  Musikalische  Clavierkunst  und 
Vorrathskammer "  (4  preludes  and  fugues,  an 
aria  w.  18  var.s,  and  2  "  Parthien  "  [suites]).  lie 
also  comp.  church-music. 

Buus,  Jachet  [Jacques]  de,  Flemish  con- 
trapuntist;  probably  b.  at  Bruges,  1510  (?)  ;  d. 
(?).  In  1 54 1  he  was  elected  asst.-org.  at  San 
Marco,  Venice;  1553-64,  org.  of  the  court- 
chapel,  Vienna.  2  books  of  Ricercari,  2  of  Can- 
zoni  franccsi,  and  1  of  Mottetli,  were  publ. 
(i547-5o). 

Buxtehu'de,  Dietrich,  b.  Ilelsingor  (Elsi- 
nore),  Denmark,  1639  ;  d.  Lubeck,  May  9,  1707, 
as  organist  at  the  Marienkirche,  a  post  he  had 
held  since  1668.  He  was  famed  far  and  wide  as 
an  organist  ;  in  1673  he  established  the  "  Abend- 
musiken,"  celebrated  musical  services  made  up 
of  organ-music  and  concerted  pieces  f.  ch.  and 
orch.,  held  on  Sunday  afternoons  from  4  to  5  ; 
to  hear  them,  J.  S.  Bach  walked  50  miles,  from 
Arnstadt.  As  a  composer  he  was  greatest  in 
the  instrumental  fugue  and  suite.  A  complete 
ed.  of  his  organ-works  has  been  publ.  by  Ph. 
Spitta.  Other  instr.l  and  vocal  works  are  extant* 
in  MS.  or  in  rare  printed  editions. 

Buz'zola,  Antonio,  dramatic  composer  ;  b. 
Adria,  1S15;  d.  Venice,  Mar.  20,  1S71.  Pupil 
of  liis  father,  a  musical  director,  and  of  Doni- 
zetti at  Naples.  After  bringing  out  at  Venice 
the  operas  Ferramondo  (1836),  Mastino  I  della 
Saila  (1841),  and  Gli  Avventurieri  (1842),  he 
travelled,  for  the  purpose  of  study,  in  Germany 
and  France,  returning  (1847)  to  Venice,  where  he 
produced  Amlelo  (1S48),  and  Elisabetta  di  Valois 
(1850).  In  1S55  he  was  app.  m.  di  eapp.  at  San 
Marco,  and  wrote  much  good  church-music,  etc. 
An  opera  in  Venetian  dialect,  La  Pitta  onorata, 
remains  unfinished. 

Byrd  (or   Byrde,  Bird,   Byred),  William, 

b.  London,  abt.  1538  ;  d.  there  July  4,  1623. 
Pupil  of  Tallis,  and  (1554)  senior  chorister  at 
St.  Paul's;  1563,  organist  of  Lincoln  cath.; 
1569,  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal.  In 
1575  a  lucrative  patent  for  the  exclusive  privi- 
lege of  printing  music  and  selling  music-paper 
was  granted  to  Byrd  and  Tallis,  passing  wholly 
into  Byrd's  possession  on  Tallis'  death  (1585). 
B.  was  an  excellent  org.  and  skilful  contrapunt- 
ist— one   of    the    foremost    composers    of    the 


period. — Publ.  Works  :  "  Cantiones  .  .  .  sacrae 
..."  a  5-6  ;  "  Psalms,  Sonets  and  Songs 
of  Sadnes  and  Pietie  ..."  a  5  ;  "Songs  of 
Sundrie  Natures  .  .  .  "  a  3-6  ;  "  Liber  Primus 
Sacrarum  Cantionum  "  a  5  ;  "  Liber  Secundus  " 
(do.);  "  Gradualia  ac  cantiones  sacrae  .  .  ." 
a  5-6  ;  "  Psalms,  Songs  and  Sonets  ..."  a 
3-6  ;  separate  numbers  in  various  coll.s  ("  Mu- 
sica Transalpina"  [1588];  Watson's  "Italian 
Madrigales"  [1590]  ;  "  Parthenia "  [1600]; 
"  Leighton's  Teares  and  Lamentacions  "  [1614  ; 
part-songs]  ;  Barnard's  "  Selected  Church 
Music"  [1641  ;  services  and  anthems]  ;  Boyce's 
"Cathedral  Music"  [do.]);  music  for  "virgin- 
als" and  organ  in  "Virginal  Book  of  Queen 
Elizabeth"  and  "  Lady  Nevill's  Virginal  Book." 
— Newly  republ.:  A  Mass  in  D  min. ;  Book  1 
of  the  "Cantiones  Sacra?";  and  several  pieces 
in  Pauer's  "  Old  English  Composers." 


Caballe'ro,  Manuel  Fernandez,  b.  Murcia, 
March  14,  1S35,  Pupil  at  Madrid  Cons,  of 
Fuertes  (harm.)  and  Eslava  (comp.)  ;  then  de- 
voted himself  wholly  to  composition,  and  be- 
came very  popular  as  a  writer  of  zarzuelas  ;  his 
latest  are  Los  Dineros  del  Sacristan  and  Los 
Africanistas  (Barcelona,  1894)  ;  El  cabo  pri- 
mero  (Barcelona,  1895)  ;  La  Riteda  de  la  For- 
liuia  (Madrid,  '96  ;  succ).  He  has  also  writ- 
ten sacred  music. 

Ca'bo,  Francisco  Javier,  b.  Naguera,  n. 
Valencia,  1832.  Successively  chapel-singer, 
org.,  and  maestro  at  Valencia  cath.  Composed 
masses,  vespers,  etc.,  in  modern  style. 

Cacci'ni,  Giulio,  called  "  Roma'no,"  be- 
cause born  at  Rome,  abt.  1546  ;  d.  Florence,  abt. 
161 5,  where  he  had  resided  since  1565  as  singer 
to  the  Tuscan  court.  A  pupil  of  Scipione  della 
Palla  in  singing  and  lute-playing.  His  first 
essays  in  composition  were  madrigals  in  the 
ancient  polyphonic  style  ;  but  the  example  of 
Vincenzo  Galilei,  and  his  own  surpassing  skill  as 
a  singer  (aided,  no  doubt,  by  the  discussions  of 
the  artists  and  literati  frequenting  the  houses  of 
Bardi  and  Corsi  at  Florence),  inspired  him  to 
write  vocal  soli  in  recitative-form  (then  termed 
musica  in  islile  rappreseniativd),  which  he  sang 
with  great  applause  to  his  own  accomp.  on  the 
theorbo.  These  first  essays  in  dramatic  music 
were  followed  by  his  settings  of  detached  scenes 
written  by  Bardi,  and  finally  by  the  opera  77 
combattimento  d ' Apolliue  col  serpente,  poem  by 
Bardi  ;  then  appeared  I.a  Dafne  (1594),  in  col- 
laboration with  Peri,  poem  by  Rinucinni  ;  Eury- 
diee  (1600),  poem  by  Rinuccini ;  and  II  rapimento 
di  Cefalo  (Get.  9,  1600,  the  first  opera  ever  pro- 
duced in  a  public  theatre),  poem  by  Chiabrera. 
Another  "  epoch-making  "  work  was  "  Le  nuove 
niusiche,"  a  series  of  madrigals  for  solo  voice,  w. 
bass  (1601 ;  1607  ;  1615).     lie  also  publ,  "  Nove 


96 


CADAUX— CALDICOTT 


Arie  "(Venice,  1608), and  "Fuggilotio  musicale  " 
(Venice,  1614  ;  madrigals,  sonnets,  arias,  etc.) 
Caccini  was  called,  by  abbate  Angelo  Grillo,  the 
"  father  of  a  new  style  of  music  "  ;  Bardi  said  of 
him  that  he  had  "  attained  the  goal  of  perfect 
music." 

Cadaux,  Justin,  b.  Albi  (Tarn),  France, 
Apr.  13,  1813  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  8,  1874.  Pupil 
of  Zimmerman  (pf.)  and  Dourlen  (harm.),  at 
Paris  Cons. ;  composed  6  comic  operas. 

Cadeac,  Pierre,  choirmaster  at  Auch,  France, 
in  the  16th  century  ;  he  composed  and  publ.  many 
masses  and  motets  (1543-1558). 

Caecilia.     See  Cecilia. 

Cafa'ro,     Pasquale     (called     CaffarielTo), 

noted  composer;  b.  San  Pietro  in  Galatina,  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  Italy,  Feb.  S,  1706;  d.  Naples, 
Oct.  23,  1797.  Pupil  of  L.  Leo  in  Naples  Cons, 
della  Pieta  d.  T.  1724-36,  and  was  Leo's  succes- 
sor in  1745.  Wrote  operas,  oratorios,  cantatas, 
etc. ;  a  Stabat  Mater  in  2  p.,  w.  org.,  is  specially 
noteworthy. 

CaffarelTi  (real  name  Gaetano  Majora'no), 

brilliant  soprano  (ninsieo);  b.  Pari,  April  16, 
1703  ;  d.  on  his  estate  Santo-Dorato,  n.  Naples, 
Nov.  30,  17S3.  A  poor  peasant-boy,  endowed 
with  a  beautiful  voice,  he  was  discovered  by  a 
musician  named  Caffaro  (not  Pasquale  Cafaro), 
who  taught  him,  and  sent  him  to  Porpora  at 
Naples.  In  gratitude  to  his  patron  he  assumed 
the  name  of  Caffarelli.  After  5  years'  hard  study 
Porpora  dismissed  him  with  the  words  :  "  Go, 
my  son,  I  have  nothing  more  to  teach  you  ;  you 
are  the  greatest  singer  in  Italy  and  in  the  world." 
He  was  indeed  a  master  of  pathetic  song,  and 
excelled  in  coloratura  as  well  ;  he  read  the  most 
difficult  music  at  sight,  and  was  an  accomplished 
harpsichord-player.  His  debut  at  the  Teatro 
Valle  (Rome,  172.1)  in  a  female  role  (such  was 
the  custom  for  artificial  soprani)  was  attended  by 
a  perfect  ovation  ;  his  renown  increased  from 
year  to  year.  In  173S  he  sang  in  London,  and 
apparently  made  little  impression  ;  but  in  Italy, 
Spain,  Paris,  and  Vienna,  he  was  triumphantly 
successful.  He  amassed  a  fortune,  bought  the 
dukedom  of  Santo-Dorato,  and  assumed  the  title 
of  duke. 

Caffi,  Francesco,  b.  Venice,  1786  ;  d.  Padua, 
1874.  Wrote  a  "  Storia  della  musica  sacra  nella 
gia  Cappella  Ducale  di  S.  Marco  in  Venezia  dal 
131S  al  1797"  (2  vol.s;  Venice,  1854,  1S55),  an 
important  and  trustworthy  work  ;  also  mono- 
graphs on  Bonaventura  Furlanetto  (1820)  ;  Zar- 
lino  (1836)  ;  Lotti,  and  Benedetto  Marcello  (in 
Cicognia's  "  Venetiani  Iscritioni  "  );  and  Giam- 
mateo  Asola  (Padua,  1862). 

Cafnaux,  Dom  Phillippe-Joseph,  b.  Valen- 
ciennes, 1712  ;  d.  abbey  of  St. -Germain  des  Pres, 
Paris,  Dec.  26,  1777.  Benedictine  monk  ;  his 
MS.  "  Histoire  de  la  musique "  (in  the  Paris 
Library)  is  praised  by  Fetis. 


Cagniard  de  la  Tour,  Charles,  Baron  de, 
b.  Paris,  May  31,  1777  ;  d.  there  July  5,  1859. 
Improver  of  the  "Syren"  used  to  record  the 
vibration-numbers  of  tones. 

Cagno'ni,  Antonio,  b.  Godiasco,  n.  Voghera, 
Feb.  8,  182S  ;  d.  Bergamo,  Apr.  30,  1S96. 
Studied  at  Milan  Cons.  (1842-7)  under  Ray  and 
Frasi ;  as  a  student,  3  of  his  operas  were  prod, 
in  the  Cons.  Th. ;  Rosalia  di  S.  Miniato  (semi- 
seria,  1S45)  ;  /  due  Savojardi  (do.,  1846)  ;  and 
Don  Bucefalo  [his  masterwork]  (buffa,  1847). 
From  1852-73  he  was  m.  di  capp.  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Vigevano;  1873,  succeeded  Coccia  as  in. 
di  capp.  in  the  cathedral  of  Novarra ;  1887,  m.  di 
capp.  in  S.  Maria  Maggiore,  Bergamo.  From 
1848-74  he  brought  out  some  15  more  operas  at 
Rome,  Genoa,  Turin,  Milan,  etc.  He  left  3 
operas  ;  Gliamoridi  Cleopatra  (buffa,  comp.  abt. 
1870),  Re  Lear  (finished  1893,  5  acts),  and  // 
Carabiniere  (bozzetto). 

Cahen,  Albert,  composer;  b.  Paris  (?),  Jan. 
8,  1S46.  Pupil  of  Mine.  Szarvady  (pf.)  and 
Cesar  Franck  (comp.). — Works  :  Jean  le  L're'citr- 
seur,  biblical  poem  (1S74)  ;  Le  Bois,  comic  opera 
(1880,  Opera-Corn.)  ;  Endymion,  mythological 
poem  (1883)  ;  La  belle  an  lots  dormant,  fairy 
opera  (Geneva,  1886)  ;  Le  IVnitien.  4-act  opera 
(Rouen,  1890)  ;  Lie nr  des  neiges,  ballet  (Brussels, 
1891)  ;  La  feiuine  de  Claude,  3-act  lyric  drama 
(Paris,  1896,  Opera-Corn.  ;  unsuccessful). 

Cahen,  Ernest,  b.  Paris,  Aug.  18,  1S28  ;  d. 
there  Nov.  8,  1893.  Pupil  of  the  Cons.,  taking 
1st  prize  for  harm,  and  accomp.  in  1847,  and 
the  2d  Grand  Prix  for  comp.  in  1849.  Pianist 
and  teacher;  also  "  professeur  adjoint"  at  the 
Cons. — Works  :  2  operettas,  Le  Calfat  (1853), 
and  L^e  souper  de  Mezzetin  (1859),  both  prod,  at 
the  Folies-Nouvelles. 

Caillot,  Joseph,  tenor-baritone  stage-singer 
and  actor ;  b.  Paris,  1732;  d.  there  Sept.  30, 
1816.      Engaged  at  the  Comedie  Italienne. 

Ca'imo,  Joseffo,  b.  Milan,  abt.  1540,  d.  (?). 
Publ.  4  bks.  of  5-p.  madrigals,  1  of  5-,  7-,  and 
8-p.  madrigals  (1571),  1  of  4-p.  madrigals  (1581), 
and  1  of  4-p.  canzonets (1584). 

Calda'ra,  Antonio,  b.  Venice,  1678  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Dec.  28,  1763.  Prolific  composer  of 
operas  and  sacred  dramas  (70),  oratorios,  masses, 
and  other  ch. -music,  chamber-music,  etc.  He 
lived  in  Bologna  and  Mantua  ;  in  1 714  was  app. 
Imp.  chamber-composer  at  Vienna,  and  from 
Jan.  1,  1716,  was  asst.  Kapelhn.  to  J.  J.  Fux. 

Caldicott,  Alfred  James,  born  Worcester, 
Eng.,  1842;  d.  near  Gloucester,  Oct.  24,  1897. 
Chorister  in  Worcester  cathedral,  1851,  and  arti- 
cled to  the  organist,  Done,  in  1856.  He  st.  at 
Leipzig  Cons. under  Moscheles,  Ilauptmann,  etc.; 
and  in  1864  became  org.  of  St.  Stephen's  Ch., 
Worcester,  and  Corporation  org.  Took  degree 
of  Mus.  Baa,  Cantab.,  1S7S;  was  app.  prof,  at 
R.,  Coll.  of  Mus.,  London,  in  1883;  from  1885 
was  cond.  at  the  Albert  Palace,  Battersea  (now 


97 


CALEGARI— CALVISIUS 


closed). — Works  :  Several  cantatas,  The  Widow 
op  Nain  (1881),  A  Rhine  Legend  (f.  women's 
voices,  1883),  Queen 
of  the  May  (do.);  13 
operettas,  numerous 
successful  glees,  a 
score  of  songs,  etc. 
His  humorous  part- 
song  "Humpty 
Dumpty  "  (special 
prize  at  Manchester, 
1S78)  is  exceedingly 
popular. 

Calega'rifar  Cal- 
legari),  Francesco 
Antonio,  b.  Padua, 
before  1700;  d. 
there  1742.  He  was 
a  Franciscan  monk,  1702-24  m.  di  capp.  in  the 
Minorite  monastery  at  Venice, and  then  in  Padua, 
at  the  Ch.  of  San  Antonio,  until  172S.  He  wrote 
a  theoretical  treatise  "  Ampia  dimostrazione 
degli  armoniali  musicali  tuoni  "  (MS.  at  Ber- 
gamo); also  sacred  music  and  chamber-music. 

Calega'ri,  Antonio,  b.  Padua,  Oct.  18,  1758  ; 
d.  there  July  22,  1828.  Dramatic  composer, 
who  brought  out  3  operas  in  Venice  :  Le  sorelle 
rivali  (1784),  L' Amor  soldo  to  (17S6),  and  //  ma- 
trimonio  scoperto  (1789);  living  in  Padua,  1800; 
publ.  (Venice,  1S01)  a  curious  treatise  on  com- 
position :  "  Gioco  pittagorico  musicale,"  republ. 
in  Paris,  where  he  lived  for  several  years,  as 
"  L'art  de  composer  la  musique  sans  en  connai- 
tre  les  elements  "  (1802).  Returning  to  Padua, 
he  was  org.  at  the  Ch.  of  San  Antonio  till  his 
decease.  Subsequently,  2  more  works  were  publ. : 
"  Sistema  armonico  "  (1829),  and  a  vocal  method, 
"  Modi  generali  del  canto"  (1836). 

Calet'ti-Bru'ni.     See  Cavalli. 

Calkin,  John  Baptiste,  b.  London,  Mar. 
16,  1827.  Pianist, 
organist,  and  com- 
poser ;  pupil  of  his 
father,  James  Calkin, 
and  has  been  organ- 
ist, precentor,  and 
choirmaster  at  sev- 
eral churches  ;  is  now 
(1S99)  prof,  at  Guild- 
hall School  of  Mus. 
Besides  several  ser- 
vices, and  many  an- 
thems, glees,  part- 
songs,  and  songs,  he 
has  publ.  a  string- 
quartet,  a  pf.-trio,   a 

sonata    f.   pf.   and   'cello,   various    pes.   for    pf., 
and  organ-music. 

Cal'laerts,  Joseph,  born  Antwerp,  Aug.  22, 
183S;  pupil  of  Lemmens  in  Brussels  Cons.  Org. 
(1851-6)  of  the  Jesuit  college,  later  of  the  cathe- 
dral at  Antwerp,  and  organ-teacher  at  the  Music- 


School  since  1867. — Works  :  Comic  opera  Le 
Retail)-  inipre'vu  (Antwerp,  1889);  aprizesymph. 
(1S79)  and  a  prize  pf.-trio  (1882);  organ  and  pf.- 
music  ;  cantatas,  masses,  litanies,  etc. 

Callcott,  John  Wall,  b.  Kensington,  Nov. 
20,  1766  ;  d.  there  May  15,  1S21.  He  received 
some  instruction  from  Henry  Whitney,  organ- 
ist of  Kensington  Parish  Church,  but  was 
chiefly  self-taught  in  early  youth  ;  he  attracted 
the  attention  of  Dr.  Arnold,  Dr.  Cooke,  and 
John  Sale,  who  aided  him.  From  1783-5  he 
was  deputy  organist  to  Reinhold,  at  St.  George 
the  Martyr  ;  in  the  latter  year  he  won  3  prize- 
medals  fora  catch,  "  O  beauteous  fair  ";  a  canon, 
"  blessed  is  he";  and  a  glee,  "Dull  repining 
sons  of  care";  he  joined  the  orchestra  of  the 
Academy  of  Ancient  Music,  and  also  took  the 
degree  of  Mus.  Bac.  (Oxon.).  He  was  a  co- 
founder  of  the  Glee  Club  (1787)  ;  joint-org.  of 
St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden  (1788)  ;  in  1789  he 
won  all  the  prizes  offered  by  the  "  Catch  Club  "; 
and  became  organist  of  the  Asylum  for  Female 
Orphans  (1792-1S02).  He  studied  instrumental 
comp.  w.  Haydn  in  1790  ;  in  1800  he  was  made 
Mus.  Doc.  (Oxon.).  App.  lecturer  on  music  at 
the  Royal  Institute,  succeeding  Dr.  Crotch 
(1806),  his  mind  gave  way  under  the  strain  in- 
cident to  this  position  and  overwork  on  his  pet 
scheme,  a  dictionary  of  music,  which  was  never 
completed.  His  "Grammar  of  Music"  (1S06) 
is  a  standard  elementary  text-book.  Many  of  his 
numerous  glees,  catches,  and  canons  are  real 
works  of  art.  A  memoir  of  C.  was  prefixed  to 
a  "  Collection  of  Glees,  Canons,  and  Catches," 
by  W.  Horsley  (London,  1824  ;   2  vol.s). 

Callcott,  William  Hutchins,  son  of  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  Kensington,  1807  ;  d.  London,  Aug. 
4,  1882.  Organist,  pianist,  and  composer  ;  he 
wrote  a  good  deal  of  popular  vocal  music  (songs, 
anthems),  and  pf. -music  (chiefly  instructive  pes. 
and  arrangements). 

Callinet.     See  Daublaine  et  Cie. 

Calvi'sius,  Sethus  (real  name  Seth  Kall'- 
witz),  son  of  a  poor  peasant  at  Gorschleben, 
Thuringia  ;  b.  Feb.  21,  1556;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov. 
24,  161 5.  By  his  own  efforts  (at  first  as  a  street- 
singer  for  alms,  afterwards  as  a  teacher)  he  sup- 
ported himself  while  studying  in  the  Gymnasia 
of  Frankenhausen  and  Magdeburg,  and  the  Uni- 
versities at  Ilelmstadt  and  Leipzig.  In  Leipzig 
he  became  (1581)  mus.  director  at  the  Pauliner- 
kirche  ;  from  15S2-92  he  was  cantor  at  Schul- 
pforta,  then  cantor  of  the  Thomasschule  at  Leip- 
zig, and  (1594)  musical  dir.  of  the  Thomaskirche 
and  Nicolaikirche  there.  C  was  not  only  a 
musician  but  a  scholar  of  high  and  varied  at- 
tainments. His  writings  are  valuable  sources  : 
"  Melopoeia  seu  melodiae  condendae  ratio" 
(1582);  "Compendium  musicae  practicae  pro 
incipientibus "  (1594  ;  3rd  ed.  as  "  Musicae  artis 
praecepta  nova  et  facillima,"  1612)  ;   "  Exercita- 


oS 


CALVOR— CAMPANINI 


tiones  musicae  duae  "  (1600);  "  Exercitatio  mu- 
sicae  tertia"  (161 1). — I'ubl.  compositions:  "Au- 
serlesene  teutsche  Lieder  "  (1603);  "  Biciniorum 
libri  duo  "  (1612);  the  150th  Psalm  (12  parts);  a 
coll.,  "  Harmoniae  cantionum  ecclesiasticarum 
a  M.  Luthero  et  aliis  viris  piis  Germaniae  com- 
positarum  4  voc."  (1596);  and  a  4-p.  arr.  of  C. 
Becker's  psalm-tunes  (1602,  '16,  '18,  '21).  MS. 
motets,  hymns,  etc.,  in  the  Thomasschule  Li- 
brary, Leipzig. 

Cal'vor,  Caspar,  b.  Hildesheim,  1650  ;  d. 
Clausthal,  1725.  Wrote  "  De  musica  ac  singil- 
latim  de  ecclesiastica  eoque  spectantibus  or- 
ganis  "  (Leipzig,  1702),  and  a  preface  to  Sinn's 
"  Temperatura  practica  "  (1717). 

Cambert,  Robert  (the  first  French  opera- 
composer,  preceding  Lully),  b.  Paris,  abt.  1628  ; 
d.  London,  1677.  Pupil  of  Chambonnieres  ; 
org.  at  St.-Honore  ;  intendant  of  music  (1666) 
to  the  queen-dowager  Anne  of  Austria.  His 
first  venture  on  the  lyric  stage  was  La  Pasto- 
rale, written  by  Perrin  and  successfully  produced 
at  the  Chateau  d'Issy  in  1659  ;  it  was  followed 
by  Ariane,  011  le  mariage  de  Bacchus  (rehearsed 
in  1661),  and  Adonis  (1662  ;  not  performed  ; 
MS.  lost).  Perrin  having  received,  in  1669, 
letters  patent  for  establishing  the  "  Academie 
royale  de  musique  "  (the  national  operatic  thea- 
tre, now  the  Grand  Opera),  brought  out,  in  col- 
laboration with  C.,  the  first  real  opera,  Pomone 
(1671)  ;  a  second,  Les  peines  et  les  plaisirs  de 
I'amour,  was  written,  but  never  produced, 
Lully  having  meantime  (1672)  had  the  patent 
transferred  to  himself.  [These  last  two  operas 
have  been  publ.  in  "  Chefs  d'eeuvre  classiques 
de  l'opera  francais"  (Leipzig,  Br.  und  H.)]. 
C.'s  disappointment  drove  him  to  London  ;  he 
became  a  bandmaster,  and  died  as  Master  of  the 
Music  to  Charles  II. 

Cambi'ni,  Giovanni  Giuseppe,  b.  Leghorn, 
Feb.  13,  1746  ;  d.  Bicetre,  Dec.  29,  1S25  (?).  A 
pupil  of  Padre  Martini,  and  a  most  prolific 
composer  of  mediocre  instrumental  works, 
writing  over  60  symphonies  within  a  few  years. 
He  lived  chiefly  in  Paris  as  a  ballet-composer 
and  conductor  ;  he  died  in  the  almshouse. — 
Other  comps. :  144  string-quartets  ;  several  bal- 
lets, operas,  oratorios,  etc. 

Camera'na,  Luigi,  b.  in  Piedmont,  1846. 
M.  di  eapp.  at  the  theatre  in  Savona. — Works  : 
Operetta  Patatrich  e  Patalrach  (1S72)  ;  opera 
buffa  Don  Fabiano  del  corbelli  (Turin,  1874)  ; 
op.  seria  Gabriella  Ckiabrera  (Savona,  1876)  ; 
melodrama  Alberto  di  Prussia  (1875)  ;  opera 
II  conte  di  Mirabello  (Cosato,  '92  ;  succ.)  ;  com. 
opera  Peterkin  (London,  1893  ;  mod.  succ). 

Camidge,  John,  b.  about  1735  ;  d.  York, 
Eng. ,  Apr.  25,  1S03.  He  was  organist  at 
York  cath.  for  47  years.  —  Publ.  "  Six  Easy  Les- 
sons for  the  Harpsichord";  other  music  f. 
harpsich. ;  church-music,  glees,  songs. 


Camidge,  Matthew,  b.  York,  175S  ;  d. 
there  Oct.  23,  1S44  ;  son  of  preceding,  whom 
he  succeeded  at  York  cath.  (1803-44).  Publ. 
"Cathedral  Music";  24  Original  Psalm-  and 
Hymn-tunes";  sonatas  and  marches  f.  pf . ;  a 
"  Method  of  Instruction  in  Music  by  Questions 
and  Answers";  etc. 

Camidge,  John  (son  of  Matthew),  b.  York, 
1790  ;  d.  there  Sept.  29,  1859.  Org.  of  York 
cath.  1844-59;  .Mus  Doc.  (Lambeth),  1855. 
Publ.  a  Service,  anthems,  5  double-chants  ;  6 
glees  f.  3  and  4  voices  ;  etc. 

Campagno'li,     Bartolommeo,      b.    Cento, 

Sept.  10,  1751  ;  d.  Neustrelitz,  Nov.  6,  1827. 
Renowned  violinist,  pupil  of  Dall'Ocha  and 
Guastarobba  at  Modena,  and  later  of  Nardini  at 
Florence.  After  several  years  of  concert-giv- 
ing in  Italy,  he  became  leader  (1776)  of  the 
Abbot  of  Freising's  orch.;  was  later  mus.  dir. 
to  the  Duke  of  K inland  in  Dresden  (whence  he 
made  successful  concert-tours)  ;  1797-1818,  he 
was  leader  at  Leipzig  ;  finally  he  became  court 
Kapellm.  at  Neustrelitz. — Works  :  Chamber- 
music  ;  concerti  f.  flute  ;  1  violin-concerto  ;  7 
celebrated  Divertissements  (studies  f.  vln.)  ;  41 
Caprices  pour  l'alta-viola  (op.  22) ;  a  "  Methode 
de  la  mecanique  progressive  du  jeu  du  violon  " 
(Leipzig,  1824);  etc. 

Campa'na,  Fabio,  b.  Leghorn,  Jan.  14, 
1819 ;  d.  London,  Feb.  2,  1S82.  From  the 
beginning  of  his  career  he  lived  in  London, 
popular  as  a  singing-teacher  and  composer. 
Besides  hundreds  of  songs  w.  pf.-acc,  he 
wrote  the  operas  Cater ina  di  Guisa  (Leghorn, 
1838),  Ginlio  d'Este  (Venice,  1S41),  Vannina 
d'Orna?io  (Florence,  1842),  Luisa  di  Francia 
(Rome,  1844),  Almina  (London,  II.  M.'s  Th., 
i860),  and  Esmeralda,  0  Nostra  Donna  di 
Parigi  (St.  Petersburg,  1869). 

Campana'ri,  Leandro,  violinist ;  b.  Rovigo, 
Italy,  Oct.  20,  1857  ;  st.  Milan  Cons.,  graduat- 
ing 1877.  European  tours,  2  years  ;  in  Amer- 
ica 1879,  debut  at  Boston  (Symph.  Orch.)  very 
successful.  Settled  in  Boston,  and  organized 
Campanari  String-quartet.  1883,  mus.  dir.  of 
choir,  Jesuit  Ch.,  and  1st  prof,  of  violin  in 
N.  E.  Cons.  ;  1887-90,  in  Europe  ;  1890,  1st 
prof,  of  violin,  and  head  of  orch.l  dept.,  in 
Cincinnati  Cons.  Since  1897,  director  and  con- 
ductor of  the  grand  orchestral  concerts  in  La 
Scala  Th.,  Milan. — Works:  Text-books  f.  vio- 
linists ;  numerous  songs. — His  brother  Giu- 
seppe is  a  fine  dramatic  baritone. 

Campani'ni,  Italo,  brilliant  operatic  tenor; 
b.  Parma,  1845  ;  d.  Yigatto,  n.  Parma,  Nov.  22, 
1896.  St.  3  years  in  G.  Griffini's  School  of 
Music.  Debut  1S69,  at  Odessa,  in  7'ro7:atore ; 
sang  for  some  years  without  marked  success, 
then  studied  with  Lamperti,  and  reappeared  at 
Florence,  1871,  in  Lohengrin,  with  great  ap- 
plause. London  debut  1S72,  as  Gennaro  in 
I.uerezia  Borgia.      Tours  in  U.  S.  A.,  1873  and 


99 


CAMPENIIOUT— CANNABICII 


1879-S0  (with  Nilsson),  1892  (w.  PattP,  and 
I894.  Since  1883,  lived  principally  in  New 
York.  Sang  leading  roles  in  Lohengrin,  Mefi- 
stofele,  Fans/,  Carmen,  Don  Juan,  Lucia  di 
Lammermoor \  Huguenots,  Kuy  Bias,  etc. 

Cam'penhout,   Francois  van,    b.  Brussels, 

Feb.  5,  1779;  d.  there  Apr.  24,  184S.  Begin- 
ning as  violinist  in  the  Th.  de  la  Monnaie,  he 
studied  singing  under  Plantade,  and  became  a 
fine  stage-tenor,  appearing  in  Belgium,  Hol- 
land, and  France.  Retired  1S27,  and  wrote  6 
operas,  several  other  stage-pieces,  9  cantatas  w. 
orch.,  choruses,  masses    Te  Deums,  songs,  etc. 

Campion,  Thomas,  Engl,  physician,  also 
poet,  composer,  and  dramatist ;  d.  London, 
Feb.,  1619.  —  1'ubl.  "  Two  Books  of  Ayres, 
etc."  (1610),  followed  by  2  more  (1612); 
"Ayres  for  the  Masque  of  Flowers"  (1613); 
"Songs  of  Mourning"  [for  Prince  Henry] 
(1613)  ;  "A  New  Way  of  Making  Foure  Parts 
in  Counterpoint"  (1618  ;  also  in  Playford's 
"  Introd.  to  the  Skill  of  Musick,"    1655). 

Campion,  Francois,  theorbist  (1703-19)  at 
Grand  Opera,  Paris.  —  Publ.  "  Nouvelles  de- 
couvertes  sur  la  Guitare,  etc."  (1705)  ;  "  Traite 
d'accompagnement  pour  le  the'orbe "  (1710)  ; 
"  Traite  de  composition,  etc."  (1716)  ;  and  a 
supplement  ("  Addition  ")  to  the  last  two  (1739). 

Campio'ni,  Carlo  Antonio,  b.  Leghorn, 
abt.  1720;  d.  Florence,  1793,  as  in.  di  capp.  to 
the  Tuscan  court.  Comp.  church-music  (a  fine 
Te  Deum)  ;  also  publ.  7  vol.s  of  violin-duets. 

Campore'se,  Violante,  soprano  stage- 
singer  ;  b.  Rome,  1785  ;  d.  there  (?).  Before 
1814,  engaged  for  Napoleon's  private  music ; 
stage-debut  in  London,  1817  (Haymarket). 
Engaged  until  1818,  and  again  from  1821-3  ; 
sang  at  the  Ancient  and  Philh.  Concerts, 
1824-5.      Retired  1829. 

Cam'pos,  Joao  Ribeiro  de  Almeida  de,  b. 

Vizen,  Portugal,  abt.  1770;  d.  (?)  ;  m.  di  capp., 
also  professor  and  examiner  for  church-singing, 
at  Lamego  in  1800.  Publ.  "  Elementos  de 
musica "  (17S6),  and  "  Elem.  de  cantochao" 
[Plain  Song]  (1800,  and  many  later  editions). 

Cam'pra,  Andre,  French  opera-comp. ;  b. 
Aix  (Provence),  Dec.  4,  1660;  d.  Versailles, 
July  29,  1744.  A  pupil  of  Guillaume  Poitevin, 
he  was  app.  maitre  dc  ///us.  at  Toulon  cathedral 
at  the  age  of  20;  in  1681,  m.  de  chap,  at  Aries, 
and  from  1683-94  at  Toulouse  cath.  Going 
thence  to  Paris,  he  was  at  first  m.  de  chap,  at  the 
Jesuit  collegiate  ch.,  and  shortly  after  at  Notre- 
Dame,  an  appointment  held  until  the  successful 
production  of  two  operas  (under  his  brother 
Joseph's  name)  induced  him  to  embrace  a  secu- 
lar career.  In  1722  he  was  made  conductor  of 
the  Royal  Orch.  His  operas  were  performed 
after  Lully  until  eclipsed  by  the  genius  of 
Rameau. — Operas  :  J.' Europe  galante  (1697)  ; 
J.c  Camaval  de   J'enise  (1699);  Hesione  (1700) ; 


Are'tJ/use,  ou  la  vengeance  de  Fa/i/our  (1701); 
Tancrede  (1702);  Les  Muses  (1703);  Tphige'nie 
en  Tauride  (1704)  ;  Tcle/z/aquc  (1704)  ;  Alcine 
(1705);  Le  Triomphe  de  I' amour  (1705);  Hip- 
podamie  (1708);  Les  Fetes  ■ve'nitiennes  (1710); 
Idomene'e  (1712);  Les  Amours  de  Mars  et  J'en/is 
(1712);  Te'lephc  (1713)  ;  Cam ille  (1717)  ;  Les 
Ages,  ballet-opera  (1718);  Achille  et  Deidamie 
(1735 1 ;  and  several  divertissements,  etc.,  for  the 
Versailles  court.  Also  3  books  of  cantatas 
(1708,  et  se</.),  and  5  books  of  motets  (1706, 
1710,  1713,  etc.). 

Camps  y  Soler,  Oscar,  Spanish  pianist, 
comp.,  and  writer;  b.  Alexandria,  Egypt,  Nov. 
21,  1S37.  Pupil  of  Dohler  at  Florence,  and 
played  in  public  as  early  as  1850  ;  st.  w.  Mer- 
cadante,  at  Naples  ;  made  concert-tours  in  Eu- 
rope, and  settled  in  Madrid. — Works  :  Grand 
cantata;  songs;  pf.-pes.  —  Also  a  "  Teoria 
musical  ilustrada,"  a  "  Metodo  de  Solfeo," 
"  Estudios  filosoficos  sobre  la  musica,"  and  a 
Span,  transl.  of  Berlioz's  "  Instrumentation." 
He  teaches,  and  is  a  contributor  to  several 
musical  periodicals. 

Candeille,  Pierre- Joseph,  opera-comp.;  b. 
Estaires  (dept.  du  Nord),  Dec.  8,  1744  ;  d. 
Chantilly,  Apr.  24,  1827.  He  wrote  some  20 
operas,  divertissements,  etc.,  the  best  being 
Castor  et  Pollux  (1791)  ;  most  of  them  were 
never  produced. — His  daughter, 

Candeille  [Simons- Candeille],  Amelie- 
Julie,  b.  Paris,  July  31,  1767  ;  d.  there  Feb.  4, 
1834  ;  was  a  dramatic  soprano,  an  actress,  and 
a  composer.  Debut  17S2  as  Iphigenie  in  Gluck's 
Lphigenie  en  Aulide;  from  1783-96,  actress  in 
the  Th.  Francais.  In  1798  she  married  Simons, 
a  Brussels  carriage-builder,  was  separated  from 
him  in  1802,  lived  in  Paris  as  a  music-teacher  till 
1821,  when  she  married  the  painter  Picric  [d. 
1833].  She  wrote  libretto  and  music  of  the  very 
succ.  operetta  La  belle  Fermiere  (1792),  in  which 
she  played  the  leading  part,  singing  to  her  own 
accomp.  on  piano  and  harp  ;  and  produced  an 
unsuccessful  opera,  Lda,  Vorpheline  de  Berlin 
(1807).  Publ.  also  3  pf.-trios,  4  pf. -sonatas,  a 
sonata  f.  2  pfs.,  pf. -fantasias,  some  romances, 
and  the  songs  from  the  Belle  Fermiere. 

Cange,  Charles- Dufresne,  sieur  du,  b. 
Amiens,  Dec.  18,  1610  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  23,  16S8. 
A  learned  lawyer,  interested  in  musical  research. 
Publ.  "  Glossarium  ad  scriptores  mediae  et  in- 
finuv  latinitatis  "  (167S,  3  vol.s  ;  I733"3">  in  6 
vol.s  ;  1840-50,  in  7  vol.s),  explaining  the  mus. 
instr.s  and  terminology  of  the  middle  ages. 

Can'nabich,  Christian,  b.  Mannheim,  1731 ; 
d.  Frankfort,  1798.  An  accomplished  violinist 
(pupil  of  Jommelli)  and  composer,  he  excelled 
particularly  as  a  conductor  of  the  Electoral  orch. 
at  Mannheim,  a  post  to  which  he  was  app.  in 
1775,  having  been  leader  since  1765.  C.  rendered 
this  orch.  famous  by  the  (then  unique)  perfection 
to  which  he  carried  the  dynamic  nuances,  more 
especially  the  crescendo  and  decrescendo.      His 


CANNABICH— CARISSIMI 


compositions  (operas,  ballets,  3  symphonies,  3 
violin-concertos,  much  chamber-music)  were  pop- 
ular.—  I  lis  father,  Matthias  C,  was  a  flutist  in 
the  Electoral  orch. 

Can'nabich,  Karl,  violinist  and  comp. ,  son 
of  Christian  ;  b.  Mannheim,  1769;  d.  Munich 
(whither  the  orch.  followed  the  Elector's  court 
in  1778),  1805.  Kapellm.,  from  1800,  of  the 
orch. 

Cannicia'ri,  Don  Pompeo,  b.  Rome,  1670  ; 
d.  there  Dec.  29,  1744,  as  in.  di  capp.  of  S. 
Maria  Maggiore,  a  position  held  by  him  since 
1709.  A  disciple  of  the  Roman  school,  he  comp. 
masses,  magnificats,  motets,  etc. 

Canthal,  August,  b.  Liibeck  (?) ;  flutist  in 
the  Hamburg  Theatre  (1832),  gave  succ.  concerts 
in  Copenhagen  (1847),  became  bandmaster  in 
Leipzig  (1S4S).  Publ.  flute-pcs. ,  and  dances 
f.  pf. 

Cantor,   Otto.     See  Appendix. 

Capel'la,  Martianus  Minucius  (Mineus) 
Felix,  Latin  scholar  at  Carthage  early  in  the 
5th  cent.,  a.d.  Book  ix  of  his  "  Satyricon  " 
treats  of  music  ;  printed  by  Meibom  in  "  Antiq. 
mus.  auct.  vii,"  with  notes. 


CapelTi 
Apell. 


Pen-name  of  Johann  David  von 

Capoc'ci,  Gaetano,  b.  Rome,  Oct.  16,  1811; 
d.  there  Jan.  11,  1S98.  Organ-pupil  of  Sante 
Pascoli  ;  st.  later  under  Fioravanti  and  Ciancia- 
relli  (comp.),  and  in  1833  brought  out  his  first 
oratorio,  Battista.  He  became  org.  at  the  Ch. 
of  S.  Maria  di  Vallicella,  and  (1839)  at  S.  M. 
Maggiore  ;  elected,  in  1855,  maestro  direilore  of 
the  "  Capella  Pia "  at  the  Lateran,  succeeding 
Meluzzi.  He  wrote  and  publ.  a  vast  amount 
of  sacred  music  (another  oratorio,  Assalonne  ; 
masses,  motets,  litanies,  offertories,  psalms, 
introits,  etc.), and  formed  numerous  distinguished 
pupils. — His  son, 

Capoc'ci,  Filippo,  b.  Rome,  May  11,  1840; 
is  reputed  to  be  the  finest  contemporary  Italian 
organist.  Since  1875,  organist  of  San  Giovanni 
in  Laterano.  His  compositions  f .  org.  have  some 
vogue. 

Capoul,  Joseph- Amed6e- Victor,  brilliant 
stage-tenor  ;  b.  Toulouse,  Feb.  27,  1839  '<  pupil 
(iS5g)of  Revial  and  Mocker  at  Paris  Cons. ;  eng. 
at  the  Opera-Com.  1861-72,  and  has  since  then 
sung  in  London  (with  Nilsson),  New  York,  and 
other  cities.  Since  1S92,  prof,  of  operatic  sing- 
ing in  National  Conservatory,  New  York. 

Carac'cio  (or  Caravac'cio),  Giovanni,  b. 
Bergamo,  abt.  1550  ;  d.  Rome,  1626.  For  some 
years  in  the  court  choir,  Munich  ;  then  in.  di 
capp.  at  Bergamo  cath.,  and  finally  at  S.  Maria 
Maggiore,  Rome. — -Publ.  2  vol.s  of  magnificats  ; 
5  of  madrigals  ;  psalms  (Venice,  1620)  ;  a  re- 
quiem mass,  canzoni,  etc. 

Caraccio'li,  Luigi,  comp.  and  excellent  sing- 
ing-teacher ;    b.    Adria   (Bari),    Aug.    10,    1849  ; 


d.  London,  July  22,  1S87.  Pupil  of  Cesi,  Conti, 
and  Mercadante  in  Naples  (1863-9).  Called  to 
Dublin  (1878)  as  Dir.  of  the  School  of  Sing- 
ing in  the  R.  Irish  Academy  of  Mus.;  removed, 
in  1881,  to  London.  Wrote  a  succ.  opera,  Maso 
il  Montanaro  (Bari,  1874),  and  innumerable 
songs,  many  being  very  popular  ("  Danza  delle 
memorie,"  "  Un  sogno  fu  !  "  "  Rime  popolare," 
etc.). 

Cara'fa  de  Colobra'no,  Michele  Enrico,  b. 

Naples,  Nov.  17,  17S7  ;  d.  Paris,  July  26,  1872. 
A  son  of  Prince  Colobrano,  Duke  of  Alvito,  he 
began  mus.  study  early  ;  and  while  very  young 
wrote  an  opera,  2  cantatas,  etc.  Though  he  be- 
came an  officer  in  the  army  of  Naples,  and 
fought  in  Napoleon's  Russian  campaign,  he  de- 
voted his  leisure  to  music,  and  after  Waterloo 
adopted  it  as  a  profession.  Up  to  1S19  he  pro- 
duced 9  operas  on  Italian  stages  ;  from  1821-33, 
about  20  in  Paris,  most  successful  among  which 
were  Le  Solitaire  (1S22),  Masaniello  (1827,  his 
best),  and  La  Violette  (1S28);  also  a  few  others 
in  Italy  and  Vienna.  Settled  in  Paris,  1827  ; 
member  of  the  Academy  (Lesueur's  successor), 
1837  ;  in  1840,  prof,  of  comp.  at  Cons.  Besides 
operas,  he  wrote  ballets,  cantatas,  and  consider- 
able good  church-music. 

Caramuel  de  Lob'kowitz,  Juan,  b.  Ma- 
drid, May  23,  1606  ;  d.  Vigevano,  Italy,  Sept. 
8,  1682,  as  Bishop  of  V.  He  publ.  "Arte 
nueva  de  musica,  inventada  anno  de  600  por  S. 
Gregorio,  desconcertada  anno  da  1026  por  Gui- 
don Aretino,  restituida  a  su  primera  perfeccion 
por  Fr.  Pedro  de  Urena,  reducida  a  este  breve 
compendio  anno  1644  por  J.-C,  etc."  (Rome, 
1669). 

Caresti'ni,  Giovanni  (stage-name  Cusanino, 
from  the  family  of  Cusani  in  Milan,  his  pro- 
tectorsl;  b.  Mente  Filatrano  (Ancona),  abt.  1705; 
d.  there  1760.  Soprano  singer  {inusico)  at  Rome, 
Prague,  Mantua,  London  (1733-5,  under  Han- 
del, in  rivalry  with  Farinelli),  then  at  Venice, 
Berlin,  and  St.  Petersburg  (1755-8). 

Carey,  Henry,  b.  16S5  (?)  ;  d.  London,  Oct. 
4,  1743.  A  reputed  natural  son  of  George  Sa- 
vile,  Marquis  of  Halifax.  His  teachers  were 
Linnert,  Roseingrave,  and  Geminiani,  but  he 
was  chiefly  self-taught.  He  lived  as  a  music- 
teacher,  and  writer  for  the  theatres.  His  claim 
to  authorship  of  "  God  save  the  King"  is  dis- 
puted, despite  the  attempts  of  his  son,  Gerome 
Savile  Carey  (1743-1807),  to  substantiate  it  {v. 
articles  by  Cummings,  "  Mus.  Times,"  1878). 
His  song  "  Sally  in  our  Alley  "  still  enjoys  popu- 
larity. His  musical  dramas  (ballad  -  operas), 
nine  in  number,  had  considerable  success  ;  in 
1737  he  publ.  100  ballads,  "  The  Musical  Cen- 
tury." 

Caris'simi,  Giacomo,  b.  Marino,  near  Rome, 
about  1604  ;  d.  Rome,  Jan.  12,  1674.  Towards 
1624  he  was  in.  di  capp.  in  Assisi  ;  from  1628  to 
his  death  he  filled  a  similar  position  in  the  Ch. 
of  S.  Apollinare,  Rome.    A  prolific  and  original 


CARL— CARRODUS 


church-composer,  he  broke  with  the  Palestrina 
tradition,  devoting  himself  to  perfecting  the 
monodic  style,  as  is  evidenced  by  his  highly 
developed  recitative  and  more  pleasing  and 
varied  instrumental  accompaniments.  His  mus. 
MSS.  were  dispersed  at  the  sale  of  the  library  of 
the  German  College,  and  many  are  lost  ;  but 
few  printed  works  are  still  extant.  There  were 
publ.  the  5  oratorios  Jephte  (his  magnum  opus). 
Judicium  Salomonis,  fonas,  Jonah,  Balthazar; 
2  coll.s  of  motets  a  2,  3  and  4  (Rome,  1664,  '67); 
masses  a  5  and  9  (Cologne,  1663,  '67)  ;  Arie  da 
camera  (1667)  ;  and  detached  pieces  in  several 
collections.  The  finest  coll.  of  his  works  is 
that  made  by  Dr.  Aldrich  at  Christ-Church  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  also  wrote  a  treatise,  publ. 
only  in  German  :  "  Ars  cantandi,  etc."  (Augs- 
burg ;   2nd  ed.  1692  ;  3rd,  1696). 

Carl,  William  Crane,  concert-organist  ;  b. 
Bloom  field,  N.  J.,  March  2,  1865.  Pupil  for 
several  years  in  New  York  of  S.  P.  Warren  (org. 
and  theory)  and  Mme.  Mad.  Schiller  (pf.)  ;  also, 
for  nearly  2  years,  of  Alex.  Guilmant,  Paris  (org. 
and  theory1.  From  1S82-90,  org.  of  First  Presby. 
Ch.,  Newark,  N.  [.;  since  1892,  org.  and  choir- 
master of  the  Old  First  Presby.  Ch. ,  5th  Av.  and 
12th  St.,  New  York;  also  cond.  of  N.  Y. 
"  Baton  Club  "  (mixed  ch.  cf  75  voices  ;  merged, 
since  1898,  in  the  "  Gamut  Club  ").  As  a  con- 
cert-org.  with  an  enormous  repertory,  C.  has 
played  in  most  large  cities  between  N.  Y.  and  San 
Francisco,  and  has  inaugurated  many  organs, 
etc.  Founder,  and  member  of  Council,  of  Amer. 
Guild  of  Organists. 

Carmichael,  Mary  Grant,  contemporary 
British  pianist  and  comp. ;  b.  Birkenhead.  Pupil 
of  O.  Beringer,  W.  Bache,  and  F.  Hartvigson 
(pf.),  and  E.  Prout  (comp.).  She  is  an  accom- 
plished accompanist.  — Works  :  Operetta,  The 
Snow  Queen;  a  Suite  f.  pf.  4  hands,  and  minor 
pf. -pieces  ;  many  songs,  inch  "The  Stream," 
a  song-cycle.  —  Transl.  H.  Ehrlich's  "Cele- 
brated Pianists  of  the  Past  and  Present"  (Lon- 
don, 1894). 

Carnicer,  Ramon,  b.  Taregge,  Catalonia, 
Oct.  24,  1789  ;  d.  Madrid,  Mar.  17,  1855.  From 
1818-20,  conductor  of  the  Ital.  Op.,  Barcelona; 
1828-30  of  the  Royal  Opera,  Madrid  ;  1830-54, 
prof,  of  comp.  at  Madrid  Cons.  One  of  the 
creators  of  Spanish  national  opera  (the  zarzueld), 
he  composed  g  operas,  wrote  much  church- 
music,  many  symphonies,  Spanish  songs,  na- 
tional hymns,  etc. 

Caron,  Firmin,  famous  (Netherland  ?)  con- 
trapuntist of  the  15th  century,  a  pupil  of  Bin- 
ehois  and  Dufay  ;  his  only  extant  works  are  a 
few  masses  in  the  Papal  Chapel,  and  a  MS. 
3-part  chanson  in  the  Paris  Library. 

Carpa'ni,  Giuseppe  Antonio,  writer  and 
poet;  b.  Vilalbese  (Como),  Jan.  28,  1752;  d. 
Vienna,  Jan.  21/22,  1825,  as  court  poet.  Chief 
works  :    "  l.e  Ilaydine,  ovvero  lettere  sulla  vita  e 


le  opere  del  celebre  maestro  Giuseppe  Haydn  " 
(Milan,  1S12)  ;  and  "  Le  Rossiniane,  ossia  let- 
tere musico-teatrali "  (Padua,  1824).  He  was 
the  author  of  several  opera-libretti,  and  transl. 
others  from  the  French  and  German. 

Carpentras'  (II  Carpentras'so  in  Italian  ; 
real  name  Eleazar  Genet);  b.  Carpentras  (Vau- 
cluse),  abt.  1475  ;  d.  Avignon  (?),  abt.  1532.  In 
1515,  leading  singerin,  and  soon  after  in.  di  capp. 
of,  the  Pontifical  chapel  ;  in  1521  he  was  sent  to 
Avignon  on  negotiations  connected  with  the 
Holy  See.  4  volumes  of  his  works  (Masses, 
1532  ;  Lamentations,  1532  ;  Hymns,  1533  ;  Mag- 
nificats [?])  were  printed  at  Avignon,  by  Jean  de 
Chaunay,  in  round  notes  and  without  ligatures. 
A  few  motets  are  printed  in  Petrucci  s  "  Mot- 
tetti  della  Corona"  (vol.  i,  1514,  and  vol.  iii, 
I5I9)- 

Carr,  Frank  Osmond,  English  composer ; 
b.  Yorkshire,  abt.  1857;  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1882; 
Mus.  Doc,  1891. — Works,  several  farces,  bur- 
lesques, and  comic  operas  :  Joan  of  Are  (1891), 
Blue-eyed  Susan  (London,  1892),  /;/  Town  C92), 
Morocco  Bound  ('93),  Go  Bang  ('94),  His  Ex- 
cellency ('94,  book  by  Gilbert),  Biarritz  ('96), 
Lord  Tom  Noddy '('96),  The  Clergyman's  Daugh- 
ter (Birmingham,  '96  ;  London,  Gaiety  Th., 
later,  as  My  Girl). 

Carr6,  Albert,  nephew  of  the  librettist 
Michel  Carre  ;  b.  June  22,  1852,  at  Strassburg, 
where  he  st.  in  the  Lycee.  At  first  an  actor  in 
the  Vaudeville  Th.,  Paris,  he  assumed  the  direc- 
tion of  the  theatre  at  Nancy  in  1884  ;  in  1SS5, 
that  of  the  Vaudeville  (with  Deslandes  till  1890); 
and  1894-98,  of  the  V.  and  the  Gymnase  to- 
gether (with  Porel).  Also,  18S5-90,  director  of 
the  Cercle  at  Aix-les-Bains.  In  1898,  he  was 
app.  director  of  the  Opera-Comique,  succeeding 
Leon  Carvalho.  Carre  has  written  a  number  of 
light  stage-pieces,  set  to  music  by  various  com- 
posers. 

Carre,  Louis,  mathematician,  member  of  the 
Acad.;  b.  Clofontaine  (Brie),  1663;  d.  Paris, 
Apr.  11,  1711.      Publ.  3  essays  on  acoustics. 

Carre'fio,  Teresa,  b.  Caracas,  Venezuela, 
Dec.  22,  1853.     A  pupil  of   L.   M.  Gottschalk, 

afterwards  of  Georges  Mathias  in  Paris,  she  has 
become  one  of  the  foremost  lady  pianists.  She 
played  in  public  1865-6  ;  her  reputation  was  well 
established  in  1875,  when  she  made  a  tour  of  the 
United  States.  For  several  years  she  resided  in 
London,  and  then  travelled  1889-90  throughout 
Germany,  everywhere  winning  applause  and 
greatly  enhancing  an  already  brilliant  reputa- 
tion. In  1893  she  received  the  title  of  Court 
Pianist  to  the  King  of  Saxony.  She  has  played 
in  all  the  chief  European  and  American  towns. 
Mme.  Carreno  has  composed  a  string-quartet 
(in  B),  and  Wrw-pieces  for  pianoforte. 

Carro'dus,  John  Tiplady,  eminent  violinist; 
b.  Keighley  (Yorks.),  Jan.  20,  1S36  ;  d.  Hamp- 
stead,  London,  July  13  (not  12),  1895.     A  pupil 


CARTER— CASELLA 


of  Molique  at  London  and  Stuttgart,  he  returned 
to  England  in  1S53  ;  had  played  since  then  in 
the  best  Engl,  orchestras,  succeeding  Sainton 
(1S69)  as  leader  of  the  Covent  Garden  Orch.; 
later  he  was  also  leader  at  the  Philharmonic,  and 
at  the  chief  provincial  festivals  ;  made  his  debut 
as  soloist  in  1S63.  He  was  an  excellent  teacher, 
and  publ.  several  pes.  f.  solo  violin. 

Carter,  Thomas,  b.  Ireland,  abt.  1735  ;  d. 
London,  Oct.  12,  1804.  Organist  of  St.  Wer- 
burgh's  Ch.,  Dublin,  1751-69  ;  st.  in  Italy  (1770- 
1);  from  177 1-2,  cond.  of  theatre  in  Bengal ; 
settled  in  London,  1773,  as  composer  to  thea- 
tres. He  comp.  incidental  music  to  several 
plays;  also  concerto  f.  bassoon  and  pf . ;  6  pf.- 
sonatas  ;  songs  ;   "  Lessons  for  the  Guitar." 

Carter,  Henry,  distinguished  organist  ;  b. 
London,  March  6,  1837.  Pupil  of  Aug.  Haupt 
(org.),  Ernst  Pauer  (pf.),  Fr.  Kiel  and  Ferd. 
Hiller  (comp.).  Church-org.  at  9  ;  went  to  Can- 
ada abt.  1854,  and  became  org.  of  Engl.  cath. 
at  Quebec.  Org.  at  Boston,  Providence,  and 
New  York  (Trinity  Ch.,  1873-80);  in  1S80,  prof, 
in  Coll.  of  Music,  Cincinnati  ;  18S3,  org,  of 
Plymouth  Ch.,  Brooklyn,  later  of  the  48th  St. 
Collegiate  Ch.,  N.  Y. — Works:  2  string-quar- 
tets; anthem  f.  orch.,  ch.,  quartet,  and  soli; 
Psalm  exxii  (anthem)  ;  Nunc  dimittis  ;  4-part 
songs,  songs,  etc. 

Cartier,  Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Avignon,  May 
2S,  1765  ;  d.  Paris,  1841.  Pupil  of  Viotti  ;  vio- 
linist at  Gr.  Opera  (1791-1821),  1804  member  of 
the  Imp.  Orch.,  1815  of  the  Royal  Orch.,  pen- 
sioned 1830. — Works  :  2  operas  ;  sonatas,  varia- 
tions, duets,  and  etudes  f.  vln. ;  and  "  L'art  du 
violon  "  (Paris,  1798,  1S01),  containing  selec- 
tions from  eminent  French,  Ital.,  and  Ger.  mas- 
ters of  the  17th  and  18th  centuries. 

Carul'li,  Ferdinando,  b.  Naples,  Feb.  ro, 
1770  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.,  1841.  Brilliant  self- 
taught  guitar-player,  whose  original  method  is 
the  basis  of  modern  guitar-playing.  He  lived 
in  Paris,  from  1808,  as  an  eminently  successful 
and  popular  concert-giver  and  teacher.  His 
compositions  are  nearly  400  in  number  (con- 
certos, quartets,  trios,  and  duos  ;  fantasias,  varia- 
tions, and  solos  of  all  descriptions).  He  wrote 
a  Method,  and  a  treatise  "  L'harmonie  ap- 
pliquee  a  la  guitare  "  (Paris,  1825). 

CarulTi,  Gustavo,  son  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Leghorn,  June  20,  1800  ;  d.  Boulogne,  Apr., 
1877.  Vocal  composer,  and  excellent  singing- 
teacher  ;  wrote  a  "  Methode  de  Chant,"  many 
vocal  exercises,  songs  w.  pf.,  trios  (his  best 
works),  etc. ;  also  an  opera,  I  tre  mariti. 

Caru'so,  Luigi,  b.  Naples,  Sept.  25,  1754  ; 
d.  Perugia,  1821.  M.  di  capp.  at  Perugia  cath., 
and  a  remarkably  prolific  dramatic  composer 
(69  operas)  ;  he  also  wrote  5  oratorios  and  much 
other  church-music. 

Carval'ho  (really  Carvaille),  Leon,  distin- 
guished opera-manager  ;  b.  1S25  in  a  French 
colony;    d.    Paris,    Dec.    29,    1897.      Himself  a 


good  singer,  he  met  Mile.  Miolan,  the  cele- 
brated soprano,  at  the  Opera-Comique,  and 
married  her  in  1S53.  From  1872-4,  manager  of 
the  Theatre  du  Vaudeville  ;  for  1  year,  stage- 
manager  at  the  Grand  Opera  ;  from  1875,  Di- 
rector of  the  Opera-Comique,  succeeding  du 
Locle.  After  the  terrible  fire  of  1887,  in  which 
131  persons  perished,  he  was  arrested  and  sen- 
tenced to  6  months'  imprisonment,  and  a  fine  of 
200  frs. ;  but  was  acquitted  on  appeal,  and 
finally  reinstated  in  1S91.  (His  successor  is  M. 
Albert  Carre,  hitherto  manager  of  the  theatres 
"  du  Gymnase  "  and  "  du  Vaudeville  "  ).  He  not 
only  produced  acknowledged  masterworks,  but 
encouraged  many  young  artists  by  bringing  out 
new  operas. 

Carvalho-Miolan,    Caroline-Marie-Felix, 

b.  Marseilles,  Dec.  31,  1827  ;  d.  Puys,  near 
Dieppe,  July  10,  1895.  Famous  dram,  soprano. 
Ent.  Paris  Cons,  at  12  ;  st.  under  Duprez  ; 
took  first  prize  after  4  years.  Trial  debut  1S49, 
in  Lucia,  at  Opera  ;  actual  debut  1S50,  in  the 
Ajnbassadrice,  at  Op.-Comique.  1853,  married 
Leon  C.  Favorite  par  excellence  in  Op.-Com- 
ique, Th.  Lyr. ,  and  (1868)  Grand  Opera. 
Leading  roles  :  Juliette,  Marguerite,  Mireille, 
Dinorah,  Ophelie,  Valentine,  Pamina,  Cheru- 
bin,  Zerlina. 

Cary,  Annie  Louise,  distinguished  contralto 
singer  in  opera  and  concert  ;  b.  Wayne  (Ken- 
nebec County,  Me.),  Oct.  22,  1S42.  Studied  in 
Boston  and  Milan  ;  debut  at  Copenhagen  ;  st. 
under  Mme.  Viardot-Garcia  at  Baden-Baden; 
eng.  at  Hamburg  (1868),  later  at  Stockholm. 
Has  sung  since  then  in  theatres  at  Brussels, 
London,  New  York  (1870),  St.  Petersburg  (1875). 
Married  C.  M.  Raymond  in  1882  at  Cincinnati. 
Has  appeared  in  concert  or  oratorio  in  all  leading 
cities  of  America. 

Casa'li,  Giovanni  Battista,  composer  of 
sacred  and  dramatic  music  ;  d.  1792  as  maestro 
(since  1759)  at  the  Lateran. 

Casamora'ta,  Luigi   Fernando,  b.  Wiirz- 

burg,  May  15,  1807  ;  d.  Florence,  Sept.  24, 
1881.  Student  of  law  and  music  at  Florence  ; 
co-editor  of  the  Florentine  "  Gazz.  Mus."  from 
the  start  (1842).  Failing  as  a  comp.  of  ballet 
and  opera,  he  devoted  himself  to  vocal  church- 
music  and  instrumental  composition.  He  wrote 
"  Origine,  storia  e  ordinamento  del  R.  Istituto 
musicale  fiorentino,"  of  which  Inst,  he  was  a  pro- 
moter and  co-founder ;  also  many  critical  and 
historical  essays.  His  comp.s  embrace  numer- 
ous vocal  and  instr.l  works;  he  publ.  (1876)  a 
"  Manuale  d'armonia." 

CaseFla,  Pietro,  b.  Pieve  (Umbria),  1769; 
d.  Naples,  Dec.  12,  1843.  Wrote  numerous 
operas  for  Naples  and  Rome  ;  was  maestro  at 
several  Naples  churches  and  (1817-43)  prof,  at 
the  R.  Cons.,  Naples.  His  numerous  masses, 
vespers,  psalms,  motets,  etc.,  are  said  to  lack 
originality. 


CASERTA— CATELANI 


Casei^ta,  Philipp  de,  Neapolitan  writer  on 
mensural  music,  of  the  15th  cent.;  one  treatise 
is  publ.  by  Coussemaker  ("  Scriptores,"  vol.  iii). 

Cassiodo'rus,  Magnus  Aurelius,  b.  abt. 
470  at  Syllaceum  (Lucania).  Of  his  work, 
"  De  artibus  ac  disciplinis  liberalium  litte- 
rarum,"  the  section  treating  of  music,  "  Institu- 
tiones  musicale,"  is  printed  in  Gerbert's  "  Scrip- 
tores,"  vol.  i. 

Castel,  Louis-Bertrand,  Jesuit  ;  b.  Mont- 
pellier,  Nov.  n,  16S8  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  11,  1757. 
Struck  by  Newton's  observation  on  the  corres- 
pondence, in  proportionate  breadth,  of  the  7 
prismatic  rays  with  the  string-lengths  required 
for  the  scale  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  si,  do,  he  at- 
tempted the  construction  of  a  "  Clavecin  ocu- 
laire,"  to  produce  color-harmonies  for  the  eye  as 
the  ordinary  harpsichord  produces  tone-harmo- 
nies for  the  ear.  These  expensive  experiments 
led  to  no  practical  result.  His  "Clavecin"  is 
explained  in  an  essay,  "  Nouvelles  experiences 
d'optique  et  d'acoustique  "  (1735  ;  Engl,  transl., 
London,  1757  ;  Germ,  transl.,  Hamburg,  1739). 
His  other  treatises  are  of  no  special  interest. 

CastelTi,  Ignaz  Franz,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  6, 
1781  ;  d.  there  Feb.  5,  1S62.  He  was  "  Court 
Theatre-  Poet  "  at  the  Karntnerthortheater  ; 
founder,  and  (1829-40)  editor,  of  the  "Allgem. 
musik.  Anzeiger."  He  wrote  the  libretto  of 
Weigl's  Schweizerfamilie,  and  other  popular 
opera-books,  and  translated  many  foreign  operas 
for  the  German  stage.  His  "  Memoirs  "  were 
publ.  in  1861. 

Castelma'ry  (stage-name  of  [comte]  Ar- 
mand  de  Castan),  dramatic  baritone  ;  b.  Tou- 
louse, Aug.  16,  1S34;  d.  New  York,  Feb.  9,  1897, 
on  the  stage  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House, 
just  after  the  1st  act  of  Martha.  Debut  at  Gr. 
Opera,  Paris,  in  1864  ;  he  remained  there  till 
1870  ;  then  went  over  to  Italian  opera,  in  which 
he  had  much  success,  particularly  at  Drury  Lane, 
London,  1873,  as  Mephistopheles  in  Faust: 
Covent  Garden,  London,  and  New  York.  His 
repertory  of  bass  and  baritone  roles  was  im- 
mense. 

Castil-Blaze.     See  Blaze,  F.  H.  J. 

Castruc'ci,  Pietro,  violinist;  b.  Rome,  1689  ; 
d.  London,  1769.  A  pupil  of  Corelli,  he  came 
to  London  (1715)  as  leader  of  Handel's  opera- 
orch.  He  was  a  fine  player  on  the  violetta  ma- 
rina, a  stringed  instrument  invented  by  himself, 
and  resembling  the  viol  d'amore  in  tone.  In 
Orlando,  Handel  wrote  an  air  accomp.  on  2 
"  violette  marine"  "per  gli  Signori  Castrucci  " 
— Pietro,  and  Prospero,  his  brother. — Publ.  vln.- 
concertos,  and  2  books  of  vln. -sonatas. — Pro- 
spero C,  who  died  in  London,  1760,  and  was  a 
violinist  in  the  Italian  Opera-orch.,  publ.  6  soli 
f.  vln.  and  bass. 

Catala'ni,  Alfredo,  gifted  dram.  comp. ;  b. 
Lucca,  July  19,  1854  ;  d.  Milan,  Aug.  7,  1893. 
Taught  by  his  father,  a  fine  musician,  and  by  F. 


Magi  ;  wrote  (1S68)  a  Mass  f.  4-parts  and  orch., 
by  which  he  gained  admission  without  examina- 
tion to  the  Paris  Cons.  Returned  to  Italy  1873  ; 
st.  in  Milan  Cons.  2  years  ;  then  devoted  himself 
to  dramatic  composition  ;  he  was  the  successor 
of  Ponchielli  as  prof,  of  comp.  in  Milan  Cons. 
(18S6). — Works:  Operas:  La  Falce  (1  act, 
Milan,  1875)  ;  L'Flda  (Turin,  '80)  ;  Dejanice 
(Milan,  '83)  ;  Era  e  Leandro  (Milan,  1S85)  ; 
Edmea  (Milan,  '86)  ;  Loreley  [a  new  version  of 
L'Flda]  (Turin,  '90)  ;  La  Wally  (La  Scala, 
Milan,  '92  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  of  his  operas  Dejanice, 
Loreley,  and  La  Wally  met  with  brilliant  success. 
— Also  various  orch. -pes.  (e.  g.,  Silenzio  e  con- 
templazione)  ;  symph.  poem  Fro  e  Leandro; 
chamber-music  (also  vocal),  and  pf.-pes. 

Catala'ni,  Angelica,  b.  Sinigaglia,  Oct., 
1779  ;  d.  Paris,  June  12,  1S49.  Renowned  so- 
prano stage-singer  of  fine  and  commanding  pres- 
ence; endowed  with  a  voice  of  wide  range  (to  g%~) 
and  wonderful  flexibility,  she  excelled  in  bravura 
singing.  Taught  at  the  convent  of  S.  Lucia  di 
Gubbio  (Rome),  she  made  her  debut  in  1795  at 
the  P'enice  Th.,  Venice,  passing  to  La  Pergola, 
Florence  (1799),  and  La  Scala,  Milan  (1801). 
Engaged  in  1801  at  the  Ital.  Op.,  Lisbon,  she 
married  M.  Valabregue,  an  attache  of  the 
French  embassy  ;  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  she 
gave  only  concert-performances,  and  (1806)  to 
London  (debut  King's  Th.,  Dec.  15),  where 
brilliant  engagements  brought  in  ^16,700  within 
a  year.  After  a  sojourn  in  Great  Britain  of  7 
years,  she  returned  to  Paris  (1814),  and  under- 
took the  management  of  the  Theatre  Italien, 
without  much  success  ;  so  that  she  gave  it  up  in 
1817,  travelled  for  10  years,  singing  for  the  last 
time  at  Berlin  in  1S27,  and  at  the  York  Festival 
in  1828.  She  retired  to  her  country-seat  near 
Florence. 

Catel,  Charles-Simon,  b.  L'Aigle,  Orne, 
June  10,  1773  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1830.  Pupil 
of  Gossec  and  Gobert  at  the  Paris  Fcole  R.  de 
Chant  (later  merged  in  the  Cons.),  where  he  was 
app.  (1787)  accompanist  and  "  professeur  ad- 
joint"; in  1790,  accomp.  at  the  Opera,  and 
asst.-cond.  (to  Gossec)  of  the  band  of  the  Garde 
Nationale.  1795,  on  the  establishment  of  the 
Conservatoire,  he  was  app.  prof,  of  harmony, 
and  commissioned  to  write  a  "  Traite  d'Harmo- 
nie  "  (publ.  1802,  and  the  standard  at  the  Cons, 
for  20  years).  With  Gossec,  Mehul,  and  Cheru- 
bini,  he  was  made  inspector  of  the  Cons.,  re- 
signing 1814.  Member  of  the  Acad.,  1S15. — 
Works:  11  operas  (Se'miramis,  1802  ;  Les  Ba- 
yaderes, 1S10  ;  Les  Auhergistes  de  qualite,  1812  ; 
etc.)  ;  national  festival  cantatas,  chamber-music  ; 
none  of  special  originality. 

Catela'ni,  Angelo,  b.  Guastalla,  Mar.  30, 
181 1  ;  d.  S.  Martino  di  Mugnano,  Sept.  5,  1866. 
Pupil  of  Asioli  (pf.)  and  M.  Fusco  (harm.)  ; 
entered  Naples  Cons,  in  1831  (Zingarelli),  also 
private  pupil  of  Donizetti  and  Crescentini.  1834, 
cond.  of   Messina  opera  ;   1837,  town  maestro  at 


104 


CATENHAUSEN— CECILIA 


Correggio  ;  1838,  m.  di  capp.  at  cath.  and  court 
of  Modena  ;  1859,  asst. -librarian  of  the  Estense 
Library.  Having  composed  3  operas  (2  not 
prod.;  1  succ),  he  now  devoted  himself  to  mus. 
history  ;  wrote  "  Notizie  su  padre  Aaron  e  su 
Nicola  Vicentino"  ("  Gazz.  Mus."  di  Milano, 
1S51)  ;  "  Epistolario  di  autori  celebri  in  musica  " 
(1852-4)  ;  "  Bibliografia  di  due  stampe  ignote  di 
Ottaviano  Petrucci  da  Fossombrone  "  [discovered 
by  C'.aspari  at  Bologna]  (1858)  ;  "  Delia  vita  e 
delle  opere  di  Orazio  Vecchi  "  (1858);  ditto  "  di 
Claudio  Merulo  da  Correggio "  (i860);  and 
"  Delle  opere  di  Aless.  Stradella,  etc."  (1866). 

Ca'tenhausen,  Ernst,  b.  Ratzeburg,  1841  ; 
conductor  and  composer. 

Catru'fo,  Giuseppe,  dramatic  comp. ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Apr.  19,  1 771 ;  d.  London,  Aug.  19,  1851. 
Pupil  of  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de'  Turchini.  Of- 
ficer in  the  French  army  till  1804  ;  then  settled 
in  Geneva,  where  he  wrote  and  produced  4 
operas  ;  went  to  Paris  (1S10),  prod.  10  more 
operas,  and  to  London  (1835).  He  publ.  a 
"  Methode  de  Vocalisation  ";  solfeggi,  church- 
music;  cantatas;  pf.-pcs.;  songs. 

Caurroy,  Francois-Eustache  du,  sieur  de 
St.-Fremin  ;  b.  Gerberoy,  near  Beauvais,  Feb., 
1549  ;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  7,  1609.  Singer,  conduc- 
tor, and  from  1599  superintendent  "  du  musique 
du  roi."  His  works,  mostly  for  church,  were 
much  valued  by  contemporaries. 

Cavaille-Coll,  Aristide,  celebrated  organ- 
builder;  b.  Montpellier,  Feb.  2,  181 1  ;  d.  Paris, 
Oct.  13,  1S99.  His  father,  Dom.  HyacintheC.-C. 
[1771-1S62],  was  also  an  organ-builder.  Aris- 
tide went  to  Paris  in  1833  ;  built  the  organ  at 
St. -Denis,  and  thereafter  many  famous  organs 
in  Paris  (St.-Sulpice,  Madeleine,  etc.),  the 
French  provinces,  Belgium,  Holland,  and  else- 
where. He  invented  the  system  of  separate 
wind-chests  with  different  pressures  for  the  low, 
medium,  and  high  tones  ;  also  the  JMtes  octavi- 
antes. — Writings  :  "  Etudes  experimentales  sur 
les  tuyaux  d'orgue  "  (Report  for  the  Acade'mie 
des  Sciences,  1S49)  ;  "  De  l'orgue  et  de  son 
architecture"  ("Revue  generale  de  l'architec- 
ture  des  Travaux  Publics,"  1S56),  and  "  Projet 
d'Orgue  monumental  pour  la  Basilique  de  Saint- 
Pierre  de  Rome  "  (1875). 

Cavalie'ri,  Emilio  del,  a  Roman  nobleman; 
b.  abt.  1550,  is  supposed  to  have  died  in  1599, 
in  Florence,  where  he  was  "  Inspector-General 
of  Art  and  Artists  "  to  the  Tuscan  court.  In 
Florence  he  was  one  of  the  "inventors"  and 
most  zealous  promoters  of  the  (then)  new  siilo 
rappresentaiivo — i.  e.,  the  homophonic  style, 
melody  with  accompanying  harmonies.  His 
chief  work,  Rappresentazione di  anima  e  di  corpo 
(Rome,  1600),  is  regarded  as  the  first  oratorio  ; 
in  his  //  Satire  (1590),  Dispcrazione  di  Filene 
(1590),  and  Giuoco  della  cieca  (1595),  are  the 
germs  of  modern  opera,  despite  the  crudities  of 
their  harmonies  and  melodic  monotony.  In  the 
Rappresentazione,  too,  occurs  a  "  basso  continu- 


ato  "  with  thorough-bass  figuring  ;  and  the  mel- 
ody shows  attempts  at  figuration  ;  the  work  was 
publ.  by  Aless.  Guidotti  in  1600,  with  an  ex- 
planatory preface. 

Cavalie'ri,  Katherina,  b.  Wahring,  Vienna, 
1761  ;  d.  1S01  ;  known  to  fame  from  a  passage 
in  a  letter  of  Mozart,  calling  her  "  a  singer  of 
whom  Germany  might  well  be  proud."  For  her 
he  wrote  the  role  of  Constanze  (Entfiikrung), 
and  the  aria  "  Mi  tradi "  in  Don  Giovanni  at  its 
Vienna  production. 

Caval'li,  Francesco,  b.  Crema,  abt.  1600  ;  d. 
Venice,  Jan.  14,1676.  His  real  name  was  Pier 
Francesco  Caletti-Bruni,  his  father,  Giambatt. 
Caletti,  called  Bruni,  being  maestro  at  Crema; 
his  protector  was  a  Venetian  nobleman,  Fede- 
rigo  Cavalli,  and,  according  to  the  prevailing 
fashion,  he  took  the  hitter's  name.  Trained  in 
Venice,  he  was  a  singer  at  S.  Marco  as  "  Bruni  " 
in  1617,  as  "  Caletti  "  in  1628,  and  in  1640  sec- 
ond organist,  as  "  Caletto  detto  Cavalli."  App. 
first  org.  in  1665,  he  became  ///.  di  capp.  at  S. 
Marco  in  1668.  A  pupil  of  Monteverde,  his 
chief  works  were  dramatic  (41  operas),  which 
show  a  marked  advance,  both  in  breadth  of 
form  and  power  of  expression,  rhythmic  and 
melodic,  over  his  master.  His  Giasone  (Venice, 
1649)  was  applauded  on  all  the  chief  stages  of 
Italy  ;  his  Serse  (Venice,  1654)  was  the  opera 
chosen  for  the  marriage  festivities  of  Louis  XIV 
in  1660,  and  his  Ercole  amante  was  written  for 
the  inauguration  of  the  hall  of  the  Tuileries 
(1662).  C.  was  also  a  fine  organist,  and  com- 
posed a  noble  Requiem,  and  much  good  church- 
music. 

Caval'lo,  Peter,  organist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Munich,  Dec.  23,  1819  ;  d.  Paris,  April  19, 
1S92  ;  for  some  30  years,  org.  at  the  Paris 
churches  St.-Mery,  St. -Vincent  de  Paul,  and  St.- 
Germain  des  Pres. 

Cavos,  Catterino,  b.  Venice,  1775  ;  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  Apr.  28,  1840.  A  pupil  of  Fr.  Bian- 
chi,  he  first  produced  two  patriotic  cantatas 
in  Venice,  and  in  1798  went  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  the  success  of  his  Russian  opera  Ivan 
Sussanina  (1799)  procured  his  app.  as  court 
conductor.  He  wrote  in  all  13  Russian  operas  ; 
1  in  French,  and  1  in  Italian  ;  besides  6  ballets, 
and  vaudevilles,  choruses,  etc. 

Caylus,  Anne-Claude-Philippe  de  Tubi- 
eres,  comte  de,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  31,  1692;  d.  there 
Sept.  5,  1765.  He  treated  of  ancient  music 
in  his  "  Recueil  d'Antiquite's  egyptiennes, 
etrusques,  grecques,  romaines  et  gauloises" 
(Paris,  1752  et  seq.),  also  in  his  dissertation 
printed  in  the  "  Memoires  de  l'Acad.  d'inscr.," 
vol.  xxi,  p.   174. 

Cecilia  (Saint),  a  Christian  martyr,  who  died 
for  the  faith  at  Rome,  A.D.  230.  On  the  Chris- 
tian calendar,  her  feast-day  is  Nov.  22.  She 
is  the  patron  saint  of  music,  more  especially  of 
church-music,  and  legend  ascribes  to  her  the 
invention  of  the  organ. 


105 


CELESTINO— CESTI 


Celesti'no,  Eligio,  violinist  ;  b.  Rome,  1739  I 
d.  Ludwigslust,  Jan.  24,  1S12.      Ducal  cond.  at 

Ludwigslust  from  17S1.  Lived  in  London  abt. 
1790  as  a  teacher,  and  publ.  there  6  sonatas  f. 
vln.  and  bass,  and  3  duos  f.  vln.  and  'cello. 

Celler,  Ludovic  (pen-name  of  Louis  Le- 
clerq),  b.  Paris,  Feb.  S,  1828.  Publ.  "La 
semaine  sainte  au  Vatican  "  (1867),  "  Moliere- 
Lully  :  Le  mariage  force  (Le  ballet  du  roi) " 
(1867),  "  Les  origines  de  l'opera  et  le  '  Pallet  de 
la  reine  '  "  (186S). 

Cellier,  Alfred,  b.  Hackney,  London,  Dec.  1, 
1S44  ;  d.  there  Dec.  28,  1891.  Chorister  at 
St.  James'  Chapel  Royal;  pupil  of  Thos.  Hel- 
more  ;  1866,  cond.  at  Pelfast  of  the  Ulster  Hall 
concerts  and  the  Philharmonic.  From  1871-5, 
cond.  at  the  Prince's  Th.,  Manchester  ;  1877-9 
at  the  London  Opera  Comique,  and  (with  Sulli- 
van) of  the  Promenade  Concerts  in  Covent  Car- 
den.  He  then  spent  some  years  in  America  and 
Australia,  and  returned  to  London  in  1887. — 
Works  :  The  Masque  of  Pandora  (Boston, 
U.  S.  A.,  1881);  the  operettas  Charity  begins  at 
home  (1870);  The  Sultan  of  Mocha  (1876);  The 
Tower  of  London  ;  Nell  Gwynne;  Bella  Donna : 
The  Foster-Brothers  ;  Dora  s  Dream ;  The  Spec- 
tre Knight  (1878)  ;  After  all  (1878)  ;  /;/  the 
sulks  (1880) ;  Dorothy  (1886)  ;  The  Carp  (1886) ; 
Mrs.  Jarramie 's  Genie  (1887) ;  and  77^  Mounte- 
banks (London,  1892)  ;  also  a  setting  of  Cray's 
Elegy  (Leed's  Fest.,  1S83),  a  symphonic  suite, 
and  some  popular  songs  and  part-songs. 

Cernohor'sky  (Czernohorsky),  Bohuslav, 

b.  Nimburg,  Bohemia,  2nd  half  of  17th  cent.; 
d.  Italy,  1740.  A  Minorite  monk,  he  was  choir- 
master at  S.  Antonio,  Padua,  and  abt.  171 5  or- 
ganist at  Assisi  (Tartini  was  one  of  his  pupils). 
Returning  to  Bohemia,  he  was  Kapellm.  at  the 
Teinkirche,  Prague,  and  (1735)  at  St.  James'. 
His  comp.s  are  sung  in  all  Bohemian  churches. 
Many'MSS.  were  lost  at  the  burning  of  the 
Minorite  monastery  (1754). 

Cero'ne,  Domenico  Pietro,  b.  Bergamo, 
about  1566  ;  d.  (?).  In  1592  he  went  to  Spain, 
and  became  a  singer  in  the  court  choir  ;  in  1608 
he  joined  the  royal  choir  at  Naples.  Publ. 
"  Regole  per  il  canto  fermo  "  (Naples,  1609), 
and  "  El  Melopeo  y  Maestro,  tractado  de  musica 
teorica  y  pratica  "  (Naples,  1613,  pp.  1200;  a 
compendium  of  early  mus.  theory). 

Cerre'to,  Scipione,  composer,  lutist,  and 
theorist;  b.  Naples,  1551;  d.  there  abt.  1632. 
Publ.  2  valuable  works  :  "Delia  prattica  musica 
vocale  e  strumentale,  etc."  (Naples,  1601),  and 
"Arbore  musicale  "  (Naples,  1608);  a  third,  in 
MS.,  is  "  Dialogo  harmonico "  (two  copies, 
1628,  1631). 

Certon,  Pierre,  a  leading  contrapuntist  of 
the  1  Oth  century,  was  choirmaster  of  the  Sainte 
Chapelle  at  Paris.  His  works  (masses,  motets, 
psalms,  magnificats,  and  chansons)  were  printed 
in  the  collections  of  Ballard,  Attaignant,  Susato, 
Phalese,  etc.,  between  1527-O0. 


Ceru,  Domenico  Agostino,  b.  Lucca,  Aug. 
28,  1817  ;  an  engineer  and  musical  dilettant, 
he  publ.  a  biography  of  L.  Boccherini  (18O4); 
a  letter  to  his  friend  Andrea  Bernadini,  con- 
trasting Oerrnan  with  Italian  music  (1870)  ;  and 
the  interesting  "  Cenni  storici  dell'insegna- 
mento  della  musica  in  Lucca,  etc."  (Lucca, 
i8p). 

Cerveny,  V.  F.  [Wenzel  Franz],  cele- 
brated inventor  and  improver  of  brass  wind- 
instr.s  ;  b.  DubeE,  Bohemia,  1S19  ;  d.  Jan.  19, 
iSgO,  at  Koniggratz.  In  his  12th  year  he 
was  a  good  performer  on  most  brass  instr.s. 
Learned  his  trade  with  Bauer,  a  mus.-instr.  ma- 
ker in  Prague.  Worked,  later,  in  Brtinn,  Press- 
burg,  Vienna,  and  Pesth.  Est.  himself  (1842) 
at  Koniggratz.  Invented  the  following  instr.s  : 
Cornon  ('44),  Contrabass  ('45),  rhonikon  ('48), 
Baroxiton  ('53),  Contrafagotto  in  metal  ('5O), 
Althorn  obbligato  ('59),  Turnerhorn,  Jagerhorn, 
army  Trombones  ('67),  Primhorn  ('73),  and  after 
this  last  proved  successful,  the  complete  Wald- 
horn  quartet  (Primhorn,  Ej?  Alto,  Waldhorn  in 
F,  Tenor  in  Bb,  Basso  1°  in  ¥,  Basso  11°  in 
D[?),  which  he  considers  his  highest  achieve- 
ment. Then  followed  the  Subcontrabass  and 
the  Subcontrafagotto.  He  also  made  an  entire 
family  of  improved  Cornets  ("  Kaiserkornette"), 
also  the  "Triumph"  Cornet.  His  "roller" 
cylinder-mechanism  is  an  invention  of  the  high- 
est importance.  He  improved  the  Euphonion, 
the  Russian  Signal-horns,  the  Screw-drum,  and 
the  church  kettledrums.  His  instr.s  have  taken 
first  prizes  in  all  exhibitions  in  Europe  and 
America  ;  they  are  supplied  to  the  Russian, 
Cerman,  and  Austrian  military  bands.  His  fac- 
tory employs  over  100  workmen.  Since  187O, 
the  firm  has  been  "V.  F.  C.  &  SOhne." 

Cerve'ra,  Francisco,  Spanish  theorist  ;  b. 
Valencia  (15-?)  ;  author  of  several  works  on 
music,  among  them  being  the  "  Declaracion  de 
lo  canto  llano  "  (Alcala,  1593). 

Cervet'ti.     See  Cklinek. 

Cervet/to,  Giacomo  (real  name  Bassevi), 
distinguished  'cellist  ;  b.  Italy,  abt.  16S2  ;  d.  Jan. 
14,  1783,  London,  where  he  had  lived  since 
1728,  at  first  as  a  player,  then  manager  at  Drury 
Lane. — His  son  Giacomo  (James),  who  d.  Feb. 
5,  1S37,  was  a  fine  'cellist  and  concert-player  ; 
publ.  soli  for  violin,  and  duets  and  trios  f.  vln. 
and  'cello. 

Ce'si,  Beniamino,  distinguished  pianist;  b. 
Naples,  Nov.  0,  1S45.  Pupil  of  Naples  Cons., 
studying  comp.  under  Mercadante  and  Pappa- 
lardo,  and  taking  private  pf. -lessons  of  Thal- 
berg.  Since  18OO,  pf.-prof.  at  Naples  Cons. 
He  has  given  very  successful  concerts  in  Italy, 
also  at  Paris,  Cairo,  Alexandria,  etc.  lias  publ. 
some  sixty  pf.-pes.  and  songs  ;  also  a  Method  f. 
pf.  (Milan,  1895-6-7).  An  opera,  Vittor  Pisani, 
has  not  been  produced. 

Ces'ti,  Marc'  Antonio,  a  Franciscan  monk 
and    renowned    dramatic  composer;   b.   Arezzo. 


CHABRIER— CHAMINADE 


1620  ;  d.  Venice,  1669.  Fupil  of  Carissimi  at 
Rome;  in  1646  ///.  di  capp.  to  Ferd.  II.  de' 
Medici,  at  Florence  ;  1660,  tenor  singer  in  the 
Papal  choir  ;  1666-9,  asst.-RTapellm.  to  the  Em- 
peror Leopold  I.,  at  Vienna  ;  then  returned  to 
Venice.  His  first  opera,  Orontea  (Venice,  1649), 
was  much  applauded,  and  his  other  dramatic 
ventures  were  also  successful  :  Cesare  amante 
(Venice,  165 1),  La  Dori  (Venice,  1663)  fpubl. 
in  vol.  xii  of  the  "  Publ.  d.  Gesellschaft  fur 
Musikforschung  "],  II principe generoso  (Vienna, 
1665),  II porno  d'ofo  (Vienna,  1666  ;  the  score  is 
in  the  Imp.  Library  at  Vienna);  Tito  (Venice, 
1666),  Nettuno  e  Flora  festeggianti  (Venice, 
1666),  Semiramide  (Vienna,  1667),  Le  disgrazie 
d ' Amorc  (Vienna,  1667),  Argene  (Venice,  1668), 
Genserieo,  and  Argia  (Venice,  1669).  All  of 
these,  except  the  2  noted  above,  are  now  known 
by  name  only.  Many  of  his  cantatas  are  pre- 
served in  various  European  libraries  ;  he  trans- 
ferred to  the  stage  the  cantata,  which  had  been 
perfected  for  the  church  by  his  master,  Carissimi. 
He  also  wrote  madrigals,  songs,  etc. 

Chabrier,  Alexis-Emmanuel,  b.  Auvergne, 
Jan.  18,  1842  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  13,  1894.  St.  law 
in  Paris  ;  later  harmony,  e_tc.,  under  Semet  and 
Hignard,  and  pf.  under  Edouard  Wolf).  First 
operette,  TJStoile,  1877,  Paris;  then  V Estima- 
tion manque'e  (Paris,  1879);  1881,  chorusmaster 
under  Lamoureux.  In  1885  was  prod.  La  Sula- 
mite  (scene  f.  soprano,  female  ch.,  and  orch.); 
1886,  Gwendoline-,  grand  op.  in  3  acts  (Brussels); 
1S87,  the  opera  Le  Roi  malgre  lui  (Paris,  Opera- 
Corn.).  He  left  an  unfinished  opera  Briseis. 
He  published  pf. -music  (e.g.^the  coll.  "Pieces 
pittoresques") ;  a  chorus,  "A  la  Musique"  \  a 
"  Marche  de  fete"  f.  orch.;  etc. 

Chadwick,  George  Whitfield,  b.  Lowell, 
Mass.,  Nov.  13,  1S54.  After  some  years' study 
of  organ ,  etc.  .under 
Eugene  Thayer  at 
Boston,  in  1876  he 
took  charge  of  the 
mus.  dept.  of  Olivet 
Coll.,  Mich.  Dur- 
ing 1877-8  he  stud- 
ied in  the  Leipzig 
Cons.  (Reinecke, 
Jadassohn),  and  his 
graduation -piece 
(overture  to  Rip  van 
Winkle)  was  repeat- 
ed at  a  Handel  and 
Haydn  concert  at 
Boston  in  18S0.  In 
1879  he  studied  composition  and  organ-playing 
at  Munich  under  Rheinberger  ;  in  iSSohe  settled 
in  Boston,  becoming  org.  of  the  South  Congreg. 
Ch.,and  teacher  of  harmony,  comp.,and  instrum. 
at  the  New  England  Cons,  of  Music,  of  which  he 
was  app.  Dir.  in  1897,  succeeding  Faelten.  He 
has  received  the  hon.  degree  of  A.M.  from  Yale  ; 
and  is  conductor  of  the  Worcester  Mus.  Festival. 
— C.  is  one  of  the  leading  American  composers  ; 


a  list  of  his  chief  works  follows  :  Comic  opera 
Tabasco  (New  York,  May  14,  1894);  3  sym- 
phonies: I,  in  C  (MS);  II,  in  lib;  III,  in  F; 
Overtures  :  "  Rip  van  Winkle"  (1S79),  "  Thalia" 
(1S83),  "Melpomene"  (1887),  "The  Miller's 
Daughter"  (18SS) ;  3  symphonic  sketches  f. orch., 
"Jubilee,"  "Noel,"  and  "A  vagrom  Ballad." 
Also  much  church-music,  music  f.  pf.  and  org., 
and  some  50  songs  (among  these  a  set  of  12  f  10111 
Arlo  Bates's  "Told  in  the  Gate");  Chamber- 
music:  Pf. -quintet  in  Eb;  5  string-quartets,  in 
G  min.,  C,  D,  (?),  and  E  min. ;  1  string-trio  in 
C  min.  ;  Choral  works  :  The  Viking's  Last 
Voyage  (f.  bar.  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.,  1S86); 
The  Lovely  Rosabelle  (f.  soli,  mixed  ch.,  and 
orch.,  1S90)  ;  Phosnix  expirans  (1892);  The  Lily 
Nymph  (1895);  "The  Pilgrim's  Hymn"  (ode), 
and  "The  Columbian  Ode"  (Chicago,  1893); 
"  Lochinvar,"  ballade  f.  solo  bar.  and  orch. — 
Also  a  text-book  on  "  Harmony  "  (Boston,  1S9S). 
Challier,  Ernst,  b.  Berlin,  July  9,  1843, 
music-publisher  there.  His  monographic  cata- 
logues of  songs,  duets,  and  trios,  etc.,  are  of  in- 
terest. 

Chamberlain,  Houston  Stewart,  contem- 
porary writer  ;  author  of  "  Das  Drama  Richard 
Wagners"  (Leipzig,  1892),  and  "Richard 
Wagner"  (Munich,  1896,  in  German;  London, 
1897,  in  English,  transl.  by  G.  A.  Hight).  In 
this  latter  work  the  author  aims  at  presenting  the 
true  individuality  of  Wagner  ;  the  book  is  psy- 
chologic rather  than  historical. 

Chambonnieres,  Jacques  Champion  (called 
"  Champion  de  Chamb."'),  a  cembalist  of  the 
17th  century  (d.  abt.  1670),  first  chamber-cem- 
balist to  Louis  XIV7.,  and  the  teacher  of  the  elder 
Couperins,  d'Anglebert,  Le  Begue,  Hardelle, 
and  others.  Two  books  of  his  clavecin-pes.  are 
extant. 

Chaminade,  Cecile  (-  Louise  -  Stephanie ), 

composer  and  pf. -virtuoso;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  8, 
1861,  where  she  re- 
sides. A  pupil  of 
Lecouppey,  Savard, 
and  Marsick;  finally 
(in  comp.)  of  Benj. 
Godard. — Works: 
The  "ballet-sym- 
phonie"  Ca Hi r hoe 
(Marseilles,  1S88, 
v.  succ.) ;  the  "sym- 
phonic lyrique"  Les 
Amazones  (An  vers, 
1888);  2  Suites  for 
orch.;  "Concert- 
stuck  "f.  pf.  w.orch. ; 
she  has  publ.  over  60 
pf.-pes.,  chiefly  romantic  in  style  (six  Concert- 
studies,  op.  35  ;  Etude  symphonique  ;  Yalse 
caprice;  "La  Lisoniera";  Arabesque,  op.  61  ; 
Impromptu  ;  Six  Airs  de  ballet),  and  a  great 
number  of  fascinating  songs.  As  a  song-writer 
she  ranks  high  among  contemporaries. 


107 


CHAMPEIN—  CHARPENTIER 


Champein,  Stanislas,  b.  Marseilles,  Nov. 
ig,  1753  ;  d.  Paris.  Sept.  ig,  1830.  He  studied 
under  Peccico  and  Chavet  in  Paris  ;  at  13  he  be- 
came 111.  de  musique  at  the  Collegiate  Ch.  at  Pi- 
gnon,  for  which  he  wrote  a  magnificat,  a  mass, 
and  psalms  ;  in  1770  he  went  to  Paris,  where  some 
sacred  works,  and  2  operettas,  made  his  name 
known.  Up  to  1 792  he  produced  22  operas,  the 
best  of  which  were  La  Me'lomanie,  Les  Dettes,  and 
Le  nouveau  Don  Quichotte.  From  1793-1804  he 
filled  a  government  position  ;  yet  also  wrote  15 
operas,  none  of  which  was  prod.  After  this  he 
gradually  lapsed  into  neglect  and  deep  poverty, 
from  which  he  was  rescued  by  friends  not  two 
years  before  his  death.  Though  one  of  the 
best-known  stage-composers  of  his  time,  Cham- 
pein's  works  are  wholly  forgotten. 

Champion,  Jacques.    See  CiiAMBONNifeRES. 

Channay,  Jean  de,  music -printer  at  Avi- 
gnon, 1st  half  of  16th  century  ;  printed  works  by 
Genet  (Carpentras),  with  peculiar  types  cut  and 
founded  by  Briard. 

Chanot,  Francois,  b.  Mirecourt,  1787  ;  d. 
Brest,  1823  ;  son  of  an  instrument-maker  ;  be- 
came a  naval  engineer,  was  retired  on  half-pay, 
and  during  his  forced  inactivity  invented  a  vio- 
lin, made  on  the  principle  that  the  vibratory 
power  would  be  increased  by  preserving  the  longi- 
tudinal wood-fibres  intact  as  far  as  possible. 
Thus  his  violin  had  no  bouts,  but  slight  incur- 
vations like  a  guitar ;  the  sound-holes  were 
almost  straight,  and  the  belly  nearly  flat  ;  the 
strings  were  attached  to  the  edge  of  the  belly, 
instead  of  to  a  tail-piece.  The  violin  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  Academy,  whose  report  after  test- 
ing it  put  it  on  an  equality  with  those  of  Stradi- 
vari and  Guarneri  (  !  ! ).  His  brother,  a  luthier 
at  Paris,  manufactured  a  number  of  violins  after 
this  model  ;  but  gave  it  up  when  a  few  years 
had  demonstrated  its  unpractical  character. 

Chapman,  William  Rogers,  b.  Hanover, 
Mass.,  Aug.  4,  1855.  Chorus-leader  and  conduc- 
tor, residing  in  New  York.  Has  written  church- 
music,  choral  works,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Chappell  &  Co.,  London  music-publishers, 
founded  in  1812  by  Samuel  Chappell,  J.  B. 
Cramer  (the  pianist),  and  F.  T.  Latour.  Cramer 
retired  in  iSig,  Latour  in  1826,  and  S.  Chappell 
died  in  1S34,  when  his  son  William  (iSog-1888) 
became  the  head  of  the  firm.  In  1840  he  estab. 
the  "Antiquarian  Society";  he  published  "A 
Coll.  of  National  Engl.  Airs"  (2  vol  s,  1838-g), 
Lowland's  songs,  and  "Popular  Music  of  the 
Olden  Time  "  (2  vol.s,  1845-9)  ;  he  left  an  un- 
finished "History  of  Music"  (vol.  i.,  London, 
1874).  Lis  brothers,  Thomas  and  Arthur, 
were  respectively  the  founder  and  conductor  of 
the  Monday  and  Saturday  Popular  Concerts. 

Chappie,  Samuel,  b.  Crediton  (Devon), 
England,  in  1775  ;  d.  Ashburton,  Oct.  3,  1833  ; 
organist  and  pianist,  blind  from  infancy. 
Org.    at    Ashburton    1795-1833. — Publ.    3    pf.- 


sonatas  w.  vln.-accomp. ;  3  sets  of  six  anthems 
in  score  ;  12  psalm-tunes  ;  5  songs  and  a  glee  ; 
6  songs  w.  pf . ;  etc. 

Chapuis,  Auguste-Paul-Jean-Baptiste,  b. 

Dampierre-sur- Salon  ( Haute -Saone),  France, 
April  20,  1S62.  Pupil  of  Dubois  (harm.), 
Massenet  (cpt.  and  fugue),  and  Cesar  Franck 
(org.,  improv.,  and  comp.),  at  Paris  Cons.,  tak- 
ing 1st  prize  in  harmony  (1S77),  1st  prize  for 
org.,  etc.  (1880),  and  the  Rossini  prize  in  1885. 
From  1SS2-7,  org.  at  Notre  Dame  des  Champs, 
since  then  at  Saint-Roch.  Since  i8g4,  prof,  of 
harm,  at  the  Cons. ;  since  i8g5,  Inspector-Gen- 
eral of  musical  instruction  in  the  Paris  Schools. 
— Works  :  The  4-act  lyric  drama  Enguerrande 
(Op. -Com.,  1892  ;  fiasco);  Les  Aticitres,  dram. 
legend  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  L.es  jardins 
d'Armide,  dram,  cantata  ;  incid.  music  to  l-'.lcn 
(1S94)  ;  Tattered,  3-act  lyric  drama  (Op. -Com., 
1898  ?)  ;  an  oratorio,  Les  7  paroles  du  Christ ; 
Solemn  Mass,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  several  short 
masses  w.  org. ;  motets  ;  Fantaisie  f.  orch. ; 
Sonata  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  a  string-quartet;  a 
pf.-trio  ;  "  Fulchinelli,"  pf. -suite  ;  a  pf. -suite 
"on  the  oriental  scale"  ;  pes.  f.  'cello  and  pf., 
vln.  and  pf.,  and  pf.  solo  ;  2  fantaisies  f.  horn 
w.  pf . ;  organ-music  ;  numerous  songs  ;  choruses 
for  children's,  women's,  men's,  and  mixed 
voices. — Has  also  publ.  a  "  Traite  d'Harmonie 
theorique  et  pratique." 

Char,  Friedrich  Ernst  ["Fritz"],  born 
Cleve-on-Rhein,  May  3,  1865.  Pupil  of  C. 
Kistler  at  Sondershausen  Cons.,  and  of  Wlill- 
ner  and  Neitzel  at  Cologne  (18S3-6).  At  pres- 
ent (1899)  opera-conductor  at  Ulm,  having  held 
similar  positions  in  Zwickau,  Stettin,  and  St. 
Gallen.  C.  wrote  text  and  music  of  the  very 
successful  3-act  romantic  opera  Der  Schelm  von 
Bergen  (Zwickau,  1S95).  Other  works  :  Can- 
tata "  Spielmann,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.; 
Flymne  f.  S-part  ch.  w.  orch.;  a  pf. -concerto  ; 
pf.  pes.  (sonata,  op.  5,  in  F£  minor  ;  Tanzi- 
dylle  ;  Gavotte  ;  Elegie  ;  scherzo  "  Waldes- 
lust  " )  ; — f.  vln.  and  pf.,  Lied  der  Sehnsucht  ; 
Albumblatt ; — Fantaisie  f.  org. ;  Lieder;  etc. 

Charpentier,  Gustave,  b.  Dieuze,  Lorraine, 
June  25,  1S60  ;  st.  Paris  Cons.  1881-7,  pupil  of 
Massart  (vln.),  Pessard  (harm.),  Massenet 
(comp.),  and  took  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  in  1887. 
First  works,  orch.  suite  "  Impressions  d'ltalie," 
and  the  "scene  lyrique "  Didon  (both  at  the 
Colonne  Concerts)  ;  then  the  songs  "  Les  fleurs 
du  mal "  and  "  Quinze  poemes "  (some  of  the 
latter  w.  ch.  and  orch.)  ;  symphonic  drsma(or 
concert-opera)  La  vie  du  poete  (Grand  Opera, 
1892);  symph.  poem  Napoli  (1891)  ;  4  operas 
(Louise,  'Marie,  Orphe'e,  Tete  rouge)  not  yet 
prod.;   "Serenade  a  Watteau  "  (1896). 

Charpentier,  Marc-Antoine,  born  Paris, 
1634  ;  d.  there  March,  1702.  A  student  of 
painting,  he  went  to  Italy,  where  Carissimi's 
music  won  him  over  to  the  subtler  art.  He 
studied    with  Carissimi,   returned    to    Paris,  and 


10S 


CHAUMET— CHERUBINI 


was  app.  m.  de  chap,  to  the  Dauphin,  but  lost 
the  post  through  Lully's  influence,  which  so 
embittered  him  against  the  latter  that  he  totally 
eschewed  his  style,  although  to  his  own  preju- 
dice. He  became  m.  de  chap,  and  music- 
teacher  to  Mademoiselle  de  Guise  ;  then  intend- 
ant  to  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  then  m.  de  chap,  of 
the  Jesuit  collegial  church  and  monastery  ;  and 
finally  m.  de  chap.,  till  his  decease,  of  the  Sainte- 
Chapelle.  He  composed  16  operas,  and  kindred 
scenic  works,  for  the  public  stage,  besides  several 
"tragedies  spirituelles "  for  the  Jesuits;  also 
masses  and  motets,  pastorales,  drinking-songs, 
etc.  Fetis  considers  that  C.  was  Lully's  supe- 
rior in  learning,  though  of  inferior  inventive 
power. 

Chaumet,  William,  b.  Bordeaux,  Apr.  26, 
1842.  Took  the  "  prix  Cressent,"  and  the 
"  prix  Rossini  "  for  composition. — Works  :  The 
comic  opera  Le  pe'che  de  M.  Gironte  (1S73), 
dram,  poem  Idea  (Bordeaux,  1873),  com.  opera 
Bathyle  (1877),  dram,  poem  H/rode  (Paris 
Cons',  1885),  Mamzelle  Pioupiott  (1889);  lyric 
drama  Mauprat  (MS.)  ;  orch.-pcs.,  pf.-mus., 
songs,  etc. 

Chauvet,  Charles-Alexis,  b.  Marnes,  June 
7,  1S37  ;  d.  Argentan,  Jan.  28,  1871.  Pupil 
(1850-60)  at  Paris  Cons,  of  Benoist  (org.)  and 
Ambr.  Thomas  (comp.)  ;  took  first  prize  in 
organ-class  in  i860.  He  was  organist  in  some 
minor  churches,  and  then  (1S69)  at  the  new 
Eglise  de  la  Ste.-Trinite.  He  was  a  wonderful 
improviser,  and  a  highly  gifted  composer  ;  his 
publ.  works  are  chiefly  organ-music. 

Chavanne,  Irena  von,  dramatic  alto ;  b. 
Gratz,  abt.  1867.  St.  at  Vienna  Cons.  1882-5 
under  Joh.  Resz  ;  eng.  since  1885  at  the  Dres- 
den Court  Opera. 

Chelard,  Hippolyte  -  Andre  -  Jean  -  Bap- 
tiste,  b.  Paris,  Feb.  1,  1789  ;  d.  Weimar,  Feb. 
12,  1 861  ;  son  of  a  clarinettist  at  the  Grand 
Opera.  Pupil  of  Fetis,  then  (1803)  of  Gossec 
and  Dourlen  at  the  Cons.,  taking  the  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  181 1.  Pie  prosecuted  his  fur- 
ther studies  under  Baini,  Zingarelli,  and  Pai- 
siello;  in  1815  his  first  opera,  La  casa  a  vendere, 
was  brought  out  at  Naples.  Returning  to  Paris, 
he  entered  the  Opera-orch.  as  a  violinist,  and 
gave  music-lessons  ;  after  long  waiting  (1827), 
his  opera  Macbeth  (text  by  Rouget  de  Lisle)  was 
prod.,  but  was  a  flat  failure.  Discouraged,  he 
withdrew  to  Munich,  where  Macbeth,  rewritten 
in  great  part,  was  so  successful  as  to  earn  him 
the  app.  as  court  Kapellm.  (1828).  He  went 
back  to  Paris  in  1829  ;  made  a  second  failure 
with  La  table  et  le  logement  :  opened  a  music- 
shop,  which  was  ruined  in  the  revolution  of  the 
next  year.  He  now  produced  2  more  succ. 
operas,  Der  Student  and  Mitternacht,  in 
Munich  ;  conducted  the  German  Opera  in 
London  (1832-3),  which  also  failed  ;  and  again 
revisited  Munich,  where  his  best  opera,  Die 
Hermanns  schlacht,    appeared     in    1S35.      From 


1836-50  he  was  court  Kapellm.  at  Weimar, 
bringing  out  2  comic  operas,  Der  Scheibentoni 
(1S42)  and  Der  Seekadett  (1844).  He  lived  in 
Paris  1S52-4.  A  posthumous  opera,  Laquila 
roinana,  was  given  at  Milan  in  1S64. 

ChelTeri,  Fortunato  (real  family  name  KeF- 
ler),  b.  Parma,  16S6  ;  d.  Kassel,  1757.  His 
teacher  was  his  uncle,  F.  M.  Bassani  (w.  di  capp. 
at  Piacenza  cath.).  His  first  opera,  Griselda 
(Piacenza,  1707),  was  followed  by  15  more, 
written  for  various  Italian  stages.  He  settled  in 
Kassel  in  1725,  and  was  app.  court  Kapellm., 
remaining  there  till  his  death,  excepting  a  short 
sojourn  in  Stockholm.  He  wrote  no  more 
operas,  but  composed  oratorios,  masses,  psalms, 
and  chamber-music  ;  he  publ.  a  vol.  of  cantatas 
and  arias  (London,  1726),  and  another  of  sonatas 
and  fugues  f.  pf.  and  f.  org.  (Kassel,  1829). 

Cheri,  Victor  (real  name  Cizos),  b.  Auxerre, 
Mar.  14,  1830;  comm.  suicide  Paris,  Nov.  11, 
1882.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (Massart,  A.  Adam) ; 
excellent  conductor,  in  turn  at  the  Varietes,  the 
Chatelet,  and  the  Gymnase. — Works  :  Comic 
opera  Une  aventure  sous  la  Ligue  (Bordeaux, 
1S57)  ;  the  music  to  several  ballets  and  fairy- 
spectacles  ;  a  violin-concerto  (MS.)  ;  etc. 

Cherubi'ni,  (Maria)  Luigi  (Carlo  Zenobio 
Salvatore),  b.  Florence,  Sept.  14,  1760  ;  d. 
Paris,  Mar.  15, 
1842.  To  the  age 
of  9,  his  father, 
cembalist  at  the 
Pergola  Th.,  in- 
structed him  in 
music  ;  his  subse- 
quent teachers  were 
Bart,  and  Ales. 
Felici,  then  Bizarri 
and  Castrucci,  and 
finally  he  was  sent 
by  Duke  Leopold 
II.  of  Tuscany  (the 
future  Emperor  L. 
III.)  to  Milan,  in 
1779.  to  perfect  him- 
self in  counterpoint 

under  Sarti.  At  13  he  had  already  written 
a  mass,  and  a  stage-intermezzo  for  a  society 
theatre  ;  at  15  he  comp.  another  intermezzo,  // 
Ginocalore ;  during  his  2  (4?)  years  with  Sarti 
he  confined  himself  to  contrapuntal  work  and 
church-music  ;  in  1780,  Quinto  Labia  (perf.  at 
Alessandria  della  Paglia)  opened  the  series  of 
his  dramatic  works  ;  its  cool  reception  spurred 
him  to  renewed  study,  and  Armida  (Florence, 
1782),  Adriano  in  Siria  (Leghorn,  1782),  Mes- 
senzio  (Florence,  1782),  Quinto  Labia  (revised  ; 
Rome,  1783),  Lo  Sposo  di  tre  e  marito  di  nessu- 
no  (Venice,  17S3),  Idalide  (Florence,  1784),  and 
Alessandro  nolle  Indie  (Mantua,  1784)  received 
public  approbation.  Invited  to  London  in  the 
autumn  of  1784,  he  brought  out  2  operas.  La 
jinta  principessa  (1785),  an  opera  buffa  which 
had  fair  success,  and  Ginlio  Sabiua(i']86),  which 


109 


CHEVE— CHIAROMONTE 


was  less  fortunate  ;  C.  held  the  position  of  Com- 
poser to  the  King  for  one  year,  and  in  July, 
1786,  went  to  Paris,  where  he  spent  a  year  most 
agreeably  ;  in  17SS  he  prod.  Ifigenia  in  Aulide 
at  Turin  ;  and  then  settled  in  Paris.  His  first 
French  opera,  Demophon  (Grand  Opera,  17S8), 
was  a  failure,  C.  finding  it  impossible  to  adapt 
his  style  of  flowing  melody  to  the  ill-turned  verses 
of  Marmontel,  the  librettist.  Next  year  Leo- 
nard, the  Queen's  hairdresser,  obtained  a  license 
to  establish  Italian  opera  in  a  little  play-house 
called  the  Th.  de  la  foire  de  St. -Germain  ;  and 
here  C.  conducted,  until  1792,  the  best  works  of 
Anfossi,  Paisiello,  and  Cimarosa.  During  this 
period  he  developed,  inspired  by  the  text  of 
his  opera  Lodotska  (Th.  de  Monsieur,  1791),  a 
new  dramatic  style  destined  to  work  a  revolution 
on  the  French  stage  ;  the  increased  breadth  and 
force  of  the  ensemble-numbers,  the  novel  and 
rich  orchestral  combinations,  and  the  generally 
heightened  dramatic  effect  were  imitated  or  ex- 
panded by  a  host  of  composers  of  the  French 
school — Mehul,  Berton,  Lesueur,  Gretry.  C.'s 
next  dramas,  Elisa,  on  le  voyage  an  111011/ 
St.  Bernard  (1794),  and  A/e'dee  (1797),  were 
weighted  by  poor  libretti.  In  1795  C.  was  app. 
one  of  the  Inspectors  of  the  new  Conservatoire. 
Composing  steadily,  he  brought  out  I ' Holel- 
Icrie  porltigaise  (179S),  La  Punition  (1799),  La 
Prisonniere  (1799  ;  pasticcio  w.  Boieldieu),  and 
in  1800,  at  the  Th.  Feydeau,  Les  deux  journ/es 
(prod,  in  London,  1S01,  as  The  Water-carrier; 
in  Germany  as  Der  Wassertrager),  his  master- 
work  in  opera.  Cherubini  had  fallen  into  dis- 
favor with  Napoleon,  whose  opinion  in  matters 
musical  he  had  slighted  ;  but  after  the  success  of 
Les  deux  jotirne'es,  he  was  able  to  produce  at  the 
Grand  Opera  Auacre'ou,  on  /'amour  fugitif 
(1803),  and  the  ballet  Achille  a  Scyros  (1804), 
neither  of  which,  however,  had  good  fortune. 
At  this  juncture  C.  was  invited  to  write  an  opera 
for  Vienna — a  most  welcome  diversion,  as  his 
financial  condition  was  the  reverse  of  flourishing. 
Faniska,  brought  out  in  1S06  at  the  Karnthner- 
thor  Theatre,  was  an  overwhelming  success  ;  a 
Vienna  critic  who  ventured  the  prophecy  that 
Beethoven's  Fidelio  would  one  day  be  equally  (!) 
esteemed,  was  laughed  at.  Returning  to  Paris 
after  the  French  occupation  of  Vienna,  he  wrote 
Pimmaglione  for  the  Italian  opera  at  the  Tuileries 
(1808),  but  did  not  win  the  Emperor's  favor,  and 
now  retired  for  a  time  to  the  chateau  of  the 
Prince  of  Chimay,  where  he  occupied  his  leisure 
with  botanizing.  The  request  to  write  a  mass 
for  the  church  of  Chimay  turned  the  current  of 
his  thoughts  ;  he  composed  the  celebrated  3- 
part  mass  in  F,  the  success  of  which  was  so 
marked,  that  C.  thenceforward  devoted  more 
time  to  sacred  than  dramatic  composition  ; 
though  he  still  prod.  Le  Crescendo  (1S10),  Les 
Abencerages  (Opera,  1813),  Bayard  a  Alczicrcs 
(1S14),  Blanche  de  Provence,  and  some  minor 
pieces  for  the  stage.  On  a  visit  to  London,  in 
1815,  he  wrote  for  the  Philharm.  Soc.  a  sym- 
phony, an  overture,  and  a  Hymn  to  Spring.      In 


this  year  he  lost  his  place  in  the  Cons,  during 
the  troublous  times  of  the  Restoration,  but  was 
recompensed  by  his  appointment  as  superintend- 
ent of  the  Royal  Chapel,  as  Martini's  suc- 
cessor. In  1 8 16  he  was  made  prof,  of  compo- 
sition at  the  Cons.,  and  its  Director  in  1S21, 
retiring  in  1841  on  account  of  advanced  age. — 
Cherubini  was  one  of  the  great  modern  masters  of 
counterpoint,  and  his  scores,  particularly  in  his 
admirable  sacred  music,  bear  witness  on  every 
page  to  his  skill  and  erudition.  As  an  opera- 
composer,  his  main  failing  was  the  undue  musi- 
cal prolongation  of  scenes  in  which  a  swifter 
dramatic  action  is' required.  His  own  catalogue 
of  his  works  (publ.  1S43)  includes  15  Italian  and 
14  French  operas  (and  many  vocal  numbers  oc- 
casionally introduced)  ;  1  ballet  ;  17  cantatas 
and  "  occasional  "  vocal  works  w.  orch. ;  many 
detached  airs,  romances,  nocturnes,  duets,  etc.; 
14  choruses  ;  4  sets  of  solfeggi  (over  160  num- 
bers) ;  11  solemn  masses,  2  requiems,  many  de- 
tached Kyries,  Glorias,  Credos,  etc.;  1  Credo  a 
8  w.  org.;  1  oratorio  (op.  17  ;  Florence,  1777)  ; 
motets,  hymns,  graduals,  etc.,  w.  orch.;  1  Mag- 
nificat, 1  Miserere,  1  Te  Deum  (each  w.  orch.)  ; 
4  litanies,  2  Lamentations,  20  antiphones  ;  etc.; 
— 1  symphony,  1  overture,  11  marches,  11 
dances,  etc.,  f .  orch. ;  6  string-quartets,  1  string- 
quintet  ;  1  sonata  f.  2  organs  ;  6  pf. -sonatas,  1 
grand  fantasia,  1  minuet,  1  chaconne,  and  other 
music  f.  pf. — Cherubini's  life  has  been  written 
in  French,  Italian,  German,  and  English  ;  the 
best  biography  is  Bellasis'  "  Cherubini  :  Memo- 
rials illustrative  of  his  Life  "  (London,  1874). 

Cheve,  Emile-Joseph-Maurice,  b.  Douar- 
nenez,  Finistere,  in  1804;  d.  Aug.  26,  1864. 
A  physician  of  great  merit,  he  became  a  zealous 
advocate  of  Galin's  method  of  mus.  instruction  ; 
married  Nanine  Paris  (d.  1868),  and  publ.  with 
her  a  ' '  Methode  elementaire  de  musique  vocale  " 
(Paris,  1S44),  in  the  long  preface  to  which  he 
"  exposes  "  and  attacks  the  "  defective  "  methods 
of  the  Conservatoire.  They  also  publ.  a  "  Me- 
thode elem.  d'harmonie"  (Paris,  1846);  and 
Mme.  Cheve  wrote  a  "  Nouvelle  theorie  des 
accords,  servant  de  base  a.  l'harmonie  "  (Paris, 
1844).  He  is  the  author  of  a  long  series  of 
essays  and  articles  by  which  he  vainly  sought  to 
draw  out  the  Cons,  professors. 

Chevillard,  Camille,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  1S59. 
Pf.-pupil  of  Georges  Mathias  ;  took  2nd  prize 
at  Cons,  in  1800.  Chiefly  self-taught  as  a  com- 
poser. Till  1S97,  asst.-cond.  of  the  Lamoureux 
Concerts,  when  he  succeeded  L.  as  conductor- 
in-chief. — Comp.s:  Asymph.  ballade,  "  Le  chene 
et  leroseau";  a  symph.  poem,  and  a  symph. 
fantaisie,  f.  orch.;  theme  and  var.s,  and  an 
Etude  chromatique,  f.  pf. ;  a  string-quintet, 
quartet,  trio  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln. 

Chiaromo'nte,  Francesco,  b.  Castrogiovan- 
ni,  Sicily,  July  20,  1809;  d.  Brussels,  Oct.  15, 
1886.  Pupil  of  Ragusa,  of  Raimondi  at  Pa- 
lermo, and  of  Donizetti  at  Naples.  At  first  a 
tenor  stage-singer,  he  made  his  composer's  debut 


CIIICKERING    &    SONS— CHOPIN 


with  the  opera  Fenicia  (Naples,  1844)  ;  became 
prof,  of  singing  at  the  R.  Cons.;  was  imprisoned 
1848-50  as  a  revolutionist,  and  banished  in  1850 
during  the  successful  production  of  a  new  opera, 
Caterina  di  Cleves.  He  was  less  succ.  at  Genoa 
and  Milan,  and  proceeded  (1858)  to  Paris,  where 
he  was  app.  chorusmaster  at  the  Th.  Italien. 
Later  he  had  a  similar  place  in  London  (Ital. 
Opera)  ;  then  (1862)  settled  in  Brussels,  and 
became  prof,  in  the  Cons.  (1S71).  He  wrote  5 
other  operas  ;  an  oratorio,  Hiob  (1884)  ;  and  a 
good  "  Methode  de  Chant." 

Chickering  &  Sons,  a  celebrated  American 
firm  of  pf. -makers,  establ.  at  Boston,  Mass.,  in 
1823,  by  Jonas  Chickering  (b.  New  Ipswich,  N. 
II.,  April  5,  1798  ;  d.  Boston,  Dec.  8,  1853), 
who  served  his  apprenticeship  under  John  Os- 
borne, at  Boston,  from  1818.  His  son  and  suc- 
cessor, Col.  Thomas  E.  Chickering  (b.  Boston, 
Oct.  22,  1824;  d.  there  Feb.  14,  1S71),  was 
named  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in 
addition  to  taking  the  first  prize  for  pianofortes 
at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1S67.  His  sons  still 
carry  on  the  manufactory,  which  is  famous  both 
for  quality  and  quantity  of  its  output. 

Child,  William,  b.  Bristol,  1606  ;  d.  Wind- 
sor, Mar.  23,  1697  ;  org.  and  (1660)  chanter  of 
the  Chapel  Royal,  and  a  member  of  the  King's 
private  band  ;  Mus.  Bac.  (1631)  and  Mus.  Doc. 
(1633)  Oxon. —  Publ.  psalms  (1639;  2nd  ed. 
1650)  ;  services,  anthems,  "  Court  Ayres  "  (secu- 
lar vocal  music),  canons,  catches,  etc.  (see 
coll.s  of  Arnold,  Boyce,  Hilton,  Playford,  and 
others). 

Chilesot'ti,  Oscare,  distinguished  musician 
and  mus.  historiographer ;  b.  Bassano,  Italy, 
July  12,  1848.  Graduate  in  law  of  Padua  Univ. 
He  is  also  a  good  flutist  and  'cellist ;  self-taught 
in  harmony.  He  lives  at  Milan,  where  he  writes 
regularly  for  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale,"  and  con- 
tributes to  other  periodicals. — Works  :  "  Biblio- 
teca  di  Rarita  musicali "  (1883,  etc.,  4  vol.s), 
containing  transcriptions  from  little-known  works 
early  in  the  17th  century,  and  (vol.  iv)  Arianna 
by  Benedetto  Marcello  ;  "  I  nostri  maestri  del 
passato"  (Milan,  1882),  biogr.  notes  on  the 
greatest  Ital.  musicians,  from  Palestrina  to 
Bellini  ;  "  Di  G.  B.  Besardo  e  del  suo  Thesaurus 
harmonious "  (Milan,  1SS6)  ;  ''Sulla  lettera 
critica  di  B.  Marcello  contro  A.  Lotti  ..." 
(Bassano,  1885);  "Sulla  melodia  popolare  nel 
secolo  xvi  "  (Milan);  he  publ.  in  modern  notation 
Roncalli's  "  Capricci  armonici  "  on  the  Spanish 
guitar  (Milan,  1S81)  ;  and  transl.  Schopenhauer's 
"  Aphorismen "  and  "Die  Welt  als  Wille  u. 
Vorstellung  "  into  Italian. 

Chipp,  Edmund  Thomas,  leading  English 
organist  ;  b.  London,  Dec.  25,  1823  ;  d.  Nice, 
Dec.  17,  1SS6  ;  Mus.  Bac.  (1859)  and  Mus.  Doc. 
(i860)  Cantab.  After  holding  many  positions 
as  organist,  he  obtained  the  organ  at  St.  Paul's, 
Edinburgh,  in  May,  1866,  and  that  at  Ely  cathe- 
dral in  Nov.,  1866. — Works  :  Job,  an  oratorio  ; 


Naomi,  a  sacred   idyll  ;  and   numerous   church- 
comp.s  f.  voice  and  f.  organ. 

Chlad'ni,  Ernst  Florens  Friedrich,  b.  Wit- 
tenberg, Nov.  30,  1756;  d.  Breslau,  Apr.  3,  1S27. 
At  first  a  student  and  prof,  of  law  at  Wittenberg 
and  Leipzig,  he  turned  to  physics,  and  made 
highly  important  researches  in  the  domain  of 
acoustics.  He  discovered  the  "  Tonfiguren  " 
(tone-figures  ;  i.e.,  the  regular  patterns  assumed 
by  dry  sand  on  a  glass  plate  set  in  vibration  by 
a  bow)  ;  and  inv.  the  Euphonium  (glass-rod  har- 
monica) and  Clavicylinder  (steel-rod  keyboard 
harmonica).  To  introduce  his  ideas  and  inven- 
tions, he  made  long  journeys  and  delivered 
many  scientific  lectures.  His  earlier  publica- 
tions, "  Entdeckungen  liber  die  Theorie  des 
Klanges  "  (i787)."Uberdie  Longitudinalschwin- 
gungen  der  Saiten  und  Stabe,"  and  a  series  of 
minor  articles  in  various  periodicals,  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  important  works  "  Die  Akustik  " 
(1802  ;  French,  1809)  :  "  Neue  Beitrage  zur 
Akustik  "  (18 1 7)  ;  "  Kurze  Ubersicht  der  Schall- 
und  Klanglehre." 

Chopin,  (Francois-)  Frederic,  pianist  of 
distinction  and  an  incomparable  composer  for 
piano ;  was  born  at 
Zelazowa  Wola  [Pol. 
Jeliasovaya-Volia],  a 
village  near  Warsaw, 
on  Feb.  22,  1S10 
[this  date  is  from 
authoritative  docu- 
mentary evidence], 
and  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  17,  1S49.  His  ^ 
father,  Nicolas  C,  ^ 
teacher  in  the  War-  "* 
saw  gymnasium,  was 
a  native  of  Nancy, 
France  ;  his  mother, 
Justine  {nee  Kryzan- 
owska),  was  a  Pole.  Frederic  was  brought  up 
in  his  father's  private  school,  among  sons  of  the 
Polish  nobility.  His  musical  education  was  en- 
trusted to  the  Bohemian  pianist  Albert  Zwyny 
(pf.),  and  to  the  Director  of  the  Warsaw  School 
of  Music,  Joseph  Elsner(harm.,  etc.).  When  but 
9,  he  played  in  public  a  pf.-concerto  by  Gyro- 
wetz,  and  improvisations.  His  first  attempts  in 
composition  were  dances  (Polonaises,  Mazurkas, 
and  Waltzes) ;  but  he  publ.  (1S25)  as  op.  1  a 
Rondo,  and  as  op.  2  a  Fantasie  w.  orch.  While 
a  youth,  he  appeared  at  irregular  intervals  as  a 
pianist  in  several  German  towns — Berlin,  1  >an- 
zig,  Dresden,  Leipzig,  and  Prague.  In  1829, 
already  a  composer  of  eminent  individuality  (his 
2  pf -concertos,  several  Mazurkas,  Nocturnes, 
Rondos,  etc.,  were  then  written),  and  a  finished 
player,  he  set  out  for  London,  via  Vienna,  Mu- 
nich, and  Paris.  His  concert  at  Vienna,  on 
Sept.  11,  elicited  the  following  criticism  in  the 
Leipzig  "Allgem.  Musikzeitung  "  :  "  From  the 
outset,  Chopin  took  a  place  in  the  front  rank  of 
masters.      The  perfect  delicacy  of  his  touch,  his 


ciioriN 


indescribable  mechanical  dexterity,  the  melan- 
choly tints  in  his  style  of  shading,  and  the  rare 
clearness  of  his  delivery,  are,  in  him,  qualities 
which  bear  the  stamp  of  genius.  He  must  be  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  most  remarkable  meteors 
blazing  on  the  musical  horizon."  His  first  con- 
cert in  Paris  was  given  at  Pleyel's  house,  before 
an  invited  audience  of  musicians,  in  1S31.  His 
reception  was  so  cordial  that  he  gave  up  the  idea 
of  going  to  London,  and  made  Paris  his  home 
for  life.  Despite  Kalkbrenner's  finding  fault 
with  his  fingering,  and  despite  the  dictum  of 
Field  (of  all  men!)  that  C.'s  talent  was  "of  a 
sick-chamber  order,"  Chopin  made  a  deep  and 
lasting  impression,  not  merely  on  gay  Parisian 
society,  of  which  he  soon  became  the  declared 
favorite,  but  on  men  like  Liszt,  Berlioz,  Meyer- 
beer, Bellini,  Adolphe  Nourrit,  Balzac,  and 
Heine,  to  whose  intimacy  he  was  admitted  as  a 
cherished  and  equal  companion.  From  the  be- 
ginning he  taught  the  piano  ;  his  instruction 
was  eagerly  sought,  chiefly  by  members  of  the 
F'rench  and  Polish  aristocracy  ;  von  Lenz  (see 
below)  gives  a  charming  glimpse  of  Chopin  the 
teacher.  He  also  gave  yearly  concerts  to  the 
musical  elite,  and  played  frequently  in  certain 
salons  ;  but  had  an  unconquerable  aversion  to 
miscellaneous  concert-giving.  H  is  compositions 
took  precedence  of  all  others  in  the  pianistic 
world.  Schumann,  in  1831,  greeted  his  op.  2 
(the  Variations  on  "  La  ci  darem  la  mano,"  from 
Don  Giovanni)  with  "  Hats  off,  gentlemen!  A 
genius!  "  and  wrote  8  years  later,  reviewing  some 
of  C.'s  Preludes(op.  28),  Mazurkas  (op.  33),  and 
Waltzes  (op.  34)  :  "  Er  ist  und  bleibt  der  kuhnste 
und  stolzeste  Dichtergeist  der  Zeit  "  [He  is  in- 
deed the  boldest  and  proudest  poetic  spirit  of  the 
time].  ("  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik,"  1839; 
Schumann's  "  Collected  Works,"  3rded.,  1875  ; 
vol.  ii,  p.  95.)  His  position,  both  in  society  and 
the  world  of  art,  was  assured  ;  the  devotion  of 
his  pupils  and  admirers  bordered  on  fanaticism. 

In  1836  Liszt  introduced  C.  to  George  Sand 
(Mme.  Dudevant)  ;  their  mutual  attachment 
formed  an  episode  eventually  most  painful  for 
the  refined  and  sensitive  nature  of  the  artist, 
dominated  by  the  coarse-fibred  woman  of  the 
world.  A  severe  attack  of  bronchitis  in  the 
autumn  of  1838  overturned  his  usually  normal 
health,  and  led  C.  to  spend  the  ensuing  winter 
in  Majorca  with  Mme.  Dudevant,  who  appears  to 
have  nursed  him  quite  tenderly  ;  but  the  Chopin 
thinly  disguised  as  Prince  Karolin  her  unami- 
able  novel  "  Lucrezia  Floriani  "  (published 
shortly  afterward)  was  not  at  all  an  engaging 
personality,  and  after  C.'s  malady  had  developed 
into  consumption,  they  parted  (about  1844). 
Disregarding  his  failing  health,  C.  visited  Great 
Britain  in  1848,  and  again  in  1S49,  giving  con- 
certs and  accepting  invitations  which  exhausted 
his  remaining  energies  ;  and  finally  returned  to 
Paris  to  die.  He  was  buried  at  Pere  la  Chaise, 
between  Cherubini  and  Bellini. 

A  collection  of  Chopin's  letters  was  publ.  by 
Ries  (Dresden,  1877)  \  a  genial  and  fanciful  es- 


say was  penned  by  Liszt  :  "  Frederic  Chopin, 
par  Franz  Liszt"  (Paris,  1845  ;  Leipzig  [in  the 
orig.  French],  1879,  and  in  German,  1880)  ; 
Schulz  brought  out  a  Polish  biography  (Posen, 
1873)  ;  W.  v.  Lenz  writes  delightfully  on  C.  in 
"  Great  Piano-Virtuosos"  (Engl.  ed.  New  York, 
1899)  ;  the  fullest  and  most  objective  biography 
is  by  M.  Karasowski,  "  F.  Chopin,  sein  Leben 
.  .  "  (Ries,  Dresden,  1877  ;  3rd  ed.  1881  ; 
Polish  ed.,  with  new  letters,  1S92)  ;  M.  A.  Aud- 
ley  publ.  "  F.  C,  sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres  "  (Paris, 
1S80  ;  closely  follows  Karasowski)  ;  Fr.  Niecks 
wrote  "  Frederick  Chopin  as  a  Man  and  Musi- 
cian "  (2  vol.s  ;  London,  1S88  ;  Germ.  ed.  Leip- 
zig, 1889);  another  English  biogr.  isbyWilleby 
("  F.  C."  ;  London,  1892).  Breitkopf  &  Hartel 
publ.  a  "Thematic  Catalogue  "  of  his  composi- 
tions. Miss  Nathalie  Janotha  has  made  an  Eng- 
lish transl.  of  J.  Kleczynski's  essay  on  "  Chopin's 
Greater  Works"  (London,  1S95?). 

Chopin  represents  the  full  liberation  of  the 
pianoforte  from  traditionary  orchestral  and 
choral  influences, — its  authoritative  assumption 
of  a  place  as  a  solo  instrument  per  se.  By  this 
is  intended  no  depreciation  of  Beethoven  or 
Weber,  or  even  of  the  lesser  Field  ;  it  means 
simply  that  C.'s  music,  as  none  before,  breathes 
the  piano-spirit,  incarnates  the  piano-soul,  revels 
in  the  pure  piano-tone,  and  illustrates  the  in- 
trinsic piano-style,  without  seeking  or  being 
swerved  by  what  are  called  (since  Liszt)  "  or- 
chestral "  effects,  tonal  or  technical.  Not  re- 
quiring of  the  piano  the  sonority  of  an  orchestra, 
he  may  have  seemed  "effeminate"  beside  the 
Titan,  Liszt  ;  yet  his  works,  more  especially  the 
scherzos,  ballades,  preludes,  nocturnes,  even 
the  concertos  (pianistically  considered),  mark  a 
boundary  in  piano-effect  which  has  never  been 
overpassed.  In  the  small  forms  he  chose,  there 
lies  a  world  of  originality  in  constructive  inge- 
nuity, in  melody  and  melodic  ornament,  in  har- 
monic sequence  and  figuration,  of  national  mel- 
ancholy or  proud  reminiscence,  of  tender  or 
voluptuous  sentiment  and  poetic  reverie. 

His  playing  was  notable  for  flawless  accuracy, 
and  remarkable  brilliancy  of  technique,  sensu- 
ous charm  in  touch  and  tone,  and  a  peculiar 
yieldingness  in  the  tempo  (rzt&ato)  which  was  at 
times  almost  exaggerated.  He  was  a  most  ex- 
quisite interpreter  of  his  own  works,  but  did  not 
much  care  to  play  other  piano-music;  all  in  all, 
a  remarkably  self-centred  "  composer-pianist." 
— The  best  edition  of  Chopin's  compositions  is 
that  by  his  pupil,  Mikuli. 

Works  [74  with,  and  12  without,  opus-num- 
ber] :  (a)  For  pf.  w.  orch. :  2  concertos  (E 
min.,  op.  11  ;  F  min.,  op.  21);  "Don  Giovan- 
ni" Fantasia,  op.  2  ;  "  Krakoviak,"  rondo,  op. 
14  ;  E  \)  Polonaise,  op.  22  ;  and  a  Fantasia  on 
Polish  airs; — (b)  f.  />/'.  iv.  other insir.s  :  Duo 
concertant  on  themes  from  Robert  le  Diable,  f. 
pf.  and  'cello  ;  Introd.  et  Polonaise,  op.  3,  f.  pf. 
and  'cello  ;  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  65  ;  a 
pf.-trio  in  G  min.,  op.  S  ;  and  a  Rondo  f.  2 
pf.s,  in  C,  op.  73  ; — (c) /.  pf.  solo  :  Allegro  de 


CHORLEY— CHRISTIANI 


concert,  op.  46  ;  4  Ballades,  op.  23,  38,  47,  52  ; 
Barcarole,  op.  60  ;  Berceuse,  op.  57 ;  Bolero, 
op.  19  ;  3  Ecossaises,  op.  72  ;  12  Grandes 
Etudes,  op.  10  ;  12  Etudes,  op.  25  ;  3  Etudes  ; 
4  Fantasies,  op.  13,  49,  61,  66  ;  3  Impromptus, 
op.  29,  36,  51  ;  Marche  funebre,  op.  72  ;  52 
Mazurkas,  op.  6,  7,  17,  24,  30,  33,  41,  50,  56,  59, 
63,  67,  68  ;  "  Morceau  de  concert  sur  la  Marche 
des  Puritains  de  Bellini";  19  Nocturnes,  op.  9, 
15,  27,  32,  37,  4S,  55,  62,  72  ;  11  Polonaises,  op. 
3,  26,  40,  44,  53,  61,  71  ;  24  Preludes,  op.  28  ; 
Prelude,  op.  45  ;  3  Rondos,  op.  1,  5,  16  ;  4 
Scherzos,  op.  20,  31,  39,  54  ;  3  Sonatas,  op.  4, 
35,  5S  ;  Tarentelle,  op.  43  ;  13  Valses,  op.  18, 
34,  42,  64,  69,  70,  and  in  B  min.;  Variations  on 
"  Je  vends  des  scapulaires,"  op.  12  ;  "  Variation 
dans  l'Hexameron "; — (d)  vocal:  16  Polish 
Songs,  f.  vocal  solo  w.  pf.,  op.  74  (ed.  with 
Engl,  text,  New  York). 

Chorley,  Henry  Fothergill,  a  versatile 
writer  (dramatist,  translator,  art-critic,  poet, 
novelist,  and  journalist) ;  b.  Blackley  Hurst, 
Lancashire,  Dec.  15,  1S0S  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  16, 
1872.  Being  from  1833-71  mus.  critic  of  the 
London  "Athenreum,"  and  a  great  traveller,  he 
heard  all  the  best  music  of  the  day,  and  knew 
many  mus.  celebrities  ;  but  his  literary  and  crit- 
ical work  shows  that,  although  fair-minded,  he 
was  of  mediocre  musical  ability. — Works  : 
"  Musical  Manners  in  France  and  Northern 
Germany "  (London,  1841,  3  vol.s)  ;  "Modern 
German  Music  "  (1854,  2  vol.s)  ;  "  Thirty  Years' 
Mus.  Recoil,  s  "  (1862,  2  vol.s);  an  interesting 
"Autobiography,  Memoir,  and  Letters  "  (1873, 
2  vol.s,  w.  photograph  ;  edited  bv  H.  G.  Hew- 
lett) ;  "Nat.l  Music  of  the  World  "(1880,  ed. 
by  Hewlett).  We  may  also  mention  "  Handel 
Studies"  (1859),  ar|d  the  mus.  novel  "  Prodigy  : 
a  Tale  of  Music"  (1866,  3  vol.s);  the  libretti 
to  the  Amber  Witch  and  the  May  Queen  ;  and 
his  translations  of  Gounod's  Faust,  Herold's 
Zampa,  and  Mendelssohn's  Son  and  Stranger. 

Choron,  Alexandre-Etienne,  b.  Caen,  Oct. 
21,  1772  ;  d.  Paris,  June  29,  1834.  A  student 
of  languages,  and  passionately  fond  of  music, 
he  became  interested  in  mus.  theory  (Rameau) 
and  through  it  in  mathematics,  which  he  studied 
with  ardor  till  the  age  of  25  ;  then  devoting  him- 
self wholly  to  the  theory  and  practice  of  music. 
By  several  years'  serious  application  to  the  Italian 
and  German  theorists,  he  accumulated  "more 
information  relative  to  the  theory  and  practice 
of  music  than  any  French  musician  had  till  then 
possessed  "  [Fetis].  Becoming  (1805)  a  partner 
in  a  music-publishing  firm,  he  devoted  his  entire 
fortune  to  editing  and  publishing  classic  and 
theoretical  works  and  compositions,  diligently 
contributing  new  works  of  his  own  all  the  while. 
In  1S11  he  became  corr.  mem.  of  the  Acad.;  he 
was  entrusted  with  the  reorganization  of  the 
mat/rises  (training-schools  for  church-choirs), 
and  was  app.  cond.  of  religious  festivals.  In 
1816,    Director   of   the  Grand   Opera,   and    re- 

S 


opened  the  Conservatoire  (closed  1815)  as  the 
"  Ecole  royale  de  chant  et  de  declamation." 
Losing  his  Directorship  (1S17)  through  intrigue, 
and  on  account  of  his  favoring  new  works  by 
unknown  authors,  he  established,  at  first  with  a 
very  moderate  subsidy,  the  famous  "Cons,  de 
mus.  classique  et  religieuse,"  for  forwarding 
which,  and  promoting  mus.  instruction  among 
the  masses,  he  labored  indefatigably  until  the 
July  Revolution  (1830),  when  his  subsidy  was  so 
reduced  that  he  could  no  longer  hope  to  carry 
out  his  plans  ;  this  was  his  death-blow. — His 
chief  publ.s  are  :  "  Principes  d'accompagnement 
des  ecoles  d'ltalie  "  (1S04);  "  Principes  de  com- 
position des  ecoles  d'ltalie"  (1808);  "Diet, 
hist,  des  musiciens "  (1S10-11,  2  vol.s,  with 
Fayolle)  [in  which  he  sank  the  remainder  of  his 
patrimony];  "  Methode  e'lementaire  de  musique 
et  de  plain-chant  "  (1S11)  ;  Francceur's  "  Traite 
general  des  voix  et  des  instr.s  d'orchestre " 
(1813)  ;  transl.s  of  Albrechtsberger's  "  Griind- 
liche  Anweisung  zur  Composition"  and  "  Ge- 
neralbasschule  "  (1S14,  1815  ;  new  ed.  1830), 
and  of  Azopardi's  "  Musico  prattico  "  (1816)  ; 
"Methode  concertante  de  musique  a  plusieurs 
parties  "  (1818,  written  for  his  Conservatoire); 
"Methode  de  plain-chant"  (1818)  ;  "Manuel 
complet  de  mus.  vocale  et  instrumentale,  ou 
Encyclopedie  musicale  "  (1836-8  ;  6  vol.s  letter- 
press and  2  vol.s  plates  ;■  with  La  Fage). 

Choudens,  Antony  (son  of  the  mus.-publ.r), 
b.  Paris,  1S49. — Compositions  :  2  operas,  Gra- 
ziella  (Paris,  1S77)  and  La  jeunesse  de  Don  Juan; 
a  coll.,  "  Dix  melodies"  (1S70),  increased  in 
1873  to  "Vingt  melodies  "  ("  Un  dernier  baiser"; 
"  A  une  etoile  ");  also  "  Essais  symphoniques," 
pf.-pes. ,  etc. 

Chouquet,  Adolphe-Gustave,  b.  Havre, 
Apr.  16,  1819  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  30, 1886.  He  lived 
in  America  as  a  music-teacher,  1840-60  ;  since 
then  in  Paris.  He  has  twice  won  the  "  Prix 
Bordin  ";  in  1S64  for  a  Hist,  of  Mus.,  14th  to 
18th  cent.,  and  in  1868  for  "  Hist,  de  la  musique 
dramatique  en  France  depuis  ses  origines  jus- 
qu'  a  nos  jours"  (publ.  1S73).  From  1871,  cus- 
todian of  the  coll.  of  instr.s  in  the  Cons. ;  in  1875 
he  publ.  a  catalogue  of  them.  Has  written 
words  of  several  cantatas  (e.  g. ,  "  Hymne  de  la 
paix,"  prize-cantata  for  the  Exposition  of  1867). 

Christia'ni,  Adolf  Friedrich,  pianist ;  b. 
Kassel,  Mar.  S,  1S36;  d.  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Feb. 
10,  1885.  Went  to  London  in  1855  ;  then  to 
America,  teaching  in  Poughkeepsie,  Pittsburg, 
Cincinnati,  and  (1877)  New  York.  From  1S80, 
director  of  a  music-school  at  Elizabeth.  Wrote 
"  The  Principles  of  Mus.  Expression  in  Pf.- 
playing  "  (N.  Y.,  1S86;  Ger.  ed.,  Leipzig,  "  Das 
Verstandniss  im  Rlavierspiel  "). 

Christia'ni,  Elise,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  24,  1827  ; 
d.  Tobolsk,  1853.  'Cello-player  (sensational 
debut  at  Paris,  1845),  for  whom  Mendelssohn 
wrote  the  Lied  ohne  (Vorte  f .  'cello. 


113 


CIIRISTMANN— CIMAROSA 


Christ'mann,  Franz  Xavier,  a  celebrated 

Austrian   organ-builder;    d.  May   20,    1875,    at 
Rottenmann,  Styria,  while  setting  up  an  organ. 

Christ'mann,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Lud- 
wigsburg,  Wiirttemberg,  Sept.  9,  1752;  d.  Heu- 
tingsheim,  May  21,  1817.  Lutheran  pastor,  and 
amateur-player  on  harpsichord  and  flute.  Publ. 
considerable  good  music  f.  voice,  pf. ,  vln.,  and 
flute;  a  "  Vollstandige  Sammlung "  of  hymns 
(with  Knecht)  containing  many  by  himself  ;  and 
an  "  Elementarbuch  der  Tonkunst"  (Speyer, 
1782  ;  2nd  part  1790). 

Chrysan'der,  Friedrich,  musical  historian, 
critic,  and  editor  ;  b.  Lubtheen,  Mecklenburg, 
July  8,  1826.  Dr.  phi  I.  (Rostock)  ;  now  settled 
in  Bergedorf,  n.  Hamburg.  From  1868-71,  and 
1875-82,  editor  of  the  "  Allg.  musikal.  Zeitung," 
contributing  many  articles  (Sketch  of  Hist,  of 
Music-printing,  1879  ;  papers  on  the  Hamburg 
opera  under  Reiser,  Russer,  et  al.,  1878-9)  ; 
since  1885  he  has  edited  (with  Spitta  and  Adler) 
a  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  f.  Musikwissenschaft." 
He  also  edited  two  "  Jahrbticher  f.  musikalische 
Wissenschaft "  (1S63,  1867),  with  important 
papers  by  various  writers.  In  1853  he  publ.  two 
pamphlets,  "Uber  die  Molltonart  in  Volks- 
gesangen"  and  "Uber  das  Oratorium";  his 
greatest  work  is  the  still  incomplete  biography 
of  Handel  (1858-67),  of  which  the  period  of 
oratorio-production  is  not  yet  published.  A  co- 
founder  of  the  Leipzig  "  Hamlel-Gesellschaft," 
he  superintended  the  great  Handel  edition  ;  has 
also  edited  "  Bach's  Rlavierwerke  "  (1856),  and 
"  Denkmaler  der  Tonkunst"  (Carissimi's  ora- 
torios ;  the  sonatas  by  Corelli  were  ed.  by 
Joachim  ;  and  Couperin's  "  Pieces  de  clavecin," 
by  Brahms). 

Chrysan'thos  of  Madyton,  Archbishop  of 
Durazzo  in  Albania,  previously  a  teacher  of 
church-singing  in  Constantinople.  In  his  works 
"  Introd.  to  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Church- 
Music  "  (1S21)  and  "Great  Theory  of  Music" 
(1832),  he  has  much  simplified  the  liturgical 
notation  of  the  Byzantine  Church. 

Chwatal,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Rumburg,  Bo- 
hemia, June  19,  1808  ;  d.  Elmen  (Soolbad), 
June  24,  1879.  In  1832,  mus. -teacher  in  Merse- 
burg,  1835  in  Magdeburg.  Wrote  2  Methods  f. 
pf.  (op.  93,  op.  135)  ;  male  quartets  ;  and  over 
200  pf.-pcs. 

Chwatal,  Joseph,  brother  of  the  preceding  ; 
b.  Rumburg,  Jan.  12,  1S11.  Organ-builder  in 
Merseburg;  has  invented  several  minor  improve- 
ments in  the  organ-action. 

Ci'fra,  Antonio,  b.  Rome,  about  1575;  d. 
Loreto,  abt.  1636.  A  prolific  composer,  and  one 
of  the  best  of  the  Roman  school  ;  a  pupil  of 
Palestrina  and  B.  Nanini.  At  first  m.  di  eapp. 
at  the  German  College,  1610-20  at  Loreto,  for  2 
years  at  the  Lateran  ;  and  in  1822  in  the  service 
of  Archduke  <  arl  of  Austria,  returning  to  Loreto 
in  1827. — Publ.  5  books  of  motets  ;  3  of  psalms  ; 
5  of  masses  ;  10  sets  of  concerti  ecclesiastici  (over 


200  numbers);  many  more  motets  and  psalms 
(in  2-12  parts)  ;  antiphones,  litanies  ;  madrigals  ; 
ricercarij  "  Scherzi  ed  arie  a  1,  2,  3  e  4  voci, 
per  cantar  nel  clavicembalo,  etc.";  and  other 
works,  from  1600  to  1638. 

Cimaro'sa,  Domenico,  eminent  dramatic 
composer  ;  b.  Aversa,  near  Naples,  Dec.  17, 
1749 ;  d.  Venice, 
Jan.  11,  1 801.  The 
son  of  a  poor  mason, 
and  early  orphaned, 
he  attended  the 
charity-school  of  the 
Minorites,  his  first 
music-teacher  being 
Polcano,  organist  of 
the  monastery.  His 
talent  was  so 
marked  that  in  1761 
he  obtained  a  free 
scholarship  in  the 
Conservatorio  di  S. 
Maria  di  Loreto,  where  he  was  taught  singing 
by  Manna  and  Sacchini,  counterpoint  by  Fena- 
roli,  and  composition  by  Piccinni.  In  1770  his 
oratorio  Giitdit/a  was  perf.  in  Rome  ;  in  1772  he 
celebrated  his  exit  from  the  Cons,  by  producing 
his  first  opera,  Le  Stravaganze  del  Conte,  at 
Naples,  with  mediocre  results.  But  with  La 
Jinta  parigina,  given  next  season  with  brilliant 
success  at  the  Teatro  Nuovo,  Naples,  he  was 
fairly  launched  on  a  dramatic  career  singularly 
free  from  artistic  reverses.  His  ease  and  rapidity 
of  composition  were  phenomenal  ;  in  29  years  he 
wrote  nearly  80  operas.  His  fame  grew  steadily  ; 
and  even  Paisiello  had  to  look  to  his  laurels. 
In  1774  C.  brought  out  L'  I  la  liana  in  Londra  in 
Rome,  and  lived,  until  1781,  alternately  in  Rome 
and  Naples,  writing  in  each,  following  the  cus- 
tom of  the  period,  one  opera  after  another  for 
the  city  in  which  it  was  to  be  performed.  In 
17S1,  as  a  tour  dc  force,  he  brought  out  two 
operas  in  Naples,  one  in  Rome,  and  two  in 
Turin.  His  works  became  known  far  beyond 
the  bounds  of  Italy,  being  performed  not  only 
by  Italian  opera-troupes  in  all  European  capitals, 
but  also  as  translated  into  various  foreign 
tongues.  After  Paisiello's  return  from  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  had  sojourned  from  1776- 
85  as  court  composer,  offers  were  made  to  C, 
who  finally  accepted  them,  setting  out  for  St. 
Petersburg  in  July,  1789.  His  journey  thither 
was  like  a  triumphal  progress  ;  at  the  courts  of 
Florence,  Vienna,  and  Warsaw  he  was  over- 
whelmed with  attentions  ;  and  arrived  at  his  des- 
tination Dec.  1,  wayworn  and  suffering  from  the 
wintry  weather,  but  confident  of  success.  Here 
he  produced  3  operas,  and  during  the  three 
years  of  his  stay  wrote  500  several  pieces  of 
music  for  the  court  and  nobility.  Although 
every  effort  was  made  to  induce  him  to  remain, 
the  rigorous  climate  obliged  him  to  leave  Russia 
in  1792  ;  towards  the  end  of  the  year  he  arrived 
in  Vienna,  where  Emperor  Leopold  engaged  him 


114 


CIMAROSA— CLARI 


at  a  salary  of   12,000  florins  as  Kapellmeister. 

At  Vienna,  at  the  age  of  38,  he  brought  out  his 
chef  d'ceuvre,  II  Matrimonio  segreto,  the  success 
of  which  eclipsed  not  only  that  of  his  former 
works  but  those  of  all  rivals,  not  excepting 
Mozart.  It  is  probably  the  sole  survivor,  on 
the  present-day  stage,  of  all  C.'s  dramatic  works; 
though  several  of  his  other  operas  might  well 
replace  certain  modish  puerilities  of  the  hour. 
C.  remained  long  enough  in  Vienna  to  write  two 
more  operas  ;  1793  found  him  once  more  at  home 
in  Naples,  where  his  Matrimonio  segreto  aroused 
unexampled  enthusiasm,  having  67  consecutive 
performances,  the  illustrious  composer  himself 
presiding  at  the  cembalo  for  the  first  seven  rep- 
resentations. In  1794  he  visited  Venice  to 
bring  out  Gli  Orazi  e  Curiazi;  in  1796  and  '98 
he  was  in  Rome,  then  returning  to  Naples,  and 
all  the  time  actively  engaged  in  operatic  composi- 
tion. In  1798,  too,  he  was  seriously  ill  at 
Naples  ;  and  the  year  after,  having  openly  taken 
part  in  the  Neapolitan  revolutionary  demonstra- 
tion on  the  entrance  of  the  French  army  into  the 
city,  he  was  imprisoned  and  condemned  to  death 
by  King  Ferdinand,  a  sentence  commuted  to 
banishment.  Going  to  Venice,  he  was  at  work 
on  a  new  opera,  Artemisia,  when  death  suddenly 
overtook  him.  It  was  bruited  abroad  that  he 
had  been  poisoned,  by  order  of  Queen  Caroline 
of  Naples,  as  a  dangerous  revolutionist  ;  the 
rumor  was  so  persistent,  and  popular  embitter- 
ment  so  great,  that  the  Pope's  body-physician, 
Piccioli,  was  sent  to  make  an  examination  ;  ac- 
cording to  his  sworn  statement,  C.  died  of  a 
gangrenous  abdominal  tumor.  [The  date  of  this 
statement,  Apr.  5,  1801,  was  erroneously  taken 
by  Champlin  as  that  of  C.'s  death. J 

Comic  opera  was  C.'s  forte;  in  his  happiest 
moments  he  rivals  Mozart ;  even  in  opera  seria 
many  of  his  efforts  are  still  worthy  of  a  place  on 
the  repertory.  The  fluidity  and  fecundity  of 
his  melodic  vein,  his  supreme  command  of 
form,  and  his  masterly  control  of  orchestral  re- 
sources, excite  astonishment  and  admiration. 
He  was  the  peer  of  his  great  Italian  contem- 
porary, Faisiello.  Of  the  76  operas  known  as 
his,  some  of  the  finest  are  mentioned  below  : 
La  finta parigina  (Naples,  1773),  L'ltaliana  in 
Londra  (Rome,  1774),  II Fanatico per  gli  antichi 
Romani  (Naples,  1777  ;  a  work  noted  for  intro- 
ducing, for  the  first  time,  vocal  concerted  music 
— trios  and  quartets — into  the  dramatic  action), 
77  Matrimonio  per  raggiro  (Rome,  1779),  Cajo 
Mario  (Rome,  1780),  Artaserse  (Turin,  1781), 
II  Convito  di  pietra  (Venice,  1782),  La  Balle- 
rina amante  (Naples,  1782),  Le  Trame  deluse 
(Naples,  17S6),  L] 'Impresario  in  angustie 
(Naples,  1786),  Giannina  e  Bernadone  (Naples, 
17S8),  La  Vergine  del  sole  (St.  Petersburg, 
1791),  II  Matrimonio  segreto  (Vienna,  1792), 
Le  Astuzie  femminile  (Naples,  1794).  He  also 
produced  2  oratorios  ;  several  cantatas  ;  masses 
a  4,  w.  instr.s  ;  psalms,  motets,  requiems,  arias, 
cavatinas,  solfeggi,  and  a  great  variety  of  other 
vocal  works  ;   7  symphonies  ;  etc. 


Cipolli'ni,  Gaetano,  dramatic  composer  ;  b. 
Tropea  (Catanzaro),  Italy,  Feb.  8,  1S57.  Pupil 
of  FYancesco  Coppa.  Now  (1S99)  residing  in 
Milan.  Besides  a  great  quantity  of  vocal  Ro- 
manic, and  pf.-pes.,  he  has  written  Gcnnarcllo, 
3-act  melodr.  (T.  Manzoni,  Milan,  1891)  ;  Ai 
bagnidi  marc,  operetta  (Naples,  1892);  II piccolo 
Haydn,  i-act  lyric  comedy  (T.  Sociale,  Como, 
1893)  ;  Ninon  de  Lenclos,  3-act  lyr.  com.  (T. 
Lirico  Internationale,  Milan,  1S95)  ;  and  (in 
MS.)  Simeta,  5-act  opera. 

Cipollo'ne,  Alfonso,  b.  Fara  S.  Martino 
(Chieti),  Nov.  25,  1843.  Fupil  of  M.  Ruta  at 
Naples.  At  present  living  at  Teramo  as  a  teacher 
of  singing,  harmony,  and  pf.  —  Ilaspubl.  a  large 
number  of  excellent  pf.-pes.;  also  a  variety  of 
chamber-music,  and  songs. 

Claas'sen,  Arthur,  b.  Stargard,  Prussia, 
Feb.  19,  1S59.  After  graduating  from  Danzig 
Gymnasium,  he  entered  the  Music  School  at 
Weimar  in  1875,  st.  under  Muller-Hartung,  A. 
W.  Gottschalk,  and  B.  Sulze.  As  early  as  1S78 
his  compositions  excited  Liszt's  interest.  From 
1SS0—  84,  conductor  at  theatre  in  Gottingen,  of 
the  Feichtinger  Opera  Co.,  and  at  Nowak's  Th., 
Magdeburg.  In  1S84  C.  was  chosen,  on  I)r. 
Damrosch's  recommendation,  conductor  of  the 
Brooklvn  (N.  V.)  "  Arion,"  and  other  Societies  ; 
since  1S90,  cond.  of  the  United  Singing  Societies 
of  Brooklyn  ;  he  also  conducts  the  Br.  Choral 
Society,  and  established  the  "  Claassen  Mus. 
Inst."  (for  classical  music  only). — Publ.  works  : 
Festival  Hymn  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. ;  Waltz- 
Idyll  f.  full  string-orch. ;  many  songs  and 
choruses,  among  which  latter  "  Der  Kame- 
rad  "  took  the  1st  "composition  prize"  at  the 
N.  V.  Singing  Festival. — In  MS.,  many  orches- 
tral scores,  inch  the  symph.  poem  "  Hohen- 
friedberg";  a  Suite  f.  orch.;  "The  Battle,"  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (perf.  at  Seidl's  Mad.  Sq. 
Garden  Concerts) ;  etc. 

Clagget,  Charles,  b.  London,  1755  ;  d. 
there  1S20.  Violinist,  leader  in  a  Dublin  thea- 
tre ;  inventor  of  instruments  (an  organ  without 
pipes,  a  chromatic  trumpet,  and  a  chromatic 
French  horn),  described  in  his  book  "  Musical 
Phenomena"  (London,  1793,  4to),  and  exhib- 
ited in  London,  1791. 

Clapisson,  Antoine- Louis,  born  Naples, 
Sept.  15,  1808  ;  died  Paris,  Mar.  19,  1S66.  A 
violinist  and  composer,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Inst,  of  France  (1S54),  prof,  of  harm,  at 
the  Cons.  (1861),  and  custodian  of  the  Cons, 
coll.  of  mus.  instr.s,  most  of  which  he  had  col- 
lected and  sold  to  the  state. — Works  :  21  operas  ; 
over  200  songs  ;  etc. 

Cla'ri,  Giovanni  Carlo  Maria,  b.  Pisa, 
1669  ;  d.  Pistoia,  abt.  1745,  as  ;//.  di  capp.  of 
the  cathedral.  He  studied  under  Colonna  at 
Bologna,  where  (1695)  his  opera  II  savio  de- 
lirante  was  prod.  His  best-known  work  is  a 
coll.  of  madrigals  f.  2  and  3  voices  (publ.  1720  ; 


>T5 


CLARIBEL— CLARUS 


reprinted    by    Carli,    Paris,    in    1S25) ;    he    also 
wrote  masses,  psalms,  and  a  requiem  ;  etc. 

Claribel.  Pen-name  of  Mrs.  Charles 
Barnard. 

Clark(e),  Jeremiah,  b.  London,  1670;  d. 
there  (?)  abt.  Nov.  1,  1707.  Chorister  in  the 
Chapel  Royal  ;  1693,  Almoner  and  Master  of 
the  Children  at  St.  Paul's,  succeeding  his 
master,  Dr.  Blow  ;  1704,  joint-org.  with  Croft 
of  the  Chapel  Royal.  A  hopeless  love-affair 
caused  him  to  take  his  own  life.  He  was 
joint-composer  of  the  operas  The  Island  Prin- 
cess and  The  World  in  the  Moon  ;  wrote  inci- 
dental music  to  several  plays  ;  was  the  first  who 
set  to  music  Dryden's  "  Alexander's  Feast"  (for 
St.  Cecilia's  Day,  Nov.  22,  1697)  ;  also  wrote  a 
cantata,  an  ode,  anthems,  songs,  etc. 

Clark,  Richard,  b.  Datchet  (Bucks),  Apr.  5, 
1780  ;  d.  London,  Oct.  5,  1856.  Chorister  and 
lay-clerk  ( 1 802-1 1)  at  St.  George's  and  Eton 
College  ;  later  lay-vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
Vicar-choral  at  St.  Paul's,  and  (1820)  Gent,  of 
the  Chapel  Royal.  Composed  glees,  anthems, 
etc. ;  publ.  essays  on  Handel's  Messiah  and 
"  Harmonious  Blacksmith,"  on  "  God  save  the 
King,"  on  mus.  pitch,  on  the  etymology  of  the 
word  "  Madrigale  ";  also  a  coll.  of  the  words  of 
favorite  madrigals,  glees,  rounds,  catches,  etc., 
perf.  by  the  Glee  Club  (of  which  he  was  secre- 
tary) and  other  societies  (1814  ;   1824  ;   1833). 

Clark,  Rev.  Frederick  Scotson,  b.  Lon- 
don, Nov.  16,  1840;  d.  there  July  5,  1883. 
Pupil  of  Sergent  (in  Paris)  f.  harm,  and  pf. ;  of 
E.  J.  Hopkins  (org.)  ;  also,  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  of 
Bennett,  Goss,  Engel,  Pettit,  and  Pinsuti.  Stud- 
ied for  the  ministry  at  Cambridge  and  Oxford  ; 
org.  of  Exeter  Coll.,  Oxford  ;  studied  music  in 
Leipzig  and  Stuttgart,  and  returned  (1873)  to 
London,  where  he  founded  the  London  Organ 
School.  Was  the  representative  English  organist 
at  the  Paris  Expos,  of  1878.  PI  is  organ-pieces 
(15  marches,  48  voluntaries,  6  communions,  and 
offertories,  improvisations,  impromptus,  etc.) 
are  his  best  works  ;  he  wrote  much  for  harmo- 
nium (on  which  he  was  a  talented  performer)  ; 
over  100  pf.-pes. ;  and  sacred  vocal  music,  songs, 
etc. 

Clarke,  James  Peyton,  b.  Scotland,  1808  ; 
d.  Toronto,  Canada,  1S77.  In  1829,  leader  of 
psalmody  in  St.  George's  Ch.,  Edinburgh  ;  1834, 
org.  of  St.  Mary's  Episc.  chapel,  succeeding 
Thos.  Macfarlane  ;  emigrated  to  Canada,  1835, 
settling  as  a  farmer  in  Ellora,  but  went  to  To- 
ronto abt.  1841  ;  abt.  1845  was  elected  prof,  of 
music  in  Upper  Canada  University,  and  in  1848 
took  degree  of  Mus.  Bac.  at  King's  College 
with  the  8-p.  anthem  "Arise,  O  Lord  God,  for- 
get not  the  poor";  Mus.  Doc,  1856.  For  many 
years  org.  of  St.  James'  Cath. ,  Toronto,  and 
cond.  several  choral  societies. 

Clarke,  Hugh  Archibald,  b.  near  Toronto, 
Canada,    Aug.    15,    1839.       Pupil   of   his  father 


(J.  P.  Clarke).  Was  org.  in  several  churches, 
then  (1S75-97)  of  the  Presby.  Ch.,  Phila.  He 
conducted  a  male  chorus,  "  The  Abt,"  for  several 
years,  till  1S76.  In  1875  he  was  elected  Prof, 
of  the  Science  of  Music  in  the  Univ.  of  Pennsylv., 
which  position  he  still  (1899)  holds,  teaching 
harmony,  cpt. ,  form,  and  orchestration.  Mus. 
Doc.  (18S6)  of  Univ.  of  Penn.a,  when  his  music 
to  Aristophanes'  Acharnians  (overture  and  cho- 
ruses) was  produced.  C.  has  also  composed  an 
oratorio,  Jerusalem  (Phila.,  1891),  pf. -music, 
and  songs.  Has  publ.  a  treatise  on  Harmony 
(and  has  in  preparation  a  larger  work  on  that 
subject)  ;  also  text-books  f.  org.  and  pf.,  a  bit  of 
fiction  called  "  The  Scratch  Club,"  a  transl.  in 
blank  verse  of  Wildenbruch's  "  Harold,"  etc. 

Clarke,  John  [Whitfield- Clarke],  born 
Gloucester,  Eng.,  Dec.  13,  1770;  died  Holmer, 
n.  Hereford,  Feb.  22,  1836.  Org. -pupil  of  Dr. 
Hayes  at  Oxford  ;  organist  at  Ludlow,  Armagh, 
Dublin  ;  1798-1820,  org.  and  choirmaster  of 
Trinity  and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge  ; 
1820-33,  ditto  at  Hereford.  In  1799,  Mus.  Doc, 
Cantab.;  1810,  Mus.  Doc,  Oxon. ;  1821,  prof,  of 
music  at  Cambridge.  Published  an  oratorio, 
The  Crucifixion  and  the  Resurrection  (Hereford, 
1S22)  ;  4  vol.s  of  cathedral  services  and  anthems 
(1805)  ;  12  Glees  (1805)  ;  12  Songs;  a  Selection 
of  .Single  and  Double  Chants;  etc.;  he  edited 
the  "Vocal  Works  of  Handel"  (1809,  17  vol.s), 
w.  pf.-accomp. 

Clarke,  William  Horatio,  gifted  organist  ; 
b.  Newton,  Mass.,  March  8,  1S40.  In  1856, 
org.  at  Dedham,  Mass.;  in  1S59,  of  the  Berke- 
ley St.  Ch.,  Boston,  also  teaching  for  a  time  in 
the  Perkins  Inst,  for  the  Blind.  Removed  (1S71) 
to  Dayton,  Ohio,  as  supt.  of  public  schools  ; 
later  to  Indianapolis,  as  org.  of  a  leading  church. 
From  1878-87,  org.  at  Tremont  Temple.  Bos- 
ton, then  retiring  to  his  estate  at  Reading,  Mass., 
where  he  has  built  a  chapel  of  music,  Clarigold 
Hall,  containing  a  large  4-manual  organ  with 
100  stops.  Has  had  success  as  a  concert-org., 
teacher  and  author.  Besides  15  instructive  works 
f.  org.,  reed-org.,  pf.,  voice,  etc.,  publ.  1865-86, 
he  has  written  "  Outline  of  the  Structure  of  the 
Pipe-organ"  (1877);  "The  Face  of  Jesus" 
(London,  188^);  "The  Interwordian "  (1884); 
"The  Organist's  Retrospect"  (1S96)  ;  and 
"Cheerful  Philosophy  for  Thoughtful  Invalids" 
(1896). 

Cla'rus,  Max,  b.  Muhlberg-on-Elbe,  March 
31,  1S52  ;  pupil  of  his  father,  Municipal  Mus. 
Director  there,  and  (from  1870)  of  Haupt, 
Schneider,  and  Loschhorn  at  the  R.  Acad,  for 
Church-music,  Berlin.  Up  to  1882  he  acted  as 
Kapellm.  in  various  German,  Austrian  and  Hun- 
garian theatres,  the  last  being  K roll's  and  the 
Victoria,  Berlin.  In  1882  he  was  eng.  at  the 
Brunswick  Court  Th.,  becoming  Court  Mus. 
Dir.  in  1S90.  From  1884  he  cond.  the  "  Or- 
pheus," and  also  from  1890  the  "  Chorgesang- 
verein,"  and  composed  many  choruses, — Works  ; 


116 


CLASING— CLEMENTI 


"Patriotic  spectacular"  opera  Des  grossen 
Konigs  Rekrut  (Brunswick,  1889)  ;  3-act  roman- 
tic opera  Use  (Brunswick,  1S95  ;  succ.)  ;  also 
several  ballets,  the  latest  being  Opium -Traume. 
Further,  "  Fi'irstengruss,"  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and 
full  orch.;  "Die  Wacht  vor  Samoa,"  grand 
Tongemalde  f.  bar.  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.; 
"  Festgesang";  numerous  choruses. 

Cla'sing,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Hamburg, 
1779;  d.  there  Feb.  8,  1S29  [Feb.  22,  1836, 
ace.  to  Riemann].  A  teacher  at  H.,  he  wrote 
the  operas  Micheli  und  sein  So hn  (H.,  1806), 
and  Welcher  ist  der  Rechte?  (comic,  II.,  1S11)  ; 
2  oratorios,  Belsazar  and  Die  Tochter  Jephtha's; 
chamber-music,  pf.-pes.,  etc. 

Claudin.     See  Sermisy. 

Claudin  le  Jeune.     See  Lejeune. 

Clau'dius,  Otto,  b.  Kamenz,  Saxony,  Dec. 
6,  1793;  d.  Naumburg,  Aug.  3,  1877,  as  cantor 
of  the  cathedral. — Works  :  Operas  {Der  Gang 
nach  dem  Eisenhammer);  church-mus.,  songs, 
etc. 

Clau'ssen,  Wilhelm,  b.  Schwerin,  1S43  ;  d. 
there  Dec.  22,  1S69.  Gifted  composer,  pupil  of 
Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  and  Ary  Schaffer  ;  he  was 
the  first  to  win  the  Meyerbeer  Scholarship  (with 
an  overture).  Posthumous  pf.-pes.  and  songs 
were  publ. 

Clausz-Szarva'dy,  Wilhelmine,  fine  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Prague,  Dec.  13,  1S34.  She  studied  in 
the  Proksch  Inst.;  settled  (1852)  in  Paris;  mar- 
ried F.  Szarvady  [d.  Paris,  Mar.  1,  1S82]  in 
1S57. 

Clay,  Frederic,  composer  ;  b.  (of  English 
parents)  Paris,  Aug.  3,  1840  ;  d.  Great  Marlow, 
n.  London,  Nov.  27,  18S9.  Pupil  of  Moliqueat 
Paris,  and  of  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig.  His  first 
operettas,  'The  Pirate's  Isle  (1859)  and  Out  of 
Sight  (i860),  were  given  privately  at  London  ; 
since  then  he  brought  out,  at  Covent  Garden  and 
other  London  theatres,  Court  and  Cottage  (1862), 
Constance  (1865),  Ages  ago  (1869),  The  Gentle- 
man in  Black  (1870),  Happy  Arcadia  (1872), 
Babul  and  Bijou  (1872),  The  Black  Crook 
(1873),  Cattarina  (1874),  Princess  Toto  (1875), 
Don  Quixote  (1875),  Oriana,  The  Golden  Ping 
(18S3),  The  Merry  Duchess  (1SS3)  ;  incid.  mus. 
to  "  Twelfth  Night,"  and  other  plays;  2  can- 
tatas. The  Knights  of  the  Cross  (1866),  and  Lalla 
Pookh  (1877)  ;  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Clee'mann,  Friedrich  Joseph  Christoph, 

b.  Kriwitz,  Mecklenburg,  Sept.  16,  1771  ;  d. 
Parchim,  Dec.  25  (26?),  1827.  Publ.  a  "  Hand- 
buch  der  Tonkunst  "  (1797),  and  a  book  of  songs. 
Cle'mens,  Jacob  (called  "  CI.  non  Papa," 
to  distinguish  him  from  Pope  Clement  VII., 
who  was  a  good  plaver  on  several  instr.s,  and 
died  1534),  eminent  Netherland  contrapuntist 
of  the  16th  cent.,  in  the  time  between  Josquin 
and  Palestrina.  He  was  first  Kapellm.  to  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.,  at  Vienna. — Works:  11 
masses,  many  motets,  chansons,    etc.,  publ.  by 


P.  Phalese  (Louvain,  1555-S0)  ;  4  books  of 
"  Sooter  Liedekens,"  i.e  ,  psalms  set  to  popular 
Netherland  tunes,  publ.  by  T.  Susato  (Antwerp, 
1556-7)  ;  and  numerous  miscellaneous  pieces  in 
collections  of  the  period. — He  probably  died 
abt.  1557- 

Cle'ment,  Franz,  b.  Vienna,  Nov.  19,  1784; 
d.  there  Nov.  3,  1842.  At  the  age  of  12,  his 
father  accomp.  him  on  a  4-years'  concert-tour 
through  Germany  and  England  ;  1S02-11,  he 
was  Kapellm.  at  the  'Ph.  an  der  Wien,  Vienna, 
later  leader  at  Prague,  under  C.  M.  v.  Weber  ; 
1813-18,  again  at  the  Th.  a.  d.  Wien,  and  then 
travelled  for  several  years  with  Mme.  Catalani. 
— Works  :  6  concertos  and  25  concertinos  f. 
vln.;  also  overtures,  quartets,  pf. -concertos,  the 
opera  Le  irompeur  trompe",  etc. 

Clement,  Charles-Francois,  b.  in  Provence 
abt.  1720,  settled  in  Paris  as  pf. -teacher.  Publ. 
"  Essai  sur  l'accomp.  du  clavecin  "  (1758),  and 
a  supplement,  "Essai  sur  la  basse  fondamentale, 
etc."  (1762);  they  appeared  in  a  2nd  ed.  united 
under  the  former  title.  He  also  prod.  2  operet- 
tas, a  book  of  harpsich.-pes.  w.  vln.,  and  issued 
a  monthly  "  Journal  de  clavecin  "  (1762-65). 

Clement,  Felix,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  13,  1822  ;  d. 
there  Jan.  23,  1885.  He  studied  music  secretly, 
and  at  the  age  of  21  adopted  it  as  his  profession. 
He  devoted  himself  especially  to  historical 
studies;  filled  several  positions  as  organist  and 
teacher,  and  became  finally  org.  and  choirmas- 
ter at  the  Ch.  of  the  Sorbonne.  In  1849  the 
government  chose  him  to  direct  the  musical 
solemnities  at  the  Sainte  Chapelle  ;  and  the 
comp.s  then  executed  (music  of  the  13th  cent.) 
were  publ.  in  score  as  "  Chants  de  la  Sainte 
Chapelle,"  in  the  same  year.  He  was  active  in 
establishing  the  "  Inst,  for  Church-music." — 
Writings  :  "  Methode  complete  du  plain-chant  " 
(1854;  1872);  "Methode  de  musique  vocale  et 
concertante  ";  "  Histoire  gene'rale  de  la  musique 
religieuse "  (1861)  ;  "  Les  musiciens  celebres 
depuis  le  XVIe  siecle  (r868  ;  1879);  "Diet. 
lyrique,  ou  histoire  des  operas"  (1869,  4  supple- 
ments up  to  1881);  "  Methode  d'harmonie  et 
d'accompagnement  "  (1874)  !  etc- 

Clemen'ti,  Muzio,  celebrated  pianist  and 
composer  ;  was  b.  at  Rome,  1752  ;  and  d.  at  his 
country-seat  at 
Evesham,  Eng- 
land, Mar.  10, 1832. 
His  father,  a  gold- 
smith ("  orefice"), 
was  a  devoted  ama- 
teur of  music,  and 
had  his  son  taught 
carefully,  from 
tender  years,  by 
Antonio  Buroni, 
maestro  di  cappella 
in  a  Roman  church. 
From  1749  tne  or' 
ganist   Condicelli 


117 


CLEMENT— COCCHI 


gave  him  lessons  in  organ-playing-  and  harmony. 
So  rapid  was  their  pupil's  progress,  that  when 
but  9  he  obtained  a  position  as  organist,  in  com- 
petition with  other  and  maturer  players.  Until 
14  years  of  age  he  pursued  his  studies  in  Italy, 
G.  Carpani  (comp.)  and  Sartarelli  (voice)  being 
his  next  instructors.  At  a  piano-concert  which 
C.  gave  in  1766,  an  English  gentleman  named 
Beckford  was  so  delighted  with  his  talent  that  he 
obtained  the  father's  permission  to  educate  the 
boy  in  England.  C.  lived  and  studied  till  1770 
in  his  patron's  house  in  Dorsetshire  ;  then,  a 
thoroughly  equipped  pianist  and  musician,  he 
took  London  by  storm.  In  1773  his  op.  2  (3 
pf. -sonatas  dedicated  to  Haydn,  and  warmly 
praised  by  K.  Ph.  E.  Bach)  was  published  ;  they 
may  be  considered  as  finally  establishing  the 
form  of  the  pf. -sonata.  From  1777-80  he  con- 
ducted, as  cembalist,  the  Italian  Opera.  In 
1781  he  began  a  pianistic  tour,  giving  concerts 
at  Paris,  Strassburg,  Munich,  and  Vienna  ;  here, 
on  Dec.  24,  1781,  he  met  Mozart  in  "friendly" 
rivalry  (N.B.  Mozart's  letters  make  no  pretence 
of  concealing  his  dislike  of  the  "  Italian  "  com- 
poser and  player)  ;  though  the  palm  of  final 
victory  was  awarded  to  neither,  yet  C.  tacitly 
admitted,  by  changing  from  a  mechanically  bril- 
liant to  a  more  suave  and  melodious  piano-style, 
the  musicianly  superiority  of  Mozart.  In  Vienna 
his  op.  7,  9,  and  10  were  publ.  by  Artaria. 
Excepting  a  concert-season  at  Paris,  in  1785,  C. 
now  remained  in  London  for  20  years  (1782- 
1802).  He  not  only  made  his  mark,  and  inciden- 
tally amassed  quite  a  fortune,  as  a  teacher, 
pianist,  and  composer,  but  also  (after  losses 
through  the  failure  of  Longman  and  Broderip, 
instrument-makers  and  music-sellers)  established 
a  highly  successful  piano-factory  and  publishing- 
house  of  his  own  (now  Collard's). — With  his 
pupil  Field,  C.  set  out  for  St.  Petersburg  in 
1802,  passing  through  Paris  and  Vienna  ;  their 
tour  was  attended  by  brilliant  success,  and  Field 
was  so  well  received  in  St.  Petersburg  that  he 
accompanied  his  master  no  further.  The  latter 
resided  for  several  years  alternately  in  Berlin, 
Dresden,  and  St.  Petersburg;  then,  after  visiting 
Vienna,  Milan,  Rome,  and  Naples,  he  again 
settled  in  London.  The  business-man  in  C.  now 
gained  the  upper  hand  ;  he  no  longer  played  in 
public,  but  devoted  himself  to  composition  and 
the  management  of  his  prosperous  mercantile 
ventures.  He  never  again  went  far  from  Lon- 
don, except  during  the  winter  of  1820-21,  which 
he  spent  in  Leipzig. — As  a  teacher  C.  trained 
many  distinguished  musicians  ;  Field,  Cramer, 
Moscheles,  Kalkbrenner,  Alex.  Klengel,  Ludwig 
Berger,  Zeuner,  even  Meyerbeer,  all  owed  much 
to  his  instructions.  His  compositions  include 
symphonies  (which  failed  in  competition  with 
Haydn's),  and  overtures  for  orchestra  ;  106  pf.- 
sonatas  (46  w.  vln.,  'cello,  or  flute)  ;  a  duo  f.  2 
pf.s  ;  6  4-hand  duets;  fugues,  preludes  and  exer- 
cises in  canon-form,  toccatas,  waltzes,  variations, 
caprices,  "  Points  d'orgue  ..."  (op.  19)  ;  an 
"  Introduction  a  l'art  de  toucher  le  piano,  avec 


50  lecons  "  ;  etc. ;  by  far  the  greater  part  of  which 
are  wholly  forgotten.  But  his  great  book  of 
Etudes,  the  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum "  (publ. 
1S17),  is  a  living  reminder  that  he  was  one  of  the 
greatest  of  piano-teachers.  Billow's  excellent 
selection  of  50  of  these  etudes  has  been  outdone 
by  Vogrich's  unique  "Complete  Edition,"  ar- 
ranged progressively  (New  York,  1898). 

Biographies  of  C.  have  been  written  by  Giov. 
Frojo  :  "  M.  C,  la  sua  vita,  le  sue  opere  e  sua 
influenza  sul  progresso  dell'arte  "  (Milan,  1878); 
by  O.  Chilesotti  in  "  I  nostri  maestri  del  pas- 
sato|"  (Milan,  1S82);  Clement  has  a  sketch  in  his 
"  Musiciens  celebres"  (Paris,  1878). 

Clement  y  Cavedo,  b.  Gandia,  Spain,  Jan.  1, 
1S10.  Org.  at  Algamesi  and  Valencia;  1840-52, 
teacher  of  music  at  Gueret,  France  ;  settled  in 
Madrid,  and  publ.  an  elem.  mus.  text-book, 
"  Gramatica  musical."  In  1855,  by  order  of 
Espartero,  he  submitted  a  plan  for  reorganizing 
the  School  of  Music. — Comp.s  ;  A  magic  opera, 
a  zarzuela,  ballads,  songs,  etc. 

Clerice,  Justin,  b.  Buenos  Ayres,  Oct.  16, 
1863.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (1SS2,  Delibes  and 
Pessard).  Lives  in  Paris. — Comp.s  :  Le  Meunier 
d'Alcala,  comic  opera  (1887),  Figdrella,  do.  ; 
M.  Huchot,  vaudev.  (1S89),  grand  ballet  A  n pays 
noir  (Antwerp,  1891) ;  3-act  comic  opera  Le  je 
Hussards  (Paris,  Gaite,  1894)  ;  Phrynette, 
operetta  (1895);  L/da,  pantomime  (1896). 

Clicquot,  Francois-Henri,  b.  Paris,  172S  ; 
d.  there  1791;  "  the  most  skilful  French  organ- 
builder  of  the  18th  century"  (Fetis)  ;  from  1765 
in  partnership  with  Pierre  Dallery. 

Clifford,  Rev.  James,  Engl,  divine  ;  b.  Ox- 
ford, 1622  ;  d.  London,  1698,  as  Senior  Cardinal 
of  St.  Paul's.  Publ.  "A  Coll.  of  Divine  Services 
and  Anthems,  usually  sung  in  H.  M.'s  Chapel, 
etc."  (1664). 

Clifton,  John  Charles,  b.  London,  1781  ;  d. 
Hammersmith,  Nov.  18,  1841.  A  pupil  of  Bel- 
lamy and  Chas.  Wesley,  he  lived  in  Bath  as  a 
teacher  and  conductor,  then  in  Dublin  (1802-15), 
and  settled  in  London  (1816)  as  an  exponent 
of  Logier's  system.  Inv.  the  Eidomusicon  (a 
species  of  melograph).  His  opera  Edwin  was 
given  in  Dublin  (1815);  he  publ.  glees,  many 
songs,  and  a  "  Theory  of  Harmony  simplified  " 
(1S16)  ;  also  a  "Selection  of  British  Melodies" 
(no  date). 

Clotz.     See  Klotz. 

Cluer,  John,  English  publisher  and  engraver 
of  music,  believed  to  be  the  inventor  of  engrav- 
ing on  tin  plates  ;  d.  London,  1729.  He  en- 
graved and  published  Handel's  "Suites  de  pieces 
de  clavecin "  (1720),  and  (1723-9)  nine  of  his 
Italian  operas  ;  also  an  8vo  collection  of  opera- 
songs. 

Coc'chi,  Gioacchino,  dramatic  composer  ;  b. 
Padua,  1720  ;  d.  Venice,  1804.  He  was  teacher 
at  the  "Cons,  degli  Incurabili,"  Venice  ;  lived 
1757-63  in  London,  writing  operas  ;  returned  to 


COCCI  A— COHEN 


■Venice  in  1773.  His  first  opera  was  Adelaide 
(Rome,  1743);  others  were  Elisa  (1744),  Baia- 
zette  (1746),  Arminio  (1749),  La  Gismonda 
(1750),  Siroe  (1750),  Semiramide  riconosciuta 
(1753),  Demofoonte  (1754),  La  Maestra  (1754), 
Zenobia  (London,  1758),  La  clemenza  di  Tito 
(London,  1760),  and  Tito  Manlio  (London, 
1761).      He  excelled  in  opera  buffa. 

Coc'cia,  Carlo,  b.  Naples,  April  14,  1782  ; 
d.  Novara,  April  13,  1S73,  as  maestro  at  the 
cathedral.  Pupil  of  Valente,  Fenaroli,  and  Paisi- 
ello  at  the  Cons,  at  Naples,  and  became  a  prolific 
opera-composer,  travelling  through  Italy,  and 
to  Lisbon  and  London,  to  superintend  the  pro- 
duction of  his  works,  which  number  nearly  40. 
Also  wrote  several  masses,  other  sacred  music, 
duets,  arias,  etc.  Maria  Stuarda  was  given  in 
London,  1S23.  A  "  Biografia  di  C.  Coccia"  was 
publ.  1S73,  Turin. 

Coc'cius,  Theodor,  born  Knauthain,  near 
Leipzig,  Mar.  S,  1824;  d.  Leipzig,  Oct.  24,  1897. 
His  teachers  were  G.  W.  Finck  and  Jul.  Knorr. 
He  lived  1S44-5  in  Paris,  and  1S49-55  in  Ham- 
burg, thenceforward  at  Leipzig,  where  for  33 
years  he  held  the  position  of  teacher  of  pf.- 
playing  at  the  Cons.,  succeeding  Plaidy,  and 
was  considered  an  excellent  teacher.  "  Profes- 
sor "  in  1893. 

Coccon',  Nicolo,  pianist,  org.,  and  comp. ;  b. 
Venice,  Aug.  10,  1826  ;  pupil  of  E.  Fabio.  His 
first  publ.  comp.s  were  motets  (1S41);  in  1856  he 
was  first  org.,  and  1873  maestro,  at  San  Marco. 
His  music  (over  450  numbers)  is  held  in  high 
estimation  ;  principal  works  are  an  oratorio,  Saii/, 
8  requiem  masses,  30  "  messe  da  gloria,"  and 
much  other  ch. -music  ;  2  operas,  Zaira  (18S4) 
and  Uggero  il  Danese  (not  prod.)  ;  the  sacred 
melodrama  Manasse  in  Babilonia  (1S77) ;  the 
operetta  I  due  orangotani  (1879)  ;  etc. 

CochTaus,  Johannes  (real  name  Joh.  Dob- 
nek  ;  pseudonym   "  Wendelstein  "  ),   b.  Wen- 

delstein,  n.  Nuremberg,  in  1479  ;  d.  Breslau, 
Jan.  10,  1552,  as  canon. — Publ.  "  Tract,  de 
mus.  definitione  et  inventione,  etc."  (1507, 
"  Wendelstein  ")  ;  and  "  Tetrachordum  musices 
Joannis  Coclei  Norici,  etc."  (1512,  1513,  1526). 
He  was  a  strong  opponent  of  Luther. 

Cocks  (Robert)  &  Co.,  London  firm  of 
music-publ.s,  founded  1827  by  Robert  O;  his 
sons,  Arthur  Lincoln  C.  and  Stroud  Lincoln  C, 
became  partners  in  1868.  Robert  Macfarlane 
Cocks  is  now  the  owner. 

Co'clico  [Coclicus],  Adrian  Petit,  b.  in  the 

Hennegau  (llainaut),  abt.  1500.  Pupil  of  Jos- 
quin  Depres,  was  a  singer  in  the  Papal  Chapel, 
and  confessor  to  the  Pope.  He  fell  into  evil 
courses,  was  imprisoned,  and  thereafter  (1545) 
went  to  Wittenberg,  and  became  a  Protestant. 
He  probably  died  in  Nuremberg. — Publ.  "  Com- 
pendium musices"  (N.,  1552);  and  "  Consola- 
tiones  "  (psalms  in  4  parts,  1552). 


Coe'nen    [koo-],  Johannes  Meinardus,  b. 

The  Hague,  Jan.  2S,  1S24  ;  pupil,  at  the  Cons, 
there,  of  Liibeck.  Bassoonist  ;  1S64,  con- 
ductor at  the  grand  Dutch  'Ph.,  Amsterdam  ; 
then  at  the  Palais  d'lndustrie  ;  and  municipal 
music-director. — Works  :  Cantatas  (one  for  the 
600th  anniv.  of  the  founding  of  Amsterdam), 
ballet-music,  incid.  music  to  Dutch  plays  ;  2 
symphonies  ;  a  clarinet-concerto ;  a  flute-con- 
certo ;  a  quintet  f.  pf.  and  wind  ;  a  sonata  f. 
bassoon  (or  'cello),  clar. ,  and  pf. ;  fantasias  f. 
orch.;  etc. 

Coe'nen,  Franz,  b.  Rotterdam,  Dec.  26, 
1826.  A  pupil  of  his  father,  an  org.;  then  of 
Vieuxtemps  and  Molique.  After  tours  as  con- 
cert-violinist with  Henri  Herz,  and  in  S.  Amer- 
ica with  E.  Liibeck,  he  settled  in  Amsterdam  ; 
up  to  1895  he  was  director  of  the  Cons.,  and 
prof,  of  vln.  and  comp. ;  his  successor  is  David 
de  Lange.  He  is  solo  violinist  to  the  Queen  ; 
the  leader  of  a  celebrated  quartet  ;  and  a  distin- 
guished composer  (cantatas,  a  symphony,  the 
32nd  Psalm,  quartets,  etc.). 

Coe'nen,  Willem,  brother  of  Franz  ;  b. 
Rotterdam,  Nov.  17,  1837.  Pianist  ;  travelled 
in  S.  America  and  the  West  Indies  ;  now  (since 
1862)  concert-giver  and  composer  in  London. — 
Works  :  Oratorio,  Lazarus  (1878)  ;  has  publ. 
pf. -music  and  songs  ;  has  cantatas,  masses,  etc., 
in  MS. 

Coe'nen,  Cornelius,  b.  The  Hague,  1838. 
Violinist  and  concert-giver  ;  has  made  extended 
tours  ;  in  1859,  conductor  of  the  orch.  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  i860  bandmaster  of  the  Garde 
Nationale  at  Utrecht. — Overtures,  pes.  f.  chorus 
and  orch.,  etc. 

Cohen,  Henri,  born  Amsterdam,  180S  ;  d. 
Brie-sur-Marne,  May  17,  1S80.  Studied  in 
Paris  under  Reicha  (theory)  and  Lays  and 
Pellegrini  (singing)  ;  from  1832-9  he  made 
several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  produce  operas 
in  Naples  ;  then  settled  in  Paris  as  a  teacher  of 
singing  and  harmony.  Besides  a  few  unfor- 
tunate operas,  he  wrote  2  lyric  poems,  Mar- 
guerite et  Faust  (1847)  and  Le  Maine  (1S51)  ;  a 
"  Traite  d'harmonie  pratique,"  solfeggi,  etc. 

Cohen,  Leonce,  born  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1S29. 
Pupil  of  Cons.  (Leborne) ;  took  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1851,  became  violinist  at  the  Th. 
Italien.  Wrote  operettas  ;  publ.  "  L'ecole  du  mu- 
sicien." 

Cohen,  Jules-Iimile-David,  b.  Marseilles, 
Nov.  2,  1835.  Studied  in  Paris  Cons,  under 
Zimmerman,  Marmontel,  Benoist,  and  Halevy, 
taking  first  prize  for  pf. ,  org.,  and  cpt.  and 
fugue,  but  not  competing  for  the  Grand  prix  de 
Rome,  his  parents  being  well-to-do.  Asst.- 
teacher  and  (1870)  regular  teacher  of  ensemble 
singing  at  the  Cons.;  chef  de  chant  and 
chorusmaster  at  the  Gr.  Opera  since  1S77.  Has 
produced  4  not  very  successful  operas  ;  has  also 


119 


COLASSE— COMMER 


composed  the  choruses  for  AUialie,  Esther,  and 
Psychd  (given  at  the  Come'die-Francaise)  ;  3 
cantatas,  several  masses,  symphonies,  and  ora- 
torios ;  2  aubades  ;  200  songs;  200  pf.-pes. ; 
etc. 

Colasse,  Pascal,  b.  Rheims  (or  Paris),  1639 
(?)  ;  d.  Versailles,  Dec.,  1709.  lie  was  a  pupil 
of  Lully,  who  entrusted  him  with  writing  out 
the  choral  and  orchestral  parts  of  his  operas 
from  the  figured  bass  and  melody.  Later  C. 
was  accused  of  appropriating  scores  thrown 
aside  by  his  master  as  incomplete.  In  1683  he 
was  app.  Master  of  the  Music  ;  in  1696,  royal 
chamber-musician.  He  was  a  favorite  of  Louis 
XIV.,  and  obtained  the  privilege  of  producing 
operas  at  Lille  ;  but  the  theatre  was  burned,  his 
opera  Polyxene  et  Pyrrhus  (1706)  failed,  and 
his  mind  became  disordered.  Of  10  operas,  Les 
noces  de  The'tys  et  Pe'le'e  (1689)  was  his  best. 
He  also  composed  songs,  sacred  and  secular. 

Coleridge -Taylor,  Samuel,  a  rising  British 
comp.  of  African  descent  (his  father  is  a  native 
of  Sierra  Leone  ;  his  mother  English);  b.  Lon- 
don, Aug.  15,  1875.  Pupil  (f.  vln.)  of  the 
R.A.M.,  1890;  won  composition-scholarship  in 
1893,  and  studied  under  V.  Stanford  until  1896. 
First  publ.  work  was  an  anthem  (1S92);  chief 
MS.  works  since  are  a  nonet  f.  pf. ,  strings,  and 
wind  (1894);  a  symphony  in  A  min.  (1S96); 
a  quintet  f.  clar.  and  strings  (1897);  a  string- 
quartet,  and  a  Morning  and  Evening  Service. — 
Publ.  a  ballade  f.  via.  and  orch. ;  4  waltzes  f. 
orch. ;  operetta  Dream-Lovers,  3  Humoresques 
f .  pf. ;  several  songs  ;  etc. 

Colin,  Pierre-Gilbert  [Colinus,  Colinaus, 
also  called  Chamault],  eminent  early  French 
contrapuntist,  from  1532-6  chapel-singer  at 
Paris,  later  chorusmaster  at  Autun  cath.  Of 
his  works,  a  number  of  masses,  motets,  and 
chansons  are  extant. 

Collard,  a  family  of  pf. -makers  in  London. 
M.  Clementi,  in  partnership  with  Frederick  W. 
Collard  (1 772-1860),  bought  out  Longman  & 
Eroderip  in  1798,  afterwards  surrendering  his 
share  to  Collard,  whose  patented  inventions 
have  given  the  instruments  their  distinctive 
character.  The  firm-name  is  at  present  (1S99) 
Collard  &  Collard  ;  the  head  of  the  firm  is 
Charles  Lukey  Collard. 

Collins,  Isaac,  distinguished  violinist  ;  b. 
1797  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  24,  1871.  Was  for  some 
years  leader  of  the  2nd  violins  in  the  Crystal 
Palace  Orch.;  also  gave  concerts  with  his  5  chil- 
dren, of  whom  Viotti  (violinist),  and  George 
('cellist  ;  d.  1S69),  were  well  known. 

Colon'na,  Giovanni  Paolo,  b.  Bologna  (or 
Brescia),  abt.  1640;  d.  Bologna,  Nov.  28,  1695. 
A  pupil,  in  Rome,  of  Filipuzzi  (organ),  and  of 
Carissimi,  Benevoli,  Abbatini  (comp.).  Became 
in.  di  capp.  of  San  Petronio,  Bologna,  and  was 
several  times  president  of  the  Accad.  Filarmo- 


nica.  He  was  an  eminent  church-composer,  and 
also  prod.  1  opera,  Amilcare  (Bologna,  1693). — 
Publ.  the  oratorio  La  profezia  d'Eliseo  (1688); 
3  books  of  short  psalms  a  8  (1681,  '86,  '94),  with 
organ  ;  "  Mottetti  sacri  a  voce  sola  con  due 
violini  e  bassetto  di  viola  "  (1691)  ;  "  Mottetti  a 
2  e  3  voci  "  (1698)  ;  Litanies  and  Responses  to 
the  Virgin,  a  8  ;  Mass  a  8,  w.  org.  (1684)  ; 
Mass,  Psalms,  and  Responses  for  the  Dead,  a  8 
(16S5)  ;  Complines  and  Sequences  a  8  (1687)  ; 
Lamentations  for  Holy  Week,  f.  solo  voice 
(16S9)  ;  "  Messe  e  salmi  concertati,"  w.  instr.s, 
a  3"5  (rGgi)  '<  Vesper  Psalms  a  4-5  (1694)  ;  very 
many  are  also  extant  in  MS. 

Colonne,  Edouard  (recte  Judas),  a  very 
distinguished  conductor  ;  b.  Bordeaux,  July  23, 
1838  ;  st.  at  Paris  Cons,  under  Girard  and  Sau- 
zay  (vln.),  Elwart  and  Ambr.  Thomas  (comp.). 
In  1874  he  founded  the  famous  "  Concerts  du 
Chatelet,"  at  which  he  has  brought  out  the 
grandest  works  of  Berlioz,  and  many  by  modern 
German  composers.  In  1878  he  conducted  the 
official  Exposition  concerts  ;  and  was  cond.  at 
the  Grand  Opera  in  1892. 

Combs,  Gilbert  Raynolds,  born  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  5,  1863.  His  father,  a  distinguished 
pianist,  organist  and  composer,  was  his  first 
teacher  ;  and  C,  though  originally  intended  for 
the  medical  profession,  made  such  rapid  prog- 
ress, both  at  home  and  in  Europe,  that  he  de- 
cided to  adopt  music  as  his  life-work.  He  was 
for  years  organist  and  choirmaster  in  some  of 
the  leading  Philadelphia  churches  ;  became  a 
capable  orchestral  conductor,  and  an  excellent 
performer  on  stringed  instr.s.  In  1S85  he 
founded  the  Broad  St.  Cons,  of  Music,  Phila., 
which  has  been  successful  from  the  outset,  and 
of  which  C.  is  still  (1S99)  the   Director. 

Comettant,  (Jean-Pierre-)  Oscar,  b.  Bor- 
deaux, Gironde,  Apr.  18,  1819  ;  d.  Montvilliers, 
n.  Havre,  Jan.  24,  1898.  Pupil,  1S39-44,  at 
Paris  Cons.,  of  Ehvart  andCarafa.  Lived  in  the 
United  States  1852-5  ;  then  returned  to  Paris, 
and  became  an  active  and  well-known  writer, 
especially  on  mus.  subjects.  He  was  the  musical 
feuilletoniste  for  "  Le  Siecle,"  and  a  contributor 
to  various  mus.  journals.  He  also  publ.  "  His- 
toire  d'un  inventeur  au  igme  siecle.  Adolphe 
Sax,  ses  ouvrages  et  ses  luttes  "  (Paris,  i860)  ; 
"  Portefeuille  d'un  musicien";  "  Musique  et 
musiciens"  (1S62),  "La  musique,  les  musiciens 
et  les  instruments  de  mus.  chez  les  differents 
peuples  du  monde  "  (1S69),  "  Les  musiciens,  les 
philosophes  et  les  gaite's  de  la  musique  en  chif- 
f res  "  (1870);  "  Francois  Plante  "  (1874);  ex- 
tended notices  on  Ambr.  Thomas,  Gounod,  etc. 
He  also  composed  Fantasias,  Caprices,  and 
Etudes  f.  pf. ;  3  "duos  caracteristiques  "  f.  pf. 
and  vln. ;  vocal  choruses,  songs,  etc.  For  20 
years  he  directed  a  private  musical  institute. 

Com'mer,  Franz,  b.  Cologne,  Jan.  23,  1813  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Aug.  17,  1887.  Pupil  of  Leibl  and 
Josef   Klein  at   Cologne  ;  in  1S28,  org.  of  the 


COMPENIUS— CONRADI 


Carmelite  Ch.,  and  chorister  at  the  cathedral. 
He  went  to  Berlin  in  1832,  to  study  with  A.  W. 
Bach  (org.)  and  A.  B.  Marx  and  Rungenhagen 
(corap.).  Commissioned  to  arrange  the  library 
of  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Ch. -music,  he  pursued  histori- 
cal researches,  and  edited  the  following  coll.s 
of  old  music  :  "  Collectio  operum  musicorum 
Batavorum  saeculi  XVI."  (12  vol.s)  ;  "  Musica 
sacra  XVI.,  XVII.  saeculorum  "  (26vol. s);  "Coll. 
de  compositions  pour  l'orgue  des  XVIe,  XVIIe, 
XVIIIe  siecles "  (in  6  parts);  and  "  Cantica 
sacra  "  of  the  i6th-iSth  cent.  (2  vol.s).  He  was, 
besides,  regens  chori  at  the  Catholic  Hedwigs- 
kirche  ;  singing-teacher  at  the  Elisabeth  School, 
at  the  Theatre  School,  at  the  French  Gymna- 
sium, etc.;  the  founder  (1S44,  w.  Kiister  and 
Kullak)  of  the  Berlin  Tonkunstlerverein;  Royal 
Musikdirektor,  Professor,  Member  of  the  Berlin 
Acad.,  Senator  of  the  Acad.,  and  Pres.t  of  the 
"  Gesellschaft  fur  Musikforschung." — His  com- 
positions are  music  to  the  "Frogs"  (Aristophanes) 
and  "  Elektra  "  (Sophocles);  masses,  cantatas, 
and  choruses. 

Compe'nius,  Heinrich,  organ  -  builder  ;  b. 
Nordhausen,  1540  ;  built  the  cathedral-organ  at 
Magdeburg  (1604),  and  others.  Comp.  and 
publ.  "Christliche  Harmonia"  a  5  (1572). — His 
brother  (?)  Esajas,  a  famous  organ-builder  in 
Brunswick,  invented  the  organ -pipe  called 
"  Duiflote." 

Compere,  Louis  (dimin.  Loyset),  b,  Flan- 
ders, abt.  the  middle  »f  the  15th  cent.;  d.  St.- 
Quentin,  Aug.  16,  151S  ;  was  in  turn  chorister, 
canon,  and  chancellor  of  St.-Quentin  church. 
He  was  probably  a  pupil  of  Okeghem,  together 
with  Josquin  Depres.  But  few  of  his  motets 
(21)  are  extant  in  collections  (Petrucci.  Venice, 
1 501,  1503  ;  idem,  Fossombrone,  1519  ;  Petreius, 
Nuremberg,  1541).  He  was  famed,  however,  as 
a  contrapuntist. 

Conco'ne,  Giuseppe,  b.  Turin,  abt.  iSro  ; 
d.  there  June,  1861, 
as  org.  of  the  Court 
Choir.  Previously 
he  lived,  1832-1S4S, 
in  Paris  as  a  singing- 
teacher. — Works  :  2 
operas,  Un  episodic 
d  e  I  Sa  11  Mio  h  e  I '  e 
(Turin,  1836);  Gra- 
ziella  (not  prod.); 
vocal  scenes,  duets, 
songs,  etc. ;  and  a 
collection  of  famous 
solfeggi  in  5  vol.s 
(50  Lezioni,  30  Es- 
ercizi,  25  Lezioni, 
15  Vocalizzi,  and  40  Lezioni  per  Basso). 

Coninck,  Jacques-Felix  de,  b.  Antwerp, 
May  18,  1 791  ;  d.  Schaerbeck-les-Bruxelles, 
Apr.  25,  1866.  Pianist  ;  pupil,  in  Antwerp,  of  de 
Trazegnies  and  Hoefnagels,  and  in  Paris  Cons. 
of    Perne    (harm.).      After    1818  he  went    with 


Malibran  to  the  United  States,  lived  for  a  time 
in  Paris,  returned  to  Antwerp,  and  founded  the 
"  Societe  d'l  [armonie,"  which  he  also  conducted. 
— Publ.  (in  Paris)  concertos,  sonatas,  airs  varies, 
etc.,  f.  pf. 

Coninck,  Joseph  Bernard  de,  son  of  the 
preceding  ;  b.  Ostend,  Mar.  10,  1827.  Pupil  of 
de  Leun  in  Antwerp.  In  1S45  he  was  awarded 
a  prize,  for  his  "  Essai  sur  1'histoire  des  arts  et 
sciences  en  Belgique,"  by  the  "  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Mus.  Art."  He  went  to  Paris  in 
1851,  st.  under  Leborne  at  the  Cons.,  and  set- 
tled in  Faris  as  a  composer,  teacher,  and  critic. — 
Comp.s  :  Comic  opera  Maitre  Pathelin,  and 
the  operetta  Le  rat  de  ville  et  le  rat  des  champs 
(both  prod,  in  Paris);  operetta  La  fille  de  Figaro; 
also  choruses    a  capp.,  songs,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Coninck,  Francois  de,  born  Lebbeke,  Bel- 
gium, Feb.  20,  1S10  ;  pianist,  pupil  of  Pixis  and 
Kalkbrenner  at  Paris  ;  settled  in  Brussels,  as  a 
teacher,  in  1832.  Publ.  a  Method  f.  pf. ,  and 
pf.-pes. 

Conra'di,  August,  opera-composer  ;  b.  Ber- 
lin, June  27,  1S21  ;  d.  there  May  26,  1S73. 
Pupil  of  Rungenhagen  (comp.).  Organist  of 
the  "  Invalidenhaus  "  in  1843  ;  went  in  1S46  to 
Vienna,  and  brought  out  a  symphony  with 
marked  success  ;  was  for  years  an  intimate  of 
Liszt  at  Weimar  ;  occupied  the  post  of  Kapellm. 
in  the  following  theatres:  Stettin  1849-51, 
"  Konigstadtisches"  (Berlin),  Diisseldorf,  Co- 
logne, and  from  1S56  again  in  Berlin,  at  Kroll's, 
the  new  Konigstadtisches,  Wallner's,  and  Vic- 
toria.—  Operas  (all  in  Berlin):  Riibezahl  (1847); 
A/us,i,  der  letzte  Maurenfurst  (1855);  Die  Brant 
des  Plussgottes ;  Die  Sixtinische  Madonna 
(1864);  Knecht  Ruprecht  (1S65);  So  sind  die 
Frauen  ;  Im  Weinberge  des  Herrn  (1867);  Das 
schonste  Mddchen  des  Dorfes  (1868);  also  vaude- 
villes, farces,  5  symphonies,  overtures,  string- 
quartets,  etc.  He  arranged  many  popular  pot- 
pourris. 

Conra'di,  Johann  Georg,  Kapellm.  at  Oet- 
tingen,  end  of  17th  cent.;  one  of  the  earliest 
German  opera-comp.s  ;  wrote  for  the  Hamburg 
Theatre. — Operas:  Ariadne;  Diogenes;  Xuma 
Pompilius  (1691)  ;  Jerusalem  (1692)  ;  Carolus 
Magnus  (1692)  ;  Sigismund (1693)  ;  Pygmalion 
(1693)  ;   Genserieus  (1693). 

Conra'di,  Johan  G.,  Norwegian  composer  ; 
b.  abt.  1820  ;  d.  Christiania,  Oct.  2,  1S96  (aged 
76).  Wrrote  historic  notices  of  Norw.  music  and 
musicians  ;  comp.  incidental  music  to  popular 
Norwegian  dramas  ;  also  choruses  and  songs. 

Conra'di,  Jules,  b.  Liege,  Belgium,  Jan.  27, 
1S34  ;  pupil  of  Decharneux  (organ),  and  (1853- 
7)  of  Daussoigne-Mehulat  Liege  Cons.  (comp.). 
For  his  cantata,  Le  meurtre  d' Abel,  he  was 
awarded  the  2nd  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  at  Brussels, 
in  1857.  App.  (in  1S64)  prof,  of  solfeggio  at 
the  Cons. — Works  :  5  one-act  comic  operas  ; 
considerable  church-music  ;  romances  ;  dance- 
music  f.  pf. 


121 


CONST ANTIN— COOPER 


Constantin,  Titus-Charles,  b.  Marseilles, 
Jan.  7,  1S35  ;  pupil  of  Ambroise  Thomas  at 
Paris  Cons.;  cond.  of  the  "  Fantaisies  Parisi- 
ennes"  (1S66),  Concerts  du  Casino  (1871), 
Athenee  and  Renaissance  Th.  (1S72),  Opera- 
Comique  (1875). —  Works:  A  comic  opera, 
Dans  la  fork  (1872);  a  ballet,  Bck  (Lyons, 
1867)  ;  2  cantatas,  David  Rizzio  and  Le  salul ; 
overtures,  etc. 

Con'ti,  Francesco  Bartolommeo,  b.  Flor- 
ence, Jan,  20, 1681;  d.  July  20,  1732,  at  Vienna, 
where  he  became  court  theorbist  in  1701,  and 
court  eomp.  in  1713.  He  produced  16  grand 
operas  ;  the  first  was  Clotilda  (Vienna,  1706  ; 
London,  17 10);  his  best  was  Don  Chisriotte  in 
Sierra  Morena  (Vienna,  1719  ;  Hamburg,  1722). 
Other  works  :  13  feste  teatrali,  or  serenades  ;  9 
oratorios,  and  over  50  cantatas. 

Con'ti  ["  Conti'ni"],  Ignazio,  b.  Florence, 
1699  ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar.  28,  1759.  The  suc- 
cessor, and  perhaps  the  son,  of  Francesco  ; 
wrote  oratorios,  cantatas,  masses,  serenades, 
etc.,  but  was  a  mediocre  talent. 

Con'ti,  Gioacchino,  a  celebrated  soprano 
(musico),  surnamed  Gizziello  after  his  teacher, 
Domenico  Gizzi  ;  b.  Arpino,  Naples,  Feb.  28, 
1714  ;  d.  Rome,  Oct.  25,  1761.  His  debut  at 
Rome  (1729),  after  7  years'  study,  was  a  bril- 
liant success,  and  his  fame  spread  over  all  Italy  ; 
he  was  no  less  fortunate  on  the  stage  at  Naples, 
and  (1736)  in  London,  where,  in  league  with 
Handel,  he  made  head  against  the  opposition  to 
the  German  master.  He  also  sang  in  Madrid, 
Lisbon,  etc.;  retired  to  Arpino  in  1753. 

Con'ti,  Carlo,  opera  -  composer  ;  b.  Arpino, 
Naples,  Oct.  14,  1797  ;  d.  Naples,  July  10,  1868. 
Pupil  of  Tritto,  Fenaroli,  and  Zingarelli  at  the 
R.  Coll.  of  S.  Sebastiano,  Naples,  and  later  of 
Simon  Mayr.  Prof,  of  counterpoint  at  Naples 
Cons.  (1S46-58),  and  Vice-Director  from  1862, 
succeeding  Mercadante  ;  he  taught  Bellini,  Buo- 
namici,  Lillo,  Florimo,  Marchetti,  Andreatini, 
and  others.  Also  life  -  secretary  of  the  Acca- 
demia,  and  corresponding  member  of  the  Inst,  of 
France. — Wrote  11  operas,  L'Olimpia  (Naples, 
1S19)  being  the  most  successful  ;  also  much 
church-music,  songs  w.  pf. ,  etc. 

Con'ti,  Giacinto,  b.  Brescia,  Jan.  31,  1815  ; 
d.  there  in  April,  1895.  Violinist  and  composer; 
pupil  of  his  father,  Defendente  C;  Lir.  in  th. 
at  Brescia,  first  of  ballet,  then  of  opera,  the 
latter  for  42  years.  Good  violinist  ;  comp.  vln.- 
duets  and  symphonies  for  his  pupils  in  the  Isti- 
tuto  Filarmonico  Venturi. 

Conti'nuo,  Giovanni,  d.  Mantua,  1556,  as 
maestro  to  the  Gonzaga  family  (succeeded  by 
(  Haches  de  Wert).  A  fine  contrapuntist,  and  the 
teacher  of  Luca  Marenzio. 

Con'verse,  Charles  Crozat  (pen-name  Karl 
Redan),  b.  Warren,  Mass.,  Oct.  7,  1832  ;  pupil 
of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Richter,  Plaidy).  Settled  in 
Erie,  Pa.,  as  a  lawyer. — Publ.  works:  "Amer. 


Concert-overture"  in  D  on  "  Hail  Columbia," 
for  orch.  (1SO9) ;  Fest-Ouverture  (1870);  6  Ger- 
man Songs  (Leipzig,  1S56) ;  vocal  quartets; 
Amer.  Nat.l  Hymn,  "God  for  us"  (1887);  Can- 
tata (on  the  126th  Psalm)  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch. 
(1S88).  —  In  MS.,  2  symphonies,  2  oratorios,  sev- 
eral overtures,  quartets  and  quintets  f.  strings, 
chorals,  etc. 

Cooke,  Benjamin,  b.  London,  1734;  d.  there 
Sept.  14,  1793.  Composer  and  excellent  org., 
pupil  of  Pepusch,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1752  as 
cond.  at  the  Acad,  of  Ancient  Music  ;  in  1757 
he  became  choirmaster  (after  Gates),  in  1758  lay- 
vicar,  and  in  1762  organist,  of  Westminster 
Abbey.  Mus.  Doc,  Cantab.,  1775;  ditto  Oxon., 
1782;  organist  of  St.  Martin's-in-the-Field,  1782. 
In  1789  he  resigned  the  Academy  conductorship 
in  favor  of  Arnold.  His  forte  as  composer  was 
glees,  canons  and  catches,  for  which  he  took 
several  Catch  Club  prizes  ("Coll.  of  20  Glees, 
Catches,  and  Canons  for  3-6  voices,  in  score"; 
London,  1775;  "9  Glees  and  2  Duets,"  1795). 
He  also  wrote  odes,  instrumental  concertos, 
church-music,  pes.  f.  org.  and  harpsichord,  etc. 

Cooke,  Thomas  Simpson,  b.  Dublin,  1782; 
d.  London,  Feb.  26,  1848.  A  pupil  of  his  fa- 
ther and  Giordani.  Cond.  the  theatre-orch., 
Dublin ;  was  then  for  years  an  opera-singer 
(tenor)  at  Drury  Lane,  asst.-cond.  at  Drury  Lane, 
asst.-cond.  of  the  Philharm.,  and  (1846)  leader 
of  the  Concerts  of  Antient  Music.  Also  prof, 
at  the  R.A.M.,  an  efteemed  singing-teacher 
(Sims  Reeves  was  his  pupil),  and  the  author  of 
two  vocal  treatises,  "  Singing  exemplified  in  a 
series  of  Solfeggi,  etc.,"  and  "Singing  in  Parts, 
etc."  (London,  abt.  1842).  Composed  nearly  20 
operas  for  Drury  Lane. 

Coombs,  Charles  Whitney,  organist  and 
composer  ;  b.  Bucksport,  Maine,  Dec.  25,  1859. 
Studied  for  5  years  in  Stuttgart  (pf.  with  Speidel, 
theory  and  comp.  w.  Max  Seifriz),  and  6  years  in 
Dresden  (comp.  w.  Draeseke,  orchestration  w. 
Hermann  John,  org.  w  P.  Janssen,  and  voice  w. 
Lamperti) ;  also  a  year  in  England  studying 
music  and  methods  of  the  English  Church. 
Organist  of  Amer.  Ch.  in  Dresden,  1887-91, 
when  he  returned  to  America,  and  took  charge 
of  the  music  in  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Com- 
munion, New  York,  still  holding  the  position 
in  1899. — Publ.  works:  "The  Vision  of  St. 
John,"  cantata  w.  full  orch.  and  org.;  "Hymn 
of  Peace,"  with  soli,  ch.,  orch.,  and  org.; 
"Song  of  Judith,"  motet  f.  sopr.  and  bar.  soli 
and  ch. ;  a  number  of  sacred  songs,  anthems, 
etc. ;  and  about  30  songs,  many  of  which  are 
great  favorites. 

Cooper,  Henry  Christopher,  violinist  ;  b. 
Bath,  England,  1819 ;  d.  Glasgow,  Jan.  26, 
1881.  Pupil  of  Spagnoletti  ;  principal  violinist 
at  R.  Ital.  Opera  ;  leader  of  the  Philharm. ;  cond. 
at  several  th.s,  finally  at  the  Gaiety,  Glasgow. 
An  excellent  soloist. 


COOPER— CORELLI 


Cooper,  George,  b.  Lambeth,  London,  July 
7,  1820  ;  (I.  London,  Oct.  2,  1876.  Organist  of 
several  churches,  finally  (1856)  of  the  Chapel 
Royal.  I'ubl.  "  The  Organist's  Assistant,"  se- 
lections from  classical  authors;  "The  Org.'s 
Manual";  "Organ  Arrangements"  (3  vol.s)  ; 
"Classical  Extracts  for  the  Organ"  ;  "  Introd. 
to  the  Organ";  also  songs  and  part-songs.  An 
able  performer,  he  did  much  to  elevate  the  pub- 
lic taste. 

Coote,  Charles,  English  bandmaster  and 
comp.  of  dance-music  ;  b.  1809  ;  d.  London, 
March  6,  1880.  His  numerous  polkas,  waltzes, 
and  galops  are  popular  ("  Rage  of  London," 
"  Break-neck,"  "  Express,"  etc.). 

Copera'rio  [John  Cooper,  an  Englishman 
who  Italianized  his  patronymic  after  study  in 
Italy],  a  famous  lutenist  and  viola-da-gamba 
player  in  the  latter  half  of  the  16th  cent.; 
teacher  of  the  children  of  James  I.,  and  of 
Henry  and  William  Lawes. — Works:  Music  to 
2  Masques;  a  set  of  Fancies  f.  org.;  several 
ditto  f.  viol;  songs  ("Funeral  Tears,"  etc., 
"Songs  of  Mourning,"  etc.). 

Cop'pola,  Pietro  Antonio  [Pierantonio], 
dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Castrogiovanni,  Sicily, 
Dec.  ir,  1793;  d.  Catania,  Nov.  13,  1877.  A 
pupil  of  the  Naples  Cons,  for  a  short  time,  but 
chiefly  self-taught,  he  was  a  contemporary  and  a 
not  wholly  fortunate  rival  of  Rossini.  He  pro- 
duced some  15  operas  from  1816-1850,  without 
real  success  until  the  fifth,  Nina  pazza  per 
amove  (Rome,  1835  ;  thence  to  many  chief  cities 
of  Europe  ;  and  at  Paris  as  Eva);  abt.'  1839  C. 
became  cond.  of  the  Lisbon  Royal  Opera.  Be- 
sides operas,  he  wrote  masses,  litanies,  and  other 
church-music. 

Coquard,  Arthur,  b.  Paris,  1S46.  Private 
pupil  of  Cesar  Franck.  Prof,  of  music  at  the 
Nat.  Inst,  of  the  "  Jeunes  Aveugles";  music 
critic  for  "  Le  Monde." — Comp.s  :  2-act  opera 
/' '  E~pe'e  dn  rai  (Angers,  1884);  3-act  com.  op., 
Le  marl  if '  un  jour  (Paris,  1886)  ;  2-act  (spec- 
tacular) lyric  drama  V Oiseau  bleu  (Paris,  1894)  ; 
4-act  lyr.  dr.  La  yacquerie  (Monte  Carlo  and 
Paris,  1895);  4-act  opera  Jahel  (not  perf.)  ;  lyr. 
dr.  Philoctete  (do.)  ;  an  oratorio,  "Jeanne  d'Arc; 
several  secular  cantatas. — Hepubl.  (Paris,  1892) ; 
"  I)e  la  musique  en  France  depuis  Rameau," 
which  received  a  prize  from  the  Acad,  des  beaux- 
arts. 

Corbett,  William,  Engl,  violinist;  b.  1669(7); 
d.  London  (?),  1748.  A  member  of  the  queen's 
band,  he  lived  in  Rome  from  171 1-40;  he 
gave  occasional  concerts,  and  was  a  collector 
of  musical  books  and  instr.s,  bequeathing  the 
latter  to  Gresham  College.  Publ.  many  sonatas, 
and  "  concertos"  f.  various  instr.s  ;  wrote  incid. 
mus.  to  Henry  IV.  and  Love  Betrayed ;  also 
songs. 

Cordans,  Bartolommeo,  composer  ;  b.  Ven- 
ice, 1700;  d.  Udine,  May  14,  1757;  entered 
the  order  of  the   Franciscans  at  an  early  age, 


but  obtained  Papal  dispensation  later  to  leave  it. 
From  1729-31  he  brought  out  3  mod.  succ. 
operas  at  Venice;  in  1735  he  became  maestro 
at  Udine  cathedral,  and  composed  an  immense 
amount  of  church-music,  much  of  which  was 
purposely  destroyed,  yet  in  the  cathedral  ar- 
chives 60  masses,  over  100  psalms,  many  motets, 
etc.,  are  preserved  in  MS. 

CordelTa,  Giacomo,  b.  Naples,  July  25, 
1786  ;  d.  there  Aug.  8,  1846.  Pupil  of  Fena- 
roli  and  Paisiello,  and  a  very  prolific  dramatic 
composer,  19  of  his  operas  having  been  pro- 
duced, chiefly  in  Naples.  He  was  prof,  of  sol- 
feggio at  Naples  Cons.,  111.  di  capp.  at  several 
convents  in  Naples,  and  long  director  of  music 
at  the  San  Carlo  Th.  Also  wrote  masses,  can- 
tatas, etc. 

Corder,  Frederick,  b.  Hackney,  London, 
Jan.  26,  1852.  Pupd  of  R.  A.  M.,  and  in  1875 
won  the  Mendelssohn  Scholarship  ;  from  1875-8 
studied  with  Ferd.  Hiller  at  Cologne  ;  became 
cond.  of  Brighton  Aquarium  Concerts  in  1S80, 
and  greatly  improved  their  quality.  Now  resid- 
ing at  Brighton  as  a  teacher  and  composer. 
He  is  also  a  translator,  writer,  and  critic  of 
good  repute. — Works  :  Op.  1,  orch.  suite,  "  In 
the  Black  Forest";  op.  2,  Idyll  for  orch., 
"Evening  on  the  Sea-shore";  op.  3,  grand 
opera  Morte  if  Arthur  (1S77)  ;  op.  4,  opera 
Philomel  (1879)  '<  °P-  5>  cantata  The  Cyclops; 
op.  6,  4  River  Songs  (trios  f.  female  voices)  ; 
Ossiau,  concert-overture  ;  3  operettas  :  A 
Storm  in  a  Teacup  (1SS0)  ;  The  Nabob's  Pickle 
(1883);  The  Noble  Savage  (1S85)  ;  "Dream- 
land," ode  f.  ch.  and  orch.  (1883)  ;  orch.  scenes 
for  The  Tempest  (1SS6)  ;  Roumanian  dances  f. 
pf.  and  vln.  ;  overture  f.  orch.,  "Prospero"; 
cantata  The  Bridal  of  Trieriuain  ;  3-act  opera 
Nordisa  (1S87)  ;  Roumanian  Suite  f.  orch.; 
"The  Minstrel's  Curse,"  ballad  f.  declamation 
w.  orch.  (1888)  ;  The  Sword  of  Argantyr, 
dram,  cantata  (1889). 

Corel'li,  Arcangelo,  admirable  violinist  and 
composer  ;  born  Fusignano,  n.  Imola,  Italy,  in 
Feb.,  1653  ;  d.  Rome,  Jan.  13,  1713.  His  violin 
teacher  was  G.  B.  Bassani  ;  counterpoint  he 
learned  with  Matteo  Simonelli.  Little  is  known 
of  his  life  until  16S1,  when,  after  travelling  in 
Germany  and  holding  a  position  in  Munich,  he 
settled  in  Rome  under  the  patronage  of  Cardinal 
Pietro  Ottoboni,  in  whose  house  he  lived.  His 
talents,  combined  with  a  winning  personality, 
made  him  a  favorite  in  the  highest  social  circles 
of  Rome  ;  his  concerts  in  the  cardinal's  palace 
were  considered  the  chief  musical  events  of  the 
day.  In  1683  his  op.  1  was  published.  As  a 
teacher  his  fame  grew  apace  ;  pupils  flocked  to 
him  from  all  sides,  among  them  Battista  Anet, 
Geminiani,  Locatelli,  and  G.  and  L.  Somis.  The 
King  of  Naples  made  repeated  overtures  to  C.  to 
enter  his  service  :  at  length,  yielding  to  his  solici- 
tations, C.  went  to  Naples,  and  gave  a  very  suc- 
cessful concert  before  the  court ;  but  his  second 


123 


CORNELIUS— CORONARO 


attempt  failed  to  please  the  king,  he  himself 
made  some  awkward  slips,  and  soon  thereafter 
returned  to  Rome 
covered  with  mor- 
tification. Here  a 
mediocre  violinist, 
Valentini,  had  been 
well  received  by  the  , 
public  meantime  ;  J 
and  Corelli,  imagin-  !$ 
ing  himself  sup- 
planted and  neg- 
lected, went  into  a 
decline,  and  died 
"  aged  59  years,  10 
months,  and  20 

days."  He  was  buried  in  the  Church  of  Santa 
Maria  della  Rotonda  ;  his  statue  is  in  the  Vati- 
can.— C.'s  merit  was  twofold  ;  understanding  the 
character  of  his  instrument,  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  good  violin-technique  :  to  him  are  attrib- 
uted the  systematization  of  the  science  of  bow- 
ing and  the  regulation  of  the  shifts  and  the  in- 
troduction of  chord-playing.  His  compositions 
are  still  regarded  as  classics.  His  greatest  effort 
was  the  "  Concerti  grossi,"  which  appeared  only 
six  weeks  before  his  death.  Of  the  works  publ. 
under  Corelli's  name,  all  but  the  following  six, 
which  are  given  under  their  original  titles,  are 
probably  spurious:  ".12  Suonate  a  tre,  due  vio- 
lini e  violoncello,  col  basso  per  l'organo.  Op.  1, 
Roma,  16S3  "  ;  "  12  Suonate  da  camera  a  tre, 
due  violini,  violoncello,  e  violone  o  cembalo. 
Op.  2,  Roma,  1685";  "12  Suonate  a  tre,  due 
violini  e  arciliuto  col  basso  per  l'organo.  Op. 
3,  Bologna,  1690";  "12  Suonate  da  camera 
a  tre,  due  violini  e  violone  o  cembalo.  Op.  4, 
Bologna,  1694  "(in  Amsterdam  as  "  Balletti  da 
camera");  "12  Suonate  a  violono  e  violone  o 
cembalo.  Op.  5,  Roma,  1700 "  (later  arr.  by 
Geminiani  as  "Concerti  grossi");  "Concerti 
grossi  con  due  violini  e  violoncello  di  concer- 
tino obbligato,  e  due  altri  violini,  viola  e  basso 
di  concerto  grosso  ad  arbitrio,  che  si  possono 
raddoppiare.  Op.  6,  Roma,  1712."  All  these 
were  variously  reprinted  at  the  time,  more  re- 
cent editions  are  by  Pepusch  (Walsh  :  London  ; 
op.  1-4,  and  op.  6)  ;  by  Joachim  (in  Chrysander's 
"  Denkmaler";  op.  1  and  2),  and  by  Alard  and 
David  (some  numbers  from  op.  5). 

Corne'lius,  Peter,  composer  and  writer  ;  b. 
Mayence,  Dec.  24,  1824  ;  d.  there  Oct.  26,  1874. 
A  nephew  of  the  painter  Peter  von  Cornelius, 
he  at  first  embraced  the  profession  of  an  actor  ; 
but  after  an  unsuccessful  debut  he  changed  his 
mind,  studied  cpt.  with  Dehn  at  Berlin  (1845-52), 
and  then  joined  Liszt's  following  in  Weimar, 
as  a  champion  of  Wagner,  contributing  frequent 
articles  to  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  f.  Musik."  The 
failure  of  C.'s  opera,  Der  Barbier  von  Bagdad 
(Weimar,  1858),  through  factious  opposition,  so 
disgusted  Liszt  that  he  left  Weimar  ;  the  opera 
later  (1886-7)  met  with  deserved  success  in  Dres- 
den,  Coburg,   Hamburg,  and  other  cities.     C. 


now  (1S59)  went  to  Wagner  at  Vienna,  and  fol- 
lowed him  to  Munich  (1865),  where  he  was  app. 
reader  to  King  Lud- 
wig  II.,  and  prof,  of 
harm,  and  rhetoric  at 
the  R.  Music  School. 
A  second  opera,  Der 
Cid,  was  prod,  at 
Weimar  in  1865  ;  a 
third,  Gunlod  (from 
the  Edda)  remained 
unlinished  [complet- 
ed by  Lassen,  and 
prod,  at  Strassburg 
in  1892].  He  publ. 
"  Lieder-Cyclus  "(op. 

3),  Duets  f.  sopr.  and  bar.  (op.  6),  Weihnachts- 
lieder  (op.  8),  Trauerchore  f.  male  ch.  (op. 
9).  Many  of  these  enjoy  considerable  vogue, 
though  the  part-writing  is  not  smooth  and  the 
harmonies  are  sometimes  forced.  A  vol.  of 
"  Lyrische  Poesien  "  was  issued  in  1861  ;  C.  also 
wrote  the  libretti  of  his  operas,  and  was  a  fine 
translator.  Biographies  of  C.  have  been  written 
by  Sandberger  ("  Leben  u.  Werke  des  Dichter- 
Musikers  P.  C."  Leipzig,  1887),  and  Hermann 
Kretzschmar  (Leipzig,  Br.  und  Hartel). 

Cornell',  John  Henry,  b.  New  York,  in  May, 
1828  ;  d.  there  March  1,  1894.  Organist,  com- 
poser, writer  ;  st.  in  N.  Y.,  Germany,  and  Eng- 
land. Organist  in  several  N.  Y.  churches  (1848, 
St  John's  Chapel  ;  1868-77,  St.  Paul's  Church  ; 
1S77-82,  Old  Brick  Ch.).  His  sacred  composi- 
tions are  highly  esteemed  ;  of  his  writings  we 
note  "  Primer  of  Modern  Mus.  Tonality," 
"  Practice  of  Sight-singing,"  "  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Mus.  Form "  (after  L.  Bussler), 
"  Easy  Method  of  Modulation,"  "  Manual  of 
Roman  Chant,"  and  "Congregational  Tune 
Book."  "  The  Introit  Psalms,  as  prescribed  by 
the  First  Prayer-book  of  Edward  VI.,  set  to 
Original  Chants  "  (N.  Y.,  1871)  ;  a  Te  Deum  ; 
part-songs ;  songs  w.  pf. ;  etc.  Also  numerous 
translations. 

Cornet,  Julius,  b.  1792  at  S.  Candido  in  the 
Tyrol  ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  29,  i860.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Salieri  ;  became  a  famous  stage-tenor, 
then  director  of  the  Hamburg  Th. ;  from  1854-8, 
of  Court  Opera  in  Vienna,  and  finally  of  the 
Victoria  Th.,  Berlin.  Author  of  "  Die  Oper  in 
Deutschland." — His  wife,  Franziska  (1806- 
1870),  was  a  brilliant  singer. 

Corona'ro,  Gaetano,  violinist  and  composer  ; 
b.  Vicenza,  Italy,  Dec.  iS,  1852.  Pupil  of  the 
Milan  Cons,  till  1873  ;  studied  for  some  months 
in  Germany,  and,  on  returning,  successfully 
prod,  the  opera  Un  Tratnonto  (Milan,  Cons. 
Th.,  1S73).  This  was  followed  by  the  3-act 
opera  seria  La  Creola  (Bologna,  1878),  and  the 
3-act  op.  seria  //  Malacarne  (Brescia,  1894).  C. 
was  for  several  years  prof,  of  harmony  in  the 
Milan  Cons.,  and,  since  A.  Catalani's  death  in 
1894,  prof,  of  comp.  there. 


124 


CORONARO— COTTRAU 


Corona'ro,  Gellio  Benvenuto,  b.  Italy,  abt. 
1863  ;  pianist  and  comp.  {prottgi  of  Sonzogno)  ; 
debut  as  pianist  at  the  age  of  S ;  and  at  9,  org.  in 
Vicenza  ;  at  13,  theatre-cond.  at  Marosteca  ;  at 
15,  chorusmaster  ;  at  16,  entered  Bologna  Cons., 
graduating  with  first  prizes  ;  comp.  a  symphony 
and  a  cantata. — Works  :  Oryera.  Jo  Ian  da  (1SS9  ?); 
i-act  dramatic  sketch  Festa  a  Marina  [took  1st 
prize  in  1S92,  offered  by  Sonzogno]  (Venice, 
1S93  ;  mod.  succ.)  ;  operetta  Minestrone  ATapo- 
letano  (Messina,  1893;  succ);  2-act  op.  seria 
Claudia  (Milan,  1&95  ;  unsucc). 

Cor'ri,  Domenico,  b.  Rome,  Oct.  4,  1744  ; 
d.  London,  May  22,  1825.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Porpora  (1763-7)  ,  settled  in  London  in  1774, 
brought  out  2  operas,  Alessandro  nelle  Indie 
(1774)  and  The  Travellers  (abt.  1780),  and 
founded,  with  his  son-in-law  Dussek,  a  music- 
business  (1797),  which  failed.  He  publ.  "The 
Singer's  Preceptor"  (179S),  "Musical  Diction- 
ary "  (179S),  "  The  Art  of  Fingering"  (1799),  and 
a  "  Mus.  Grammar";  also  arias,  songs,  duets, 
sonatas,  and  rondos. 

Cor'si,  Jacopo,  b.  abt.  1560  ;  a  Florentine 
nobleman  and  patron  of  art,  in  whose  house,  as 
in  that  of  his  friend  Bardi,  were  held  the  memor- 
able meetings  of  Peri,  Caccini,  Emiliodel  Cava- 
liere,  Galilei,  the  poet  Rinuccini,  and  others, 
whose  efforts  inaugurated  the  era  of  modern 
operatic  composition.  Corsi,  the  host,  was  him- 
self a  skilful  player  on  the  gravicembalo \  and 
aided  in  the  performance  of  the  new  music. 

Cortec'cia,    Francesco    Bernardo   di,    b. 

Arezzo,  early  in  the  16th  century;  d.  Florence, 
June  7,  1571.  Org.,  in  1531 ,  of  the  Ch.  of  S. 
Lorenzo  ;  1541-71,  m.  di  eapp.  to  Duke  Cosimo 
the  Great. — Publ.  wedding-music  (for  the  Duke), 
9  pieces,  a  4,  6,  and  8  (Venice,  1539)  ;  3  books 
of  Madrigals  (1545,  '47,  '47)  ;  Responses  and 
Lessons  (1570)  ;  32  Hymns  a  4  ;  Canticorum 
liber  primus  (1 571) ;  many  others  have  been  de- 
stroyed. 

Coss'mann,  Bernhard,  fine  'cellist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Dessau,  May  17,  1822.  Pupil  of 
Espenhahn  and  Drechsler,  also  of  Theo.  M tiller 
and  Kummer  (in  Dresden).  A  member  of  the 
Grand  Opera  Orch.,  Paris,  in  1840  ;  London 
(1841);  Op. -Com.,  Paris,  till  1846;  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig,  1847-S,  as  solo  'cellist,  also  studying 
comp.  under  Hauptmann  ;  at  Weimar  (with 
Liszt)  in  1S50  ;  in  1866,  prof,  at  Moscow  Cons.; 
lived  from  1S70-8  at  Baden-Baden  ;  since  then, 
prof,  of  'cello  at  Frankfort  Cons. — Works  :  Con- 
certstiick;  Pieces  de  salon;  Fantasias  on  opera- 
tic motives. 

Cos'ta,  Carlo,  b.  Naples,  1826 ;  d.  there 
Jan.,  18SS  ;  teacher  of  mns.  theory  in  Naples 
Cons. 

Cos'ta,    Sir    Michael    (properly   Michele), 

dram.  comp.  and  celebrated  conductor  ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Feb,   4,   1S10  (1807?);  d.   Brighton,   Apr. 


29,  1884.  His  father,  Pasquale  C.  [a  composer 
of  church-music,  and  pupil  of  L.  Leo],  was  his 
first  teacher;  he  then 
studied  in  the  Cons, 
under  Tritto,  Zinga- 
relli  (comp.),  and 
Crescentini  (sing- 
ing). After  bring- 
ing out  4  successful 
operas  at  Naples,  he 
was  sent  to  Birming- 
ham,Eng.  ,  byZinga- 
relli,  to  conduct  the 
latter's  psalm  Super 
flumina  Babilonis, 
but  through  some 
misunderstanding 
was  required  to  sing  the  tenor  part,  instead 
of  conducting.  But  he  remained  permanently 
in  England  ;  was  eng.  (1830)  as  111.  al  cembalo 
at  the  King's  Th.,  London,  in  1832  as  musical 
director,  and  in  1833  as  director  and  conductor. 
During  this  time  he  produced  the  three  ballets 
Kenilworth  (1831),  Une  heure  a  Xaples  (1832), 
and  Sir  Huon  (1833,  for  Taglioni).  In  1846 
he  became  cond.  of  the  Philh.  and  of  the  new 
Ital.  Opera  ;  in  1S4S,  of  the  Sacred  Harmonic 
Society.  From  1849  he  was  the  regular  cond. 
of  the  Birmingham  Festivals  ;  from  1857,  of 
the  Handel  Festivals.  He  was  knighted  in 
1869;  in  1871  he  was  app.  "director  of  the 
music,  composer,  and  conductor"  at  H.  M.'s 
Opera.  Besides  the  oratorios  La  Passione  (Na- 
ples, 1825),  Eli  (Birmingham,  1855),  and  l\aa- 
man  (ib.,  1864),  he  prod,  the  following  operas  : 
//  sospetto  funesto  (Naples,  1826)  ;  //  deli/to 
punito  (1827);  II  carcere  d' Ildegonda  (Naples, 
i32S);  Malvina  (Naples,  1829  ;  revived  as  Malik 
A  del  in  Paris,  1S38)  ;  and  Don  Carlos  (London, 
1S44);  also  2  cantatas,  a  mass,  3  symphonies,  etc. 

Cos'ta,  P.  Mario,  b.  Taranto,  July  26,  1858; 
nephew  of  Michele  O;  has  written  much  cham- 
ber-music, and  many  popular  songs,  mostly  in 
Neapolitan  dialect  (Luna  Nova,  Oje  Caruli, 
Serenata  Medioevale,  'A  Frangesa,  Serenata  d'un 
Suonatore,  'A  Napulitana.  Oill  Oila,  'O  capo 
figlio,  'A  Sartulella,  Canzonetta,  Nanni,  Sere- 
natella,  Mena  me',  etc.)  ;  also  2  pantomimes, 
Le  Modele  rive",  and  V Histoire  d'un  Pierrot 
(Paris,  1894?;  succ). 

Cot'ta,  Johann,  b.  Ruhla,  Thuringia,  May 
24,  1794;  d.  as  pastor  at  Willerstedt,  n.  Weimar, 
Mar.  18,  1S68.  Composed  the  folk-song,  "Was 
ist  des  Deutschen  Vaterland  ?" 

Cot'to  [Cotto'niusJ,  Johannes,  an  early 
writer  (nth  to  12th  cent.);  his  treatise  "  Epistola 
ad  Fulgentium "  contains  valuable  information 
on  the  beginnings  of  notation  and  solmisation 
(printed  by  Gerbert  in  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  ii). 

Cot'trau,  Guillaume  [Guglielmo],  b.  Paris, 
Aug.  10,  1797  ;  d.  Naples,  Oct.  31,  1S47.  A 
pupil  of  the  Naples  Cons.  (Crescentini)  ;  corn- 


125 


COUCY— COURVOISIER 


poser  of  popular  songs  in  the  Neapolitan  dialect 
(Raziella  ;  Michelemma  ;  Fenesta  che  lucivi  ; 
Fenesta  vascia  e  patrone  crudele  ;  etc.).  —  His 
sons,  Teodoro,  pen-name  Eutalindo  Martelli 
(b.  Naples,  Nov.  7,  1827  ;  d.  there  March  30, 
1879),  and  Giulio  |  Jules],  are  likewise  popular 
song-composers  ;  the  latter  (residing  in  Paris) 
has  also  written  several  French  operettas  {Une 
sentinelle  perdue;  La  princcssc  Georges;  La 
mouche  blanche),  and  the  operas  Griselda  and  Le 
roi  Lear. 

Coucy,  Regnault,  Chatelain  de,  a  trouba- 
dour ;  d.  1 192,  in  Palestine,  whither  he  had 
accomp.  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion.  A  poem  of 
abt.  1228,  "  Li  Roumans  dou  Chastelain  de 
Coucy  et  de  la  dame  de  Fayel,"  narrates  how  the 
dying  troubadour  requested  that  his  heart  should 
be  sent  to  his  lady-love,  whose  jealous  husband 
intercepted  it,  and  had  it  served  up,  roasted,  to 
his  wife,  who  died  broken-hearted  on  being  told 
what  she  had  eaten. — Following  the  numerous 
MSS.  in  the  Paris  Library,  several  modern  ver- 
sions of  Regnault's  songs  have  been  publ.;  the 
best  is  the  "  Chansons  du  Chatelain  de  Coucy," 
by  Francisque-Michel  (Paris,  1830),  with  the  old 
music. 

Couperin,  a  family  of  French  musicians,  re- 
nowned for  two  centuries.  Those  first  known 
to  fame  were  3  brothers,  Louis,  Charles,  and 
Francois,  of  Chaume  in  the  dept.  of  Brie. 

Couperin,  Louis,  b.  1630,  d.  1665  as  org.  of 
St.-Gervais,  Paris;  he  was  also  "  dessus  de 
viole"  (violinist)  to  Louis  XIII.  He  left,  in 
MS.,  3  suites  of  pes.  f.  clavecin. 

Couperin,  Francois  (Sieur  de  Crouilly),  b. 
1631,  d.  1701  ;  a  pupil  of  Chambonnieres  in 
harm,  and  clavecin-playing;  was  org.  at  St.- 
Gervais,  1679-9S. — Works  in  MS.:  "Pieces 
d'orgue  consistantes  en  deux  messes,  etc." 

Couperin,  Charles,  b.  1638,  d.  1669  ;  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Louis,  in  1665,  as  org.  at 
St.-Gervais. 

Couperin,  Francois  (surnamed  le  Grand, 
on  account  of  his  superiority  in  organ-playing), 
son  of  Charles  C. ;  b.  Paris,  1668  ;  d.  there  1733. 
He  was  taught  by 
the  organist  Louis- 
Jacques  Thomelin  ; 
succeeded  his  uncle 
Francois  as  org.  at 
S.-G.  in  169S  ;  in 
1 70 1  was  appointed 
"  claveciniste  de  la 
chambre  du  roi,  et 
organiste  de  sa  cha- 
pelle."  Chrysander, 
in  the  Preface  to  the 
complete  edition  of 
C.'s  comp.s  f.  clav. 
(London  ;  prepared 
by    Chrysander    and 

Brahms),  writes,  "  C.  is  the  first  great  composer 
for    the    harpsichord    known    in    the    history  of 


S> 


:'Bhi 


music.  The  eminent  masters  who  preceded 
him — Merulo,  Frescobaldi,  and  many  others — 
applied  their  art  quite  as  much  to  the  organ  as 
to  the  harpsichord  ;  whereas  Couperin,  though 
he  played  both  instruments,  wrote  for  the  latter 
only.  He  stands,  therefore,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  modern  period,  and  must  be  re- 
garded as  clearing  the  way  for  a  new  art. 
Among  his  younger  contemporaries,  and,  in 
part,  his  pupils,  were  Scarlatti,  Handel,  and 
Bach.  Couperin's  method  of  writing  music  was 
very  peculiar.  It  was  his  constant  aim  to  set 
down  the  music  with  the  greatest  possible  full- 
ness, exactly  as  he  played  it  on  his  instrument. 
Even  the  manifold  embellishments  are  most 
accurately  indicated.  All  this  gives  to  his  music 
a  more  technical  appearance  than  has  that  of  any 
other  master  of  the  period." — Works  :  4  "  Livres 
de  pieces  de  clavecin,"  publ.  Paris,  1713,  1716, 
1722,  and  1730,  respectively  ;  the  3rd  also  con- 
tains "  4  concerts  a  l'usage  de  toutes  sortes  d'in- 
struments";  "  Les  Gouts  re'unis,  ou  Nouveaux 
Concerts  ..."  (1724)  ;  "  L'Apotheose  de 
l'incomparable  L  *  *  *  "  [Lulli]  (no  date)  ; 
Trios  ;  "  Le9ons  des  tenebres  a  une  et  deux 
voix "  (no  date);  "  L'art  de  toucher  du  clave- 
cin "(1717). 

Couperin,  Nicolas,  son  of  Francois  the 
elder  ;  b.  Paris,  1680  ;  d.  1748  as  org.  of  St.- 
Gervais. 

Couperin,  Armand-Louis,  son  of  Nicolas  ; 
b.  Paris,  Jan.  11,  1721  ;  d.  there  1789.  His 
virtuosity  on  the  organ  was  extraordinary  ;  he 
was  org.  in  turn  to  the  king,  of  St.-Gervais,  St.- 
Barthelemy,  of  Ste. -Marguerite,  and  one  of  the 
4  organists  of  Notre-Dame.  His  comp.s  (so- 
natas, a  trio,  motets,  and  other  church-music) 
are  correctly  written,  but  not  inspired,  music. — 
His  wife,  Elisabeth- Antoinette  {ne'e  Blan- 
chet),  was  also  a  remarkable  organist  and  clave- 
cinist,  playing  in  public  at  the  age  of  Si  (in  1S10). 

Couperin,  Pierre- Louis,  son  of  Armand- 
Louis,  was  his  father's  assistant-organist  ;  d. 
1789. 

Couperin,  Gervais-  Francois,  son  of  Ar- 
mand-Louis, and  the  last  of  this  illustrious 
family,  succeeded  his  father  as  org.  of  St.-Ger- 
vais, and  in  other  posts.  His  ability  was  medi- 
ocre, both  as  a  comp.  and  player. 

Couppey.     See  Le  Couppey. 

Courtois,  Jean,  French  contrapuntist  in  the 
first  half  of  the  16th  century,  was  m.  de  chap. 
at  Cambrai  cath.  in  1540,  when  a  4-part  motet 
of  his,  Venite  populi  terrae,  was  perf.  before 
Charles  V.  of  Spain.  A  mass,  Domine  quis 
habitabit,  is  in  the  Munich  Library  (MS.  51); 
motets  and  psalms  have  been  publ. 

Courvoisier,  Karl,  violinist ;  b.  Basel,  Nov. 
12,  1S46  ;  pupil  of  David  ami  Rontgen  at  Leip- 
zig Cons.  (1867-9),  and  of  Joachim  in  Berlin 
(1869-70).  In  1871  he  was  for  a  short  time  a 
member  of  the  Thalia  Th.  orch.,  Frankfort  ;  he 


126 


COUSSEMAKER— CRAMER 


remained  in  that  city  till  1875,  conducting,  and 
studying  singing  with  Gustav  Barth  ;  then  be- 
came conductor  of  the  Diisseldorf  Theatre 
orch.,  resigning  in  1876  to  devote  himself  to 
teaching  and  to  conducting  choral  societies. 
Since  1SS5  he  has  resided  in  Liverpool  as  a 
singing-teacher. — Comp.s  :  A  symphony,  2 
concert-overtures,  and  a  vln. -concerto  (MS.)  ; 
minor  pieces  have  been  publ. — He  has  written 
an  admirable  essay,  "  Die  Violintechnik  "  (Eng- 
lish transl.,  "The  Technics  of  Violin-playing," 
by  IT  E.  Krehbiel;  2nd  ed.  N.  Y.,  1896);  an 
"  Ecole  de  la  velocite  "  f.  vln.,  and  a  "  Methode 
de  Violon  "  (London,  1S92). 

Coussemaker,  Charles  -  Edouard  -  Henri 
de,  eminent  musicograph  ;  b.  Bailleul,  Nord, 
Apr.  19,  1805  ;  d.  Bourbourg,  Jan.  10,  1876. 
"His  musical  aptitude  was  such,  that  at  10  he 
could  play  any  piece  upon  the  piano  at  sight." 
While  studying  law  at  Paris,  he  took  private 
lessons  with  Pellegrini  in  singing,  and  with 
Payer  and  Reicha  in  harm.,  continuing  studies 
in  cpt.  with  V.  Lefebvre,  at  Douai,  after  becom- 
ing a  lawyer.  At  this  time  (1831-5)  he  found 
leisure  to  compose  music  of  the  most  varied 
description,  all  of  which,  excepting  a  score  of 
romances,  and  2  sets  of  songs,  is  unpubl.  But 
perusal  of  the  "  Revue  musicale  "  (then  edited 
by  Fetis)  excited  his  interest  in  historico- 
musical  research,  which  thenceforward  formed 
the  chief  aim  of  his  literary  labors,  pursued 
with  equal  ardor  during  successive  terms  as 
judge  in  Hazebrouck,  Dunkerque,  and  Lille. 
He  publ.  "  Memoire  sur  Hucbald "  (Paris, 
1 84 1)  ;  "Notices  sur  les  collections  mus.  de  la 
bibliotheque  de  Cambrai  .  .  .  "(1843);  "  Essai 
sur  les  instr.s  de  musique  au  moyen  age"  (in 
Dindron's  "  Annales  archeologiques,"  illus- 
trated) ;  "  Histoire  de  l'harmonie  au  moyen  age  " 
(1852)  ;  "  3  chants  historiques  "  (1S54)  ;  "  Chants 
populaires  des  Flamands  de  France"  (1856); 
"  Drames  liturgiques  du  moyen  age"  (1S61); 
"  Les  harmonistes  des  XIIe  et  XIIIe  siecles" 
(1S64)  ;  a  grand  work,  intended  for  a  supple- 
ment to  Gerbert,  entitled  "  Scriptores  de  musica 
mediiasvi,  nova  series"  (1864-76,  4  vol.s) ; 
"  L'art  harmonique  aux  XIIe  et  XIIIe  siecles" 
(1865);  "  CEuvres  completes  d'Adam  de  la 
Halle"  (1S72). 

Cousser.     See  Kusser. 

Cov'erly,  Robert,  composer  ;  b.  Oporto, 
Portugal,  Sept.  6,  1863.  He  studied  counter- 
point, orchestration,  and  violin,  under  Weist 
Hill,  Ludwig,  and  Jacquinot,  in  London.  He 
is  now  (1899)  living  in  New  York,  engaged  in 
composition  and  comic-opera  work.  From  a 
long  list  of  publ.  works,  the  following  are  se- 
lected as  representative  : — For  Pf. :  Scene  de 
ballet  ;  2  Tarantellas  ;  Recreation  at  the  Nun- 
nery ;  LTnquietude,  etude  de  concert ;  Berceuse 
(arr.  from  Gounod)  ;  Impromptu  ;  10  Sketches  ; 
10  Ballades  ;  "  At  the  Monastery,"  festival 
march  ;  characteristic  marches  (Span.,  Hungar., 
Egyptian,  Russian,  Arabian  ;  The  Passing  Regi- 


ment ;  Spanish  Gypsy  Dance) ;  Concert-study 
for  vln.  and  pf. —  Vocal :  Very  numerous  songs, 
some  of  which  have  attained  wide  popularity. 

Coward,  James,  excellent  organist  ;  b.  Lon- 
don, Jan.  25,  1824  ;  d.  there  Jan.  22,  1880. 
Chorister  in  Westminster  Abbey  ;  org.  at  the 
Crystal  Palace  1857-80;  cond.  of  the  Western 
Madrigal  Society  1864-72  ;  and  of  the  Abbey 
and  the  City  Glee  Clubs  ;  also  org.  of  the 
Sacred  Harmonic  Soc,  and  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Freemasons. — Works  :  Anthems  ;  part- 
songs  ;  10  Glees  a  4  and  5  (1857)  ;  10  Glees 
(1871)  ;  songs,  etc. 

Cowen,  Frederic  Hymen,  born  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  Jan.  29,  1S52.  His  evident  talent  for 
music  caused  his 
parents  to  bring 
him  to  England  to 
study,  at  the  age  of 
4.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Benedict  and 
Goss  in  London  ; 
st.  1S65-7  at  Leip- 
zig under  Haupt- 
mann,  Moscheles, 
Reinecke,  Richter, 
and  Plaidy  ;  1867-8 
in  Berlin  under  Kiel ; 
was  app.  Director  of 
theEdinburghAcad. 
of  Music   in    18S2  ; 

succeeded  Sullivan  as  cond.  of  the  London 
Philh.  in  1SS7  ;  mus.  director  of  the  Melbourne 
Centennial  Exhibition  (18S8-9)  ;  in  1896,  cond. 
of  the  Liverpool  Philharm.,  and  Sir  Charles 
Halle's  successor  as  cond.  of  the  Manchester 
Concerts. — Works  :  Two  operettas,  Garibaldi, 
and  One  too  many  (1874)  ;  four  operas,  Pauline 
(1S76),  Thorgrim  (1890),  Signa  (Milan,  Dal 
Verme  Th.,  1893  ;  London,  1893),  and  Harold, 
or  The  Norman  Conquest  (4  acts ;  London, 
1895)  ;  two  oratorios,  The  Deluge  (187S),  and 
Ruth  (1S87) ;  seven  cantatas,  The  Rose  Maiden 
(1870),  The  Corsair  (1876),  St.  Ursula  (1881) 
The  Sleeping  Beauty  (1885),  St.  Joint's  Eve 
(1S89),  The  Water-Lily  (1893),  The  Transfig- 
uration (1895)  ;  also  a  "  Song  of  Thanksgiving  " 
(Melbourne,  1888),  "  All  hail  the  glorious  reign  " 
(1897),  and  Collins'  "Ode  to  the  Passions" 
(Leeds,  1898)  ;  six  symphonies,  1.  in  C  min. 
(1S69),  2.  in  F  (1872),  3.  "Scandinavian,"  in  C 
min.  (1880),  4.  "Welsh,"  in  B  h>  min.,  5.  in  F, 
6.  "  Idyllic,"  in  E  ;  four  orchestral  suites,  "  The 
Language  of  Flowers,"  "  In  the  olden  time," 
"In  Fairyland,"  Suite  de  Ballet;  Sinfonietta 
in  A,  f.  orch.;  pf.-concerto  in  A  min.;  2  over- 
tures f.  orch.;  pf.-trio  in  A  min.;  pf. -quartet  in 
C  min.;  pf.-pes. ;  over  250  songs.  A  6-page 
sketch  of  C.  is  in  the  London  "  Musical  Times  " 
for  Nov.,  1898. 

Cra'mer  [krah-],  Karl   Friedrich,  b.  Qued- 

linburg,  Mar.  7,  1752  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1807. 
He   lost   his   position   as   prof,  at  Kiel,  in  1794, 


127 


CRAMER— CRISTOFORI 


because  of  open  sympathy  with  the  French 
Revolution — Publ.  "Flora"  (pf.-pieces  and 
songs),  "Polyhymnia"  (operas  in  pf. -score), 
and  the  "  Magazin  fur  Musik"  (17S3-89),  all 
with  critical  prefaces  ;  also  a  "  Kurze  Ubersicht 
der  Geschichte  der  franzosischen  Musik  "  (1786), 
and  German  translations  of  Rousseau's  writings. 

Cra'mer,  Wilhelm,  violinist  ;  b.  Mannheim, 
1745  (1743?);  d.  London,  Oct.  5,  1799  (1S00?). 
Pupil  of  the  elder  Stamitz,  and  Cannabich  ;  was 
a  member  of  the  Mannheim  orch.  from  1761-72, 
and  became  cond.  of  the  King's  Band  in  Lon- 
don, and  leader  at  the  Opera,  Pantheon,  An- 
tient  Concerts  and  Professional  Concerts.  He 
conducted  the  Handel  Festivals  (17S4  and  17S7), 
and  the  Gloucester  Festival  (1799). — Works  ;  S 
vln. -concertos  ;  trios  ;  solo-pcs.  f.  vln. 

Cra'mer,  Franz,  flutist,  nephew  of  Wilhelm 
C;  b.  Munich,  17S6  ;  d.  (?);  was  first  flute  in 
the  Munich  orch.- — Publ.  flute-concertos,  vari- 
ations, etc. 

Cra'mer,  Johann  Baptist,  the  famous  pian- 
ist and  pedagogue,  eldest  son  of  Wilhelm  C, 
was  b.  Mannheim, 
Feb.  24,  1 77 1  ;  d. 
London  (where  he 
was  brought  when 
but  a  year  old), 
April  16,  1S58. 
His  first  teaching 
on  the  violin  and 
pf.,  and  in  har- 
mony,   was    by  his 

father;  he  also  <'■'  !,'yJ^^m^-  -  /S  '■  "\  •'' 
studied  with  Den- 
ser and  Schroeter, 
with  C  1  e  m  e  n  t  i 
(1779-81),  and  C. 
F.  Abel  (thorough- 
bass, 1785),  though 

in  comp.  he  was  chiefly  self-taught.  As  a  con- 
cert-pianist, he  began  his  travels  in  1788,  play- 
ing in  the  European  capitals,  and  returning  to 
London,  which  he  considered  his  home,  at  in- 
tervals. In  1828  he  established  a  music-pub- 
lishing house  (now  Cramer  &  Co.),  in  partner- 
ship with  Addison  ;  he  conducted  it  until  1842, 
and  it  still  flourishes.  From  1S32-45  he  spent 
much  time  in  Paris. — Cramer  publ.  a  great 
"Method  f.  pf."  ("  Grosse  praktische  Pfte.- 
Schule  ")  "  in  5  parts,"  the  last  of  which,  the 
celebrated  "84  Studies"  (op.  50),  is  now  the 
best  known  of  all  his  works  (Billow  has  publ.  a 
fine  selection  of  fifty,  revised  and  annotated  ; 
Ad.  Henselt  issued  a  different  selection,  w.  ace. 
of  2nd  pf.),  and  is  deservedly  a  standard  work 
in  pianistic  pedagogics.  Part  II.  of  the  same 
"  Method  "  ("  Die  Schule  der  Fingerfertigkeit  "), 
100  Daily  Studies  (op.  100).  is  also  valuable, 
though  in  a  less  degree  Other  works:  7  pf.- 
concertos  (op.  10,  16,  26,  37,  48,  51,  56)  ;  105 
pf. -sonatas  ;  pf. -quartet  (op.  28),  pf. -quintet  (op. 
61),     and     numerous     other    pf.-compositions, 


hardly  any  of  which  are  known  to  the  present 
generation. 

Cranz,  August,  music-publ.  firm  in  Ham- 
burg, founded  1S13  by  August  Heinrich  Cranz 
(1789-1S70).  His  son,  Alwin  (b.  1834),  is  the 
present  head.  Branches  were  est.  in  Vienna 
(1876),  Brussels  (1SS3),  and  London  (1892). 

Cray'winckel  [kn-],  Ferdinand  Manuel 
Martin  Louis  Barthelemy  de,  b.  Madrid, 
Aug.  24,  1S20  ;  pupil  of  Bellon  at  Bordeaux  ; 
;;/.  dc  chap,  of  St. -Bruno,  Bordeaux,  where  he 
has  lived  since  1S25.  His  numerous  masses, 
and  other  church-works,  are  of  a  high  order. 

Crecquillon  [Crequillon],  Thomas,  b.    n. 

Ghent  (?)  ;  d.  Bethune,  1557.  Distinguished 
contrapuntist  ;  maestro  to  Charles  V.  of  Spain 
abt.  1544-47  ;  later  canon  at  Namur,  Termonde, 
and  Bethune.  His  works,  which  rank  with  the 
best  of  that  period,  consist  of  masses,  motets, 
ca/itiones,  and  French  chansons  a  4,  5,  and  6. 

Crescenti'ni,  Girolamo,  one  of  the  last  and 
finest  of  the  Ital.  artificial  mezzo-sonranos  ;  b. 
Urbania,  n.  Urbino,  Feb.  2,  1766  ;  d.  Naples, 
Apr.  24,  1846.  He  studied  singing  with  Gi- 
belli  at  Bologna,  and  made  a  highly  successful 
debut  at  Rome  in  1783  ;  subsequent  successes 
in  the  other  European  capitals  earned  him  the 
surname  of  "  Orfeo  italiano "  (Ital.  Orpheus). 
He  sang  at  Leghorn,  Padua,  Venice,  Turin, 
London  (1736),  Milan,  and  Naples  (1788-9). 
Napoleon,  having  heard  him  in  1805,  decorated 
him  with  the  Iron  Crown,  and  engaged  him 
from  1806-12  ;  Cr.  then  retired  from  the  stage 
and  left  Paris,  on  account  of  vocal  disorders  in- 
duced by  the  climate  ;  in  1816  he  became  prof, 
of  singing  in  the  R.  Cons.,  Naples.  "  Nothing 
could  exceed  the  suavity  of  his  tones,  the  force 
of  his  expression,  the  taste  of  his  ornaments,  or 
the  large  style  of  his  phrasing"  [Feus].  He 
also  publ.  several  coll.s  of  Ariette  (Vienna, 
(1797),  and  a  Treatise  on  Vocalization  in  Fr. 
and  It.,  with  vocal  exercises  (Paris). 

Cressent,  Anatole,  b.  Argenteuil,  Apr.  24, 
1824  ;  d.  Paris,  May  28,  1S70.  A  lawyer,  and 
an  educated  amateur  of  music,  he  left  100,000 
fr.  (to  which  his  heirs  added  20,000),  the  inter- 
est to  be  awarded  triennially  ("  Prix  Cressent"), 
one-half  to  the  author  of  the  best  libretto,  and 
one-half  to  the  composer  of  the  best  opera. 
William  Chaumet  was  the  first  to  win  the  prize, 
in  1875,  with  the  comic  opera  Bathyle. 

Cristo'fori,  Bartolommeo  (wrongly  called 
Crista fali  and  Crista fani),  famous  as  the  in- 
ventor of  the  first  practical  hammer-action  for 
keyboard-instruments,  was  b.  Padua,  May  4, 
1653  ;  d.  Florence,  Mar.  17,  1731.  He  was  at 
first  a  leading  maker  of  "  clavicembali "  in 
Padua  ;  he  removed  to  Florence  abt.  1690. 
According  to  an  article  by  Maffei,  publ.  171 1  in 
the  "Giornale  dei  Letterati  d'ltalia,"  C.  had  up 
to  that  year  made  3  "  gravecembali  col  piano  e 
forte,"  these   having,  instead  of  the  usual  jacks 

28 


CRIVELLI— CROTCH 


plucking  the  strings  with  quills,  a  row  of  little 
hammers  striking  the  strings  from  below.  The 
principle  of  this  hammer-action  was  adopted,  in 
the  main,  by  Gottfried  Silbermann,  the  Streich- 
ers,  and  Broadvvood  (hence  called  the  "  English 
action  ").  Following  the  designation  by  its  in- 
ventor, the  new  instrument  was  named  Piano- 
forte.— In  1716,  Cr.  was  app.  instr. -maker  to 
Prince  Ferdinando  de'  Medici  ;  on  the  latter's 
death,  he  was  made  custodian  of  the  court  col- 
lection of  instr. s,  by  Cosimo  III. 

CrivelTi,  Arcangelo,  b.  Bergamo  (?)  ;  d. 
1610 ;  abt.  1583,  tenor  singer  in  the  PapalChapel. 
— Works  :  Masses,  psalms,  and  motets  ;  only  a 
few  of  the  last  were  publ. 

Crivel'li,  Giovanni  Battista,  comp.  of  the 
Lombardy  school  ;  b.  Scandiano,  Modena  ;  d. 
Modena,  1682.  Org.  at  Reggio  cath.;  then  m. 
di  eapp.  to  the  court  of  Ferrara  ;  held  a  similar 
post,  in  1651,  at  the  court  of  Francesco  I.  at 
Modena,  and  (1654)  at  the  Ch.  of  S.  Maria  Mag- 
giore,  Bergamo. — Publ.  "  Mottetti  concertati  " 
(1626)  and  "  Madrigali  concertati"  (1633). 

Crivel'li,  Gaetano,  celebrated  tenor ;  b. 
Bergamo,  1774  ;  d.  Brescia,  July  10,  1S36.  Sang 
in  Brescia  1793,  in  Naples  1795,  in  Milan  (La 
Scala)  1805,  and  thereafter  on  all  principal 
stages  of  Italy  ;  1811-17,  at  the  Th.  Italien, 
Paris  (as  Garcia's  successor)  ;  1817-1S,  in  the 
zenith  of  his  fame,  at  London.  At  La  Scala 
(1819-20)  his  voice  deteriorated  ;  he  sang  for 
the  last  time  (?)  at  Florence  in  1829. 

Crivel'li,  Domenico,  son  of  Gaetano  ;  b. 
Brescia,  1794  ;  pupil  of  Zingarelli.  Called  to 
London  by  his  father,  he  wrote  the  opera  buffa 
La  Fiera  di  Salerno,  ossia  la  Finta  eaprieeiosa  ; 
taught  for  a  time  at  the  R.  Coll.  di  Musica  at 
Naples,  then  settled  in  London  as  a  singing- 
teacher.  Publ.  "  The  Art  of  Singing,  and  New 
Solfeggios  for  the  cultivation  of  the  Bass  Voice." 

Cro'ce,  Giovanni  dalla,  b.  Chioggia  (hence 
surnamed  "  il  Chiozzotto  ")  abt.  1560;  d.  Venice, 
May  15,  1609.  A  pupil  of  Zarlino  ;  chorister 
at  S.  Marco,  where  he  succeeded  Donato  as  m. 
di  eapp.  in  1603.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
eminent  Venetian  composers.  —  Publ.  works  : 
Sonatas  a  5  (1580)  ;  2  vol.s  of  motets  a  8  (1589, 
1590  ;  Vol.  ii.  reprinted  1605  w.  organ  bass  ; 
both  vol.s  do.  in  1607)  ;  2  vol.s  madrigals  a  5 
(1585,  1588)  ;  "  Triacca  musicale  "  (caprices,  or 
humorous  songs  in  Venetian  dialect,  a  4-7  ; 
went  thro'  4  editions — 1597,  1601,  1607,  1609 — 
and  was  his  most  popular  and  famous  work  ;  it 
includes  the  contest  between  the  cuckoo  and  the 
nightingale,  umpired  by  the  parrot)  ;  madrigals 
a  5-6  (1590,  1607)  ;  "  Cantiones  sacrae  "  a  8,  w. 
basso  eont.  f.  org.,  1622  ;  a  2nd  vol.  was  publ. 
in  1623);  "  canzonette"  a  4  (1595)  ;  masses  a  8 
(1596);  Lamentations  a  4  (1603)  and  6  (1610)  ; 
Magnificats  a  6  (1605),  Vesper  psalmsa  8(1589), 
etc.  A  selection  of  his  church-music  was  publ. 
in  London,  1608,  as  "  Musica  sacra,  Peneten- 
tials  f.  6  voyces,"  with  English  words. 


Croes  [kroos],  Henri-Jacques  de,  b.  Ant- 
werp, Sept.  (?),  1705  ;  d.  Brussels,  Aug.  16,  1786. 
Violinist  and  asst.-cond.  at  St. -Jacques,  Ant- 
werp ;  in  1729,  musical  director  to  the  Prince  of 
Thurn  and  Taxis,  at  Ratisbon.  Went  to  Brus- 
sels in  1749,  conducted  the  choir  of  the  Royal 
Chapel  till  1755,  and  was  then  app.  m.  de 
ehap.  to  Charles  of  Lorraine. — Works  :  Masses, 
motets,  anthems,  and  other  church-music  ;  also 
symphonies,  sonatas,  etc. 

Croft  [or  Crofts],  William,  b.  Nether-Eat- 
ington,  Warwickshire,  Eng.,  Dec.  (?),  1678 ;  d. 
Bath,  Aug.  14,  1727  (buried  in  Westm.  Abbey). 
A  chorister  in  the  Chapel  Royal,  under  Dr.  Blow  ; 
Gentleman  of  Ch.  R.,  1700,  and  (with  J.  Clarke) 
joint-org.  of  same  in  1704,  and  sole  org.  in  1707. 
Succeeded  Blow  as  org.  of  Westm.  Abbey,  Mas- 
ter of  the  Children,  and  Comp.  to  the  Chap.  R., 
in  170S. — Works:  "Divine  Harmony"  [an- 
thems] (1712);  "Musica  sacra"  [30  anthems  a 
2-8,  and  a  burial  service  in  score]  (1724;  in  2 
vol.s  ;  the  first  Engl,  work  of  church-music  en- 
graved in  score  on  plates)  ;  "  Musicus  apparatus 
academicus  "  (2  odes  written  for  his  degree  of 
Mus.  Doc,  Oxon.,  1713)  ;  overtures  and  act- 
tunes  for  several  plays  ;  vln. -sonatas  ;  flute- 
sonatas,  etc. 

Croisez,  Alexandre,  b.  Paris  (?),  1816  ;  in- 
strumental comp.  and  did'actic  writer. 

Crosdill,  John,  'cellist  ;  b.  London,  1751  ; 
d.  Escrick,  Yorkshire,  Oct.,  1S25.  A  pupil  at 
Westminster  School  ;  1769-87,  first  'cello  at 
Festivals  of  the  Three  Choirs,  and  the  same 
(1776)  of  the  "  Concerts  of  Ancient  Music";  in 

1778,  successor  of  Nares  as  violist  of  the  Chapel 
Royal  ;  later  also  member  of  the  King's  band  ; 
1782,  chamber-musician  to  Queen  Charlotte,  and 
tutor  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (afterwards  George 
IV.).  After  marrying  a  wealthy  lady,  in  1788, 
he  retired. 

Cross,  Michael  Hurley,  b.  Philadelphia, 
Apr.  13,  1S33  ;  d.  there  Sept.  26,  1897.  Pupil 
of  Dr.  Meignen  (harm,  and  comp.),  B.  Cross 
(pf.  and  org.),  C.  Honimann  (vln.),  and  L. 
Engelke  ('cello).  Org.  of  St.  Patrick's  in  1848  ; 
then  at  several  other  churches  ;  at  the  cathedral 
for  18  years,  and  for  17  years  (until  his  death)  at 
Holy  Trinity  Episcopal  Ch.  He  was  director  of 
several  local  societies,  and  of  others  in  New 
York  and  Brooklyn.  For  30  years  his  name 
was  connected  with  musical  progress  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

Crotch,  William,  born  Norwich,  Eng.,  July 
5,  1775  ;  d.  Taunton,  Dec.  29,  1S47.  His  ex- 
traordinary precocity  may  be  measured  by  the 
well-authenticated  statement  (Burney,  "  Philo- 
sophical Transactions"  of  1779),  that  when  two 
and  a-half  years  old  he  played  on  a  small  organ 
built  by  his  father,  a  master-carpenter.      In  Oct., 

1779,  he  was  brought  to  London,  and  played  in 
public.  At  the  age  of  11  he  became  assistant  to 
Dr.  Randall,  org.  of  Trinity  and  King's  Colleges 
at  Cambridge  ;  at    14,  comp.  an   oratorio,  The 


I2g 


CROUCH— CUMMINGS 


Captivity  of  Jitdah  (perf.  1789);  from  1788-90 
he  studied  for  the  ministry,  but  then  returned  to 
music,  becoming  org.  of  Christ  Ch.,  Oxford  ; 
graduated  as  Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon.,  in  1794  (Mus. 
Doc,  1799),  and  in  1 7<J7  succeeded  Hayes  as 
prof,  of  mus.  in  the  University,  and  org.  of  St. 
John's  Coll.  He  lectured  in  the  Music  School 
1800-4,  and  in  the  Royal  Institution,  London, 
in  1S04,  '5,  '7,  and  again  from  1820  ;  in  1822, 
was  appointed  Principal  of  the  new  R.  A.  M.— 
Works  :  2  oratorios,  Palestine  (1S12),  and  The 
Captivity  of  Judah  (1834;  a  wholly  different  work 
from  the  first-mentioned  juvenile  production)  ; 
10  anthems  ;  glees,  fugues,  3  organ-concertos  ; 
pf. -sonatas  ;  an  ode,  "  Mona  on  Snowdon  calls  "  ; 
a  glee,  "Nymph,  with  thee";  a  motet,  "Me- 
thinks  I  hear  the  full  celestial  choir "  (these 
last  3  very  popular);  other  odes  (or"  cantatas"); 
also  wrote  "  Elements  of  Mus.  Comp. ,  etc." 
(1812;  1833;  1856):  "Practical Thorough-bass"; 
"  Questions  "  on  his  "  Elements";  etc. 

Crouch,  Frederick  Nicholls,  born  London, 
July  31,  1S0S  ;  died  Portland,  Me.,  Aug.  18, 
1S96.  Pupil  of  his  grandfather  (William  C.)  and 
father  (Frederick  William  C.)  ;  st.  with  Bochsa 
('cello),  and  entered  R.A.M.  abt.  1822  (teachers  : 
Crotch,  Attwood,  Howes,  Lindley,  and  Crivelli). 
At  9,  he  was  'cellist  in  the  Royal  Coburg  Th.; 
played  in  Queen  Adelaide's  private  band  till 
1832  ;  was  a  teacher  and  singer  in  Plymouth,  and 
'cellist  in  various  theatres.  Went  to  New  York, 
in  1849,  as  'cellist  in  the  Astor  PI.  Opera  House ; 
then  to  Boston  ;  to  Portland  (1850);  and  to  Phila- 
delphia (1856)  as  cond.  of  Mrs.  Rush's  Saturday 
Concerts  ;  thence  to  Washington,  where  he  estab- 
lished an  Acad,  of  Music  with  Palmer  (which 
failed),  and  to  Richmond  (as  first  bass  in  the  choir 
of  St.  Paul's  Ch.)  ;  served  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  and  settled  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher.— Works:  2  operas;  many  collec- 
tions of  songs,  some  being  original  (among  these 
latter  the  well-known  ballad  "  Kathleen  Mavour- 
neen  "). 

Crow,  Edwin  John,  b.  Sittingbourne,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  11,  1841.  Org.  in  turn  of  3  churches 
in  Leicester  (1861-73)  !  since  then,  organist  of 
Ripon  cath.  Mus.  Bac,  Cantab.,  1872;  Mus. 
Doc,  1S82. — Works  :  "  Harvest-time,"  oratorio  ; 
Psalm  cxlvi.,  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  several  services; 
comp.s  for  organ  ;  pf.-pcs. ;  hymns,  chants,  etc. 

Crii'ger,  Johannes,  a  noted  and  still  popular 
comp.  of  church-chorals  ;  b.  Gross-Breesen,  n. 
Guben,  Apr.  9,  159S  ;  d.  Berlin,  F^eb.  23,  1662. 
A  student  of  divinity  at  Wittenberg  in  1620,  he 
had  received  thorough  musical  grounding  at 
Ratisbon  under  Paulus  Homburger,  and  from 
1622  until  his  death  was  org.  of  the  St.  Nico- 
laus  Ch.,  Berlin.  Besides  writing  fine  chorals 
("Jesu,  meine  Ereude,"  "Jesus,  meine  Zuver- 
sicht,"  "  Nun  danket  alle  Gott,"  etc  ;  see 
Langhecker's  monograph  on  C.'s  chorals  [1835]), 
he  publ.  the  following  collections  :  "  Neues 
vollkomliches  Gesangbuch  Augspurgischer  Con- 
fession   ..."   (1640);    "Praxis    pietatis    me- 


lica,  .  .  .  "  (1644) ;  "  Geistliche  Kirchenmelo- 
deyen  ..."  (1649)  ;  "  Dr.  M.  Luthers  wie 
audi  andrer  gottseliger  christlicher  Leute  Geist- 
liche Lieder  und  Psalmen  "  (1657)  ;  "  Psalmodia 
sacra  .  .  .  "(1658);  the  valuable  theoretical 
works  "  Synopsis  musica  "  (1630  ;  enlarged  1634); 
"  Praecepta  musicae  figuralis "  (1625);  and 
"  Quaestiones  musicae  practicae  "  (1650);  also 
composed  "  Recitations,'  '  Select  Hymns,"  and 
"  Meditations." 

Cruvel'li  (properly  Crii'well),  two  sisters, 
celebrated  contralto  stage  -  singers  :  (1)  Frie- 
derike  Marie,  b.  Bielefeld,  Westphalia,  Aug. 
29,  1824  ;  d.  there  July  26,  1S68  ;  a  "natural" 
singer,  who  created  a  furore  in  London  (1851), 
but  failed  eventually,  from  a  lack  of  proper 
training,  and  died  heart-broken  ,  (2)  Johanne 
Sophie  Charlotte,  b.  Bielefeld,  Mar.  12,  1826; 
though  not  well  trained,  she  had  a  voice  of  ex- 
traordinary beauty,  and  her  debut  (Venice,  1S47) 
was  a  triumph  ;  she  sang  in  London  in  1848, 
and  went  to  Paris  in  1S51,  where  she  won  great 
successes  in  Italian  opera  (Verdi's  Ernani), 
which  aided  her  to  obtain  full  recognition  in 
London.  In  1854  she  was  eng.  for  the  Paris 
Grand  Opera,  at  a  yearly  salary  of  100,000 
francs  ;  but  her  vocal  defects  became  exag- 
gerated. In  1S56  she  married  Comte  Vigier, 
and  retired  from  the  stage. 

Cui,  Cesar  Antonovitch,  b.  Vilna,  Russia, 
Jan.  6,  1835.  Dram,  comp.,  pupil  of  Moniuszko 
and  Balakirev.  (His  profession  is  military  en- 
gineering ;  he  is  pro- 
fessor of  fortification 
at  the  St.  Petersburg 
Engineering  Acad- 
emy.) From  1864-8 
he  was  mus.  critic  of 
the  St.  P.  "Gazette," 
and  a  strong  advocate 
of  the  neo-  German 
school ;  in  187S-9  he 
publ.  a  series  of  arti- 
cles in  the  Paris  "  Re- 
vue et  Gazette  musi- 
cale,"  on  "  La  mil- 
sique  en  Russie." 
With  Rimsky-Korsakov,  Mussorgski,  et  al.,  he 
represents  the  young  Russian  school.- — Works  : 
5  operas,  William  Ratcliff  (St.  P.,  1869),  The 
Prisoner  in  the  Caucasus  (1S73),  Angelo  (1876), 
The  Mandarin's  Son  (1878),  Le  Flibustier  (Paris, 
1894;  a  "  3-act  lyric  comedy");  symphonies; 
2  scherzos  and  a  tarantella  f.  orch.;  suite  f.  pf. 
andvln.;  pf.-pcs.;  over  50  songs.  The  Com- 
tesse  de  Mercy-Argenteau  has  written  an  "  Es- 
quisse  critique"  on  Cui  and  his  works. 

Cummings,  William  Hayman,  b.  Sidbury, 
Devon,  Eng.,  Aug.  22,  1831.  Chorister  in 
London  at  St.  Paul's  (under  Hawes),  and  at  the 
Temple  Ch.  (under  Hopkins)  ;  organist  of  Walt- 
ham  Abbey  ;  tenor  singer  in  the  Temple,  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  Chapel  Royal  ;  prof,  of 
singing  at  the  R.  Coll.  for  the  Blind,  Norwood, 


130 


CURCI— CUZZONI 


f^'l 


London;  in  1882,  cond.  of  the  Sacred  Harmonic 
Society  ;  in  1896,  elected  principal  of  Guildhall 
School  of  Music. 
He  is  a  cultivated 
singer,  and  a  pro- 
found antiquarian  ; 
was  the  founder  of 
the  Purcell  Society, 
edits  its  publica- 
tions, and  is  the 
author  of  a  biog- 
raphy of  Purcell 
(London,  1882) ; 
has  also  publ.  a 
"  Primer  of  the 
Rudiments  of  Mu- 
sic "  (1877),  and  a 
"  Biogr.  Diction- 
ary of  Musicians  " 
(1892).    His  library 

of  4,500  volumes  contains  many  rare  autographs. 
Plis  comp.s  include  a  cantata,  The  Fairy  Ring, 
sacred  music,  glees,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Cur'ci,  Giuseppe,  born  Barletta,  Tune  15, 
1808  ;  d.  there  Aug.  5,  1877.  Pupil  of  Furno, 
Zingarelli,  and  Crescentini  at  Naples  Cons,  from 
1823  ;  here  he  wrote  2  masses  a  4  w.  orch.,  and 
several  operas.  At  Turin  he  prod,  the  opera 
77  Proscritto  (1837)  ;  at  Venice  Don  Desiderio 
(1S37),  and  L'  Uragano j  lived  in  Vienna  for 
some  years  as  a  famous  singing-teacher  ;  trav- 
elled in  Germany,  and  Belgium  ;  taught  in  Paris 
1S48-56,  where  II  Baccelliere  was  produced  ; 
and  then  returned  to  Barletta.  Also  publ.  con- 
siderable sacred  music,  solfeggi,  and  a  text- 
book, "  II  bel  canto." 

Cursch'mann,  Kail  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin, 
June  21,  1805  ;  d.  Langfuhr,  n.  Danzig,  Aug. 
24,  1841.  Originally  a  law-student,  he  devoted 
himself  from  1824  to  music,  studying  under 
Hauptmann  and  Spohr  at  Kassel,  where  his 
i-act  opera  Abdul  und  Erinnieh  was  prod,  in 
1828.  Subsequently  he  settled  in  Berlin  as  a 
singer  (also  making  tours  in  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy)  and  extremely  popular  song-writer  ; 
his  "  Gesammelte  Lieder"  (Berlin,  1871)  com- 
prise 83  songs  f.  single  voice,  and  9  duets  and 
trios.  Other  works  :  Romeo,  scena  and  aria  (op. 
6)  ;  2  Canons  a  3  (op.  7). 

Cur'ti,  Franz  [Francesco],  b.  Kassel,  Nov. 
16,  1854  ;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  6,  1898.  At  first 
a  medical  student  at  Berlin  and  Geneva  (he  was 
a  dentist  by  profession),  he  took  up  the  study 
of  music  in  Dresden,  under  Kretschmer  and 
Schulz-Beuthen. — Operas  :  Hertha  (Altenburg, 
1887);  Rein  hard  von  Ufenau  (Altenburg,  1888  ; 
also  Zurich,  1889,  and  Konigsberg,  1890)  ; 
Erlost  (Mannheim,  1894,  1  act)  ;  melodrama 
Schneefried  (Mannheim,  1895);  i-act  Japanese 
fairy-opera  Lili-Tsee  (ib.,  1896;  New  Vork, 
1898).  Also  Die  Gletscherjungfrau  i.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.;  and  music  to  "Die  letzten  Men- 
schen,"  by  W.  E.  Kirchbach.  Last  opera  Das 
Rosli  vom  Santis  (Zurich,  1898). 


Cur'wen,  Rev.  John,  b.  Heckmondwike, 
Yorkshire,  Eng.,  Nov.  14,  1816  ;  d.  Heaton 
Mersey  House,  near  Manchester,  May  26,  1880. 
In  1844  he  was  pastor  at  Plaistow,  Essex.  Be- 
coming interested  in  Miss  S.  A.  Glover's  "  Tonic 
Sol-fa  "  system  of  teaching,  he  labored  to  im- 
prove it,  founded  associations  in  1853,  and  the 
Tonic  Sol-fa  College  in  1862,  resigning  his  pas- 
torate in  1867  to  devote  himself  entirely  to 
propagating  the  system.  He  later  established 
the  "  Tonic  Sol-fa  Reporter,"  and  a  publishing- 
house,  in  London.  —  His  numerous  publications 
relate  chiefly  to  Tonic  Sol-fa  (issued  by  No- 
vello). 

Cusani'no.     See  Carestini. 

Cus'ins  [kuz-],  Sir  William  George,  b. 
London,  Oct.  14,  1833  ;  d.  Remouchamps, 
(Ardennes),  Aug.  31, 
1893.  Choir-boy  of 
the  Chapel  Royal, 
1843  ;  pupil  of  Fetis, 
in  Brussels  Cons. , 
1S44,  and  of  Bennett, 
Potter,  Lucas,  and 
Sainton,  at  the  R.  A. 
M.,  in  1847.  Took 
the  King's  Scholar- 
ship in  1847  and 
1849 1  m  tne  latter 
year  he  was  app.  org. 
of  the  Queen's  pri- 
vate chapel,  and  be- 
came violinist  in  the 
Italian    opera    orch. 

In  1S51  he  was  asst.-prof.  of  pf.  at  R.  A.  M., 
and  full  prof,  later  ;  succeeded  Bennett  in  1S67- 
83  as  cond.  of  the  Philharm.,  and  became  also 
cond.  of  the  Royal  Band  in  1870  ;  in  1875,  suc- 
ceeded Bennett  as  examining  prof,  at  Queen's 
Coll.;  joint  examiner  for  N.  T.  S.  M.  in  1876  ; 
prof,  at  Trinity  Coll.,  and  prof,  of  pf.  at  Guild- 
hall S.  of  M.,  in  1885;  knighted  in  1892. — 
Works  :  Royal  Wedding  Serenata  (1863)  ;  2 
cantatas,  The  Toilers  of  the  Sea  (1865)  and 
Love's  Labour  Lost  (1875)  ;  an  oratorio,  Gideon 
(Gloucester  P'estival,  1871)  ;  2  concert-overtures  ; 
pf. -concerto  in  A  min. ;  pf. -trio  ;  pf.-pes. ;  songs. 

Cuzzo'ni,  Francesca,  renowned  dram,  con- 
tralto ;  b.  Parma,  1700  ;  d.  Bologna,  1770.  She 
was  a  pupil  of  Lanzi  ;  sang  with  great  success 
in  Italy  (Venice,  1719),  and  1722-6  in  London 
under  Handel's  direction  in  his  operas,  when 
she  was  supplanted  by  Faustina  Bordoni,  and 
went  over  to  the  opposition,  singing  until  1827 
in  bitter  rivalry  with  the  Bordoni.  She  then 
married  the  pianist  and  composer  Sandoni  ;  was 
eng.  at  Vienna,  in  Italy,  and  Holland  (where  she 
was  imprisoned  for  debt),  and  again  appeared  in 
London  (1748),  but  wholly  without  success.  It 
is  said  that  she  then  returned  to  Italy,  earned 
her  living  in  her  old  age  by  covering  silk  but- 
tons, and  died  in  abject  poverty. 


131 


CZARTORYSKA— DAMCKE 


Czartory'ska,  Marcelline  (n/e  Princess 
Radziwill),  b.  Vienna,  1S26  ;  living  since  1848 
in  Paris  ;  is  a  distinguished  pianist  (pupil  of 
Czerny). 

Czernohor'sky.     See  Cernohorsky. 

Czer'ny  [Cerny],  [chair' nej,  Karl,  the  em- 
inent pianist  and  pedagogue  ;  b.  Vienna,  Feb. 
21,  1791  ;  d.  there 
July  15,  1857. 
His  father,  Wen- 
zel  C,  was  his 
first  teacher ;  later 
he  had  lessons  of 
Beethoven,  of 
whom  he  was  an 
especial  favorite  ; 
he  also  learned 
much  from  asso- 
ciation with  de- 
menti and  Hum- 
mel. As  a  pianist 
and  teacher  he 
became  celebrated 
at    an    early   age  ;  . 

but  a  European  tour  arranged  for  1804  had  to 
be  given  up  on  account  of  the  troublous  times, 
and  C.  soon  gave  up  playing  in  public,  devoting 
himself  to  teaching  and  composing.  Except 
pleasure-trips  to  Leipzig  (1836),  Paris  and  Lon- 
don (1837),  and  Lombardy  (1846),  he  remained 
all  his  life  in  Vienna.  As  a  teacher  his  success 
was  remarkable  from  his  16th  year  ;  Ninette 
von  Belleville  (Mme.  B.-Oury),  Liszt,  Dohler, 
Thalberg,  Jaell,  and  many  other  pupils,  testify 
to  his  proficient  training.  As  a  composer,  he 
publ.  over  1,000  works,  of  which  his  pf. -studies 
were  of  lasting  value  :  "  Die  Schule  der  Ge- 
laufigkeit"  (op.  299),  "  Die  Schule  des  Legato 
und  Staccato"  (op.  335),  "  Tagliche  Studien  " 
(op.  337),  "  Schule  der  Verzierungen  "  (op.  355), 
"Die  Schule  des  Virtuosen "  (op.  365),  "Die 
Schule  der  linken  Hand"  (op.  399),  "Die 
Schule  des  Fugenspiels  "  (op.  400),  "  Die  Schule 
der  Fingerfertigkeit "  (op.  740),  etc.,  etc. — 
Other  compositions,  many  in  MS.,  were  of  a 
varied  description  :  Church-music,  such  as 
masses,  requiems,  graduals,  offertories  ;  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  concertos,  string-quartets 
and  trios,  songs,  etc.;  besides  innumerable  ar- 
rangements. He  wrote  an  "  Umriss  der  ganzen 
Musikgeschichte"  (Mayence,  1851),  and  an 
autobiography. 

Czer'sky.     See  Tschirch. 

Czerveny.     See  Cerveny. 

Cziak.     See  Schack. 

Czibul'ka  [tche-],  Alphons,  born  Szepes- 
Varallya,  Hungary,  May  14,  1842  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Oct.  27,  1894.  Originally  a  pianist,  he  became 
Kapellm.  at  the  Karltheater,  Vienna,  in  1S65  ; 
bandmaster  of  the  17th  regt.,  and  later  of  the 
25th  regt.  at  Prague.  Settled  finally  in  Vienna 
as  a  prolific  comp.  of  pf. -music  ;  he  also  brought 


out  the  operettas  Pfingstcn  in  Florcnz  (Vienna, 
1884);  Der  Gluctsritter  (1887)  ;  Gil  Bias  (Ham- 
burg, 18S9  ;  succ.)  ;  3-act  operetta  Der  Bajazzo 
(Vienna,  1892  ;  succ.)  ;  and  the  opera  Signor 
Annibale  (1S93). 


Dachs  [dahks],  Joseph,  pianist;  born  Ratis- 
bon,  Sept.  30,  1825  ;  d.  Vienna,  June  6,  1896. 
Pupil  (1S44)  in  Vienna  of  Halm,  Czerny,  and 
Sechter.  From  1861,  teacher  of  pf.  and  comp. 
at  Cons,  of  the  "  Musikfreunde."  Hans  Schmitt, 
Vladimir  de  Pachmann,  and  Laura  Rappoldi, 
are  among  his  pupils.  As  a  concert-pianist  he 
was  well  received  in  Vienna  and  other  towns. 

Dalayrac  (or  d'Alayrac),  Nicolas,  b.  Mu- 

ret,  Ilaute-Garonne,  June  13,  1753  ;  d.  Paris, 
Nov.  27,  1809.  Destined  for  the  law,  he  fol- 
lowed his  natural  bent,  became  (1772)  a  har- 
mony-pupil of  Dangle  in  Paris,  and  publ.  under 
an  assumed  name  a  few  quartets  and  operettas, 
the  success  of  which  decided  his  career.  He 
produced  abt.  60  operas  from  1781-1809,  many 
of  which  had  considerable  ephemeral,  but  merely 
local,  success. 

Dal'berg,  Johann  Friedrich  Hugo,  Reichs- 
fieiherr  von,  b.  Aschaffenburg,  May  17,  1752  ; 
d.  there  July  26,  18 12.  Counsellor  to  the  Elect- 
or of  Trier  at  Coblenz  ;  canon  at  Worms.  A 
pianist  and  comp.,  but  better  known  by  his  writ- 
ings :  "  Blick  eines  Tonklinstler  s  in  die  Musik 
der  Geister"  (1777),  "  Vom  Erkennen  und  Er- 
finden  "  (1791),  "  Untersuchungen  liber  den 
Ursprung  der  Harmonie  "  (1801),  "  Die  Aols- 
harfe,  ein  allegorischer  Traum  "  (1S01),  "  Uber 
grieschische  Instrumentalmusik  und  ihre  Wir- 
kung  ";  translated  Jones'  "  The  Musical  Modes 
of  the  Hindus"  (1802).  He  comp.  4  cantatas, 
Evas  Klage ;  Der  sterbcnde  Christ  an  seine  Seele ; 
Das  Saitenspiel;  Beatrice ;  pf. -quartets  and  trios, 
sonatas,  songs,  etc. 

D'Albert,  Eugen.     See  Albert,  (d'). 

Dall,  Roderick,  the  last  Scotch  "  wandering 
harpist";  still  living  at  Athol  in  1740. 

Dall'Ar'gine,  Constantino,  b.  Parma,  May 

12,  1842  ;  d.  Milan,  March  15,  1877.  A  pupil 
of  Milan  Cons.  Comp.  several  succ.  ballets, 
and  also  several  operas,  besides  many  marches 
and  dances  f.  pf. ,  songs,  etc. 

Dalvima're  (or  d'Alvimare),  Martin- 
Pierre,  harpist  and  comp.  f.  harp  ;  b.  Dreux, 
Eure-et- Loire,   Sept.    18,    1772  ;  d.    Paris,   June 

13,  1839.  In  1800  he  was  harpist  at  the  Opera  ; 
harpist  to  Napoleon,  1806  ;  harp-teacher  to  the 
Empress  Josephine,  1807  ;  retired  to  his  estate 
at  Dreux  in  1812. — Works  :  Sonatas  f.  harp  and 
vln. ;  duets  f.  2  harps,  f.  harp  and  pf. ,  and  f.  h. 
and  horn  ;   fantaisies,  variations,  etc. 

Dam'cke,  Berthold,  b.  Hanover,  Feb.  6, 
1812  ;  d.    Paris,    Feb.    15,    1875.     Pupil  of  Al. 


132 


DAMM— DAMROSCH 


Schmitt  and  F.  Ries  at  Frankfort-on-M. ;  1837, 
cond.  of  Potsdam  Philharm.  Society,  and  of  the 
Choral  Union  for  operatic  music  (grand  concerts, 
1839-40)  ;  1845,  in  St.  Petersburg  ;  1855,  Brus- 
sels ;  1859,  Paris  ;  in  all  a  successful  and  highly 
esteemed  teacher.  Friend  and  devoted  admirer 
of  Berlioz.  Revised  and  edited,  with  F.  Pelle- 
tan  (</.  v.),  Gluck's  2  Iphigdnies.  Composed 
oratorios,  part-songs,  pf.-pcs.  Biogr.  by  Al- 
phonse  Lemerre  ;  "  B.  D.,  Etude  biographique 
et  musicale  "  (Paris,  1895). 

Damm,  Friedrich,  b.  Dresden,  Mar.  7,  1831. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Kragen,  Julius  Otto,  and  Rei- 
chel  ;  he  resided  for  10  years  in  North  Germany 
and  the  United  States,  then  settling  in  Dresden. 
He  has  publ.  many  brilliant  salon-pcs.  f.  pf. , 
and  has  sonatas  and  other  serious  works  in  MS. 

Damm,  G.     See  Steingraber. 

Damoreau,  Laure-Cinthie  {ne'e  Montalant ; 
first  known  as  "Mile.  Cinti "),  noted  operatic 
soprano  ;  b.  Paris,  Feb.  6,  1801  ;  d.  Chantilly, 
Feb.  25,  1863.  Studied  at  the  Paris  Cons. ;  stage- 
debut,  1819,  at  the  Theatre  Italien  ("  Cherubin  " 
in  Figaro)  ;  sang  in  Italian  opera  at  London 
(1822),  then  again  at  the  Th.  Italien,  and  was 
eng.  1826-35  at  the  Grand  Opera  ;  Rossini 
wrote  leading  roles  for  her  in  Le  siege  de  Corinthe 
and  Moise,  and  Auber  did  the  same  during  her 
later  engagement  (1S35-43)  at  the  Opera-Co- 
mique  {Domino  noir ;  I'Ambassadrice,  etc.).  Re- 
tiring from  the  stage,  she  made  concert-tours  to 
London,  The  Plague,  St.  Petersburg,  Brussels, 
and  (with  Artot,  the  violinist)  to  the  U.  S.  and 
Havana  (1843).  She  was  prof,  of  singing  at  the 
Paris  Cons,  from  1834-56,  when  she  retired  to 
Chantilly.  Her  husband  was  an  actor  at  Brus- 
sels.— She  publ.  an  "Album  de  romances,"  and 
a  "  Methode  de  chant." 

Dam'rosch,  Dr.  Leopold,  b.  Posen,  Oct. 
22,  1832  ;  d.  New  York,  Feb.  15,  1885.  Con- 
ductor and  violinist, 
a  pupil  of  Ries, 
Dehn,  and  Bohmer; 
took  the  degree  of 
Dr.  med.  (M.D.)  at 
Berlin  University 
in  1854,  but  then, 
against  his  parents' 
wishes,  embraced 
the  career  of  a  musi- 
cian ;  he  appeared 
at  first  as  a  solo 
violinist  in  several 
German  cities,  later 
as  a  conductor  at 
minor  theatres,  and 
in     1855    procured, 

through  Liszt,  the  position  of  solo  violinist  in  the 
Grand  Ducal  orch.  at^Weimar.  While  here  he 
was  intimate  with  Liszt  and  many  of  his  most 
distinguished  pupils,  and  also  won  Wagner's 
life-long  friendship.      Here,  too,  he  married  the 


singer  Helene  von  Heimburg.  In  1859-60,  D. 
was  cond.  of  the  Breslau  Philh.  Concerts  ;  gave 
up  the  post  to  make  tours  with  v.  Biilow  and 
Tausig  ;  organized  the  Breslau  Orchestral  Soc. 
(80  members  ;  present  cond.  R.  Maszkowsky)  in 
1862.  Besides  this,  he  founded  quartet  soirees, 
and  a  choral  society  ;  conducted  the  Society  for 
Classical  Music,  and  the  theatre  orch.  (for  2 
years)  ;  and  frequently  appeared  as  a  solo  violin- 
ist. In  1871  he  was  called  to  New  York  to  con- 
duct the  Arion  Society,  and  made  his  debut,  on 
May  6th,  as  conductor,  composer,  and  violinist. 
In  New  York  his  remarkable  capacity  as  an  or- 
ganizer (which  had  aroused  active  opposition  in 
Breslau  by  his  strong  leaning  towards  the  new 
German  school)  found  free  scope;  besides  bring- 
ing the  "Arion"  to  the  highest  pitch  of  effi- 
ciency and  prosperity,  he  founded  the  Oratorio 
Society  in  1873,  ar>d  the  Symphony  Soc.  in  1S78, 
the  latter's  concerts  succeeding  those  of  the 
Thomas  Orch.  at  Steinway  Hall.  In  1880  Co- 
lumbia Coll.  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
Mus.  Doc;  in  1SS1  he  conducted  the  first  great 
Mus.  P'est.  held  in  N.  Y.,  with  an  orch.  of  250 
and  a  chorus  of  1,200  ;  in  1883  he  made  a  highly 
successful  western  tour  with  his  orch.;  in  1884 
he  cond.  a  season  of  German  opera  at  the  Metro- 
politan Opera  House  (giving  Tannhauser,  Lohen- 
grin, Walkiire,  etc.).  —  Works:  7  cantatas; 
symphony  in  A;  music  to  Schiller's  "Joan  of 
Arc";  marches  f.  orch.;  3  violin-concertos  (in  D 
min.,  F$  min.,  and  G)  ;  several  pes.  f.  vln.  and 
orch.,  and  f.  solo  voice  and  orch.;  choruses  f. 
mixed  vcs.  and  male  vcs. ;  duets  ;  many  songs. 

Dam'rosch,  Frank,  son  of  Leopold  D. ;  b. 
Breslau,  June  22,  1859.  Pupil  of  Pruckner, 
Jean  Vogt,  and  von  Inten  (pf.)  ;  and  of  his 
father  and  Moszkow- 
ski  (comp.).  1SS2-5, 
cond.  of  Denver  (Col.) 
Chorus  Club,  and 
(18S4-5)  Supervisor  of 
Music  in  public 
schools,  also  org.  at 
different  churches. 
1885-91,  Chorusmas- 
ter  at  Metr.  Opera 
House,  New  York, 
and  till  1887  cond. 
the  Newark  Harmonic 
Society  ;  in  1S92  he 
organized  the  People's 
Singing-Classes  (an  enterprise,  for  the  popular- 
ization of  choral-singing,  which  has  borne  good 
fruits),  for  which  he  publ.  in  1894  a  "Popular 
Method  of  Sight-Singing  "  (G.  Schirmer,  N.  Y.); 
in  1897  he  was  app.  Supervisor  of  Music  in  the 
N.  Y.  City  Public  Schools.  At  present  (1899) 
he  also  holds  the  following  positions  as  conduc- 
tor :  Of  the  "  Musurgia,"  N.  Y.  (since  1S91), 
Mus.  Art  Society,  N.  Y.  (1892),  Oratorio  So- 
ciety, Bridgeport,  Conn.  (1S93),  "Orpheus" 
and  "Eurydice,"  Phil. a  (1897),  and  the  Oratorio 
Soc.y  of   N.  Y.  (1S9S)  ;    has   also   cond.  various 


133 


DAMROSCII— DANJOU 


other  associations. — D.   has   publ.   a   few   vocal 

numbers  (songs,  choruses). 

Dam'rosch,  Walter  Johannis,  son  of  Leo- 
pold D.;  b.  Breslau,  Silesia,  Jan.  30,  1862.  St. 
harm,  with  his  father,  also  Rischbieter  and 
Draeseke  (Dresden)  ; 
pf.  with  von  Inten, 
Koekelman,  and 
Max  Pinner  ;  con- 
ducting with  his  fa- 
ther and  von  Billow. 
Conductor  of  the 
New  York  Oratorio 
and  Symphony  So- 
cieties since  1885  ; 
founded  the  N.  Y. 
Symph.  Orch.  as  a 
permanent  organiza- 
tion, in  1892  ;  organ- 
ized the  Damrosch 
Opera  Co.  in  1894. — Opera,  The  Scarlet  Letter 
(Boston,  Feb.  II,  1896),  text  by  Geo.  Parsons 
Lathrop  ;   Manilla  Te  Deum  ;  several  songs. 

Da'na,  William  Henry,  b.  Warren,  O., 
June  10,  1846.  Pupil  of  Aug.  Haupt,  and  of 
Kullak's  Cons.,  Berlin  ;  also  of  the  R.A.M., 
London,  in  1SS1.  A  founder  of  the  American 
Mus.  Teachers'  National  Association  ;  director 
of  "  Dana's  Musical  Institute,"  Warren,  Ohio. — 
Writings:  "Practical  Thorough-bass"  (1873), 
"Orchestration"  (1S75),  "Instrumentation  for 
Military  Bands  "  (1S76),  "Practical  Harmony" 
(1884).  Has  composed  a  De  profundi s  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;   motets,  songs,  pf.-pes.,  etc. 

Da'na,  Charles  Henshaw,  b.  West  Newton, 

Mass.,  Feb.  7,  1S46  ;  d.  Worcester,  Feb.  5, 
1SS3.  St.  in  Boston.  Leipzig,  Stuttgart,  and 
Paris.  DeLjut  as  a  pianist  at  Stuttgart;  in 
America  at  Worcester,  1S75.  Org.  at  St.  Paul's, 
Worcester,  and  Ch.  of  the  Imm.  Conception, 
Boston.  He  composed  music  f.  church-choirs, 
and  some  songs. 

Danbe,  Jules,  violinist  and  comp. ;  b.  Caen, 
France,  Nov.  15,  1840.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.; 
2nd  Dir.  of  the  Conservatoire  Concerts  till  1892, 
when  he  resigned  ;  1895,  cond.  at  Opera-Co- 
mique,  Paris. — Works  :  Pieces  and  transcrip- 
tions for  violin. 

Danck'erts.     See  Dankers. 

Dancla,  Jean-Baptiste-Charles,  born  Ba- 
gneres-de-Bigorre, Dec.  19,  181 8  ;  entered  Paris 
Cons,  in  1828,  his  teachers  being  Baillot  (vln.), 
Halevy,  and  Berton.  In  1834,  2nd  solo  violin 
in  the  Opera-Corn.  orch.  ;  became  renowned  by 
his  playing  in  the  "  Societe  des  Concerts,"  and 
was  app.  prof,  of  vln. -playing  at  the  Cons,  in 
1857.  His  quartet  soirifes  are  famous.  Besides 
four  symphonies,  he  has  comp.  over  130  works  f. 
vln.:  1st  and  2nd  symphonie-concertante  (op.  6 
and  10) ;  6  concertos,  8  string-quartets  ;  4  pf.- 
trios;  many  duets  f.  2  vlns. ,  and  30  duos  f.  vln. 


and  pf. ;  etudes,  etc.;  "  Mc'thode  "  f.vjn.  (op.  52); 
"Ecole  du  mecanisme  "  (op.  74)  ;  "Ecole  de  la 
melodie  "  (op.  129) ;  "  Ecole  de  l'expression  "  (op. 
82);  and  (with  Panseron)  "  L'art  de  moduler  sur 
leviolon."  Publ.  "  Les  compositeurs  chefs  d'or- 
chestre  "  (1S73),  and  "  Miscellanees  musicales  " 
(l877)- 

Dancla,  Arnaud,  b.  Bagneres-de-Bigorre, 
Jan.  1,  1820;  d.  there  Feb.,  1862;  brother  of 
the  preceding;  tine  'cellist;  author  of  a  Method 
f.  'cello  ;  comp.  etudes,  duos,  and  melodies  f. 
his  instr. 

Dancla,  Leopold,  brother  of  the  preceding  ; 
b.  Bagneres-de-Bigorre,  June  f,  1S23;  d.  Paris, 
Apr.  10,  1S95.  Pupil  of  Baillot  at  Paris  Cons., 
taking  2nd  prize  in  1S40,  and  1st  in  1842. — 
Works  :  3  string-quartets ;  airs  varies,  fantaisies 
and  etudes  f.  vln. 

Danel,  Louis-Albert -Joseph,  b.  Lille,  Mar. 
2,  17S7  ;  d.  there  April  12,  1875.  A  printer 
by  trade,  he  invented  a  method  of  notation  for 
teaching  the  rudiments,  which  he  called  "  La 
Langue  des  Sons,"  explained  at  length  in  his 
"  Methode  simplified  pour  l'enseignement  popu- 
laire  de  la  musique  vocale  "  (4th  ed.,  1859);  he 
also,  at  great  expense,  established  free  courses  of 
instruction  in  his  method,  which,  however,  has 
never  been  extensively  adopted. 

D'Angeli.     See  De-Angelis. 

Danhauser,  Adolphe  -  Leopold,  b.  Paris, 
Feb.  26,  1835  ;  d.  there  June  9,  1896-.  Pupil  of 
Bazin,  Halevy  and  Reber  in  Paris  Cons.;  1857, 
1st  prize  in  harm. ;  1859,  1st  prize  in  fugue  ;  1862, 
second  prix  de  Rome.  Chief  Inspector  of  In- 
struction in  Singing,  in  the  Communal  Schools, 
Paris  ;  then  prof,  of  solfeggio  at  Cons. ;  wrote 
"  Theorie  de  la  musique";  publ.  "Soirees  or- 
pheoniques,"  a  coll.  of  3-part  choruses  f.  equal 
voices.  Comp.  Le  Proscrit,  musical  drama  w. 
choruses,  prod.  1866  in  a  relig.  inst.  at  Auteuil  ; 
and  a  3-act  opera,  Manres  et  Castillans  (not 
perf.). 

Danican.     See  Philidor. 

Daniel,  Salvador,  director  of  Paris  Cons, 
for  a  few  days  under  the  Commune  in  1S71,  was 
killed  in  battle  on  May  23  of  that  year.  He  was 
for  some  years  a  teacher  of  music  in  an  Arab 
school  at  Algiers  ;  publ.  (1S63)  a  monograph  on 
"  La  musique  arabe,"with  a  supplement  on  the 
origin  of  mus.  instr.s  ;  also  a  book  of  Arabian, 
Moorish,  and  cabalistic  songs,  and  a  treatise  on 
the  French  chanson. 

Danjou,  Jean-Louis-Felix,  b.  Paris,  June 
21,  1812;  d.  Montpellier,  Mar.  4,  1866.  Organist 
of  Notre-Dame  in  1S40.  With  his  essay  "  De 
l'etat  de  l'avenir  du  chant  ecclesiastique " 
(1844)  he  became  the  pioneer  in  the  movement 
for  reforming  plain  song  ;  and  his  "  Revue  de 
la  musique  religieuse,  populaire  et  classique " 
(1845-9)  exhibits  profound  erudition  gained  by 
lung  historical  research.  He  was  the  discoverer 
of  the  celebrated  "  Antiphonary  of  Montpellier', 


1 3-1 


DANKERS— DARGOMYZSKY 


(1S47).  For  the  advancement  of  organ-building; 
in  France,  he  studied  the  art  in  Germany  and 
the  Netherlands  ;  entered  into  partnership  with 
Daublaine  and  Callinet  of  Paris,  and  lost  his 
fortune  ;  gave  up  music  in  1S49,  an<^  became  a 
political  journalist  in  Marseilles  and  Montpellier. 

Dank'ers  (or  Danckerts),  Ghiselin,  b.Tho- 

len,  in  Zeeland  ;  chorister  in  the  Papal  Chapel 
1538-65,  when  he  was  pensioned.  A  skilful 
contrapuntist  ;  2  books  of  motets  a  4-6  (1559) 
are  extant,  as  well  as  single  numbers  in  Augs- 
burg collections  of  1540  and  '45.  Plis  auto- 
graph treatise  on  the  ancient  modes,  pronouncing 
judgment  in  the  controversy  between  Vicentino 
and  Lusitano,  is  in  the  Vailicellana  library  at 
Rome. 

Danks,  Hart  Pease,  b.  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Apr.  6,  1834.  Pupil  of  Dr.  L.  E.  Whiting, 
Saratoga  ;  lived  1S54-64  in  Chicago,  and  since 
then  in  New  York  as  a  bass  singer  and  musical 
director  in  numerous  churches.  Popular  song- 
composer  and  hymn-tune  writer,  his  works  em- 
bracing over  1,200  numbers. — Operetta  Pauline 
(1S72).     Several  coll.s  of  anthems  and  services. 

DanneTey  [dan'-ly],  John  Feltham,  b.  Oak- 
ingham,  Berkshire,  Eng.,  in  1786  ;  d.  London, 
1836.  Org.,  pianist,  teacher  and  composer; 
publ.,  besides  duets,  glees,  songs,  and  pf.-pcs., 
an  "  Introd.  to  the  Elem.  Principles  of  Tho- 
rough-bass .  .  ."  (Ipswich,  1820);  an  "Ency- 
clopedia, or  Dictionary  of  Music"  (London, 
(1825)  ;  and  "  A  Musical  Grammar"  (1826). 

Dann'reuther,  Edward,  b.  Strassburg,  Nov. 
4,  1844  ;  went  with  his  parents  in  1S49  to  Cin- 
cinnati, where  he  was  taught  by  F.  L.  Ritter. 
From  1859-63  in  Leipzig  Cons.  (Richter,  Mo- 
scheles,  Hauptmann).  Settled  in  London  (1S63) 
as  a  piano-teacher  ;  in  1872  he  founded  the  Lon- 
don Wagner  Society,  conducting  its  concerts 
1873-4  !  was  an  active  promoter  of  the  Wagner 
Festival  in  1877. — Writings  :  "  Richard  Wag- 
ner, His  Tendencies  and  Theories"  (London, 
!373)  ;  "Musical  Ornamentation";  contribu- 
tions to  Grove's  Dictionary  ;  has  transl.  into 
Engl.  Wagner's  "  Briefe  an  einen  franzosischen 
Freund  "  [M.  F.  Villot  ;  "The  Mus.  of  _  the 
Future"]  (1873),  "Beethoven"  (18S0),  "  Uber 
das  Dirigiren"  (1885)  ;  and  written  many  articles 
for  mus.  papers,  and  given  lectures  on  Beetho- 
ven, Mozart,  and  Chopin  ;  has  comp.  pf.-pcs., 
and  songs.  D.  has  visited  the  United  States 
several  times. 

Dann'reuther,  Gustav,  violinist,  brother  of 
Edward  ;  b.  Cincinnati,  July  21,  1853  ;  st. 
1871-4  at  the  Hochschule  fiir  Musik,  Berlin, 
under  de  Ahna  and  Joachim  (vln.),  and  Heitel 
(theory)  ;  lived  in  London  till  1S77,  and  then 
joined  the  Boston  (Mass.)  Mendelssohn  Quin- 
tette Club,  travelling  through  the  U.S.,  Canada, 
and  Newfoundland  until  18S0,  when  he  settled 
in  Boston  as  a  member  of  the  newly  formed 
Symphony    Orch.       From    1SS2-4    he    was    di- 


rector of  the  Buffalo  (N.  Y.)  Philh.  Soc,  and 
during  this  period  gave  60  chamber-concerts. 
In  1884  he  founded  the  "  Beethoven  String- 
Quartette "  of  N.  Y.  (renamed  "  Dannr.  Q."  in 
1894).  Was  for  3  years  leader  of  the  N.  Y. 
Symphony  and  Oratorio  Societies  under  Walter 
Damrosch.  Now  (1899)  devotes  himself  exclu- 
sively to  chamber-music  (in  which  his  quartet  is 
one  of  the  best  in  N.  Y.)  and  private  teaching. — 
He  has  publ.  a  set  of  Chord-  and  Scale-Studies 
for  young  players. 

Dan'zi,  Franz,  b.  Mannheim,  May  15,  1763  ; 
d.  Karlsruhe,  Apr.  13,  1826.  Son  and  pupil  of 
Innocenz  D.  ['cellist  in  the  Elector's  orch  ]  ; 
studied  comp.  w.  Abbe  Vogler.  He  joined  the 
orch.  on  its  removal  to  Munich  in  1778  ;  in  1779 
he  prod,  a  melodrama,  Cleopatra,  at  Mannheim  ; 
in  1780  an  operetta,  Azakia,  at  Munich.  He 
became  assist. -Kapellm.  in  1798  ;  was  from 
1807-8  Kapellm.  at  Stuttgart,  then  at  Karls- 
ruhe.— Dram,  works:  Cleopatra;  Azakia  ;  Der 
Triumph  der  Treue  (Munich,  1781);  Die 
Sylphe  (17S2)  ;  Der  Kuss  (1799);  Die  Mitter- 
nacht-Stunde  (1801)  ;  Der  Quasimann  ;  Elbon- 
dokani ;  Iphigenia  in  Aulis  (1S07)  ;  Malvina ; 
Turandot  (Karlsruhe,  abt.  1815). — 1  oratorio,  2 
cantatas  ;  masses  ;  the  128th  Psalm  f.  4  parts 
and  orch. ;  symphonies,  quintets,  quartets,  con- 
certos, sonatas.  He  was  an  excellent  singmg- 
teacher,  and  wrote  vocal  exercises,  choruses, 
songs,  etc. 

Dan'zi,  Franziska.     See  Lebrun. 

Da  Pon'te,  Lorenzo,  b.  Ceneda,  n.  Venice, 
Mar.  10,  1749;  d.  New  York,  Aug.  17,  1838. 
Prof,  of  rhetoric  at  Treviso  ;  poet-laureate  to 
Joseph  II.  at  Vienna  until  1792,  where  he  wrote 
the  libretti  of  Mozart's  Don  Giovanni  and  Cosl 
fan  tutte ;  lived  in  London  as  a  teacher  of 
Italian,  and  poet  to  the  Italian  Opera  ;  went  to 
New  York  in  1S03.  After  disastrous  business 
ventures,  with  intervals  of  teaching,  he  became 
interested  in  various  operatic  enterprises.  In 
his  last  years  he  was  teacher  of  Italian  at  Co- 
lumbia College. — Publ.  "  Memorie"  [Memoirs]. 

Daquin,  Louis-Claude,  b.  Paris,  July  4, 
1694;  d.  there  June  15,  1772.  Pupil  of  Mar- 
chand,  and  at  6  played  on  the  clavecin  before 
Louis  XIV.;  at  12  he  became  organist  at  St.- 
Antoine,  where  his  playing  attracted  crowds. 
From  1727  till  death  he  was  organist  at  St.- 
Paul,  winning  the  position  in  competition  with 
Rameau. — Publ.  a  book  of  "  Pieces  de  clave- 
cin," another  of  "  Noels,"  and  a  cantata  ;  left 
in  MS.  organ-pcs.  and  other  comp.s.  Fetis 
speaks  disparagingly  of  his  works. 

Darcours,  Charles.     See  Rkty. 

Dargomyz'sky,    Alexander    Sergievitch, 

composer  and  pianist  ;  b.  in  the  government  of 
Toula,  Russia,  February  2,  1S13  ;  d.  St.  Peters- 
burg, Jan.  29,  1869.  From  1817  he  lived  in  St. 
Petersburg;  his  teacher  was  Schoberlechner.  At 
20  he  was   a  brilliant  pianist  ;  from   1831-5   he 


135 


DASER— DAVENPORT 


held  a  government  position,  but  then  devoted 
himself  exclusively  to  music,  studying  assidu- 
ously for  8  years  ;  visited  Germany,  Brussels, 
and  Paris  in  1S45,  and  at  Moscow  (1847)  prod, 
an  opera,  Esmeralda  (written  1839),  with  great 
success.  From  1845-55  he  publ.  over  100  minor 
works  (vocal  roman- 
ces, ballads,  airs,  and 
duos  ;  waltzes,  fan- 
tasias, etc.)  ;  in  1856 
he  brought  out  his 
best  opera,  Russalka, 
at  St.  P.;  in  1S67,  at 
Moscow,  an  opera- 
ballet,  The  Triumph 
of  Bacchus  (written 
in  1847)  ;  a  post- 
humous opera,  Ka- 
menno'i  Gdst  ("  The 
Marble  Guest,"  after 
Pushkin's  poem 
"  Don  Juan  "  ),  was  scored  by  Rimsky-Korsakov, 
and  prod,  at  St.  P.  in  1872  ;  of  Rogdana,  a 
fantasy-opera,  only  a  few  scenes  were  sketched. 
At  first  a  follower  of  Rossini  and  Auber,  D.'s 
studies  of  more  modern  works  rendered  him  an 
enthusiastic  disciple  of  neo-German  ideas  ;  in 
"  The  Marble  Guest,"  vocal  declamation  (reci- 
tative) supplants  the  aria,  and  musical  form 
generally  is  abandoned. — D.  was  elected  Pres.t 
of  the  Russian  Mus.  Soc.y  in  1867.  His  orch.l 
works  ("  Finnish  Fantasia,"  "Cossack  Dance," 
"  Baba-Jaza,"  etc.)  enjoy  wide  popularity. 

Da'ser  [Das'ser,  Das'serus],  Ludwig,  the 

predecessor  of  Orlandus  Lassus  as  Kapellm.  at 
Munich  to  Duke  Albert  V.  of  Bavaria,  held 
that  post  until  1562. — Publ.  works:  A  Passion 
a  4  (1578),  and  a  few  motets  in  the  "  Orgelta- 
bulaturbuch"  of  J.  Paix. — MSS.,  in  Royal  Li- 
brary at  Munich,  of  11  masses,  4  motets,  3 
"  Nunc  dimittis,"  hymns,  etc. 

Dau'be,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Kassel  (Augs- 
burg?), 1730;  d.  Vienna,  September  19,  1797. 
Chamber-musician  to  the  Duke  of  Wiirttemberg, 
later  secretary  to  the  Augsburg  Acad,  of  Sci- 
ences. Tubl.  "  Generalbass  in  drei  Accorden 
.  .  ."  (Leipzig,  1756  ;  the  "3  chords"  are 
the  tonic  triad,  the  sub-dom.  with  added  sixth, 
and  the  dom.  seventh-chord  ;  Marpurg  attacked 
this  work  in  the  "  Hist.-krit.  Beitrage,"  vol. 
ii)  ;  "  Der  musikalische  Dilettant ;  eine  Ab- 
handlung  der  Composition  .  .  ."  (Vienna, 
1773)  ;  "Anleitung  zum  Selbstunterricht  in  der 
Composition    .    .    ."   (Vienna,  1798,  in  2  parts). 

Daublaine  et  Callinet.  Firm  of  Paris  or- 
gan-builders, founded  1838  as  "  Daublaine  et 
Cie."  Daublaine  was  the  business  partner,  Cal- 
linet the  practical  mechanician,  Danjou  {q.  v.) 
an  intelligent  and  progressive  theorist.  After  a 
quarrel  in  1S43,  Callinet  demolished  the  new 
work  partly  finished  for  the  organ  of  St.-Sulpice, 
dissolved  the  partnership,  and  entered  Cavaille's 
workshops.      The   firm-name   became  "  Ducro- 


quet  et  Cie."  in  1845,  and  "  Merklin  Schiitze  et 
Cie."  in  1S55.  The  present  head  is  Merklin  ; 
the  principal  factory  is  at  Lyons,  with  a  Paris 
branch. 

Daucresme,  Lucien,  b.  Elbeuf  (Normandy), 
May  21,  1826  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.,  1892.  Senator; 
dilettante.  Composed  2  operas  :  Sous  les  char- 
milles  (1862),  and  Cardillac  (1867)  ;  also  other 
works. 

Daudet,  Alphonse,  the  distinguished  novel- 
ist and  dramatist  ;  b.  Nimes,  May  13,  1840  ;  d. 
Paris,  Dec.  16,  1897.  He  wrote  the  libretti  for 
Bizet's  V  Arle'sienne,  Poise's  Les  Absents,  and 
Pessard's  Le  Char;  his  roman  "  Sapho,"  dram- 
atized (but  clumsily),  was  set  to  music  by  Mas- 
senet.— His  Arle'sienne  has  been  Italianized,  as 
an  opera-libretto,  by  L.  Marenco ;  and  this 
" L'Arlesiana,"  set  to  music  by  Francesco  Cilea, 
was  brought  out  successfully  at  Milan,  1897. 

Dauprat,  Louis  -  Francois,  a  celebrated 
horn-player,  teacher,  and  comp.  f.  horn  ;  b. 
Paris,  May  24,  1781  ;  d.  there  July  16,  1868. 
At  first  a  choir-boy  in  the  maitrise  of  Notre  - 
Dame,  his  teacher  in  the  Cons,  was  Kenn  ;  in 
6  months  he  joined  the  band  of  the  "Garde 
Nationale,"  and,  in  1799,  the  band  of  the 
"  Garde  des  Consuls,"  with  which  he  passed 
through  the  Egyptian  campaign.  From  1801-5 
he  st.  theory  at  the  Cons,  under  Catel  and  Gos- 
sec,  and  studied  again  with  Reicha  from  1811- 
14;  1806-8,  first  horn  at  the  Bordeaux  Th.; 
then  succeeded  Renn  in  the  Opera  orch.,  and 
Duvernoy  (as  cor  solo),  retiring  in  1S31.  He 
was  chamber-mus.  to  Napoleon  (181 1),  and 
Louis  XVIII.  (1816)  ;  in  1816  he  was  app.  prof, 
of  horn  in  the  Cons.,  resigning  the  post  in  1842. 
— Publ.  "  Methode  pour  cor  alto  et  cor  basse  "; 
horn-concertos,  and  chamber-music  with  horn- 
parts.  In  MS.  he  left  symphonies,  a  Method 
of  Harmony,  a  "  Theorie  analytique  de  la  mu- 
sique,"  etc. 

Daussoigne- Mehul,  Louis -Joseph,  born 
Givet,  Ardennes,  June  24,  1790  ;  d.  Liege, 
Mar.  10,  1875.  Pupil  of  Catel  and  Mehul  at 
the  Cons.;  took  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1809  ;  after  writing  4  operas,  which  were  re- 
jected, he  at  length  produced  his  i-act  Aspasie 
at  the  Grand  Opera  (1820)  with  moderate  suc- 
cess. He  did  still  better  with  Valentine  de 
Milan,  a  3-act  opera  left  unfinished  by  Mehul, 
which  he  completed  ;  but  his  former  ill-success 
had  discouraged  him.  In  1827  he  accepted  the 
directorship  of  Liege  Cons.,  which  he  retained, 
with  great  benefit  to  the  school,  until  1862.  B. 
was  an  associate  member  of  the  Royal  Acad., 
Brussels,  and  publ.  mus.  essays  on  its  reports  of 
meetings.  He  brought  out  a  cantata  w.  full 
orch.  in  1828,  and  a  choral  symphony  ("  Une 
journee  de  la  Revolution")  in  1834. 

Davenport,  Francis  William,  b.  Wilders- 
lowe,  n.  Derby,  Eng.,  1S47  ;  st.  law  at  Oxford, 
but  preferred  music,  and  became  the  pupil  (later 


136 


DAVID— DAVID 


son-in-law)  of  Sir  G.  A.  Macfarren.  In  1879, 
prof,  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  and  at  the  Guildhall  Sch. 
of  Mus.  in  1S82. — Works  :  2  symphonies  (1.  in 
D  minor,  won  1st  prize  at  Alexandra  Palace, 
1876;  2.  in  C  major);  overture  f.  orch., 
"  Twelfth  Night";  Prelude  and  Fugue  f.  orch.; 
6  pes.  f.  pf.  and  'cello  ;  "  Pictures  on  a  Jour- 
ney," a  series  of  pf.-pes. ;  part-songs  and  songs  ; 
also  wrote  "Elements  of  Music"  (1884),  and 
"  Elements  of  Harm,  and  Cpt."  (1886). 

Da'vid  [dah-],  Ferdinand,  eminent  violinist 
and  pedagogue  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Jan.  19,  1810 ; 
d.  on  a  mountain- 
trip  near  Klosters, 
Switzerland,  July 
18,  1873.  From 
1823-4  he  studied 
with  Spohr  and 
Hauptmann  at 
Kassel  ;  played  in 
the  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig,  in  1825  ; 
and  in  1S27  became 
a  member  of  the 
Konigstadt  Theatre 
orch.  in  Berlin.  In 
1S29  he  was  1st  vio- 
lin in  the  private 
quartet  of  a  wealthy  and  influential  amateur 
(Baron  von  Liphardt)  at  Dorpat,  whose  daughter 
he  married  ;  he  remained  in  Russia  till  1835, 
winning  fame  by  frequent  concerts  in  St.  P., 
Moscow,  Riga,  etc.  At  Mendelssohn's  instance 
he  was  app.  leader  of  the  Gewandhaus  orch.  in 
1836.  In  this  position,  and  in  the  wider  field 
of  activity  opened  by  the  establishment  of  the 
Cons,  in  1S43,  D.  found  ample  opportunity  for 
the  development  of  his  remarkable  gifts.  While 
he  lived,  the  Leipzig  Cons,  was  looked  upon  as 
the  tinishing-school  of  violinists  ;  over  the  play- 
ing of  the  Gewandhaus  orch.  he  presided  with 
the  rigor  of  a  martinet,  and  the  tradition  of  his 
teachings  is  still  a  living  force  in  that  chosen 
band.  Obeyed  with  fear  and  trembling  as  a 
drill-master,  and  admired  as  a  virtuoso  "com- 
bining the  sterling  qualities  of  Spohr's  style  with 
the  greater  facility  and  piquancy  of  the  modern 
school,"  he  was  revered  as  the  teacher  of  the 
most  distinguished  violinists  of  the  time,  among 
them  being  Wilhelmj  and  Joachim.  As  a  quar- 
tet-player he  was  nearly  unrivalled  ;  as  an  orch.l 
leader  he  had  a  wonderful  faculty  of  inspiring 
the  players  with  his  own  enthusiasm.  His  stu- 
dent editions  of  classical  works  embrace  nearly 
all  compositions  of  standard  violin-literature  ; 
noteworthy  is  the  "  Hohe  Schule  des  Violin- 
spiels,"  containing  chiefly  French  and  Italian 
masterpieces  of  the  17th  and  iSth  centuries. 
Mendelssohn  was  his  warm  friend,  frequently 
asking  his  advice  and  deferring  to  his  judgment  ; 
a  remarkable  instance  of  this  being  M.'s  violin- 
concerto,  during  the  writing  of  which  D.  was 
continually  consulted. — Works  :  1  opera,  Hans 
Wacht  (Leipzig,  1852)  ;  2  symphonies  ;  5  vln.- 


concertos  ;  a  sextet,  a  quartet,  and  other  cham- 
ber-mus. ;  variations,  capriccios,  rondos,  and 
other  vln.-pcs. ;  "  Bunte  Reihe,"  pes.  f.  pf.  and 
vln.  (transcribed  f.  pf.  by  Liszt)  ;  and  a  Method 
f.  vln.,  one  of  the  best  ever  written.  [La  Mara 
gives  list  with  50  opus-numbers.] 

Da'vid,  Peter  Paul,  son  of  Ferd.  D.:  b. 
Leipzig,  Aug.  1,  1S40  ;  was  leader  of  the  Karls- 
ruhe orch.  1862-5,  an(i  is  at  present  teacher  of 
violin  at  Uppingham,  Eng. 

David,  Felicien-Cesar,  distinguished  com- 
poser ;  b.  Cadenet,  Vaucluse,  Apr.  13,  1810  ;  d. 
St.-Germain-en-Laye,  Aug.  29,  1876.  Of  re- 
markably precocious 
talent,  he  was 
taught  in  the  mai- 
trise  of  Saint-Sau- 
veur  at  Aix  from 
1817-25.  He  had  a 
beautiful  voice,  and 
composed  hymns, 
motets,  and  other 
music.  He  then  st. 
in  the  Jesuit  col- 
lege for  3  years  ;  be- 
came asst.-cond.  in 
the  th.  at  Aix,  and 
in  iS2g  in.  Je  chap. 
at  St.-Sauveur;  but 
an   unconquerable 

longing  to  widen  his  musical  horizon  drew  him 
to  Paris  (1830),  where  he  submitted  specimens  of 
composition  to  Cherubini,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Cons. ,  studying  harm,  with  Reberand  Millot, 
and  cpt.  and  fugue  with  Fetis.  In  1831,  when 
the  meagre  allowance  given  him  by  a  rich  and 
avaricious  uncle  had  been  withdrawn,  he  joined 
the  socialistic  movement  of  the  Saint-Simonists 
at  Menilmontant  ;  here  he  composed  a  series  of 
4-part  "  hymnes  "  f.  men's  voices  (later  publ., 
with  the  words,  as  the  "  Ruche  harmonieuse  "). 
On  the  dispersion  of  the  society  in  1833,  D.  went 
to  Marseilles  with  a  group  of  the  brotherhood, 
giving  concerts  on  the  way  ;  they  proceeded  to 
Constantinople,  Smyrna,  and  Egypt,  where  they 
finally  dispersed  ;  and,  with  an  imagination 
powerfully  stimulated  by  his  long  sojourn  in  the 
East,  D.  returned  alone  to  Paris  in  1835.  He 
now  publ.  a  collection  of  "  Melodies  orientales"; 
they  met  with  small  success,  and  he  retired  to 
the  house  of  a  friend  in  the  country,  giving  him- 
self up  to  study  and  composition  (2  symphonies, 
24  small  string-quintets,  2  nonets  f.  wind,  ro- 
mances, etc.).  In  1838  his  1st  symphony  (in  F) 
was  prod.;  and  at  last  (1S44)  he  reaped  the  fruit 
of  so  many  years'  toil  and  study,  his  symphonic 
ode  Le  Desert  being  received,  at  its  first  per- 
formance in  the  hall  of  the  Cons.,  with  "deliri- 
ous "  applause,  and  a  series  of  repetitions  given 
at  the  Salle  Ventadour  for  a  month,  to  crowded 
houses.  The  oratorio  Aloise  au  Sinai  followed 
in  1846,  but,  like  a  second  symphonic  ode  C/iris- 
tophe  Colomb,  and  V Eden  (a  "mystery"  in  2 
parts,  Grand  Opera,  1S4S),  met  with  a  cool  re- 


L37 


DAVID— DAVISON 


ception  However,  his  opera  La  Perle  Jit  Bre'sil 
(Th.-Lyrique,  1S51)  was  brilliantly  successful  ; 
a  second,  La  fin  Jit  monde,  was  rejected  by  the 
Grand  Op.,  and  later  (though  after  long  rehear- 
sals) by  the  Th.-Lyrique;  the  Grand  Op.  took 
it  up  in  1S59  as  Herculaneum,  and  for  this  opera 
the  great  state  prize  of  20,000  frs.  was  awarded 
to  D.  in  1S67.  Lalla  Rookh  (1S62)  and  Le 
Saphir  (1865)  were  given  at  the  Opera-Comique 
(the  former  with  great  success,  the  latter  with 
scarcely  a  succes  d'esiime).  D.  now  abandoned 
dram,  comp.,  withdrawing  his  last  op.,  La  Cap- 
tive. In  1869  he  was  elected  Academicien, 
taking  Berlioz's  chair,  and  succeeding  him  also 
as  librarian  of  the  Cons. — Besides  the  above 
works,  he  wrote  12  melodies  f.  'cello  ;  "  Les 
Brises  d'Orient,"  pf.-pcs.;  "Les  Minarets,"  3 
pf.-pcs.;  "Les  Perles  d'Orient,"  6  melodies  f. 
voice  and  pf . ;  etc.- — Biography  by  Azevedo  : 
"  F.  D.,  sa  vie  et  son  ceuvre  "  (Paris,  1S63). 

David,  Samuel,  b.  Paris,  Nov.  12,  183S  ;  d. 
there  Oct.  3,  1895.  Pupil,  in  Cons.,  of  Bazin 
and  Halevy  ;  Grand  prix  de  Rome,  185S,  for 
cantata  Jephtha;  1S59,  prize  for  work  f.  male 
ch.  and  orch.,  Le  genie  de  la  terre,  perf.  by 
chorus  of  6,000  singers.  1861,  prof,  at  College 
de  Sainte-Barbe  ;  1872,  music-director  in  Jewish 
Synagogues  of  Paris. — Operas  (all  given  in 
Paris)  :  i-act  operetta  La peau  de  I' ours  (1858)  ; 
Mademoiselle  Sylvia,  i-act  (186S)  ;  Tu  Las 
voulu,  i-act  (1869)  ;  Le  bien  d'autrui  (1869)  ; 
Un  caprice  Jc  Ninon  (1871)  ;  La  Fee  Jes  Bruye- 
res,  3  acts  (1878).  Not  performed  :  Les  cheva- 
liers Jtt  poignard,  Une  dragonnade,  La  Gageure, 
V  Education  J' un  Prince,  Les  Changeurs,  Absa- 
lon,  and  /  Maccabei  fin  Italian).  Also,  an  "  ode- 
symphonie,"  Le  Triomphe  de  la  Paix  (1878,  his 
best-known  work)  ;  4  symphonies,  several  cho- 
ruses, many  songs,  and  a  theoretico-practical 
work  "  L'Art  de  jouer  en  mesure"  (Paris,  1862). 

David,  Ernest,  b.  Nancy,  July  4,  1S44  ;  d. 
Paris,  [une  3,  1886.  From  1S62  he  studied 
music  under  Fetis  ;  was  a  contributor  to  several 
mus.  journals  ;  publ.  an  essay  in  1S73,  "  La 
musique  chez  les  Juifs,"  and  wrote  with  Lussy 
an  "  Ilistoire  de  la  notation  musicale  depuis  ses 
origines  "  (1882).  Also  publ.  "La  vie  et  les 
ceuvres  de  J.  S.  Bach." 

David,  Adolphe-Isaac,  b.  Nantes,  1842  ;  d. 
Paris,  June  24,  1S97.  Composer.  — Works  :  3 
pantomimes,  La  statue  Jit  Commandeur  and 
Pierrot  surpris  (both  succ.  in  1891  at  the 
"  Nouveautes  "),  and  Le  fiance  de  cire  (Paris, 
1894)  ;  also  a  comic  opera  Diana  Je  Sparre 
(Nantes)  ;    many  pf.-pcs.  ("  La  Pluie,"  etc.). 

Da'vidoff,  Karl,  'cellist  ;  b.  Goldingen,  Kur- 
land,  Mar.  15,  1838  ;  d.  Moscow,  Feb.  28,  1889. 
Pupil  of  H.  Schmidt  in  Moscow  ('cello),  and  C. 
Schubert  at  St.  P.,  afterwards  studying  comp. 
with  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig.  His  debut  at  the 
Gewandhaus  (1859)  was  so  successful  that  he 
was    eng.    as    first    'cello,    and    also    succeeded 


Fr.  Grlitzmacher  as 

teacher  in  the  Cons. 
In  1S62  he  was  app. 
solo  'cellist  to  the 
Russian  Emperor, 
and  in  the  orch.  of 
the  Russian  Music 
Soc;  and  also  in  the 
St.  P.  Cons.,  be- 
coming Director  in 
1876  (resigned, 
1887).— Works:Con- 
certos,  a  ballade,  and 
a  song  without 
words,  f.  'cello  ;  pf.- 
pcs.;  chamber-music  (pf. -quintet)  ;  a  symph. 
poem,    "The  Gifts  of  Terek";  songs,  etc. 

Davies,  Ben,  tenor  opera- and  concert-singer; 
b.  Swansea  Valley,  S.  Wales,  in  1S5S.  Pupil 
1880-3  °f  Randegger  at  R.  A.  M.,  winning  the 
bronze,  silver,  and  gold  medals,  and  the  Evill 
prize  for  best  declamatory  Engl,  singing  ;  3 
years  with  Carl  Rosa  Opera-troupe ;  has  lat- 
terly sung  in  Ivanhoc,  Faust,  and  The  Bohe- 
mian Girl.  Is  best  known,  however,  as  an 
oratorio-  and  concert-singer  ;  his  repertory  in- 
cludes most  of  the  oratorios,  cantatas,  and  con- 
cert-work performed  in  Britain.  First  visit  to 
America  in  summer  of   1S93  ;  2nd,  in  1894. 

Davies,  Fanny,  pianist ;  b.  Guernsey,  June 
17,  1863  (?) ;  pupil  of  Reinecke  and  Paul  (pf.),  and 
Jadassohn  (theory)  in  Leipzig  Cons.  (1882-3), 
and  of  Frau  Schumann  1883-5  at  the  Hoch 
Cons.,  Frankfort  ;  also  of  Dr.  Scholz  in  fugue 
and  composition.  London  debut  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  Oct.  17,  1885  ;  since  then  she  has  made 
succ.  tours  in  England,  Germany,  and  Italy. 

Davies,  (Henry)  Walford,  English  organ- 
ist ;  b.  Owestry,  Sept.  6  ,1869.  At  12  he  be- 
came chorister  in  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor  ; 
1SS5-90,  pupil  and  asst.  of  Sir  Walter  Parratt, 
and  likewise  org.  of  the  Park  chapel,  Windsor. 
From  1890-1  org.  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Anne's, 
Soho ;  1891-S,  org.  of  Christ  church,  Hamp- 
stead  ;  and  in  1898  succeeded  E.  J.  Hopkins  as 
org.  of  the  Temple  Ch.  He  is  a  Mus.  Bac. 
(1892)  and  Mus.  Doc,  Cantab.  (1S98) ;  in  1894  he 
qualified  as  Associate  of  the  R.  C.  M.  for  com- 
position ;  and  in  1895  succeeded  Rockstro  as 
prof,  of  cpt.  there. — Works  :  Pf. -quintet  in 
E(}  ;  Symphony  in  D,  1S95  ;  cantata  Herve  Kiel 
[Browning]  (1896);  chamber-music. 

Davison,  Arabella.     See  Goddard. 

Davison,  James  William,  b.  London,  Oct. 
5,  iSrs  ;  d.  Margate,  Mar.  24,  1885.  Pupil  of 
W.  H.  Holmes  (pf.)  and  Sir  G.  A.  Macfarren 
(theory).  Musical  critic  ;  editor  of  the  "  Mus. 
Examiner"  1842-4,  ami  the  "Mus.  World" 
1844-85;  contributor  to  the  "Saturday  Re- 
view," "Pall  Mall  Gazette,"  and  "Graphic"; 
from  1846-79,  the  influential  critic  of  "  The 
Times."     In    i860    he  married  his  pupil,    Ara- 


I3S 


DAVY— DEDEKIND 


bella  Goddard.  He  wrote  the  analytical  "  Pro- 
gramme-books "  for  the  Popular  Concerts  and 
the  Halle  recitals,  and  contributed  2  articles  to 
Grove's  Dictionary.  He  composed  a  few  songs, 
several  pf.-pcs.,  and  a  dram,  overture  (f.  pf.- 
duet)  to  Fortunatus \  a  fairy-tale. 

Davy,  John,  b.  Upton-Helion,  Exeter,  1765; 
d.  London,  Feb.  22,  1S24.  Pupil  of  Jackson. 
Violinist  at  Covent  Garden  ;  teacher  and  comp. 
in  London.  Wrote  the  music  to  nearly  a  score 
of  plays  ;  also  vocal  quartets,  madrigals,  and 
many  songs,  of  which  "  The  Bay  of  Biscay, 
.oh  !  "  is  still  popular. 

Davy,  Richard,  Engl.  comp.  of  the  16th 
century.  Some  of  his  comp.s  are  preserved  in 
the  Fayrfax  MSS.,  British  Museum. 

Day,  Dr.  Alfred,  b.  London,  Jan.,  1S10  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  ir,  1S49.  A  practising  physician 
(homceopathist)  in  London  ;  best  known  as  the 
author  of  an  original  "Treatise  on  Harmony" 
(London  [1S45]  ),  in  which  he  advocated  reforms 
in  terminology  and  teaching,  formulated  a  new 
sort  of  bass-figuring  to  supplant  the  ordinary 
thorough-bass,  and  made  many  interesting  and 
practical  suggestions. 

Dayas,  William  Humphries,  b.  New  York, 

Sept.  12,  1S64.  Studied  in  N.  Y.  under  S.  Jack- 
son (pf.  and  harm.),  Warren  (org.  and  cpt.), 
and  S.  B.  Mills  and  Joseffy  (pf.).  Org.  of  the 
Fifth  Av.  Presby.  Ch. ;  then  of  St.  Andrew's; 
studied  in  Germany  with  Th.  Kullak,  C.  A. 
Haupt,  H.  Erlich,  and  H.  Urban  ;  also  with 
Liszt  at  Weimar.  Made  a  concert-tour  with 
Arma  Senkrah  in  1888  ;  succeeded  Busoni  as 
pf. -teacher  in  Helsingfors  Cons.  (1S90)  ;  taught 
in  Dusseldorf  (1S94),  Wiesbaden  Cons.,  and  Co- 
logne Cons. — Works  :  Suite  f.  string-orch.; 
string-quartet  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  organ- 
sonatas  ;  pf.-sonatas  ;  6  psalms  f.  mixed  voices; 
waltzes  f.  pf.  duet;   Polonaise  f.  pf.,  etc. 

De  Ah'na,  Heinrich  Karl  Hermann,  em- 
inent solo  violinist  and  quartet-player  ;  b.  Vi- 
enna, June  22,  1S35  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  1,  1892. 
A  pupil  of  Mayseder  in  Vienna,  and  Mildner  at 
Prague  Cons.;  debut  as  violinist,  when  but  12 
years  old,  at  Vienna,  London,  etc.  App.  (1849) 
chamber-virtuoso  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha.  Served  in  the  army  1S51-59;  then  re- 
sumed concert-tours  in  Holland  and  Germany  ; 
settled  (1862)  in  Berlin  as  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Orch.,  becoming  its  leader  in  1868.  In 
1869  he  was  app.  teacher  in  the  Royal  Hoch- 
schule. 

De  Ah'na,  Eleonore,  sister  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Vienna,  Jan.  8,  1S38  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  10, 
1S65.  Pupil  of  E.  Mantius.  Fine  dramatic 
mezzo-sopr. ;    sang  at  the   Royal  Opera,  Berlin. 

De-An'gelis,  Girolamo,  b.  Civitavecchia, 
Jan.  1,  1S58.  Fine  violinist  ;  pupil  of  Bazzini  ; 
st.  in  Milan  Cons.  1869-80  ;  1SS1,  app.  prof,  of 
vln.  and  via.  in  same,  succeeding  Cavallini. 
Solo  violinist  at  La  Scala  Th.,  1S79-97  ;  mem- 


ber of  the  Societi  del  Quartetto  ;  abt.  1S94,  suc- 
cessful tour  in  S.  America.  1897,  called  to  the 
Royal  Irish  Acad,  of  Music,  at  Dublin,  as  head- 
teacher  of  violin.  Wrote  text  and  music  of  the 
opera  Vlnnocente  (Novi  Ligure,  1S96,  succ. ; 
Bologna,  1897,  mod.  succ). 

Debain,  Alexandre-Francois,  the  inventor 
of  the  harmonium  ;  b.  Paris,  1SC9  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
3,  1877.  He  established  a  factory  of  pianos  and 
organs  in  Paris  (1834),  and  after  long  experi- 
mentation with  free  reeds  patented  his  "har- 
monium" in  1840.  He  also  invented  the  "  anti- 
phonel "  and  the  ' '  harmonichorde  " ;  and  greatly 
improved  the  accordion. 

Debillemont,  Jean-Jacques,  b.  Dijon,  Dec. 
12,  1824;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1879.  A  pupil  of 
Alard  at  the  Cons.,  and  member  of  the  Op.- 
Com.  orch.,  he  studied  later  with  Leborne  and 
Carafa  ;  brought  out  4  operas  in  Dijon  ;  settled 
(1859)  in  Paris,  where  he  conducted  the  concerts 
of  the  "  Societe  des  Beaux-Arts,"  and  later  the 
orch.  of  the  Porte  St. -Martin  theatre.  He  pro- 
duced abt.  a  dozen  operas,  operettas,  ballets, 
and  the  like  (7  still  in  MS.)  ;  also  cantatas,  etc. 

Debois,  Ferdinand,  b.  Brtinn,  Nov.  24, 
1834  ;  d.  there  May  10,  1893.  He  was  the  di- 
rector of  a  bank  ;  founded  and  conducted  a  male 
choral  society.  Of  his  numerous  vocal  comp.s, 
his  male  choruses  have  become  most  popular. 
He  wrote  Wernher,  for  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. 
(18S9) ;  also  pf.-pcs. 

Debrois  van  Bruyck.     See  Bruyck. 

Deck'er,  Konstantin,  b.  Fiirstenau,  Bran- 
denburg, Dec.  29,  1810  ;  d.  Stolp,  Pomerania, 
Jan.  28,  1878.  Teacher,  pianist,  and  comp.; 
pupil  of  Dehn  (harm,  and  cpt. )  in  Berlin.  Lived 
in  Halle,  Leipzig,  Breslau,  Ronigsberg,  St. 
Petersburg  (for  several  years),  and  Potsdam  ; 
from  1859  in  Stolp. — Works  :  3  operas,  Die 
Geuseii  in  Brdda  (1837),  Giaffir,  der  Weiberfeind 
(183S),  Isolde,  Grafin  von  Tottlouse (Ronigsberg, 
1852)  ;  a  string-quartet  ;  2  pf.-sonatas  ;  fanta- 
sias f.  pf. ;  duets,  songs,  etc. 

De'dekind,Henning,  cantor  at  Langensalza, 
Thuringia,  abt.  1590,  and  pastor  in  1614  ;  pas- 
tor in  Gebesee,  1622,  till  his  death  in  162S. — 
Publ.  "  Neue  ausserlesene  Tricinia  auff  fi'ir- 
treffliche  lustige  Texte  gesetzt  "  (Erfurt,  158S  ; 
probably  a  2nd  ed.  of  his  "  Dodekatonon  musi- 
cum  Triciniorum  .  .  .  /'undated);  a  catechism, 
"  Eine  Rinder-Musik,  etc."  (Erfurt,  15S9)  ; 
"  Praecursor  metricus  musicae  artis  .  .  ."(Er- 
furt, 1590)  ;  and  "  Dodekas  Musicarum  delici- 
arum  :  Soldaten-Leben,  darinnen  allerley  Rriegs- 
handel  ..."  (Erfurt,  1628). 

De'dekind,  Konstantin  Christian,  born 
Reinsdorf,  Anhalt-Kothen,  Apr.  2,  162S  ;  d. 
1697  (or  later).  "  Hofmusikus  "  and  poet-laure- 
ate to  the  Elector  of  Saxony  at  Meissen  ;  also  a 
prolific  composer  (pupil  of  Chr.  Bernhardi  in 
Dresden)  of  chamber-music,  and  sacred  songs 
w.     instr.l    accomp.t. — Works:     "  Aebianische 


139 


DEDLER— BETTERS 


Musen-Lust  "  (Dresden,  1657;  —  120  celebrated 
poems  set  as  chansons);  "  Davidische  geheime 
Musik-Kammer "  (Dresden,  1663;  30  psalms  f. 
solo  voice  and  bass)  ;  "  Musikalischer  Jahrgang 
und  Yesper-Gesang  "  (Dresden,  1674  ;  120  vocal 
"concertos");  "  Davidischer  Harfenschall  in 
Liedern  und  Melodeyen  "  (Frankfort);  "  Sin- 
gende  Sonn-  und  Fest-Tags  Andachten  "  (Dres- 
den, 1683)  ;  "  Musikalischer  Jahrgang,  etc." 
(Dresden,  1694  ;  for  2  voices  with  org.)  ;  and 
others. 

De'dler,  Rochus,  b.  Oberammergau,  Jan. 
I5>  !779  ;  d.  Vienna,  Oct.  15,  1822.  Composer 
of  the  Passion-play  music  still  in  use. 

Deering  (or  Dering),  Richard,  b.  in  Kent 
towards  end  of  16th  century  ;  d.  London  (?)  in 
1630.  Educated  in  Italy  ;  publ.  the  oldest 
known  compositions  with  basso  continuo("  Canti- 
ones  sacrae  quinque  vocum  cum  basso  continuo 
ad  organum,"  Antwerp,  1597  ;  2nd  book,  1617  ; 
3rd,  1619).  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  in  1610.  Organ- 
ist at  the  convent  of  English  nuns  at  Brussels 
in  1617  ;  court-org.  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria 
in  1625. — Also  publ.  "  Cantica  sacra  ad  melodi- 
am  madrigalium  elaborata  senis  vocibus  "  (Ant- 
werp, 161S)  ;  "Cantica  sacra  ad  duas  et  tres 
voces,  composita  cum  basso  continuo  ad  orga- 
num "  (London,  1662). 

Deferra'ri.     See  Ferrari. 

Defies,  Louis  -  Pierre,  composer  ;  b.  Tou- 
louse, July  25,  1819  ;  pupil  of  Halevy  and  Bar- 
bereau  in  the  Paris  Cons.,  taking  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1847  for  the  cantata  I' Ange  et  Tobie. 
His  first  dram,  work  was  the  i-act  com.  op. 
/' 'A  nneau  d' 'argent  (Paris,  1855);  14  others  have 
since  been  given,  the  last  being  Jessica  (Tou- 
louse, 1898  ;  very  succ).  He  has  also  written 
masses,  motets,  overtures,  male  choruses,  songs, 
military  music,  etc.  At  present  (1899)  Director 
of  the  Toulouse  branch  of  the  Conservatoire. 

De'gele,  Eugen,  baritone  dram,  singer  ;  b. 
Munich,  July  4,  1834  ;  d.  Dresden,  July  26, 
1866.  Pupil  of  A.  Bayer  and  Fr.  Dietz  in  the 
Munich  Cons.;  debut  in  Munich  unsuccessful; 
after  further  study  with  W.  Rauscher,  he  sang 
at  Hanover  in  1856,  and  obtained  an  engage- 
ment till  1861,  since  when  he  was  engaged  at 
Dresden. — He  composed  some  songs. 

De  Gio'sa,  Nicola,  born  Bari,  May  5,  1820; 

d.  there  July  7,  18S5.  Pupil,  at  Naples  Cons., 
of  P.  Bongiorni  (flute),  Ruggi  (cpt.),  and  Zinga- 
relli  and  Donizetti  (comp.).  Became  maestro  at 
the  San  Carlo  Th.  (Naples),  the  Fenice  Th. 
(Venice),  and  of  Italian  theatres  in  Cairo,  Buenos 
Ayres,  etc.  His  first  dram,  venture,  the  "  opera 
buffa"  La  Casa  degli  ariisti  (Turin,  1842),  was 
quite  successful,  and  his  Don  Checco  (Naples, 
1850)  is  still  played  in  Italy  ;  but  none  of  his  20 
or  more  other  operas  is  of  special  note.  Many 
of  his  400  songs  have  become  very  popular  ;  he 


also    wrote    symphonies,  cantatas,    and  various 
sacred  works  (in  MS.). 

De  Haan,  Willem,  b.  Rotterdam,  1849 ; 
pupil  of  Nicolai,  de  Lange,  and  Bargiel  ;  later 
in  Leipzig  Cons.  (1S70-1).  Visited  Berlin  and 
Vienna  ;  was  musical  director  at  Bingen  (1873), 
cond.  of  the  "Mozartverein"  at  Darmstadt  (1876), 
and  Hofkapellm.  there  in  1895. — Works  :  Opera 
Die  Kaiser stochter;  4-act  opera  Die  Inkasohne 
(Darmstadt,  1895  ;  succ.)  ;  2  cantatas  f.  male 
chorus  and  orch.,  Der  Konigssohn,  and  Das 
Grab  im  Busento ;  cantata  Harpa,  f.  mixed 
chorus  ;  vocal  duets,  songs,  and  pf.-pcs. 

Dehn,  Siegfried  Wilhelm,  b.  Altona,  Feb. 
25>  !79°  I  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  12,  1S58.  Law-stu- 
dent at  Leipzig  1819-25  ;  also  studied  harmony 
and  'cello-playing.  Adopted  music  as  his  pro- 
fession in  1829,  after  losing  his  fortune;  studied 
theory  assiduously  with  Bernhard  Klein  in  Berlin  ; 
and  at  Meyerbeer's  instance  (1842)  was  app. 
librarian  of  the  musical  department  of  the  Royal 
Library,  for  his  labors  in  which  he  was  made 
Royal  Professor  in  1849.  From  1842-8  he  was 
also  editor  of  the  "  Caecilia  "  (Gottfried  Weber's 
paper),  to  which  he  contributed  valuable  articles. 
Dehn  was  a  profound  theorist, and  very  successful 
as  a  teacher  of  theory,  numbering  among  his 
pupils  Anton  Rubinstein,  Th.  Kullak,  Glinka, 
Kiel,  Heinrich  Hofmann,  etc.  He  publ.  a 
"  Theoretisch-praktische  Harmonielehre  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1840  ;  2nd  ed.  Leipzig,  185S  ;  his  most  im- 
portant work) ;  an  "  Analyse  dreier  Fugen  aus  J. 
S.  Bach's  Wohltemperirtem  Clavier  und  einer 
Vokaldoppelfuge  G.  M.  Buononcinis  "  (Leipzig, 
1858)  ;  "  Eine  Sammlung  alterer  Musik  aus  dem 
16.  und  17.  Jahrhundert  "  (Berlin  ;  12  books  of 
vocal  comp.s  a  4-10);  a  translation  of  Delmotte's 
work  on  Orlandus  Lassus,  "  Biogr.  Notiz  fiber 
Roland  de  Lattre "  (Vienna,  1S37).  A  post- 
humous "  Lehre  vom  Kontrapunkt,  dem  Kanon 
u.  der  Fuge  "  (Berlin,  1859  ;  2nd  ed.,  1883)  was 
edited  by  B.  Scholz. 

Dei'ters,  Hermann,  b.  Bonn,  June  27,  1833, 
where  he  took  the  degrees  of  Dr.  jur.  and  Dr. 
pliil.  in  1858.  Teacher  in  the  gymnasia  at  Bonn 
(1S5S)  and  Di'iren  (1S69);  director  of  gymnasia  at 
Konitz  (1874),  Posen  ('78),  and  Bonn  ('83)  ; 
"  Provincial-Schulrath  "  at  Koblenz  ('85)  ;  assist- 
ant in  the  Ministry  of  Public  Worship,  at  Berlin 
(1890).  D.  has  written  many  mus.  articles  for  the 
"  Deutsche  Musikzeitung  ";  for  the  "  Allg.  musi- 
kal.  Zeitung  "  ("  Beethoven's  dramatische  Kom- 
positionen  "  ['65],  "  R.  Schumann  als  Schrift- 
steller"  ['65],  "Otto  Jahn  "  ['70],  "  Beethoven's 
Sakularfeier  in  Bonn"  ['71],  "Max  Bruch's 
Odysseus"  ['73],  and  a  series  on  Brahms),  and 
other  journals.  He  contributed  several  mus. 
biographies  to  Meyer's  Konversations- Lexikon 
(3rd  ed.)  ;  and  is  the  translator  (into  German) 
of  A.  W.  Thayer's  Life  of  Beethoven,  the  4th 
(and  last)  vol.  of  which  he  is  now  (1899)  pre- 
paring. 


140 


DE   KOVEN— DELIBES 


De  Ko'ven,  (Henry  Louis)   Reginald,  b. 

Middletown,  Conn.,  Apr.  3,  1859.  Educated  in 
Europe  from  1870, 
taking  his  degree  at 
St.  John's  Coll.,  Ox- 
ford, Eng.,  in  1879. 
Before  this  he  stud- 
ied pf. -playing  under 
W.  Speide'l  at  Stutt- 
gart, and  after  grad- 
uation st.  there  an- 
other year  under 
Lebert  (pf.)  and 
Pruckner  (harm.). 
After  a  six  -  months' 
course  in  Frankfort, 
under  Dr.  Ilauff 
(comp.),    he    studied 

singing  with  Vanuccini  at  Florence,  Italy,  and 
operatic  composition  under  Genee  in  Vienna  and 
Delibes  in  Paris.  Now  (1899)  residing  in  New 
York.  As  a  composer  of  operettas  he  has  had 
great  success. — Works  :  The  operettas  The 
Begum  (Phila.,  Nov.  7,  1887)  :  Don  Quixote 
(Boston,  Nov.  18.  18S9)  ;  Robin  .//<W  (Chicago, 
June  g,  1S90 ;  London,  Jan.  5,  1S91) ;  The 
Fencing  Master  (Boston,  Sept.  22,  1892)  ;  The 
Knickerbockers  (Boston,  Jan.,  1893)  ;  The  Al- 
gerian (Phila. ,  Sept.  24,  1893)  ;  Rob  Rov  (Detroit, 
Oct.,  1894);  The  Tzigane  (N.  Y.,  May,  1895); 
The  Mandarin  (Cleveland,  O.,  Oct.,  1896)  ;  Tin- 
Paris  Doll { Hartford,  Conn.,  Sept.  2S,  1897)  ; 
The  Highwayman  (New  Haven,  Oct.  21,  1897  ; 
N.  Y. ,  Dec.  13,  1897),  and  The  Three  Dragoons 
(New  York,  Jan.,  1S99).  Besides  these,  abt.  135 
songs  and  incidental  pieces,  incl.  an  orchestral 
suite  (MS.),  and  a  pf. -sonata  (the  andante  publ. 
in  "  Half-hours  with  the  Best  Composers"). 

Delaborde,  Elie-  Miriam,  born  Chaillot, 
France,  Feb.  S,  1S39  Pupil  of  Ch.-V.  Alkan, 
Liszt,  and  Moscheles.  Now  (1S99)  prof,  of  pf. 
at  Paris  Cons.  Besides  a  few  pf. -pieces,  pf.- 
fantasias,  etc.  (publ.),  he  has  in  MS.  an  opera, 
La  Reine  dort. 

Delacour,  Vincent-Conrad-Felix,  b.  Paris, 
Mar.  25,  1808  ;  d.  there  Mar.  28,  1840.  Pupil 
of  P.  Cons.  1822-7  '<  IS30-3,  harpist  in  the  Royal 
Th.,  Berlin.  From  1S33— 5,  he  studied  at  the 
Cons,  with  Berton,  was  joint-editor  of  '.'  Le 
Pianiste,"  and  gave  concerts. — Publ.  an  Ave 
verum  a  4,  w.  org.,  an  O  salutaris,  a  3,  and  a 
few  vocal  romances. 

Delatre,  Olivier,  Belgian  musician  in  1st 
half  of  16th  century.  Some  motets  and  chan- 
sons were  publ.  in  collections  (Paris,  Lyons, 
and  Antwerp,  1539-55). 

Delatre,  Claude-Petit-Jan,  choirmaster  in 
Verdun  cathedral  ;  in  1555,  m,  de  chap,  to  the 
Bishop  of  Liege.  Many  motets  and  chansons 
by  him  were  printed  by  Phalese,  Susato,  and 
Bellere. 

De  Lattre,  Roland.     See  Lasso,  Orlando 


De  l'Aulnaye,  Francois-Henri-Stanislas, 

b.  Madrid,  July  7,  1739  ;  d.  Chaillot,  1830. 
Secretary  of  the  Paris  Museum,  but  lost  his 
place  in  the  Revolution,  squandered  his  patri- 
mony, and  died  in  the  almshouse. — Wrote  "  De 
la  saltation  theatrale  "  (1790),  and  other  essays 
on  mus.  history  and  theory. 

Deldevez,     Edouard-Marie-Ernest,    born 

Paris,  May  31,  1817  ;  d.  there  Nov.  6,  1897  ; 
pupil,  in  Paris  Cons.,  of  Habeneck  (vln.),  Ha- 
levy  and  Berton.  Was  app.  asst.-cond.  at  the 
Grand  Opera  and  of  the  Cons,  concerts  in  1859  ; 
was  chief  cond.  of  the  latter  from  1872-83,  and 
of  the  former  from  1873-77  (succeeding  Hainl). 
Prof,  in  Cons,  of  the  orchestral  class  since  1S74. 
He  comp.  the  ballets  Lady  Henriette  (1844,  with 
Flotow  and  Burgmuller),  Eucharis  (1844),  Pa- 
quita  (1846),  Vert-  Vert  (1851,  with  Tolbecque)  ; 
the  grand  operas  Mazarina  and  Yanko  le  bandit 
(not  perf.),  the  2-act  opera  Samson,  and  the  i-act 
opera  Le  violon  enchant/ j  3  symphonies  ;  and 
chamber-music,  church-music,  songs,  etc. ;  and 
is  the  author  of  2  monographs,  "  Curiosites 
musicales"  (1873,  on  difficult  and  doubtful  pas- 
sages in  classical  compositions),  and  "La  nota- 
tion de  la  musique  classique  comparee  a  la  no- 
tation de  la  mus.  moderne,  et  de  l'execution  des 
petites  notes  en  general";  also  publ.  "  L'art  du 
chef  d'orchestre  "  (1878)  ;  "  La  Societe  des  Con- 
certs de  i860  a  1885  "  (1S87) ;  and  "  De  l'execu- 
tion d'ensemble  "  (1888). 

De  Le'va,  Enrico,  b.  Naples,  Jan.  19,  1867  ; 
st.  pf.  under  Pannain  and  Rossomandi,  harmony 
under  Puzzoni  and  d'Arienzo.  Pianist  ;  song- 
composer  in  great  vogue  ;  op.  1,  Canzone  f.  pf . ; 
his  canzonetta  napoletana  "  'E  spingole  fran- 
gese "  made  him  famous  ;  among  his  songs 
may  be  mentioned  "  Non  me  guarda,"  "  Triste 
aprile,"  "  Illusione,"  "  Ho  sognato,"  "  Lacrime 
amare,"  "  Ammore  piccerillo,"  "'A  canzone  d' 
'a  pupata,"  "Durmenno";  also  a  serenata  "'A 
Capemonte  "  ;  opera  La  Carmargo  [sic]  (MS.; 
1896). 

Delezenne,    Charles-Fldouard-Joseph,    b. 

Lille,  Oct.  4,  1776  ;  d.  there  Aug.  20,  1866. 
Has  written  numerous  important  essays  con- 
cerning experimental  physics  and  mathematics 
as  applied  to  mus.  acoustics  ;  publ.  in  the 
"  Memoires  de  la  Societe  des  Sciences,  etc.,"  of 
Lille  (1S27-57).      [Compare   Fetis.] 

Delibes,  Clement-Philibert-Leo,  famous 
dramatic  composer;  b.  St.  -  Germain -du -Yal, 
Sarthe,  Feb.  21,  1836  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  16,  1891. 
Entered  the  Paris  Cons,  in  1848,  Le  Couppey, 
Bazin,  Adam  and  Benoist  being  his  chief 
teachers.  In  1853  he  became  accompanist  at 
the  Theatre-Lyrique,  and  organist  at  the  Church 
of  St. -Jean  et  St. -Francois.  His  first  stage-work 
was  the  i-act  operetta,  Deux  sacs  de  charbon 
(1S55),  followed  by  12  more  of  the  same  class 
up  to  1865,  when  he  was  app.  2nd  chorus- 
master  at  the  Grand  Opera.     He  now  tried  his 


141 


DELIOUX— DEL    VALLE    DE    PAZ 


hand  at  ballet-writing,  and  brought  out  the  bal- 
let La  source  (prod,  later  in  Vienna  as  A'aila, 
die  Quellenfee)  at  the 
Opera  in  1866  ;  the 
next  ballet,  Coppe'lia, 
on  la  fille  aux yeux 
d'e'mail  (Gr.  Opera, 
1S70),  was  tri- 
umphantly success- 
ful, and  has  held 
the  boards  ever 
since.  Sylvia,  on  la 
nymphe  de  Diane 
(1876),  was  also  succ. 
—  After  resigning 
his  post  as  chorus- 
master,  he  succeeded 
Reber  (i88i)asprof. 
of  comp.  at  the  Cons.;  and,  in  1S84,  was  elected 
as  Masse's  successor  in  the  Academic  Delibes' 
dramatic  music  is  distinguished  by  melodious- 
ness, vivacity,  and  elegance  of  instrumentation. 
His  stage-works  also  include  the  comic  operas 
Le  roi  I'a  dit  (1873),  Jean  de  Nivelle  (1880), 
Lakme"  (1883),  Le  Roi  des  Montagues,  Le  Don 
/nan  Suisse  (MS.),  and  La  princesse  Ravigotte 
(MS.).  Besides  these  a  cantata,  Alger  (1865); 
choruses  for  men's  and  women's  voices  ;  and  a 
coll.  of  15  Melodiesw.  pf.,  in  German  Lied-style. 

Delioux  (de  Savignac),  Charles,  b.  Lorient, 
Morbihan,  Apr.,  1830.  A  self-taught  pianist, 
he  studied  harmony  with  Barbereau,  and  (at  the 
Cons.  1845-9)  comp.  with  Ilalevy.  Took  the 
"Grand  prix  pour  le  contrepoint "  in  1846. 
He  brought  out  the  i-act  comic  opera  Yvonne  et 
Lo'ic  at  the  Gymnase  in  1854  ;  has  publ.  a  great 
many  effective  characteristic  pes.  f.  pf.,  and  a 
"  Cours  complet  de  mecanisme  pour  le  piano" 
(adopted  in  the  Cons.). 

Delia  Mari'a,  Dominique,  born  Marseilles, 
176S  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  9,  1800  ;  son  of  an  Ital. 
mandolinist.  He  was  remarkably  precocious  ; 
played  the  mandolin  and  'cello  at  an  early  age, 
and  when  18  prod,  a  grand  opera  at  Marseilles. 
He  now  studied  composition  in  Italy  (for  a  time 
with  Paisiello),  and  prod,  in  Naples,  1792,  a 
successful  opera,  II  maestro  di  cappella.  He 
went  to  Paris  in  1796;  obtaining  a  libretto  {Le 
Prison/tier)  from  Duval,  he  set  it  to  music  in 
8  days,  brought  it  out  at  the  Opera-Comique 
(179S)  in  a  few  weeks,  and  was  at  once  famous. 
Before  his  death  he  finished  6  more  operas,  4  of 
which  were  produced  during  his  lifetime ;  but 
the  success  of  none  of  these  equalled  that  of  Le 
Prisonnier . 

Delle  Se'die  [sa'-de-eh],  Enrico,  baritone 
vocalist  and  singing-teacher ;  b.  Leghorn,  June 
17,  1826.  His  teachers  were  Galeffi,  Persanola, 
and  Domeniconi.  After  imprisonment  as  a  revo- 
lutionist (1848),  he  resumed  the  study  of  sing- 
ing;, and  made  his  debut  at  Florence  (185 1)  in 
Verdi's  ATabttceo.  Until  1861  he  sang  in  the 
principal  Italian  cities  ;  was  then  eng.  at  the 
Th.  Italien,  Paris,  and  app.   prof,  of  singing  in 


the  Cons.  He  has  lived  in  Paris  ever  since,  as 
one  of  the  best  singing-teachers  of  the  capital. 
His  great  works,  'Arte  e  fisiologia  del  canto  " 
(Mdan,  1876),  and  "  L'estetica  del  canto  e  dell' 
arte  melodrammatica  "  (Milan,  1886),  are  publ. 
in  New  York  in  English  as  "Vocal  Art"  (3 
Parts),  and  "  Esthetics  of  the  Art  of  Singing, 
and  of  the  Melodrama"  (4  vol.s).  An  admirable 
fusion  and  condensation  (by  the  author)  of  both 
the  above  is  also  publ.  in  one  volume  as  "A  Com- 
plete Method  of  Singing  "  (New  York). 

DelTinger  [del'-ing-er],  Rudolf,  b.  Graslitz, 
Bohemia,  July  8,  1857.  Kapellm.  (1883)  at  the 
Karl  Schulze  Th.,  Hamburg;  1893,  at  the  Dres- 
den Court  Opera.  Has  prod,  the  operettas  Don 
Corsar,  Lorraine,  Capitdn  Fracasse  (Hamburg, 
1889,  succ),  Saint-Cyr  (Hamburg,  1891,  v. 
succ),  and  Die  Cliansonette  (Dresden,  1S94; 
v.  succ;  in  Prague,  1895,  as  Die  Sangerin). 

Dell'Orefi'ce,  Giuseppe,  b.  Fara,  Abruzzio 
Chietino,  Italy,  Aug.  22,  1848;  d.  Naples,  Jan. 
5,  1SS9.  Pupil  of  Fenaroli  and  Miceli  in  Na- 
ples Cons.;  since  1878,  cond.  in  the  S.  Carlo 
Th.,  Naples. — Wrote  1  ballet,  L  fantasmi  not- 
tnmi  (Naples,  1872),  and  the  operas  Romilda 
de'Bardi  (Naples,  1874),  Egmont  (Naples,  '78), 
II  segreto  della  Ditchessa  (Naples,  '79),  and 
L'oasi  (Vicenza,  '86);  also  songs  and  pf.-pes. 

Del    Me'la,     Don    Domenico,    an    Italian 

priest;  the  inventor,  in  1730,  of  the  first  "up- 
right "  piano. — See  Cesare  Ponsicchi's  pam- 
phlet, "II  primo  pianoforte  verticale "  (Flor- 
ence, 1898). 

Delmotte,  Henri-Florent,  b.  Mons,  Bel- 
gium, 1799  ;  d.  there  Mar.  9,  1836.  A  notary 
by  vocation,  he  was  also  librarian  at  Mons,  and 
president  of  the  Society  of  "  Bibliophiles  de 
Mons."  He  publ.  "  Notice  biographique  sur 
Roland  de  Lattre,  connu  sous  le  nom  d'Orland 
de  Lassus  "  (Valenciennes,  1836  ;  Germ,  transl. 
by  Dehn,  Berlin,  1837,  with  notes). 

Delprat,  Charles,  born  (?),  1803  ;  died  Pau, 
Pyrenees,  Feb.,  1888;  pupil  of  Ponchard  pere, 
at  Paris,  and  singing-teacher  there.  Publ. 
"  L'art  du  chant,  et  l'ecole  actuelle  "  (Paris,  2nd 
ed.  1870),  and  "  Le  Cons,  de  Mus.  de  Paris  et 
la  commission  du  Ministere  des  Beaux-Arts" 
(1S72  ;   3rd  ed.  as  "  La  question  vocale,"  1885). 

Delsarte,  Francois-  Alexandre-  Nicolas- 
Cheri,  b.  Solesme,  Nord,  Nov.  19,  1811;  d. 
Paris,  July  20,  1 87 1.  Tenor  singer,  pupil  of 
Garaude  and  Ponchard.  Failing  of  success  as 
an  opera-singer,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  con- 
cert-stage, and  to  teaching;  his  "method" 
("  quelque  peu  excentrique,"  says  Fetis)  has  zeal- 
ous partisans.  He  invented  (1855)  the  Guide- 
accord,  or  Sonotype,  an  apparatus  to  facilitate  the 
tuning  of  pianos. 

Del  Valle  de  Paz,  Edgardo,  b.  Alexandria, 
Egypt,  Oct.  18,  1861.  St.  at  Naples  Cons. 
under  B.    Cesi    (pf.),    and    P.    Serrao    (comp.); 


142 


DEMANTIUS— DENZA 


made  pianistic  tours  in  Italy  and  Egypt  when 
but  16,  and  now  resides  at  Elorence.  In  1893 
he  estab.  the  "Circolo  del  Valle"  at  Florence, 
and  since  1896  is  the  director  of  the  journal  "  La 
Nuova  Musica."  Also  prof,  in  Florence  Cons. 
Has  publ.  a  "  Scuola  pratica  del  pianoforte," 
adopted  by  several  Italian  music  -  schools. — 
Works  :  Orchestral  suites,  chamber-music,  vocal 
pieces,  and  pf.-comp.s  (prize  sonata  ;  Suite 
"  duns  le  style  ancien  ";  pieces  with  orch.;  and 
many  elegant  soli). 

Deman'tius,  Christoph,  b.  Reichenberg, 
1567  ;  d.  Freiberg,  Saxony,  April  20,  1643. 
Cantor  at  Zittau,  about  1596  ;  at  Freiberg, 
1607-43.  Prolific  composer. — Church-music  : 
"  Triades  precum  vespertinarum "  (1602); 
"Magnificat  4,  5  et  6  vocum  "  (Frankfort,  n. 
d.)  ;  "Corona  harmonica  "  (motets  a  6,  1610)  ; 
"  Threnodiae  "  (dirges  ;  2  sets,  Leipzig,  1611, 
and  Freiberg,  1620)  ;  "  Triades  Sioniae  In- 
troitum,  Missarum  et  Prosarum  "  a  5-8  (1619)  ; 
and  Te  Deums. — Secular  Music:  "  Weltliche 
Lieder"  a  5(1595);  "  77  ausserlesene  liebliche 
Polnischer  u.  Deutscher  Art  Tantze  mit  und 
ohne  Text,  etc.,"  a  4-5  (1601)  ;  "  Convivialium 
concentuum  farrago,  in  welcher  teutsche  Can- 
zonetten  u.  Villanellen  mit  6  Stimmen  zu  sampt 
einem  Echo  und  zweyen  dialogis  mit  S  Stimmen 
verfasset "  (1609)  ;  "  Convivorum  Deliciae,  etc." 
(intradas,  galliards,  Polish  dances  ;  1609),  etc. 
— Also  an  instruction-book  :  "  Isagoge  artis 
musicae  ad  incipientium  captum  maxime  accom- 
modata.  Kurtze  Anleitung  recht  und  leicht 
Singen  zu  lernen,  nebst  Erklarung  der  grie- 
chischen  Wortlein,  so  bei  neuen  Musicis  im 
Gebrauch  sind "  (Nuremberg,  1605  ;  it  went 
through  9  editions). 

Deme'lius,  Christian,  b.  Schlettau,  Saxony, 
Apr.  1,  1643  ;  d.  Nordhausen,  Nov.  1,  1711. 
Cantor  at  Nordhausen  from  1669. — Publ.  a 
"  Gesangbuch  "  (1688)  for  the  churches  at  N.; 
"6  motets  and  arias  "  a  4(1700);  and  an  ele- 
mentary treatise,  "  Tirocinium  musicum,  etc." 
(Nordhausen,  n.  d.). 

Demeur,    Anne-Arsene   (ne'e  Charton),   b. 

Sanjon,  Charente,  May  5,  1S27  ;  d.  Paris  (?), 
Nov.  30,  1892.  A  soprano  singer  in  opera  and 
concert  ;  debut  at  Bordeaux,  1842,  after  which 
she  sang  in  Toulouse,  Brussels  (1S46),  London 
(French  comic  opera  and  Ital.  opera),  St. 
Petersburg  (1853),  Vienna,  Paris  (in  Berlioz's 
Beatrice  et  Benedict,  and  as  Dido  in  Les  Troyens 
a  Carthage),  and  America.  Her  farewell  per- 
formance was  Cassandre  in  Berlioz's  Prise  de 
Troye.  She  married  J.  A.  Demeur,  a  flutist  and 
composer. 

De  Mol  [Demol],  Pierre,  b.  Brussels,  Nov. 
7,  1825;  pupil  of  Brussels  Cons.;  took  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  f.  comp.  in  1855  ;  was  first  'cello 
at  Besancon  Th.,  and  teacher  at  the  B.  Cons. 
He  has  produced  2  cantatas,  Les  premiers  mar- 
tyrs (won  prize,  1855),  and  Lc  dernier  jour 
d'  Herculaneum. 


De  Mol  [Demol],  Francois-Marie,  nephew 
of  Pierre  ;  b.  Brussels,  Mar.  3,  1844  ;  d.  Os- 
tend,  Nov.  3,  1SS3.  Won  first  prize  at  the 
Brussels  Cons,  for  cpt.  and  fugue,  and  for 
organ-playing  ;  org.  at  the  convent  of  the  Be- 
guines  ;  then  org.  of  the  St. -Charles  Ch.,  Mar- 
seilles, cond.  of  the  Popular  Concerts  (1872-5), 
and  prof,  of  harm,  in  the  Cons.  (1875).  App. 
cond.  of  the  Theatre  National,  Brussels,  in 
1S76. — Has  brought  out  an  opera,  Le  chanteur 
de  Me'dine,  and  written  minor  works. 

De  Munck  [Demunck],  Francois,  'cello- 
virtuoso  ;  b.  Brussels,  Oct.  6,  1815  ;  el.  there 
Feb.  28,  1854.  Pupil  of  Platel  in  Brussels 
Cons.,  and  his  successor,  in  1835,  as  first  prof, 
of  'cello-playing.  In  1845  he  made  long  tours 
in  Germany  ;  in  1848  was  app.  'cellist  at  H.  M.'s 
Th.,  London;  but  his  health,  undermined  by 
dissipation,  gave  way,  and  in  1853  he  returned 
to  Brussels  to  die. — Publ.  "  Fantaisie  et  varia- 
tions sur  un  theme  russe." 

De  Munck  [Demunck],  Ernest,  brilliant 
'cellist,  son  of  Francois;  b.  Brussels,  Dec.  21, 
1840.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  Servais  ;  trav- 
elled in  Great  Britain,  lived  in  London,  and 
(rS6S)  in  Paris  as  a  member  of  the  Maurin 
Quartet  ;  in  1S70,  first  'cello  in  the  Weimar 
court  orch.  He  married  Carlotta  Patti  in  1879, 
and  resided  in  Paris  till  1893,  when  he  was  app. 
prof,  of  'cello-playing  in  the  R.  A.  M.,  London. 

Dengremont,  Maurice,  b.  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil,  Mar.  19,  1S66,  of  French  parents  ;  vio- 
linist (juvenile  prodigy)  ;  attracted  general  no- 
tice in  Europe  in  1877  and  some  years  there- 
after ;  d.  Buenos  Ayres,  Sept.  (?),  1S93. 

Den'ner,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Leipzig, 
Aug.  13,  1655  ;  d.  Nuremberg,  Apr.  20,  1707. 
A  maker  of  wind-instr.s  at  Nuremberg,  and  the 
inventor  (1690  or  1700)  of  the  clarinet,  an  im- 
proved shawm.  To  him  is  likewise  attributed 
the  invention  of  the  Stockfagott  and  the  Racket- 
tenfagott. 

Den'za,  Luigi,  b.  Castellammare  di  Stabbia, 
Feb.  24,  184O.  Pupil  of  Serrao  and  Merca- 
dante  in  Naples 
Cons.  Besides  the 
opera  Wallenstein 
(Naples,  1876), 
which  was  not  spe- 
cially successful, 
he  has  written  a 
great  number  of 
songs  (some  in  Ne- 
apolitan dialect), 
many  of  which 
have  won  deserved 
popularity;  among 
them  are  "  Funi- 
culi-Funicula,'' 
"II  Telefono,"  "  Guardame  sulo,"  "Amami," 
"  Fuggimi,"  "  Occhi  neri,"  "  Se  tu  m'amassi," 
"  Giulia,"  most  of  which  are  also  favorites  in 
English  versions. 


143 


DEPPE— DESAUGIERS 


Dep'pe,  Ludwig,  born  Alverdissen,  Eippe, 
Nov.  7,  1828  ;  d.  Pyrmont,  Sept.  5/6,  1890.  A 
pupil  of  Marxsen  at  Hamburg  in  1849,  later  of 
Lobe  at  Leipzig.  Settled  in  Hamburg  (i860) as 
a  music-teacher,  and  founded  a  singing-society, 
of  which  he  was  the  cond.  till  1868.  Went  to 
Berlin  in  1874,  and  from  1S86-S  was  court 
Kapellm.,  but  resigned  in  order  to  devote  him- 
self to  conducting  the  concerts  of  the  court 
orch.  He  has  also  conducted  the  Silesian  Mus. 
Festivals  estab.  by  Count  Hochberg  in  1876. — 
Sketch  :  "  Deppe  as  Teacher,"  by  Amy  Fay  in 
"  Music-study  in  Germany."  His  method  of 
playing  is  explained  by  his  pupil,  Elisabeth 
Caland,  in  "  Die  Deppe'sche  Lehre  des  Kla- 
vierspiels  "  (Stuttgart,  1897). 

Depres  [Despres],  Josquin,  the  greatest  of 
the  early  Netherland  contrapuntists ;  born  abt. 
1450  in  Hainault  (Burgundy),  and  possibly  in 
the  town  of  Conde,  where  he  died  as  provost  of 
the  Cathedral  Chapter,  August  27,  1521.  His 
name  was  very  variously  spelled  :  Despres,  Des- 
pres, Depres,  Depret,  Depres,  Desprets,  Dtipre, 
and  by  the  Italians,  Del  Praia  (Latinized  as  a 
Prato,  a  Pratis,  Pratensis),  etc.;  while  Josquin 
(contracted  from  the  Flemish  Jossekin,  "little 
Joseph  "),  appears  as  Josse",  Jossien,  Jusquin, 
Giosquin,  Josqitinus,  Jacabo,  Jodocns,  Jadocit- 
lus,  etc.  "  Josse  Despres,"  his  epitaph  reads. 
Few  details  concerning  his  life  are  known.  It 
seems  probable  that  he  was  a  chorister,  and 
afterwards  chorusmaster,  at  St.-Quentin  ;  per- 
haps he  was  m.  de  chap,  for  a  time  at  the  Cath. 
of  Cambrai  (one  of  the  towns  claiming  to  be 
his  birthplace).  He  was  doubtless  a  pupil  of 
Okeghem  {premier  chautre  to  Louis  XL  abt. 
1476) ;  and  he  was  a  singer  in  the  Sistine  Chapel 
at  the  time  of  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  (1471-84),  and 
was  in  Ferrara,  about  1488,  with  Isaack.  As  a 
composer  he  was  considered  by  contemporaries 
to  be  the  greatest  of  his  period  (so  says  Zarlino), 
and  Adrien  Petit  Coclius  terms  him  "  princeps 
murjcorum";  his  works  were  sung  everywhere, 
and  universally  admired — he  was,  indeed,  the 
first  to  weave  the  mazes  of  Netherlandish  coun- 
terpoint into  expressive  and  beautiful  art-forms. 
—  Publ.  works:  Masses  (in  Petrucci's  Lib.  I, 
Venice,  1502):  L'omme  arme;  La  sol  fa  re  mi ; 
Gaudeamus  ;  Fortunata  desperata  ;  L'omme 
arme,  sexti  toni  ; — (idem,  II,  1503):  Ave  Maris 
stella  ;  Hercules,  dux  Ferrara;  ;  Malheur  me 
bat  ;  Lami  Baudichon  ;  Una  musque  de  Bus- 
cay  a  ;  Dung  aultre  amor; — (idem,  III,  1516) : 
Mater  patris  ;  Faysans  regrets  ;  Ad  fugam  ;  Di 
dadi  ;  De  Beata  Virgine  ;  Sine  nomine  [these 
3  books  republ.  by  Junta  (Rome,  1526)]  ; — (in 
Graphaus'  "  Missae  III  ") :  Pange  lingua;  Da 
pacem  ;  Sub  tuum  praesidium  ;  some  of  these 
are  scattered  in  other  collections,  and  fragments 
are  found  in  still  others  ;  and  several  more  masses 
are  in  MS.  at  Rome,  Munich,  and  Cambrai. — 
Motets  were  publ.  by  Petrucci  ("  Odhecaton," 
I5OI-5,  and  his  books  of  motets  Nos.  I,  3,  4, 
and  5) ;  by  Peutinger  ("  Liber  selectarum  canti- 


onum,"  1520),  and  others  of  the  period. — 
French  chansons  were  publ.  by  T.  Susato 
(1545),  P.  Attaignant  (1549),  and  Du  Chemin 
C1 553)- — 1°  modern  notation,  fragments  of  his 
works  are  to  be  found  in  the  German  "  Bibliothek 
ftir  Kirchenmusik  "  (1844)  ;  in  Commer's  "  Col- 
lectio  operorum  musicorum  Batavorum,"  Roch- 
litz's  "  Sammlung  vorzl'iglicher  Gesangsstiicke  " 
(1838),  and  Choron's  "Collection"  (a  Stabat 
Mater)  ;  also  in  the  histories  byAmbros,  Forkel, 
Kiesewetter,  Burney,  Busby,  and  Hawkins. 

Deprosse,  Anton,  b.  Munich,  May  18,  1838  ; 
d.  Berlin,  June  23,  1878.  Pupil  of  the  Royal 
School  of  Music  at  Munich  1853-5  \  then  a  pri- 
vate pupil  of  Stuntz  and  Herzog.  Teacher  of 
pf.  (1861-4)  at  the  R.  Sch.  of  Music  ;  taught 
later  in  Frankfort  and  Gotha,  in  Munich  (187 1), 
and  went  to  Berlin  in  1875. — Works  :  Operas 
(in  MS.);  an  oratorio,  Die  Salbung  Davids; 
songs;  fine  pf. -music  (e.g.,  the  "Romantic 
Studies,"  op.  17). 

De  Reszke,  Jean,  dramatic  tenor  ;  b.  War- 
saw, Jan.  14,  1852.  Pupil  of  Ciaffei,  Cotogni, 
and  Sbriglia.  Successful  debut  as  baritone  at 
Venice  in  Jan.,  1874,  in  the  role  of  Alfonso 
{Favorite?),  under  the  name  of  "  De  Reschi." 
After  singing  in  Italy  and  Paris,  he  made  his 
tenor  debut,  as  Robert  (R.  le  Diab/e),  at  Madrid 
in  1879.  In  T384  he  was  eng.  at  the  Th.  des 
Nations,  and  in  1885  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris, 
where  he  created  Massenet's  "  Cid."  He  has 
sung  for  several  seasons  at  Drury  Lane,  since 
1887  ;  in  New  York  in  1S95-9  with  continued 
success.  His  repertory  now  includes  leading 
Wagner  roles. 

De  Reszke,  Edouard,  dram,  bass,  brother 
of  Jean  ;  b.  Warsaw,  Dec.  23,  1855.  Pupil  of 
his  brother,  Ciaffei,  Steller,  and  Coletti.  Debut 
Paris,  Apr.  22,  1876,  as  the  King  in  Aida,  at 
the  Th.  des  Italiens  ;  sang  here  for  two  seasons, 
then  at  Turin  and  Milan  ;  from  1880-4  at  the 
Italian  Opera,  London.  Since  then  chiefly  in 
Paris  and  London,  or  with  Jean  in  America. 

Dering.     See  Deering. 

De  Sanc'tis,  Cesare,  born  Albano,  Rome, 
1830.  M.  di  eapp.  in  various  Roman  churches 
and  theatres  ;  187C,  professor  of  harmony  in  the 
newly  founded  Liceo  (Conservatory)  at  Rome. — 
Works  :  Overture  f.  orch. ;  Requiem  mass  (/  4 
w.  orch. ;  "  100  Fugues  "  a  cappella  in  strict  style, 
a  4.  He  has  publ.  a  treatise  on  "Harmony" 
and  another  on  "  Contrappunta  e  Fuga." 

Desaugiers,  Marc-Antoine,  born  Frejus, 
1742  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  10,  1793.  A  self-taught 
musician,  he  went  to  Paris  in  1774,  and  attracted 
notice  by  translating  Mancini's  "Canto  figurato" 
(1776).  He  produced  a  multitude  of  short 
operas,  which  pleased  by  their  sprightly  melo- 
dies ;  and  a  festival  cantata,  Hie'rodrame,  on  the 
storming  of  the  Bastile  (I),  was  an  ardent  revo- 
lutionist). A  friend  of  Cluck  and  Sacchini,  he 
dedicated  a  requiem  to  the  latter. 


144 


DESHAYES— DEZEDE 


Deshayes,  Prosper-Didier,  b.  (?),  d.  (?), 
made  himself  known  by  his  oratorio,  Les  Ma- 
chabies  (17S0)  ;  was  from  17S2  comp.  of  diver- 
tissements and  ballets  to  the  Comedie-Francaise, 
and  prod.  (17S6-99)  several  operettas  and  bal- 
lets, a  2nd  oratorio,  Le  sacrifice  de  Jefte,  a  sym- 
phony, and  minor  instrumental  pieces. 

Desmarets,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  1662  ;  d.  Lune- 
ville,  Sept.  7,  1741.  One  of  the  most  skilful 
musicians  during  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  he 
prod.  1693-1722  a  number  of  operas  famous  in 
their  day  ;  was  maestro  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain, 
and  afterwards  intendant  of  music  to  the  Duke 
of  Lorraine  at  Luneville. 

Despres.    See  Depres. 

Des'sauer,  Joseph,  b.  Prague,  May  28,  1798; 
d.  Modling,  n.  Vienna,  July  8,  1S76.  Pupil  of 
Tomaczek  (pf.)  and  Dionys  Weber  (comp.).  The 
melodious  beauty  of  his  songs  won  him  inter- 
national fame.  He  set  to  music  the  operas  Lid- 
winna  (Prague,  1836),  Ein  Besuch  in  Saint-Cyr 
(Dresden,  1S3S),  Paquita  (Vienna,  1851),  Do- 
mingo. (i860),  and  Oberon  (not  perf.)  ;  also  wrote 
overtures,  string-quartets,  pf.-pes.,  etc. 

Des'soff,  Felix  Otto,  b.  Leipzig,  Jan.  14, 
1S35  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Oct.  28,  1892.  Pu- 
pil of  Moscheles,  Hauptmann,  and  Rietz  in  Leip- 
zig Cons. ;  1854-60,  Kapellmeister  at  theatres 
in  Chemnitz,  Altenburg,  Uiisseldorf,  Aix,  and 
Magdeburg  ;  1860-75,  court  Kapellm.  at  Vienna, 
teacher  in  the  Cons.,  and  cond.  of  the  Philhar- 
monic. Court  Kapellm  at  Karlsruhe,  1875  ; 
theatre  Kapellm.  at  Frankfort,  1SS1. — Publ.  a 
pf. -quintet,  pf. -quartet,  and  sonatas  f.  pf. 

Destouches,  Andre- Cardinal,  opera-com- 
poser; b.  Paris,  1672;  d.  there  1749.  In  1697, 
though  untaught  as  to  theory,  he  brought  out  the 
opera  Isse\  which  was  very  successful.  Assidu- 
ous study  of  cpt.  seems  to  have  marred  the  origi- 
nality of  his  talent,  for  his  later  operas  found 
less  favor.  From  1713  he  was  superintendent  of 
the  king's  music,  and  inspector-general  at  the 
opera. 

Destouches,  Franz  Seraph  von,  b.  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  21,  1772  ;  d.  there  Dec.  10,  1844. 
From  1787-91  a  pupil  of  Haydn  in  Vienna  ;  in 
1797,  mus.  director  at  Erlangen  ;  in  1799,  leader 
of  the  Weimar  orch. ;  in  1S10,  prof,  of  theory  at 
Landshut  Univ.;  in  1826,  Kapellm.  at  Homburg  ; 
retired  to  Munich  in  1S42. — Works  :  An  opera, 
Die  Thomasnacht  (Munich,  1792)  ;  an  operetta, 
Das  Missverstandniss  (Weimar,  1S06);  a  comic 
opera,  Der  Teufel  und  der  Schneider  (Munich, 
1S43)  ;  incidental  music  to  Schiller's  Tell,  Jung- 
frau  von  Orleans,  Wallensteins  Lager,  Brant 
von  Messina  ;  Werner's  Wanda;  Kotzebue's  Die 
Hussiten  7(or  Naumburg;  etc.  Also  publ.  a  pf.- 
concerto  ;  sonatas,  fantasias,  variations  f.  pf.  ;  a 
pf.-trio,  etc. 

Desvignes,  Victor-Franc^ois,  b.  Trier,  June 
5,  1S05  ;  d.  Metz,  Dec.  30,  1853.  A  violinist; 
conductor  of  theatre  orchestras  in  the  French 
provinces  ;    after    serious    study    in     Paris,    he 


founded  a  conservatory  at  Metz  (1835),  which 
prospered  so  vigorously  that,  in  1841,  it  was 
made  a  branch  of  the  Paris  Cons. — Publ.  cham- 
ber-music, sacred  and  secular  choruses,  romances 
and  melodies  ;  left  in  MS.  2  operas,  a  symphony, 
9  overtures  f.  full  orch.,  a  Stabat  Mater  (perf. 
1833),  etc. 

Deswert',  Jules,  b.  Louvain,  Aug.  15,  1S43; 
d.  Ostend,  Feb.  24,  1891.  A  brilliant  'cellist; 
played  in  public  at  9,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Servais 
at  Brussels  Cons,  in  1856-8.  After  extended 
tours  in  eastern  Europe,  he  became  Coneert- 
meister  at  Dusseldorf  in  1S65  ;  first  'cello  at  Wei- 
mar in  1868  ;  royal  Coneertmeister,  solo  'cellist, 
and  prof,  at  the  Hochschule,  Berlin,  in  1869,  re- 
signing in  1873.  After  travelling  again,  he  set- 
tled in  Wiesbaden  ;  was  in  Leipzig  in  1881,  and 
in  18S8  was  app.  director  of  the  Ostend  Music- 
School,  and  prof,  at  the  Chent  and  Bruges  Cons. 
—  Works:  2  operas,  Die  Albigenser  (Wies- 
baden, 1S7S  ;  succ);  Graf  Hammerstein  (May- 
ence,  1SS4)  ;  a  symphony,  "  Nordseefahrt " ;  3 
'cello-concertos  ;  romances,  fantasias,  duos,  and 
solo  pes.  for  'cello  w.  pf.  or  orch. 

Deswert',  Jean-Gaspard-Isidore,  'cellist; 
b.  Louvain,  Belgium,  abt.  1830  ;  d.  (aged  66) 
Schaerbeck,  n.  Brussels,  Sept.  (?),  1S96.  Brother 
of  Jules.  Teacher  in  music-school,  Louvain  ; 
prof,  of  'cello  in  Brussels  Cons.;  solo-player  in 
orch.  of  the  Th.  de  la  Monnaie. 

Dett'mer,  Wilhelm,  bass  opera-singer  ;  b. 
Breinum,  n.  Hildesheim,  June  29,  1808.  The 
son  of  a  peasant,  he  studied  in  a  teachers'  semi- 
nary, but  left  it  to  join  a  wandering  troupe  of 
players  ;  sang  minor  roles  at  Hanover,  Bruns- 
wick, Breslau,  and  Kassel  ;  was  eng.  for  leading 
roles  at  Dresden  in  1842,  and  later  at  Frankfort  ; 
retired  1S74.  He  was  equally  at  home  in  comedy 
and  tragedy. 

Deutz.     See  Magnus. 

Devienne,  Frangois,  b.  Joinville,  Haute- 
Marne,  Jan.  31,  1759  ;  d.  in  the  insane  asylum 
at  Charenton,  Sept.  5,  1S03.  A  flutist  and  bas- 
soonist, member  of  the  band  of  the  Gardes 
Suisses,  bassoonist  at  the  Th.  de  Monsieur  (1788), 
and  prof,  at  the  Paris  Cons. ,  he  was  an  extraor- 
dinarily prolific  comp.,  of  peculiar  importance 
from  the  impulse  which  he  gave  to  perfecting 
the  technique  of  wind  -  instr.s. — Works:  Ten 
operas  ;  many  concerted  pieces  for  various  wind- 
instr.s  w.  orch.;  overtures  f.  wind;  concertos, 
quartets,  trios,  sonatas,  etc.,  f.  flute,  pf. ,  and 
other  instr.s  ;  "  Douze  suites  d'harmonies  a.  8  et 
12  parties  "  ;  very  numerous  romances,  chansons, 
etc.;  also  a  valuable  "  Methode  de  flute  "(Paris, 
1795),  which  went  through  several  editions. 

Dezede  (or  Dezaides),  b.  Lyons  (?),  abt. 
1740;  d.  Paris,  i7<)2.  Prolific  composer  of  op- 
eras and  operettas  ;  15.  of  from  1-3  acts  in  length, 
were  given  1772-96  at  the  Italiens  and  the 
Opera.  Blaise  et  Hale/  (17S3)  held  the  stage  for 
2  years.  He  wrote  with  unusual  correctness, 
and  his  melodies  were  pleasing. 


145 


DIABELLI— DIEMER 


Diabel'li,  Antonio,  b.  Mattsee,  n.  Salzburg, 
Sept.  6,  17S1  ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  8,  1858.  He 
was  a  choir-boy  in  the  monastery  at  Michael- 
beurn,  and  in  Salzburg  cath.;  studied  for  the 
priesthood  at  the  Munich  Latin  School,  but  con- 
tinued his  musical  work,  submitting  his  compo- 
sitions to  Michael  Haydn,  who  encouraged  him. 
On  the  secularization  of  the  Bavarian  monaster- 
ies, D.,  who  had  already  entered  that  at  Rai- 
chenhaslach,  embraced  the  career  of  a  musi- 
cian, went  to  Vienna  (where  Joseph  Haydn  re- 
ceived him  kindly),  taught  pf.  and  guitar  for  a 
living,  and  in  1S1S  became  a  partner  of  Cappi, 
the  music-publ.r,  assuming  control  of  the  firm 
(Diabelli  &  Co.)  in  1S24.  He  publ.  much  of 
Schubert's  music,  but  underpaid  the  composer, 
and  complained  that  he  wrote  too  much.  In 
1854  he  sold  out  to  C.  A.  Spina.  A  facile  com- 
poser, he  prod,  an  opera,  Adam  in  der  Klemme 
(Vienna,  1809  ;  one  performance),  masses,  can- 
tatas, chamber-music,  etc.,  which  are  consigned 
to  oblivion  ;  his  sonatinas,  easy  pes.,  and  duets 
f.  pf.,  are  still  favorites  for  beginners. 

Diaz  (de  la  Pena),  Eugene-(Emile),  son  of 
the  celebrated  painter  ;  b.  Paris,  Feb.  27,  1837. 
Dramatic  composer  ;  pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (Ha- 
levy,  Reber)  1852-8.  Produced  the  comic  opera 
Le  roi  de  Candaule  at  the  Th.-Lyrique,  1865  ; 
won  the  government  prize,  1867,  for  the  3-act 
opera  La  coupe  du  roi  de  Thule  (Grand  Opera) ; 
and  brought  out  the  4-act  lyric  drama  Benvenuto 
at  the  Op. -Com.  (1890).  bias  also  published  nu- 
merous songs. 

Dibdin,  Charles,  b.  Dibden,  n.  Southampton 
(bapt.  Mar.  4),  1745  ;  d.  London,  July  25,  1814. 
He  was  sent  to  Winchester  College  to  study  for 
the  Church,  but  his  passion  for  music  carried  the 
day  ;  he  sang  with  the  choristers,  took  lessons  of 
Kent  and  Fussel,  and  at  15  went  to  London,  was 
eng.  at  Covent  Garden  as  a  singing  actor,  and 
soon  began  to  write  for  the  stage.  His  first 
piece,  The  Shepherd's  Artifice,  was  prod,  in 
1763.  He  was  eng.  at  Birmingham,  1763-5, 
and  at  Covent  Garden  again  till  1768,  when  he 
went  over  to  Drury  Lane.  Falling  out  with 
Garrick,  he  spent  some  months  of  1776  in 
France  ;  was  then  app.  comp.  to  Covent  Garden, 
having  up  to  that  time  brought  out  8  operas, 
etc.  After  the  failure  of  certain  theatrical  en- 
terprises, and  of  a  projected  journey  to  Egypt, 
he  commenced  a  series  of  monodramatic  table- 
entertainments,  of  which  song  was  a  principal 
feature,  and  which  were  extremely  popular  from 
1789  to  1805  ;  in  these  Dibdin  appeared  as  au- 
thor, composer,  narrator,  singer,  and  accompan- 
ist. He  retired  in  1805  on  a  pension,  which 
was  withdrawn  for  a  time,  but  subsequently  re- 
stored. A  complete  list  of  some  70  stage -pieces, 
with  or  without  music,  and  30  "  table-entertain- 
ments," may  be  found  in  Grove.  He  is  best 
known  as  the  composer  of  most  of  the  fine  old 
sea-songs  so  popular  100  years  ago.  He  publ.  a 
"  History  of  the  English  Stage"  (1795,  5  vol.s), 
and  his  "  Professional  Life"  (1803,  4  vol.s). 


Dick,  Charles  George  Cotsford,  b.  Lon- 
don, Sept.  1,  1846;  st.  at  Worcester  Coll.,  Ox- 
ford ;  was  intended  for  the  bar,  but  gave  up  law 
for  music.  He  has  produced  several  successful 
operettas  :  Our  Doll's  House  (1876),  Our  New 
Doll's  House  (1877),  Back  from  India  (1879), 
the  comic  opera  Doctor  D.  (1885),  and  The 
Baroness  (1892);  also  a  "children's  opera"; 
has  publ.  a  number  of  songs,  and  many 
sprightly  pf.-pes. 

Diderot,  Denis,  b.  Langres,  Oct.  5,  1713  ;  d. 
Paris,  July  30,  1784.  Projector  and  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  "  Encyclopedic"  In  his  work, 
"  Memoires  sur  differents  sujets  de  mathema- 
tique  "  (The  Hague,  1748),  are  the  essays  "  Des 
principesd'acoustique,"  and  "  Projet  d'unnouvel 
orgue,"  the  latter  being  an  impracticable  idea  for 
a  new  kind  of  barrel-organ. 

Did'ymus,  a  grammarian  of  Alexandria  ;  b. 
63  B.  c,  a  prolific  author,  the  number  of  whose 
works  was  estimated  by  Seneca  at  4,000  ;  wrote 
a  (lost)  treatise  on  harmony,  now  known  only  by 
an  epitome  made  by  Porphyry,  and  some  quota- 
tions by  Ptolemy.  In  his  system,  the  octave  of 
the  diatonic  genus  was  formed  by  two  precisely 
similar  tetrachords  ;  and  in  all  3  species  of  tetra- 
chord  (diat.,  chrom.,  and  enharm.),  the  interval 
of  a  major  third  is  adhered  to.  He  likewise 
recognized  the  difference  between  the  major  and 
minor  whole  tone  ;  this  difference  (f  :  x§-  —  81  : 
80)  is,  therefore,  rightly  termed  the  "  comma  of 
Didymus."  Salinas  and  Doni  have  written  on 
D.'s  musical  system. 

Diehl  [del],  Louis,  born  Mannheim,  1838. 
Lives  as  a  teacher  in  London,  where  he  mar- 
ried, in  1863,  the  pianist  and  authoress  Miss 
Alice  Mangold.  He  has  publ.  quite  a  number 
of  well-liked  songs. 

Diem  [dem],  Joseph,  remarkable  'cello-vir- 
tuoso ;  b.  in  1S36  at  Kellmlinz,  near  Memmin- 
gen  ;  d.  Constance,  Jan.  1,  1894.  A  peasant's 
son,  from  his  poor  pittance  for  tending  cattle  he 
saved  enough  to  buy  a  flute,  and  later  a  violin, 
which  he  practised  at  night  and  Sundays.  After 
travelling  with  a  troupe  of  wandering  musicians, 
he  took  up  the  'cello  at  the  age  of  25,  studying 
in  the  Munich  Conserv.,  and  at  Weimar  under 
Cossmann.  In  1S66,  app.  prof,  at  Moscow 
Conserv. ;  made  annual  concert-tours  through 
Europe,  and  in  1872  to  America. 

Diemer,  Louis,  distinguished  pianist  ;  born 
Paris,  Feb.  14,  1S43.  Pupil  of  Marmontel  at 
the  Cons.,  taking  1st  pf. -prize  in  1856  ;  also  of 
Ambr.  Thomas  and  Bazin  for  comp.,  taking  1st 
harm,  prize,  2nd  org.  prize,  and  1st  prize  f.  cpt. 
and  fugue.  Played  with  great  success  at  the 
Alard,  Pasdeloup,  and  Cons,  concerts  ;  suc- 
ceeded Marmontel  (1SS7)  as  pf. -prof,  at  Cons.; 
Chev.  of  Legion  of  Honor  in  1889.  Widor, 
Saint-Saens,  Lalo,  and  others  have  written 
pieces  for  him  which  he  has  played  at  the  Co- 
lonne  and   Lamoureux  Concerts. — Works  :   Pf.- 


146 


DIENEL— DIRUTA 


concerto  ;  septuor  f.  pf.  and  wind  ;  characteristic 
pes.  f.  pf . ;  and  a  variety  of  chamber-mus.  and 
pf .  -compositions. 

Die'nel,  Otto,  b.  Tiefenfurth,  Silesia,  Jan. 
ii,  1S39  '<  pupil  of  the  Gorlitz  Gymnasium,  and 
the  Bunzlau  Seminary  ;  studied  music  in  Berlin 
at  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music,  and  R.  Acad- 
emy. Teacher  of  music  ;  org.  at  the  Marien- 
kirche,  Berlin.  In  1S81  he  received  the  title  of 
Royal  Musikdirector. 

Die'ner,  Franz,  dramatic  tenor  ;  b.  Dessau, 
Feb.  19,  1849  ;  d.  there  May  15,  1879.  Violin- 
ist in  the  court  orch.,  Dessau,  then  at  the  Lui- 
senstadt  Th.,  Berlin,  where  he  made  his  debut 
as  a  singer.  Leading  tenor  at  Cologne  (1872-3), 
Berlin,  Nuremberg,  at  Cologne  again  (1S76), 
Hamburg,  and  Dresden  (1878). 

Di'es,  Albert  Karl,  b.  Hanover,  1755  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Dec.  28,  1832. — Publ.  "  Biographische 
Nachrichten  von  Joseph  Haydn  "  (Vienna, 
1810).      D.  was  a  good  landscape-painter. 

Diet,  Edmond-Marie,  b.  Paris,  Sept.  25, 
1854.  Pupil  of  Cesar  Franck,  and  Guiraud. 
Dramatic  comp. ;  officer  of  the  Academy. — Has 
produced  the  operas  Stratonice  (1887),  Le  cousin 
Placide  (1887),  and  Fleur  de  veriu  (1894)  ;  also 
ballets  and  pantomimes  (Scientia,  1889  ;  La 
greve ;  Masque  rose ;  M.  Rity-Blas,  1894;  La 
Belle  et  la  Bete,  1895  ;  V  Araignde  d'or,  1896  ; 
Rive  de  Noel,  1S96),  and  the  3-act  operetta  Gen- 
til  Crampon  (Paris,  1897)  ;  besides  songs,  and 
church-music. 

Die'ter  (or  Diet'ter),  Christian    Ludwig, 

b.  Ludwigsburg,  June  13,  1757  ;  d.  Stuttgart, 
1S22.  A  court  musician  (Kammermusiker)  at 
Stuttgart,  he  prod,  there  a  grand  opera,  Laura 
Rose/ti,  2  comic  operas,  Belmont  und  Constanze 
and  Des  Teitfels  Lustschloss,  and  8  vaudevilles 
("  Liederspiele  ").  He  left  in  MS.  concertos  f. 
vln.,  horn,  flute,  oboe  and  bassoon  ;  also  solos 
f.  vln.,  concerted  pes.  f.  flutes,  and  for  oboes, 
etc. 

Diet'ger.     See  Theogerus. 

Die'trich  (or  Dieterich),  Sixtus,  b.  Augs- 
burg (?),  1490-1495  ;  d.  St.  Gallen,  Switzerland, 
1548.  A  schoolmaster  at  Constance  in  1518,  he 
was  without  mus.  training,  though  naturally 
talented  ;  in  1540,  being  in  easier  circumstances, 
he  studied  in  Wittenberg.  A  book  of  magnifi- 
cats (1535),  and  2  coll.s  of  intiphones  a  4  (1541 
and  1545),  were  publ.  separately  ;  motets,  songs, 
etc.,  are  scattered  through  various  German  col- 
lections printed  153S-45. 

Die'trich,  Albert  Hermann,  composer  ;  b. 
Golk,  n.  Meissen,  Aug.  28,  1829.  Pupil  of  J. 
Otto  in  Dresden,  and  Moscheles  and  Rietz  at 
Leipzig  (1847-51)  ;  st.  w.  R.  Schumann  at  Dlis- 
seldorf,  185 1-4.  From  1855-61,  concert-con- 
ductor, and  from  1859  municipal  mus.  director, 
at  Bonn  ;  from    1861,  court  Kapellm.   at  Olden- 


burg, succeeding  Pott  ;  was  living  in  Leipzig  in 
1S94.  He  was  one  of  Schumann's  best  pupils, 
and  his  comp.s  rank  high  among  contempo- 
rary productions. — Works  :  Incidental  music  to 
Imogen  (Shakespeare's  "  Cymbeline  "),  Dresden, 
1S91  ;  a  successful  3-act  romantic  opera,  Robin 
Hood  (Frankfort,  1879)  ;  a  fine  symphony  in  D 
min.;  overture  for  orch.,  "  Normannenfahrt  "; 
cantatas  w.  orch.  "  Morgenhymne,"  "  Rhein- 
morgen,"  "Altchristlicher  Bittgesang  ";  a 'cello- 
concerto,  a  vln. -concerto,  romance  f.  horn  w. 
orch.,  chamber-music  (pf. -trios),  pf.-pes. ;  cho- 
ruses, duets,  songs. 

Dietter.     See  Dieter. 

Dietz,  Johann  Christian,  b.  Darmstadt, 
17S8  ;  d.  in  Holland,  abt.  1S45.  Instrument- 
maker  at  Emmerich-on-Rhine  ;  inventor  of  the 
Melodeon  (1805),  the  Claviharpe  (1814),  and  the 
Trochleon  (1S12).  He  lived  for  many  years  in 
Paris. — His  son  Christian  aided  him  in  his  work, 
and  himself  invented  the  Polyplectron.  He  was 
estab.  in  Paris  as  a  piano-maker,  and  his  instr.s 
were  celebrated. 

Dieupart,  Charles,  skilful  French  violinist 
and  harpsichordist,  went  to  London  in  1707,  was 
maestro  al  cembalo,  for  several  years,  of  Handel's 
operas,  and  d.  in  London  abt.  1740,  almost  des- 
titute. Publ.  "  6  suites  de  clavecin  .  .  .  com- 
posees  et  mises  en  concert  pour  un  violon  et  une 
flute,  avec  basse  de  viole  et  un  archiluth  "  (Lon- 
don) ;  and  "  Six  ouvertures  pour  clavecin,  avec 
violon  et  basse  continue  "  (Amsterdam). 

Diez,  Sophie  [nee  Hartmann),  b.  Munich, 
Sept.  1,  1820  ;  d.  there  May  3,  18S7.  Pupil  of 
Franz  Lachner  ;  eng.  for  leading  soprano  roles 
at  the  Munich  court  opera,  1837-78.  In  1841 
she  married  Friedrich  Diez  [from  1837-49  tenor 
at  the  opera  ;  d.  1S92]  ;  she  retired  in  1878. 

DilTiger,  Johann,  b.  Eisfeld,  1590  ;  cantor 
and  deacon  at  Koburg,  where  he  died  in  1647. 
— Publ.  "  Prodromi  triciniorum  sacrorum " 
(1612)  ;  "  Medulla  ex  Psalmo  6S  deprompta  et 
harmonica  6  voc.  composita  "  (1614)  ;  "  Exerci- 
tatio  musica  I,  continens  XIII  selectissimos 
concentus  musicos  variorum  autorum,  cum  basso 
generali,  etc."  (1624) ;  "  Trauerlied  auf  den  Tod 
eines  Kindes  "  a  4(1626);  "  Disce  mori,  etc." 
(1628)  ;  "  Gesprach  D.  Lutheri  und  eines 
kranken  Studiosi  "  a  4  ;  "  Musica  votiva,  etc." 
(1629) ;  "  Musica  Christiana  cordialis  domestica  " 
(1630)  ;  "  Musica  concertativa,  oder  Schatz- 
kammerlein  neuer  geistlichen  auserlesenen  Con- 
certe  "  a  1-12  (1632)  ;  "  Jeremias  poenitentia- 
rius  "  (1640)  ;  and  other  works. 

Ding'elstedt,  Jenny  (nee  Lutzer  [wife  of 
the  poet  Franz  D.]),  b.  Prague,  Mar.  4,  1816  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Oct.  3,  1877.  A  very  brilliant  colo- 
ratura singer,  eng.  (1832)  at  Prague,  then  (1835- 
45)  at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  Vienna.  She 
married  in  1843. 

Diru'ta,  Girolamo,  b.  Perugia,  abt.  1560; 
d.   (?).     Organist,    pupil  of  Claudio   Merulo  in 


*47 


DIRUTA— D'lVRY 


Venice,  who  mentions  the  fact  with  pride  in  the 
preface  to  his  "  Canzoni  a  la  francese  in  tavo- 
latura  "  (1598).  In  15S0,  I),  was  in  the  Minor- 
ite monastery  at  Correggio  ;  1593  till  after 
1609,  org.  in  the  cath.  at  Gubbio  (Papal  States)  ; 
then  at  Chioggia.  —  Publ.  "  II  Transilvano,  odia- 
logo  sopra  il  vero  modo  di  sonar  organi  e  stro- 
menti  da  penna";  Part  I  (Venice,  1593,  2nd 
ed.  1612)  ;  Part  II  (Venice,  1609  and  1622)  has  4 
books;  Bk.  1  with  the  special  title  "Sopra  il 
vero  modo  di  intavolare  ciasched.un  canto  ";  Bk. 
2  on  cpt.,  Bk.  3  on  the  church-modes,  and  Bk. 
4  on  organ-registration. 

Diru'ta,  Agostino,  Augustine  monk  ;  b. 
Perugia,  was  in  1622  m.  di  capp.  at  Asola,  and 
later  at  the  monastery  of  his  order  in  Rome  ;  in 
1646  he  was  in  Perugia  as  chorusmaster. — Publ. 
masses,  litanies,  vespers,  etc.  (1622-47). 

Distin,  John,  inventor  of  the  key-bugle,  was 
an  Engl,  trumpeter  (b.  1793,  d.  1863).  He 
played  in  H.  M.'s  Theatre,  and  in  the  private 
band  of  George  IV.  In  1833  he  formed  a  quin- 
tet-party of  members  of  his  family,  and  travelled 
in  England  and  on  the  Continent,  playing  before 
many  crowned  heads. — His  son, 

Distin, Theodore,  singer,  teacher,  and  comp. ; 
b.  Brighton,  Eng. ,  1S23  ;  d.  London,  Apr.  12, 
1893.  Played  the  French  horn  in  his  father's 
band,  with  which  he  travelled  on  the  Continent 
1836-44.  Vocal  pupil  of  Negri  and  F.  Cook. 
Baritone  singer  in  Pyne  and  Harrison's  troupe, 
and  bass  singer  in  Benchers'  Chapel,  Lincoln's 
Inn.  An  Associate  Member  of  R.  A.  M.  His 
masses  and  motets  are  sung  in  the  principal 
Engl,  churches  ;  he  also  publ.  services,  glees, 
songs,  etc. 

Ditson,  Oliver,  founder  of  the  music-pub- 
lishing firm  of  O.  Ditson  &  Co.  at  Boston, 
Mass.;  b.  Oct.  30,  1811  ;  d.  Dec.  21,  1S88.  In 
1832  he  became  a  partner  of  G.  II.  Parker,  his 
employer,  under  the  firm-name  Parker  &  Dit- 
son ;  carried  on  business  in  his  own  name  1845- 
57,  when  'J-  C.  Ilaynes  joined  the  firm,  then 
changed  to  O.  Ditson  &  Co.  His  eldest  son, 
Charles,  took  charge  of  the  N.  Y.  branch  (Ch. 
.H.  Ditson  &  Co.)  in  1S67.  Since  1S75  J. 
Edward  PMtson  has  conducted  the  Phil.a  branch 
(J.  E.  D.  &  Co.).  A  branch  for  the  importation 
and  sale  of  instr.s,  etc.,  was  est.  at  Boston  in 
1S60  as  John  C.  Haynes  &  Co.;  and  since  1864 
a  Chicago  branch,  Lyon  &  Healy,  has  been  in 
business. 

Dit'ters  (von  Dit'tersdorf),  Karl,  eminent 
both  as  a  violinist  and  comp.;  b.  Vienna,  Nov. 
2,  1739  ;  d.  at  Castle  Rothlhotta,  n.  Neuhaus, 
Bohemia,  Oct.  24,  1799.  At  first  taught  by 
Konig  and  Ziegler,  he  became  a  favorite  of 
Prince  Joseph  of  Ilildburghausen,  who  had  him 
thoroughly  trained  by  Trani  (vln.)  and  Bono 
(comp.).  lie  played  in  the  prince's  orch.  till  its 
dissolution  in  1759,  and  then  in  the  court  theatre 
at  Vienna;  accomp.  Gluck  on  his  Italian  journey 


(1761),  winning  great  fame  as  a  violinist,  and, 
on  his  return  to  Vienna,  defeating  the  renowned 
Lolli.  As  Kapellm.  (1764-9)  to  the  Bishop  of 
Gross- Wardein,  Hungary  (succeeding  Michael 
Haydn),  he  composed  industriously  (his  first 
opera,  Amore  in  musica,  1767;  various  oratorios, 
and  much  orchestral  and  chamber-music).  After 
travelling  for  a  short  time,  he  was  app.  Kapellm. 
to  the  Prince-bishop  of  Breslau,  Count  von 
Schaffgotsch,  at  Johannisberg  in  Silesia,  where 
he  had  a  small  theatre  built,  for  which  he  wrote 
several  pieces  ;  though  his  best  operas  (Doctor 
it  ml  Apotheker,  Beirug  durch  Aberglauben, 
Licbc  im  Narrenhaus,  Hieronymus  JCnicker, 
and  Rotkappclicii)  were  composed  during  visits 
to  Vienna.  In  1770  the  Pope  bestowed  on  D. 
the  Order  of  the  Golden  Spur  ;  in  1773  he  was 
ennobled  by  the  Emperor  ("von  Dittersdorf  "). 
On  the  decease  of  the  Prince-bishop  (1795),  D., 
who  had  been  very  prodigal  of  his  means  while 
at  the  zenith  of  his  popularity,  lived  on  a  small 
pension,  in  straitened  circumstances,  until  a 
friend,  Baron  von  Stillfried,  took  him  into  his 
castle,  Rothlhotta.  Of  his  28  operas  only  one, 
Doctor  und  Apotheker  (Vienna,  17861,  still  sur- 
vives ;  despite  the  vein  of  jovial  humor,  bright 
and  fluent  melody,  and  easy  and  correct  style, 
they  were  eclipsed  by  Mozart's  genius.  Yet  D. 
may  well  be  regarded  as  a  worthy  precursor  of 
Mozart  in  national  dramatic  composition.  Be- 
sides, this  prolific  author  wrote  several  oratorios 
and  cantatas  ;  12  symphonies  f.  orch.  on  Ovid's 
"Metamorphoses"  (Vienna,  1785) — [of  these 
12,  only  6  are  now  extant,  and  have  just  been 
republ.  (Aug.,  1899)  by  Reinecke  Bros.,  Leipzig  ; 
they  include  "  The  4  ages  of  the  world,"  "  The 
downfall  of  Phaeton,"  "  Actaeon's  transforma- 
tion to  a  deer,"  "Andromeda's  rescue  by  Per- 
seus," "The  Frogs,"  and  "  Phineus  with  his 
friends  in  the  mountains,"  and  are  remarkable 
specimens  of  early  "program-music."  The 
same  firm  also  republishes  2  other  symphonies  ; 
the  overture  to  "Esther"  (oratorio);  a  short 
ballet;  and  the  Divertimento  "  II  combattimento 
dell'umane  passioni"]; — 41  MS.  symphonies;  a 
"Concerto  grosso "  f.  11  concerted  instr.s  w. 
orch.;  12  vln. -concertos  ;  numerous  string- 
quartets  (the  best  were  edited  by  the  M tiller 
brothers,  and  publ.)  ;  12  divertissements  f.  2 
vlns.  and  'cello;  12  4-hand  sonatas  f.  pf . ;  72 
preludes  f.  pf. ;  etc. — Also  an  essay:  "  Brief  e 
iiber  Behandlung  italienischer  Texle  bei  der 
Composition"  (Leipzig,  "Allgem.  musikal.  Zei- 
tung,"  1799),  and  his  Autobiography  (Leipzig, 
1801  ;  edited  by  Spazier). 

Di'vitis,  Antonius  (real  name,  Antoine  le 
Riche),  celebrated  French  contrapuntist  early 
in  the  16th  century,  chapel-singer  to  Louis  XII. 
— Motets  and  chansons  are  scattered  in  collec- 
tions, e.  g.  "  Mottetti  de  la  corona"  (1514),  and 
others  printed  by  Rhaw,  Attaignant,  etc.  At 
Cambrai  is  a  MS.  mass;  at  Munich,  a  Credo 
and  a  Salve  Regina  a  5. 

DTvry.     See  Ivry. 


148 


DIZI— DONATI 


Dizi,  Francois -Joseph,  famous  self-taught 
harpist;  b.  Namur,  France,  Jan.  14,  17S0  ;  d. 
Paris,  Nov.,  1S47.  He  set  out  for  London 
when  only  16  ;  Tost  his  harp  on  the  way,  but 
went  on  without  it,  and  introduced  himself  to 
Erard,  who  gave  him  a  harp,  and  obtained  pu- 
pils for  him.  Besides  winning  fame  as  a  con- 
cert-player, and  as  a  harpist  at  the  principal 
theatres,  he  invented  the  "  perpendicular  harp" 
(which  was  unsuccessful),  and  composed  so- 
natas, romances,  variations,  studies,  etc.,  for 
harp  ;  also  publ.  an  "  Ecole  de  Ilarpe,  being  a 
Complete  Treatise  on  the  Harp"  (London, 
1827).  In  1S30  he  went  to  Paris,  and  estab- 
lished a  harp-factory  with  Tleyel,  which  did  not 
do  well.  Here  he  was  app.  harp-teacher  to  the 
Royal  princesses. 

Dla'bacz,  Gottfried  Johann,  b.  Bohmisch- 
Brod,  Bohemia,  July  17,  175S  ;  d.  Prague,  Feb. 
4,  1820,  where  he  was  librarian  and  choirmaster 
of  the  Premonstratensian  monastery.  —  Publ. 
"  Allgemeines  historisches  Kunstlerlexikon  fiir 
Bohmen  (3  vol.s,  1815-1S),  and  contributed  sev- 
eral articles  for  Rigger's  "  Statistik  von  Boh- 
men." 

Dob'ber,  Johannes.     See  Doebber. 

Dobrzyn'ski,  Ignacy  Felix,  pianist ;  born 
Romanoff,  Volhynia,  Feb.  25,  1807  ;  d.  War- 
saw, Oct.  18,  1867.  Son  of  the  violinist  J.  Do- 
brzynski  [1777-1841]  ;  taught  by  his  father,  then 
by  Eisner,  being  a  fellow-pupil  and  fast  friend 
of  Chopin  ;  on  subsequent  pianistic  tours  (1S45-6) 
to  Leipzig,  Dresden,  and  Berlin,  he  had  great 
success.  For  a  time  he  conducted  the  opera  in 
Warsaw,  where  he  finally  settled. — Works :  2 
operas,  Die  Flibustier  (Warsaw,  1861),  and 
Monbar  (not  perf.)  ;  symphony  in  C  min. ;  1 
string-sextet,  2  string-quintets,  3  string-quartets  ; 
1  pf.-trio  ;  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  a  nocturne 
f.  pf.  and  vln.,  "  Les  Larmes";  mazurkas  and 
nocturnes  f .  pf. ;  songs  (the  ' '  local  color  "  of  the 
"Village  Melodies"  [Pies'ni  Sie/skie]  is  espe- 
cially praised). 

Doeb'ber,  Johannes,  born  Berlin,  Mar.  28, 
1866.  Pupil  in  Stern  Cons,  of  R.  Radecke 
(comp.),  L.  Bussler  (cpt.  and  comp.),  and  C. 
Agghazy  (pf.).  Taught  the  1st  pf. -class  in  Kul- 
lak's  Cons.;  then  became  Kapelbn.  at  Kroll's 
Th.  under  Dir.  Engel,  Jr.;  at  Darmstadt  Court 
Th. ;  and,  since  1895,  is  Kapellm.  at  the  Court 
Th.  in  Coburg-Gotha,  and  tutor  in  music  to 
Princess  Beatrice. — Dramatic  works  :  A  i-act 
comic  opera,  Die  Sirassensangerin  (Gotha, 
1890;  succ);  3-act  opera  Der  Schmied  von 
Gretna-Green  (Berlin,  1893  ;  mod.  succ.)  ;  i-act 
burlesque  opera  Dolceita  (Brandenburg,  1894)  ; 
i-act  opera  Die  Rose  von  Genzano  (Gotha, 
1895  ;  succ.)  ;  3-act  opera  Die  Grille  (Leipzig, 
1897;  succ);  also  abt.  20  pf.-pes.;  over  60 
songs  ;  and  quartets,   duets,  arrangements,   etc. 

Doh'ler,  Theodor,  pianist  and  comp.;  born 
Naples,  Apr.    20,    1814  ;  d.   Florence,   Feb.   21, 


1856.  A  pupil  of  Julius  Benedict  at  Naples, 
and  of  Czerny  (pf.)  and  Sechter  (comp.)  at  Vi- 
enna. In  1831  he  became  pianist  to  the  Duke 
of  Lucca,  lived  for  a  time  in  Naples,  made  bril- 
liant pianistic  tours  from  1836-46  to  Germany, 
Italy,  Paris  ('38),  London  and  Holland  ('39), 
and  again  to  Italy,  Holland,  Belgium  ;  after  2 
years'  sojourn  in  Lucca  he  went  to  Copenhagen 
in  1843,  thence  to  Russia,  and  in  1846  to  Paris  ; 
settling  in  Florence  in  1848.  In  1846  the  Duke, 
his  patron,  ennobled  him,  and  he  married  a  Rus- 
sian Countess. — Works  :  A  posthumous  opera 
Tancreda  (Florence,  1880 ;  quite  successful)  ; 
many  pf.-pes.  (concertos,  op.  7  ;  nocturnes  ; 
tarantellas  ;  12  Etudes  de  concert,  op.  30  ;  50 
Etudes  de  salon,  op.  42  ;  variations,  fantasias, 
transcriptions,  etc.).  His  salon-music  is  elegant 
and  showy. 

Do'les,  Johann  Friedrich,  born  Steinbach, 
Saxe-Meiningen,  Apr.  23,  1715  ;  d.  Leipzig, 
Feb.  8,  1797  [correct  date].  Church-composer; 
a  pupil,  but  not  a  disciple,  of  J.  S.  Bach.  He 
was  app.  cantor  at  Freiberg,  Saxony,  in  1744  ; 
in  1756  he  succeeded  G.  Harrer  as  cantor  and 
musical  director  of  the  Thomasschule,  Leipzig, 
resigning  in  1789.  Works:  A  treatise,  "An- 
fangsgrunde  zum  Singen,"  and  very  numerous 
church-compositions,  mostly  written  in  an  easy 
and  popular  style. 

Dom  Be'dos.     See  Bedos  de  Celles. 

Dominice'ti,  Cesare,  b.  Desenzano,  Lago 
di  Garda,  July  12,  1821  ;  d.  Sesto  di  Monza, 
June  20,  1888.  Opera-composer  ;  studied  in 
Milan,  where  all  his  operas  were  brought  out  ; 
lived  for  a  long  time  in  Bolivia,  made  a  fortune 
there,  and,  some  years  after  his  return  to  Italy, 
was  app.  prof,  of  comp.  at  Milan  Cons. — 
Operas  :  /  belli  usi  di  citta  ('41),  Due  mogli  in 
2t)ia  ('53),  La  maschera  ('54),  Morovico  ('73),  II 
lago  de  lie  fate  ('78),  and  Uereditiera  (1881). 

Dom'mer,  Arrey  von,  writer  and  critic  ;  b. 
Danzig,  Feb.  9,  182S.  A  theological  student, 
he  turned  to  music,  and  in  1851  became  the 
pupil  of  Richter  and  Lobe  (comp.),  and  Schal- 
lenberg  (org.)  at  Leipzig.  He  taught  music  at 
Leipzig,  and  went  to  Hamburg  in  1S63,  where 
he  has  since  resided  as  a  lecturer,  music  critic  to 
the  "Correspondent,"  and  (1873-89)  secretary 
in  the  Hamburg  town  library.  In  1892,  Dr. 
phil.  /ion.  caitsa  (Marburg  Univ.) — Writings  : 
"  Elemente  der  Musik  "  (1862)  ;  "  Musikalisches 
Lexikon"  (1865;  a  revised  ed.  of  Koch's); 
"  Handbuch  der  Musikgeschichte  "  (1867  ;  2nd 
ed.,  1878).  Also  publ.  an  8-part  psalm  a  eap- 
pella,  and  a  4-part  arr.  of  melodies  by  J.  W. 
Franck. 

Dona'ti,  Baldassaro,  famous  comp.  of  mo- 
tets and  madrigals  ;  b.  Venice,  (date  ?)  ;  d. 
there  1603.  He  was  choirmaster  of  the  so- 
called  "small  choir"  at  San  Marco,  Venice, 
1562-5,  when  it  was  disbanded,  and  he  became 
a  simple  chorister  ;  in  1590  he  succeeded  Zar- 


149 


DON  ATT— DONIZETTI 


lino  as  maestro. — Extant  works:  "Canzonette 
villanesche  alia  napoletana "  (1551  and  1555); 
several  books  of  madrigals  a  4-6  (1559-68)  ; 
and  one  vol.  of  motets  a  5-8  (1569). 

Dona'ti,  Ignazio,  composer  of  the  Lombard 
school  ;  b.  Casalmaggiore,  n.  Cremona,  towards 
end  of  16th  cent.  In  1619  he  was  m.  di  capp. 
in  the  Accademia  di  S.  Spirito,  Ferrara  ;  from 
1633,  maestro  in  Milan  cath. — Publ.  1  vol.  of 
motets  a  1-5  (1612) ;  2  vols  of  "  Concert! 
ecclesiastici "  a  2-5  (1617,  1619)  ;  2  vol.s  of 
masses  a  4-6(1618);  "  Le  Fanfalage  "  (madri- 
gals a  3-5)  ;  2  vol.s  of  "  Mottetti  concertati  "  a 
5-6  (1626,  1627)  ;  1  vol.  of  motets  f.  vocal  solo 
with  continuo(i628)  ;  and  "  Salmi  boscherecci  " 
a  6  (1629). 

Done,  William,  English  organist,  cond.,  and 
chorus-trainer;  b.  Worcester,  1815  ;  d.  there 
Aug.  17,  1895.  Choir-boy  of  W.  cathedral, 
1825,  under  organist  Clarke  ;  1839,  asst.-org.; 
1844,  1st  org.,  succeeding  Clarke,  and  conduct- 
or of  Wore.  Mus.  Festivals.  1894,  Mus.  Doc, 
Cantab.,  hon.  causa. — A  fine  organist,  he  insti- 
tuted needed  reforms  in  the  cathedral  service. 

Do'ni,  Antonio  Francesco,  writer ;  born 
Florence,  1519  ;  d.  Monselice,  n.  Padua,  in 
Sept.,  1574.  For  several  years  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Servite  fraternity  in  Florence  ;  after  leav- 
ing it  in  1539,  he  led  a  wandering  life  as  a  lay- 
priest. — Publ.  a  "Dialogue  on  Music"  (in 
Lat.,  1534;  in  Ital.,  1541,  etc.),  and  a  "  Libre- 
ria  "  (Venice,  1550,  '51,  '60),  containing  a  de- 
scription of  all  published  or  MS.  musical  books 
in  Italian,  known  at  the  time. 

Do'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  a  Florentine 
nobleman  ;  born  1593,  d.  Dec.  1,  1647.  He 
studied  literature  and  philosophy  at  Bologna 
and  Rome  ;  from  1613-18  he  was  a  law-student 
at  Bourges,  France,  and  took  his  degree  at  Pisa. 
In  1621  he  accomp.  Cardinal  Corsini  to  Paris, 
where  he  zealously  prosecuted  his  literary  and 
antiquarian  studies  ;  went  to  Rome  in  1622,  at 
the  invitation  of  Cardinal  Barberini,  who  was 
passionately  fond  of  music,  and  with  whom  he 
travelled.  In  the  intervals  of  his  profound  study 
of  ancient  music,  he  found  time  to  construct  the 
Lyra  Barberina  or  Amphichard,  a  species  of 
double  lyre,  which  he  dedicated  to  Pope  Urban 
VIII.  Recalled  to  Florence  in  1640,  by  deaths 
in  his  family,  he  settled  there,  married  next 
year,  and  accepted  a  professorship  of  elocution, 
offered  him  by  the  Grand  Duke. — Writings  : 
"  Compendio  del  trattato  dei  generi  e  modi  della 
musica  "  (Rome,  1635)  ;  "  Annotazioni  "  on  the 
above  (Rome,  1640)  ;  "  De  praestantia  musicae 
veteris  libri  tres  ..."  (Florence,  1647)  ;  and 
several  minor  essays  in  MS. 

Donizet'ti,  Gaetano,  one  of  the  brilliant  tri- 
umvirate (D.,  Rossini,  and  Bellini)  of  Italian 
opera-composers  in  the  first  half  of  the  19th  cen- 
tury, was  b.  at  Bergamo,  Nov.  29,  1797  [other 
dates  are  given];  d.   there  April  8,  1S4S.      His 


father,  a  weaver  by  trade,  later  obtained  a  posi- 
tion in  the  local  monte  di  pieta,  and  desired  that 
his  son  should  become  a  lawyer.      But  D.'s  incli- 
nations were  towards  art;   besides  being  strongly 
attracted  to  music,  he  studied  architecture,  draw- 
ing, and   literature.      His   father   finally  allowed 
him   to  enter  the  Bergamo  school  of    music  ;  his 
teachers  were  Salari  (voice),  Gonzales   (pf.   and 
accomp.),   and  J.  S.  Mayr  (harm.).      In  1815  he 
changed  to  the  Bologna  Liceo  Filarmonico,  here 
completing  his  contrapuntal  studies  under  Pilotti 
and    Padre    Mattei,  to  whom    Mayr  had    recom- 
mended  him.      His  father   now   insisted  on    his 
becoming  a   teacher,  while    D.    himself    felt   an 
irresistible   bent  for 
dramatic      composi- 
tion.     To  end    this 
conflict,     he    joined 
the  army  ;  his  regi- 
ment was  ordered  to 
Venice  ;    and    here, 
in  leisure  moments, 
he  composed  his  first     /ife 
opera,      Eurico     di 
Borgogna   (Venice, 
1S19),  whose  success 
encouraged     further 
production.  His  next 
opera,  II  Falegname 
di  Livonia  (Venice, 
1820  ;  given  at  first 
as    Pietro    il    Grande,    Czar  delle   Russie),  was 
likewise  well    received ;    but  Le  Arozze   in   villa 
(Mantua,  1820)  was  a  failure.      After  the  success 
of  Zoraide  di  Granata  (1822)   he  was   exempted 
from    further   military    service.      From    1822    to 
1829  incl.,  23  operas  flowed  from   his   too  facile 
pen  ;  such  ease  of  production  naturally  led  to  sad 
superficiality,   and    during    this   period   D.   was 
mostly  a  rather  poor  imitator  of   Rossini.      But 
now,  piqued  by  Bellini's  successes,  he  wrote   his 
Anna  Bolena  (Milan,  1830),    which    begins  his 
second   and   more   original  period.    Written    for 
Pasta  and  Rubini — after  the  good  (?)  old  Italian 
fashion  of  adapting  roles  to  singers — its  vogue 
was  more  than   local  ;  in  it,  as  "  Henry  VIII.," 
Lablache  scored  his  first  London  triumph  at  the 
old  "  King's    Theatre."     In    its  wake    followed 
(to    name    the   best)   L' Eli  sir   d 'amove   (Milan, 
1832),   the    tragic    Lucrezia  Borgia    (La   Scala, 
Milan,  1833),  and  the  immensely  popular  Lucia 
di  Lammermoor  (Naples,  Teatro  S.  Carlo,  1835). 
Like  that  of  so    many  other    Italian  opera-ccm- 
posers,    D.'s   life   was  spent    in   travelling    from 
place  to  place,  bringing  out    opera  after  opera. 
Now,    enjoying   European   celebrity,    he   visited 
Paris  in  1835,  and  produced  Marino  Faliero  at 
the   Theatre    des    Italiens.      In   May,     1837,   he 
succeeded  Zingarelli  as  Director  pro  tern,  of  the 
Naples  Cons.;  in    July  of  that    year   he  lost  his 
wife,  Virginia   (ne'e  Vasselli),    after  14    years  of 
happy  wedded    life.      The    censor's    veto  on   the 
production    of  Polinto  (written    for  Ad.   Nourrit 
after  Corneille's  "  Polyeucte  ")  so   angered   him, 
that  he  incontinently  forsook  Milan  for   Paris. 


150 


DONIZETTI— DONT 


Here  La  Fillc  du  regiment  (Opera-Comique, 
Feb.  ii,  1S40),  Les  Martyrs  (an  amplification 
of  the  forbidden  Poliuto;  Opera,  April  10, 
1840),  and  La  Favorite  (Opera,  Dec.  2,  1S40), 
made  a  veritable  sensation.  Returning  to  Italy, 
Adelasia  (Rome,  1841)  and  Maria  Padilla 
(Milan,  1841)  had  good  fortune.  In  Vienna 
during  1S42  he  composed  Linda  di  Chamounix, 
which  evoked  such  enthusiasm  that  the  Emperor 
conferred  on  him  the  titles  of  Court  Composer 
and  Master  of  the  Imperial  Chapel  (he  had  also 
written  a  Miserere  and  an  Ave  Maria  for  the 
Hofkapelle,  in  a  severe  purity  of  style  warmly 
commended  by  the  local  critics).  Don  Pasquale 
(revived  at  Stuttgart  Court  Th.,  1898,  with  great 
success)  was  brought  out  in  Paris,  1S43.  D. 
had  reached  the  height  of  his  fame  and  pros- 
perity ;  though  still  maintaining  the  unbroken 
flow  of  creative  activity,  terrible  headaches  and 
mental  depression  warned  him  to  desist  ;  but 
the  warnings  were  unheeded  ;  Caterino  Cornaro 
(Naples,  1844)  was  his  last  work  ;  and  one 
morning  in  1845  he  was  found  insensible  on  the 
floor  of  his  bedroom,  stricken  with  paralysis. 
lie  never  recovered  his  mental  powers,  and  died 
in  1848  at  Bergamo,  where  a  monument  byVin- 
cenzo  Vela  was  erected  to  his  memory  in  1S55. 
— Lucia  di  Lammermoor  is  generally  held  to  be 
his  finest  work  ;  in  it  the  vein  of  melody — now 
sparkling,  now  sentimental,  now  tragic — which 
embodies  Donizetti's  best  claim  on  originality 
and  immortality,  finds,  perhaps,  freest  and 
broadest  development.  Besides  operas,  a  full 
list  of  which  follows,  he  wrote  many  songs, 
ariettas,  duets,  and  canzonets  ;  7  Masses,  one 
being  a  Requiem  ;  cantatas  ;  vespers,  psalms, 
motets  ;  12  string-quartets  (praised  by  contem- 
poraries) ;  and  pf. -music. 

Biographical:     Filippo   Cicconetti,    "Vita   di 
G.    Donizetti "  (Rome,    1864);   Alborghetti   and 


Galli,  "  Donizetti-Mayr "  (Bergamo,  1S75)  ; 
Clement,  in  "  Musiciens  celebres  "  (Paris,  1S78)  ; 
also  several  essays  publ.  at  the  D.  centennial 
celebration  at  Bergamo:  E.  C.  Verzino,  "Con- 
tribute alia  storia  delle  opere  di  G.  D."  (Milan, 
1S97);  Ippolito  Valetti,  "Donizetti"  (Rome, 
1S97,  pp.  15)  ;  Adolfo  Calzado,  "  Donizetti  e 
l'opera  italiana  in  Spagna  "  (Paris,  1897,  pp.  23). 

Donizet'ti,  Alfredo,  b.  Smyrna,  Sept.  2, 
1867.  Studied  (18S3-9)  at  Milan  Cons,  under 
Ponchielli  and  Dominiceti,  graduating  with  a 
fine  Stabat  Mater  f.  soli,  chorus,  org.,  and  orch. 
(publ.).  Now  (1899)  living  in  Milan  as  composer, 
conductor  of  orchestra  and  chorus,  and  teacher 
of  counterpoint. — Works  :  i-act  opera  Nama 
(Milan,  1889);  i-act  opera  Dopo  F  Ave  Mar/a 
(Milan,  1897),  very  successful  (publ.).  Dramatic 
works  not  perf.  :  La  Loeandiera  (comedy  in  3 
acts),  /  Sonnambzdi  (com.  in  1  act),  La  Madri- 
lena  (operetta  in  3  acts*,  //  canto  del  mare  ("  idil- 
lio  "  in  1  act).  Publ.  works  :  Several  dances  and 
characteristic  pes.  f.  pf.,  and  numerous  songs  ; 
5  pf. -arrangements  of  his  own  orchestral  pes. 
(Symphony  in  C,  "  Nattaglia,"  "  Danza  di  Sa- 
tiri,"  "  Mesta  Canzone,"  and  "  Cipria  e  Parruc- 
che  "). 

Dont,  Jakob,  violinist,  teacher,  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  2,  1S15  ;  d.  there  Nov. 
18,  18S8.  His  father  was  the  'cellist  Joseph 
Valentin  D.  [b.  Georgenthal,  Bohemia,  April 
15,  1776;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  14,  1833].  Pupil  of 
Bohm  and  Ilellmesberger  (Sr.)  at  Vienna  Cons.; 
joined  the  orch.  of  the  "  Hofburgtheater "  in 
1831,  and  the  court  orch.  in  1834.  He  taught 
in  the  "  Akad.  der  Tonkunst,"  and  the  Semi- 
nary at  St.  Anna  ;  from  1873  he  was  vln.-prof. 
at  the  Cons.  His  Etudes  f.  vln.,  "  Gradus  ad 
Parnassum,"  are  excellent  ;  he  publ.  altogether 
some  50  works. 


Enrico  di  Borgogna,  Venice,  1818. 

II  Falegname  di  Livonia,  Venice, 
1819. 

Le  Nozze  in  villa,  Mantua,  1820. 

Zoraide  di  Granata,  Rome,  1822. 

La  Zingara,  Naples,  1822. 

La  Lettera  anonima,  Naples,  1822. 

Chiara  e  Serafina,o  I  Pirati,  Milan, 
1822. 

II  Fortunate  inganno,  Naples,  1823. 

Aristea,  Naples,  1823. 

Una  Follia,  Venice,  1823. 

Alfredo  il  Grande,  Naples,  1823. 

L'Aio  nell'imbarazzo,  Rome,  1824. 

Emilia,  o  L'Eremitaggio  di  Liver- 
pool, Naples,  1824. 

Alahor  in  Granata,  Palermo,  1826. 

II  Castello  degli  Invalidi,  Palermo, 
1826. 

Elvida,  Naples,  1826. 

Olivo  e  Pasquale.  Rome,  1827. 

II  Borgomastro  di  Saardam,  Na- 
ples, 1827. 

Le  Convenienze  teatrali,  Naples, 
1827. 

Otto  Mesi  in  due  ore,  o  Gli  Esiliati 
in  Siberia.  Naples,  1S27. 

L'Esule  di  Roma,  Naples,  1S2S. 

La  Regina  di  Golconda,  Genoa, 
1828. 


OTERAS    BY    GAETANO    DONIZETTI. 

Gianni  di  Calais,  Naples,  1828. 

Giovedi  grasso,  Naples,  1828. 

II  Paria,  Naples,  1829. 

II  Castello  di  Kenilworth,    Naples, 

1829. 
II  Diluvio  universale,  Naples,  1830. 

I  Pazzi  per  progetto,  Naples, 
1830. 

Francesca  di  Foix,  Naples,  1830. 
Isnelda   de'    Lambertazzi,    Naples, 

1830. 
La     Romanziera    e    l'uomo    nero, 

Naples,  1830. 
Anna  Bolena,  Milan,  1830. 
Fausta,  Naples,  1832. 
Ugo  conte  di  Parigi,  Milan,  1832. 
L'Elisir  d'amore,  Milan,  1832. 
Sancia  di  Castiglia,  Naples,  1832. 

II  Furioso  all  isola  di  San  Do- 
mingo, Rome,  1833. 

Parisina,  Florence,  1833. 

Torquato  Tasso,  Rome,  1833. 

Lucrezia  Borgia,  Milan,  1833. 

Rosamunda  d'Inghilterra,  Flor- 
ence, 1834;  later  at  Naples  as 
Eleonora  di  Guienna. 

Maria  Stuarda,  o  Buondelmonte, 
Naples,  1834. 

Gemma  di  Vergy,  Milan,  1834. 

Marino  Faliero,  Paris,  1835. 


Lucia    di     Lammermoor,     Naples, 

1835. 
Belisario,  Venice,  1836. 
II    Campanello    di    notte,    Naples, 

1836. 
Betly,  Naples,  1836. 
L'Assedio  di  Calais,  Naples,   1836. 
Pia  de'  Tolomei,  Venice.  1837. 
Roberto  Devereux,  Naples,  1837. 
Maria  di  Rudenz,  Venice,  1838. 
Gianni  di  Parigi,  Milan,  1839. 
La  Fille  du  regiment,  Paris,  1840. 
Les  Martyrs  (Poliuto),  Paris,  1840. 
La  Favorite,  Paris,  1840. 
Adelasia,  ossia   La   Figlia    dell'ar- 

ciero,  Rome,  1841. 
Maria  Padilla,  Milan,  1841. 
Linda  di  Chamounix,  Vienna,  1842. 
Don  Pasquale,  Paris,  1843. 
Maria  di  Rohan,  Vienna,  1843. 
Don   Sebastiano  (Dom   Sebastien), 

Paris,  1843. 
Caterina    Cornaro,     Naples,     1844. 

(Posthumously  performed.) 

Poliuto,  Naples,  1848. 
Rita,  ou  le  mari  battu,  Paris,  i860. 
Gabriella  di  Vergy,  Naples,  1869. 
II  Duca  d'Alba,  Rome,  1882. 


DOOR— DORN 


Door,  Anton,  b.  Vienna,  June  20,  1833.  Pu- 
pil of  Czerny  (pf.)  and  Sechter  (comp.);  became  a 
notable  pianist,  giving  highly  successful  con- 
certs at  Baden-Baden  and  Wiesbaden  in  1850, 
and  with  L.  Strauss  in  Italy.  Made  a  Scandi- 
navian tour  in  1856-7,  and  was  app.  court-pian- 
ist at  Stockholm  and  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  In  1859  ne  succeeded  N.  Rubinstein 
as  teacher  at  the  Imp.  Inst.,  Moscow,  and  be- 
came prof,  at  the  Cons,  in  1864.  He  has  been, 
since  1869,  prof,  of  the  highest  pf. -class  in  the 
Vienna  Cons.  In  1877  he  travelled  with  Sara- 
sate  through  Eastern  Hungary,  and  also  played 
in  Leipzig.  Berlin,  Amsterdam,  and  other  cities. 
He  is  a  very  successful  teacher  (R.  Fischoff, 
F.  Mottl,  Sichel,  Steinbach,  B.  Schonberger, 
Schwickerath,  etc.,  are  his  pupils),  and  a  pro- 
gressive musician,  bringing  out  new  works  by 
Raff,  Brahms,  Saint-Saens,  etc.;  has  done  good 
service  in  editing  classical  and  instructive  works. 

Dop'pler,  Albert  Franz,  flutist  and  dramatic 
composer;  b.  Lemberg,  Oct.  16,  1821;  d.  Baden, 
n.  Vienna,  July  27,  1883.  He  was  taught  by 
his  father,  an  oboist  in  Warsaw  and  Vienna. 
After  his  debut  at  Vienna,  he  made  several  tours 
with  his  brother  Karl,  and  was  app.  first  flute  at 
the  Pesth  theatre,  for  which  he  wrote  his  first 
opera,  Benjovski  (1S47).  In  1S58  he  became 
first  flute  and  assi.-cond.  (later  1st  cond.)  of  bal- 
let at  the  Vienna  court  opera  ;  in  1865,  prof,  of 
flute  in  the  Cons. — Operas:  Benjowski  j  Ilka 
('49)  ;  Afanasia;  Wanda  ('51)  ;  Salvator  Rosa  ; 
Die  beiden  Husaren  (1853  ;  comic)  ;  ErzSeth 
(with  his  brother  and  Erkel)  ;  Judith  (Vienna, 
'70)  ;  and  the  comic  ballet  Margot (Berlin,  1891); 
also  ballet-music,  overtures,  concertos  f.  flute, etc. 

Dop'pler,  Karl,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Lemberg,  1826  ;  flutist,  pupil  of  his  brother  and 
father.  After  long  concert-tours,  he  became  cond. 
and  musical  director  at  the  National  Th.,  Pesth  ; 
since  1865,  Hof-Kapellm.  in  Stuttgart  Hofoper, 
resigning  in  1S98,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Reichenberger  of  Bremen. — Operas  :  The  Gren- 
adiers Camp  (1852)  ;  The  Sou  of  the  Desert 
(1854)  >  etc- — Ballets,  flute-music. 

Dop'pler,  Arpad,  son  of  Karl  ;  b.  Pesth,  June 
5,  1857.  Pupil,  in  Stuttgart  Cons.,  of  Lebert 
and  Pruckner  (pf.),  Seyerlen  and  Faisst  (theory), 
Seifritz  and  Goetschius  (comp.);  and  later  of  his 
father  (instrumentation).  After  teaching  pf.  in 
the  Cons,  for  some  time,  he  went  to  New  York, 
teaching  for  3  years  (1880-3)  in  the  Grand  Cons. ; 
then  returned  to  his  old  position  at  Stuttgart, 
and,  since  18S9,  has  also  been  chorusmaster  at 
the  Court  Th. — Works  :  The  3-act  opera  Viel 
I. dr;n  inn  Nichts  (Leipzig,  1896)  ; — for  full  orch., 
Suite  in  lib,  Festouverture,  Thema  and  varia- 
tions, Scherzo,  and  a  "Suite  im  alten  Styl  "; 
also  a  "  YYiegenlied  "  f.  string-orch.,  several  fe- 
male choruses  w.  orch.,  several  songs,  pf. -music, 
etc. 

Dorf'fel,  Alfred,  b.  Waldenburg,  Saxony, 
Jan.  24,  1S21  ;  taught  by  Fink,  Muller,  Mendels- 


sohn, and  others,  at  Leipzig.  Was  Becker's  suc- 
cessor as  librarian  (mus.  dept.)  of  the  Leipzig 
City  Library  ;  and  collected  a  valuable  circulating 
library  of  his  own.  As  a  musical  critic  and  edi- 
tor he  was  highly  esteemed  in  Leipzig;  in  1885 
he  received  the  degree  of  Dr.  phi/,  hon.  causa 
from  the  Univ. 

Do'ria,  Clara.  Stage-name  of  Clara  Kath- 
leen [Barnett]  Rogers. 

Do'ring,  Gottfried,  b.  Pomerendorf,  n.  El- 
bing,  May  10,  1801 ;  d.  Elbing,  June  20,  1869. 
Pupil  of  Zeltner  at  the  Inst.  f.  Church-music, 
Berlin  ;  1S28,  cantor  of  the  Marienkirche,  El- 
bing. — Publ.  an  essay,  "  Zur  Geschichte  der 
Musik  in  Preussen  "  (1852);  a  "  Choralkunde  " 
(1S65);  and  two  Choral-books. 

Do'ring,  Carl  Heinrich,  pf.-teacher  ;  b. 
Dresden,  July  4,  1834.  Pupil  Leipzig  Cons. 
1852-5  (Hauptmann,  Lobe,  Plaidy,  Richter). 
Taught  in  Leipzig  ;  1858,  teacher  in  Dresden 
Cons.;  1875,  "Professor."  Excellent  pedagogue; 
gifted  composer. — Works  :  (a)  Instruct,  pf.- 
comp.s  :  Op.  8,  25  easy  and  progr.  Studies  ;  op. 
24,  25,  Octave-studies ;  op.  30,  Rhythmische 
Studien  ;  op.  33,  20  Triller-Etiiden  ;  op.  36,  2 
easy  Sonatas  ;  op.  38,  "  Die  Grundpfeiler  des 
Klavierspiels  "  (3  parts)  ;  op.  54,  Melod.  Vor- 
tragstudien  ;  op.  63,  Freudvoll  u.  leidvoll ;  op. 
66,  Prakt.  Studien  und  Ubungstiicke  fur  das 
polyph.  Klavierspiel;  op.  67,  8  Klavier-EtUden  ; 
op.  80,  20  melod.  Ubungs-u.Vorspielstiicke;  op. 
88,  15  Klavier-Et.  f.  Mittelstufe;  op.  109,  Tech- 
nische  Hulfs  -  und  Bildungsmittel.  (b)  Male 
choruses  :  op.  77,  So,  87,  and  108.  (c)  Suites 
for  string-orch.,  a  grand  Mass,  a  Vater  unser, 
and  Motets  a  4,  6,  and  8. 

Dorn,  Heinrich  Ludwig  Edmund,  b.  Ko- 

nigsberg,  Nov.  14,  1804  ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  10, 
1892.  Law-student  at  Kgnigsberg  in  1823,  but 
studied  music  diligently,  continuing  in  Berlin 
under  L.  Berger  (pf.),  Zelter,  and  B.  Klein. 
After  teaching  in  Frankfort,  he  became  Kapellm. 
of  the  Konigsb.  Th.  in  1828  ;  in  1829,  mus.  di- 
rector (and  Schumann's  teacher)  at  Leipzig  ; 
1831-42,  mus.  director  at  Cath.  of  St.  Peter's  in 
Riga  ;  1843,  theatre-A"<iyV//w.  and  city  mus.  di- 
rector at  Cologne.  Here  (1845)  he  founded  the 
"  Rheinische  Musikschule  "  (which  became  the 
Cologne  Cons,  in  1850),  and  from  1844-7  cond. 
the  Lower  Rhenish  Mus.  Festivals.  From 
1S49-69  he  was  court  Kapellmeister  at  the 
Royal  Opera,  Berlin  ;  was  pensioned,  with  the 
title  of  "  Royal  Prof.,"  and  busied  himself  with 
teaching  and  mus.  criticism. — Works  :  The 
operas  Die  Rolandsknappen  (Berlin,  1826)  ;  Der 
Zanherer  (Berlin,  1827;  a  melodrama);  Die 
Betllerin  (Konigsberg,  1828)  ;  Abu  Kara 
(Leipzig,  1831) ;  Das  Schwarmennadchen 
(Leipzig,  1832);  Der  Schoffe  von  Paris  (Riga, 
1S3S)  ;  Das  Banner  von  England  (Riga,  1841); 
Die  Musiker  ?vn  Aix-la-Chapelle  (1848) ;  Arta- 
xerxes  (Berlin,  1850)  ;  Die  Nibelungen  (Weimar, 
June   22,    1854;   also  in   Berlin,    Breslau,   etc.; 


152 


DORN— DOWLAND 


considered  his  best  opera) ;  Ein  Tag  in  Russ- 
land  (Berlin,  1S57  ;  comic);  Der  Botenldufer 
von  Pirna  (Berlin,  1865);  an  operetta,  Gewitter 
bei  Sonnenschein  (Dresden,  1S65)  ;  and  the  ballet 
Amors  Mackt  (Leipzig,  1830).  Other  works: 
Missa  pro  defunctis  (Berlin,  1851)  ;  church- 
music,  cantatas,  symphonies,  orchestral  pieces 
("  Siegesfestklange,"  1866);  pf. -music  ;  songs 
(many  popular  favorites).  He  was  musical  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Berliner  Post,"  and  a  contributor  to 
the  "  Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung."  Publ.  an 
autobiography,  "  Aus  meinem  Leben  "  (6  parts, 
1870-79)  ;  a  pamphlet,  "  Ostracismus,  ein  Ge- 
richt  Scherben  ";  etc. 

Dorn,  Alexander  Julius  Paul,  son  of  the 
preceding  ;  b.  Riga,  June  8,  1833.  Pianist, 
taught  by  his  father  ;  at  first  private  teacher  in 
Poland  ;  lived  1855-65  at  Cairo  and  Alexandria, 
Egypt,  as  a  teacher,  conductor,  and  player ; 
from  1S65-8  he  conducted  the  Crefeld  "  Lieder- 
tafel,"  and  then  settled  in  Berlin  as  pf. -teacher 
at  the  R.  Hochschule,  with  the  title  "  Royal 
Prof." — Works  (over  400  in  all)  :  3  masses  f. 
male  ch.  and  orch.;  cantata,  "Der  Blumen 
Rache,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  operettas  for 
female  voices;  many  brilliant  pf.-pes.;  songs, 
etc. 

Dorn,  Otto,  son  of  Heinrich  D. ;  born  Co- 
logne, Sept.  7,  184S  ;  taught  by  his  father,  and 
then  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  taking  the  Mey- 
erbeer scholarship  (1st  prize)  in  1S73.  Settled 
in  Wiesbaden. — Works :  A  successful  opera 
Afraja  (Gotha,  1S91)  ;  a  "Prometheus"  sym- 
phony; overtures  "  Hermannsschlacht "  and 
"Sappho";  pf.-pes.,  songs. 

Dorn,  Edward.  Pen-name  of  JosEr-H  Leo- 
pold RSckel. 

Dor'ner,  Armin  W.,  pianist  and  teacher  ;  b. 
Marietta,  Ohio,  June  22,  1852.  St.  under  Kul- 
lak,  Bendel,  and  Weitzmann  at  Berlin  ;  later  in 
Stuttgart  and  Paris.  Now  pf.-prof.  in  Cincin- 
nati Coll.  of  Music.  Excellent  ensemble-player. 
Has  publ.  "  Technical  Exercises." 

Dorn'heckter,  Robert,  b.  Franzburg,  Pom- 
erania,  Nov.  4,  1839  ;  d.  Stralsund,  1890.  Pupil 
of  Geyer  and  Ries  in  Berlin,  also  of  the  R.  Inst, 
f.  Church-music.  Conductor  of  the  Dornheckter 
Singing  Society,  Stralsund  ;  organist  ;  teacher 
at  the  Gymnasium  ;  "royal  musical  director." 
■ — Works  :  Organ-music,  pf.-pes.,  part-songs, 
songs,  etc. 

Dorus-Gras,  Julie  -  Aim£e- Josephe  (her 
family-name  was  van  Steenkiste  ;  Dorus,  her 
stag^-name,  was  that  of  her  mother's  family) ; 
b.  Valenciennes,  Sept.  7,  1805  [correct  date]  ; 
d.  Paris,  Feb.  6,  1S96.  A  pupil  of  Blangini, 
Paer,  and  Bordogni  at  the  Paris.  Cons.  (1821-5), 
she  sang  at  first  in  concerts,  then  (after  6 
months'  study  with  Cassel)  on  the  stage  at  Brus- 
sels ;  sang  at  the  Grand  Opera  (1830-45),  there- 
after in  provincial  theatres,  and  (1847,  1S4S)  in 
London.  Married  M.  Gras  in  iS43,and  left  the 
stage  in  1S50.     As  leading  soprano,  she  created 


the  roles  of  Alice  {Robert),  Marguerite  {Hugue- 
nots), Theresina  (Le  Philtre),  and  Eudoxie  (/</ 
fuive).  Her  career  was  marked  by  steady  and 
brilliant  success. 

Doss,  Adolf  von,  b.  Pfarrkirchen,  Lower 
Bavaria,  Sept.  10,  1825  ;  d.  Rome,  Aug.  13, 
1886.  A  Jesuit  priest,  he  was  a  prolific  comp., 
writing  some  350  works  :  6  operas,  2  operettas, 
11  oratorios  and  cantatas,  a  grand  mass,  3  sym- 
phonies ;  and  much  church-music  (3  publ.  coll.s  ; 
"  Melodiae  sacrae "  [1S62],  "Melodies  reli- 
gieuses,"and  "  Collection  de  musique  d'eglise"). 

Dotssch,  August,  b.  1S58  ;  d.  Wiesbaden, 
Nov.  19,  1882.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Deswert, 
and  a  gifted  'cellist. 

Dotz'auer,  Justus  Johann  Friedrich,  fa- 
mous 'cellist;  b.  Ilasselrieth,  n.  Hildburghau- 
sen,  Jan.  20,  1783  ;  d.  Dresden,  March  6,  i860. 
Pupil  of  Heuschkel  (pf.),  Gleichmann  (vln.), 
and  Ri'ittinger  (comp.)  at  Hildburghausen,  and 
of  Hessner  for  'cello  ;  he  took  further  lessons  of 
Kriegck  at  Meiningen,  where  he  played  in  the 
court-orch.  1S01-5,  then  in  the  Leipzig  orch. 
1806-11,  during  which  time  he  studied  under 
Romberg  at  Berlin.  He  joined  the  Dresden 
orch.  in  1S11  ;  became  first  'cello  in  1S21,  and 
was  pensioned  in  1852.  Among  his  pupils  were 
Karl  Schuberth,  Drechsler,  Rummer,  and  his 
own  son,  K.  L.  Dotzauer. — Works  :  An  opera, 
Graziasa  (Dresden,  1S41)  ;  symphonies,  over- 
tures, masses,  and,  more  especially,  'cello-con- 
certos ;  sonatas,  variations,  exercises,  etc.,  f. 
'cello  ;  chamber-music,  and  a  Method  f.  'cello. — 
His  sons  were 

Dotz'auer,  Justus  Bernhard  Friedrich,  b. 

Leipzig,  May  12,  180S  ;  d.  Hamburg,  Nov.  30, 
1874,  as  a  music-teacher. 

Dotz'auer,  Karl  Ludwig  ["  Louis  "],  b. 
Dresden,  Dec.  7,  1S11  ;  fine  'cellist,  pupil  of  his 
father  ;  in  1830,  first  'cello  of  the  court  orch.  in 
Kassel. 

Douay,  Georges,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1840. 
Pupil  of  Duprato  ;  mus.  amateur,  and  comp.  of 
many  operettas,  etc.,  played  in  the  smaller  Pari- 
sian theatres. 

Dourlen,  Victor-Charles-Paul,  b.  Dunkirk, 
Nov.  3,  1780  ;  d.  Batignolles,  n.  Paris,  Jan.  8, 
1S64.  Pupil  of  Mozel,  Catel,  and  Gossec,  at 
Paris  Cons.,  winning  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1805.  He  was  app.  asst.-prof.  of  harm,  in  1S12, 
and  was  full  prof,  from  1816-42.  He  produced 
9  (mostly  comic)  operas  from  1806-22  in  Paris  ; 
publ.  sonatas  f.  pf.,  for  flute,  and  for  vln.;  a 
pf. -concerto,  and  a  pf.-trio  ;  also  a  "  Table  sy- 
noptique  des  Accords"  and  a  "  Traite  d'harmo- 
nie  "  (1834),  both  founded  on  Catel's  system  of 
harmony. 

Dowland,  John,  b.  Westminster,  London, 
1562  ;  d.  London,  in  Apr.,  1626.  A  famous 
lute-player,  he  travelled  in  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy  in  1584  ;  took  the  degree  of  Mus.  Bac, 
Oxon.,  in  1588  ;  was  lutenist  to  Christian  IV.  of 


153 


DRAESEKE— DRECHSLER 


Denmark  1598-1605,  then  returning  temporarily, 
and  in  1609  finally,  to  England.  In  1612  he 
was  "  lutenist  to  Lord  Walden  ";  in  1625,  one 
of  6  lutenists  in  the  king's  service. — Works  : 
"  The  First  Booke  of  Songes  or  Ayres  of  foure 
parts,  with  Tablature  for  the  Lute"  (1595); 
Second  ditto  (1600)  ;  Third  ditto  (1602)  ;  "  La- 
chrymal, or,  Seven  Teares,  figured  in  seaven 
passionate  Pa  vans  ...  set  forth  for  the  Lute, 
Viols,  or  Violins,  in  five  parts"  (1605);  "A 
Pilgrim's  Solace  .  .  .  Musicall  Harmonie  of  3, 
4,  and  5  parts  .  .  .  with  Lute  and  Viols  "  (161 2)  ; 
and  a  translation  of  Ornithoparcus'  "  Microlo- 
gus  "  (1609).  The  3  books  of  songs  were  republ. 
by  Prof.  Arber  in  his  series  of  classical  reprints  ; 
the  "  First  Booke  "  is  also  republ.  by  the  Mus. 
Antiquarian  Soc. 

Drae'seke,    Felix   August    Bernhard,    b. 

Koburg,  Oct.  7,  1835.  A  gifted  composer, 
pupil  of  Rietz  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  a  friend 
and  disciple  of  Liszt  at  Weimar,  he  went  to 
Dresden,  then  to  Lausanne  as  teacher  in  the 
Cons.  (1864-74),  excepting  one  year  (186S-9)  as 
teacher  in  the  Royal  Music-School  at  Munich, 
under  Bttlow.  In  1875  he  went  to  Geneva  ;  for 
many  years  he  has  lived  at  Dresden  as  a  teacher, 
writer,  and  composer,  succeeding  Wiillner  in 
1884  as  prof,  of  comp.  in  the  Dresden  Cons. 
His  earlier  works  are  more  or  less  extravagant, 
and  never  became  popular  ;  but  for  some  20 
years  his  maturer  style  has  compelled  recogni- 
tion of  his  undeniably  commanding  abilities. — 
Compositions  :  4  operas ;  Sigurd  (fragment 
given  at  Meiningen,  1S67),  Gudrun  (Hanover, 
1884),  Ber fraud  de  Born  (MS.,  both  book  and 
music  by  D.),  and  Hcrrat  (3-act  grand  opera, 
Dresden,  1892  ;  very  successful)  ;  3  symphonies 
(op.  22,  in  G  ;  op.  25,  in  F  ;  op.  40,  "  Tragica," 
in  C)  ;  Grand  Mass  in  F  jf  minor,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.,  op.  60;  "  Akademische  Festouvertiire  " 
f.  orch.;  pf. -concerto,  op.  36;  violin-concerto; 
Concertstiick  f.  'cello  w.  orch.  ;  "  Adventlied  " 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  30  ;  Requiem  in  B 
min.,  op.  22  ;  "  Osterscene  "  from  Faust,  f.  bar. 
solo,  mixed  ch.  and  orch.,  op.  39  ;  symphonic 
preludes  to  Calderon's  "  Life  a  dream,"  Kleist's 
"  Penthesilea"  (both  MS.);  Serenata  in  D,  f. 
small  orch.,  op.  49  (played  by  N.  Y.  Symph. 
Soc,  Nov.  23,  1S89)  ;  quintet  f.  pf.,  vln.,  via., 
'cello,  and  horn,  op.  48;  string-quintet  in  C  # 
min.;  3  string-quartets,  op.  27  (C  min.),  op.  35 
(E  min.),  and  No.  3  in  CJf  min.;  18  pf. -canons, 
a  6-8,  op.  37  ;  "  Canonic  Riddles,"  a  6,  f.  pf.  4 
hands,  op.  42  ;  6  fugues  f.  pf.,  op.  15  ;  "  Ghase- 
len,"  pf.-pcs.,op.  13  ;  pf  -sonata,  op.  6  ;  songs, 
etc. — On  theory  :  "  Anweisung  zum  kunstge- 
rechten  Moduliren  "  (1876);  "Die  Beseitigung 
des  Tritonus  "  (1876);  and  a  versified  "  Harmo- 
nielehre  "  (1884). 

Dra'ghi,  Antonio,  comp.  of  operas  and  ora- 
torios ;  b.  Ferrara,  1635  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  18, 
1700.  About  1660  he  settled  in  Vienna,  and 
wasapp.  "  Hoftheater-Intendant  "  to  Leopold  I. 
in  1674,  also  Kapellm.  to  the  empress.     From 


1661-99  he  produced  87  operas,  87  festival  plays 
("  feste  teatrali  ")  and  serenades,  and  32  orato- 
rios. 

Dra'ghi,  Giovanni  Battista,  a  fine  harpsi- 
chordist, living  in  London  from  1667-1706,  was 
organist  to  the  queen  in  1677  ;  also  music- 
teacher  to  Queens  Anne  and  Mary.  He  wrote 
the  music  to  Dryden's  ode  "  From  Harmony," 
and  (with  Locke)  to  Shadwell's  "  Psyche  "  and 
D'Urfey's  "  The  Wonders  of  the  Sun,  or  the 
Kingdom  of  Birds  "  (1706) ;  also  many  melodi- 
ous songs,  and  instructive  harpsichord-lessons. 

Dragonet'ti,  Domenico,  noted  double-bass 
player  ;  b.  Venice,  Apr.  7,  1763  ;  d.  London, 
Apr.  16,  1846.  This  "  Paganini  of  the  contrab- 
basso  "  was  self-taught,  excepting  a  few  lessons 
from  Berini,  player  at  San  Marco,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1782  ;  he  had  already  played  in  the 
orchestras  of  the  Opera  buffa  and  Opera  seria 
for  5  years,  and  composed  concertos,  etc.,  with 
double-bass  parts  impracticable  for  anyone  but 
himself.  He  appeared  at  London  in  1794  ;  and 
was  immediately  eng.  for  the  opera-  and  concert- 
orch.  of  the  King's  Th.  With  Lindley,  his  fast 
friend  for  52  years,  he  also  played  at  the  Antient 
Concerts  and  the  Philharm.  As  late  as  1845  he 
led  the  double-basses,  at  the  unveiling  of  the 
Beethoven  monument  in  Bonn,  in  the  C  minor 
symphony.  To  the  British  Museum  he  left  a 
remarkable  collection  of  scores,  engravings,  and 
old  instr.s  ;  to  San  Marco,  his  favorite  'cello  (a 
Gasparo  da  Salo).  His  biogr.  was  written  by 
F.  Caffi  :  "Vita  di  D.  Dragonetti  "  (Venice, 
1846).  No  detailed  record  of  his  works  appears 
to  be  extant. 

Draseke,  F.  A.  B.     See  Draeseke. 

Drath,  Theodor,  b.  Winzig,  Silesia,  June 
13,  1S28.  A  pupil  of  A.  B.  Marx,  he  became 
cantor  at  Mi'msterberg,  then  teacher  in  the  semi- 
nary at  Politz  (n.  Stettin),  finally  music-teacher 
in  Bunzlau  Seminary,  and  Royal  "  Musikdirec- 
tor. — Works:  Organ-music  and  vocal  pieces: 
theoretical  writings  ("  Musiktheorie  "). 

Draud  [Draudius],  Georg,  b.  Davernheim, 
Hesse,  1573;  d.  Butzbach,  1635.  A  clergyman 
at  Gross-Carben,  Ortenberg,  and  Davernheim  ; 
his  works  are  one  of  the  chief  sources  for  the 
mus.  literature  of  the  15th,  16th,  and  17th  cen- 
turies.— Publ.  "  Bibliotheca  classica "  (1611  ; 
2nd  ed.  1625  ;  on  pp.  1609-54  is  a  list  of  mus. 
authors  and  works);  "Bibliotheca  exotica" 
(1625  ;  a  list  of  all  mus.  works  printed  in  for- 
eign [non-German]  languages)  ;  "  Bibliotheca 
librorum  germanicorum  classica"  (1625  ;  list  of 
mus.  works  in  German,  from  the  earliest  times). 
In  these  lists,  the  original  titles  are  rendered  into 
Latin. 

Drech'sler  [drek'-],  Joseph,  b.  Wallisch- 
Birken  (Vlachovo  Brezi),  Bohemia,  May  26, 
17S2  ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb.  27,  1852.  A  pupil  of 
the  organist  Grotius  at  Florenbach  ;  chorus- 
master  and  zsst.-A'apellm.  (18 12)  at  the  Vienna 


-54 


DRECHSLER— DRIEBERG 


court  opera,  then  conductor  in  the  theatres  at 
Baden  (n.  Vienna)  and  Pressburg  ;  returning  to 
Vienna,  he  became  organist  of  the  Servite 
church,  in  1816  precentor  at  St.  Ann's,  in  1823 
Kapellm.  at  the  University  church  and  the 
Hofpfarrkirche  ;  from  1822-30  he  was  also 
Kapellm.  at  the  Leopoldstadt  Th.,  and  from 
1844  Kapellm.  at  St.  Stephan,  succeeding  Gans- 
bacher. — Works  :  6  operas,  and  about  30  ope- 
rettas, vaudevilles,  and  pantomimes  ;  a  Requiem, 
10  other  masses,  3  cantatas,  offertories,  etc. ; 
string-quartets,  organ-fugues,  pf. -sonatas,  other 
pf. -music,  songs,  etc.;  a  Method  for  Organ,  and 
a  treatise  on  Harmony.  He  also  reedited 
Pleyel's  Pf. -School,  and  publ.  a  theoretico-prac- 
tical  guide  to  Preluding. 

Drech'sler,  Karl,  born  Kamenz,  May  27, 
1800  ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  1,  1S73.  'Cellist  ; 
member  of  the  Dessau  court  orch.  in  1820 ; 
studied,  1824-26,  under  Dotzauer  at  Dresden, 
and  was  then  app.  first  'cello  at  Dessau.  He 
was  pensioned  in  1S71.  Among  his  many  dis- 
tinguished pupils  were  Grl'itzmacher,  Cossmann, 
Aug.  Lindner,  and  Karl  Schroder. 

Dre'gert,  Alfred,  b.  Frankfort -on -Oder, 
Sept.  26,  1836  ;  d.  Elberfeld,  Mar.  14,  1893. 
Pupil,  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  of  Marx  (the- 
ory), Wuerst  (instrumentation),  and  v.  Billow 
(pf.).  Opera-conductor  at  Stettin,  Rostock, 
Bamberg,  and  Trier  ;  then  cond.  of  the  Male 
Choral  Societies  in  Stralsund,  Cologne,  and 
Elberfeld.  Royal  "  Musikdirector. " — Works: 
Symphonies,  overtures,  string-quartets,  pf.-pes., 
fine  male-choruses,  and  songs. 

Dre'sel,  Otto,  b.  Andernach,  1826  ;  d.  Bev- 
erly, Mass.,  July  26,  1S90.  A  pupil  of  Hiller 
at  Cologne,  and  Mendelssohn  at  Leipzig,  he 
went  to  New  York  as  concert-pianist  and  teacher 
in  1848  ;  revisited  Germany,  but  settled  in  Bos- 
ton in  1852,  where  for  some  15  years  he  was  the 
foremost  pianist.  A  musician  of  exceptional 
cultivation,  he  was  very  influential  in  introduc- 
ing German  music  of  the  highest  class,  and  more 
especially  the  songs  of  R.  Franz,  to  the  Ameri- 
can public.  He  publ.  only  a  few  songs  and  pf.- 
pcs.;  several  other  works,  though  still  in  MS., 
have  been  produced  (e.g.,  "In  memoriam," 
ballad  f.  sopr.  and  orch.,  on  Longfellow's  poem 
on  Agassiz'  50th  birthday;  "Army  Hymn"  f. 
solo,  ch.,  and  orch.,  Jan.  1,  1S63  ;  a  pf. -quartet, 
and  a  pf.-trio). 

Dreszer,  Anastasius  Wilhelm,  b.  Kalisch, 
Poland,  Apr.  28,  1S45.  A  brilliant  pianist,  play- 
ing in  public  when  but  12,  he  st.  in  the  Dresden 
Cons.,  1S59-61,  then  took  private  lessons  from 
H.  Doring,  C.  Krebs,  and  A.  Friih,  lived  for 
several  years  as  a  comp.  in  Leipzig,  visited  Paris, 
and  settled  in  Halle  in  1S68,  where  he  founded 
a  music-school  of  which  he  is  still  the  director. 
— Publ.  2  symphonies,  2  sonatas  and  other  pf.- 
pcs.,  songs,  etc.  In  MS.  he  has  an  opera  Val- 
moda  (libretto  by  Peter  Lohmann). 


Drey'schock  [dri'-shok],  Alexander,  bril- 
liant pianist  ;  b.  Zack,  Bohemia,  Oct.  15,  1818  ; 
d.  Venice,  Apr.  1,  1869.  One  of  the  most  noted 
pupils  of  the  Prague  master,  Tomaczek,  he 
rivalled  Liszt  in  technical  dexterity.  At  8  he 
was  able  to  play  in  public  ;  studied  in  Prague 
(while  supposed  to  be  devoting  himself  to  medi- 
cal work)  under  Tomaczek,  and  in  Dec,  1S38, 
began  his  first  pianistic  tournee  through  North 
Germany.  1840-42  he  spent  in  Russia  ;  visited 
Brussels,  Paris,  and  London  ;  then  (1846)  Hol- 
land and  Austria.  In  1862  he  was  called  to  St. 
Petersburg,  to  act  as  prof,  in  the  newly-founded 
Cons.,  and  Director  of  the  music-school  of  the 
Opera,  being  also  app.  court  pianist.  Failing 
health  necessitated,  in  1868,  a  journey  to  Italy, 
where  he  died.  His  astounding  facility  in  play- 
ing octaves,  sixths,  and  thirds,  and  performing 
soli  with  the  left  hand — a  feat  then  unheard  of 
— cast  a  glamour  about  his  performance  which 
increasing  familiarity  with  the  coldness  of  his 
interpretation  served  to  dispel  ;  he  reached  the 
zenith  of  his  fame  about  1850. — Works  :  An 
opera,  Florette,  oder  die  erste  I.iebe  Heinru  k's 
d.  IV.;  an  overture  f.  orch.;  a  rondo  for  orch.; 
a  string-quartet,  and  140  pf.-pes.,  mostly  salon- 
music  (sonatas,  nocturnes,  rondeaux  militaires, 
songs  without  words,  and  arrangements — his 
variations  on  "  God  save  the  Queen  "  were  much 
admired). 

Drey'schock,  Raimund,  excellent  violinist, 
brother  of  Alexander  ;  b.  Zack,  Bohemia,  Aug. 
20,  1S24  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Feb.  6,  1869.  Pupil  of 
Pixis,  Prague  ;  1S50-69,  leader  in  the  Gewand- 
haus,  and  vln. -teacher  in  the  Cons,  at  Leipzig. 
— His  wife  Elisabeth  (nee  Nose),  b.  Cologne, 
1S32,  a  fine  contralto  concert  -  singer,  is  the 
founder  and  manager  of  a  vocal  acad.  in  Berlin 
(formerly  Leipzig). 

Drey'schock,  Felix,  pianist,  son  of  Raimund 
D. ;  b.  Leipzig,  Dec.  27,  i860;  studied  under 
Grabau,  Ehrlich,  Taubert,  and  Kiel,  in  the  Ber- 
lin Royal  "  Hochschule."  Since  1883  he  has 
given  successful  concerts,  and  is  at  present  prof, 
at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin.  His  pf.-pes.  are 
well-written  and  effective  (e.g.,  op.  17)  ;  has  also 
publ.  a  vln. -sonata  (op.  16)  and  songs. 

Drie'berg,  Friedrich  Johann  von,  b.  Char- 
lottenburg,  Dec.  10,  1780 ;  d.  there  May  21, 
1S56,  as  Royal  Chamberlain.  He  was  Spontini's 
pupil  in  Paris,  and  produced  2  operas,  Don 
Cocagno  (Berlin,  1812),  and  Der  Sanger  und  der 
Schneider  (Berlin,  1814)  ;  others  left  in  MS. 
He  is  best  known  as  a  writer  on  Greek  music 
whose  theories  and  conclusions  are  now  gener- 
ally discredited. — Writings:  "Die  mathemati- 
sche  Intervallenlehre  der  Griechen "  (1818)  ; 
"  Aufschli'isse  liber  die  Musik  der  Griechen" 
(1819)  ;  "  Die  praktische  Musik  der  Griechen  " 
(1821) ;  "Die  pneumatischen  Erfindungen  der 
Griechen  (1822)  ;  "  Worterbuch  der  griechischen 
Musik  "  (1835)  ;  "  Die  griechische  Musik,  auf 
ihre  Grundsatze  zuriickgefuhrt "  (1S41) ;    "Die 


155 


DROBISCII— DUBOIS 


Kunst  d.  mus.  Composition   .    .    .   nach  grieschi- 
schen  Grundsatzen  bearbeitet  "  (1S5S). 

Dro'bisch,  Moritz  Wilhelm,  b.  Leipzig, 
Aug.  16,  1802  ;  since  1826  prof,  of  mathe- 
matics, and  since  1842,  of  philos.,  at  Leipzig 
Univ.  He  has  publ.  several  valuable  treatises  on 
the  mathem.  determination  of  the  relative  pitch 
of  mus.  tones  :  "  Uber  die  mathem.  Bestim- 
mung  d.  musikal.  Intervallen  "  (1846):  "  Uber 
musikal. Tonbestimmung  u.  Temperatur  "  (1S52); 
"  Nachtrage  zur  Theorie  der  musik.  Tonver- 
haltnisse "  (1855);  "Uber  ein  zwischen  Altem 
u.  Neuem  vermittelndes  Tonsy"stem  "  (1871)  ; 
"  Uber  reine  Stimmung  u.  Temperatur  der 
Tone  "  (1877)  ;  in  this  last,  Drobisch,  who  for- 
merly championed  the  12-semitone  system,  con- 
curs in  principle  with  Helmholtz's  views. 

Dro'bisch,  Karl  Ludwig,  brother  of  the 
preceding  ;  b.  Leipzig,  Dec.  24,  1803  ;  d.  Augs- 
burg, Aug.  20,  1854.  A  pupil  of  Drobs  and 
Weinlig,  in  Leipzig,  from  1821  ;  after  the  unsuc- 
cessful production  of  his  oratorio  Bonifacius  at 
the  Gewandhaus,  in  1826,  he  withdrew  to  Munich, 
where  he  studied  hard,  also  teaching.  In  1837 
he  became  Kapellm.  of  the  Church  of  St.  Anna, 
at  Augsburg. — Works  :  3  oratorios,  Bonifacius, 
Des  Heilands  letzte  Stunden,  and  Moses  auf 
Sinai;  iS  masses;  3  requiems;  offertories, 
graduals,  motets,  and  other  church-music. 

Drobs,  Johann  Andreas,  b.  n.  Lrfurt,  1784  ; 
d.  Leipzig,  May  4,  1825.  An  organist,  and  as 
such  chiefly  self-taught,  he  went  to  Leipzig  in 
1808,  and  was  app.  org.  at  the  Petrikirche  in 
1810.  He  was  an  excellent  teacher,  and  wrote 
sonatas,  fugues,  preludes,  etc.,  f.  org.  and  f.  pf. 

Drouet,  Louis-Fran§ois-Philippe,  b.  Am- 
sterdam, 1792  ;  d.  Bern,  Sept.  30,  1873.  A 
distinguished  flutist,  who,  as  a  pupil  of  the  Paris 
Cons.,  played  there  and  at  the  Opera  when  but 
7  years  old.  From  1807-10,  teacher  to  King 
Louis  of  Holland  ;  181 1,  solo  flutist  to  Napoleon, 
afterwards  to  Louis  XVIII.  In  1815  he  went 
to  London,  played  in  the  Philharm.  in  t8i6,  and 
thereafter  made  long  concert-tours  throughout 
Europe.  In  1836  he  was  app.  Kapellm.  at  Ko- 
burg  ;  visited  America  for  a  few  months  in  1854. 
— His  works  f.  flute,  over  150  in  number,  com- 
prise 10  concertos,  2  fantasias  f.  pf.  and  fl.  (op. 
36,  37),  3  trios  f.  3  flutes  (op.  33),  3  waltz-duets 
(op.  24)  ;  ensemble  sonatas,  duets,  variations, 
etc.  He  is  said  to  have  written  the  French 
popular  air  "  Partant  pour  la  Syrie  "  from  Queen 
Hortense's  dictation. 

Dryden,  John,  the  famous  English  poet ;  b. 
Aldwinkle,  Northamptonshire,  Aug.  g(?),  1631  ; 
d.  London,  May  1,  1700.  He  wrote  the  libretto 
of  King  Arthur  for  Purcell,  also  the  "  Ode  for 
St.  Cecilia's  Day,"  which  Purcell,  Handel,  and 
others  have  set  to  music.  Incidental  music  has 
also  been  written,  by  eminent  English  composers, 
to  many  of  his  stage-works. 


iW^V  tit 


dram,   work.   La 


Dubois,  (Clement-Francois-)  Theodore,  b. 

Rosnay,  Manic,  Aug.  24,  1837.  After  preliminary 
teaching  at  Rheims, 
he  entered  the  Paris 
Cons,  in  1853,  study- 
ing under  Marmon- 
tel  (pf.),  Benoist 
(org.),  Bazin(harm.) 
and  Ambroise 
Thomas  (fugue  and 
comp.),  graduating 
(1  8  6  1)  as  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  with 
the  cantata  Atala, 
after  having  taken 
first  prizes  in  all  de- 
partments. From 
Rome  he  sent  a 
solemn  mass  (perf. 
at  the  Madeleine  in  1870), 
prova  di  nn  opera  scria  (not  perf.),  and  2  over- 
tures ;  returning  to  Paris,  he  settled  there  as  a 
teacher,  became  ///.  de  chap,  at  Sainte-Clotilde, 
and  then  succeeded  Saint-Saens  as  org.  at  the 
Madeleine.  In  1871  he  was  made  harmony- 
prof,  at  the  Cons.,  succeeding  Elwart  ;  in  1891 
he  became  Leo  Delibes'  successor  as  prof,  of 
comp. ;  in  1894  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  in  the 
Acad,  left  vacant  by  Gounod's  death  ;  in  1896 
he  succeeded  Ambr.  Thomas  as  Director  of  the 
Cons.,  and  was  made  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor.  Dubois'  comp.s  are  very  numerous  ; 
among  them  the  i-act  comic  opera  La  gitzla  de 
Vemir  (1876,  Athenee  Th.),  and  Le  pain  bis,  ou 
la  Lilloise  (1879,  Op. -Com.);  a  4-act  grand  opera 
Al>en  Hamet  (1884,  Italiens);  a  3-act  "  idylle 
dramatique,"  Aa?'/t';-<'(i895,Op.-Com.);  the  3-act 
opera  Circe"  {not  perf.)  ;  the  ballet  La  Farandole 
(1882,  Opera)  ;  the  mimodrama  Le  Mori  (Brus- 
sels, 1894);  3  oratorios:  Les  sept paroles  dit  Christ 
(1867),  Le  Paradis  perdu  (187S  ;  won  the  City  of 
Paris  prize),  and  Notre-Dame  de  la  Mer  (1S97)  ; 
several  cantatas  (/' 'Enlevement  de  Proserpine, 
Hylas,  Bergeretle,  Les  vivants  et  les  marts, 
Delivrance)  ;  several  masses,  and  other  ch.- 
mus. ;  many  orchestral  works  (Concert-overture 
in  D  ;  3  "  airs  de  ballet"  ;  3  orchestral  suites  ; 
4  petites  pieces  ;  3  petites  pieces  ;  Marche 
heroique  de  Jeanne  dArc  ;  Fantaisie  triomphale 
f.  orch.  and  org.;  Hymne  nuptiale  ;  "  Medita- 
tion-Priere"  f.  strings,  ob. ,  harp  and  org.;  Con- 
certo-capriccio  f.  pf. ,  and  a  2nd  pf. -concerto 
(1895);  a  violin-concerto;  symphonic  overture 
in  C  ;  overture  to  Frithioff  :  pf.-pes.  ("  Chceur 
et  danse  des  lutins  " ;  6  poemes  sylvestres)  ;  pes.  f . 
org.  and  f.  harmonium  ;  a  cappella  choruses  ;  etc. 

Dubois,  Leon,  born  Brussels,  Jan.  9,  1849  ; 
won  the  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  at  the  Br.  Cons,  in 
1885  ;  second  conductor  at  the  Th.  de  la  Mon- 
naie,  Brussels,  since  1S90. — Works  :  3  operas, 
Son  Excellence  ma  femme  (1884),  La  revanche  de 
Sganarelle  (1886),  and  Mazeppa  (not  perf.)  ;  also 
the  i-act  ballet  Smylis  (Brussels,  1891),  a  sym- 
phonic poem  Atala,  etc. 


156 


DUCANGE— DUNHAM 


Ducange.     See  Cange,  du. 

Ducis,  Benoit  [Benedictus  Ducis],  distin- 
guished composer  of  the  16th  century,  probably 
b.  at  Bruges  abt.  1480.  Pupil  of  Josquin  ;  org. 
at  Notre- Dame,  Antwerp,  and  "  Prince  de  la 
gilde  "  in  the  brotherhood  of  St.  Luke.  He  is 
said  to  have  gone  to  England  in  1 515  by  invita- 
tion of  Henry  VIII.;  others  contend  that  he 
lived  in  Germany.  He  is  frequently  confounded 
with  Benedict  of  Appenzell.  Fetis  gives  a  long 
list  of  his  works. 

Ducroquet.     See  Daublaine. 

Dufay,  Guillaume,  famous  French  contra- 
puntist ;  b.  abt.  1400  ;  d.  Cambrai,  Nov.  27, 
1474,  being  the  most  recent  in  the  distinguished 
triad  Dunstable-Binchois-Dufay.  In  1428  he 
became  a  chorister  in  the  Papal  Chapel,  and  in 
1437  entered  the  service  of  Philippe  le  Bon, 
Duke  of  Burgundy  ;  he  took  holy  orders  in 
Paris,  lived  seven  years  in  Savoy,  and  finally  be- 
came a  canon  at  Cambrai.  According  to  Adam 
of  Fulda,  D.  made  many  changes  in  notation  ; 
he  is  the  reputed  inventor  of  white  (open)  notes. 
Fr.  X.  Haberl  (in  the  4th  book  of  the  "  Vier- 
teljahrsschrift  fur  Musik-YVissenschaft,"  1885) 
gives  a  list  of  150  comp.s  found  in  the  libraries 
of  Rome,  Bologna,  and  Trieste,  inch  masses 
(finished  and  fragmentary),  motets,  a  magnificat, 
other  church-mus. ,  French  chansons,  etc.  Other 
MSS.  are  in  the  libraries  at  Paris,  Brussels, 
Cambrai,  and  Munich. 

Dugazon,  Louise-Rosalie  (ne'e  Lefevre),  b. 

Berlin,  1753  ;  went  to  Paris  in  1761,  and  d.  there 
Sept.  22,  1S21.  Although  not  a  trained  vocalist, 
the  grace  and  charm  of  her  singing  and  acting 
in  "  comedies  a  ariettes"  (comedy-operas,  oper- 
ettas, etc.)  aroused  the  utmost  enthusiasm  at 
her  very  debut  as  Pauline  in  Gretry's  Sylvain 
(July  30,  1774,  Comedie-Italienne).  Among  her 
principal  roles  were  those  of  Babet  (in  Blaise  et 
Babet),  Justine  {Alexis  et  Justine),  Nina  (Nina), 
Zetulbe  (Califs  de  Bagdad)  ;  her  impersona- 
tions were  so  animated  and  original,  even  when 
advancing  years  obliged  her  to  sing  "older" 
parts,  that  roles  of  this  description  have  ever 
since  been  distinguished  as  "  Jeunes  Dugazon," 
and  "  Meres  Dugazon."  She  retired  finally  in 
1806. 

Dug'gan,    Joseph     Francis,    pianist    and 

comp. ;  b.  Dublin,  July  10,  1S17.  He  was 
accomp.t  of  the  recitatives  in  Italian  Opera, 
New  York,  and  cond.  of  John  Wilson's  English 
opera-troupe,  and  of  German  opera  ;  taught  in 
Phila.,  Baltimore,  and  Washington  ;  was  prin- 
cipal of,  and  prof,  in,  the  Phila.  Mus.  Inst., 
1841.  From  1844-5  he  taught  in  Paris;  lived 
in  Edinburgh  and  London,  and  became  prof,  of 
singing  in  the  Guildhall  School  (if  Music. — He 
wrote  2  successful  operas,  Pierre  (London, 
1853),  and  Li'onie  (London,  1854),  and  3  others 
(MS.);  2  symphonies,  6  string-quartets',  numer- 
ous pf.-pes. ;  also  publ.  "  The  Singing-Master's 
Asst."  and  transl.s  of  Albrechtsben>;er's  "Sci- 


ence   of    Music"   (Phila.,    1842)   and  of    Fe'tis' 
"  Counterpoint  and  Fugue." 

Du'iffoprug'gar  (properly  Tieffenbriicker), 
Caspar,  b.  Freising,  Bavaria,  15 14  [date  estab- 
lished by  Dr.  Coutaigne  of  Lyons,  in  his  work 
"  Gaspard  Duiffoproucart  et  les  luthierslyonnais 
du  XVTIe  siecle"  (Paris,  1893)];  d.  Lyons, 
1572.  Long  reputed  to  be  the  lirst  maker  of 
violins  ;  but  Vidal,  in  his  "  Les  instruments  a. 
archet,"  states  that  all  the  so-called  D.  violins 
are  spurious,  having  been  made  by  Vuillaume, 
who  in  1827  conceived  the  idea  of  making  vio- 
lins after  the  pattern  of  a  viola  da  gamba  by  D. 
Apparently,  the  latter  learned  his  trade  in  Italy, 
the  usual  spellings  of  his  name  showing  it  to  be 
Italianized  rather  than  Gallicized  ;  he  settled  in 
Lyons  in  1553,  and  was  naturalized  in  1559. 

Dul'cken,  Luise,  pianist  (nee  David  [a  sister 
of  Ferd.  David]);  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  20,  1S11  ; 
d.  London,  Apr.  12,  1S50.  She  was  taught  by 
C.  F.  G.  Schwencke  and  Wilh.  Grund  ;  played 
in  public,  in  Germany,  when  but  11  years  of 
age  ;  she  married  in  182S,  and  went  to  London, 
where  she  met  with  brilliant  success  as  a  pian- 
ist and  teacher.  Queen  Victoria  was  one  of  her 
very  numerous  pupils. — Her  son, 

Dul'cken,  Ferdinand  Quentin,  pianist ;  b. 
London,  June  1,  1S37,  was  a  pupil,  in  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  of  Mendelssohn,  Moscheles,  Gade, 
Hauptmann,  and  (for  organ)  Becker  ;  also  later 
of  F.  Hiller  at  Cologne.  He  became  prof,  at 
the  Warsaw  Cons.;  lived  in  Paris  4  years  ;  made 
many  concert-tours  in  Europe  (with  Wieniawski, 
Vieuxtemps,  de  Kontski,  etc.)  ;  went  to  America 
in  1876,  and  travelled  with  Remenyi,  Joseffy, 
Essipoff,  and  Marie  Roze  ;  lived  for  several 
years  in  New  York. — Works:  An  opera,  Il'ies- 
laz1 ;  a  solemn  mass;  cantatas;  pf. -pes.,  songs, 
etc. 

Dulon,  Friedrich  Ludwig,  a  blind  flutist ; 
b.  Oranienburg,  n.  Potsdam,  Oct.  14,  1769  ; 
d.  YVurzburg,  July  7,  1826.  He  was  taught  by 
his  father  (flute)  and  Angerstein  of  Stendal 
(theory)  ;  in  1783  his  concert-travels  began,  and 
extended  all  over  Europe.  From  1 796-1800  he 
was  chamber-musician  at  the  St.  Petersburg 
court  ;  then  lived  in  Stendal,  and  settled  (1823) 
in  Wurzburg.  He  wrote  an  autobiography  : 
"  Dulons  des  blinden  Flotenspielers  Leben  und 
Meinungen,  von  ihm  selbst  bearbeitet  "  (Zurich, 
2  vol.s,  1S07-8,  edited  by  Wieland). — Works: 
A  flute-concerto  ;  9  duets  and  variations  f.  fl.  and 
vln. ;  flute-duets  ;  caprices  f.  fl. 

Dunham,  Henry  Morton,  b.  Brockton, 
Mass.,  July  27,  1S53.  Graduate  of  the  N.  E. 
Cons.,  and  later  of  the  Boston  Univ.  Coll.  of 
Mus.,  at  Boston.  Has  been  teacher  in  both  of 
the  above,  from  1878  till  now  (1899).  —  Publ. 
works:  "Organ  School"  (in  4  bks.) ;  2  organ- 
sonatas  (in  F  min.  and  (1  min.)  ;  inarches,  pre- 
ludes, and  other  organ-music  ;  has  also  made 
numerous  organ-arrangements. — "  A  System  of 
Technique   f.    Pf,";    Capriccio   brillante    f.   pf. ; 


J57 


DUN  I— DUPORT 


"  The  Choir-Manual";  Te  Deum  in  D;  "Hymn 
Music"  (3  books)  ;  etc. 

Du'ni,  Egidio  Romualdo,  b.  Matera,  n. 
Otranto  (Naples),  Feb.  9,  1709;  d.  Paris,  June 
11,  1775.  lie  first  studied  in  the  Cons,  "della 
Madonna  di  Loreto,"  under  Durante  ;  then  in 
the  Cons,  "della  Pieta  de'  Turchini."  His  first 
opera,  Nerone  (Rome,  1735),  was  a  great  pop- 
ular success,  completely  eclipsing  Pergolesi's 
Olimpiade.  Composing  industriously,  he  visited 
Vienna,  was  made  m.  di  capp.  at  S.  Nicolo  di 
Bari,  in  Naples;  went  to  Holland,  Paris,  and 
London  (1744) ;  became  tutor  at  the  Court  of 
Parma,  where,  encouraged  by  the  Duke,  he 
began  composing  French  operettas,  the  first  of 
which,  Ninette  a  la  cour  (Paris,  1755),  was  so 
well  received  that  D.  settled  in  Paris,  where  he 
brought  out  a  swarm  of  light  and  frivolous  stage- 
pieces  which  just  suited  the  prevailing  taste.  He 
is  looked  upon  as  the  founder  of  French  opera- 
bouffc.  He  wrote  about  13  Italian  operas,  and 
20  in  French. 

Dunkley,  Ferdinand  (Luis),  b.  London, 
Eng.,  July  16,  1869.  Pupil  (1883-5)  OI  G-  A- 
Higgs  (pf.,  org.,  harm.);  1885-6,  in  Trinity 
Coll.,   of  Bambridge  (pf.),  J-  Higgs  (cpt.),  and 

E.  H.  Turpin  (comp.);  1886-90,  at  R.  A.  M. 
(Scholarship),  of  Parry,  Bridge,  Martin,  Glad- 
stone, Sharpe,  and   Barnet.      Awarded  diploma, 

F.  R.  C.  O.,  1886.  Organist  and  choirmaster 
of  St.  Jude's,  London,  E.  C,  1885-7;  of  St. 
Aubyn's,  London,  S.  E.,  1888-93;  and  Dir.  of 
Mus.  at  Battersea  Grammar  School,  London,  S. 
W.,  1892-3;  was  eng.  in  1893,  by  Bishop 
Doane,  as  Director  of  Music  at  St.  Agnes' 
School,  Albany,  N.  Y. ;  was  also  org.  and  ch.m. 
at  State  St.  Presby.  Ch.,  Albany,  1S94-6,  and 
since  1897,  at  Trinity  M.  E.  Ch.,  Albany. — 
Publ.  works  :  "  The  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus," 
ballade  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  "  River  Scenes," 
f.  pf.  ;  Elegie,  f.  pf . ;  many  songs;  "Musical 
Ethics,"  a  lecture.  A  MS.  orchestral  Suite  took 
prize  of  50  guineas  (1889). 

Dunoyer.     See  Gaucquier. 

Dunstable  [Dunstaple],  John,  b.  Dun- 
stable, Bedfordshire,  Eng.,  1400  (?)  ;  d.  Wal- 
brook,  Dec.  24,  1453.  Eminent  contrapuntist, 
rivalling  his  contemporaries  Rinchoisand  Dufay, 
and  noted  by  Tinctor  as  one  of  the  "fathers" 
of  counterpoint. — Extant  works:  A  3-part  song, 
"  O  Rosa  bella,"  is  in  the  Vatican  Library,  and 
another  copy  at  Dijon ;  it  was  printed  in  score 
by  Morelot  in  his  "  De  la  musique  au  XVe 
siecle,"  and  by  Ambros("  Gesch.  d.  Mus.,"  vol. 
ii,  Appendix);  an  enigmatical  canon  (still  un- 
solved) in  the  British  Museum,  and  at  Lambeth ; 
a  3-part  comp.  without  words,  in  the  Brit. 
Museum  (Add.  MS.  31,922);  in  the  Liceo  filar- 
monica  at  Bologna  are  4  MS.  comp.s:  a  "  l'a- 
trem,"  a  "  Regina  creli  ketare,"  and  2  motets, 
"Sub  tua  protectione "  and  "  Quam  pulchra 
est " ;  and  in  the  Univ.  Library,  Bologna,  are 


2  "  Et  in  terra"  (a  3),  and  1  "Ave  maris  Stella" 
(a  2).      There  are  also  several  MSS.  at  Vienna. 

Dunstede.     See  Tunstede. 

Dupont,  Pierre,  b.  Rpchetaillee,  n.  Lyons, 
Apr.  23,  1821;  d.  Saint-Etienne,  July  25,  1870. 
The  son  of  a  laborer,  and  himself  uneducated, 
he  made  a  name  by  his  political  and  rustic  dit- 
ties, of  which  he  wrote  the  words,  and  then  sang 
the  airs  to  Reyer,  who  put  them  into  shape.  His 
political  songs  ("  Le  pain,"  "  Le  chant  des 
ouvriers,"  etc.)  created  such  disturbances  that 
he  was  banished  in  1851,  but  pardoned  in  1852, 
after  the  "  coup  d'etat." 

Dupont,  Joseph  (aine),  violinist  ;  b.  Liege, 
Aug.  21,  1821;  d.  there  Feb.  13,  1861.  He  st. 
at  the  L.  Cons,  under  Wanson  and  Prume,  and 
was  app.  prof,  there  when  but  17. — Works:  2 
operas.  Ribeiro  Pinto  (comic),  and  Lite  d'or; 
church-music;  a  string-quintet,  a  string-quartet; 
solo-pcs.  and  etudes  f.  vln.,  etc. 

Dupont,  Alexandre,  brother  of  preceding  ; 
b.  Liege,  1833  ;  d.  there  Apr.  4,  1888  ;  publ.  a 
"  Repertoire  dramatique  beige." 

Dupont,  Auguste,  excellent  pianist;  b.  Ensi- 
val,  n.  Liege,  Feb.  9,  182S  ;  d.  Brussels,  Dec. 
17,  1890.  His  teacher  was  Jalheau  at  the  Liege 
Cons. ;  he  travelled  in  England  and  Germany, 
and  in  1852  was  app.  prof,  of  pf.  at  Brussels 
Cons.  He  was  not  only  a  player  of  remarkable 
brilliancy,  but  also  highly  successful  as  a  teacher 
and  composer. — Works  :  Grand  concerto-sym- 
phonie  f.  pf.  and  orch.;  concerto  in  F  minor; 
many  characteristic  pes.  (generally  "salon-mu- 
sic") f.  pf . ;  pf .  -  etudes  ;  also  an  "  Ecole  de 
Piano,"  written  for  the  Brussels  Cons.,  contain- 
ing masterpieces  from  the  i6th-igth  centuries  in 
chronological  order. 

Dupont,  Joseph  (/<•  jeune),  brother  of  Au- 
guste  ;  b.  Ensival,  n.  Liege,  Jan.  3,  1838  ;  st.  in 
the  Conservatories  at  Liege  and  Brussels,  taking 
the  Grand  prix  de  Rome.  In  1867,  cond.  at 
Warsaw  ;  in  1871,  cond.  at  the  Imp.  th.  in  Mos- 
cow ;  in  1872,  app.  prof,  of  harm,  at  Brussels 
Cons.;  he  also  became  cond.  at  the  Th.  de  la 
Monnaie,  of  the  Society  of  Musicians,  and  of 
the  Popular  Concerts  (succeeding  Vieuxtemps). 

Dupont,  Joseph  D.,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  d.  The  Hague,  June  26,  1867  ;  he  was  Li- 
rector  of  the  German  opera  at  Amsterdam. 

Dupont,  Jean-Francois,  b.  Rotterdam,  1822; 
d.  Nuremberg,  Mar.  21,  1875.  Pupil,  at  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  of  Mendelssohn  (comp  )  and  David 
(vln.);  went  to  Hamburg  in  1854;  was  Kapellm. 
at  Linz  (1856),  and  Nuremberg  (1858-74). — He 
wrote  large  choral  and  orchestral  works,  and 
prod,  the  3-act  grand  opera  Bianco,  Siffredi 
(Linz,  1S55). 

Duport,  Jean-Pierre,  famous  'cellist  ;  b. 
Paris,  Nov.  27,  1741  ;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  31,  1818. 
In  Berlin  he  was  first  'cello  in  the  court  orch. 
from  1773,  and  superintendent  of  the  court  con- 


15S 


DUPOKT—  DURRNER 


certs  from  17S7-1806;  pensioned  1811. — Works  : 
3  duos  f.  2  'celli  ;  6  sonatas  f.  'cello  and  bass. 

Duport,  Jean-Louis,  the  brother  of  Jean- 
Pierre,  and  a  still  more  famous  'cellist ;  b.  Paris, 
Oct.  4,  1749  I  d.  there  Sept.  7,  1819.  He  first 
played  in  public  at  the  "Concerts  Spirituels " 
in  1768.  He  joined  his  brother  in  Berlin  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  ;  returning  in 
1806,  he  became  musician  to  Charles  IV.,  the 
ex-king  of  .Spain,  at  Marseilles  ;  went  back  to 
Paris  in  1812,  where  he  was  soon  regarded  as 
the  foremost  P'rench  'cellist,  joined  the  imperial 
orch.  (remaining  a  member  when  it  became  the 
royal  orch.),  and  was  app.  prof,  in  the  Cons, 
(suppressed  1815). — Works  :  6  'cello-concertos  ; 
sonatas,  duos,  airs  varies,  9  nocturnes  (f.  harp 
and  'cello),  etc.  I  lis  "  Essai  sur  le  doigter  du 
violoncelle  et  la  conduite  de  l'archet,  avec  line 
suite  d'exercices,"  is  still  a  standard  text-book. 

Duprato,  Jules-Laurent,  b.  Nimes,  Aug. 
20,  1827 ;  d.  Paris,  May  20,  1892.  Pupil  of 
Leborne  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  where  his  cantata 
Damocles  won  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1848. 
After  study  in  Italy  and  Germany,  he  settled  in 
Paris  as  a  composer  ;  in  1866  he  was  app.  asst.- 
teacher,  and  in  1872  prof,  of  harm,  at  the  Cons. 
He  prod.  12  "operas  comiques  "  and  wrote  3 
others  which  were  not  performed  ;  4  cantatas  ; 
choruses  for  equal  voices  ;  songs,  etc. 

Duprez,  Louis-Gilbert,  dramatic  tenor  ;  b. 
Paris,  Dec.  6,  1806  ;  d.  there  Sept.  23,  1896. 
His  fine  boy-voice  gained  him  admission  to 
Choron's  Institute  ;  after  diligent  vocal  and  the- 
oretical study,  he  made  his  debut  as  Count  Al- 
maviva  at  the  Odeon,  in  1825.  Dissatisfied  with 
the  results,  he  subjected  himself  to  a  long  course 
of  training  in  Italy,  and  in  1836  succeeded 
Nourrit  at  the  Opera.  He  was  app.  prof,  of 
lyrical  declamation  at  the  Cons,  in  1842,  but 
resigned  in  1S50  to  establish  a  vocal  school  of 
his  own,  which  flourished.  After  his  retirement 
(1S55)  from  the  stage,  he  prod,  several  operas, 
an  oratorio,  a  mass,  etc.,  without  great  success. 
But  his  vocal  methods,  "  E'art  du  chant  "  (1845) 
and  "  La  melodie,  etudes  complementaires 
vocales  et  dramatiques  de  l'Art  du  chant  "  (1S46), 
are  justly  celebrated. 

Dupuis,  Sylvain,  b.  Liege,  Nov.  9,  1S56. 
Pupil  of  the  Liege  Cons.,  winning  the  Prix  de 
Rome  in  1881,  and  now  teacher  of  cpt.  there  ; 
he  is  conductor  of  the  singing-society  La  Ldgia. 
— Works  :  3  operas,  Cour  d  Ognon,  Moina,  and 
the  comic  opera  V Idylle  (Yerviers,  1896  ;  v. 
succ.)  ;  3  cantatas,  La  cloche  de  Roland,  Camo- 
ens,  and  Chant  de  la  Creation;  a  symphonic 
poem,  "  Macbeth  ";  etc. 

Dupuy.     See  Puteanus. 

Durand  (properly  Duranowski),  Auguste- 
Frederic,  violinist  ;  b.  Warsaw,  1770  ;  d.  (?). 
A  pupil  of  his  father,  court  musician  at  Warsaw, 
a  nobleman  sent  him  to  Paris  in  1787,  where  he 
studied  under  Viotti,  becoming  an  extremely 
brilliant   and  original   player.      After  long  tours 


in  Germany  and  Italy,  he  entered  the  French 
army  ;  was  dismissed,  and  again  took  up  the 
violin,  leading  a  wandering  life  in  Germany  till 
1814,  when  he  settled  in  Strassburg  as  a  con- 
ductor and  teacher.  He  was  living  there  in 
1834. 

Durand,  Flmile,  born  St.-Brieuc,  Cotes  du 
Nord,  Feb.  16,  1830  ;  while  still  a  student  at 
the  Paris  Cons.,  he  was  app.  (1S50)  teacher  of 
an  elementary  singing-class,  and  in  1871  prof, 
of  harmony. — Works  :  Operettas  and  songs  ; 
also  a  Method  of  Harmony  and  Accompani- 
ment. 

Durand,  Marie-Auguste,  b.  Paris,  July  18, 
1830  ;  organ-pupil  of  Benoist  ;  in  1849,  org.  at 
St.-Ambroise,  then  at  Ste. -Genevieve,  St.-Roch, 
and  (1862-74)  St. -Vincent  de  Paul.  In  1870  he 
entered  into  partnership  with  Schonewerk  (ac- 
quiring Flaxland's  music-publishing  business), 
at  first  as  "  Durand  and  Schonewerk,"  later  as 
"  Durand  et  Fils,"  and  making  a  specialty  of 
publishing  modern  works  (by  Joncieres,  Lalo, 
Massenet,  Saint-Saens,  Wridor,  etc.).  He  has 
also  occupied  himself  with  mus.  criticism,  and 
composition  (masses,  songs,  dance-pieces,  and 
especially  music  f.  harmonium). 

Duran'te,  Francesco,  celebrated  church- 
comp.  and  gifted  teacher  ;  b.  Fratta  Maggiore, 
Naples,  Mar.  15,  16S4;  d.  Naples,  Aug.  13,  1755. 
He  studied  in  Naples  at  the  Cons.  "  dei  Poveri 
di  Gesu  Cristo,"  under  Gaetano  Greco  ;  later 
under  Aless.  Scarlatti  in  the  Cons.  San  Ono- 
frio,  of  which  he  was  made  Director  in  1718. 
He  afterwards  became  maestro  at  the  Cons,  of 
Santa  Maria  di  Loreto,  his  salary  here  being  not 
quite  $100  per  annum.  After  Scarlatti,  and 
with  Leo,  Durante  ranks  as  one  of  the  founders 
and  a  chief  representative  of  the  "  Neapolitan 
school"  of  composition.  He  devoted  himself 
almost  exclusively  to  sacred  music,  in  which  the 
breadth,  vigor,  and  resourcefulness  of  his  style 
are  more  in  evidence  than  marked  originality. 
He  was  one  of  the  greatest  teachers  that  ever 
lived  ;  his  illustrious  pupils  Duni,  Traetta,  Vinci, 
Jommelli,  Piccinni,  Sacchini,  Guglielmi,  Pergo- 
Iesi,  Paisiello,  and  others,  took  almost  complete 
possession  of  the  European  lyric  stage  during 
the  latter  half  of  the  iSth  century. — The  library 
of  the  Paris  Cons,  contains  a  rich  collection  of 
his  works  in  MS.;  13  masses,  and  fragments  of 
masses  ;  16  psalms,  16  motets,  several  antiphons 
and  hymns  ;  besides  12  madrigals,  6  harpsi- 
chord-sonatas, etc.  His  "  Lamentations  of  Jere- 
miah," and  a  "  pastoral  mass,"  are  in  the  Vienna 
Library  (in  MS.).  His  few  publ.  works  are 
found  in  the  collections  of  Schlesinger,  Roch- 
litz,  Commer,  and  the  Fitzwilliam  Music  ;  Karm- 
rodt  of  Halle  printed  a  grand  Magnificat  (with 
addit.  accomp.s  by  Robert  Franz). 

Diirr'ner,   Ruprecht  Johannes    Julius,  b. 

Ansbach,  Bavaria,  July  15,  1810  ;  d.  Edinburgh, 
June  10,  1859.  Pupil  of  Friedrich  Schneider 
at   Dessau  ;  from   1831-42,  cantor  at  Ansbach, 


159 


DURUTTE— DUVERNOY 


then  studied  under  Mendelssohn  and  Haupt- 
mann  at  Leipzig,  and  settled  in  Edinburgh  as  a 
conductor  and  vocal  teacher.  II is  choruses  and 
quartets  for  male  voices  won  great  favor. 

Durutte,  Fran^ois-Camille-Antoine 
(comte),  b.  Ypres,  East  Flanders,  Oct.  15,  1S03; 
d.  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1SS1.  Settled  in  iMetz. — 
Wrote  :  "  Esthe'tique  musicale.  Technie  ou  lois 
generates  du  systeme  harmonique  "  (1855),  sup- 
plemented by  a  "  Resume  e'lementaire  de  la 
technie  harmonique,  etc."  (1S76),  in  which  he 
presents  a  new  system  of  harmony.  He  com- 
posed operas,  chamber-music,  and  church-music. 

Dus'sek  [Dusek,  Duschek],  Franz,  b. 
Chot£borky,  Bohemia,  Dec.  8,  1736;  d.  Prague, 
Feb.  12,  170,9.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Wagenseil,  at 
Vienna;  settled  in  Prague  1763,  winning  fame 
as  a  teacher  and  performer.  —  Publ.  several  sona- 
tas (1773,  1774,  1799),  and  a  pf. -concerto  (op. 
1);  left  in  MS.  symphonies,  concertos,  quartets, 
trios,  and  sonatas. 

Dus'sek  y[Dusek  (doo'-shek)],  Johann  La- 
dislaus,  b.  Caslav  (Tschaslau),  Bohemia,  Feb. 
9,  1761;  d.  Saint- 
Germain  -en-  Lay  e, 
Mar.  20,  1S12.  At 
first  a  boy-soprano 
at  the  Minorite 
church,  Iglau,  he 
was  taught  music  by 
Father  Spenar, 
while  attending  the 
Jesuit  college  ;  was 
organist  at  the 
Jesuit  church  in 
Ruttenberg  for  2 
years,  and  while 
studying  theology 
at  Prague  Univ.  found  time  to  get  a  thorough 
musical  training,  so  that  after  graduation  he 
obtained,  through  Count  Manner,  his  patron,  the 
post  of  organist  at  the  church  of  Saint-Rimbaut, 
Mechlin.  Thence  he  went  to  Bergen-op-Zoom, 
and  (T7S2)  to  Amsterdam  ;  then  spent  a  year  at 
The  Hague,  and  in  1783  studied  under  C.  Ph. 
E.  Bach  at  Hamburg  ;  won  renown  as  a  pianist 
and  as  a  performer  on  Hessel's  "  harmonica,"  in 
Berlin  (17S4),  and  St.  Petersburg,  then  accepting 
an  appointment  from  Prince  Radziwill,  with 
whom  he  lived  in  Lithuania  for  over  a  year.  He 
played  before  Marie  Antoinette  in  1786,  at  Paris  ; 
soon  went  to  Italy,  and  returned  to  Paris  in  1788, 
whence  the  Revolution  drove  him  to  London. 
Here  he  married  Sofia  Corri,  a  singer,  in  1792, 
and  undertook  a  music-business  with  his  father- 
in-law  ;  but  his  careless  habits,  and  love  of  luxury 
and  ease,  ill  fitted  him  for  commercial  pursuits  ; 
the  enterprise  failed,  and  he  fled  to  Hamburg  in 
1800  to  escape  his  creditors.  Here  he  appears 
to  have  stayed  for  about  2  years,  giving  concerts 
and  teaching.  In  1802  he  gave  a  concert  at 
Prague,  and  paid  a  long  visit  to  his  father  at 
Caslav;  was  successively  in  the  service  of  Prince 
Louis  Ferdinand  of  Prussia  (d,  1806) — to  whom 


\AsEldgie  harmonique,  op.  61,  is  dedicated, — the 
Prince  of  Isenberg,  and  finally  (1808)  Prince 
Talleyrand  in  Paris. — Dussek  was  the  pioneer 
of  the  group  of  Bohemian  and  Polish  musicians; 
the  originality  of  his  pf.-comp.s  has  a  "  national" 
flavor,  and  still  keeps  them  alive.  As  an  execu- 
tant he  was  sui  generis,  disputing  with  dementi 
the  honor  of  inventing  the  "singing-touch  " 
Besides  2  English  operas,  given  in  London  with- 
out much  success,  a  solemn  mass  (comp.  at  the 
age  of  13),  several  early  oratorios,  and  consider- 
able church-music,  he  publ.  nearly  100  works  f. 
pf.  (many  without  opus-number);  among  them 
being  12  concertos,  "  a  symphonie  concertante  " 
f.  2  pfs.,  a  quintet,  a  quartet,  10  trios,  80  sona- 
tas w.  vln.,  9  4-hand  sonatas,  3  4-hand  fugues, 
53  sonatas  f.  pf.  solo,  and  many  rondos,  fanta- 
sias, variations,  and  waltzes.  He  also  publ.  a 
Method  f.  pf.  at  London,  which  appeared  later 
in  German  and  French. 

Dust/mann,  Marie  Luise(;/£v  Meyer),  dra- 
matic soprano  ;  b.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Aug.  22, 
1831;  d.  March,  1S99.  Debut  Breslau  (1849); 
after  this  she  was  eng.  at  Kassel  (under  Spohi), 
at  Dresden  ('53),  Prague  ('54),  and  Vienna  ('57). 
She  sang  as  a  "  star  "  in  the  larger  German  cities, 
Stockholm,  and  London.  Married  D.  (a  book- 
seller) in  1858  ;  made  Kammersangcrin  at  Vienna 
in  i860. 

Duval,  Edmond,  b.  Enghien,  Hainault,  Aug. 
22,  1S09.  lie  entered  the  Paris  Cons,  in  1828, 
but  was  dismissed  in  1832  because  of  irregular 
attendance.  Returning  to  Mechlin,  he  became 
deeply  interested  in  Abbe  Janssen's  "Vrais 
principes  du  chant  gregorien,"  and  was  entrusted 
by  the  bishop  with  the  revision  of  the  church- 
ritual  of  the  diocese.  In  furtherance  of  this  plan 
he  visited  Rome ;  after  his  return,  the  following 
"  revised  versions"  of  ecclesiastical  song  were 
issued:  "  Graduale  romanum,  etc."  (184S),  "Yes- 
perale,"  "  Manuale  chori  "  (1S50),  "Processio- 
nale"(iS5i),  "  Pastorale  Mechliniense  "  (1S52), 
and  "  Rituale  "  (1854),  based  on  Italian  publica- 
tions of  the  1 6th,  17th,  and  iSth  centuries.  lie 
also  publ.  a  series  of  "studies"  on  the  above, 
and  a  "Traite  d'accompagnement  du  plain-chant 
par  l'orgue,  etc."  Fetis  considers  both  plan  and 
execution  of  these  works  to  be  totally  wrong. 

Duvernoy  (or  Duvernois),  Frederic,  b. 
Montbeliard,  Oct.  16,  1765  ;  d.  Paris,  July  19, 
183S.  A  self-taught  horn-plaver,  he  became  first 
horn  at  the  Grand  Opera,  and  until  181 5  prof, 
at  the  Cons.  He  publ.  a  great  number  of  pieces 
f.  horn,  which  are  now  forgotten  ;  and  a  "  Me- 
thode  de  cor  mixte,"  explaining  his  peculiar 
style  of  playing. 

Duvernoy,  Charles,  brother  of  Frederic  ;  b. 
Montbeliard,  1766;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  28,  1845;  a 
clarinettist;  came  to  Paris  in  1810,  and  was  first 
clarinet  at  the  Tli.  de  Monsieur  and  the  Fey- 
deau,  retiring  in  1S24.  Till  1802  he  was  also 
prof,  at  the  Cons. — Works:  2  sonatas  f.  clar. ; 
variations  as  duets  f.  2  clarinets, 


1 60 


DUVERNOY— DVORAK 


Duvernoy,    Henri-Louis-Charles,   son    of 

the  preceding;  b.  Paris,  Nov.  16,  1S20,  pupil  of 
Halevy  and  Zimmerman  at  Paris  Cons.,  where 
(1839)  he  was  asst.-prof.,  and  in  1848  full  prof, 
of  solfeggio ;  he  trained  many  distinguised  pu- 
pils. Publ.  (with  Kuhn)  "  Nouveaux  choix  de 
psaumes  et  de  cantiques  "  (1848);  "  Solfege  des 
chanteurs  "  (1855);  "  Solfege  a  changements  de 
clefs"  (1S57);  and  "  Solfege  artistique  "  (i860); 
also  some  100  light  pf.-pcs. 

Duvernoy,  Charles-Francois,  b.  Paris,  Apr. 
16,  1796;  d.  there  Nov.,iS72.  Opera-singer  in 
the  Opera-Corn.,  Paris,  and  (1S51)  teacher  of  ope- 
ratic singing  in  the  Conservatoire  ;  1S56,  superin- 
tendent of  the  "  Pensionnat  des  eleves  du  chant." 

Duvernoy,  Victor-Alphonse,  b.  Paris,  Aug. 
31,  1842.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Bazin 
and  Marmontel  at 
the  Paris  Conser- 
vatoire, taking  the 
first  prize  for  pf.- 
playing  in  the  lat- 
ter's  class  (1855). 
In  iSGghe  founded, 
together  with  Leo- 
nard (1st  violin), 
Stiehle,  Trombet- 
ta  and  Jacquard, 
a  seriesof  chamber- 
music  concerts  ;  he 
devotes  his  time 
otherwise  to  com- 
position and  in- 
struction, having  at  present  (1899)  a  class  for 
piano-playing  in  the  Conservatoire.  As  a  dra- 
matic composer  he  has  produced  the  3-act  opera 
Sardanapale  (Lyons,  1 892 ;  successful),  the  "  scene 
lyrique  "  Cle'opdtre  (at  the  Concerts  Colonne),  and 
the  4-act  opera  /A7//(Grand  Opera,  1896).  His 
symphonic  poem,  La  tcnipefe,  produced  at  the 
Concerts  Colonne,  won  the  City  of  Paris  prize  ; 
he  has  also  written  several  other  orchestral  pieces, 
and  much  music  for  piano.  For  some  11  years 
he  has  been  the  musical  critic  of  the  "  Repu- 
blique  francaise";  he  is  a  chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor,  and  an  officer  of  public  instruction. 

Duvernoy,  Jean-Baptiste,  composer  and 
pf. -teacher  at  Paris  ;  dates  of  birth  and  death 
unknown.  Beginning  about  1825,  he  published 
several  hundred  piano-pieces  and  variations,  gen- 
erally of  a  light  and  easy  character,  and  a  number 
of  interesting  and  valuable  studies  for  piano-forte. 

Duysen,  Jes  Lewe,  b.  Flensburg,  Aug.  1, 
1820  ;  founded  a  piano-factory  at  Berlin  in  i860. 

Dvor'ak  [dvor'shahk],  Antonin,  b.  Miihl- 
hausen  [Nehalozeves],  Bohemia,  Sept.  8,  1841. 
His  father,  an  innkeeper,  wished  him  to  learn  the 
butcher's  trade  ;  but  he,  having  learned  to  play 
the  violin  from  the  village  schoolmaster,  left 
home  at  the  age  of  16,  and  entered  the  Prague 
Organ-School,  studying  under  Pitzsch,  and  earn- 
ing a  precarious  livelihood  as  violinist  in  a  small 


orchestra.  ALer  graduation  from  the  School 
in  1862,  he  joined  the  orch.  of  the  "  National 
Th."  as  a  viola- 
player.  It  was  not 
until  1873  that  a 
composition  of  im- 
portance gained  a 
hearing  ;  but  then 
the  production  of 
a  hymn  for  male 
chorus  and  orch. 
attracted  such  wide 
notice  that  he  re- 
ceived (1875) a  gov- 
ernment stipend, 
and  devoted  himself 
to  composition  with 
increasing  success, 
becoming   the  most 

famous  of  the  Bohemian  national  composers. 
Liszt,  by  securing  the  performance  of  his  works, 
and  encouraging  him  in  every  way,  did  much  to 
obtain  for  his  compositions  the  vogue  which  they 
deservedly  enjoy,  despite  an  overlavish  employ- 
ment ef  "Bohemian"  mannerisms  in  melody 
and  rhythm.  In  England  and  America  he  has 
many  warm  admirers.  From  1892-5  he  was  the 
artistic  director  of  the  National  Cons.,  New 
York  ;  then  returned  to  Prague. — Works  :  The 
Bohemian  operas  The  King  and  the  Charcoal- 
burner  (Prague,  18741,  Wanda  (1876),  Selma 
Sedldk  (187S),  Turde  Palice  (1881),  Dimitrije 
(1882),  and  The  Jacobins  (1889  ;  3  acts) ;  orato- 
rio St.  Ludmila  (Leeds  Mus.  Fest.,  1886)  ;  Re- 
quiem mass,  op.  89,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (Bir- 
mingham Fest.,  1891  ;  in  this  year  the  Univ.  of 
Cambridge  created  D.  "  Mus.  Doc")  ;  cantata 
77/6'  Spectre  s  Bride,  op.  69,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.  (Birmingham  Fest.,  1885);  secular  can- 
tata The  American  Flag  (New  York,  1895)  ; 
Hymn  of  the  Bohemian  Peasants,  op.  28,  f. 
mixed  ch.  w.  pf.  4  hands  ;  Hymn  f.  mixed  ch. 
and  orch.,  op.  30  ;  Stabat  Mater  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.,  op.  58  (London,  1883) ;  Psalm  149  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  five  symphonies  (1.  op.  60,  in 
D  ;  2.  op.  70,  in  D  min.;  3.  op.  76,  in  F  ;  4. 
op.  88,  in  G  ;  5.  op.  95,  in  E  min.,  "  From 
the  New  World ")  ;  3  orchestral  ballades  (or 
symphonic  poems)  are  op.  107,  "  Der  Wasser- 
mann";  op.  108,  "Die  Mittagshexe " ;  and 
op.  109,  "Das  goldene  Spinnrad  "  ;  2  sets  of 
symph.  var.s  f.  orch.,  op.  40  and  78  ;  overtures 
"  Mein  Heim,"  "  Husitska,"  "  In  der  Natur," 
"Othello,"  "Carneval";  'cello-concerto in  B  min. 
(1S96)  ;  pf. -concerto,  op.  35  ;  violin-concerto, 
°P-  53  1  "  Slavische  Tanze"  and  "  Slavische 
Rhapsodien,"  f.  orch.;  Scherzo  capriccioso  f. 
orch.;  string-sextet;  2  string-quintets;  pf. -quin- 
tet in  A,  op.  18  ;  6  string-quartets  ;  2  pf. -quar- 
tets ;  a  string-trio  ;  2  pf. -trios  ;  Mazurek  f.  vln. 
w.  orch.;  Serenade  f.  wind  w.  'cello  and  double- 
bass  ;  Notturno  f.  string-orch. ;  interesting  pf.- 
music  ("Legenden,"  4  hands,  "Dumka"  [Elegy], 
"  Furiante  "  [Boh.  nat.l  dances]  ;  "  Klange  aus 
Mahren,"  4  hands;   "  Silhouetten,"  12  4-hand 


161 


D  WIGHT— EBERHARD 


pieces  ;  waltzes  ;  mazurkas  ;  etc.)  ;  violin-sonata, 
°P-  57  !  various  vocal  numbers  (part-songs, 
duets,  and  songs). 

Dwight,  John  Sullivan,  a  well-known  mu- 
sical critic,  and  editor  of  "  Dwight's  Journal  of 
Music";  b.  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  May 
13,  1813  ;  d.  there 
Sept.  5,  1893.  He 
graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1832,  and 
was  one  of  the 
founders  and  most 
active  members  of 
the  Harvard  Mu- 
sical Assoc.  After 
studying  for  the 
ministry,  he  in 
1840  took  charge 
of  the  Unitarian 
Ch.  at  Northamp- 
ton,    Mass.      His 

literary  and  socialistic  proclivities,  however, 
gained  the  mastery  ;  he  gave  up  his  pastorate, 
and  entered  the  ill-starred  Brook  Farm  Com- 
munity, as  a  teacher  of  German  music  and  the 
classics.  Returning  to  Boston  in  1848,  after 
the  failure  of  the  socialistic  experiment,  he 
devoted  himself  to  literature,  founded  the 
"Journal"  in  1852,  and  remained  its  editor-in- 
chief  until  its  discontinuance  in  1881.  A  prom- 
inent feature  in  this  paper  were  the  valuable 
historical  essays  by  A.  W.  Thayer.  D.  also 
publ.  excellent  "  Translations  of  Select  Minor 
Poems  from  the  German  of  Goethe  and  Schiller, 
with  Notes." — Biography  by  George  Willis 
Cooke:  "J.  S.  D.,  Brook-Farmer,  Editor,  and 
Critic  of  Music  "  (Boston,  1899)  ;  Cooke  also 
edited  D.'s  correspondence  with  Geo.  Wm.  Cur- 
tis (Boston,  1898). 

Dykes,  Rev.  John  Bacchus,  b.  Kingston- 
upon-Hull,  Eng.,  Mar.  10,  1823;  d.  St.  Leon- 
ard's, Jan.  22,  1876.  An  English  divine  and 
composer,  educated  at  Cambridge  ;  minor  canon 
and  precentor  at  Durham  cath.,  1849,  where  he 
also  cond.  the  Mus.  Soc.  He  took  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  in  1861,  and  was  vicar  of  St. 
Oswald,  Durham,  from  1862.  Some  of  his 
hymns  are  peculiarly  fine  ;  he  likewise  comp.  a 
service  in  F;  the  23rd  Psalm  (The  Lord  is  my 
shepherd) ;  anthems  ;  and  part-songs. 


Eames  [amz],  Emma  [Mme.  Eames-Story], 
distinguished  dram,  soprano  ;  b.  of  Amer.  par- 
entage at  Shanghai,  China,  Aug.  13,  1867.  At 
the  age  of  5  she  went  with  her  mother,  a  talented 
musician  and  her  first  teacher,  to  the  latter's 
native  town  of  Bath,  Maine  ;  from  1883  she 
studied  under  Miss  Munger,  at  Boston,  and  from 
1886-8  at  Paris,  under  Mme.  Marchesi  (voice) 
and   M.    Plugue  (stage-deportment,  etc.).     She 


was  eng.  for  the  Opera-Corn,  in  1888,  expect- 
ing to  appear  in  La  Traviala;  but,  on  acct.  of 
delays,  cancelled  this  engagement,  and  made 
her  debut  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Mar.  13,  1889, 
as  Juliette  in  Gounod's  Romio  et  /.,  succeed- 
ing with  great  applause  to  a  role  previously  sung 
by  the  Patti.  She  sang  in  the  Opera  for  2  years, 
creating  the  roles  of  Colombe  in  Ascanio  bySt.- 
Saens,  and  of  Zaire  in  De  la  Nux's  like-named 
opera.  Engaged  for  Covent  Garden,  London 
(debut  Apr.  7,  1891,  as  Marguerite  in  Faust); 
in  this  year  she  married  the  painter  Julian  Story, 
and  in  Oct.  appeared  in  New  York  ;  since  then 
she  has  sung  regularly  in  N.  Y.  and  London  in 
their  respective  seasons  (excepting  the  winters 
of  1S92-3,  at  Madrid,  and  1S95-6,  during  tem- 
porary ill-health).  Mme.  E.  sings  in  English, 
French,  Italian,  and  German  ;  her  repertory  in- 
cludes the  following  roles  :  Juliette,  Marguerite, 
Colombe,  Zaire,  Desdemona,  Santuzza,  Michaela 
(Carmen),  Countess  (Figaro),  Yasodhara  (Light 
of  Asia),  Elsa,  Elisabeth,  Eva,  Sieglinde  (  Wal- 
ktire),  Mrs.  Ford  (Falstaff),  Donna  Elvira,  Ghi- 
selle,  Lady  of  Longford,  Mireille,  Charlotte 
(  Wert  her),  and  Valentine  (Huguenots). 

Eastcott,  Richard,  b.  Exeter,  England, 
1740  ;  d.  as  chaplain  at  Livery  Dale,  Devon- 
shire, 1828.  Publ.  "Sketches  of  the  Origin, 
Progress  and  Effects  of  Musick,  with  an  account 
of  the  Ancient  Bards  and  Minstrels,  illustrated 
with  various  Historical  Facts,  Anecdotes,  etc." 
(Bath,  1793);  "The  Harmony  of  the  Muses" 
(songs)  ;  6  pf. -sonatas. 

E'beling,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Ltineburg,  abt. 
1620  ;  d.  Stettin,  1676.  In  1662,  musical  director 
and  teacher  at  St.  Nicolai,  Berlin  ;  from  1668, 
prof,  of  music  at  the  Gymnasium  Carolinum,  Stet- 
tin. Publ.  "  I'auli  Gerhardi  geistliche  Andach- 
ten,"  120  sacred  songs  w.  2  vlns.  and  continuo 
(Berlin,  1666-7,  1669;  Nuremberg,  1682)  ;  "  Ar- 
chaeologiae  orphicae  sive  antiquitates  musicae  " 
(1676)  ;  and  a  "  concert  "  f.  clavichord  and  other 
instr.s. 

E'beling,  Christoph  Daniel,  b.  Garmissen, 
n.  Hildesheim,  1741  ;  d.  Hamburg,  1817,  as  prof, 
of  history  in  the  Gymnasium  and  custodian  of 
the  City  Library.  Publ.  "  Versuch  einer  auser- 
lesenen  musikalischen  Bibliothek  "  (Hamburg, 
1770);  "  Ueber  die  Oper"  ("  Hannoversches 
Magazin  "  for  1768)  ;  also  translations  of  Bur- 
ney's  "  Musical  Tour,"  of  Chastelaux'  "  Essai 
sur  l'union  de  la  musique  et  de  la  poesie,"  and 
of  the  English  text  of  Handel's  Messiah  (w. 
Klopstock). 

E'bell,  Heinrich  Karl,  b.  Neuruppin,  Dec. 
30,  1775  ;  d.  Oppeln,  Mar.  12,  1824.  A  lawyer 
by  profession,  he  was  a  pupil  of  Turk  and 
Reichardt  in  music,  and  from  1 801-4  Kapellm. 
at  Breslau.  He  comp.  10  operas  and  vaude- 
villes, an  oratorio,  six  cantatas,  5  symphonies, 
4  string-quartets,  songs,  etc. 

E'berhard,  Johann  August,  b.  Halberstadt, 
Aug.  31,  1739  ;  d.  Halle,  Jan.  6,  1809,  as  prof. 


162 


EBERHARD    VON    FREISINGEN— ECKELT 


of  philos.  He  wrote  a  "  Theorie  der  schonen 
Kiinste  und  Wissenschaften  "  (Berlin,  1783  ; 
3rd  ed.  1790),  a  "  Handbuch  der  Aesthetik  " 
(Halle,  1803-5,  4  vol.s),  and  several  short  essays 
on  mus.  subjects  in  his  "  Gemischte  Schriften  " 
(Halle,  1784,  1788),  and  in  the  "  Musikalisches 
Wochenblatt "  (Berlin,  1S05). 

E'berhard  von  Frei'singen  [Eberhar'dus 
Frisengen'sis],  Benedictine  monk  of  the  nth 
century.  Wrote  on  the  scale  of  organ-pipes 
and  on  bell-founding  ("  De  mensura  fistularum  " 
and  "  Regulae  ad  fundendas  notas  "). 

E'berl,  Anton,  one  of  the  most  famous  pian- 
ists of  a  century  ago,  and  a  gifted  composer  ;  b. 
Vienna,  June  13,  1766;  d.  there  Mar.  n,  1807. 
In  1782  he  prod,  the  opera  Die  Zigeuner,  fol- 
lowed (1783)  by  La  marchande  de  modes,  these 
attracting  the  attention  and  winning  the  friend- 
ship of  Mozart  and  Gluck.  He  made  a  concert- 
tour  with  Mozart's  widow  ;  lived  1796-1S00  in 
St.  Petersburg  as  Kapellm.;  revisited  Russia  in 
1803,  and  travelled  through  Germany  in  1806. 
Besides  3  more  operas,  he  wrote  a  cantata,  sym- 
phonies, pf. -concertos,  much  chamber-music, 
many  pf.-pes.  (especially  sonatas),  songs,  etc. 

E'berlin,  Daniel,  b.  Nuremberg,  abt.  1630  ; 
d.  Kassel,  1691.  A  music-student  in  Rome,  he 
became  captain  in  the  Papal  army  ;  was  Kapellm. 
in  Kassel  in  1678  ;  Kapellm. ,  tutor  to  the  princes, 
private  secretary  and  director  of  the  mint,  at 
Eisenach  ;  a  banker  in  Hamburg  and  Altona  ; 
and  finally  militia-captain  at  Kassel.  He  was  a 
good  contrapuntist  and  violinist  ;  also  a  cele- 
brated comp.  at  his  time  ;  but  only  3  vln. -trios 
(Nuremberg,  1675)  are  extant. 

E'berlin  [Eberle],  Johann  Ernst,  b.  Jet- 
tenbach,  Swabia,  Mar.  27,  1702  ;  d.  Salzburg, 
June  21,  1762,  as  Kapellm.  and  Truchsess  (car- 
ver) to  the  archbishop. — Publ.  works  :  "XI 
Toccate  e  Fughe  per  l'organo  "  (Augsburg,  1747; 
several  reprints)  ;  fugues  and  toccatas  in  Com- 
mer's  "  Musica  sacra";  2  motets  (publ.  by 
Schott)  ;  2  sonatas  (publ.  by  Haffner)  ;  5  pes.  in 
L.  Mozart's  "Der  Morgen  und  der  Abend" 
(Augsburg,  1759). — 1°  MS.  :  13  oratorios  in 
Ratisbon  (Proske's  Library) ;  an  offertory  and 
Miserere  (Berlin  Library)  ;  a  vol.  of  organ-pes. 
(R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music,  Berlin). 

E'bers,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Kassel,  March 
25>  x77°  I  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  9,  1836.  Intended 
for  the  army,  he  preferred  music  ;  became 
Kapellm.  at  the  theatres  in  Schwerin  and  Pesth, 
and  cond.  a  singing-soc.  at  Magdeburg.  He 
b-ought  out  4  operas  in  Pesth  (1796-7)  ;  also 
wrote  svmphonies,  overtures,  sonatas  and  other 
pes.  f.  pf.,  songs,  etc.,  none  of  special  vitality. 
His  transcriptions  f.  pf.  were  popular. 

E'berwein,    Traugott    Maximilian,    born 

Weimar,  Oct.  27,  1775  ;  d.  Rudolstadt,  Dec.  2, 
183 1.  Pupil  of  Kunze  in  Frankfurt,  and  Schick 
in  Mayence  ;  1797  Hofmusikus,  1S17  Kapellm., 
to  the  Prince  of  Rudolstadt. — Works  :  n  operas  ; 


symphonies,     overtures  ;    much    church-music  ; 
songs. — His  brother, 

E'berwein,  Karl,  b.  Weimar,  Nov.  10,  1786  ; 
d.  there  Mar.  2,  1868.  A  violinist  and  comp.; 
in  1803,  court  musician,  and  later  conductor  of 
the  court  orch.  He  was  a  friend  of  Goethe, 
who  often  mentions  him,  and  for  whom  he  com- 
posed some  songs.  He  wrote  2  operas,  the 
music  to  Holtei's  Leonore  and  to  Preciosa ;  an 
overture  to  Goethe's  Proserpine ;  also  cantatas, 
a  string-quartet,  a  flute-concerto,  songs,  etc. 

Ec'card,  Johannes,  b.  Muhlhausen,  Thu- 
ringia,  1553  ;  d.  Berlin,  1611.  Pupil  of  Joachim 
von  Burgk.  and  (1571-4)  of  Orlandus  Lassus  ; 
1578,  director  of  J.  Fugger's  private  orch.  at 
Augsburg  ;  in  1583  vice-Kapellm.,  and  in  1599 
full  Kapellm.,  at  Konigsberg.  In  160S  he  was 
called  to  Berlin  as  Kapellm.  to  the  Elector.  An 
eminent  composer  of  sacred  music.  With  von 
Burgk  he  publ.  20  "  Odae  sacrae "  (1594); 
"  Crepundia  sacra,  christliche  Liedlein  mit  4 
Stimmen "  (in  2  parts,  1577,  1596;  2nd  ed. 
160S)  ;  his  own  publ.  works  are  24  "  Neue 
deutsche  Lieder  mit  4  und  5  Stimmen  "  (1578)  ; 
14  "Neue  deutsche  Lieder"  (1589);  "  5-stim- 
mige  geistliche  Lieder  "(1597);  "  Preussische 
Festlieder "  (1598);  some  of  the  above  have 
been  reprinted  in  modern  form. — Also  a  motet, 
"O  Lamm  Gottes";  a  chorus,  "O  Freude"; 
and  occasional  songs. 

Ec/cles,  John,  born  London  (?),  1668  ;  d. 
Kingston,  Surrey,  Jan.  12,  1735.  Son  and 
pupil  of  the  violinist  Solomon  E.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Queen's  Band  in  1700,  and 
Master  of  the  same  in  1704.  He  composed  46 
masques  and  other  stage-pes.,  and  publ.  a  col- 
lection of  songs  f.  r,2,  and  3  voices  (London, 
1 701) ;  some  of  his  songs  are  in  "  Pills  to  purge 
Melancholy." — His  brother  Henry,  violinist, 
and  a  member  of  the  French  king's  private 
orch.  in  Paris,  publ.  "12  Excellent  Solos  f.  Vio- 
lin "  (1720)  in  Corelli's  style. 

Eck,  Johann  Friedrich,  born  Mannheim, 
1766;  d.  Bamberg  (?),  1S09  (1810?).  A  re- 
markable violinist,  court  musician  at  Munich  in 
1780,  later  dramatic  director  of  the  Court  and 
National  Th.  He  resigned  this  position  in 
1801,  and  went  to  Nancy,  France  (according  to 
some  accounts,  he  died  there). — Publ.  6  vln.- 
concertos  ;  a  Symphonie-concertante  f.  2  vlns. 

Eck,  Franz,  brother  and  pupil  of  Joh.  Fr., 
b.  Mannheim,  1774  ;  d.  Strassburg,  1S04,  in  an 
insane  asylum.  Also  a  fine  violinist,  and  for 
some  years  a  member  of  the  Munich  orch.; 
later  director  of,  and  soloist  in,  the  court  con- 
certs at  St.  Petersburg.  From  1802-3  ne  was 
Spohr's  teacher. 

Eck'elt,  Johann  Valentin,  born  Wernings- 
hausen,  n.  Erfurt,  abt.  16S0  ;  d.  Sondershausen, 
1734.  From  1696  he  was  org.  at  W'ernigerode  ; 
from  1703,  at  Sondershausen.  —  Publ.  "  Experi- 
menta    musicae    geometrica "    (1715)  ;    "  Unter- 


163 


ECKER— E1ILERT 


richt,  eine  Fuge  zu  formiren  "  (1722) ;  "  Unter- 
richt,  was  ein  Organist  wissen  soil  "  (n.  d.). 
His  MS.  Passion,  cantatas,  and  organ-works 
are  of  interest. 

Eck'er,  Karl,  b.  Freiburg,  Baden,  Mar.  13, 
1813  ;  d.  there  Aug.  31,  1879.  A  law-student 
at  Freiburg  and  Vienna,  he  also  st.  under  Sech- 
ter,  and  devoted  himself  to  composition  on  re- 
turning to  Freiburg  in  1846.  His  orchestral 
works  were  prod,  in  Freiburg  ;  his  male  quar- 
tets, and  many  songs,  enjoy  great  popularity. 

Eck'er,  Wenzel.  Pen-name  of  Wilhelm 
Gf.ricke. 

Eck'ert,  Karl  Anton  Florian,  b.  Potsdam, 
Dec.  7,  1S20  ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  14,  1879.  At  the 
age  of  6  he  was  considered  a  prodigy  ;  the  poet  F. 
Forster  became  interested  in  him,  and  had  him 
trained  by  the  best  teachers  :  Rechenberg  and 
Greulich  (pf.),  Botticher  and  H.  Ries  (vln.),  and 
Rungenhagen  (comp.).  At  10  he  wrote  an 
opera,  Das  Fishermadchen  ;  at  13,  an  oratorio, 
Ruth.  After  years  of  travel  and  study  (for  a 
time  at  Leipzig  under  Mendelssohn)  he  became 
accompanist  at  the  Th.  Italien,  Paris,  in  1851. 
He  went  to  the  U.  S.  with  Henriette  Sontag  ; 
was  app.  cond.  at  the  Th.  Italien  in  1852  ;  and, 
in  1853,  Kapellm.  (later  technical  director)  at 
the  Court  Opera,  Vienna  ;  succeeded  Kiicken  as 
Kapellm.  at  Stuttgart  in  i860,  retired  to  Baden- 
Baden  in  1867,  and  in  1869  was  called  to  Berlin 
as  first  court  Kapellm. ,  Taubert  and  Dorn  hav- 
ing been  pensioned  to  clear  the  way. — 4  operas, 
2  oratorios,  several  psalms,  and  a  'cello-concerto, 
had  only  mediocre  success  ;  whereas  his  songs 
are  highly  esteemed. 

Eddy,  Clarence  H.,  distinguished  organist ; 
b.  Greenfield,  Mass.,  June  23,  1851.  A  pupil 
of  J.  G.  Wilson,  Greenfield,  and  of  Dudley 
Buck,  Hartford,  Conn.;  in  1S71  he  went  to 
Berlin  to  study  under  Haupt  (org.,  etc.),  and 
Loeschhorn  (pf.)-  After  a  grand  tour  in  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Switzerland,  and  Holland,  he 
settled  in  1874  in  Chicago  as  org.  of  the  First 
Congreg.  Ch. ;  in  1876  he  became  director  of  the 
Hershey  School  of  Mus.  Art,  whose  founder, 
Mrs.  S.  B.  H.,  he  subsequently  married.  He 
makes  frequent  tours  in  America  and  Europe 
(latest  European  tours  1897,  '98)  ;  at  a  series  of 
100  organ-recitals,  given  at  Chicago  in  1879,  not 
one  program-number  was  repeated.  E.  gives 
yearly  a  series  of  organ-concerts.  For  some 
years  he  conducted  the  Chicago  Philharm.  Vocal 
Soc. — Works  :  Fugues,  canons,  preludes,  varia- 
tions, etc.,  f.  org.;  church-music;  songs;  has 
publ.  "The  Church  and  Concert  Organist  "  (2 
vol.s,  1882,  '85);  "The  Organ  in  Church" 
(1887)  ;  and  transl.  Haupt's  "  Theory  of  Cpt. 
and  Fugue"  (1876). 

E'delmann,  Adolfo.  See  Albertoni,  Azzo. 

Edgcumbe.     See  Mount-Edgcumbe. 

Edson,  Lewis,  b.  lSridgewater,  Mass.,  Jan. 
22,  174S  ;  d.  Woodstock,  N.  Y.,  1820.  Lived 
in    New    York,    1S01-17,    and    compiled    (with 


Thomas  Seymour)  "The  N.  Y.  Coll.  of  Sacred 
Music."  Composed  the  hymn-tunes  "  Bridge- 
water,"  "  Lenox,"  "  Greenfield,"  and  others. 
Removed  to  Woodstock  in  1817. 

Edwards,  Julian,  Engl,  comp.;  b.  1858.  In 
1880  he  brought  out  an  overture,  "  Corinne,"  at 
St.  James's  Hall,  London.  Was  cond.  of  the 
Engl.  Opera  Co.  at  Covent  Garden,  and  produced 
2  operas,  Corinne  and  Victorian,  at  Sheffield 
(1883).  Coming  to  the  U.  S.,  his  roni.  com. 
opera  in  3  acts,  Madeleine,  or  The  Magic  Kiss, 
was  given  at  Boston,  1S94,  and  Brian  Born  at 
the  Broadway  Theatre,  New  York,  in  1896. 
— Other  works  :  The  cantata  De  Montford's 
Daughter  ;  a  pf. -sonata  ;  etc. 

Ee'den,  Jean-Baptiste  van  den,  b.  Ghent, 
Dec.  26,  1842.  Pupil  of  the  Cons.s  at  Ghent 
and  Brussels,  winning  at  the  latter  the  1st  prize 
for  comp.  (1869)  with  the  cantata  Faust's  laatste 
nacht.  In  1878,  app.  Director  of  Mons.  Cons., 
succeeding  Huberti. — Works  :  An  opera,  Nu- 
mance  (Antwerp,  1897)  ;  oratorios  Brutus,  Jac- 
queline de  Bavikre,  Jacob  van  Artevelde,  Le 
Jugement  dernier,  and  the  trilogy  Judith;  2  can- 
tatas f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  Het  Woud  and  De 
Wind;  a  symphonic  poem,  "  La  lutte  au  XVIe 
siecle  "  ;  suites,  a  scherzo,  a  "  Marche  des 
esclaves,"  etc.,  f.  orch.  ;  also  part-songs  and 
songs. 

E'genolff  (or  Egenolph),  Christian,  an 
early  German  music-printer  ;  b.  abt.  1485  ;  un- 
enviably  notorious  for  poor  press-work  and  for 
piracy.  He  publ.  2  coll.s  of  4-part-songs, 
"  Gassenhawerlin  "  and  "  Reuterliedlin  "  (1535), 
which  are  of  decided  value. 

Eg'geling,  Eduard,  b.  Brunswick,  July  30, 
1813  ;  d.  Harzburg,  Apr.  8,  18S5.  A  pupil  of 
Griepenkerl,  and  a  piano-teacher  in  Brunswick, 
he  publ.  a  series  of  valuable  studies,  and  some 
instruction-books  ;  also  pf. -music  (2  fantasias, 
"  Der  Frtihling  "  and  "  Erhebung  "). 

Egg'hard,  Julius  (pen-name  of  Count  Har- 
degen),  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  24,  1834  ;  d.  there  Mar. 
23,  1867.  Pupil  of  Czerny  (pf.)  and  Sechter 
(comp.).  He  was  a  concert-pianist,  and  com- 
posed numerous  characteristic  pes.  f.  pf.,  which 
are  very  popular. 

E'gli,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Seegraben,  can- 
ton Zurich,  Mar.  4,  1742  ;  d.  there  Dec.  19, 
1810.  A  pupil  of  Pastor  Schmiedli  at  Wetzikon. 
Lived  in  Zurich  as  a  teacher,  composing  vocal 
music  (chiefly  sacred),  which  has  won  great 
popularity  in  Switzerland. — Works  :  "  Schwei- 
zerlieder,"  and  "  Schweizercantaten  "  by  Lava- 
ter  ;  "  Schweizer  Volkslieder  "  ;  "  Gellert's 
geistl.  Oden  und  Lieder";  "Cramer's  Oden"; 
many  sacred  songs  ;  etc. 

Eh/lert,  Louis,  composer  and  writer ;  b. 
Konigsberg,  Jan.  13,  1825  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Jan. 
4,  1884.  A  pupil  of  Schumann  and  Mendelssohn 
in  Leipzig  Cons. ;  studied  subsequently  at  Vienna, 
and  then  at  Berlin,  where  he  lived  1850-63  as  a 
teacher  and  critic.    Frequently  visited  Italy,  and 


164 


EIIMANT— EICHBORN 


was  conductor  of  the  Florentine  "  Societa  Cheru- 
bini  " ;  he  taught  in  Tausig's  ' '  Schule  des  hoheren 
klavierspiels,"  Berlin  (1S69-71),  then  became 
tutor  to  the  Meiningen  princes,  receiving  from 
the  duke  the  title  of  professor,  and  finally  set- 
tled in  Wiesbaden. — Compositions:  A  "  Friih- 
lings  "-Symphonie,  an  overture,  "  Wintermar- 
chen,"  a  "  Requiem  for  a  child,"  etc.,  are  in 
MS.;  he  publ.  the  overture  "Hafis";  and,  for 
pf.,  a  "  Sonate  romantique  "  (op.  5),  sonata  in 
A  min.,  Capriccio  (op.  3),  6  "  Lyrische  Skizzen  " 
(op.  12);  "Rhapsodies";  also  songs. — Writ- 
ings: "  Briefe  uber  Musik  an  eine  Freundin  " 
(Merlin,  1859,  °7>  '79)-  in  English  as  "  Letters 
on  Music  to  a  Lady "  (London  and  Boston, 
1877) ;  "  Briefe  aus  der  Tonwelt  "  (Berlin,  1S77), 
in  English  as  "  Letters  from  the  Tone-world  " 
(New  York,  1885). 

Ehmant,  Anselm,  b.  1832  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan. 
14,1895.  Teacher  of  composition  ;  cond.ofmale 
choruses  ;  published  instructive  works  for  pf. 

Ehnn-Sand,  Bertha,  celebrated  dramatic  so- 
prano ;  b.  Pesth,  1848  ('45?);  pupil  of  Frau 
Andriessen  in  Vienna  Cons. ;  debut  at  Linz  in 
1864,  sang  at  Graz,  Hanover,  Nuremberg,  Stutt- 
gart, etc.;  from  1868,  prima  donna  at  the  court 
opera,  Vienna. 

EhrTich,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Magde- 
burg, May  7,  1810  ;  d.  there  May  31,  1887.  A 
pupil  of  Hummel  at  Weimar  (pf.),  he  became 
cond  of  the  Singakadcmie  in  Magdeburg,  presi- 
dent of  the  Tonkiinstlerverein,  and  a  teacher  of 
singing. — Operas  :  Konig  Georg  (Magdeburg, 
1 861)  ;  Die  Rosenmddchen  (Freiburg,  Baden, 
1S70) ;  also  organ-mus.,  pf.-pcs.,  and  songs 
(sacred  and  secular). 

EhrTich,  Alfred  Heinrich,  eminent  pianist 
and  author  ;  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  5,  1822  ;  pupil  of 
Henselt,  Booklet,  and  Thalberg  (pf.),  and  of 
Sechter  (comp.).  For  several  years  he  lived  at 
Hanover  as  court  pianist  to  King  George  V. ; 
then  at  Wiesbaden  (1855-7),  London,  Frankfort, 
and  (1S62)  Berlin.  He  was  pf.-teacher  at  the 
Stern  Cons,  from  1864-72,  and  again  18S6-98. 
Felix  Dreyschock  and  Franz  Mannstadt  are 
among  his  pupils.  He  was  also  on  the  staff  of 
the  "  Berliner  Tageblatt,"  "  Die  Gegenwart," 
and  the  "  Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung  "  as  music 
critic.  —  Works  for  pf . :  "  Concertstiick  in  un- 
garischer  Weise";  "  Lebensbilder ";  Variations 
on  an  orig.  theme  ;  12  Studies.  He  edited  Tau- 
sig's Technical  Studies. — Writings  :  "  Schlag- 
lichter  und  Schlagschatten  aus  der  Musikwelt " 
(1872),  "  Aus  alien  Tonarten,"  "  Ftir  den  Ring 
des  Nibelungen  gegen  Bayreuth,"  "  Wie  Iibt 
man  am  Klavier  ?  "  (1879,  2nd  ed.  1884  ;  English 
transl.,  N.  Y.,  no  date,  as  "  How  to  Practise  on 
the  Piano  ")  ;  "  Die  Musikaesthetik  in  ihrer  Ent- 
wickelung  von  Kant  bis  auf  die  Gegenwart " 
(1SS1);  "  Lebenskunst  und  Kunstleben  "  (18S4)  ; 
"  Musikstudium  und  Klavierspiel  ";  "Dreissig 
Jahre  Kiinstlerleben "  (1893);  besides  two 
novels,  "  Abenteuer  eines  Emporkommlings " 
(1858)  and  "  Kunst  und  Handwerk  "  (1862). 


Ei'benschiitz,  Albert,  pianist ;  b.  Berlin, 
Apr.  15,  1S57  ;  pupil  of  Reinecke  (pf.)  and  Paul 
(pf.  and  theory)  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  where  he  won 
the  Diploma  of  Honor.  1S76-S0,  prof,  of  the 
Music  School  in  Charkoff  (southern  Russia); 
1880-4,  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  then  at  Cologne  Cons. ; 
1S93,  chosen  Dir.  of  the  Cologne  Liederkranz; 
1S96,  1st  pf.-prof.  in  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin. — 
Works  f.  pf.  :  Sonatas,  4-hand  pes.  (op.  6-13), 
a  .Staccato  Study,  paraphrases,  etc. 

Ei'benschiitz,  Ilona,  cousin  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Pesth,  May  8,  1872.  Pianist  ;  played  in  a  concert 
with  Liszt  in  her  fifth  year  ;  studied  (1878-85) 
in  Vienna  Cons,  under  Hans  Schmitt.  After  a 
tour  in  Russia,  Scandinavia,  Germany,  and 
France,  she  studied  with  Frau  Schumann  at 
Frankfort  (1885-9);  since  then  she  has  played 
with  great  applause  in  London  and  elsewhere. 
Resides  in  Vienna. 

Eich'berg,  Julius,  violinist  and  comp.;  b. 
Diisseldorf,  June  13,  1S24  ;  d.  Boston,  Mass., 
Jan.  iS,  1893.  His  first  teachers  were  J.  Froh- 
lich  (at  Wiirzburg)  and  J.  Rietz  (at  Diisseldorf); 
he  then  (1843-5)  attended  the  Brussels  Cons. 
(Fetis,  Meerts,  and  de  Beriot) ;  in  1846,  was  app- 
prof.  of  vln.  and  comp.  at  the  Geneva  Cons.; 
in  1856  came  to  New  York,  and  settled  in  Bos- 
ton in  1S59  as  director  of  the  Museum  Concerts 
(till  1S66).  He  also  became  Director  of  the  Bos- 
ton Cons.,  superintendent  of  music  in  the  public 
schools,  and  founded  Eichberg's  School  f.  Vio- 
lin-playing.— Works  :  Operettas:  The  Doctor  of 
Alcantara  (Boston,  1862  ;  comic);  The  Rose  of 
Tyrol  (1865);  The  Two  Cadis  (1870);  A  Night 
in  Rome.  —  Also  studies,  duets,  and  charac.  pes. 
f.  vln. ;  trios  and  quartets  f.  strings ;  songs,  etc. 

Eich'berg,  Oskar,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  21,  1845; 
d.  there  Jan.  13,  1898.  A  pupil  of  Kiel  and 
Loschhorn,  he  settled  in  Berlin  as  a  singing- 
teacher.  For  a  year  and  a  half  he  directed  the 
."Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung,"  and  from  18SS 
was  president  of  the  Berlin  Music-Teachers' 
Union.  He  also  cond.  a  singing-society,  and 
was  music  critic  of  the  "  Borsen-Courier "  for 
several  years.  He  edited  an  annual  "  Musik- 
Kalender"  from  1S79-S9.  Publ.  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
and  part-songs. 

Eich'born,  Hermann  Ludwig,  b.  Breslau, 
Oct.  30,  1847.  Composer,  writer,  inventor.  In 
early  youth  st.  pf. ,  flute,  trumpet,  horn,  etc.;  at 
14,  pupil  of  the  renowned  trumpeter  Ad.  Scholz. 
Law-student  at,  and  graduate  of,  Breslau  Univ. 
Also  st.  theory  of  mus.  with  Dr.  E.  Bohn,  and 
decided  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  music. 
Comp.  many  songs,  several  Singspiele  and  ope- 
rettas, music  to  "  Liederspielen,"  and  numerous 
pes.  f.  orch.,  of  which  few  have  been  publ. 
Studied  the  Waldhorn  and  became  a  noted  vir- 
tuoso ;  invented  (1882)  the  Oktav-  (or  soprano) 
Waldhorn  in  F,  now  used  in  many  Silesian 
bands.  Has  written  many  mus.  essays,  criti- 
cal articles,  and  reviews  (e.g.,  for  the  Leipzig 
"  Zeitschrift  f.  Instrumentenbau  ").  In  1883  he 
founded,  and  conducted   for  several  years,  the 


165 


EICIIIIORN— ELLA 


health-journal  "  Das  20ste  Jahrhundert."  Has 
lived  for  several  years  at  Gries,  near  Bozen, 
where  he  is  conductor  of  the  excellent  "  Kurka- 
pelle."  Writings:  "Die  Trompete  in  alter  u. 
neuer  Zeit.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Musikgesch.  u. 
Instrumentationslehre  "  (1881)  ;  "  Zur  Gesch.  d. 
Instrumentalmusik.  Eine  produktive  Kritik  " 
(1886);  "Das  alte  Clarinblasen  auf  Trompe- 
ten"(i8g5).     Compositions  f.  Waldhorn. 

Eich'horn.  Two  sons  of  Johann  Paul  E. 
[Coburg  court  musician  ;  b.  Feb.  22,  1787  \  d. 
Oct.  17,  1823]:  (1)  Johann  Gottfried  Ernst 
(b.  Apr.  30,  1822  ;  d.  June  16,  1S44)  and  (2) 
Johann  Karl  Eduard  (b.  Oct.  17,  1823  ;  d. 
July  22,  1897).  They  performed  on  the  violin 
in  public  when  respectively  6  and  7  years  old, 
and  made  an  excessive  number  of  concert-tours 
up  to  1835,  later  obtaining  positions  in  the  Co- 
burg court  orchestra. 

Ei'lers,  Albert,  b.  1831  .(?)',  d.  Darmstadt, 
Sept.  4,  1896;  pupil  of  Milan  Cons.;  debut 
Dresden,  1854,  as  Orovisto  in  Norma.  1S58- 
65,  eng.  at  German  Th.,  Prague  ;  later  at  Co- 
burg. In  1876  Wagner  selected  him  to  sing 
the  part  of  giant  Fasolt  at  Bayreuth.  Since 
1882,  basso  cantante  at  Darmstadt  City  Th. — 
Operetta  Spielmanns-Lied (Prague,  1865)  ;  comic 
opera  Die  Johannisnacht  (Koblenz,  1889;  succ); 
a  Mass,  a  Requiem,  etc. 

Eis'feld,  Theodor,  b.  Wolfenbuttel,  Apr. 
11,  1S16  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Sept.  16  (?),  18S2. 
Kapellm.  at  Wiesbaden  court  theatre  1839-43  ; 
then  of  the  "  Concerts  Viviennes,"  Paris.  He 
occasionally  visited  Italy,  taking  singing-lessons 
of  Rossini  at  Bologna,  and  becoming  an  honor- 
ary member  of  the  Academy  of  St.  Cecilia. 
From  1848  66,  E.  lived  in  New  York,  and  filled 
an  important  place  in  the  musical  life  of  the 
city  ;  he  cond.  the  Philharm.  for  several  years, 
and  the  Harmonic  Society  from  its  foundation; 
also  estab.  quartet  soirees  in  1851,  Noll,  Reyer,' 
and  Eichhorn  being  the  other  members  of  the 
quartet,  and  Otto  Dresel  the  pianist.  In  1S66, 
on  his  way  to  Europe,  he  was  one  of  the  few 
saved  from  the  burnt  steamer  "Austria";  a 
nervous  affection  afterwards  hindered  him  from 
pursuing  his  profession. 

EissTer,  Marianne,  violinist  ;  b.  Briinn, 
Nov.  18,  1865  ;  pupil  of  Hessler. — Her  sister 
Emma  is  a  pianist. 

Eit'ner,  Robert,  musical  historiograph  and 
teacher  ;  b.  Breslau,  Oct.  22,  1832.  A  pupil  of 
M.  Brosig  ;  settled  (1853)  in  Berlin  as  a  teacher, 
and  gave  a  series  of  concerts  (1857-9)  of  his  own 
compositions.  He  estab.  a  pianoforte-school  in 
1863,  and  publ.  a  "  Hilfsbuch  beim  Klavieruner- 
richt  "  (1871).  He  has  devoted  himself  chiefly 
to  mus.  literature,  and  especially  to  researches 
concerning  works  of  the  16th  and  17th  centuries. 
The  Amsterdam  Soc.  for  the  Promotion  of  Music 
awarded  him  a  prize  for  a  Diet,  of  Dutch  Com- 
posers (1S71,  MS.);  he  also  prepared  an  edition 
of  Sweelinck's  organ-works  for  the  Society.    One 


of  the  founders  of  the  Berlin  "  Gesellsch.  f. 
Musikforschung,"  he  has  edited  their  "  Monats- 
hefte  f.  Musikgeschichte  "  since  1869  ;  also 
the  "  Publikation  alterer  praktischer  und  theo- 
retischer  Musikwerke,  etc." — Other  writings  : 
"  Verzeichniss  neuer  Ausgaben  alter  Musikwerke 
aus  der  friihesten  Zeit  bis  zum  Jahr  1800" 
("  Monatshefte,"  1871)  ;  "Bibliographic  der 
Musiksammehverke  des  16.  u.  17.  Jahrh.s" 
(with  Haberl,  Lagerberg,  and  Pohl);  "  Verzeich- 
niss der  gedruckten  Werke  von  Hans  Leo  Hass- 
ler  und  Orlandus  de  Lassus  "  ("Monatshefte," 
(1873-4);  anc'  S.  G.  Staden's  "  Seelewig  "  (ditto, 
1881).  —  Compositions:  A  "biblical  opera" 
Judith j  a  Pfingstcantata  ;  Stabat  Mater  a  4  a 
cappella;  overture  to  "  DerCid  ";  pf.-pes. ;  songs. 
A  new  "  Quellenlexikon  fiber  die  Musiker  und 
Musikgelehrten  der  christlichen  Zeitrechnung 
bis  zur  Mitte  des  19.  Tahrhunderts  "  is  publishing 
by  subscription  (1899). 

E'lers  (called  Elerus),  Franz,  b.  Uelzen, 
abt.  1500  ;  d.  Feb.  22,  1590,  at  Hamburg,  where 
he  lived  from  1530  as  teacher,  cantor,  and  finally 
mus.  director  of  the  cathedral.- — Publ.  a  large 
"  Gesangbuch  "  (1588),  Part  I  containing  Cantica 
sacra  (collects  and  responses),  Part  II  Psalmi 
(Luther's  chorales,  etc.),  with  intonation  of  the 
church-modes  ace.  to  Glarean. 

Elewyck,  Xavier  Victor  (Chevalier)  van, 
b.  Ixelles  lez  Bruxelles,  Belgium  ;  d.  in  the  in- 
sane asylum  at  Zickemont,  Apr.  2S,  1888.  He 
wrote  several  monographs  ;  on  Sacred  Music  in 
Belgium  (1861),  "  Mathias  van  den  Gheyn  " 
(1862),  Sacred  Music  in  Belgium  and  France 
(1S60,  '63,  '64)  ;  and  "  De  l'etat  actuel  de  la 
musique  en  Italie  "  (1S75). 

El  Farabi.     See  Alfarabi. 

Elgar,  Edward  William,  born  Broadheath, 
near  Worcester,  Eng.,  June  2,  1857.  Violinist 
and  organist  ;  cond.  of  the  Worcester  Instru- 
mental Soc,  1882-9,  and  org.  at  St  George's 
(1885-9);  lived  in  .London  till  1891,  since  then 
in  Malvern,  devoting  himself  to  composition. — ■ 
Works:  Oratorio,  The  Light  of  Life  (1896) ;  2 
cantatas ;  a  Choral  Suite ;  6  Scenes  from  the 
Bavarian  Highlands,  f.  ch.  and  orch.  (1896); 
Spanish  serenade  f .  ch.  and  orch. ;  church-music  ; 
— for  orch.,  Concert-overture  "  Froissart  "  ; 
Sevillana;  Liebesgruss  ;  Serenade  (string-orch.), 
etc.;  a  Romance  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  pes.  f.  vln. 
and  pf. ;  Etudes  caracteristiques  f.  vln. ;  an  organ- 
sonata  ;  part-songs,  songs. 

Elias  Salomonis,  monk  at  Sainte-Astere, 
Perigord,  wrote  in  1274  a  treatise  "  Scientia 
artis  musica;"  6printed  by  Gerbert,  "  Scriptores," 
vol.  iii),  of  peculiar  value  as  the  oldest  work 
giving  rules  for  improvised  counterpoint. 

Ella,  John,  b.  Thirsk,  Yorkshire,  Dec.  19, 
1802;  d.  London,  Oct.  2,  1888.  Intended  for 
the  law,  he  took  violin-lessons  from  Ferny,  and 
joined  the  orch.  of  the  King's  Th.,  London, 
1822,  later  playing  also  in  the  Concerts  of 
Antient    Mus.    and    the    Philharm.      Meanwhile 


166 


ELLER— ELSON 


he  st.  harmony  under  Attwood  ;  in  1S45  he  was 
a  pupil  of  Fetis  in  Brussels  for  cpt.  and  comp. ; 
in  this  year  he  founded  the  "  Musical  Winter 
Evenings"  (1845-59).  The  "analytical  pro- 
grammes," written  by  Ella  for  these  concerts, 
were  an  improvement  on  those  already  iatrod. 
by  Tohn  Thompson  in  1S37  for  the  Edinburgh 
Professional  Soc.  E.  was  app.  lecturer  on  music 
at  the  London  Institution  in  1855.  He  gave  up 
active  work  in  1S80. — Writings  :"  Lectures  on 
Dram.  Mus.  abroad  and  at  home"  (1872); 
"  Mus.  Sketches  abroad  and  at  home"  (3  edi- 
tions: 1S61 ;  'Cg;  '78);  "Records  of  the  Mus. 
Union"  (1S45-78);  "Personal  Memoir  of  Meyer- 
beer, with  an  analysis  of  Les  Huguenots  "  (1868) ; 
etc. 

Eller,  Louis,  violin  virtuoso  ;  b.  Graz,  1819; 
d.  Pau,  July  12,  1862.  A  pupil  of  Hysel,  from 
1S36  he  made  tours  in  Austria,  Hungary,  Swit- 
zerland, and  southern  Europe  (with  Gottschalk 
to  Spain  and  Portugal).  For  violin  he  wrote  a 
Valse  diabolique,  a  Rhapsodie  hongroise,  a 
Menuet  sentimental,  fantasias,  etudes,  etc. 

Ellerton,  John  Lodge,  poet  and  extraor- 
dinarily prolific  amateur  comp.;  b.  Chester,  Jan. 
11,  1807;  d.  London,  Jan.  3,  1873.  An  Oxford 
graduate,  he  studied  counterpoint  for  2  years 
under  Pietro  Terziani  at  Rome,  where  he  comp. 
7  Ital.  operas;  and  lived  for  some  time  in 
Germany. — Works  :  7  Italian  operas,  3  Engl.,  1 
Germ.;  an  oratorio,  Paradise  Lost j  5  sympho- 
nies, 4  concert-overtures,  3  quintets,  44  string- 
quartets,  3  string-trios,  8  trios  f.  various  instr.s, 
13  sonatas,  61  glees,  83  vocal  duets,  songs. 

Elliott,  James  William,  born  Warwick, 
Eng.,  Feb.  13,  1833.  A  pupil  of  G.  A.  Mac- 
farren,  he  held  several  positions  as  organist,  and 
since  1S74  is  org.  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Mark's, 
Hamilton  Terrace,  London.  —  Works  :  2  ope- 
rettas, Romance  and  Reality,  and  Dan'l's  Delight 
(1S93)  ;  "  National  Nursery  Rhymes  "  (1870)  ;  6 
pes.  f.  harmonium;  "The  Harmonium  Treas- 
ury" (2  vol.s  of  arrangements);  various  coll.s 
of  sacred  music  ;  also  services,  anthems,  part- 
songs,  songs,  etc. 

Ellis,  Alexander  John,  b.  Hoxton  (London), 
June  14,  1S14  ;  d.  Kensington,  Oct.  2S,  1890. 
Cambridge  graduate  (1837),  F.  R.  S.  (1S64), 
Pres.t  of  the  Philological  Soc;  etc.  A  distin- 
guished writer  on  musical  science,  he  publ. 
valuable  papers,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Soc.y,  "On  the  Conditions  ...  of  a  Perfect 
Musical  Scale  on  Instruments  with  F'ixed  Tones" 
(1S64),  "  On  the  Physical  Constitutions  and  Re- 
lations of  Musical  Chords"  (1864),  "On  the 
Temperament  of  Instruments  with  Fixed  Tones  " 
(1S64),  and  "On  Musical  Duodenes ;  or,  The 
Theory  of  Constructing  Instruments  with  Fixed 
Tones  in  Just  or  Practically  Just  Intonation  " 
(1874).  Papers  containing  new  theories,  etc.,  for 
the  Musical  Association  are  as  follows:  "The 
Pasis  of  Music"  (1877),  "Pronunciation  for 
Singers"  (1877),  and  "  Speech  in  Song"  (187S). 


He  wrote  in  detail  on  Musical  Pitch  for  the 
"  Proceedings "  of  the  Society  of  Arts  (1S77, 
1S80,  and  1S81  ;  publ.  separately,  1880-81  ;  and 
in  summary  form  in  the  Appendix  to  the  sec- 
ond edition  of  his  translation  of  Helmholtz's 
"  Lehre  von  den  Tonempfindungen  "  [1st  ed., 
1875  ;  2nd  ed.,  1885])  ;  also  the  "  Tonometrical 
Observations,  or  Some  Existing  Non-harmonic 
Scales"  (Royal  Society,  18S4),  and  "On  the 
Musical  Scales  of  Various  Nations"  (Society  of 
Arts,  1885).  He  likewise  transl.  Ohm's  "  Geist 
der  mathematischen  Analyse"  (1868),  and  Prey- 
er's  "  Ueber  die  Granzen  der  Tonwahrnehmung" 
(1876-7,  Proc.  of  the  Mus.  Assoc). 

El'menreich,  Albert,  actor  in  the  court  the- 
atre at  Schwerin,  prod,  the  3-act  comic  opera 
Der  Schmied  von  Gretna  Green  at  Hamburg  in 
1S56. 

EPsenheimer,  Nicholas  J.,  b.  Wiesbaden, 
June  [?],  1866.  Taught  music  by  his  father  ; 
took  degree  of  LL.D.,  at  Heidelberg  ;  st.  cpt., 
etc.,  under  G.  Jakobsthal,  Strassburg.  Went 
to  America  1890  ;  eng.  1891  as  prof.  of.  pf., 
theory,  and  mus.  literature  at  Coll.  of  Mus., 
Cincinnati. — Works  :  Valerian,  cantata  f.  male 
ch.,  barit.  solo,  and  orch. ;  "  Belshazzar,"  dram, 
ballade  for  tenor  (or  soprano)  ;  Humorcsque 
f.  string-orch. ;  "Eventide,"  chorus  f.  female 
voices  w.  string-accomp. 

Els'ner,  Joseph  Xaver,  b.  Grottkau,  Silesia, 
Tune  29,  1769  ;  d.  Warsaw,  April  18,  1854.  Vio- 
linist in  the  theatre  orch.  at  Brtinn,  then  Kapellm. 
at  Lemberg  and  (1799)  Warsaw  theatres.  He  was 
Chopin's  teacher  at  Warsaw,  and  founded  there 
a  school  for  organists,  out  of  which  grew  the 
Cons.,  of  which  latter  he  was  the  Director  till 
1S30. — Works  :  19  operas,  several  ballets,  duo- 
dramas,  incidental  mus.,  symphonies,  concertos, 
cantatas,  sacred  mus.,  all  of  slight  general  inter- 
est. He  publ.  2  essays  on  the  treatment  of  the 
Polish  language  in  vocal  music. 

Elson,  Louis  Charles,  b.  Boston,  Mass., 
Apr.  17,  184S.  Pupil  of  Aug.  Kreissmann  at 
Boston  in  singing,  and  of  Karl  Gloggner-Cas- 
telli  at  Leipzig  in  theory.  Returning  to  Boston, 
he  assumed  the  editorship  of  the  "  Vox  Huma- 
na"; then  joined  the  staff  of  the  "  Mus.  Her- 
ald "  ;  was  for  several  years  musical  editor  of  the 
"  Boston  Courier,"  and  is  now  (1899)  of  the 
"Advertiser."  Since  1SS1,  prof,  of  musical  the- 
ory and  lecturer  on  the  orchestra  and  on  mus. 
hist,  at  the  N.E.  Cons,  of  Music.  He  has  had 
remarkable  success,  East,  South,  and  West,  as 
a  popular  lecturer  on  musical  subjects. — Writ- 
ings: "  Curiosities  of  Music,"  "The  History  of 
Herman  Song,"  "  The  Theory  of  Music,"  "  The 
Realm  of  Music,"  "German  Songs  and  Song- 
writers," "  European  Reminiscences,"  "Syllabus 
of  Mus.  History,"  and  "Great  Composers  and 
their  Work  "  (Boston,  1S99).  "  Home  and  School 
Songs,"  various  operettas,  songs,  and  instru- 
mental works;  besides  translations  and  arrange- 
ments of  over  2,000  songs,  operas,  etc 


167 


ELTERLEIN— ENGEL 


El'terlein,  Ernst  von  (pen-name  of  Ernst 
Gottschald),  b.  Elterlein,  Saxony,  Oct.  19,1826. 
By  profession  a  jurist,  he  has  written  a  popu- 
lar aesthetic  analysis  of  Beethoven's  pf. -sonatas 
(1857;  3rded.  1883). 

Elvey,  Stephen,  b.  Canterbury,  June  27, 
1805  ;  d.  Oxford,  Oct.  6,  i860.  Pupil  of  Skeats 
at  Cant.  cath. ;  org.  of  New  Coll.,  Oxford,  in 
1830  ;  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1831 ;  Mus.  Doc.  1838. 
Choragus  at  Oxford,  1848-60. — Works:  Ser- 
vices, anthems,  hymns,  and  songs;  "  The  Psal- 
ter, or  Canticles  and  Psalms,  Pointed  for  Chant- 
ing, upon  a  New  Principle  "  (London  ;  6  editions 
up  to  1866). 

Elvey,  Sir  George  (Job),  brother  of  preced- 
ing; b.  Canterbury,  Mar.  27,  1816;  d.  Windles- 
ham,  Surrey,  Dec.  9,  1893;  chorister  at  Cant, 
cath.,  and  pupil  of  Skeats,  then  of  C.  Potter  and 
Dr.  Crotch  at  R.A.M.  From  1835-82  he  was 
org.  and  master  of  the  boys  at  St.  George's 
chapel,  Windsor,  succeeding  H.  Skeats,  Jr.; 
Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1838;  Mus.  Doc,  1840; 
knighted  in  1871. — Works:  2  oratorios,  several 
odes,  anthems,  services,  chants,  glees,  part- 
songs,  a  Festal  March  f.  orch. ;  Introd.  and  Ga- 
vot  f.  vln.  and  pf.;  "  Christmas  Bells,"  impromptu 
f.  org.,  etc. — His  widow  publ.  "The  Life  and 
Reminiscences  of  Sir  George  Elvey  "  (London, 
1894). 

Elwart,  Antoine-Aimable-Elie,  b.  Paris, 
Nov.  18,  1808;  d.  there  Oct.  14,  1877.  A  chor- 
ister at  Saint-Eustache  when  10  years  old,  he 
was  apprenticed  at  13  to  a  mechanic,  but  ran 
away,  and  joined  a  small  theatre-orch.  as  violin- 
ist. From  1825-34  he  studied  in  the  Cons.  (Fe- 
tis,  Le  Sueur),  taking  the  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  ; 
from  1S32-4,  and,  after  his  sojourn  in  Italy, 
from  1836-40,  he  was  asst.-prof.  in  Reicha's 
composition-class;  he  then  took  a  class  of  his 
own  till  his  resignation  in  1871.  Among  his 
pupils  were  Gouvy,  Grisar,  and  Weckerlin. — 
Works  :  An  opera,  Les  Catalans  (Rouen,  1840); 
others  in  MS.;  an  "  oratorio-symphonie  "  AW, 
ou  le  deluge  universelle  (Paris,  1845);  La  nais- 
sance  a" Eve  (Cons.,  1846);  Les  tioces  de  Cana,  a 
mystery;  Ruth  et  Boaz,  a  vocal  symphony; 
masses,  cantatas,  a  Te  Deum,  a  Miserere,  and 
other  church-music  ;  also  symphonies,  overtures, 
chamber-music,  etc.,  in  MS.  He  is  still  better 
known,  however,  by  his  musico-literary  achieve- 
ments: He  wrote:  "Dupre,  sa  vie  artistique, 
avec  une  biographie  authentique  de  son  maitre 
A.  Choron  "  (1838),  "  Theorie  musicale  "  ("Sol- 
fege  progressif,  etc.";  1S40),  "  Feuille  harmo- 
nique  "  ("Theory  of  chords,"  1S41),  "  Le chan- 
teur  accompagnateur  "  (Thorough-bass,  graces, 
organ-point,  etc;  1844),  "  Traite  du  contrepoint 
et  ,de  la  fugue,"  "  Essai  sur  la  Transposition," 
"Etudes  elementaires  de  musique  "  (1845), 
"  L'art  de  chanter  en  chceur,"  "  L'art  de  jouer 
impromptu  de  l'alto-viola,"  "  Solfege  du  jeune 
age,"  "  Le  contrepoint  et  la  fugue  appliques  au 
style  ideal."  "  Lutrin  et  Orpheon  "  (theoretical 


and  practical  vocal  studies),  "  Histoire  de  la 
Societe  des  Concerts  du  Conservatoire  "  (i860  ; 
2nd  ed.  1S63),  "  Manuel  des  aspirants  aux 
grades  de  chef  et  de  souschef  de  musique  dans 
1'armee  francaise  "  (1862),  "Petit  manuel  d'in- 
strumentation  "  (1864),  "Histoire  des  concerts 
populaires "  (1864).  His  projected  complete 
edition  of  his  own  compositions  (1867-70) 
reached  only  vol.  iii. 

Emerson,  Luther  Orlando,  b.  Parsonsfield, 
Mass.,  Aug.  3,  1820  ;  a  composer  of  minor  pes. 
of  church-music,  a  very  popular  conductor  of 
"  musical  conventions,"  and  a  compiler  of  nu- 
merous successful  collections  of  songs  and  hymn- 
tunes  :  "The  Romberg  Collection"  (1853), 
"  The  Golden  Wreath  "  (1857,  Sunday-school 
music),  "The  Golden  Harp"  (i860),  "The 
Sabbath  Harmony"  (i860),  "The  Harp  of 
Juda"(i863),  "  Merry  Chimes  "  (1865),  "Jubi- 
late" (1866),  and  "  The  Chorus  Wreath." 

Emery,  Stephen  Albert,  b.  Paris,  Maine, 
Oct.  4,  1841  ;  d.  Boston,  Apr.  15,  1891.  His 
first  teacher  was  H.  S.  Edwards,  of  Portland  ; 
in  1862  he  studied  under  Plaidy,  Papperitz, 
Richter,  and  Hauptmann,  at  Leipzig,  and  after- 
wards at  Dresden  under  Fritz  Spindler  (pf.). 
Returned  to  Portland,  1864  ;  went  to  Boston  in 
1866,  taught  in  the  N.  E.  Cons,  there  from  1867  ; 
on  the  foundation  of  the  Coll.  of  Mus.  of  Bos- 
ton Univ.,  he  was  app.  prof,  of  harm,  and  cpt. 
He  was  also  asst. -editor  of  the  "  Musical  Her- 
ald."— Works:  Sonatinas  and  other  pes.  f.  pf. ; 
string-quartets  ;  part-songs  ;  songs  ;  also  2  text- 
books, "  Foundation  Studies  in  Pf. -Playing," 
and  "  Elements  of  Harmony." 

Em'merich,  Robert,  b.  Hanau,  July  23, 
1836  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  July  11,  1891.  While  a  law- 
student  at  Bonn,  he  took  music-lessons  of  Alb. 
Dietrich  and  Th.  Stauffer  ;  served  in  the  army 
1859-73,  and  then  devoted  himself  to  music. 
Lived  1S73-8  at  Darmstadt,  and  prod,  the  operas, 
Der  Schwedensee  (Weimar,  1874),  Van  Dyck 
(Stettin,  1875),  and  Ascanio ;  2  symphonies,  a 
cantata,  etc.  From  1878-9,  theatre  Kapellm.  at 
Magdeburg  ;  then  settled  in  Stuttgart,  where  he 
cond.  the  Male  Choral  Union  from  1889. 

En'cke,  Heinrich,  born  Neustadt,  Bavaria, 
1811  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Dec.  31,  1859.  Pianist,  pupil 
of  Hummel  at  Weimar. — Works  :  Etudes  and 
other  instructive  pf. -pes. ;  many  excellent  4-hand 
arrangements  of  classical  works. 

Enck'hausen,  Heinrich  Friedrich,  b.  Celle, 
Aug.  28,  1799  ;  d.  Hanover,  Jan.  15,  1885. 
Pupil  of  Aloys  Schmitt,  in  Berlin  and  Hanover, 
succeeding  him  as  court  organist  and  Director 
of  the  Singakademie  ;  he  was  also  court  pianist. 
— Works  :  Der  Savoyard,  opera  (Hanover, 
1832)  ;  orchestral  and  sacred  music  ;  pf.-pes. 
and  etudes  ;  and  a  standard  book  of  chorals. 

Eng'el,  Johann  Jakob,  b.  Parchim,  Meck- 
lenburg, Sept.  11,  1741  ;  d.  there  June  28,  1802  ; 


16S 


ENGEL— ERARD 


tutor  to  Crown  Prince  Friedr.  Wilh.  IL  at  Ber- 
lin, and  theatre-director.  His  essay  "  Uber  die 
musikalische  Mahlerey,  an  den  koniglichen  Ka- 
pellm.  Herrn  Reichardt "  (1780)  is  of  decided 
value. 

Eng'el,  David  Hermann,  b.  Neuruppin, 
Jan.  22,  1S16  ;  d.  Merseburg,  May  3,  1877. 
Organist  and  comp.,  pupil  of  Schneider  in  Des- 
sau, and  Hesse  in  Breslau  ;  1S48,  org.  in  cath., 
and  teacher  in  the  Gymnasium,  at  Merseburg. — 
Works  :  A  comic  opera  Prinz  Carneval (Berlin, 
1S62)  ;  oratorio  Winfried ;  psalms  and  organ- 
pcs.  ;  also  publ.  a  "  Choralbuch,"  and  "  Beitrag 
zur  Geschichte  des  Orgelbauwesens  "  (1S55). 

Eng'el,  Gustav  Eduard,  writer,  critic,  and 
singing-teacher  ;  b.  Konigsberg,  Oct.  29,  1823  ; 
d.  Berlin,  July  19,  1895.  A  philosophical  stu- 
dent at  Berlin,  he  also  attended  Marx's  lectures 
on  mus.  science,  and  took  singing-lessons  of 
II.  Kotzold  ;  sang  in  the  Singakademie  and  the 
Domchor ;  taught  r  year  in  the  "  Graues  Klo- 
ster,"  and  then  devoted  himself  to  music-teach- 
ing, and  writing.  In  1853  he  became  critic  for 
the  "  Spener'sche  Zeitung,"  and  in  1861  for  the 
"  Vossische  Ztg."  1S62,  singing- teacher  in 
Kullak's  academy  ;  1874,  in  the  "  Hochschule," 
with  title  of  "  Professor."  Among  his  vocal 
pupils  are  Bulss,  Krolop,  Therese  Malten,  Lola 
Beeth,  and  Jetta  Finkenstein. — Works:  "  San- 
gerbrevier"  [daily  vocal  exercises]  (i860); 
"  Ubersetzungen  und  Vortragsbezeichnungen  "; 
"  Die  Vokaltheorie  von  Helmholtz,  u.  die  Kopf- 
stimme  "  (1S67)  ;  "  Das  mathematische  Harmo- 
nium "  (18S1),  "  Aesthetik  der  Tonkunst"  (1884), 
and  a  "  Mathematisch-harmonische  Analyse  des 
Don  Juan"  [Mozart's  Don  Giovanni]. 

Eng'el,  Karl,  important  musical  historio- 
grapher; b.  Thiedenwiese,  n.  Hanover,  July  6, 
1S1S  ;  d.  by  suicide  at  Kensington,  London, 
Nov.  17,  1882.  Pupil  of  Enckhausen  at  Han- 
over (org.),  and  of  Hummel  (pf.)  and  Lobe  at 
Weimar.  After  residing  in  Hamburg,  Warsaw, 
and  Berlin,  he  went  to  Manchester,  Eng.,  in 
1846,  and  in  1850  to  London.  Here  he  became 
an  influential  writer,  and  an  authority  of  the 
highest  rank  on  musical  historv  and  mus.  instr.s. 
Publ.  "The  Pianist's  Handbook"  (1853),  "  Pf . 
School  for  Young  Beginners"  (1855),  and  "  Re- 
flections on  Church-music  "  (1856)  ;  his  life-work 
began  with  "  The  Music  of  the  most  Ancient 
Nations,  particularly  of  the  Assyrians,  Egyp- 
tians, and  Hebrews"  (1864),  followed  by  "  An 
Introd.  to  the  Study  of  Nat.l  Music  .  .  ." 
(1SC6);  "  Mus.  Instr.s  of  all  Countries"  (1869); 
"  Cat.  of  the  Special  Exhibition  of  Ancient  Mus. 
Instr.s"  (2nd  ed.  1873);  "  Descr.  Cat.  of  the 
Mus.  Instr.s  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  " 
(1874);  "  Mus.  Myths  and  Facts"  (1876);  "The 
Literature  of  Nat.l  Mus."  (1S79,  reprinted  from 
articles  in  the  "  Times  ")  ;  "  Researches  into  the 
early  history  of  die  Violin  Family"  (1883). 

Eng'elsberg,  E.  S.  (pen-name  of  Dr.  Edu- 
ard Schon),  b.  Engelsberg,  Silesia,  1825;  d. 
Deutsch-Jasnik,    May  27,    1S79.      A  jurist,   and 


ministerial  councillor,  he  composed  widely  popu- 
lar humoristic  quartets  f.  men's  voices. 

En'na,  August,  b.  Nakskov,  Denmark,  May 
13,  i860  ;  his  father  was  a  poor  shoemaker  ;  his 
grandfather,  an  Italian  soldier  in  Napoleon's 
army,  married  a  German  girl,  and  settled  in 
Denmark.  In  1870  the  family  moved  to  Co- 
penhagen. August  attended  the  free  schools, 
learned  to  play  the  pf.  by  himself,  at  17  had  a 
little  mediocre  instruction  in  violin-playing  and 
theory  ;  otherwise  wholly  self-taught,  he  studied 
diligently  (theory  and  instrumentation).  Being 
but  a  middling  violinist,  he  could  not  enter  the 
Copenhagen  orch.,  and  therefore  joined  a  small 
"international"  orch.  on  a  trip  to  Finland 
(1880).  Played  on  several  instrs.,  even  the  big 
drum  before  a  circus-tent.  Returned  in  6  raos. 
to  Copenhagen  ;  comp.  the  operetta  A  Village- 
tale,  which  was  produced  (1880)  in  provincial 
theatres  ;  played  for  dancing-lessons,  and  taught 
piano,  for  abt.  12  cents  an  hour.  His  dance- 
music  was  often  improvised.  1SS3,  cond.  for  a 
prov.  troupe,  for  which  he  often  wrote  the  act- 
tunes,  and  even  comp.  10  overtures.  He  was 
now  able  to  publish  songs,  pf.-pcs.,  an  orch.l 
suite,  and  a  symphony,  which,  by  attracting 
Gade's  attention,  gained  for  Enna  the  great 
Ancker  scholarship  f,  composers,  enabling  him 
to  study  in  Germany  (18S8-9).  The  fruit  of  this 
period  was  an  opera,  The  Witch,  prod.  Jan.  24, 
1892,  at  the  R.  Opera  House  in  Copenhagen 
with  brilliant  and,  for  a  Danish  comp.,  unheard- 
of  success.  The  opera  Cleopatra  (Copenhagen, 
Feb.  7,  1894)  was  not  well  received  at  first,  but 
in  1895,  with  new  singers,  scored  a  success. 
Opera  A  ncassin  and  Nicolette  (Copenhagen,  Feb. 
2,  1896;  Hamburg,  in  German,  Jan.  11,  1897; 
very  successful).  E.  also  brought  out  an  ope- 
retta, Areta,  before  1892  ;  has  an  opera,  Ag/aia, 
in  MS.  Publ.  (1897)  a  violin-concerto  in  D 
major,  and  minor  pieces. 

Enoch  &  Co.,  London  music-publishers, 
estab.  1S69. 

Ep'stein,  Julius,  b.  Agram,  Aug.  14,  1832. 
Pupil  there  of  Lichtenegger,  and  at  Vienna  of 
Halm  (pf.)  and  Rufinatscha  (comp.).  Distin- 
guished pianist  and  teacher,  since  1867  prof,  of 
pf.  at  the  Vienna  Cons.  Ignaz  Brull  and  Mar- 
cella  Sembrich  were  his  pupils. — His  two  daugh- 
ters, Rudolfine  ('cellist)  and  Eugenie  (violinist), 
made  a  successful  concert-tour  through  Austria 
and  Germany  in  the  season  of  1876-7. 

Erard,  S6bastien,  the  famous  maker  of 
pianos  and  harps  ;  b.  Strassburg,  Apr.  5,  1752  ; 
d.  in  his  chateau  La  Mncttc,  n.  Paris,  Aug.  5, 
1831.  His  family-name  was  originally  Erhard  ; 
his  father  was  a  cabinet-maker  by  trade,  and  in 
his  shop  Seb.  worked  till  16,  when  his  father 
died.  He  was  now  engaged  by  a  Paris  harpsi- 
chord-maker, who  dismissed  him  "for  wanting 
to  know  everything";  under  a  second  employer 
his  ingenuity  made  a  stir  in  the  mus.  world,  and 
the  invention  of  a  clavecin  me'catiujne  (described 
by  Abbe  Roussier,  1776)  made  him  famous.   The 


169 


ERATOSTHENES— ERK 


Duchess  of  Villeroy  became  his  patroness,  and 
fitted  up  in  her  hotel  a  workshop  for  Erard,  in 
which  (1777)  he  finished  the  first  pianoforte  made 
in  France,  fn  the  meantime,  his  brother,  Jean- 
Baptiste,  joined  him,  and  they  founded  an  instr.- 
factory  in  the  Rue  Bourbon.  Their  growing  suc- 
cess aroused  the  jealousy  of  the  Luthiers,  a  branch 
of  the  Fan-makers'  Guild  (to  which  the  brothers 
did  not  belong),  which  sought  to  prevent  them 
from  working  ;  but  the  interposition  of  Louis 
XVI.,  who  conferred  on  Sebastien  a  special 
brevet  for  the  manufacture  of  "forte-pianos," 
ended  the  difficulty.  Erard  soon  invented  the 
piano  organise,  with  2  keyboards,  one  for  piano 
and  the  other  for  a  small  organ  ;  he  also  became 
interested  in  the  harp,  and  invented  the  ingenious 
double-action  mechanism,  perfected  in  1811. 
From  17S6-96  he  was  in  London  ;  returning  to 
Paris,  he  made  his  first  grand  piano,  and  em- 
ployed the  English  action  until  his  invention,  in 
1809, of  the  repetition  action  since  widelyadopted, 
which  is  regarded  as  his  supreme  achieve- 
ment. An  orgue  express/'/',  built  for  the  Tuileries, 
was  his  last  great  work. — His  nephew,  Pierre 
Erard  (1796-1S55),  succeeded  him  ;  he  publ. 
"  The  Harp  in  its  present  improved  state  com- 
pared with  the  original  Pedal  Harp"  (1S21),  and 
"  Perfectionnements  apportes  dans  le  mecanisme 
du  piano  par  les  Erards  depuis  l'origine  de  cet 
instrument  jusqu'a  l'exposition  de  1834  "  (1834). 
Pierre's  successor  was  his  wife's  nephew,  Pierre 
Schaffer  (d.  1878)  ;  the  present  head  of  the  firm 
is  the  Comte  de  Franqueville. 

Eratos'thenes,  born  Gyrene,  276  B.  c. ;  d. 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  195  B.  C.  A  writer  on  mathe- 
matics, and  custodian  of  the  Alexandria  library. 
His  "' Katasterismoi "  contain  scattered  notes 
on  Greek  mus.  and  instr.s,  especially  the  lyra 
(Germ,  transl.  by  Schaubach,  1796;  Bernhardy 
edited  an  edition  of  the  original  text,  publ.  1822). 
His  work  on  Music  is  lost  ;  Ptolemy  quotes  his 
division  of  the  tetrachord. 

Erb,  Maria  Joseph,  b.  Strassburg,  Oct.  23, 
i860.  St.  at  first  in  Strassburg  ;  then  (1875-80) 
in  Paris,  under  St.-Saens,  Gigout,  and  Loret, 
at  the  "  Ecole  de  musique  classique."  Living 
(1899)  in  Strassburg  as  teacher  of  pf.  and  org., 
and  organist  of  the  Johanniskirche  (R.  C.)  and 
the  Synagogue. — Publ.  works  :  Suite  for  orch. 
in  D  min.  (op.  29)  ;  Berceuse  and  caprice  f.  vln. 
and  pf.  (op.  4)  ;  3-part  Mass,  w.  org.  (op.  7)  ; 
numerous  pf.-comp.s  in  salon-style,  f.  2  and  4 
hands  ;  songs. — In  MS.,  a  symphony,  and  a 
symphonic  suite;  3  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  a 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello  ;  a  string-quartet,  a  trio, 
an  "Octet-suite"  f.  wind  and  strings,  etc. — 2 
operas  ;  the  i-act  opera  ("  dram,  episode")  Der 
letzte  Kuf  (Strassburg,  1895)  had  a  succes 
d'estime. 

Er'bach,  Christian,  b.  Algesheim,  Palati- 
nate, abt.  1560  ;  d.  Augsburg,  1628,  as  cathedral 
organist  (from  1600)  and  city  councillor.  His 
valuable  cantica  sacra  (motets  a  4-8),  publ. 
l6oo-n,are  in  the  Augsburg  library;  several  of 


them  are  also  in  Bodenschatz's  "  Florilegium 
Portense  ";  others,  in  MS.,  in  the  Berlin  Library. 
Er'ben,  Robert,  dramatic  composer;  1894, 
Kapellm.  at  Frankfort-on-M.;  1896,  Kapellm. 
at  Mannheim. — Has  prod,  the  i-act  opera 
Enoch  Arden  (Frankfort-on-M.,  1895  ;  succ.) 
and  a  "fairy  comedy,"  Die  Heinzelmdnnchen 
(Mayence,  1S96). 

Erd'mannsdorffer,  Max,  born  Nuremberg, 
June  14,  184S  ;  st.  in  Leipzig  Gons.  (1863-7), 
and  in  Dresden  (1868-9)  under  Rietz.  From 
1871-80  court  Kapellm.  at  Sondershausen,  pro- 
ducing the  best  modern  compositions  at  the 
"  Loh  "  concerts.  He  lived  in  turn  at  Vienna, 
Leipzig,  and  Nuremberg  ;  in  1882  he  was  app. 
director  of  the  Imp.  Musical  Soc.  at  Moscow, 
and  prof,  at  the  Cons.,  where,  in  1885,  he 
founded  a  students'  orchestral  society.  Return- 
ing to  Germany,  he  cond.  the  Bremen  Philhar- 
monic Concerts  till  1S95  ;  then,  for  one  season, 
the  Symphony  Concerts  at  St.  Petersburg  ;  and 
in  1896,  was  app.  Kapclhn.  at  the  court  theatre 
in  Munich. — Works:  Prinzessin  Use,  "forest- 
legend"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Schneewittchen 
(do.)  ;  Traumkonig  und sein  Lieb  (do.)  ;  Selinde 
(do.)  ;  Des  Kaiserheeres  Romfahrt,  f.  male  ch. 
and  orch.;  overture  to  Brachvogel's  jVareiss  ; 
pf.-trio  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  Albumblatter  f. 
pf.  and  vln.;  "  Nordseebilder "  and  "  Reise- 
bilder"  f.  pf . ;  male  choruses,  songs,  etc.  —  His 
wife,  Pauline  Fichtner,  nee  Oprawik,  distin- 
guished pianist,  pupil  of  Eduard  Pirkhert  and 
from  1870-1  of  Liszt  at  Weimar,  was  born  at 
Vienna,  June  28,  1851,  and  is  court  pianist  to 
the  Grand  Dukes  of  Saxe- Weimar  and  Hesse- 
Darmstadt.      She  married  E.  in  1874. 

Er'hard  (called  Erhar'di),  Laurentius,  b. 
Hagenau,  Alsatia  ;  cantor  (164c)  at  Frank- 
fort-on-Main. — Publ.  "Compendium  musices  " 
(1640;  2nd  ed.,  1660;  3rd  revised  ed.,  1669); 
"  Harmonisches  Choral  und  Figural-Gesang- 
buch  "  (1659). 

Erk,  Adam  Wilhelm,  b.  Herpf.  Saxe-Mei- 
ningen.  Mar.  10,  1779;  d.  Darmstadt,  Jan.  31, 
1820.  Organistat  Wetzlar  (1802),  Worms  (1S03), 
F"rankfort  (1812). — Publ.  organ-pcs.,  and  school- 
songs  in  Ludwig  Erk's  collections. 

Erk,  Ludwig  (Christian),  son  of  preceding; 
b.  Wetzlar,  Jan.  6,  1807  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  25, 
1SS3.  Trained  chiefly  by  A.  Andre  at  Offen- 
bach ;  1826-35,  mus. -teacher  at  the  seminary  in 
Meurs  (Mors)  ;  1836-40,  he  was  cond.  of  litur- 
gical singing  in  the  Domchor,  Berlin  ;  in  1837, 
teacher  in  the  Berlin  R.  Seminary;  1843,  founded 
the  Erk  Mannergesangvcrein ;  1852,  the  Frk 
Gesangverein  f.  mixed  voices ;  1857,  "  royal 
mus.  director,"  later  "  Professor."  His  song- 
books  f .  schools  have  won  great  popularity  : 
"  Liederkranz,"  "  Singvogelein,"  "  Deutscher 
Liedergarten,"  "  Musikalischer  Jugendfreund," 
"  Sangerhain,"  "  Siona,"  "  Turnerliederbuch," 
"  Frische  Lieder,"  etc.,  many  of  which  were 
written  jointly,  with  his  brother  Friedrich  and 


170 


ERK— ERNST 


his  brother-in-law,  Greef.  He  also  published 
"  Die  deutschen  Volkslieder  mit  ihren  Sing- 
weisen  "  (1838-45),  "  Volkslieder,  alte  und  neue, 
fur  Mannerstimmen"  (1S45-46),  "  Deutscher 
Liederhort "  (folk-songs  ;  vol.  i  publ.  1856  ; 
MS.  of  remainder  was  bought — with  the  rest  of 
his  valuable  library — for  the  Royal  Hochschule 
fur  Musik,  Berlin  ;  edited  by  Magnus  Bohme, 
and  publ.  [1S94?]);  "  Mehrstimmige  Gesange  fur 
Mannerstimmen  "  (1833-35),  "  Volksklange  "  for 
malechorus  (1851-60),  "  Deutscher  Liederschatz" 
for  male  chorus  (1859-72),  "  Vierstimmige  Cho- 
ralgesange  der  vornehmsten  Meister  des  16.  und 
17.  Jahrhunderts  "  (1845),  "J.  S.  Bach's  mehr- 
stimmige Choralgesange  und  geistliche  Arien " 
(1850-65),  "  Vierstimmiges  Choralbuch  fi'irevan- 
gelische  Kirchen "  (1863),  "Chorale  fur  Man- 
nerstimmen" (1866);  exercises  f.  pf . ;  and  a 
"  Methodischer  Leitfaden  fur  den  Gesangunter- 
richt  in  Volksschulen  "  (1834,  Part  I). 

Erk,  Friedrich  Albrecht,  brother  of  Lud- 
wig  ;  b.  Wetzlar,  June  8,  1809  ;  d.  Diisseldorf, 
Nov.  7,  1879,  where  he  was  a  teacher  in  the 
Realschule  (scientific  school). — Publ.  the  cele- 
brated "  Lahrer  Commersbuch  "  (with  Silcher)  ; 
the  "  Allgem.  deutsches  Turnliederbuch  "  (w. 
Schauenburg);  a  "Freimaurer-Liederbuch";  and 
aided  his  brother  in  editing  the  school  song- 
books. 

Er'kel,  Franz  [Ferencz],  the  creator  of 
Hungarian  national  opera  ;  b.  Gyula,  Hungary, 
Nov.  7,  1S10;  d.  Pesth,  June  15,  1893.  He 
was  taught  by  his  father  ;  at  24  became  director 
of  the  Kaschau  opera-troupe,  and  went  with  it  to 
Pesth,  where  he  was  app.  cond.  at  the  National 
Th.  on  its  opening  in  1837.  Here  he  produced 
9  operas  :  Bdthory  Maria  (1840),  Hunyddy  Lds- 
zld  (1844,  his  most  popular  work),  Erzse'bet 
(1857),  Ktinok  (185S),  Bank  Ban  (1S61,  con- 
sidered his  best),  Sarolta  (1862),  DJsza  Gyorgy 
(1867),  Brankovics  Gyorgy  (1874),  and  -king 
Stefan  (1874).  He  brought  the  opera-orch.  to 
a  high  state  of  efficiency.  He  was  the  founder 
and  director  of  the  Philharm.  Concerts,  and 
first  prof,  of  pf.  and  instrumentation  at  the 
Nat.l  Musical  Acad.  His  numerous  songs,  in 
the  national  vein,  are  very  popular. 

Er'kel,  Alexander  [Alexius],  son  of  Franz 
E.;  b.  Pesth,  1846.  Dir.  of  Philh.  Cone,  in  P., 
1875-93;  1S96,  "General-Musikdirektor  "  of  the 
Royal  Opera,  Pesth.  Comp.  an  opera  Tempefoi 
(Pesth,  1883). 

Erlanger,  Camille,  b.  Paris,  May  25,  1S63. 
Composer;  pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (Leo  Delibes) ; 
1888,  took  the  Gr#  prix  de  Rome  for  his  cantata 
Velleda.  Other  works  :  La  chasse  fantastique, 
symphonic  piece  ;  3-act  dram,  legend  Saint- 
J it lien  V 'ffospitalier  (Paris,  1896);  3-act  lyric 
drama  Kermaria  (Paris,  Op. -Com.,  1897  ;  mod. 
succ). 

Erlanger,  Baron  Frederic  d'  (pen-name 
Frederic  Regnal)t  member  of  the  family  of 
bankers.      His  first    opera,   Jehan    de    Saintre' 


May  6, 


(Hamburg,  1S94),  was  successful;  his  3-act  opera 
Inez  Mendo  (London,  1897)  had  fair  success. 

Er'ler,  Hermann,  b.  Radeberg,  n.  Dresden, 
June  3,  1S44;  manager  for  Bote  and  Bock, 
Berlin,  till  1S73,  when  he  estab.  a  music-publ. 
business  (now  Ries  and  Erler).  For  years  he 
edited  the  "  Neue  Berliner  Musik-Zeitung,"  and 
was  critic  for  the  "  Fremdenblatt." 

Ernst  II.,  duke  of  Saxe-Koburg-Gotha,  b. 
Koburg,  June  21,  1S1S  ;  d.  Reinhardsbrunn, 
Aug.  22,  1S93.  A  distinguished  amateur  com- 
poser, he  produced  the  operas  Zaire  (Gotha, 
1846),  Tom  der  Wildschiitz  (Koburg,  1S4S), 
Santa  Ch iara  (Koburg,  1853),  Casilda  (Brussels, 
1855),  Diana  von  Solange  (Koburg,  1S58  ;  his 
best)  ;  2  operettas,  Der  Schuster  von  Strassburg 
(Vienna,  1S71  ;  pseudonym  ■'  Otto  YVernhard  "), 
and  Alpenrosen  (Hamburg,  1S73  ;  pseudonym 
"N.v.K.");  several  cantatas  ("  Lenz  und 
Friede,"  1S89),  hymns,  songs,  etc. 

Ernst,  Franz  Anton,  b.  Georgenthal,  Bo- 
hemia, 1745  ;  d.  Gotha,  1805,  where  he  had  been 
leader  of  the  orch.  since  1778.  He  made  a  name 
as  a  violinist  and  composer  ;  his  violin-concerto 
in  Ej?  is  especially  noteworthy.  He  also  publ. 
an  essay  "  Uber  den  Bau  der  Geige "  in  the 
Leipzig  "  Allg.  mus.  Zeitung  "  (1S05). 

Ernst,  HeinrichWilhelm,  b.  Briinn, 
iSi4;d.Nice,Oct.i4, 
1865.  Famous  vio- 
linist, pupil  of  May- 
seder  and  Bohm,  fin- 
is hing  under  de 
Beriot  in  Paris. 
1834-50,  he  was  al- 
most continually  on 
concert-tours  ;  then 
settled  in  London. 
His  works  f.  vln. 
are  brilliant  and  ef- 
fective ;  the  B/e'gie, 
the  concerto  in  F$ 
min.,  and  the  Car- 
naval  de  J'enise,  area  few  of  the  most  celebrated. 

Ernst,  Heinrich,  nephew  of  H.  W.  Ernst; 
b.  Dresden,  Sept.  19,  1S46;  pupil  of  Pesth  Cons.; 
in  1872,  baritone  in  the  Leipzig  Th.,  but  then 
trained  by  Rebling  for  dramatic  tenor  roles  ; 
since  1875  eng.  at  the  Royal  Opera,  Berlin. 

Ernst,  Alfred,  French  writer  and  critic  ;  b. 
abt.  1S55  ;  d.  Paris,  May  15,  1898.  A  pupil  of 
the  Ecole  poly  technique,  he  abandoned  science 
for  art  ;  was  a  passionate  admirer  and  defender 
of  Wagner.  Besides  many  contributions  to 
mus.  journals,  he  publ.  "  L'oeuvre  dramatique 
de  H.  Berlioz"  (1S84),  "  Richard  Wagner  et  le 
drame  contemporain  "  (18S7)  ;  "  L'art  de  Rich. 
Wagner,  l'ceuvre  poetique  "  (1893)  [a  projected 
2nd  vol.  on  "l'ceuvre  musicale  "  remains  unfin- 
ished] ;  "  Etude  sur  Tannhauser"  analysis  and 
thematic  guide  (1S95)  ;  a  transl.  of  Die  Meis- 
ter singer  (the  version  now — 1899 — used  at  the 
Opera) ;  etc. 


171 


ERRERA— EULER 


Erre'ra,  Ugo,  pianist  and  comp. ;  b.  Venice, 
Oct.  25,  1843.  Member  of  the  academic  coun- 
cil in  the  Liceo  Benedetto  Marcello  ;  has  written 
many  good  pf.-pcs.,  also  songs. 

Esch'mann,  Johann  Karl,  b.  Winterthur, 
Switzerland,  April  12,  1826  ;  d.  Zurich,  Oct.  27, 
1882.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Moscheles  and  Men- 
delssohn at  Leipzig.  Pf. -teacher  in  Kassel  and 
(1S52)  Zurich.  Besides  pf. -music,  pes.  f.  vln. 
and  pf.,  songs,  etc.,  he  has  publ.  a  Pf.  Method, 
studies  f.  pf.,  etc. 

Escudier  (two  brothers,  natives  of  Castel- 
naudary,  Aude),  Marie  (b.  June  29,  1819  ;  d. 
Paris,  Apr.  17,  1880)  and  Leon(b.  Sept.  17,  1821  ; 
d.  Paris,  June  22,  1881),  writers  and  journalists, 
for  2  or  3  years  in  Toulouse,  thenceforward  in 
Paris.  In  183S  they  began  publishing  "La 
France  musicale,"  and  soon  after  set  up  a  music- 
shop.  Industrious  writers,  they  issued  jointly  the 
following  works  :  "  Etudes  biographiques  sur  les 
chanteurs  contemporains  "  (1840);  "  Dictionnaire 
de  musique  d'apres  les  theoriciens,  historiens  et 
critiques  les  plus  celebres  (1844,  2  vol.s.;  re- 
printed 1854  as  "  Diet,  de  mus.  theorique  et 
historique  ")  ;  "Rossini,  sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres  " 
(1854);  "  Vie  et  aventures  des  cantatrices  cele- 
bres, precedees  des  musiciens  de  l'Empire,  et 
suivies  de  la  vie  anecdotique  de  Paganini " 
(1856).  They  separated  in  1862,  Leon  retain- 
ing the  music-business  and  publishing  a  new 
paper,  "  L'art  musical  "  (ceased  to  appear  after 
Sept.  27,  1894)  ;  Marie  continued  the  "  France 
musicale"  until  1870. 

Esla'va,  Don  Miguel  Hilario,  b.  Banlada, 
Navarra,  Oct.  21,  1807;  d.  Madrid,  July  23, 
1878.  Eminent  comp.  and  theorist  ;  choir-boy 
and  (1824)  violinist  in  Pampeluna  cath.;  1828, 
maestro  in  Ossuna  cath.,  where  he  took  orders  ; 
in  1832,  maestro  at  Sevilla  ;  1844,  court  maestro 
to  Queen  Isabella. — Works  :  3  Italian  operas, 
77  Solitario  (Cadiz,  1841),  La  tregna  di  Ptole- 
maide  (1842),  and  Pietro  il  crudele  (1843)  ;  orig- 
inal organ-pes.  in  his  collections  "  Museo  orga- 
nico  espanol,"  and  church-music  in  the  great 
collection  "Lira  sacro  hispafia "  (1869);  his 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  etc.,  number  abt.  150. 
Also  publ.  a  "  Metodo  de  Solfeo"  (1846;  an 
elementary  vocal  treatise),  and  an  "  Escuela  de 
Armonia  y  Composicion  "  (1861).  He  edited 
the  "  Gaceta  musical  de  Madrid  "  for  the  2  years 
(1855,  '56)  of  its  life. 

Espagne,  Franz,  b.  Miinster,  Westphalia, 
1828  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  24,  1S78.  A  pupil  of 
Dehn  ;  he  became  mus.  dir.  at  Bielefeld  in  1858, 
and,  soon  after  Dehn's  death,  custos  of  the  mus. 
dept.  of  the  R.  Library,  at  Berlin  ;  also  choir- 
master at  the  Hedwigkirche.  Editor  of  new 
classical  editions  (Beethoven,  Palestrina,  etc.). 

Es'ser,  Heinrich,  b.  Mannheim,  July  15, 
1818  ;  d.  Salzburg,  June  3,  1872.  A  pupil  of 
Fr.  Lachner  and  Sechter  in  Vienna.  From  1847 
Kapellm.  at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  Vienna,  and 
from    1857   Kapellm.  of   the  court   opera,    also 


conducting  the  Philharm.  for  some  years.  Re 
tired  to  Salzburg  on  a  pension.  —  Works  :  3 
operas,  Silas  (Mannheim,  1839),  Thomas  Riqui- 
qui  (Aix-la-Chapelle,  1S43),  and  Die  beiden 
Prinzen  (Munich,  1844)  ;  various  orchestral  and 
chamber-compositions  ;  very  popular  male  quar- 
tets, and  songs. 

Es'sipoff  [Essipova],  Annette,  b.  St. 
Petersburg,  Feb.  1,  1851.  Brilliant  pianist,  pupil 
of  Wielhorski  and  Leschetizki  (at  St.  1'.  Cons.), 
marrying  the  latter  in  1S80.  Debut,  1874,  at 
St.  Petersburg,  since  when  she  has  made  long 
concert-tours  throughout  Europe,  and  to  Amer- 
ica (1876).  In  1885  she  was  made  "  Pianist  to 
the  Prussian  Court  ";  in  1893  she  was  app.  prof, 
of  pf.  at  the  St.  P.  Cons.,  succeeding  Th.  Stein. 

Este  (or  Est,  East,  Easte),  Thomas, 
noted  London  music-printer  (abt.  1 550-1625). 
The  first  issue  of  his  press  was  Byrd's  "  Psalms, 
Sonets,  and  Songs  of  sadnes  and  pietie  "  (1588)  ; 
of  special  interest  is  "  The  whole  Booke  of 
Psalms  ;  with  their  wonted  tunes  as  they  are 
sung  in  Churches,  composed  in  foure  parts " 
(1592).  Grove  gives  a  full  list  of  Este's  publi- 
cations. 

Esterhazy,  Count  Nicolas,  born  1839  ;  d. 
Castle  Totis,  Hungary,  May  7,  1897.  A  zeal- 
ous promoter  of  mus.  art,  he  had  a  "trial- 
stage  "  (a  complete  theatre,  connected  with  a 
music  -  school)  erected,  and  paid  composers, 
authors,  and  artists  for  their  artistic  productions, 
to  view  which  leaders  in  the  world  of  art  were 
invited. 

Ett,  Kaspar,  b.  Erringen,  Bavaria,  Jan.  5, 
1788  ;  d.  Munich,  May  16,  1847,  where,  from 
1816,  he  was  court  organist  at  St.  Michael's 
church.  He  was  active  in  reviving  the  church- 
music  of  the  i6th-i8th  centuries  ;  his  own  sacred 
comp.s  (of  which  but  a  few  graduals  and  cantica 
sacra  were  printed)  follow  these  early  works  in 
style. 

Euclid,  the  famous  Greek  geometer,  lived  at 
Alexandria  abt.  300  B.C.  Two  musical  treatises, 
"  Katatome  Kanonos  "  ("  Sectio  canonis  ")  and 
"  Eisagoge  harmonike  "  ("  Introductio  harmo- 
nica "),  the  former  supporting  Pythagoras,  the 
latter  Aristoxenos,  have  been  ascribed  to  him. 

EuTenburg,  Philipp,  Graf  (count)  zu,  b. 
Konigsberg,  Feb.  12,  1847  ;  Royal  Prussian 
ambassador  at  Stuttgart  ;  has  written  the  words 
and  music  of  several  sets  of  songs  :  "  Skalden- 
gesange,"  "  Nordlandslieder  "  "  Seemarchen," 
"  Rosenlieder,"  etc. 

EuTer,  Leonhardt,  b.  Basel,  Apr.  15,  1707  ; 
d.  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  3,  1783.  Prof,  of  mathe- 
matics at  St.  P.  (1730)  and  Berlin  (1740).  Publ. 
several  important  works  on  musical  mathemat- 
ics and  acoustics,  chief  among  them  being  the 
"  Tentamen  novae  theoriae  musicae."  E.  was 
the  first  to  employ  logarithms  for  the  better  ex- 
hibition of  differences  in  pitch. 


172 


EUTERPE— FABRI 


Euter'pe,  one  of  the  nine  Muses,  presiding 
over  joy  and  pleasure,  and  the  patroness  of  flute- 
players  :   the  Muse  of  Music. 

Everard,  Camille-Francois,  born  Dinant 
(Belgium),  Nov.  15,  1825  ;  st.  singing  at  Liege 
Cons.  (Geraldi),  Paris  Cons.  (Ponchard),  and 
Naples  (Rossi,  Manzini)  ;  debut  1847,  Naples, 
as  Nabucco  ;  sang  there  till  1S50  ;  then  st.  un- 
der Lamperti  at  Milan.  In  Vienna,  1852-67  ; 
St.  Petersburg,  1S64,  again  in  1868  ;  Madrid, 
1868-70.  Prof,  of  singing  in  St.  P.  Cons., 
1S70-90  ;  in  Kiev  Cons.,  189c.  Celebrated 
bass-singer  ;  principal  parts  Leporello  (D.  Gio- 
vanni), Figaro  (Barbiere),  Dandini  (Cenerentold), 
Faraone  (Mose),  Mustafa  (Italiana  in  Algeria), 
Mefistofele  {Faust). 

Evers,  Karl,  pianist  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Apr.  S, 
1819  ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  31,  1875.  Pupil  of 
Jacques  Schmitt  (pf.)  and  Karl  Krebs  (comp.) 
at  Hamburg,  and  (1839)  of  Mendelssohn  at 
Leipzig.  Led  the  life  of  a  travelling  concert- 
giver  till  1858,  when  he  settled  in  Graz,  Styria, 
as  a  music-dealer.  He  finally  went  to  Vienna  in 
1872.  An  executant  of  fine  technical  ability,  he 
also  wrote  f.  pf.  ("  Chansons  d'amour,"  12  songs 
without  words  characterizing  various  nationali- 
ties) ;  and  songs. 

Eves'ham  [evz'-am],  Monk  of.     See  Oding- 

TOX. 

Ewer  &  Co.,  London  music-publishers. 
Founder  (1820)  John  J.  Ewer,  who  was  suc- 
ceeded by  E.  Buxton  ;  William  Witt  purchased 
the  business  in  i860,  and  in  1867  it  was  united 
with  Novello  &  Co.  as  Novello,  Ewer  &  Co. 

Exime'nio,  Antonio,  b.  Balbastro,  Aragon, 
1732  ;  d.  Rome,  1798.  A  Jesuit  priest,  who 
wrote  "  Dell'origine  della  musica  colla  storia 
del  suo  progresso,  decadenza,  e  rinovazione " 
(1774);  this  being  attacked  by  P.  Martini,  E. 
wrote  "  Dubbio  sopra  il  saggio  di  Contrappunto 
del  P.  Martini  .  .  ."  (1775),  and  later  "  Ri- 
sposte  al  giudizio  delle  efemeridi  di  Roma  ..." 

Ey'bler,  Joseph,  later  (1S34)  Edler  von 
Eybler,  b.  Schwechat,  n.  Vienna,  Feb.  8,  1765; 
d.  Schonbrunn,  July  24,  1846.  He  studied  at 
Vienna,  his  teacher  from  1777-9  being  Al- 
brechtsberger.  He  was  intimate  with  Haydn 
and  Mozart;  in  1792,  choirmaster  at  the  Carme- 
lite Ch.,  and  in  1794  to  the  "  Schottenstift  "  also; 
tutor  to  the  princes  in  1S10,  and  first  court  Ka- 
pellm.  in  1S24,  on  Salieri's  retirement.  He  him- 
self gave  up  active  work  in  1833.  His  concert- 
works  (symphonies,  concertos,  quartets,  sonatas, 
etc.)  are  forgotten;  as  a  church-composer  (2  ora- 
torios, 32  masses,  a  requiem,  7  Te  Deums,  30 
offertories,  etc.)  he  is  still  known. 

Ey'ken,  Simon  van  (or  Eycken ;  du 
Chesne).     See  Qukrcu. 

Ey'ken  [Eijken],  Jan  Albert  van,  b. 
Amersfoort,  Holland,  Apr.  26,  1822  ;  d.  Elber- 
feld,  Sept.  24,  1868.    An  organist ;  st.  1845-6  at 


Leipzig  Cons.,  and  afterwards  at  Dresden  with 
Schneider.  Successful  concert-player.  1848, 
org.  of  the  Remonstrantenkerk,  Amsterdam ; 
1S53,  of  the  Zuyderkerk,  and  teacher  at  the  mu- 
sic-school in  Rotterdam.  From  1854,  org.  at 
Elberfeld.  His  organ-pcs.  (150  chorals  w.  in- 
troductions, 25  preludes,  a  toccata  and  fugue  on 
B-A-C-H,  3  sonatas,  variations,  transcriptions, 
etc.)  are  well  and  favorably  known  ;  he  also 
comp.  music  to  Lucifer  (a  tragedy),  a  vln.- 
sonata,  quartets  f.  mixed  chorus,  ballads,  songs, 
etc. 

Ey'ken,  Gerard  Isaac  van,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  and  an  excellent  organist  ;  st.  in 
Leipzig  Cons.  1853-5,  and  settled  in  Utrecht, 
1855,  as  a  music-teacher. 

Eymieu,  Henry,  b.  Saillans  Drome,  France, 
May  7,  i860;  studied  law,  and  embraced  a  legal 
career,  but  turned  to  music,  becoming  a  pupil 
of  E.  Gazier  (theory),  and  Widor  (comp.).  Now 
(1S99)  residing  in  Paris  as  a  composer,  writer, 
and  critic  (for  "  Le  Menestrel,"  etc.). — Writ- 
ings: "  Etudes  et  biographies  musicales  "  (1892); 
very  numerous  essays,  reviews,  etc.,  in  the  lead- 
ing musical  papers  of  Paris. — Compositions  :  A 
great  variety  of  piano-pcs.,  songs;  duets  f.  pf. 
and  violin,  'cello  or  harmonium  ;  a  "  Marche 
francaise,"  a  "  Marche  funebre,"  "  Hymne  roy- 
ale,"  etc.,  f.  orch.  (58  published  opus-nos.);  also 
a  stage-piece,  Un  mariage  sous  Ne'ron  (Paris, 
1898);  and  an  oratorio,  Mar  the  et  Marie  (As- 
nieres,  1898). 


Fa'ber,  Nikolaus  [Nicol]  (I),  priest  in  Hal- 
berstadt,  built  there  (1359-61)  what  is  believed 
to  be  the  first  organ  made  in  Germany.  It  has 
20  bellows,  and  the  keys  are  3  inches  broad  and 
yz  inch  apart. 

Fa'ber,  Nikolaus  (II),  a  native  of  Botzen, 
Tyrol,  publ.  "  Rudimenta  musicae  "  (Augsburg, 
1516  ;  a  2nd  ed.  was  edited  by  Aventinus). 

Fa'ber,  Heinrich,  "Magister";  b.  Lichten- 
fels  ;  d.  Oelsnitz,  Saxony,  Feb.  26,  1552.  Rec- 
tor in  Brunswick.  Publ.  "  Compendiolum  mu- 
sicae pro  incipientibus  "  (1548,  often  republ. ; 
also  in  German  by  Rid,  1572,  and  by  Gothart, 
1605  ;  in  Ger.  and  Latin  by  Vulpius,  1610,  and 
six  further  editions);  also  "Ad  musicam  prac- 
ticam  introductio "  (1550,  etc.),  of  which  the 
former  work  is  an  abstract.  The  Heinrich 
Faber  who  died  at  Quedlinburg,  159S,  has  often 
been  erroneously  taken  for  the  author  of  the 
above  works. 

Fa'ber,  Benedikt,  born  Hildburghausen, 
1602  ;  d.  Koburg,  1631,  in  the  duke's  service  ; 
composed  psalms  a  8,  Cantiones  sacrae  a  4-8,  an 
Ostcrcantate,  a  Gratit/ations-Cantate,  etc.,  all 
publ.  at  Koburg,  and  in  the  library  there. 

Fa'bio.     See  Ursii.lo. 

Fa'bri,  Stefano  (il  maggiore),  b.  Rome,  abt. 
1550  ;  from  1599-1601    m.  di  capp.  at  the  Vati- 


173 


FABRI— FAIRLAMB 


can  ;  from  1603-7,  at  the  Lateran  ;  publ.  2 
books  of   "  Tricinia  "  (Nuremberg,  1602,  1607). 

Fa'bri,  Stefano  (//  mihore),  b.  Rome,  1606  ; 
d.  there  Aug.  27,  165S.  Pupil  of  B.  Nanini  ; 
abt.  1648,  m.  di  capp.  at  the  Ch.  of  S.  Luigi  de' 
Francesi,  and  from  1657  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore. 
Publ.  a  book  of  motets  a  2—5  (Rome,  1650),  and 
"  Salmi  concertati  "  a  5  (1660). 

Fabri'cius,  Werner,  born  Itzehoe,  Apr.  10, 
1633  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  9,  1679.  A  music-pupil 
of  Sellino  and  Scheidemann  at  Hamburg,  and  a 
law-student  and  jurist  at  Leipzig,  where  he  was 
also  org.  of  the  Nicolaikirche,  and  mus.  dir.  at 
the  Paulinerkirche.  Publ.  "  Deliciae  harmo- 
nicae,"  a  coll.  of  65  pavanes,  allemandes,  etc.,  a 
5,  for  viols  and  other  instr.s  (Leipzig.  1656)  ; 
"  Geistliche  Lieder"  (Jena,  1659);  "  Geistl. 
Arien,  Dialoge,  Concerte,  etc."  (Leipzig,  1662)  ; 
motets,  etc. 

Fabri'cius,  Johann  Albert,  son  of  Werner 
F.;  b.  Leipzig,  Nov.  11,  1668;  d.  Hamburg, 
Apr.  30,  1736,  as  prof,  of  elocution.  An  emi- 
nent bibliographer,  he  publ.  a  "  Thesaurus anti- 
quitatum  hebraicarum  "  ( 1 71 3,  7  vol.s),  and  a 
"  Bibliotheca  graeca  sive  notitia  scriptorum  ve- 
terum  graecorum  "  (1705-28,  14  vol.s),  both  valu- 
able works  of  reference. 

Fac'cio,  Franco,  b.  Verona,  Mar.  S,  1841  ; 
d.  in  the  sanatorium  Biffi,  near  Monza,  July  23, 
1891.  His  first  teacher  was  G.  Bernasconi  ;  from 
1855-64  he  st.  in  Milan  Cons,  under  Ronchetti- 
Monteviti  and  Mazzucato.  Arrigo  Boito  was 
his  fellow-pupil  and  friend  ;  for  the  final  ex- 
amination they  wrote  together  the  "mystery" 
Le  sorelle  d' Italia,  received  government  prizes, 
studied  together  in  Paris  and  Germany,  and 
served  together  under  Garibaldi  in  1S66.  In 
1S63,  F.  prod,  the  opera  Iprofughifiamminghi 
(La  Scala,  Milan),  a  work  of  marked  originality; 
in  1865,  Amleto  (Genoa;  the  book  by  Boito), 
which  was  bitterly  assailed  as  "  Wagnerite."  A 
string-quartet  and  a  Vocal  Album  soon  followed. 
From  1866-8  he  made  a  tour  in  Scandinavia 
as  concert-conductor  ;  in  186S  he  succeeded 
Croff  as  prof,  of  harmony  (later  of  cpt.  and 
comp.)  at  Milan  Cons.,  and  in  1872  succeeded 
Terziana  as  cond.  at  La  Scala.  After  Maiiani's 
death,  F.  was  considered  the  best  cond.  in 
Italy. — Other  works  :  A  hymn  ;  the  act-tunes 
for  Giacometti's  Maria  Antonietla  ;  and  a  sym- 
phony in  F. 

Fael'ten,  Carl,  pianist  and  teacher  ;  b.  II- 
menau,  Thuringia,  Dec.  21,  1846.  Chiefly  self- 
taught  ;  st.  w.  M  on  tag  (pupil  of  Hummel)  at 
Weimar  as  a  school-boy  ;  for  6  years,  orchestra- 
player  (vln.) ;  from  1867,  st.  w.  J.  Schoch  at 
Frankfort,  and  profited  by  10  years'  intimacy 
with  Raff.  Taught  at  Frankfort  1868-82  (from 
1878  in  the  Hoch  Cons.)  ;  eng.  at  the  Peabody 
Inst.  Baltimore,  1882-5  '<  at  the  N-  F--  Oons., 
Boston,  1885-97,  being  Mus.  Dir.  of  that  insti- 
tution from  1890-97.  In  Sept.,  1897,  F.  founded 
the  Faelten  Pianoforte-School  (Teachers'  Semi- 


nary) at  Boston,  which  in  1898  had  350  pupils 
enrolled.  He  also  toured  the  U.  S.  and  Germany, 
as  a  concert-pianist,  in  former  years.  —  Publ. 
works  :  "  The  Conservatory  Course  for  Pian- 
ists "  (an  original  and  widely-known  series  of 
text-books,  inch  16  numbers  :  the  last  being 
"  Keyboard  Harmony,"  1898) ;  also  "Technische 
Ubungen  "  f.  pf.  (Schott,  Mainz). 

Fage.     See  Lafage. 

Fa'go,     Nicola,    called    "  II    Tarenti'no  " 

because  born  at  Tarento,  1674  ;  d.  1730  (?). 
Pupil  of  A.  Scarlatti  from  1690  (?)at  the  Naples 
Cons.  "  dei  Poveri,"  later  of  Provenzale  at  the 
"  Turchini,"  becoming  Provenzale's  assistant 
and  eventually  succeeding  him.  He  was  the 
teacher  of  Leonardo  Leo  and  Nicola  Sala. 
Among  his  very  numerous  sacred  comp.s  may 
be  mentioned  the  oratorio  Faraone  sommerso  ; 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  cantatas,  a  Stabat  Mater, 
a  Te  Deum,  etc  ;  he  also  prod,  several  operas, 
of  which  Eustachio  and  Astarte  were  very  suc- 
cessful. 

Fahr'bach,  Joseph,  virtuoso  on  the  flute  and 
guitar  :  b.  Vienna,  Aug.  25,  1804  ;  d.  there  June 
7,  1S83.  A  self-taught  player  and  comp. ;  first 
flute  in  the  court  opera-orch.,  and  later  cond.  of 
an  orch.  of  his  own  for  dance-music. — Works  : 
Dance-music  f.  orch. ;  much  miscellaneous  flute- 
music  ;  a  Method  f.  flute  ;   do.  for  oboe. 

Fahr'bach,  Philipp  (Sr.),  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  25, 
1815  ;  d.  there  March  31,  1885.  Pupil  of  Lan- 
ner  ;  cond.  his  own  orch.  for  years,  and  then  a 
military  band.  His  dances  (over  150  works)  are 
very  popular;  his  operas  Dcr  Liebe  Opfrr  (1844) 
and  Das  Schivert  des  Konigs  (1845)  had  local 
success. 

Fahr'bach,  Philipp  (Jr.),  son  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Vienna,  1S43  ;  d.  there  Feb.  15,  1894. 
A  popular  composer  of  dances  and  marches 
(over  300  works)  ;  in  1870,  bandmaster  at  Pesth, 
where  his  concerts  were  highly  successful  ;  in 
1885  succeeded  his  father  as  cond.  of  the  orch. 
in  Vienna. 

Fahr'bach,  Wilhelm,  b.  Vienna,  183S  ;  d. 
there  1866.  Orchestra-conductor  and  dance- 
composer. 

Faignient,  Noe,  Flemish  contrapuntist,  liv- 
ing at  Antwerp  abt.  1570.  He  wrote  arias, 
motets,  madrigals,  and  chansons,  in  from  3  to  8 
parts,  after  the  style  of  Orlandus  Lassus. 

Fairlamb,  James  Remington,  b.  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  23,  1837.  From  1853-S  he  was 
organist  in  several  Phila.  churches  ;  then  studied 
in  Paris  and  Florence.  After  spending  4  years 
in  Zurich,  and  3  in  Washington,  D.  C.  (where 
an  amateur  opera-company,  organized  by  him, 
brought  out  his  4-act  grand  opera  J'a/t'rie),  he 
held  positions  as  organist  in  Phila.,  Flizabeth, 
N.  J.,  Jersey  City,  and  New  York  (from  1SS4, 
org.  of  St.  Ignatius). — Works  :  Over  100  songs  ; 
over  50  choral  works  ;  several  pf.-pcs. 


174 


FAISZT— FARINELLI 


Faiszt  [fist],  Immanuel  Gottlob  Friedrich, 

b.  Esslingen,  Wiirttemberg,  Oct.  13,  1823  ;  d. 
Stuttgart,  June  5,  1894.  A  self-taught  organist  at 
the  age  of  9  ;  he  studied  theology  at  Tubingen, 
but  turned  to  music,  Mendelssohn,  to  whom 
he  submitted  some  compositions  in  1844,  advis- 
ing him  to  study  without  a  teacher.  In  1846  he 
gave  organ-concerts  in  several  German  towns, 
and  settled  in  Stuttgart  ;  here  he  founded  a 
society  for  classical  church-music  (1847),  the 
"  Schwabischer  Sangerbund  "  (1849),  and,  with 
Lebert,  Stark,  Brachmann,  and  others,  the  Con- 
servatory (1857),  in  which  he  was  first  teacher  of 
organ-playing  and  comp.,  becoming  the  Director 
in  1859.  He  was  also  organist  in  the  Stifts- 
kirche.  He  was  made  Dr.  phil,  by  Tubingen 
Univ.  for  his  essay  "  Beitrage  zur  Geschichte 
der  Claviersonate "  ("  Cacilia,"  1846),  and  re- 
ceived the  title  of  "  Professor "  from  the  King 
of  Wiirttemberg.  With  Lebert  he  edited  the 
famous  Cotta  ed.  of  classical  pf. -works,  and 
published  with  Stark  an  "  Elementar-  u.  Chor- 
gesangschule."  He  composed  cantatas,  motets, 
choruses  f.  male  voices  ("  Uie  Macht  des  Ge- 
sanges  ":  "  Im  Grtinen  ")  and  mixed  chorus,  and 
songs  ;  also  organ-music,  a  double  fugue  f.  pf., 
pf.-pcs. ,  etc. 

Falcke,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  1S66  ;  distinguished 
pianist,  pupil  of  Saint-Saens,  Massenet,  Dubois, 
and  Mathias  in  P.  Cons.,  where  he  won  1st 
prizes  in  pf.-playing  and  harmony  ;  also  st.  in 
Germany.  Very  successful  in  France,  Germany, 
England,  etc.;  he  has  an  immense  classic  and 
modern  repertory,  and  his  style  is  described  as 
a  happy  blending  of  the  French  and  German 
schools.  Teaches  in  English,  German,  and 
Spanish,  as  well  as  French.  Has  publ.  a  valu- 
able text-book  :  "  Ecole  des  Arpeges,"  for  pf. ; 
in  English  as  "The  School  of  Arpeggios' 
(Engl.  ed.  New  York,  1895). 

Falcon,  Marie-Cornelie,  remarkable  dram, 
soprano  ;  b.  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1812  ;  d.  there  Feb. 
25,  1897  ;  pupil  1827-31  of  Henri,  Pellegrini, 
Bordogni,  and  A.  Nourrit,  at  the  Cons.;  debut 
at  the  Gr.  Opera,  1832,  as  Alice  in  Robert.  She 
sang  there  with  brilliant  success  until  1837,  when 
she  lost  her  voice.  Her  singing  in  such  roles  as 
Alice,  Rachel  {La  Juive),  and  Valentine  {Hugue- 
nots) left  so  deep  and  lasting  an  impression 
that  her  name,  "  Falcon,"  has  since  been  ap- 
plied to  sopranos  taking  the  roles  in  which  she 
excelled,  or  similar  ones.     {Cf.  DUGAZON.) 

Fal'tin,  Richard  Friedrich,  b.  Danzig,  Jan. 
5,  1835.  Studied  there  under  Markull,  at  Des- 
sau under  Schneider,  and  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.; 
has  lived  since  1869  at  Helsingfors,  Finland, 
as  cond.  of  the  Symphony  Concerts,  etc.,  and 
(1873-83)  of  the  Finnish  Opera.  —  Publ.  "Fin- 
nish Folk-songs"  and  a  "  Finnish  Song-book." 

Faminzin,  Alexander  Sergievitch,  born 
Kaluga,  Russia,  Nov.  5  [N.  S.],  1841  ;  died 
Ligovo,  n.  St.  Petersburg,  July  6,  1S96.  Pupil 
of  Jean  Vogt  (St.  P.),  Hauptmann,  Richter, 
and  Riedel  (Leipzig),  and   Seifriz  (Lowenberg)  ; 


in  1S65,  prof,  of  the  history  of  mus.  at  St.  P. 
Cons.;  in  1870,  sec.  of  the  Russian  Musical 
Soc.  Also  wrote  for  various  newspapers,  and 
was  critic  for  the  (Russian)  "St.  P.  Gazette"; 
from  1S69  he  edited  the  "  Musical  Season."  He 
transl.  Marx's  "  Allgem.  Musiklehre"  and  Rich- 
ter's  "  Ilarmonielehre  "  into  Russian. — Works  : 
The  operas  Sardanapal  (1S75),  and  Uriel  Acosta 
(1883)  ;  a  symph.  poem,  "  The  Triumph  of  Dio- 
nysos";  Russian  Rhapsody,  f.  vln.  and  orch.; 
pf. -quintet  ;  string-quartets;  pf.-pcs.;  songs. 

Faning,   Eaton,   English  cond.  and  comp. ; 
born  Helston,  Cornwall,  May  20,  1850.      Pupil 
1870-6  of  the  R.  A. 
M.  (Bennett,  Steg- 
gall),    winning   the 

Mendelssohn  Jp^V.  *^m 

Scholarship   in  Wwc.  '-asp*^ 

1873  and  the  Lu- 
cas medal  in  1876. 
Mus.  Bac, Cantab., 
1S94.  Since  18S5, 
Director  of  the 
Music  at  Harrow 
School. — Works  :  3 

operettas,  The  Two      JUSSI      N2?  J     t\- 
Majors{x%7i),Mock 
Turtle  (1881),   and 
The    Head   of  the 
Poll  (1882);  a  dra- 
matic cantata,  Lib- 
erty (1882)  ;  cantata  f.  female  voices,  Buttercups 
and  Daisies;    church-music;    symphony    in    C 
minor  ;  overture,  "  The  Holiday  ";  quartets,  cho- 
ruses, songs,  etc. 

Farabi  (or  Alfarabi),  a  most  eminent  Arabian 
(Persian)  philosopher,  mathematician,  and  phy- 
sician ;  he  wrote  two  very  important  works  on 
music,  in  which  he  unsuccessfully  endeavored  to 
introduce  the  Greek  theories  to  his  countrymen. 
He  was  born  at  Farab  beyond  the  Oxus  abt. 
A.D.  900,  and  died  abt.  950. 

Fargas  y  Soler,  Antonio,  Spanish  writer, 
publ.  "  Biografias  de  los  Musicos,  etc."  (issued 
since  1866,  in  parts,  as  a  supplement  to  the 
Madrid  paper  "La  Espafia  musical");  also  a 
"  Diccionario  de  Musica." 

Farinel'li  (a  stage-name  ;  his  real  name  was 
Carlo  Bro'schi)  [bros'-ke],  celebrated  artificial 
soprano  ;  b.  Naples,  June  24,  1705  ;  d.  Bologna, 
July  15,  1782.  Taught  by  Porpora,  he  first  sang 
in  Naples  with  great  success,  being  playfully 
called  "  il  Ragazzo  "  (the  Boy)  on  account  of  his 
youth.  At  his  debut  at  Rome,  1722,  in  Porpora's 
opera  Eumenc,  he  was  the  object  of  enthusi- 
astic ovations  ;  his  fame  spread,  and  the  Italian 
cities  vied  with  each  other  to  obtain  an  opportu- 
nity of  hearing  him.  Only  once — at  Bologna, 
1727,  in  a  contest  with  Bernacchi — was  he  out- 
done by  any  rival ;  and  he  profited  by  this  defeat, 
taking  lessons  of  Bernacchi  ;  and  thus  becoming 
unrivalled  in  bravura  and  coloratura.  He  visited 
Vienna  in  1724,  '28,  and  '31  ;  at  the  instance  of 
the  emperor,  Charles  VI.,  during  his  last  visit  he 


175 


F  A  R I N  E  L  L  I— F  ASC  H 


acquired  lyric  breadth  and  expression,  and  be- 
came in  every  way  the  first  of  European  singers. 
Going  to  London  in  1734,  when  the  contest  be- 
tween Handel  and  his  enemies  was  at  its  height, 
he  joined  the  latter  (headed  by  Porpora),  with 
the  result  that  Handel's  operatic  forces  suffered 
overwhelming  defeat,  and  the  great  composer 
thenceforward  bent  his  energies  to  oratorio- 
writing.  In  London  Farinelli  remained  for  two 
years,  amassing  a  fortune  ;  he  then  (1736)  pro- 
ceeded to  Madrid,  where  his  wonderful  art  cured 
King  Philip  V.  of  his  melancholy,  and  the  grate- 
ful monarch  insisted  on  retaining  F.'s  services. 
The  latter  lived  in  Madrid,  with  a  salary  of 
50,000  francs,  as  the  King's  friend  and  confiden- 
tial adviser  :  his  influence  even  extended  through 
the  reign  of  Philip's  successor,  Ferdinand  VI.; 
at  the  accession  of  Charles  III.,  in  1759,  he  was 
sent  away.  He  erected  a  palatial  villa  near 
Bologna,  in  1761,  where  he  lived  and  died  in 
seclusion. — Sacchi  publ.  a  "  Vita  del  Cav.  Don 
Carlo  Broschi,  detto  Farinelli"  (Venice,  1784). 

Farinel'li,  Giuseppe,  prolific  dramatic 
comp.;  b.  Este,  May  7,  1769;  d.  Trieste,  Dec. 
12,  1836.  Pupil,  from  1785,  of  the  Cons,  della 
Pieta  de'Turchini,  at  Naples,  his  teachers  being 
Barbiello,  Fago,  Sala,  and  Tritto  ;  his  first  opera, 
II  Dottorato  di  Pulchinella,  prod,  in  1792,  at 
Naples  [?],  was  followed  by  50  or  60  others,  not 
original,  but  in  very  happy  imitation  of  Cima- 
rosa's  style,  and  chiefly  comic.  From  1810-17 
he  lived  at  Turin  ;  then  went  to  Venice,  and 
finally  (18 19)  settled  in  Trieste  as  maestro  and 
organist  at  the  Cath.  of  S.  Giusto.  He  also 
wrote  several  oratorios,  cantatas,  5  grand  masses, 
2  Te  Deums,  and  other  ch. -music. 

Far'kas,  Edmund  [Hung.  Odon],  b.  Puszta- 
Monostor  (Heves),  Hungary,  in  1852.  Of  a 
noble  Hungarian  family,  he  was  intended  for  a 
civil  engineer  ;  but,  preferring  music,  took  the 
4-year  course  at  the  R.  Mus.  Academy,  in  Pesth, 
in  3  years  (teachers  Volkmann,  Abranyi,  Erkel)  ; 
a  year  after  graduation,  he  was  app.  Director  of 
the  Cons,  at  Klausenburg,  Transylvania,  and 
still  (1899)  holds  that  position.  Here  he  also 
acted  for  a  time  as  opera-cond.,  and  contributed 
mus.  articles  to  various  periodicals.  F.  is  a 
diligent  and  succ.  comp.;  in  1876,  while  still  a 
student  of  engineering,  he  prod,  a  i-act  opera, 
Bayade'r  (Pesth,  Aug.  23);  with  a  Mass  in  E  he 
won  the  Haynald  Prize  of  300  florins  ;  this  was 
quickly  followed  by  12  "Lieder"  {Dalok),  the 
ballads  "  Klara  Zach  "  and  "  Szondy,"  several 
mixed  choruses,  and  the  orchestral  works  "  Ta- 
gesanbruch"(  Virradat),  "Abendlied"  (Estidal), 
"Abenddammerung  "  (Alkony),  and  "Dies  irae"; 
a  symphony  and  5  string-quartets  are  favorite 
program-pcs. ;  a  "  Festouvertiire  "  also  won  a 
prize. — Operas  :  Feenquelle  [T/inder/iorrds],  in 
1  act  (Klausenburg,  1892)  ;  Die  Busser  [  Veze- 
klok\  in  3  acts  (Pesth,  1893)  ;  Balassa  Bdlint, 
comic,  in  3  acts  (Pesth,  1896)  ;  and  Das  Blul- 
gericht  [  Tetemre  /livds]  (not  yet  prod.).    F.  aims 


especially  at  the  development  of  the  national 
(Hungarian)  element  in  his  music. 

Farmer,  Henry,  b.  Nottingham,  England, 
May  13,  1819;  d.  there  June  25,  1891.  A  self- 
taught  violinist  and  organist,  he  also  had  a 
music-shop  in  Nottingham  ;  and  comp.  a  Mass 
in  B(?,  violin-concertos  and  other  mus.  f.  vln., 
orchestral  overture  "  Calypso,"  glees,  pf.-pcs., 
songs,  etc.  Also  publ.  "  New  Violin  School"; 
"  The  Violin  Student  "  ;  "  New  Violin  Tutor  "  ; 
"  Tutor  f.  Amer.  Org.  and  Harmonium." 

Farmer,  John,  nephew  of  preceding,  b.  Not- 
tingham, Aug.  16,  1836.  Pupil  of  Leipzig 
Cons.,  and  of  Aug.  Spath  at  Koburg.  Taught 
in  a  Zurich  music-school  for  some  years  ;  1S62- 
85,  he  was  music-master  at  Harrow  School,  then 
organist  at  Baliol  Coll.,  Oxford,  where  he 
founded  a  musical  society,  giving  regular  con- 
certs.— Works  :  An  oratorio,  Christ  and  His 
Soldiers  (1878);  a  fairy  opera,  Cinderella  ;  comic 
cantata,  Froggy  would  a-70ooing go  (1887);  a  Re- 
quiem ;  Nursery-rhymes  f.  chorus  and  orch.;  2 
septets  (C  and  D)  f.  pf.,  flute,  and  strings  ;  a 
pf. -quintet ;  etc.  Has  edited  numerous  class 
song-books. 

Farrenc,  Jacques-Hippolyte-Aristide,  b. 
Marseilles,  Apr.  9,  1794  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  31, 
1S65.  In  1815  he  became  second  flute  at  the 
Theatre  Italien,  Paris  ;  studied  at  the  Cons,  from 
1806  ;  est.  a  music-shop,  taught,  and  composed 
(a  concerto,  sonatas,  variations,  etc.  f.  flute). 
The  historic  concerts  given  by,  and  the  writings 
of,  Fe'tis,  aroused  his  interest  in  the  history  of 
music  ;  for  several  years  he  diligently  collected 
material  for  the  rectification  of  existing  biogra- 
phies, but  generously  turned  it  over  to  Fetis  for 
use  in  the  2nd  ed.  of  his  great  work,  of  which 
Farrenc  also  read  proofs.  From  1854  he  con- 
tributed papers  to  "La  France  musicale  "  and 
other  journals. 

Farrenc,  Jeanne-Louise  {ne'e  Dumont), 
wife  of  preceding  ;  b.  Paris,  May  31,  1804  ;  d. 
there  Sept.  15,  1875.  She  was  a  pupil  of  Reicha; 
Moscheles  and  Hummel  also  influenced  her 
studies.  She  married  in  1821.  In  1842  she 
was  app.  prof,  of  pf.-playing  at  the  Cons.,  retir- 
ing on  a  pension  in  1873.  She  was  a  fine  pianist 
and  remarkable  composer  (symphonies,  over- 
tures, a  nonet,  a  sextet,  quintets,  quartets,  and 
trios  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  a  variety  of  pf.- 
pcs.,  etc.);  most  of  her  works  were  publ.,  and 
many  were  often  played  in  public  ;  the  Prix 
Chartier  was  twice  awarded  to  her. 

Fasch,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Buttelstadt,  n. 

Weimar,  A*pr.  15,  16S8  ;  d.  Zerbst,  1758(1759?), 
where  he  was  court  Kapellm.  Pupil  of  Kuhnau 
at  Leipzig.  Wrote  an  opera,  masses,  motets, 
concertos,  etc. 

Fasch,  Carl  Friedrich  Christian,  son  of 
preceding;  b.  Zerbst,  Nov.  iS,  1736;  d.  Berlin, 
Aug.  3,  1800.  Weakly  as  a  child,  his  musical 
talent  developed  rapidly  ;  in  1756,  at  Benda's 
recommendation,  he  was  app.  cembalist  to  Fred- 


176 


FAUCHEY— FECHNER 


erick  the  Great  at  Berlin,  as  C.  Ph.  E.  Bach's 
assistant.  During  the  Seven  Years'  War  he 
eked  out  his  meagre  salary,  paid  in  depreciated 
paper  money,  by  teaching;  from  1774-6  he  was 
Kapellm.  at  the  opera.  He  retained  his  salaried 
post  after  Frederick  gave  up  flute-practice,  and 
had  leisure  for  composing  church-music  (publ. ,  in 
6  vol.s,  in  1S39),  and  developed  great  contrapun- 
tal skill.  Choral  reunions  begun  in  1790  led,  in 
1792,  to  the  foundation  of  the  famous  "  Singaka- 
demie,"  which  flourished,  under  Fasch's  conduc- 
torship,  from  the  start  ;  his  successor,  Zelter, 
wrote  a  biographical  sketch  of  F.  (1S01). 

Fauchey,  Paul,  former  "chef  de  chant"  at 
the  Opera-Comique,  brought  out  a  3-act  "  opera- 
comique  populaire,"  La  Carmagnole  (Paris, 
Folies-Dram.,  1897). 

Faugues,  Vincent  (or  Fauques,  Fagus, 
La  Fage),  contrapuntist  of  the  15th  century, 
shortly  before  Okeghem.  Some  MS.  comp.s  are 
preserved  in  Rome. 

Faure,  Jean-Baptiste,  dram,  baritone  ;  b. 
Moulins,  Allier,  Jan.  15,  1830.  Entered  the 
Paris  Cons,  in  1841  :  was  also  choir-boy  at  St.- 
Nicholas-des-Champs,  and  at  the  Madeleine, 
where  Trevaux  was  his  teacher.  He  finished 
his  Cons,  course  under  Ponchard  and  Moreau- 
Sainti,  taking  first  prize  in  the  class  for  comic 
opera.  P'rom  1852-76  he  was  eng.  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  singing  principal  roles  after  the  retire- 
ment of  Bataille  and  Bussine,  his  successes 
equalling  those  of  Duprez  in  his  best  days. 
From  1857  he  taught  a  class  in  the  Cons,  for  a 
short  period.  His  instruction-book,  "  L'Art 
du  Chant,"  is  noteworthy.  After  1S76,  he  has 
sung  in  concerts.  Some  of  his  best  stage-roles 
were  Hoel  (in  Dinorah),  Guillaume  (G.  Tell), 
Nevers  (Huguenots),  Pietro  (Muette  Je  Portici), 
Nelusko  (/' ' Africaine),  Don  Giovanni,  Hamlet, 
and  Mephistopheles  (Faust). 

Faure,   Gabriel-Urbain,   composer  ;  b.    Pa- 
miers,  Ariege,  May  13,  1S45.      Pupil  of  Nieder- 
meyer,    Dietsch,    and 
Sain  t-Saens  ;  1S66, 
org.  at   Rennes,  then 
at  St.-Sulpice  and 
St  -Honore  ;  1:1.  de 
chap,  and  (1896)  org. 
at  the  Madeleine  ; 
also,    in     1S96,   prof, 
of    comp.,    cpt. ,    and 
fugue,   etc.,   at   the 
Cons.,    succeeding 
Massenet.  —  Works  : 
i-act    opera     I'Orga- 
niste    (1887)  ;     incid. 
mus.  to  Dumas'  Cali- 
gula  and  Mara  u- 
court's    Shy  lock ;    La 
naissance  de  Venus,    f.    soli,    ch. 
"  Chceur  des  Djinns";   Requiem 
Dmin.;   vln. -concerto  ;  orchestral  suite;  2  pf.- 
quartets  ;    Elegie    f.   'cello  ;  Berceuse   and    Ro- 


and    orch . ;  a 
symphony  in 


mance  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  a  well-known  vln.- 
sonata  (1878)  ;  songs,  duets,  etc.  He  took  the 
Prix  Chartier  for  chamber-mus.  in  1S85. 

Faust,  Karl,  bandmaster  ;  b.  Neisse,  Sile- 
sia, Feb.  18,  1825  ;  d.  Bad  Cudowa,  Sept.  12, 
1S92,  where  he  was  cond.  of  the  Badekapclle. 
From  1853  -  65,  bandmaster  at  Luxemburg, 
Frankfort-on-Oder,  and  Breslau  ;  then  cond.  of 
the  Silesian  Concert-Orch. ;  1869-S0,  mus.  dir. 
at  Waldenburg. — His  works  consist  of  favorite 
dance-music  and  marches. 

Fausti'na.     See  Hasse,  Faustina. 

Favarger,  Rene,  b.  Paris,  1815  ;  d.  Etretat, 
n.  Havre,  Aug.  3,  1868.  He  lived  in  London 
as  a  teacher  for  years  ;  his  graceful  pf.-pes. 
(many  so-called  Fantasias,  also  a  Bolero,  a  Re- 
verie, a  Nocturne,  etc.)  were  exceedingly  popular 
in  England,  France,  and  Germany. 

Favre,  Jules.  Pen-name  of  W.  M.  Wat- 
son. 

Fawcett,  John,  b.  Kendal  (England),  1789  ; 
d.  Bolton,  Lancashire,  Oct.  26,  1867.  A  shoe- 
maker by  trade,  he  became  a  music-teacher  in 
Bolton,  and  composed  much  sacred  music  :  An 
oratorio,  Paradise  (1865)  ;  a  Christmas  piece, 
"  The  Seraphic  Choir  "  (1840)  ;  and  many  minor 
pes.  in  the  collections  "  New  set  of  sacred  music, 
in  3  parts"  (1830):  "  Melodia  divina "  (1841, 
psalms  and  hymns)  ;  "  Harp  of  Zion  "  (1S45)  I 
"  The  Cherub  Lute"  (1845)  ;  "Voice  of  Devo- 
tion" (1862-3);  also  "Music  for  Thousands, 
or  the  Vocalist's  Manual"  (1845),  "Lancashire 
Vocalist,"  guide  to  sight-singing  (1854),  "  Chant- 
ing made  easy"  (1857). 

Fawcett,  John,  son  of  the  above  ;  b.  Bolton, 
1S24  ;  d.  Manchester,  July  1,  1857.  Organist, 
pupil  of  Bennett  in  R.A.M.;  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon., 
1852. — Wrote  a  cantata,  "  Supplication  and 
Thanksgiving";  also  anthems,  glees,  songs,  and 
pf.-pes. 

Fay,  Guillaume  du.     See  Dufay. 

Fay,  Amy,  b.  Bayou  Goula,  Miss.,  May  21, 
1844.  Pianist,  pupil  in  Berlin  of  Tausig  and 
Kullak,  in  Weimar  of  Liszt.  Publ.  (Chicago, 
188 1 )  "  Music-Study  in  Germany,"  a  book 
which  has  been  widely  read.  Resides  in  Chi- 
cago as  a  music-teacher. 

Fayolle,  Fran^ois-Joseph-Marie,  writer  on 
music  ;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  15,  1774  ;  d.  there  Dec.  2, 
1852.  Publ.  (with  Choron)  "  Dictionnaire  his- 
torique  des  musiciens  ..."  (1S10-11,  2  vol.s; 
transl.  for  the  most  part  from  Gerber's  old  work, 
with  numerous  errors)  ;  "  Notices  sur  Corelli, 
Tartini,  Gavinie's,  Pugnani  et  Yiotti  "  (1810)  ; 
"Sur  les  drames  lyriques  et  leur  execution" 
(1S13)  ;   "  Paganini  et  Beriot  "  (1830). 

Fecb/ner,  Gustav  Theodor,  b.  Gross-Sar- 
chen,  Niederlausitz,  Apr.  19,  1801  ;  d.  Leipzig, 
Nov.  18,  1887.  Prof,  of  physics  at  Leipzig 
from  1834.  Publ.  "  Repertorium  der  Experi- 
mentalphysik,"  in  which  mus.  phenomena  are 
treated;  also    "  Elemente    der    Psychophysik " 


12 


177 


FEDELE— FERRARI 


(i860,  2  vol. s)  and  "  Vorschule  der  Aesthetik  " 
(1876,  2  vol.s),  valuable  as  establishing1  a  basis 
of  mus.  aesthetics. 

Fede'le.     See  Treu. 

Federi'ci,  Vincenzo,  dramatic  comp. ;  b. 
Pesara,  1764;  d.  Milan,  Sept.  20,  1827  (Sept. 
26,  1826?).  Orphaned  at  16,  he  made  his  way 
to  London,  where  he  supported  himself  by  teach- 
ing, became  cembalist  at  the  Italian  opera,  and 
in  1790  prod,  his  first  opera,  VOlimpiade,  which 
was  followed  by  several  others.  Recalled  to 
Italy  in  1803,  he  wrote  various  successful  operas 
for  Milan  and  Turin  ;  was  app.  in  1S09  prof,  of 
cpt.  at  Milan  Cons.,  and  (1825)  Censore  (Di- 
rector) of  the  same,  succeeding  A.  Minoja.  He 
composed,  in  all,  14  serious  operas,  and  1  comic 
opera,  ].a  locandiera  scaltra  (Paris,  1812). 

Fe'derlein,  Gottlieb  (Heinrich),  b.  Neu- 
stadt-an-der-Aisch,  n.  Nuremberg,  Nov.  5,  1835. 
Pupil,  in  Munich  Cons.,  of  Rheinberger  (comp.), 
Wanner  (pf.),  Jos.  Walter  (vln.),  and  Julius  Hey 
(voice).  At  present  (1S99)  living  in  New  York. 
— Besides  numerous  songs,  F.  has  publ.  an  ex- 
cellent "School  of  Voice-culture"  and  Essays 
on  Wagner's  "  Ring  of  the  Nibelung." 

Fel'stein  (called  Felstinen'sis),  Sebastian 
von,  director  of  church-music  in  Cracow  abt. 
1530,  publ.  2  short  essays,  "Opusculum  musicae" 
(2nd  ed.  1 515  ;  on  plain  song)  and  "Opusculum 
musicae  mensuralis  "  (publ.  15 19  with  the  other). 
He  also  edited  St.  Augustine's  "  Dialogi  di 
musica  "  (1536),  and  publ.  a  volume  of  original 
hymns. 

Feltre,  Alphonse-Clarke,  Comte  de,  dram, 
comp.;  b.  Paris,  June  27,  1806  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
3,  1850.  Pupil  of  Reicha,  and  was  aided  by 
Boieldieu.  An  army-officer,  from  1829  he  de- 
voted himself  wholly  to  music. — Works  :  4 
operas  ;  pf. -music,  songs,  etc. 

Fenaro'li,  Fedele,  distinguished  teacher  ;  b. 
Lanciano,  Abruzzi,  Apr.  25  (15?),  1730  ;  d.  Na- 
ples, Jan.  1,  1818.  Entered  the  Cons,  of  S.  M. 
di  Loreto,  Naples,  in  1744,  studying  under  Leo, 
and  later  Durante  ;  in  1755  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
cpt.  and  comp.  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta,  Naples, 
a  post  which  he  held  till  death.  He  trained 
many  eminent  musicians  (Cimarosa,  Zingarelli, 
Mercadante,  Conti,  etc.).  He  publ.  "  Parti- 
menti  e  regole  musicali ";  and  "  Regole  musi- 
cali  per  i  principianti  di  cembalo  "  (Naples,  1795). 
His  compositions  (the  oratorio  Abigaile,  1760  ; 
masses  w.  orch. ;  a  requiem,  motets,  cantatas, 
etc.)  are  sound  specimens  of  harmonization  and 
part-leading,  but  quite  wanting  in  originality. 

Fe'o,  Francesco,  celebrated  composer  and 
singing-teacher  ;  b.  Naples,  abt.  1685(7)  ;  d.  (?). 
Pie  was  a  pupil  of  Ghizzi,  whom  he  succeeded, 
in  1740,  as  teacher  at  the  Naples  Cons,  della 
Pieta.  His  first  opera,  L' Amor  tirannico,  ossia 
Zenobia,  was  given  at  Naples  in  1713,  and  was 
followed  by  5  others  up  to  1731.  Feo  also  wrote 
3  intermezzi,  an  oratorio,  masses,  and  other 
church-nuisic. 


Ferrabos'co  (or  Ferabosco),  Alfonso,  born 
Italy,  abt.  15 1 5,  was  at  one  time  a  musician  to 
the  Duke  of  Savoy.  Publ.  madrigals  (7  4  (1542), 
a  5  U5S7),  and  others  a  5-8  in  Pevernage's 
"  Harmonia  celeste,"  printed  by  Phalese  (1593). 

Ferrabos'co,  Domenico  Maria,  born  Rome 
at  beginning  of  16th  cent.,  member  of  the  Pa- 
pal choir  from  1550-55  ;  motets  and  madrigals 
by  him  were  publ.  by  Gardano  in  1554  and  1557. 
MS.  comp.s  are  in  the  Vatican  library. 

Ferrabos'co,  Costantino,  for  several  years 
in  the  emperor's  service  at  Vienna,  publ.  a  vol. 
of  Canzonette  in  1591. 

Ferrabos'co,  Alfonso  (probably  the  son  of 
the  Alfonso  above),  b.  Greenwich,  England,  abt. 
1580  ;  d.  1652.  About  1605  he  became  tutor  to 
Prince  Henry,  to  whom  he  dedicated  a  volume 
of  "  Ayres  "  (1609).  Some  of  his  pieces  were 
printed  in  Leighton's  "Teares";  he  also  publ. 
"  Lessons  for  1,  2,  and  3  Viols,"  and  "  Fancies" 
for  viols. 

Ferran'ti.     See  Zani  di  Ferranti. 

Ferra'ri,  Benedetto  (called  Della  Tiorba 
from  his  proficiency  on  the  theorbo),  b.  Reggio 
d'Emilia,  1597  ;  d.  Modena,  Oct.  22,  1681.  Stud- 
ied music  at  Rome  ;  proceeded  thence  to  Venice, 
where  he  wrote  libretti  and  composed  operas; 
his  Andromeda  (music  by  Manelli  da  Tivoli)  was 
the  first  (1637)  ever  publicly  played,  and  was 
produced  at  F.'s  private  expense.  From  1645-51 
he  was  court  m.  di  capp.  at  Modena ;  then  held 
like  appointments  in  Vienna  and  Ratisbon ;  was 
again  in  Modena  1653-62,  and  finally  from  1674 
till  his  death.  6  opera-libretti  (1644-51),  and  the 
MS.  orchestral  introd.  to  his  ballet  Dafne,  are  all 
that  is  left  of  his  dramatic  works.  He  also  publ. 
"  Musiche  varie  a  voce  sola"  (1638). 

Ferra'ri,  Domenico,  b.  Piacenza,  early  in 
the  iSth  century  ;  d.  Paris,  1780.  Excellent  vio- 
linist, pupil  of  Tartini ;  he  lived  for  a  time  at 
Cremona,  gave  concerts  in  Paris  in  1754,  was 
leader  of  the  Stuttgart  orch.  during  some  years, 
and  settled  in  Paris.  Of  his  works,  only  6  vio- 
lin-sonatas (1758)  are  extant. 

Ferra'ri,  Carlo,  brother  of  Domenico  ;  b. 
Piacenza,  abt.  1730;  d.  Parma,  1789.  A  fine 
'cellist  ;  played  at  Paris  (175S)  in  a  Concert  spiri- 
tael ;  was  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Parma 
from  1765  until  his  death.  Reputed  in  Italy  to 
be  the  first  'cellist  to  use  his  thumb  as  a  capo- 
tasto. 

Ferra'ri,  Giacomo  Gotifredo,  b.  Roveredo, 
Tyrol,  1759  •  d.  London,  Dec,  1842.  St.  in  Ve- 
rona under  Marcola,  Borsaro,  and  AbbateCubri  ; 
for  2  years  with  Father  Marianus  Stecher  in  the 
monastery  of  Mariaberg,  near  Chur  ;  and  under 
Latilla  at  Naples.  Through  Campan,  ntaitre 
d'hdtel  to  Marie  Antoinette,  he  became  accom- 
panist to  the  queen,  and  later  cembalist  at  the 
Theatre  Feydeau  (1791-3).  His  opera,  Les 
evenements  imprdvus  (1704?),  having  been  done 
to  death  by  the  critics,  he  left  Paris,  made  a  con- 


178 


FERRARI— FESCA 


cert-tour  in  the  Netherlands,  and  then  settled  in 
London  as  a  singing-teacher  and  composer. — 
Works  :  3  Italian  operas  given  in  London,  La 
villanella  rapita  (1797).  I  dllc  Svizzeri  (1798). 
Veroina  di  Raab  (1799)  ;  2  ballets  ;  many  pes. 
f.  pf.,  harp,  flute,  and  voice  ;  "Concise  Treat- 
ment of  Italian  Singing"  (1S15?);  "Instruc- 
tions ...  in  the  Art  of  Singing"  (1S27)  ; 
"  Studio  di  musica  teorica  e  pratica  ";  and  auto- 
biographical "Aneddoti"  (1830,  2  vol.s). 

Ferra'ri,  Serafino  Amadeo  de',  b.  Genoa, 
1S24  ;  d.  there  Mar.  31,  1885,  as  Director  of  the 
Cons.  A  pianist,  organist,  and  dram.  comp. — 
Operas  :  Catalina  (not  given),  Don  Carlo  (Genoa, 
1853  ;  prod,  later  as  Filippo  LI),  Pipele  (1856), 
II  matrimonii)  per  concorso  ( 1858),  II  Menestrello 
(1861),  //  cadet  to  di  Guascogna  (1864) ;  the  ballet 
Delia  ;  masses,  songs,  etc. 

Ferra'ri,  Francisca,  celebrated  harp-player  ; 
b.  Christiania,  abt.  1800  ;  d.  Gross-Salzbrunn, 
Silesia,  Oct.  5,  1828.  She  played  with  brilliant 
success  in  Leipzig  (1826)  and  Magdeburg  (1827). 

Ferra'ri,  Carlotta,  famous  dramatic  com- 
poser ;  b.  Lodi,  Italy,  Jan.  27,  1837  ;  pupil  of 
Strepponi  and  Panzini,  and  (1S44-50)  of  Mazzu- 
cato  at  Milan  Cons.  She  herself  wrote  the  li- 
bretti and  music  of  the  following  successful 
operas  :  Ugo  (Milan,  1857),  Sojia  (Lodi,  1866), 
Eleonora  d' A rborea  (Cagliari,  1871)  ;  she  has  also 
composed  several  masses  (a  Requiem  for  Turin, 
1868),  and  songs  (for  which  she  writes  the 
words). 

Ferre'ira   da  Costa,  Rodrigo,   Portuguese 

jurist  and  mathematician;  d.  1834  (1S37?). — 
Publ.  "  Principios  de  musica"  (1S20-24,  in  2 
vol.s). 

Ferret'ti  (or  Feretti),  Giovanni,  b.  Venice, 
about  1540.  Publ.  5  books  of  "  Canzoni  alia 
napoletana  "  a  5  (1567-91),  2  books  of  the  same 
a  6  (1576,  1579),  and  a  vol.  of  "  Madrigali  "  a  5 
(1588). 

Fer'ri,  Baldassare,  celebrated  artificial  so- 
prano ;  b.  Perugia,  Dec.  9,  1610  ;  d.  there  Sept. 
8,  16S0.  At  11  he  was  choir-boy  to  Cardinal 
Crescenzio,  in  Orvieto,  in  whose  service  he  re- 
mained till  1655,.  when  the  Swedish  invasion 
broke  up  the  court,  and  F.  entered  the  service 
of  Ferdinand  III.,  at  Vienna.  At  the  age  of 
65  he  retired  to  his  native  city.  From  all  ac- 
counts, F.  appears  to  have  been  the  most  ex- 
traordinary singer  who  ever  lived.  His  vocal 
technique  was  perfect,  his  breath  inexhaustible, 
and  his  style,  whether  in  pathetic  singing  or 
coloratura,  faultless  ;  all  this  with  a  voice  of  in- 
comparable beauty. 

Fer'ri,  Nicola,  comp.  and  singing-teacher; 
b.  Mola  di  Pari,  Italy,  Nov.  4,  1831 ;  d.  London, 
Mar.  26,  1SS6.  Of  precocious  development,  he 
wrote  an  opera,  Luigi  A'olla,  at  the  age  of  16; 
then  entered  the  Naples  Cons.,  studying  under 
Mercadante.  After  a  lengthy  sojourn  in  Paris, 
he  established  himself  in  London,  and  became 


prof,  of  singing  at  the  Guildhall  S.  of  Music. — 
Works  :  The  operas  Luigi  A'olla,  Lara,  and 
others  ;  and  many  beautiful  songs. 

Ferrier,  Paul-Raoul-Michel-Marie,  dram- 
atist and  librettist  ;  b.  Montpellier,  Mar.  28,  1S43. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  vast  number  of  light  come- 
dies, and  has  written  many  libretti  for  operas 
and  operettas  of  temporary  vogue  in  Paris;  e.g., 
La  marocaine,  Les  mousquelaires  an  convent, 
Fanfan  la  Tulipe,  la  unit  ai/x  soujfleis,  Ta- 
barin,  La  Vie  mondaine,  Les  petits  mousque- 
taires,  Josephine  vendu  par  ses  sceurs,  Le  valet 
de  caur,  La  I'enus  d' Aries,  Cendrillonette,  Le 
Fetiche,  Samsonnet,  Le  Coq,  Jlllle.  Asmode'c, 
Me'-na-ka,  Miss  Robinson,  Calendal,  Chilpe'ric, 
La  dot  de  Brigitte,  Le  Camel  du  Diable,  Le 
capitole,  Le  carillon,  etc. 

Ferron,  Adolphe  ;  in  1892,  Kapellm.  at  the 
Th.  Unter  den  Linden,  Berlin  ;  1897,  Kapellm. 
at  Carl  Theater,  Vienna.  Has  prod,  the  "  Ge- 
sangsposse"  Adam  and  Eva  (Berlin,  1S91);  the 
3-act  operetta  Sataniel  (Berlin,  18S9)  ;  the  i-act 
operetta  Daphne  (Berlin,  1S92)  ;  and  the  3-act 
vaudev. -operetta  Das  Krokodil  (Berlin,  1S97). 

Ferro'ni,  Vincenzo    Emidio   Carmine,  b. 

Tramutola,  southern  Italy,  Feb.  17,  185S.  St. 
Paris  Cons.  (1876-S3)  under  Savard  (harm.;  1st 
prize  in  18S0)  and  Massenet  (comp.,  1st  prize  in 
18S3).  From  1SS1,  asst.-prof.  ("  suppleant ") 
of  harm,  at  Paris  Cons.;  since  188S,  prof,  of 
comp.  at  Milan  Cons.,  succeeding  Ponchielli. 
Also  mus.  director  of  the  Milan  "  Famiglia 
Artistica  "  ;  Chevalier  of  the  Ital.  Crown  (1S97). 
— Works  :  The  opera  Rudello  (Milan,  1S92);  the 
3-act  opera-seria  Ettore  Fieramosca  (Como,  1896 ; 
F.  wrote  libretto  and  music) ;  overture  to  Ariosto, 
f.  orch. ;  Rhapsodie  espagnole  f .  orch. ;  ' '  Hymne 
d'un  patre  lydien  "  (Figaro  1st  prize,  1885,  among 
614  competitors)  ;  numerous  songs  ;  salon-pcs.  f. 
pf.;  "  Idylle  "  f.  vln.  and  harp  (or  pf.);  "  Les  Ci- 
gales,"  scherzo  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  organ-music  ;  etc. 

Ferte.     See  Papillon  de  la  Ferte. 

Fes'ca,  Friedrich  Ernst,  b.  Magdeburg, 
Feb.  15,  1789;  d.  Karlsruhe,  May  24,  1826.  A 
violinist,  he  was  taught  in  Magdeburg,  where  he 
played  in  concerts,  and  in  1805  by  A.  E.  M idler 
at  Leipzig,  also  playing  in  the  Gewandhaus  orch. 
In  1806  the  Duke  of  Oldenburg  gave  him  a  place 
in  his  orch.;  in  1808  he  joined  the  orch.  of  King 
Jerome  of  Westphalia,  at  Kassel.  On  the  dis- 
solution of  the  pseudo-kingdom  in  1813,  he  went 
to  Vienna  for  a  short  time  ;  in  1S15  he  became  a 
member,  and  soon  after  leader,  of  the  Karlsruhe 
orch.  He  died  of  consumption. — Among  his 
works,  his  chamber-music  (20  quartets  and  5 
quintets)  ranks  highest  ;  but  he  also  wrote  2 
operas,  Cantemira  (1819)  and  Omar  and  Leila 
(Karlsruhe,  1823)  ;  3  symphonies,  4  overtures, 
etc. 

Fes'ca,  Alexander  Ernst,  pianist,  son  of  the 
above;  b.  Karlsruhe,  May  22,  1820;  d.  Bruns- 
wick, Feb.  22,  1859.  He  was  taught  by  Rungen- 
hagen,  Schneider,  and  Taubert,  in  Berlin  ;  made 


179 


FESTA— FETIS 


sensational  concert-tours  from  1839-40,  was  app. 
chamber-virtuoso  to  Prince  Furstenberg  in  1S41, 
and  settled  in  Brunswick  1842.  Me  brought  out 
2  operas.  Marietta  (1839)  and  Die  Franzosen  in 
Spanien  (1841),  in  Karlsruhe  ;  and  2  more,  Der 
Troubadour  ( 1 S47)  and  I  'Irich  von  II  fit  ten  ( 1 S49) , 
at  Brunswick  ;  though  light  in  style,  they  gave 
promise  of  a  distinguished  career.  He  wrote, 
besides,  a  pf. -sextet,  2  pf. -trios,  a  grand  sonata 
f.  pf.  and  vln.,  and  many  exceedingly  popular 
songs  (the  "  Fesca  Album  "  contains  48). 

Fes'ta,  Costanzo,  b.  Rome,  abt.  1490  ;  d. 
there  Apr.  10,  1545.  He  was  a  singer  in  the 
Pontifical  Chapel  from  abt.  1517,  and  a  contra- 
puntist of  importance,  being  regarded  as  a  fore- 
runner of  Palestrina.  Among  his  numerous 
works,  which  bear  considerable  resemblance  to 
those  of  Palestrina,  may  be  noted  motets  a  3 
(1543),  madrigals  03(1556),  litanies (1583);  many 
motets  and  madrigals  in  contemp.  coll.s  ("  Mot- 
tetti  della  corona,"  Petrucci,  1549);  and  a  Te 
Deum  a  4  (publ.  in  Rome,  1596),  still  sung  in 
the  Vatican  on  solemn  festivals  ;  a  Credo  and 
other  works  are  in  MS.  in  the  Vatican. 

Fes'ta,  Giuseppe  Maria,  b.  Trani,  1771  ;  d. 
Naples,  Apr.  7,  1839.  An  eminent  violinist  and 
cond.,  pupil  of  F.  Mercieri  ;  concert-giver  in 
Italian  cities  and  (1802)  Paris,  where  he  was  app. 
cond.  of  the  Opera  orch.  Settled  in  Naples 
1805,  as  violinist  in  the  San  Carlo  Th.,  later  as 
cond.  of  the  theatre-orch.  He  publ.  a  few  vio- 
lin-quartets. 

Fes'ta,  Francesca,  a  stage-singer  of  note  ; 
b.  Naples,  1778  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  1S36  ;  sang 
in  Italy,  in  Paris  at  the  Odeon  (1 809-11),  and 
again  in  Italy  as  Signora  Festa-Maffei  ;  in  1821 
at  Munich,  and  1829  at  St.  P. 

Fest'ing,  Michael  Christian,  son  of  the 
famous  flutist  ;  b.  London  (?),  abt.  ]68o  ;  d.  there 
July  24,  1752.  Violinist,  pupil  of  Richard  Jones 
and'  Geminiani.  First  violin  in  the  Philhar- 
monic ;  in  1742,  cond.  at  Ranelagh  Gardens.  In 
1738  he  established,  with  Dr.  Greene  and  others, 
the  "  Society  of  Musicians,"  for  the  maintenance 
of  impoverished  musicians  and  their  families. — 
Works  :  Numerous  solos  and  concertos  f.  violin  ; 
18  sonatos  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass  ;  4  symphonies 
concertantes f.  2  flutes,  and  4  do.  f.  2  vlns.;  odes, 
cantatas,  songs,  etc. 

Fetis,  Frangois-Joseph,  erudite  musical 
theorist,  historian,  and  critic  ;  b.  Mons,  Belgium, 
Mar.  25,  1784  ;  d.  Brussels,  Mar.  26,  1871.  His 
father,  niaitre  de  ehapelle  and  organist  at  the 
cathedral,  was  his  first  teacher  ;  his  first  instr. 
was  the  violin,  and  at  7  he  wrote  vioiin-duets. 
In  his  ninth  year  he  composed  a  concerto  for 
violin  with  orch.;  and  at  9  was  organist  to  the 
Noble  Chapter  of  Sainte-Waudru.  From  1800-3, 
in  the  Paris  Cons.,  he  studied  harmony  under 
Key,  and  piano-playing  under  Boieldieu  and 
Pradher.  In  1803  he  visited  Vienna,  there 
studying  counterpoint,  fugue,  and  masterworks 


of  German  music.      Hence  his  pronounced  pre- 
dilection for  harmonic  modulation,  so  marked  in 
his  compositions,  several  of  which  (a  symphony, 
an    overture,   wind-octets,  and    sonatas  and  ca- 
prices for  pf.)  were  publ.    at  this  time.     From 
this  period,  too,  dates  his  first  important  theoret- 
ico-literary  work  (never  completed),  an  investiga- 
tion of  Guido  d  '  Arezzo's  system  and  of  the  history 
of  notation.      He  even  started  a  mus.  periodical 
in  1804,  but  it  soon  died.      To  his  fruitful  study 
of  musical  history  and  science  he  was  prompted 
by  the  perusal  of  Catel's  new  method  of  harmony 
antagonizing   Rameau's  system  (in  which  latter 
Rey  blindly  believed).      In   1S06  F.  commenced 
the  revision  of  the  plain  song  and  entire  ritual 
of  the  Roman  Church,  a  vast  undertaking  com- 
pleted, with    numberless   interruptions,  after   30 
years'  patient    research,  and    not    yet    publ.      A 
wealthy  marriage  in  the  same  year  enabled  him 
to  pursue  his  studies  at  ease  for  a  time  ;  but  the 
fortune  was  lost  in   1811,  and   he  retired    to  the 
Ardennes,  where  he  occupied  himself  with  com- 
position   and   philosophical    researches  into   the 
theory  of  harmony,  leading  to  a   formulation   of 
the  modern  theory  of  tonality.      In   1813  he  was 
app.   organist    of    the  collegiate  church  of    St.- 
Pierre   at  Uouai,  and  teacher   of    harmony  and 
singing  in   the  municipal   music-school.      From 
this  period    date   "La    science    de    l'organiste " 
and  the   "  Methode    elementaire    d'harmonie    et 
d'accompagnement "    (sent    to    the    Institut    in 
1816  ;  publ.  1824).     He  went  to  Paris  in  1818  ; 
publ.  some  pf. -music,  and  brought  out  several 
successful  operas.      In  1S21  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
composition  at  the  Cons. ;  in  1824  his  "  Traite  du 
contrepoint  et  de  la  fugue  "  was  publ.  as  a  Cons, 
text-book.      In  1827  he  became  librarian  of  the 
Cons.,  and    founded    his    unique    journal    "  La 
Revue   musicale,"  which   he   edited  alone   until 
1832  (its  publication  ceased  in   1835).      He  also 
wrote    for  "  Le    National"  and   "  Le   Temps." 
His  industry  was  untiring  ;  he  worked   from    16 
to  18  hours  a  day.      In  1828  he  competed  for  the 
prize    of    the    Netherlands    Royal    Inst,   with    a 
memoir,  "  Quels  ont  ete   les   merites   des   Ne'er- 
landais    dans    la    musique,    principalement    aux 
XIVe-XVIe  siecles  .   .    .   ";  Kiesewetter's  essay 
won  the  prize,  but  F.'s  was  also  printed  by  the 
Inst.      In   1832  he  began  his  famous  historical 
lectures  and  concerts  (the  idea  originated  with 
Choron).      In  1S33  he  was  called  to  Brussels  as 
m.  de  chap,   to  King  Leopold  I.,  and   Director 
of  the  Cons. ;  during  his  39  years'  tenure  of  the 
latter    position,   the    Cons,   flourished    as    never 
before.      He    also    cond.    the    concerts    of    the 
Academy,  which  elected  him  a  member  in  1845. 
On   the   jubilee   of    his  wedding,   in    1859,   F.'s 
mass  for  5  solo  parts  with   chorus   was   sung   in 
the  church  of  Notre-Dame  du   Sablon  ;  and  his 
bust  by  Geefs  was  unveiled  in  the  courtyard  of 
the  Cons. — Fetis  was    a    sound    harmonist    and 
contrapuntist ;  his  thorough  training  enabled  him 
to  pursue  his  theoretico-historical  researches  with 
musicianly  intelligence  and  correspondingly  im- 
portant results.     As  an  historian,  he  is  apt  to  be 

180 


FETIS—  FIELD 


prolix,  opinionated,  and  is  not  invariably  impar- 
tial or  reliable.  As  early  as  1806  he  commenced 
collecting  materials  for  his  great  "  Biographie 
universelle  des  musiciens  et  bibliographic  gene- 
rale  de  lamusique"  in  8  volumes  (1837-1844  ; 
2nd  ed.  1860-65  ;  Suppl.  of  2  vol.s  1878-1880, 
edited  by  A.  Pougin).  It  is  a  veritable  mine  of 
information,  and  still  a  most  valuable  work  of 
reference,  despite  the  faults  noted  above  ;  medi- 
eval music,  and  the  modern  music  of  France, 
Italy,  and  the  Netherlands,  have  received  especial 
attention.  Other  writings  not  mentioned  are 
"  Traite  de  l'accompagnement  de  la  partition" 
(1S29)  ;  "  Solfeges  progressifs "  (1827);  "La 
musique  mise  a  la  portee  de  tout  le  monde"  ^830, 
often  republ.;  Ger.  transl.  by  Blum,  1S33  ;  Engl, 
ed.s  London,  1831,  and  Boston,  Mass.,  1842)  ; 
"Manuel  des  principes  de  musique"  (1837); 
"  Manuel  des  jeunes  compositeurs,  des  chefs  de 
musique  militaire,  et  des  directeurs  d'orchestrc" 
(1837);  "Methode  des  methodes  de  piano" 
(1S37)  ;  "Methode  des  me'thodes  de  chant" 
(1840);  "  Methode  elementaire  du  plain-chant" 
(1S43)  ;  "  Traite  complet  de  la  theorie  et  de  la 
pratique  de  l'harmonie  "  (1844)  ;  "  Notice  biogr. 
de  Nicolo  Paganini  "  (1851  ;  w.  short  history  of 
the  violin)  ;  "  Antoine  Stradivari  "  (1856  ;  w.  re- 
searches on  bowed  instr.s)  ;  2  reports  on  mus. 
instr.s  at  the  "  Exposition  univ.  de  Paris  en 
1855"  (1S56),  and  the  "  Exp.  univ.  de  Paris  en 
1867"  (1867);  "  Histoire  generale  de  la  mu- 
sique" (5  vol.s  ;  only  down  to  the  15th  century). 
— Compositions:  6  operas  (1820-32);  sympho- 
nies, a  fantasia,  and  an  overture,  f.  orch. ;  a  sex- 
tet, 3  quintets,  a  quartet,  etc. ;  sonatas,  variations, 
fantasias,  etc.,  f.  piano  ;  his  sacred  works  com- 
prise masses,  a  requiem,  motets,  Lamentations, 
Te  Deum,  Miserere,  etc  — Autobiographical 
sketch  in  his  great  Dictionary.  L.  Alvin  publ. 
a  "Notice  sur  F.  J.  Fetis"  (Brussels,  1874); 
Gollmick  wroteon  "Herr  Fetis"  (Leipzig,  1852). 

Fetis,  Edouard-Louis-Fran$ois,  son  of  the 

preceding  ;  b.  Bouvignes,  n.  Dinant,  May  16, 
1812.  Edited  his  father's  "Revue  musicale " 
1833-35  I  edited  the  musical  (later  art-)  fcuilleton 
of  the  "  Independance  beige  ";  and  was  for  years 
librarian  of  the  Brussels  Library.  Publ.  "  Les 
musiciens  beiges  "  (1848;  2  vol.s). — His  brother, 
Adolphe-Louis-Eugene,  b.  Paris,  Aug.  20, 
1820;  d.  there  Mar.  20,  1873.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
and  of  II.  Herz  (pf.)  ;  lived  in  Brussels  and 
Antwerp,  and  from  1856  in  Paris  as  a  music- 
teacher.  Prod,  an  opera,  and  comp.  music  f. 
pf.  and  harmonium. 

Feu'rich,  Julius,  pianoforte  -  maker  ;  born 
Leipzig,  Mar.  19,  1821,  where  he  established 
his  factory  in  1851.  He  makes  a  specialty  of 
pianinos. 

Fevin,  Antoine  [Antonius]  de,  a  contra- 
puntist contemporary  with  J  osquin,  but  of  whose 
life  no  details  are  known.  —  Works  :  3  masses 
(printed  by  Petrucci,  15 15)  ;  3  masses  (printed 
by  Antiquis,  1516);  masses  a  4  (Vienna  Library, 


MS.);  motets  in  Petrucci's  "  Mottetti  della  co- 
rona "  (1514),  and  other  coll.s  ;  and  French  chan- 
sons in  coll.s  of  1540  and  1545. 

Fevin,  Robert  [Robertus],  a  native  of  Cam- 
brai,  probably  a  contemporary  of  A.  Fevin.  He 
was  in.  di  capp.  to  the  I  Hike  of  Savoy.  One  mass, 
Le  vilain  jaloux,  is  in  Petrucci's  "  Missae  Ant. 
de  Fevin";  another,  on  La  sol  fa  re  tni,  is  in 
MS.  in  the  Munich  library. 

Fevre,  le.     See  Lefevre. 

Fi'bich,  Zdenko,  b.  Seborschitz,  Bohemia, 
Dec.  21,  1850  ;  was  taught  at  Prague,  the  Leip- 
zig Cons.  (1S65),  and  by  Vincenz  Lachner.  In 
1876  he  was  app.  asst.-Kapellm.  at  the  National 
Th.,  Prague  ;  in  1878,  director  of  the  Russian 
Church  choir.  As  a  composer,  he  is  one  of  the 
foremost  in  the  young  Czech  group. — Works  : 
The  operas  (produced  in  Prague)  Bukowin 
(1875?),  Blantk  (1881),  The  Bride  of  Messina 
(1883),  The  Storm(i8gs,  3  acts), ///</>/ ("Haidee," 
1896,  after  Byron's"  Don  Juan,"  in  4  acts);  and 
Sarka,  3  acts  (Prague,  1898  ;  very  succ.)  ;  music 
to  the  dram,  trilogy  Hippodamia,  by  Brchliky 
(Prague,  1891)  ;  the  symphonic  poems  Othello, 
Zaboj  and  Slavoj,  Toman  and  the  Nymph,  and 
Vesna  ;  several  orchestral  overtures  ("  Lustspiel- 
Ouverture,"  1892;  "A  night  on  Karlstein"; 
etc.);  a  choral  ballad,  "Die  Windsbraut";  a 
"Spring  Romanza "  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  2  sym- 
phonies, 2  string-quartets,  a  pf. -quartet  in  E 
minor,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  choruses.  Also  a  Method 
f.  pf.  In  1899  F.  was  app.  dramaturgist  of  the 
Bohemian  Nat.l  Th.,  Prague. 

Fi'by,  Heinrich,  b.  Vienna,  May  15,  1834  ; 
pupil  of  the  Cons.;  cond.  and  solo  violin  at  Lai- 
bach  theatre;  from  1857,  city  musical  director  at 
Znaim,  where  he  founded  a  music-school  and  a 
singing-society. — Works  :  3  operettas;  part-songs 
f.  male  chorus  (widely  known,  especially  "  Oest- 
reich,  mein  Vaterland"). 

Ficb/er,  Ferdinand,  b.  Leipzig,  1821  ;  d. 
New  York,  1865.  He  went  to  America  in  1S47. 
His  pf.-pcs.  show  considerable  talent  ;  and  he 
publ.  a  good  Pf.  Method  for  beginners. 

Ficht'ner,  Pauline.  See  Erdmannsdorf- 
FER  (in  Appendix). 

Fied'ler,  August  Max,  b.  Zittau,  Dec.  31, 
1859.  Piano-pupil  of  his  father,  and  studied 
the  organ  and  theory  with  G.  Albrec'ht  ;  at- 
tended the  Leipzig  Cons.,  1877-80,  and  won  the 
Holstein  scholarship.  Since  1882,  teacher  at 
the  Hamburg  Cons.  He  is  a  successful  con- 
cert-pianist ;  has  also  publ.  a  pf. -quintet  and 
pf.-pcs. ;  a  symphony,  a  string-quartet,  and 
songs  are  in  MS. 

Field,  John,  a  pianist  and  composer  of 
marked  originality;  b.  Dublin,  July  16,  1782; 
d.  Moscow,  Jan.  11,  1S37.  His  father  was  a  vio- 
linist ;  his  grandfather,  an  organist,  gave  him 
his  first  instruction  in  theory  and  piano-playing. 
Though  an  apt  pupil,  he  was  treated  with  undue 
severity  at  home,  and  subsequently  apprenticed 


1S1 


FIELITZ— fILIPPI 


to  Clementi,  then  in  the  full  tide  of  his  success  ; 
from  him  he  had  regular  lessons  till  1804,  being 
employed  in  his  master's  salesrooms  to  show  off 
the  pianos  to  customers.  He  went  with  Cle- 
menti  to  Paris  in  1802,  and  created  a  genuine  sen- 
sation by  his  interpretation  of  Bach's  and  Han- 
del's fugues ;  yet  he 
was  kept  at  his  me- 
chanical duties  until 
Clementi  took  him 
in  1804  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, where  they 
parted  company, 
Field  settling  there 
as  a  teacher  and  vir- 
tuoso of  extraordi- 
nary popularity.  On 
a  tour  to  Moscow, 
in  1823,  he  met  with 
even  more  brilliant 
success.  After  a 
Russian  tourm'e,  he 

appeared  in  London  (1S32),  playing  a  concerto 
of  his  own  at  the  Philharmonic  ;  proceeded 
thence  to  Paris,  and  (1833)  through  Belgium  and 
Switzerland  to  Italy,  where,  however,  his  pia- 
nistic  peculiarities  were  not  appreciated.  Pros- 
trated by  a  combination  of  physical  disorders, 
he  lay  for  nine  months  in  a  Naples  hospital  ;  he 
was  rescued  by  a  Russian  family  named  Rae- 
manow,  and  taken  back  to  Moscow,  playing  in 
Vienna,  on  the  way,  with  accustomed  success. 
But  his  powers  were  fast  waning,  and  he  died  a 
few  years  later. — F.  won  lasting  fame  less  as  an 
exceptionally  gifted  virtuoso  than  as  an  original 
composer,  forming  the  link  in  the  history  of  pf.- 
playing  between  Clementi  (in  his  later  period) 
and  Chopin.  Though  all  the  rest  of  his  piano- 
works  should  be  forgotten,  as  most  of  them  are 
already,  his  memory  is  fragrantly  and  lastingly 
embalmed  in  his  Nocturnes.  Not  only  the  name, 
but  also  the  whole  style  and  matter  of  these 
pieces,  were  strikingly  new  and  original.  Up 
to  his  time  a  composition  had,  as  a  matter  of 
course,  to  be  written  in  the  form  of  a  sonata,  a 
rondo,  or  something  of  the  sort.  F.  was  the 
first  to  introduce  a  style  in  no  way  derived  from 
the  established  categories,  and  in  which  feeling 
and  melody,  freed  from  the  trammels  of  set 
form,  reign  supreme.  He  opened  the  way  for 
all  productions  which  have  since  appeared  under 
the  various  titles  of  Songs  without  Words,  Im- 
promptus, Ballades,  etc.;  to  him  we  may  trace 
the  origin  of  fanciful  pieces  designed  to  por- 
tray subjective  and  profound  emotion  ;  to  these 
"  night-pieces,"  so  aptly  named  by  their  author, 
Chopin  and  the  pianists  following  him  owe,  more 
or  less  directly,  much  of  their  inspiration. — 
Works  for  pf.  :  7  Concertos  (No.  1,  in  E|?; 
2,  A  (7;  3,  E  p;  4,  E  \)  [the  most  popular]  ;  5, 
C;  6,  C  ;  7,  C  min.) ;  4  Sonatas  (in  A,  E, 
C  min.,  and  B) ;  2  Airs  en  Rondeau  ;  Air  russe; 
Air  russe  varie  (4  hands)  ;  Chanson  russe  varie, 
in  D  min.;  rolonaise,  in  E(?;  "  Reviens,  re- 
viens,"    Romanza   and    Cavatina    in    E;    4  Ro- 


3  pf.-pcs.;  op.  8,  "  Ich 


mances  ;  Rondeau  in  A;  2  "  Rondeaux  favoris," 
in  E  and  A;  Rondeau  w.  2  vlns.,  via.,  anil  bass  ; 
"  Since  then  I'm  doomed,"  variation  in  C  ; 
"Speed  the  Plough,"  Rondeau  in  lip;  2  Di- 
vertissements w.  2  vlns.,  via.,  and  bass,  in  E  and 
A;  2  Fantasias,  in  A  and  G;  18  Nocturnes  ; 
"  Exercice  module  dans  tous  les  tons  majeurs  et 
mineurs." 

Fie'litz,  Alexander  von,  b.  Leipzig,  Dec. 
28,  i860  ;  pupil  of  J.  Schulhoff  (pf.)  and  Kretsch- 
mer  (comp.)  in  Dres- 
den, where  several 
sacred  comp.s  f. 
chorus,  and  an  or- 
chestral work,  were 
publicly  performed. 
He  embraced  the  ca- 
reer of  an  opera- 
cond.,  filling  posi- 
tions in  Zurich,  Lu- 
be c  k  ,  and  Leipzig 
(City  th.)  ;  a  nervous 
disorder  forced  him 
to  give  up  this  work, 
and  he  is  now  living 
in  Italy  as  a  com- 
poser.— Works  :  Op. 

6,  6   Songs    on  Tus- 
can folk-poems  ;  op. 

7,  "  Kinder  des  Siidens, 

kann's  nicht  fassen "  (scene  from  Grillparzer's 
Ahnfrau)  \  op.  9-13,  songs;  op.  15,  "  Schon 
Gretlein,"  7  songs;  op.  17,  4  pf.-pcs.;  op.  24, 
3  Songs  (Geibel)  ;  op.  25,  Romanze  f.  pf.  and 
vln.;  op.  27,  Fantasie  f.  pf . ;  op.  28,4  Lyric  pf.- 
pcs.;  op.  29,  4  Songs;  op.  37,  4  Stimmungs- 
bilder  f.  pf . ;  op.  40,  8  "  Madchenlieder "  (P. 
Heyse)  ;  op.  47,  3  "  Narrenlieder  "  (O.  J.  Bier- 
baum). 

Filip'pi,  Giuseppe  de',  b.  Milan,  May  12, 
1825  ;  d.  Neuilly,  n.  Paris,  June  23,  1887.  Lived 
in  Paris  as  a  writer  from  1846  ;  contributed  arti- 
cles to  Pougin's  supplement  to  P'etis'  "  Biogr. 
univ.";  publ.  a  "  Guide  dans  les  theatres"  (with 
Chaudet,  1857),  and  a  "  Parallele  des  theatres 
modernes  de  l'Europe"  (1S60). 

Filip'pi,  Filippo,  composer  and  critic  ;  born 
Vicenza,  Jan.  13,  1830  ;  d.  Milan,  June  25,  1887. 
Studied  law  at  Padua,  taking  his  degree  in  1853. 
But  in  1852  he  had  begun  his  career  as  a  critic 
with  a  warm  defence  of  Verdi's  Rigoletto  ;  he  re- 
nounced the  law,  studied  music  at  Venice  and 
Vienna,  became  in  1859  editor  of  the  Milanese 
"  Gazzetta  Musicale,"  and  in  1859  music-critic 
of  the  newly-founded  "  I'erseveranza."  He 
publ.  a  collection  of  essays  on  great  musicians, 
"  Musica  e  Musicisti,"  in  1879;  as  a  zealous 
Wagnerite,  he  also  wrote  a  pamphlet  "  Riccardo 
Wagner"  (in  Ger.,  1876,  as  "  Richard  W.:  eine 
mus.  Reise  in  das  Reich  der  Zukunft  ")  ;  he  also 
wrote  "  P)ella  vita  e  delle  opere  di  Adolfo  Fuma- 
galli"  (Milan).— Comp.s  :  1  string-quintet,  9 
string-quartets,  I  pf.-trio  ;  pf.-pcs.,  songs. 


182 


FILLMORE— FIORAVANTI 


Fillmore,  John  Comfort,  b.  Franklin,  New 
London  Co.,  Conn.,  Feb.  4,  1843  ;  d.  there  Aug. 
15,  1S98.  Pupil  of  Geo.  W.  Steele  at  Oberlin 
Coll.,  O.,  1862  (organ)  ;  then  of  Leipzig  Cons., 
1865-7.  Director  of  the  musical  dept.  in  Oberlin 
Coll.,  1867  ;  in  Ripon  College,  Wis.,  1868-78; 
in  Milwaukee  College  for  Women,  1878-84. 
Founded,  in  18S4,  the  "  Milwaukee  School  of 
Music  "  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  of  which  he  was  the 
director  until  1S95,  when  he  took  charge  of  the 
Sch.  of  Music  of  Pomona  Coll.,  Claremont,  Cal. 
Publ.  "  Pianoforte  Music  :  its  History,  with 
Biogr.  Sketches  and  Critical  Estimates  of  its 
Greatest  Masters  "  (Chicago,  1883)  ;  "  Lessons  in 
Mus.  History"  (1SS8)  ;  "  New  Lessons  in  Har- 
mony" (1S87)  ;  "  On  the  value  of  certain  Modern 
Theories  "  [i.e.,  von  Oettingen's  and  Riemann's]; 
"  A  Study  of  Omaha  Indian  Music  "  (with  Miss 
Alice  C.  Fletcher  and  F.  La  Flesche  ;  Peabody 
Museum,  1893)  ;  several  magazine  articles  on 
aboriginal  folk-music  ;  other  musical  essays  ; 
lectures  in  various  cities,  and  papers  read  at  im- 
portant gatherings.  Also  translated  into  Eng- 
lish Riemann's  "  Klavierschule "  and  "  Natur 
der  Harmonik." 

Filtsch,  Karl,  born  Hermannstadt,  Transyl- 
vania, July  8,  1830;  d.  Vienna,  Mar.  11,  1S45. 
An  "infant  prodigy,"  piano-pupil  of  Chopin 
and  Liszt  in  Paris  (1842),  and  gave  concerts 
there  and  at  London  in  1843. 

Finck,  Heinrich  (date  of  birth  and  death 
unknown),  eminent  German  contrapuntist,  was 
taught  at  Cracow,  where  he  was  Kapclhu.  to  the 
court  of  John  Albert  1.(1482),  Alexander  (1 501), 
and  Sigismund  I.  (1506).  Later  he  lived  in  Wit- 
tenberg.— Extant  works  :  "  Schone  ausserlesene 
Lieder  des  hochberuhmten  Heinrici  Finckens  " 
(Nuremberg,  1536)  ;  other  songs  publ.  by  Sal- 
blinger  (1545),  and  by  Rhaw  (1542).  Vol.  iii 
of  the  "  Gesells.  f.  Musikforschung "  contains 
songs,  hymns,  and  motets. 

Finck,  Hermann,  grand-nephew  of  Hein- 
rich ;  b.  Pirna,  Saxony,  Mar.  21,  1527  ;  d.  Wit- 
tenberg, Dec.  28,  1558.  Studied  at  Wittenberg 
(1545),  and  became  organist  there.  Publ.  "  Prac- 
tica  musica  "  (1556),  a  valuable  theoretical  work  ; 
composed  chorals. 

Finck,  Henry  Theophilus,  mus.  writer  and 
critic  ;  born  Bethel,  Missouri,  Sept.  22,  1S54. 
Brought  up  in  Oregon.  Graduate,  1876,  of  Har- 
vard (st.  theory  and  hist,  of  music  with  Prof.  J. 
K.  Paine).  Attended  the  first  Bayreuth  Festi- 
val, 1876,  and  studied  a  year  at  Munich  ;  inti- 
macy with  Wagner's  music-dramas  bore  fruit  in 
"  Wagner  and  His  Works  "  (N.  V.,  1893,  2  vol.s  ; 
Germ,  transl.,  Breslau,  1897).  Spent  a  year  in 
Munich  ;  from  1877-8,  st.  anthropology  at  Har- 
vard ;  then,  as  recipient  of  a  fellowship,  spent  3 
more  years  in  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and  Vienna, 
studying  comparative  psychology,  and  writing 
mus.  letters  for  N.  Y.  "  Nation."  Now  living  in 
New  York  as  mus.  editor  of  the  N.  V.  "  Evening 
Post."  Other  mus.  writings:  "Chopin,  and 
other  Mus.  Essays,"  and  "  Paderewski  and   His 


Art."  Also,  books  of  travel:  "Pacific  Coast 
Scenic  Tour,"  "Lotos-time  in  Japan,"  "Spain 
and  Morocco";  his  first  book,  "  Romantic  Love 
and  Personal  Beauty,"  traces  the  origins  (histor- 
ical and  psychological)  of  sentimental  love,  and 
has  (1899)  passed  through  4  editions. 

Finck'e,  Fritz,  born  Wismar,  May  1,  1846. 
Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.;  violinist  in  theatre  - 
orch.,  Frankfort,  then  org.  at  Wismar;  in  1879 
teacher  of  singing  at  the  Peabody  Inst.,  Balti- 
more.— Publ.  "Anschlagselemente  "  (1871),  and 
pf.-pcs. 

Find'eisen  [tint'-],  Otto  ;  in  1890,  Kapellm. 
of  the  Wilhelm-Th.  at  Magdeburg  ;  has  prod, 
the  3-act  operetta  Der  alte  Dessaiwr  ( Magdeburg, 
Wilhelm-Th.,  1890  ;  v.  succ.t,  and  the  3-act 
"Volksoper"  Hennigs  von  Trcffenfeld  (ib., 
1S91  ;  succ). 

Fink,  Gottfried  Wilhelm,  writer  and 
teacher;  b.  Suiza,  Thuringia,  Mar.  7,  17S3  ;  d. 
Halle,  Aug.  27,  1846.  Theological  student  at 
Leipzig  (1804),  and  preached^for  a  time,  but 
turned  to  music.  He  publ.  "  Uber  Takt,  Takt- 
arten,  etc."  in  1S1S,  in  the  "  Allgem.  mus. 
Zeitung,"  of  which  he  was  the  editor,  1S27-41. 
He  was  app.  mus.  director  at  Leipzig  Univ.  in 
1842,  and  received  the  honorary  title  of  Dr.  phil. 
— Writings  :  "  Erste  Wanderung  der  altesten 
Tonkunst  "  (1821)  ;  "  Musikalische  Grammatik  " 
(1836);  "  Wesen  und  Geschichte  der  Oper " 
(1838);  "Der  neumusikalische  Lehrjammer " 
(1842)  ;  "  System  der  musikalischen  Harmonie- 
lehre  "  (1S42)  ;  "  Der  musikalische  Hauslehrer" 
(1846),  and  a  posthumous  work,  "  Musikalische 
Compositionslehre  "  (1847).  In  MS.  is  a  "  Iland- 
buch  der  allgem.  Geschichte  der  Tonkunst."  F. 
also  contributed  to  Ersch  and  Gruber's  "  Ency- 
clopadie,"  to  the  8th  ed.  of  Brockhaus'  "  Kon- 
versationslexikon,"  and  Schilling's  "  Universal- 
lexikon  der  Tonkunst." — Comp.s  :  Pieces  f.  pf. 
and  vln. ;  terzets  and  quartets  f.  male  voices 
("  Hausliche  Andachten  ")  ;  ballads  and  songs  ; 
he  also  publ.  (1843)  "  Musikal.  Hausschatz  der 
Deutschen,"  a  coll.  of  1000  songs. 

Fink,  Christian,  b.  Dettingen,  Wurttem- 
berg,  Aug.  9,  1831.  Pupil  of  the  Esslingen 
Seminary,  the  Leipzig  Cons.  (1853—5),  and 
Johann  Schneider  in  Dresden  ;  lived  as  organist 
and  teacher  at  Leipzig  till  i860,  since  then  at 
Esslingen  as  first  teacher  of  mus.  in  the  Semi- 
nary, and  org.  and  mus.  dir.  at  the  principal 
church.  Received  title  of  "  Prof."  in  1S62. — 
Publ.  sonatas,  fugues,  trios,  preludes,  exercises, 
etc.,  f.  org.;  also  psalms,  motets,  pf.-pcs.  (4 
sonatas),  songs,  etc. 

Fioravan'ti,  Valentino,  b.  Rome,  1764  [this 
date  is  correct]  ;  d.  Capua,  June  16,  1837.  His 
teachers  were  Jannaconi  at  Rome,  and  Sala, 
Fenaroli.  Monopoli,  and  Tritta  at  Naples. 
Returning  to  Rome  in  17S1  (17S2?),  he  began 
his  career  as  an  opera-conductor  ;  his  first  opera, 
/  viaggiatori   ridicoli,    was    prod,    at    Rome   in 


1S3 


FIORAVANTI— FISCHER 


1785.  In  1786  he  went  to  Naples,  and  brought 
out  Gli  inganni  fortunati  the  same  year,  fol- 
lowed up  to  1799  by  7  others,  the  last,  Le  can- 
tatrici  villanc  (Naples,  1799)  being  considered 
his  best  work,  as  it  was  the  most  successful.  He 
visited  Paris  in  1807,  and  prod,  there  I  virtuosi 
ambulanti  j  spent  5  years  in  Lisbon,  as  opera- 
composer  and  cond.,  writing  10  operas  (among 
them  Camilla,  given  later  at  Naples  as  Ncfte). 
In  1 8 16  he  succeeded  Jannaconi  as  maestro  at 
St.  Peter's,  and  now  devoted  himself  wholly  to 
church-music,  a  Stabat  Mater  and  a  Miserere 
being  his  best  sacred  comp.s  ;  but  his  church- 
music  was  not  as  good  of  its  kind  as  his  comic 
operas,  of  which  he  produced  abt.  50. 

Fioravan'ti,  Vincenzo,  son  of  Valentino  ;  b. 
Rome,  Apr.  5,  1799;  d.  Naples,  Mar.  28,  1877. 
He  studied  secretly  under  Jannaconi,  but  finished 
his  mus.  education  with  his  father.  His  debut 
as  a  comp.  was  made  with  the  opera  Pulcinella 
molinaro  (Naples,  18 19)  ;  this  was  followed  by 
about  40  others,  all  in  buffa  style.  In  1839  he 
was  maestro  in  the  Cath.  of  Lanciano ;  from 
1867-72,  director  of  the  Albergo  dei  Poveri, 
Naples. 

Fioril'lo,  Ignazio,  b.  Naples,  May  11,  1715; 
d.  Fritzlar,  n.  Kassel,  in  June,  1787.  A  pupil  of 
Leo  and  Durante,  he  became  an  opera-composer, 
his  first  venture  being  the  opera-seria  Maintain- 
(Venice,  1736).  He  prod.  Artimene  (Milan, 
1738),  and  II  vincitor  tie  sk  stesso  (Venice,  1741) ; 
after  long  travels,  he  was  app.  Kapellm.  to  the 
court  of  Brunswick  (1754),  and  from  1762-S0 
held  a  like  post  in  Kassel,  retiring  to  Fritzlar 
on  a  pension.  In  Kassel  he  brought  out  4 
operas.  An  oratorio  Isacco,  a  Requiem  and 
other  masses,  and  3  Te  Deums,  are  also  note- 
worthy. 

Fioril'lo,  Federigo,  violinist  and  comp.;  b. 
Brunswick,  1753  ;  d.  (?).  He  was  taught  by  his 
father,  Ignazio  F.; 
went  to  Poland  in 
1780,-  became 
Kapellm.  at  Riga 
in  1783,  lived  in 
Paris  1785-S,  then 
going  to  London, 
where  he  played  the 
viola  in  Salomon's 
quartet.  He  was 
heard  of  later  in 
Amsterdam  ;  and 
(1S23)  in  Paris. — 
Works.;  T  h  e 
famous  "  Etudes  de 
Violon,"  36  Ca- 
prices, is  the  best-known 
certos,  quintets,  quartets,  violin-duos,  etc.  [Fetis 
gives  a  list]. 

Fique,  Karl,  pianist;  b.  Bremen,  1861 ;  pupil 
of  Leipzig  Cons.;  now  living  in  Brooklyn,  N.Y. 
Has  written  a  string-quartet  (E  min.),  and 
pf.-pes. 


he  also  wrote  con- 


Fisch'el,  Adolf,  b.  Konigsberg,  1S10.  Violin- 
ist, pupil  of  Spohr.  Wrote  string-quartets  and 
vln. -music.      Is  a  cigar-dealer  in  Berlin. 

Fiscb/er,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Liibeck, 
Oct.  23,  1698  ;  d.  Kiel,  1752,  as  cantor.  Wrote 
a  book  of  chorals  in  4  parts,  with  an  introd.  on 
church-music,  and  an  essay,  "  Zufallige  Ge- 
danken  von  der  Composition"  (both  MS.). 

Fisch'er,  Johann  Christian,  oboist  ;  born 
Freiburg,  Baden,  1733;  d.  London,  Apr.  29, 1800. 
Member  of  the  Dresden  court  orch.  in  1760  ; 
travelled  in  Italy,  and  gave  concerts  ;  from  17S0, 
court  musician  at  London. — Works :  10  oboe-con- 
certos, quartets  f.  flute  and  strings,  flute-duets, 
flute-solos,  etc. 

Fisch'er,  Christian  Wilhelm,  basso  buffo; 
b.  Konradsdorf,  n.  Freiberg,  Sept.  17,  1789  ;  d. 
Dresden,  Nov.  3,  1859.  Debut  in  Dresden, 
1810  ;  from  1817-28,  basso  buffo  and  chorusmas- 
ter  at  Leipzig  ;  1828-9,  at  Magdeburg;  1829-31, 
stage-manager  and  chorusmasterat.Leipzig,  later 
in  Dresden.  For  him  Marschner  wrote  the  roles 
of  Blunt  {Vampyr)  and  Friar  Tuck  {Tempter 
und  Jildin). 

Fisch'er,  Ludwig,  bass  singer  ;  b.  Mayence, 
Aug.  18,  1745  ;  d.  Berlin,  July  10,  1825.  Sang  in 
Mayence,  Mannheim,  and  Vienna,  and  with 
great  success  in  Paris  (1783)  and  Italy;  from 
1788-1815  in  Berlin.  Mozart  wrote  the  part  of 
Osmin,  in  the  E n t fit lining-,  for  Fischer,  whose 
voice  had  a  range  of  2  octaves  and  a  fifth  (D-af). 

Fisch'er,  Michael  Gotthard,  b.  Alach,  n. 
Erfurt,  June  3,  1773  ;  d.  Erfurt,  Jan.  12,  1S29. 
Celebrated  organist,  pupil  of  Kittel ;  also  con- 
cert-cond.,  and  teacher  in  the  seminary  at  Er- 
furt.— Works  :  About  50  organ-pes.  (many  still 
played) ;  symphonies,  concertos,  chamber-music, 
pf.-pes.,  motets,  chorals,  concertos, etc. ;  and  publ. 
an  "  Evangelisches  Choral-Melodienbuch." 

Fisch'er,  Anton,  b.  Ried,  Swabia,  in  1777  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Dec.  1,  1808,  where  he  had  been 
Kapellm.  at  the  Josefstadter  Th.  and  (1S00)  at 
the  Th.  an  der  Wien. — Works  :  A  number  of 
light  operas  and  operettas  of  slight  originality, 
inch  a  children's  operetta  and  a  pantomime.  He 
also  revised  Gretry's  Raoul,  Barbe-Bleue,  and 
Les  deux  avares,  for  production  in  Vienna. 

Fisch'er,  Ernst  Gottfried,  b.  Hoheneiche, 
n.  Saalfeld,  July  17,  1754;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 
1 83 1,  as  prof,  of  natural  philos.  at  the  "Graues 
Kloster." — Publ.  "  Ueber  die  Einrichtung  des 
vierst.  Choralgesangs  in  dem  evangel.  Gottes- 
dienst  ";  "  Versuche  fiber  die  Schwingungen  ge- 
spannter  Saiten  "  (1825);  "  Ueber  das  akustische 
Verhaltniss  der  Accorde  "  (1835). 

Fisch'er,  Gottfried  Emil,  son  of  Ernst 
Gottfried  ;  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  28,  1791  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  14,  1841  ;  from  1818,  singing-teacher  at  the 
"Graues  Kloster." — Works:  Motets,  chorals, 
songs,  school-songs  ;  melodies  to  von  den  Ha- 
gen's   "  Minnesanger ";  wrote  "  Ueber   Gesang 


1 04 


FISCHER— FLAXLAND 


und  Gesangunterricht  "  (1831),  and  articles  for 
the  "  Allgem.  musik.  Zeitung." 

Fisch'er,  Karl  Ludwig,  violinist ;  b.  Kai- 
serslautern,  Bavaria,  1S16  ;  d.  Hanover,  Aug. 
15,  1S77.  Mus.  director  of  the  theatres  at  Trier, 
Cologne,  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Nuremberg,  Wiirz- 
burg  ;  Kapellm.  at  Mayence,  1847-52  ;  asst.- 
Kapellm.  to  Marschner  at  Hanover  (1852); 
1859,  first  court  Kapellm.  His  male  choruses 
have  made  him  famous;  he  also  comp.  large 
choral  works,  and  songs. 

Fisch'er,  Adolf,  organist  ;  b.  Uckermlinde, 
Pomerania,  June  23,  1827  ;  d.  Breslau,  Dec.  8, 
1893.  Pupil  of  A.  W.  Bach,  Rungenhagen,  and 
Grell  (1845-51).  In  1S53,  organist  at  Frank- 
fort, and  director  of  the  Singakademie,  with 
(1865)  the  title  of  "  Royal  Mus.  Dir.";  in  1870, 
first  org.  of  the  Elisabethkirche  in  Breslau, 
where  he  founded  the  Silesian  Cons,  in  1S80, 
and  became  its  Director. — Works  :  Symphonies, 
organ-music,  motets,  songs,  etc. 

Fisch'er,  Karl  August,  famous  organist ; 
b.  Ebersdorf,  n.  Chemnitz,  Saxony,  July  25, 
1828  ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  25,  1S92.  Pupil  of 
Anacker  in  Freiberg  Seminary  ;  after  years  of 
private  study  he  made  long  and  successful  tours 
(1852-5)  ;  thereafter  settled  in  Dresden,  being 
in  turn  org.  of  the  English  Ch.,  the  Annenkir- 
che,  and  the  Dreikonigskirche. — Works  :  Opera 
Loreley  (not  prod.)  ;  a  high  mass  ;  and  sym- 
phonies f.  org.  and  orch. ;  3  org. -concertos 
("Christmas,"  "Easter,"  "Whitsuntide");  2 
orchestral  suites  ;  pieces  f.  'cello  w.  org.,  and 
f.  vln.  w.  org. 

Fisch'er,  Franz,  'cellist ;  b.  Munich,  July 
29,  1849;  pupil  of  Hippolyt  Muller.  He  was 
soloist  at  the  Nat.l  Th.,  Pesth  in  1870,  under 
Hans  Richter  ;  later  at  Munich  and  Bayreuth 
under  Wagner  ;  1877-9,  court  Kapellm.  at  Mann- 
heim, then  at  Munich. 

Fisch'er,  Paul,  b.  Zwickau,  Dec.  7,  1834  ; 
d.  Zittau,  Mar.  5,  1894;  since  1862,  cantor  at 
the  Johanneskirche  in  Zittau.  In  1864  he 
founded  the  Zittau  Concertverein ;  he  was  a 
contributor  to  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fiir  Musik"; 
also  edited  the  "  Zittauer  Liederbuch  :  eine 
Liedersammlung  fiir  hohere  Lehranstalten  " 
(1864),  and  the  "  Zittauer  Choralbuch  "  (1868). 

Fisch'er,  Adolf,  fine  'cellist  ;  b.  Brussels, 
Nov.  22,  1847  ;  d.  in  an  insane  asylum  near 
Brussels,  Mar.  18,  1891.  A  pupil  of  Servais  in 
Brussels  Cons.  In  186S  he  made  Paris  his  home, 
and  undertook  many  artistic  tours. 

Fisch'er,  Ignaz,  b.  1S2S  ;  d.  Vienna,  July  7, 
1S77,  where  for  some  years  he  acted  as  Kapellm. 
of  the  court  opera. 

Fisch'er,  Josef,  composer  of  the  song 
"  Hoch  Deutschland,  herrliche  Siegesbraut "; 
b.  1828  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Sept.  27,  1SS5,  as  court 
musician. 

Fisch'hof,  Joseph,  pianist  ;  b.  Butschowitz, 
Moravia,    Apr.    4,    1804  ;    d.   Vienna,   June    28, 


1857.  Pupil  in  Vienna  of  Anton  Halm  (pf.) 
and  I.  von  Seyfried  (comp.).  Taught  music 
privately,  with  growing  success,  and  in  1833 
was  app.  prof,  in  the  Vienna  Cons. — Publ.  a 
string-quartet,  many  pf.-pcs.  (rondos,  variations, 
fantasias,  dances,  marches,  etc.)  ;  variations  f. 
flute  ;  songs  ;  also  a  "  Versuch  einer  Geschichte 
des  Klavierbaus"  (1S53). 

Fissot,  Alexis-Henri,  b.  Airaines  (Somme), 
Oct.  24,  1843;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  29,  1896.  Ent. 
P.  Cons.  1852  (!),  where  he  st.  under  Marmontel 
(pf.),  Benoist  (org.),  Bazin  (harm.),  and  Ambr. 
Thomas  (cpt.  and  fugue)  till  i860,  taking  suc- 
cessively all  first  prizes.  Fine  organist  and 
pianist  ;  comp.  many  pf.-pcs.  (op.  3,  12  Pre- 
ludes ;  op.  7,  2  Ballades  ;  op.  10,  Arabesques  ; 
3  Feuillets  d'Album  ;  12  Pieces  de  genre  ;  3 
Morceaux,  op.  4  ;  3  Scherzi  ;  2  Ballades  ;  6 
Arabesques  ;  Caprice  heroi'que,  op.  18  ;  Allegro 
symphonique,  op.  20  ;  etc.  Prof,  of  piano  at 
P.  Cons,  since  1SS7  ;  org.  at  St. -Vincent-de- 
Paul. 

Fitzenha'gen,  Wilhelm  Karl  Friedrich, 
'cellist  ;  b.  Seesen,  Brunswick,  Sept.  15,  1848  ; 
d.  Moscow,  Feb.  13,  1890.  First  'cello  in  the 
Imp.  Russian  Society  of  Music  at  Moscow,  and 
prof,  in  the  Cons.  He  made  many  and  brilliant 
concert-tours. 

Fitzwilliam  Collection.  A  collection  of 
paintings,  engravings,  books,  and  musical  MSS., 
bequeathed  to  the  Univ.  of  Cambridge  by  Vis- 
count Richard  Fitzwilliam  (d.  1816).  The  mus. 
MSS.  include  especially  valuable  works  :  the 
"  Virginall-Booke  of  Queen  Elizabeth";  an- 
thems in  Purcell's  hand,  sketches  by  Handel, 
and  many  early  Italian  comp.s.  Vincent  Novello 
edited  and  publ.  5  vol.s  of  the  Italian  sacred 
music  as  "  The  Fitzwilliam  Music,  etc.";  J.  A. 
Fuller-Maitland  and  Dr.  A.  H.  Mann  have 
made  a  complete  catalogue  (1S93). 

Flagler,  Isaac  Van  Vleck,  organist  ;  born 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  15,  1S44.  First  teacher, 
H.  W.  A.  Beale,  at  Albany  ;  also  st.  under 
Edouard  Batiste,  in  Paris,  and  others.  Has 
been  org.  and  mus.  dir.  of  the  2nd  Dutch  Ref. 
Ch.,  Poughkeepsie  ;  1st  Presby.  Ch.,  Albany; 
Plymouth  Ch.,  Chicago  (8  years) ;  and  1st  Presby. 
Ch.,  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  where  he  now  (1899)  re~ 
sides  as  a  publisher  of  organ-music  and  choir- 
books,  and  as  concert-organist  ;  at  Chautauqua 
he  has  been  org.  and  musical  lecturer  for  13 
years.  F.  has  also  been  org. -teacher  and  music- 
teacher  at  Syracuse  and  Cornell  Universities, 
and  at  Utica  Cons.  Member  of  N.  Y.  MS.  So- 
ciety, and  co-founder  of  the  Amer.  Guild  of  Or- 
ganists.— Publ.  works  :  Variations  and  other 
pes.  f.  org.;  music  f.  pf.  and  choir  ;  "  The  Or- 
ganist's Treasury,"  "  Flagler's  New  Coll.  of 
Organ  Music,"  and  "  F.'s  New  Coll.  for  Choirs 
and  Soloists." 

Flaxland,  Gustave-Alexandre,  b.  Strass- 
burg,  1821.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.,  and  music- 
teacher  ;    founded  a  music-publishing    business 


185 


FLEISCHER— FLORIO 


in  1847,  and,  by  acquiring  copyrights  f.  comp.s 
of  Schumann  and  Wagner,  made  it  prominent, 
lie  sold  out  (to  Durand  et  Schonewerk)  in  1870, 
and  commenced  making  pianos. 

Flei'scher,  Reinhold,  b.  Dahsau,  Silesia, 
April  12,  1842.  Pupil  of  the  R.  Inst,  for 
Church-music,  and  of  the  R.  Akademie,  at 
Berlin  ;  1S70,  org.  at  Gorlitz,  and  director  of  the 
Singakademie ;  18S5,  "royal  mus.  director." — 
Works:  A  cantata,  Holda ;  motets,  songs,  org.- 
pcs.,  etc. 

Flei'scher,  Oskar,  contemporary  writer  and 
lecturer  ;  a  pupil  of  Ph.  Spitta  ;  is  custodian  of 
the  royal  coll.  of  mus.  instr.s  at  Berlin,  and, 
since  1896,  prof,  extraordinary  at  the  Univ.,  suc- 
ceeding Spitta  ;  also  teacher  of  music-history  at 
the  Royal  Hochschule  f.  Musik. — Publ.  "  Neu- 
menstudien  "  (Part  I  appeared  in  1895),  and  a 
monograph  on  the  lutenist  Denis  Gaultier  (1886), 
both  in  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  f.  Musik-Wiss." 

Flem'ming,  Friedrich  Ferdinand,  b.  Neu- 
hausen,  Saxony,  Feb.  28,  1778  ;  d.  Berlin,  May 
27,  1S13,  as  a  medical  practitioner.  Member 
of  Zelter's  Liedertafel,  for  which  he  comp. 
numerous  excellent  male  choruses,  among  which 
"  Integer  vitae  "  is  a  popular  favorite. 

Flegier,  Ange,  b.  Marseilles,  Feb.  25,  1846. 
Pupil  of  Marseilles  Cons.,  and  from  1866-9  °f 
Paris  Cons.  (Ambr.  Thomas  ;  Bazin);  returned  to 
Marseilles  in  1870  ;  now  living  in  Paris. — Works  : 
Fati»/a,  1 -act  comic  opera  (Mars.,  1875)  ;  Ossian, 
lyric  poem  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Francoise  de 
Rimini,  cantata  f.  do.;  a  i-act  "  Fantaisie- 
ballet";  an  orchestral  suite  "Scenes  antiques"; 
a  "  Marche  de  gala";  many  songs  ;  and  a  vol. 
of  pf.-pcs. 

Floers'heim,  Otto,  b.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Mar. 
2,  1853  ;  pupil  of  Ferd.  Hiller  at  Cologne  ;  went 
to  New  York  in  1875,  became  editor  of  "  The 
Musical  Courier"  in  18S0,  and  since  1S94  has 
been  manager  of  its  Berlin  branch.  For  orch. 
he  has  written  a  "  Prelude  and  Fugue,"  "Alia 
marcia,"  "Consolation,"  "Scherzo";  for  org. 
and  orch.,  "  Elevation";  and  a  number  of  pf.- 
pcs.  and  songs. 

Flori'dia  (-Napolino),  Pietro,  b.  Modica, 
Sicily,  Mar.  5,  i860.  St.  at  the  R.  Cons,  of  S. 
Tietro  a  Majella,  Naples,  1S73-9,  under  B.  Cesi 
(pf.),  P.  Serrao  and  Lauro  Rossi  (cpt.  and 
comp.),  and  rolidori  (cesth.  and  hist.).  While 
in  the  Cons.,  F.  publ.  several  pf.-pcs.,  which 
were  very  successful.  In  1882  he  brought  out 
at  Naples  a  3-act  "opera  comica "  Carlotta 
Clepier,  the  success  of  which  encouraged  serious 
and  assiduous  study  in  retirement  for  3  years, 
when,  instead  of  improving  this  dramatic  first- 
ling, he — burned  it  !  Made  pianistic  tours  in 
1885-6;  settled  in  Palermo,  1888,  where  he  was 
prof,  of  pf.  in  the  Cons,  until  1890,  when  he  re- 
signed. In  1888  he  became  correspondent  of 
the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale  "  (Milan),  and  in  this 
year  publ.  a  Serenata  (op.  1),  a  Minuetto,  a  Blu- 
ette,  and  a  Scherzo  ("  Cache-cache  !  ")  f.  orch. 


In  18S9,  won  1st  prize  of  the  Soc.  del  Quar- 
tetto,  Milan,  for  a  grand  symphony  in  4  move- 
ments. Travelled  in  Germany  in  1892,  visiting 
Bayreuth  ;  then  began  writing  his  opera  Maruzia 
(text  and  music),  prod,  at  Venice,  Aug.  24, 
1894,  with  success  (iater  repeated  at  Turin, 
Messina,  and  Milan).  F.  has  now  (1899)  finished, 
in  collaboration  w.  Luigi  Illica,  a  4-act  opera 
La  colonia  libera  (to  be  produced  at  Rome). — 
Other  works  :  Many  pf.-pcs.  ("  Orient,"  3  pes.; 
"Suite  nella  forma  antica";  "  Sei  pezzi,"  op. 
9)  ;  Festouverttire  f.  orch.;  etc.  Now  living  in 
Milan. 

Flo'rimo,  Francesco,  highly  distinguished 
musician  and  musicograph  ;  b.  San  Giorgio 
Morgeto,  Calabria,  Oct.  12,  1800  ;  d.  Naples, 
Dec.  18,  1888.  In  1817  he  entered  the  Col- 
legio  di  Musica  at  Naples  ;  Furno,  Elia,  Zin- 
garelli,  and  Tritto  were  his  teachers  ;  and  from 
1826-51  he  was  librarian  there.  He  was  Bel- 
lini's dearest  friend  ;  in  1876  he  escorted  the 
latter's  remains  from  Pere-la-Chaise,  Paris,  to 
Catania,  and  publ.  the  pamphlet  "  Trasporto 
delle  ceneri  di  Bellini  a  Catania";  he  also 
founded  the  "  Bellini  Prize,"  a  competition  open 
only  to  Ital.  composers  not  over  30.  —  Writings  : 
"  Cenno  storico  sulla  scuola  musicale  di  Napoli  " 
(Naples,  1869-71,  2  vol.s  ;  republ.  1880-84,  in 
4  vol.s,  as  "  La  scuola  musicale  di  Napoli  e  i 
suoi  Conservatori "),  a  complete  mus.  hist,  of 
Naples,  and  of  its  conservatories,  their  teachers, 
and  pupils,  etc.;  also  "Bellini,  memorie  e  let- 
tere  "  (Florence,  1882);  "  Riccardo  Wagner  ed 
i  Wagneristi  "  (Naples,  1876)  ;  an  "  Album  Bel- 
lini "  (Naples,  1886),  containing  opinions  by 
many  eminent  musicians  on  Bellini's  works  ; 
and  a  "  Metodo  di  canto,"  adopted  by  the  Cons. 
(F.  was  also  an  excellent  singing-teacher). — 
Comp.s  :  Cantatas,  church-music,  orchestral 
works  ;  several  books  of  songs  in  Neapolitan 
dialect,  with  Italian  text  added;  etc. 

Flo'rio,  Caryl  (pen-name  of  William  James 
Robjohn),  b.  Tavistock,  Devon,  Nov.  3,  1843. 
A  self-taught  musician.  Went  to  New  York, 
1857,  and  1858-60  was  the  first  solo  boy-soprano 
to  sing  at  Trinity  Church.  Since  then  he  has 
sung  on  the  stage,  and  been  org.  and  choir- 
master in  various  churches  (Trinity,  Newport  ; 
Zion,  N.  Y. ;  Mount  Calvary,  Baltimore;  St. 
Luke's,  N.  Y. ;  2nd  Baptist,  Brooklyn;  Brick 
Presby.,  N.  Y.;  now  [1899]  at  All  Souls',  Bilt- 
more,  N.  C.)  ;  has  been  opera-cond.  in  Havana 
and  N.  Y.  (Acad,  of  Mus.)  ;  Mus.  Dir.  Baptist 
Female  Inst.,  Indianapolis,  and  Wells  Coll., 
Aurora,  N.  Y. ;  cond.  of  the  old  Vocal  Soc,  the 
Amicitia  Orch.,  and  the  Palestrina  Choir,  of  N. 
Y. ;  at  present,  of  the  Choral  Society,  Asheville, 
N.  C.  Has  also  been  successful  as  an  actor, 
critic,  player,  and  accompanist.— Works  :  3  ope- 
rettas, Inferno  (187 1),  Lcs  tours  de  Mercure 
(1872),  and  Suzanne  (1876)  ;  2  operas,  Gulda 
(1S79),  and  Uncle  Tom  (Phila.,  1882)  ;  (he  also 
wrote  libretti  to  the  operettas,  and  to  Gulda)  ;  3 
cantatas,  Songs  of  the  Elements  (1872),  Bridal 


FLOTOW— FOERSTER 


of  Trier  main  (1886),  The  Night  at  Bethlehem, 
2  symphonies  (G,  and  C  min.),  2  overtures, 
1  quintet  f.  pf.  and  saxophones  (a  combina- 
tion original  with  F.),  2  string-quartets,  2 
quartets  f.  saxophones  ;  a  pf  .-concerto  in  F 
min.;  4  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  2  pf. -sonatas  ; 
"  Fairy  Pictures  "  (4  pf. -duets)  ;  madrigals,  part- 
songs,  and  songs  ;  church-services,  anthems,  etc. 

Flo'tow  [-to],  Friedrich,  Freiherr  von,  opera- 
composer  ;  b.  Teutendorf,  Mecklenburg,  Apr. 
27,  1812;  d. Darm- 
stadt, January  24, 
1883.  After  study- 
ing composition  at 
Paris,  from  1827, 
under  Reicha,  the 
July  Revolution 
(1830)  caused  him 
to  retreat  to  Meck- 
lenburg, where  he 
wrote  two  small 
works,  Pierre  el 
Catherine  (private- 
ly perf. ,  1 831)  and 
Die  Bergknappeii 
(1835).  Return- 
ing to  Paris,  he 
brought  out  Se'ra- 

pliine  (Chateau  Royaumont,  1836),  Rob  Roy,  and 
Le  naufrage  de  la  Me'duse  (Paris,  Renaissance 
Th.,  1839,  his  first  incontestable  success;  also 
given  Homburg,  1845,  as  Die  Matrosen).  A 
series  of  less  fortunate  ventures  followed :  La 
duchesse  de  Guise  (1840);  Le  fores  tier  (1840;  at 
Vienna,  1847,  as  Der  Forster;  at  London,  1848, 
as  Leoline) ;  VEsclave  de  Camoens  (1843,  at  the 
Opera-Comique)  ;  and  the  ballet  Lady  Harriet 
(Opera,  1843;  afterwards  rewritten  as  Martha). 
With  Alessandro  Stradella  (Hamburg,  1S44  ;  re- 
written from  a  i-act  "piece  lyrique  "  Stradella, 
given  in  Paris,  1837),  his  name  became  familiar 
in  Germany;  after  I'Ame  en  peine  ( Paris,  Opera, 
1846  ;  in  ltal.  as  77  Boscajuolo,  ossia  L'Anima 
delta  Tradita)  came  his  most  genuinely  and 
widely  popular  work,  Martha  (Vienna,  1847). 
The  March  Revolution  (1848)  drove  him  from 
Paris;  Die  Grossfnrstin  (Berlin  Opera,  1850) 
was  fairly  succ,  and  Lndra  (Berlin,  1853)  de- 
cidedly so  ;  hx&Rilbezahl  (Frankfort,  1854),  Hilda 
(18-55),  and  A 11' in  [Der  Millie r  von  Me  ran} 
(1856)  failed.  From  1856-63,  F.  acted  as  in- 
tendant  of  court  music  at  Schwerin  ;  from  1863-8, 
he  was  again  in  Paris.  The  operettas  La  Veuve 
Grapin  (I'aris,  1859)  ar>d  Pianella  (Paris,  i860), 
the  operas  Wintermarchen  (Vienna,  1862),  Zilda 
(Paris,  1866),  and  Am  Runenslein  (Prague,  186S), 
and  the  ballets  Die  Libelle  (Vienna,  1866),  and 
Tannkonig  (Darmstadt,  1867)  belong  to  this 
period  ;  for  Schwerin  he  wrote  music  to  a  "  Fac- 
keltanz,"  but  no  operas.  He  settled  on  one  of 
his  estates  near  Vienna  in  1868,  but  made  fre- 
quent visits  to  Vienna,  Paris,  and  Italy;  his  last 
years  were  spent  in  Darmstadt.  In  1870  his  ear- 
lier triumphs  were  renewed  with  V Ombre  (Paris, 


Op. -Com.,  1870;  in  London,  187R,  as  The  Phan- 
tom). ATaida  (Milan,  1873)  and  II  fiord' Har- 
lem (Turin,  1876)  were  revised  from  early  works 
never  produced ;  he  rewrote  lndra  as  V Enchan- 
teresse  (Paris  and  London,  1878  ;  in  ltal.  as  Alma 
Vincancatrice;  in  Ger.  as  Die  Hexe)  ;  after  his 
death,  3  more  operas  were  performed  :  Rosellana  ; 
Der  Graf  Saint-Megrin  (Cologne,  1884);  and 
Die  Musikanten  (Hanover,  1887). — Flotow  had 
a  fund  of  fresh  and  pleasing  melody  and  rhyth- 
mic variety,  and  a  good  knowledge  of  stage- 
effect  ;  the  failure  of  many  of  his  operas  is  due 
to  amateurish  scoring  and  shallowness  of  senti- 
ment. Yet  Stradella  and  Martha  still  hold  the 
boards,  despite  Fetis' dismal  prophecy:  "Mais 
tout  cela  sera  bientot  oublie." 

Flii'gel,  Gustav,  b.  Nienburg-on-Saale,  July 
2,  1812  ;  from  1827-29  he  took  private  lessons  of 
Fr.  Schneider  in  Dessau,  and  attended  his  music- 
school  till  1830.  After  teaching  at  Kothen, 
Magdeburg,  Stettin  (1840-50),  etc.,  he  became 
teacher  of  music  at  Neuwied  Seminary,  with 
(1856)  the  title  of  Royal  Mus.  Dir.  Since  1859 
he  has  been  cantor  and  org.  of  the  Schloss- 
kirche,  Stettin. — Works  :  112  Choralvorspiele  f. 
org. ;  many  other  organ-pes. ;  a  concert-overture 
f.  orch. ;  a  string-quartet;  much  pf. -music  ;  sa- 
cred and  secular  part-songs  f.  mixed  and  male 
chorus  ;  songs,  etc.  Is  also  a  contributor  to 
several  mus.  papers. 

Flii'gel,  Ernest  Paul,  son  of  Gustav,  born 
Stettin,  Aug.  31,  1S44  ;  taught  by  his  father,  and 
(1862-3)  at  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music,  Berlin  ; 
also  at  the  Akademie.  Billow,  Loschhorn,  Kiel, 
and  Geyer  gave  him  private  lessons.  He  taught 
in  Treptow  and  Greifswald  ;  in  1867  became 
organist  and  teacher  at  the  Gymnasium  in 
Prenzlau  ;  in  1879,  cantor  at  the  Bernhardin- 
kirche,  Breslau.  Here  he  founded  the  "  Flugel- 
Verein,"  a  singing-society,  and  wrote  for  the 
"  Schlesische  Zeitung." — Publ.  the  121st  Psalm 
(op.  22),  Mahomets  Gesang  (op.  24),  a  pf.-trio 
(op.  25),  pf.-pes.  (e.g.,  op.  16,  31,  32),  organ- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Foer'ster,  Adolph  Martin,  born  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  Feb.  2,  1854.  Owes  his  first  mus.  train- 
ing to  his  mother  ;  studied  (1872-5)  in  Leipzig 
Cons.  (Richter,  Wenzel,  Papperitz,  Coccius, 
Schimon,  Grill)  ;  taught  1875-6  at  Ft.  Wayne 
(Ind.)  Cons.,  then  settled  in  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
where  he  still  (1S99)  resides  as  a  teacher  of  sing- 
ing and  pf. ,  being  also  a  well-known  composer. 
— Publ.  works  :  "  Thusnelda,"  char,  piece  f. 
orch.,  op.  10;  1st  pf. -quartet,  op.  21  ;  pf.-trio, 
op.  29;  Suite  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  op.  36;  pf.-suite, 
op.  46  ;  2  concert-studies  f.  pf. ,  op.  37  ;  12  Fan- 
tasias f.  pf.,  op.  38  ;  "Among  Flowers,"  11  songs, 
op.  28  ;  many  other  songs  (op.  30,  op.  42,  op. 
45,  op.  49)  ;  also  pes.  f.  'cello  and  pf. ,  vln.  and 
pf.,  piano-comp.s,  part-songs,  etc. — Orchestral 
works  in  MS. :  "  Faust  "  overture,  op.  48  ;  March- 
Fantasia,  op..  8  ;  Festival  Music,  op.  9  ;  Suite 
No.  1,  "  The  Falconer,"  op.  31  ;  Festival  March, 
op.  32  (at  the  May  Festival,  1891,  under  Seidl) ; 


1S7 


FOGLIANI— FORD 


Symphonic  Ode  to  Byron,  op.  35  ;  Dedication 
March  (dedication  of  Carnegie  Hall,  Pittsburg)  ; 
Suite  No.  2,  op.  47  ;  2  arias  f.  sopr.  and  orch. 
— Also  "  Love-song"  (op.  23),  and  "  Hero  and 
Leander,"  op.  44  ;  2  string-quartets  (op.  33  and 
43)  ;  and  2nd  pf. -quartet,  op.  40. 

Foglia'ni,  Ludovici,  theorist ;  b.  Modena, 
2nd  half  of  15th  cent. ;  d.  there  abt.  1540.  Famous 
for  his  book  "  Musica  theorica  ..."  (Venice, 
1529),  in  which  he  preceded  Zarlino  in  declaring 
the  correct  proportion  of  the  major  third  to  be 
4:5,  and  in  distinguishing  between  the  major 
and  minor  (greater  and  lesser)  semitones.  In 
Petrucci's  "Frottole"  (1504-8)  are  some  speci- 
mens of  his  compositions. 

Foignet,  Charles-Gabriel,  b.  Lyons,  abt. 
1750  ;  d.  Paris,  1823.  He  composed  some  25 
comic  operas  for  minor  theatres  in  Paris  ;  also 
taught  singing,  the  harpsichord,  and  theory,  and 
was  for  some  years  Dir.  of  the  Th.  des  jeunes 
Artistes. 

Foignet,  Francois,  son  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Paris,  abt.  1780;  d.  Strassburg,  July  22,  1845. 
Prod,  a  number  of  comic  operas,  pantomimes, 
and  melodramas  after  1799;  also  sang  in  tenor 
and  baritone  roles. 

Foley  [Signor  Foli],  Allan  James,  bass 
singer;  b.  Cahir,  Tiperary,  Ireland,  in  1842. 
Pupil  of  Bisaccia,  Naples  ;  from  1862-4  he  sang 
in  opera  at  Catania,  Turin,  Milan,  and  Paris. 
Sang  at  H.  M.  Th.,  London,  in  1865  ;  then  for 
several  years  there,  and  in  Covent  Garden  and 
Drury  Lane  ;  also  in  America,  Austria,  Russia, 
Australia  (1892),  South  Africa  (1893),  and  again 
in  London  in  1896.  His  voice  is  powerful,  and 
of  wide  compass.  He  is  likewise  a  favorite 
singer  in  oratorio  and  concert. 

Folville,  [Eugenie-Emilie-]  Juliette,  born 
Liege,  Belgium,  Jan.  5,  1870.  Her  father,  adis- 
tinguished  lawyer  and  excellent  musician,  taught 
her  from  1874  (pf.,  solfeggio),  and  was  her  sole 
teacher  f.  pf. ;  her  first  lessons  on  the  violin  were 
from  Malherbes  in  Liege,  and  later  she  studied 
further  with  O.  Musin  and  Cesar  Thomson.  In 
1879  Mile.  F.  made  her  debut  at  Liege  as  a 
concert-violinist,  and  in  the  following  year  be- 
gan composing.  She  has  had  a  very  successful 
and  brilliant  career  as  concert-pianist  and  violin- 
ist, composer,  teacher,  and  conductor,  having 
given  many  concerts  in  towns  in  the  North  of 
France  and  in  Belgium,  etc.,  and  frequently 
directing  her  own  orchestral  works  ;  she  passed 
the  summer  season  of  18S8  in  London.  Every 
year  she  conducts,  at  Liege  Cons.,  a  concert 
of  ancient  music,  and  has  also  given  interesting 
clavecin  -  recitals  ;  in  January,  189S,  she  was 
app.  prof,  of  pf.  at  Liege  Cons. — Works  (in 
chronological  order):  2  Sonatas  f.  pf. ;  2  books  of 
songs  ("  Rappelle-toi"  and  ' '  Berceuse") ;  pf  .-quar- 
tet ;  3  orchestral  suites  ("Scenes  champetres," 
"  Scenes  de  la  mer,"  "  Scenes  d'hiver  ");  a.  scene, 
"  Noce  au  village,"  f.  soli.,  ch.,  and  orch. ;  Chant 
de  Noel  "  Graduale  pastorali,"  f.  ch.  and  orch. 


(Liege  Cath.,  1887);  vln. -concerto;  "Berceuse '' f. 
vln.;  Suite  poetique  f.  vln.;  Esquisse  sympho- 
nique  f.  orch.;  Eva,  dram,  scene  f .  sopr.  and  ch. 
w.  pf. ;  a  2-act  opera  Atala  (Lille,  1892  ;  Rouen, 
1893;  v.  succ.)  ;  numerous  pieces  f.  org.;  pf.- 
music. 

Fontaine,  Mortier  de.     See  Mortier. 

Fontaine,  Hendrik,  bass  concert-singer  ;  b. 
Antwerp,  Apr.  5,  1857  ;  pupil  of  the  Cons.,  and 
singing-teacher  there  since  1883;  prominent  in 
Lucifer,  and  other  of  Benoit's  oratorios. 

Fonta'na,  Giovanni  Battista,  very  early 
comp.  f.  vln.;  d.  Brescia,  1630.  Sonatas  f.  vln. 
w.  bass,  sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  w.  bassoon,  and  one 
sonata  f.  3  vlns.  were  publ.  by  Reghino  in  1641. 

Foote,  Arthur  William,  b.  Salem,  Mass., 
Mar.  5,  1853  ;  pupil  of  B.  J.  Lang  (pf.),  S.  A. 
Emery,  and  J.  K. 
Paine  (comp.)  ;  took 
degree  of  A.M.  at 
Harvard  (for  music) 
in  1S75.  Since  1878, 
organist  of  the  First 
Unitarian  church, 
Boston.  —  Publ. 
Works:  (1)  For  orch.: 
"  In  the  Mountains," 
overture  ;  "  F  ran  - 
cesca  da  Rimini," 
symphonic  prologue  ; 
Suite  f.  strings,  in  E 
minor  ;  Concerto  f. 
'cello  ;  Suite  f.  orch. 
— (2)  For  ch.  and  orch.:  "Farewell  of  Hiawa- 
tha" (male  ch.)  ;  "The  Wreck  of  the  Hes- 
perus" (mixed  ch.)  ;  "  The  Skeleton  in  Armor." 
— (3)  Chamber-music:  Pf. -quintet  in  A  min. ; 
pf. -quartet  in  C  ;  pf.-trio  in  C  min.;  sonata  f. 
pf.  and  vln.  in  G  min.;  2  string-quartets  (G  min. 
and  E)  ;  detached  pes.  f.  vln.  and  'cello  w.  pf. — 
(4)  About  30  pf.-pes.,  the  principal  ones  being  2 
suites  (D  min.  and  C  min.). — About  40  songs. 
— Various  miscellaneous  comp.s,  as  vocal  duets, 
quartets  f.  male  voices,  do.  f.  female  voices  ; 
church-music  ;  etc. 

Forberg,  Robert,  music-publ.r  ;  b.  Liitzen, 
May  18,  1833  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Oct.  10,  1880,  where 
he  was  estab.  since  1862. 

Forch/hammer,  Theodor,  b.  Schiers,  Gray 
Cantons,  July  29,  1847.  Pupil  of  Stuttgart 
Cons.;  1885,  org.  at  Magdeburg  cath  ,  succeed- 
ing G.  A.  Ritter;  1888,  "Royal  Mus.  Dir." 
Publ.  (w.  Brosig)  a  "  Fuhrer  durch  die  Orgel- 
litteratur  "  (1890)  ;  wrote  an  organ-concerto,  and 
other  organ-pes.,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Ford,  Ernest  A.  C.,  b.  London,  P'eb.  17, 
1858.  Pupil  of  Sullivan  in  R.  A.  M.,  and  of 
Lalo  in  Paris.  Conductor  at  the  Empire  The- 
atre, London. — Works  :  Daniel  O'Rourke,  opera 
(1884),  Nydia,  duologue  (1889),  Joan,  opera 
(1890),  Mr,  Jericho,  operetta  (1893),  Jane  Annie, 
or  The  Good-Conduct  Prize,  comic  opera  (Lon- 
don,  Savoy  Th.,  1893;  mod.  succ);  a  cantata 


FORD— FORSTER 


f .  female  voices,  The  Eve  of  the  Festa  ;  motet, 
"  Domine  Deus "  (f.  250th  anniv.  of  Harvard 
Univ.);  music  f.  several  ballets;  songs,  duets,  etc. 

Ford,  Thomas,  composer ;  born  England, 
abt.  1580;  d.  Nov.,  1648.  Musician  to  Prince 
Henry  (son  of  James  I.),  and  to  Charles  I.  at 
his  accession.  Wrote  "  Musicke  of  sundrie 
kindes  .  .  ."  (1607)  ;  songs  in  Leighton's 
"Teares";  canons,  etc.,  in  Hilton's  "Catch 
that  catch  can";  and  the  famous  madrigal, 
"  Since  first  I  saw  your  face." 

For'kel,  Johann  Nikolaus,  b.  Meeder,  n. 
Koburg,  Feb.  22,  1749  '<  d.  Gottingen,  Mar.  17, 
1818.  Chorister  at  Liineburg  ;  1766,  "  Chor- 
prafect "  at  Schwerin.  He  also  became  a  skil- 
ful org.  and  harpist.  In  1769  he  began  the 
study  of  law  in  Gottingen,  supporting  himself 
by  teaching  music.  To  musical  history,  how- 
ever, he  soon  devoted  his  chief  attention  ;  he 
was  app.  Univ.  organist,  and  (177S)  Univ. 
Musical  Director  ;  in  1780  he  was  made  Dr. 
phil.  hon.  causa. — Works  :  "  Ueber  die  Theorie 
der  Musik,  sofern  sie  Liebhabern  und  Ken- 
nern  derselben  nothwendig  und  ni'itzlich 
ist "  (1774);  "  Musikalisch-kritische  Biblio- 
thek"  (1778-9,  3  vol.s)  ;  "  Ueber  die  beste  Ein- 
richtung  offentlicher  Concerte  "  (1770);  "  Ge- 
nauere  Bestimmung  einiger  musikalischer  Be- 
griffe "  (17S0)  ;  "Musikalischer  Almanach  fur 
Deutschland "  (1782,  1783,  1784,  and  1789); 
"  Allgemeine  Geschichte  der  Musik"  (17S8  to 
1801,  2  vol.s — only  to  about  the  year  1550  ;  his 
materials  for  later  times  went  to  the  publisher 
Schwickert)  ;  "  Allgemeine  Litteratur  der  Musik, 
oder  Anleitung  zur  Kenntniss  musikalischer 
Biicher "  (1792  ;  important  as  the  pioneer  work 
of  its  class)  ;  "  Ueber  Joh.  Seb.  Bachs  Leben, 
Kunst  und  Kunstvverke  "  (1803  ;  English,  1820). 
F.'s  unique  transcriptions,  in  modern  notation, 
of  Graphaus'  "  Missae  XIIL"  (1539),  and  of  the 
"Liber  XV.  missarum "  of  Petrejus  (1538; 
masses  by  Okeghem,  Obrecht,  Josquin,  and 
others),  were  engraved,  and  a  proof  pulled  ;  but 
the  French  invaders  melted  down  the  plates  for 
cannon-balls.  The  proof-sheets,  corrected  by  F., 
are  in  the  Berlin  Library. — Publ.  comp.s  :  Pf.- 
sonatas  and  variations  ;  songs  (Gleim).— In 
MS.:  The  oratorio  Hiskias ;  2  cantatas,  Die 
Macht  Jcs  Gesangs  and  Die  Hirten  an  der 
Krippe  zn  Betide  he  111  ;  symphonies,  trios,  cho- 
ruses, etc.     [RlEMANN.] 

For'mes,  Karl  Joseph,  bass  opera-singer  ; 
b.  Mttlheim-on-Rhine,  Aug.  7,  1S16  ;  d.  San 
Francisco,  Dec.  15,  1889.  Debut  at  Cologne, 
1841,  as  Sarastro  {Magic  Flute);  from  1843-S 
he  was  eng.  at  Mannheim  ;  1852-7  at  the  Royal 
Ital.  Opera,  London  ;  in  1857  he  made  his  first 
American  touriiee,  and  since  then  has  vibrated 
between  Europe  and  America. 

For'mes,  Theodor,  tenor  stage-singer,  bro- 
ther of  foregoing;  b.  Mt'ihlheim,  June  24,  1826  ; 
d.  Endenich,  near  Bonn,  Oct.  15,  1874.  Debut 
atOfen,  1846;  eng.  at  Vienna,  Mannheim  (1848), 
and  Berlin  court  opera (1S51-66),      Made  a  tour 


in  America  with  his  brother.  Lost  his  voice  tem- 
porarily ;  after  a  brilliant  reappearance,  he  be- 
came insane,  and  died  in  an  asylum. 

Form'schneider.     See  Graphaus. 

Forna'ri,  Vincenzo,  cond.  and  dram.  comp. ; 
b.  Naples,  May  11,  184S  ;  pupil  of  Luigi  Sira 
(pf.)  and  Battista  (comp.). — Operas  :  Maria  di 
Torre  (Naples,  1S72) ;  Salammbb ;  Zuma  (Naples, 
1SS1)  ;  and  the  successful  i-act  opera-seria  C'u 
dramma  in  •uendemmia  (Florence,  1S96). 

For'ner,  Christian,  b.  Wettin,  1610 ;  d. 
there  167S.  Organ-builder;  his  organs  at  Halle 
(Ulrichskirche)  and  Weissenfels  (Augustusburg) 
are  still  in  use.  About  1675  he  invented  the 
"  windgauge." 

For'ster,  Georg  (I.),  b.  Amberg  (date  ?) ;  d. 
Nuremberg,  Nov.  12,  1568.  Matriculated  at 
Wittenberg  in  1534;  was  medical  practitioner 
in  Amberg,  Wiirzburg,  Heidelberg,  and  Nu- 
remberg (1544).  Edited  several  valuable  col- 
lections of  folk-songs  (Nuremberg,  1539-15 56), 
which  he  harmonized  in  5  parts. 

For'ster,  Georg  (II.),  b.  (?)  ;  d.  Dresden, 
Oct.  16,  15S7.  Cantor  in  Zwickau,  1556  ;  in 
Annaberg,  1564;  double-bass  player  in  Dresden, 
1568;  asst.-A'apellm.,  15S1  ;  first  Kapellm.,  1585, 
succeeding  Pinelli. 

For'ster,  Nikolaus  (called  Fortius),  con- 
trapuntist at  the  court  of  Joachim  I.  of  Bran- 
denburg (1499-1535).  One  16-part  mass  is 
known  by  name. 

For'ster  (or  Forster),  Kaspar,  b.  Danzig, 
1617  ;  d.  at  the  Olivan  monaster)-,  near  D.,  in 
March,  1673.  He  was  a  celebrated  comp.  and 
theorist  ;  for  years  cond.  at  Copenhagen,  and 
sojourned  for  a  time  in  Venice.  No  works  of  his 
are  extant. 

For'ster,  William  (Sr.),  violin-maker ;  b. 
Brampton,  Cumberland,  May  4,  1739  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, 1S08.  He  went  to  London  in  1759,  and 
estab.  himself  there  as  a  publ.r  and  violin-maker 
in  1 78 1.  He  copied  Stainer  and  Amati  ;  his 
'cellos  and  double-basses  are  very  rare  and  valu- 
able. 

For'ster,  William  (Jr.),  son  and  successor 
of  foregoing  ;  b.  London,  Jan.  7,  1764  ;  d. 
there  July  24,  1824.  Some  of  his  violins  are 
very  fine. 

For'ster,  Adolph  M.     See  Foekster. 

For'ster,  Christoph,  organist  ;  b.  Bebra, 
Thuringia,  Nov.  30,  1693  ;  d.  Rudolstadt,  Dec. 
6,  1745.  Ducal  Kapellm.  at  Merseburg  ;  in 
1745  Kapellm.  at  Rudolstadt. — Works  over  300 
in  number  (cantatas,  symphonies,  overtures,  or- 
gan-music, pf.-pes.). 

For'ster,  Emanuel  Aloys,  born  Neurath, 
Austrian  Silesia,  Jan.  26,  1748  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov. 
12,  1S23.  A  self-taught  composer  and  excel- 
lent teacher  of  theory,  from  1776,  in  Vienna. — 
Works  :  "  Huldigungscantate,"  a  Notturno  con- 
certante  f.  strings  and  wind,  48  quintets  and 
quartets    f,    strings,    pf. -quartets,    a   pf.-sextet, 


189 


FORSTER— FOURNIER 


variations  and  sonatas  f.  pf . ;  wrote  "  Anleitung 
zum  Generalbass"  (1802,  '05,  '24). 

For'ster,  Alban,  violinist  ;  b.  Reichenbach, 
Saxony,  Oct.  23,  1S49  ;  a  pupil  there  of  R. 
Blume,  laterof  Dresden  Cons.  Leader  of  orch.s 
at  Karlsbad,  Breslau,  Stettin  ;  in  1871,  court 
musician  at  Neustrelitz,  also  conducting  the 
Singakademie  ;  1SS1,  teacher  in  Dresden  Cons., 
and  cond.  of  the  Liedertafel;  since  1882,  court 
Kapellm.  at  Neustrelitz. — Works  :  Operetta  Das 
Fliistern  (Neustrelitz,  1875) ;  3-act  comic  opera 
Die  Madchen  von  Schilda  (ib.,  1SS7)  ;  opera 
's  Lorle  (Dresden,  1891)  ;  romantic-comic  bal- 
let-pantomime Traumerei  in  der  Waldmiihle 
(Zwickau,  1896)  ;  besides  orchestral  and  cham- 
ber-music (string-trios  and  quartets),  violin- 
music,  instructive  pf.-pcs.,  and  songs. 

For'ster,  Joseph,  b.  Osojnitz,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  22,  1833.  Pupil  (1850-2)  of  the  Prague 
School  of  Organists  ;  organist  in  several  churches, 
since  1887  at  the  cathedral,  Prague.  Also  prof, 
of  theory  in  Prague  Cons.  The  promotion  of  a 
cappella  polyphonic  music  is  his  specialty. — 
Works  :  Masses  and  requiems,  organ-pcs.  and  a 
treatise  on  harmony. 

Forsyth'  Brothers,  music-publ.rs  at  London 
and  Manchester. 

FortTage,  Karl,  b.  Osnabri'ick,  June  12, 
1806  ;  d.  Jena,  Nov.  8,  1881.  Since  1846,  prof, 
ofphilos.at  Jena. — Publ.  "Das  musikalische 
System  derGriechen  in  seiner  Urgestalt  "  (Leip- 
zig, 1847),  a  standard  work  on  ancient  theory. 

Fortsch,  Johann  Philipp,  born  Wertheim, 
Franconia,  May  14,  1652  ;  d.  Eutin,  Dec.  14, 
1732.  A  physician  by  profession,  he  adopted 
music,  sang  in  Hamburg,  and  (1680)  succeeded 
Theile  at  Gottorp  as  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke  of 
Schleswig  ;  afterwards  returning  to  the  practice 
of  medicine. — Works:  12  operas,  several  clavi- 
chord-concertos, etc. — Fr.  Zelle,  in  the  3rd  sup- 
plement to  the  "  Zur  Geschichte  der  deutschen 
Oper,"  has  written  a  sketch  of  E.'s  life  and 
works. 

Foster,  Myles  Birket,  organist  and  comp. ; 
b.  London,  Nov.  29,  1851.  From  1871,  pupil 
of  Hamilton  Clarke  ; 
later  of  Sullivan, 
Prout,  and  Westlake 
at  R.  A.  M.  Org. 
at  Ilaweis'  church, 
1S73-1S74;  at  the 
Foundling  Hospital, 
1S80  92.  Now  mus. 
editor  for  Messrs. 
Boosey.  —  Works: 
Evening  Services  in 
C  (male  ch.)  and  A ; 
Communion  Service 
in  lib;  An  the  m  s  , 
etc.  Children's  can- 
tatas  Cin  der  e  I  la, 
Lampblack,  Beauty 
and  the  Beast,  The 
Angels   of  the    Bells, 


Bonnie  Fishwife,    Snow 


Fairies,  Coming  of  the  King')',  numerous  songs. 
Also,  in  MS.,  a  symphony  in  F  jf  min.,  "  Isle  of 
Arran";  overtures;  a  string-quartet;  a  pf.- 
trio  ;  etc. 

Foster,  Stephen  Collins,  b.  Lawrenceville 
(Pittsburg),  Pa.,  July  4,  1S26  ;  d.  New  York, 
Jan.  13,  1864.  In  music  he  was  chiefly  self- 
taught,  and  studied  assiduously  ;  at  7  he  learned 
to  play  the  flageolet;  in  1840  his  first  comp., 
a  waltz  for  4  flutes,  was  performed,  and  in  1842 
his  first  (publ.)  song,  "Open  thy  lattice,  love," 
was  written.  From  1S45-6  he  wrote  "The 
Louisiana  Belle,"  "  Old  Uncle  Ned,"  and  "O 
Susanna";  these  were  followed  by  "My  old 
Kentucky  home,"  "Old  dog  Tray,"  "  Massa's 
in  the  cold,  cold  ground,"  "Gentle  Annie," 
"Willie,  we  have  missed  you,"  "I  would  not 
die  in  spring-time,"  "Come  where  my  love  lies 
dreaming,"  "Old  black  Joe,"  "Ellen  Boyne," 
(to  the  melody  of  which  the  words  of  "John 
Brown's  body"  were  afterwards  set),  "The 
old  folks  at  home"  (or  "Down  on  the 
Suwanee  River"),  "Nellie  was  a  lady,"  "  O, 
boys,  carry  me  'long,"  "Nelly  Bly,"  "  Nancy 
Till,"  "Laura  Lee,"  "Maggie  by  my  side," 
"  Beautiful  dreamer"  (1864,  his  last)  ;  etc.  Pos- 
ter generally  wrote  both  words  and  music  of  his 
songs,  of  which  over  160  were  published.  Scores 
of  these  are  known  in  every  American  household, 
and  have  become  genuine  folk-songs.  Foster's 
simple,  but  not  trivial,  melody  touched  the  popu- 
lar heart  ;  he  occupies  a  unique  position  among 
American  composers. 

Fouque,  Pierre-Octave,  b.  Pau,  Basses- 
Pyrenees,  Nov.  12,  1844;  d.  Apr.  21/22  (Sept. 
23?)  1883.  Pupil  at  Paris  of  Reinhold  Becker 
(harm.)  and  Chauvet  (cpt.) ;  from  1S69,  of  Ambr. 
Thomas  at  the  Cons. — Works  :  Operettas,  pf  - 
pes.,  songs  and  part-songs.  Wrote  "  On  Music 
in  England  before  Handel";  "J.  F.  Lesueur, 
the  Predecessor  of  Perlioz  " ;  a  biogr.  of  "  M.  J. 
Glinka,"  and  "  Histoire  du  Theatre  Ventadour." 
He  was  librarian  of  the  Cons.,  music  critic  for 
the  "  Republique  Francaise,"  and  contrib.  to 
"  Le  Menestrel"  and  the  "Revue  et  Gazette 
musicale." 

Fournier,  Pierre-Simon,  cutter  and  founder 
of  music-type  ;  b.  Paris,  Sept.  15,  1712  ;  d.  there 
Oct.  8,  1768.  Instead  of  the  lozenge-shaped 
types  in  the  style  of  Hautin's  (1525),  F.  intro- 
duced round-headed  notes,  described  in  his  "  Es- 
sai  d'un  nouveau  caractere  de  fonte  .  .  ."  (i75°)! 
he  also  publ.  a  "  Traite  historique  et  critique  sur 
l'origine  et  les  progres  des  caracteres  de  fonte 
pour  l'impression  de  la  musique  .  .  ."  (Paris, 
1765). 

Fournier,  Emile-Eugene-Alix,  b.  Paris, 
Oct.  11,  1864;  d.  Joinville-le-Pont,  Sept.  12, 
1897.  Pupil  of  Delibes  and  Dubois  at  P.  Cons.; 
took  2nd  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  in  1891,  and  the 
Prix  Cressent  in  1892  for  the  i-act  opera  Slra- 
tonice  (Gr.  Opera,  Paris,  1S92).  Since  then  he 
had  publ.  a  number  of  songs,  and  had  finished 
a  3-act  opera  Carlo/nan  (not  prod.). 


190 


FOX— FRANCK 


Fox,  George,  Engl,  composer  and  dram. 
baritone;  b.  1854  (?);  has  sung  with  various 
opera-troupes  in  London  and  the  provinces,  and 
composed  several  popular  operettas  (Robert Ma- 
caire,  1SS7;  The  Corsican  Brothers,  1888;  and 
Nydia,  1S92 — all  at  the  Crystal  Palace),  and  can- 
tatas (  The  Jackdaw  of  Rheinis,  The  Babes  in 
the  IVood,  The  Fair  Imagene,  Lord  Love  I,  Wini- 
fred Price,  Gabriel  Grub,  John  Gilpin,  Hamil- 
ton Tig  he,   The  Messenger-dove),  and  songs. 

Fra'del,  Charles  [Karl],  composer  and  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Vienna,  1821,  lived  for  years  as  a  music- 
teacher  in  New  York ;  also  in  London.  He  comp. 
pf.-pcs.  and  songs. 

Frances'co  cie'co  [cha'ko],  ordegli  organi. 
See  Landino,  Francesco. 

Franchet'ti,  Alberto  (Baron),  b.  Turin,  Sept. 
18,  i860  ;  studied  w.  Nicolo  Coccon  and  Fortu- 
nato  Magi;  then  in  Dresden  under  F.  Draeseke, 
and  at  the  Munich  Cons. — Works:  4-act  opera 
("dram,  legend  ")  Asraele  (Brescia,  1888;  also 
in  La  Scala,  Milan;  v.  succ);  opera  Cristoforo 
Colombo  (Genoa,  Oct.,  1892;  succ);  3-act  opera 
seria  Fior  d'Alpe  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1894  ;  mod. 
succ.)}  3-act  opera  //  Signor  di  Pourceaugnac 
(Milan,  La  Scala,  1897;  mod.  succ);  also  a  sym- 
phony in  E  minor. 

Franchi'nus.     See  Gafori. 

Franchi-Verney,  Giuseppe  Ippolito,  Conte 
della  Valetta;  b.  Turin,  Feb.  17,  1848.  In  1S74 
he  gave  up  his  career  as  a  lawyer  for  music.  In 
1875  he  founded,  with  others,  a  Quartet  Society 
(Societa  della  Quartetta);  in  1876  he  estab.  the 
"  Accademia  di  Canto  corale."  From  1875-7, 
under  the  pen-name  of  Ippolito  Valetta,  he  wrote 
for  the  "  Gazzetta  del  Popolo";  later  for  "  II 
Risorgimento"  and  other  papers.  Among  his 
comp.s  are  a  "  lyric  sketch,"  //  Valdese  (Turin, 
1885),  which  was  well  received,  and  a  ballet,  // 
Mulatto  (Naples,  1S96;  furore).  Wrote  a  sym- 
pathetic sketch  on  "  Donizetti  "  (Rome,  1897, 
pp.  15).  He  is  a  disciple  of  Wagner.  IniSg3(?) 
he  married  Teresina  Tua. 

Franchomme,  Auguste,  eminent  'cellist ;  b. 
Lille,  Apr.  10,  1808;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1884.  A 
pupil  of  Levasseur  and  Norblin  in  Paris  Cons, 
from  1825,  taking  first  prize  for 'cello-playing  in 
1826.  Played  in  the  Opera  orch.  (1S27),  and  in 
the  Theatre  Italien  from  1828.  He  was  intimate 
with  Chopin;  established  soirees  f.  chamber-mu- 
sic with  Halle  and  D.  Alard;  and  in  1846  became 
'cello-teacher  in  the  Cons. — Works  :  A  concerto, 
variations,  caprices,  fantasias,  nocturnes,  ro- 
mances, adagios,  studies,  etc.,  f.  'cello. 

Franck,  Melchior,  b.  Zittau,  abt.  1580;  d. 
Koburg,  June  I,  1639,  as  court  Kapellm.  (since 
1603).  Prolific  composer. — Publ.  works:  "  Me- 
lodiae  sacrae  "  (a  4-12,  1600-7;  3  parts);  "  Mu- 
sicalische  Bergreyen  "  (1602);  "  Contrapuncti 
compositi  "  (1602);  "  Teutsche  Psalmen  und 
Kirchengesange "  (1602);  "  Newe  Paduanen, 
Galliarden,  etc."  (1603);  "  Opusculum  etlicher 
newer     und    alter    Reuter    Liedlein "    (1603); 


"  Newes  Quodlibet  "  (1604) ;  "  Farrago  6  voc" 
(1604);  "Teutsche  [secular]  Gesange  und 
Tantze  "  (1605);  "  Geistliche  Gesange  und  Melo- 
dien"(i6o8);  "Newes  Echo"(i6o8);  "  Cantica 
gratulatoria,"  with  other" occasional  pieces  (160S- 
9);  "  NeuemusicalischeIntraden"(i6oS);  "  Flores 
musicales"  (1610);  Musicalische  Frohlichkeit " 
(1610);  "  Tricinia  nova"  (1611);  "  Vincula  na- 
talitia  "  (1611)  ;  "  Sechs  teutsche  Concerte  von 
achtStimmen"  (161 1);  "  Suspiria  musica"  (161 2); 
"  Opusculum  etlicher  geistlicher  Gesange  " 
(1612);  "  Viridarium  musicum  "  (a  6-10,  1613); 
"  Recreationes  musicae  "  (1614);  "  Zween  Grab- 
gesange "  (1614);  "  Zwey  newe  Hochzeitsge- 
sange"  (1614) ;  "  Threnodiae  Davidicae  "  (1615); 
"  Die  trostreichen  Worte  aus  dem  54.  Capitel 
Esaia  "  (a  7-15,  1615) ;  "  Deliciae  amoris  "(1615); 
"  Fasciculus  quodlibeticus  "  (1615);  "Geistlicher 
musicalischer  Lustgarten  "  (a  4-9,  1616);  "  Li- 
lia  musicalia  "(1616);  "Teutsches  musicalisches 
frohliches  Convivium  "  (1621);  "  Laudes  dei  ves- 
pertinae  "  (1622);  "  Newe  teutsche  Magnificat" 
(a  2-8,  1622  ;  4  parts) ;  "  Gemmulaeevangeliorum 
musicae"  (1623  and  1624;  2  parts);.  "Newes 
liebliches  musicalisches  Lustgartlein"  (a  5-8, 
1623);  "40  TeutschelustigemusicalischeTantze" 
(1624)  ;  "  Newes  musicalisches  Opusculum  " 
(1624);  "  Sacri  convivii  musica  sacra  "  (1628) ; 
"  Rosetulum  musicum  "  (1628);  "  Cithara  eccle- 
siastica  et  scholastica"  (no  date) ;  "  Psalmodia 
sacra  "  (1631);  "  Dulces  mundani  exilii  deliciae" 
(1631);  "Dersi.  PsalmfurvierStimmen"(i634); 
"  Paradisus  musicus"  (1636);  "  2  newe  Epice- 
dia"(i63g).  Vol.  xvii.  of  the  Mouatshefte  fur 
Musik-Geschichte  contains  a  careful  description 
of  his  printed  works,  also  of  MSS.  preserved  in 
public  libraries.  Aloys  Obrist  publ.  a  disserta- 
tion on  "  Melchior  Franck  "  in  1892. 

Franck,  Johann  Wolfgang,  b.  Hamburg, 
1641  ;  d.  in  Spain,  168S  (or  later).  He  was  a 
physician  and  opera-conductor  at  Hamburg  ; 
and  produced  14  operas  there  (1679-86).  He 
publ.  sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass  ;  also  "Geist- 
liche Melodien  "  (1681,  1685,  1700;  republ.  1857 
by  D.  H.  Engel,  with  new  words  by  Oster- 
wald). 

Franck,  C6sar-Auguste,  b.  Liege,  Dec.  10, 
1S22  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  8,  1S90.  Pupil  of  Liege 
Cons,  until  1837  ; 
then,  at  the  Paris 
Conserv. ,  of  Zim- 
merman (pf.),  Le- 
borne  (cpt),  and 
Benoist  (org.),  m 
succeeding  the  r; 
las  t-name  d  ,  in  4 
1872,  as  prof,  of  '. 
org.  at  the  Cons.,  [ 
and  org.  at  Sainte-  -j 
Clotilde.  In  the  i 
Cons,  he  took  1st 
prize  f.  pf.  (1S38) 
and  2nd  prize  f. 
comp.  (1839). — Works 


The  4-act  *comic  opera 


191 


FRANCK— FRANZ 


Hulda  (Monte  Carlo,  1S94  ;  succ.)  ;  unfinished 
4-act  lyric  drama  Ghiselle  (Monte  Carlo,  1896) ; 
the  oratorios  Ruth  et  Boaz  and  La  Redemption 
(1871)  ;  a  symph.  poem  w.  chorus,  Les  beatitudes 
(his  finest  work)  ;  a  symph.  poem  Le  chasseur 
maudit ;  a  symph.  p.  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  Les 
Djinns j  a  symphony  in  D  min.;  a  sonata  f.  pf. 
and  vln.;  pf.-pcs. ,  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. — 
Biographical:  "  CFuvre  lyrique  de  C.  F.,"  by 
Destranges  ;  "  C.  F.,  Etude  sur  sa  vie,  son  en- 
seignement,  ses  ceuvres,"  by  Gustave  Derepas 
(Paris,  1897,  pp.  60). 

Franck,  Joseph,  brother  of  Cesar-Auguste  ; 
b.  Liege,  abt.  1820  ;  organist  and  teacher  in 
Paris  ;  has  publ.  cantatas,  masses,  motets,  an 
Ode  to  St.  Cecilia  (w.  orch.),  pf. -concertos, 
studies  f.  pf. ,  songs,  etc.;  also  a  "  Manuel  de  la 
transposition  et  de  l'accompagnement  du  plain- 
chant";  "  Traite  d'harmonie";  "  L'art  d'ac- 
compagner  le  plain-chant,"  and  a  "  Nouvelle 
methode  de  piano  facile." 

Franck,  Eduard,  b.  Breslau,  Oct.  5,  1817  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Dec.  1,  1893.  Was  taught  at  Bres- 
lau ;  became  teacher  of  pf.  at  the  Cologne 
Cons.;  1859,  at  the  Bern  School  of  Music, 
where  he  was  also  Musical  Director  (the  degree 
of  Dr.  phil.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  Bern 
Univ.);  1867-78,  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin; 
since  then  at  Breslaur's  Seminary  for  Piano- 
teachers,  Berlin. — Works  :  A  symphony  (op. 
47)  ;  pf. -quintet  (op.  45)  ;  a  sextet  (op.  41)  ;  a 
pf. -concerto  (op.  13)  ;  2  pf. -trios  ;  a  'cello-sonata 
w.  pf.  (op.  42)  ;  Duo  f.  2  pfs.  (op.  46) ;  nine  pf.- 
sonatas  ;  etc. 

Fran'cke,  August  Hermann,  founder,  in 
1865,  of  a  piano- factory  at  Leipzig. 

Franco.  It  is  probable  that  there  were  two 
musicians  named  Franco  :  F.  of  Paris  (F.  the 
Elder),  mattre  de  chapelle  at  Notre-Dame,  Paris, 
abt.  1 100  (?)  A.D.;  and  the  more  celebrated  F. 
of  Cologne,  b.  Dortmund,  prior  of  the  Bene- 
dictine Abbey  at  Cologne  in  1190,  author  of  2 
treatises  on  music,  "  Musica  et  cantus  mensura- 
bilis,"  "  Compendium  de  discantu,"  both  printed 
in  Gerbert,  "  Scriptores."  Both  Francos,  in  the 
notation  of  their  compositions,  were  innovators 
and  progressives. 

Francceur,  Francois,  violinist ;  born  Paris, 
Sept.  28,  1698  ;  d.  there  Aug.  6,  1787.  Entered 
the  Opera  orch.  in  1710  ;  he  became,  success- 
ively, chamber-musician  to  the  King,  one  of  the 
"  24  violons  du  roi  "  (1730),  chamber-composer 
(1732),  opera-inspector  (conjointly  with  Francois 
Rebel,  his  inseparable  friend),  director  of  the 
<  >pera  (1751),  and  superintendent  of  the  King's 
music  (1760). — Works  :  2  books  of  violin-so- 
natas ;  with  Rebel,  he  produced  10  operas. 

Francceur,  Louis-Joseph,  violinist,  nephew 
of  Francois ;  b.  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1738;  d.  there 
Mar.  10,  1804.  Member  of  the  Opera  orch.; 
1764  asst.,  1767  first  cond.;  later  director  of 
the  <  )pera  for  a  short  time. — Works  :  Ismene  el 
Lindor,  i-act*opera  (Opera,  1766);  other  operas 


in  MS.     Also  publ.  "  Diapason  general  de  tous 
les  instr.s  a  vent  .    .    ."  (1772). 

Frank,  Ernst,  b.  Munich,  Feb.  7,  1847  ;  d. 
insane  at  Oberdobling,  n.  Vienna,  Aug.  17, 
1889.  Pupil  of  Mortier  de  Fontaine  (pf.)  and 
Fr.  Lachner  (comp.)  ;  he  became  court  org.  in 
Munich,  and  cond.  of  rehearsals  at  the  opera  ; 
in  1868,  Kapellm.  at  Wiirzburg  ;  1S69,  chorus- 
master  at  the  court  opera,  Vienna,  where  he  also 
cond.  the  Singakademie  and  the  Akademischer 
Gesangverein.  From  1872-7  he  was  court 
Kapellm.  at  Mannheim  ;  here  he  brought  out 
(for  the  first  time)  Gotz's  Der  Wider spenstigen 
Zahmung  (1874)  and  Francesco,  da  Rimini 
(1877  ;  completed  by  Frank  himself).  In  1877, 
Otto  Devrient,  the  new  intendant  of  the  Frank- 
fort Th.,  had  F.  app.  Kapellm.  there  ;  on  D.'s 
dismissal  in  1879  he  resigned,  but  that  same 
year  was  called  to  Hanover  to  succeed  v.  Billow 
as  opera- Kapellm.,  as  which  he  acted  till  1887. — 
Works  :  3  operas,  Adam  de  la  Halle  (Karlsruhe, 
1880),  Hero  (Berlin,  1884),  and  Der  Sturm  (Han- 
over, 1S87;  in  3  acts,  after  Shakespeare's  "  Tem- 
pest ")  ;   has  also  publ.  many  delightful  songs. 

Fran'kenberger,  Heinrich,  born  Wlimbach, 
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  Aug.  20,  1824  ;  d. 
Sondershausen,  Nov.  22,  1885.  Dramatic 
comp.,  pupil  of  Plaidy,  Becker,  and  Haupt- 
raann  in  Leipzig  Cons.  In  1847,  violinist  in 
the  court  orch.,  Sondershausen  ;  later,  asst.- 
Kapcllm. — 3  operas,  Die  Hochzeit  zu  Venedig 
(1847),  Vineta  (1851),  and  Der  Gunstling  (1863), 
all  at  Sondershausen  ;  also  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 
— Wrote  "  Anleitung  zur  Instrumentirung,"  a 
"  Harmonielehre,"  an  "  Orgelschule,"  and  a 
"  Choralbuch." 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan. 
17,  1706  ;  d.  Philadelphia,  Apr.  17,  1790.  He 
invented  the  Harmonica  ("musical  glasses"), 
and  wrote  entertainingly  on  Scotch  music,  on 
the  defects  of  [then]  modern  music,  and  other 
topics. 

Franko.     See  Franco. 

Franz,  Robert,  song-composer ;  b.  Halle, 
June  28,  1815  ;  d.  there  Oct.  24,  1892.  (His 
family-name,  Knauth,  was  changed  by  royal 
permission  in  1847.) 
His  parents,  after 
fruitless  endeavors 
to  make  him  aban- 
don the  study  of 
music,  permitted 
him  to  finish  his 
musical  education 
at  Dessau,  1835-7, 
under  Fr.  Schnei- 
der. Returning  to 
Halle,  and  unable 
to  find  a  suitable 
position,  or  even  a 
publisher  for  his 
compositions,  he 
devoted   six   years   to  diligent   study  of   Bach, 


IQ2 


FRANZ— FRESCOBALDI 


Handel,  Beethoven,  Schubert,  etc.  At  length, 
in  1843,  his  first  set  of  12  songs  appeared, 
warmly  praised  by  Schumann,  Liszt,  Mendels- 
sohn, and  others  ;  he  soon  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  organist  at  the  Ulrichskirche,  and  later 
became  cond.  of  the  Singakademie,  and  musical 
director  at  Halle  Univ.,  which  conferred  on  him 
the  title  of  Mus.  Doc.  in  1861.  In  1868,  deaf- 
ness, and  a  complication  of  nervous  disorders, 
forced  him  to  give  up  all  his  positions  ;  the 
meagre  income  from  his  compositions  was  sup- 
plemented by  the  generosity  of  his  fellow-artists 
in  Germany  (Frau  Helene  Magnus,  Joachim, 
Liszt,  et  al.)  and  America  (Otto  Dresel,  S.  B. 
Schlesinger,  B.  J.  Lang),  who  gave  a  series  of 
concerts  for  his  benefit,  in  1872,  realizing  some 
$25,000. — Franz  is  known  as  a  song-composer 
par  excellence,  and  published  257  songs  remark- 
able for  the  perfect  fitness  and  exquisite  finish 
of  the  musical  setting,  and  rivalling  Schubert's 
in  beauty  of  melody,  and  Schumann's  in  romantic 
expression.  (His  wife  Marie,  ne'e  Hinrichs 
[1828-91],  also  publ.  several  attractive  songs.) 
Other  works:  The  117th  Psalm  for  8-part 
(double)  ch.  a  cappella ;  a  Kyrie  f.  4-p.  ch.  a 
capp.  and  soli ;  a  Liturgy  for  the  Evang.  service  ; 
6  chorals,  6  part-songs  f.  mixed  ch.,  and  6  do.  f. 
male  ch. — His  revised  arrangements  of  many 
works  by  Bach  and  Handel  (by  Bach  :  St.  Mat- 
thew Passion,  Funeral  Ode,  Magnificat,  10 
cantatas,  Christmas  Oratorio,  arias,  duets,  etc. ; 
by  Handel  :  The  Messiah,  Jubilate  in  D, 
"  L'Allegro,  il  Penseroso,  ed  il  Moderato,"  and 
many  arias,  etc.)  are  classical. — Biographical 
essays  on  Franz,  by  Ambros,  Liszt,  A.  Saran, 
J.  Schaffer,  H.  M.  Schuster,  and  Dr.  W.  Wald- 
mann  ("  Gesprache  aus  zehn  Jahren,"  Leipzig, 
1895),  have  appeared. 

Franz,  J.H.,is  the  pen-name  of  Count  Bolko 

VON    HOCHBERG. 

Franzl,  Ignaz,  violinist ;  b.  Mannheim,  June 
3,  1734  ;  d.  there  1803.  In  1750  he  joined  the 
Mannheim  court  orch.,  of  which  he  became 
leader  and,  in  due  course,  Kapellmeister,  accom- 
panying the  orch.  on  its  removal  to  Munich  in 
1768.  From  1784  he  made  several  artistic  tours 
with  his  son  ;  1790,  director  of  Mannheim  thea- 
tre-orch.  —  Publ.  violin-concertos,  quartets,  trios, 
etc. 

Franzl,  Ferdinand,  violinist,  son  and  pupil 
of  Ignaz  ;  b.  Schwetzingen,  Palatinate,  May  24, 
1770;  d.  Mannheim,  Nov.,  1833.  Entered  the 
Mannheim  court  orch.  in  1782  ;  from  1784  made 
long  tours  with  his  father,  and  took  further  les- 
sons of  Pleyel  and  Richter  (Strassburg),  and 
Padre  Mattei  (Bologna)  ;  in  1S06  he  succeeded 
Cannabich  as  court  Kapelhn.  at  Munich,  retiring 
on  a  pension  in  1827. — Works  :  6  operas,  none  of 
which  is  specially  noteworthy  ;  much  excellent 
violin-music  (8  concertos,  a  double-concerto  f.  2 
vlns.,  4  concertinos);  symphonies,  overtures,  9 
string-quartets,  6  string-trios  ;  songs,  etc. 

Frederick  II.  (the  Great),  of  Prussia ;  b. 
Berlin,  Jan.  24,  1712  ;  d.  Potsdam  (Sans  Souci), 

13  193 


Aug.  17,  1786.  He  was  a  flute-player  of  con- 
siderable skill,  and  an  amateur  composer  [an 
opera,  II  re  fastore  j  overture  to  Acis  and  Gala- 
thea;  soli  f.  flute  ;  arias,  and  marches  {%>.  Selec- 
ted Comp.s,  publ.  by  Br.  und  PI.].  K.  F. 
M tiller  publ.  "  Friedrich  der  Grosse  als  Kenner 
und  Dilettant  auf  dem  Gebiete  d.  Tonkunst " 
(Potsdam,  1847)  ;  W.  Kothe  also  publ.  a  "  mu- 
sical biography"  of  the  monarch.  (Also  see  C. 
Ph.  E.  Bach,  Quantz,  and  Grain. ) 

Frederix,  Gustave,  b.  Liege,  1834  ;  d.  Brus- 
sels, Aug.  (?),  1894.  Celebrated  critical  writer, 
dramatic,  musical,  literary.  Wrote  for  the 
"  Independance  beige  "  since  1859  I  elected  corr. 
member  of  R.  Belg.  Acad,  in  1S85  ;  full  mem- 
ber, 1889. 

Frei'berg,  Otto,  b.  Naumburg,  Apr.  26, 
1846;  st.  1S60-3  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  from  1865, 
violinist  in  the  court  orch.  at  Karlsruhe.  After 
further  study  with  Vincenz  Lachner,  he  was  app. 
musical  director  at  Marburg  Univ.;  in  1887, 
mus.  dir.  and  asst.-prof.  of  music  at  Gottingen. 

Frene,  Eugene-Henri,  b.  Strassburg,  1S60 
(?)  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  7,  1S96.  Pupil  of  P.  Cons.; 
he  conducted  for  a  time  the  Alsatian  Choral 
Society  of  Paris  ;  also  the  theatre-orch.  at 
Ostend. — Opera  Qttand  on  aime  (Paris,  1878  [?]  ; 
succ). 

Fres'chi,  Giovanni  Domenico,  b.  Vicenza, 
1640  ;  d.  there  1690,  as  in.  di  capp.  at  the  cathe- 
dral. He  produced  11  operas  during  a  long 
sojourn  in  Venice  (1677-85)  ;  an  oratorio,  Gin- 
ditta  ;  masses  a  5-6,  and  psalms  a  2-6. 

Frescobal'di,  Girolamo,  famous  organist 
and  comp. ;  b.  Ferrara,  15S3  (baptized  Sept.  9); 
buried  at  Rome, 
Mar.  2,  1644.  After 
studying  under  Luz- 
zasco  Luzzaschi  at 
Ferrara,  he  travelled 
to  Flanders  ;  was 
probably  organist  at 
Mechlin  in  1607, and 
publ.  his  first  work, 
a  collection  of  5-p. 
madrigals,  at  Ant- 
werp, 1608  (printed 
by  Phalese).  About 
1610  (1614?),  he  was 
app.  org.  of  St. 
Peter's,  at  Rome, 
succeeding  Ercole  Pasquini 

ready  such,  that  30,000  people  are  said  to  have 
attended  his  first  performance.  He  held  this 
post  until  death,  leaving  Rome  only  once,  from 
162S-33,  during  which  period  he  was  court-org. 
at  Florence,  and  was  represented  in  Rome  by  a 
deputy.  From  1637-41,  Froberger,  the  Vien- 
nese court-org.,  sojourned  in  Rome  as  a  pupil 
of  Frescobaldi,  the  greatest  organist  of  the  first 
half  of  the  17th  century.  As  a  composer,  too, 
F.  occupies  a  very  prominent  place  ;  unrivalled 
as  a  player,  he  introduced  daring  innovations  in 


his  fame   was   al- 


FREUDENBERG— FRIMMEL 


harmony  (foreshadowing  our  modern  key-sys- 
tem), new  developments  in  fugal  form,  and  im- 
provements in  notation. — Publ.  works  :  "  Fan- 
tasie  a  2,  3  e  4  "  (Milan,  1608,  Book  I)  ; 
"  Ricercari  et  canzoni  francesi  "  (Rome,  1615)  ; 
"  Toccate  e  partite  d'intavolatura  di  cembalo" 
(Rome,  1615)  ;  "  II  2°  libro  di  toccate,  canzoni, 
versi  d'inni,  magnificat,  gagliarde,  correnti  ed 
altre  partite  d'intav.  di  cembalo  ed  organo " 
(Rome,  1616  ;  copies  of  different  size — 5S-94  pp.. 
— were  struck  off  and  sold  during  engraving)  ; 
"  Capricci  sopra  di  versi  soggetti  "  (Rome,  1624  ; 
republ.  in  Venice,  1628,  with  the  "Ricercari" 
of  161 5)  ;  2  books  of  "  Canzoni  a  1-4  voci  per 
sonare  e  per  cantare  con  ogni  sorte  d'istrumenti  " 
(Rome,  1620,  1637);  "  Arie  musicali  a  piu  voci" 
(Florence,  1630);  "  Fiori  musicali  di  toccate, 
Kyrie,  canzoni,  capricci  et  ricercari  in  partitura 
per  sonatori  con  basso  per  organo  "  (Rome,  1635, 
containing  several  numbers  previously  publ.  in 
162S) ;  a  4th  vol.  of  the  "  Canzoni  alia  francese  " 
was  publ.  at  Venice,  1645,  from  MSS.  left  by 
Fr.  (vol.s  ii  and  iii  are  lost);  other  comp.s  are 
found  in  collections  from  161S-25.  A  "  Lamen- 
tazione,"  and  an  "  In  te,  Domine,  speravi "  for 
double  choir,  are  in  MS. — llaberl  has  publ.  a 
selection  of  F.'s  organ-pieces,  prefaced  by  a 
biogr.  sketch. 

Freu'denberg,  Wilhelm,  opera-composer  ; 
b.  Raubacher  Hiitte,  n.  Neuwied,  Prussia,  Mar. 
ir,  1838.  He  st.  in  Leipzig  1858-61;  held  vari- 
ous positions  as  theatre  Kapellm.,  and  went  to 
Wiesbaden,  1865,  as  cond.  of  the  Cecilia  Sing- 
ing-Society and  the  Synagogenverein.  Here,  in 
1S70,  he  founded  a  Cons.,  and  cond.  the  Singa- 
kademie  till  1886,  when  he  establ. ,  with  Karl 
Mengewein,  a  school  for  music  at  Berlin  ;  but 
soon  after  went  as  opera-conductor  to  Augsburg 
and  (1889)  Ratisbon. — Operas  :  Die  Pfahlbauer 
(Mayence,  1S77  ;  burlesque)  ;  Die  Nebenbuhler 
(Wiesbaden,  1879  I  romantic)  ;  Kleopatra  (Mag- 
deburg, 1882);  DieMuhleim  WispertkaleQA&g- 
deburg,  1883  ;  comic)  ;  Der  St.  Katharinentag 
(Augsburg,  1889;  rom. -comic,  3  acts);  Marino 
Faliero  (Ratisbon,  1889) ;  Die  Johannisnacht 
(Vienna,  1896). — Also  a  syrnph.  poem,  "  Fin 
Tag  in  Sorrento";  incid.  mus.  to  Romeo  and 
Juliet;  overture  "  Durch  Dunkel  zum  Licht  "; 
pf.-pes. ;  songs. 

Frey  [fri],  M.,  court  Kapellm.  at  Mannheim  ; 
d.  Aug.  10,  1832  ;  a  skilful  violinist,  and  publ. 
some  vln.-pcs.  His  opera,  Jery  und  Bately, 
was  prod,  at  Mannheim  abt.  1S10. 

Frey'statter  [fri-],  Wilhelm,  b.  1836;  d. 
Munich,  Jan.  23,  1892.  Musical  writer  and  critic 
of  distinction. 

Fri'berth,  Karl,  b.  Wullersdorf,  Lower  Aus- 
tria, June  7,  1736  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  6,  1816. 
Pupil  of  Bono  and  Gassmann,  Vienna.  Tenor 
singer  1759-76  in  the  choir  of  Prince  Esterhazy 
at  Eisenstadt  ;  then  Kapellm.  of  the  Jesuits'  and 
Minorites'  churches  at  Vienna.  — -Works  :  9 
masses,  a  requiem,  a  Stabat  Mater,  graduals, 
offertories,  and   5  motets. 


Frick  (or  Frike),  Philipp  Joseph,  born  n. 
Wurzburg,  May  27,  1740  ;  d.  London,  June  15, 
1798.  Organist  to  the  Margrave  of  Baden  ;  a 
remarkable  pianist  and  travelling  performer  on 
Frankiin's  harmonica,  he  settled  17S0  in  London 
where  his  concerts  were  very  successful. — Pubi. 
several  mediocre  theoretical  works  ;  also  pf.- 
pcs. 

Fricke,  August  Gottfried  Ludwig,  bass 
opera-singer  ;  b.  Brunswick,  Mar.  24,  1829  ;  d. 
Berlin,  June  27,  1S94.  Pupil  of  Meinhardt, 
Brunswick,  where  his  debut  as  Sarastro  {Magic 
Flute)  took  place  in  1851  ;  sang  at  Bremen, 
Konigsberg,  Stettin,  and  (1S56-86)  first  bass 
roles  at  the  Berlin  court  opera,  succeeding 
Zschiesche, 

Frick'enhaus,  Fanny  (ne'e  Evans),  pianist ; 
b.  Cheltenham,  Eng.,  June  7,  1849.  Pupil  of 
G.  Mount ;  later  of  Aug.  Dupont  (Brussels 
Cons.)  and  Wm.  Bohrer.  Since  1879,  succ. 
concert-player  in  London,  etc.;  in  1880  she 
played  Gotz's  pf. -concerto  for  the  first  time  in 
London.  Since  1884,  she  has  given  chamber- 
concerts  at  Prince's  Hall,  with  Jos.  Ludwig. 

Fried'heim,  Arthur,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Oct. 
26,  1S59.  Pupil  of  Rubinstein  for  one  year,  and 
of  Liszt  for  8  years.  A  virtuoso  of  high  rank, 
especially  as  an  interpreter  of  Liszt  ;  and  a  gifted 
conductor.  He  made  an  American  tour  in 
1894-5.  Comp.  concerto  f.  pf.  and  orch.  (op. 
1,  B  \)  maj.). 

Fried'lander,  Max,  writer  and  bass  concert- 
singer  ;  b.  Brieg,  Silesia,  Oct.  12,  1852.  Pupil 
of  Manuel  Garcia  (London)  and  Stockhausen 
(Frankfort).  Debut  1880,  at  the  London  Mon- 
day Pop.  Concerts  ;  lived  in  Frankfort  1881-3, 
since  then  in  Berlin.  1S82,  Dr.  pliil.  /ion.  e. 
(Breslau).  Editor  of  the  Peters'  ed.  of  Schu- 
bert's songs  ;  wrote  a  biography  of  Schubert. 

Frie'drich  II.  (der  Grosse).    See  Frederick. 

Fries,  Wulf  (Christian  Julius),  b.  Garbeck, 
Holstein,  Ger.,  Jan.  10,  1825.  Self-taught  vio- 
loncellist ;  played  in  the  Bergen  th.-orch.  from 
1842,  and  at  Ole  Bull's  concerts.  Went  to  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  in  1847  ;  in  1849  was  founded  [by  A. 
Fries  (1.  vln.),  Gerloff  (2.  vln.),  Ed.  Lehmann 
(1.  viola),  Oscar  Greiner  (2.  viola),  and  W.  Fries 
('cello)],  the  Mendelssohn  Quintet  Club,  to  which 
he  belonged  for  23  yeais  ;  later  a  member  of 
the  Beethoven  Q.  Club.  F.  also  figured  in  the 
Mus.  Fund  Society,  and  the  Harvard  Musical  ; 
played  in  trios  with  Rubinstein,  and  still  (1898), 
at  73  years  of  age,  takes  part  in  frequent  con- 
certs all  over  the  New  England  States,  and  gives 
many  lessons.  As  a  thorough  musician  and  fine 
concert-'cellist,  he  has  exercised  a  highly  bene- 
ficial influence. 

Frike.    See  Frick,  P.  J. 

Frim'mel,  Theodor,  b.  Amstetten,  Lower 
Austria,  Dec.  15,  1853.  Student  of  medicine 
and  M.D.  (Vienna).  "  Kustos- Adjunct  "  (asst.- 
custodian)  of  the  Imperial  Library,  Vienna. 
Publ.    2    musico-historical    essavs:    "Beethoven 


194 


FRITZE— FROST 


and  Goethe  "  (18S3),  and  "  Neue  Beethoveniana" 
(1SS7,  with  an  authentic  likeness  of  B.;  2nd  en- 
larged ed.,  1S89). 

Frit'ze,  Wilhelm,  pianist;  b.  Bremen,  Feb. 
17,  1842;  d.  Stuttgart,  Oct.  7,  1881.  Pupil  of 
Sobolevvski,  in  Bremen;  of  Leipzig  Cons. ;  and 
of  Btilow  and  Weitzmann,  Berlin.  After  pia- 
nistic  tours  in  France  and  Italy,  he  lived  in  Glo- 
gau  a  year  (1866),  then  in  Liegnitz  (1S67-77)  as 
cond.  of  the  Singakadentie  ;  then  studied  in  Ber- 
lin under  Kiel,  and  went  to  Stuttgart  in  1879. — 
Works  :  2  oratorios,  Fingal  and  David ;  a  sym- 
phony, "  Die  Jahreszeiten  "  ;  music  to  Faust;  a 
vln. -concerto;  a  pf. -concerto ;  a  Sanctus,  Bene- 
dictus,  and  Agnus  Dei,  f.  soli,  mixed  ch.,  and 
orch. ;  pf. -sonatas  and  other  pes. ;  songs,  part- 
songs,  etc. 

Fritzsch,  Ernst  Wilhelm,  b.  Lutzen,  Aug. 
24,  1840;  pupil  (1857-60)  of  Leipzig  Cons. ;  lived 
several  years  in  Bern,  and  in  1866  took  over  the 
music-publ.g  firm  of  Bomnitz  in  Leipzig,  since 
carried  on  under  his  own  name.  A  warm  advo- 
cate of  progress  in  music,  and  of  Wagner's  ten- 
dencies in  particular,  he  publ.  the  latter's  "  Ge- 
sammelte  Schriften,"  has  edited  the  radical 
"  Musikalisches  Wochenblatt "  since  1S70,  and 
in  1875  started  the  "  Musikalische  Hausblatter." 
By  publishing  the  works  of  rising  composers 
(Rheinberger,  Thierot,  Svendsen,  Grieg,  Corne- 
lius, v.  Herzogenberg,  Riemenschneider,  etc.)  he 
has  practically  promoted  modern  musical  devel- 
opment, lie  is  an  excellent  musician,  and  has 
long  been  a  member  of  the  Gewandhaus  Orch. 

Fro'berger,  Johann  Jakob,  the  most  famous 
German  organist  of  the  17th  cent.;  b.  Halle  (?), 
1605(7);  d.  Hericourt,  Haute-Saone,  France, 
May  7,  1667.  It  seems  probable  that  the  Swed- 
ish ambassador,  passing  through  Halle  (1620  ?), 
was  struck  by  the  beauty  of  F.'s  voice,  and  in- 
duced the  latter  to  go  with  him  to  Vienna,  where 
he  entered  the  Imperial  choir.  It  is  uncertain 
who  his  teacher  was  ;  but  from  Jan.- 1  to  Sept.  30, 
1637,  he  was  court  organist  at  Vienna,  then  re- 
ceiving the  sum  of  200  florins  to  enable  him  to 
study  in  Rome  (1637-41)  under  Frescobaldi.  He 
again  held  the  same  post  at  Vienna  from  1641- 
45,  and  from  1653-7;  after  this  he  made  long 
concert-tours  (to  Paris  and  London),  and  spent 
his  last  years  in  the  service  of  the  Duchesse  Sy- 
bille  of  Wi'irttemberg  at  her  chateau  near  Heri- 
court.— Organ-works:  Toccatas,  fantasias,  can- 
zoni,  fugues,  etc.,  of  which  3  MS.  vol.s  are  in 
the  Vienna  Library ;  in  Berlin  are  2  printed  vol.s, 
"  Diverse  ingegnosissime,  rarissime,  et  non  maj 
piu  viste  curiose  partite  di  toccati,  canzoni,  ricer- 
cari,  capricci,"  etc.  (1693  ;  reprinted  at  Mayence 
in  1695),  and  "  Diverse  curiose  e  rare  partite 
musicali,"  etc.  (1696);  also  a  vol.  of  "  Suites  de 
clavecin"  (n.  d.).  His  comp.s  are  not  palatable 
to  modern  taste.  A  monograph  on  F.  was  publ. 
by  Fr.  Beier  in  Waldersee's  "  Sammlung  musi- 
kalischer  Vortrage "  (Nos.  59  and  60) ;  and  2 
letters  from  Duchesse  Sybille  to  Chr.  Huygens 
concerning    him    were    publ.    by    E.    Schebek 


(Prague,  1874).  A  MS.  preface  to  Fuchs'  the- 
matic catalogue  of  Froberger's  works  (Berlin  Li- 
brary) also  throws  some  light  on  his  career. 

Fro,(h)lich,  Joseph,  b.  Wiirzburg,  May  28, 
1780  ;  d.  there  Jan.  5,  1862.  He  founded  the 
students'  "Akademische  Bande  "  for  vocal  and 
instr.  1  music,  which  became  the  "Akademisches 
Musikinstitut "  in  1S04,  out  of  which  grew, 
later,  the  present  Royal  School  of  Music.  He 
was  director  of  the  Institute  till  185S  ;  and  also 
Mus.  Dir.  of  the  University. — Publ.  a  biography 
of  Abbe  Vogler  ;  a  "  Musiklehre  mit  Anwei- 
sungen  fi'irs  Spiel  aller  gebrauchlichen  Instru- 
mente  "  (in  4  parts)  ;  separate  Methods  for  all 
instruments  ;  a  Vocal  Method  ;  and  numerous 
essays  in  various  papers.  —  Comp.  an  opera, 
Scipio ;  masses,  a  Requiem,  symphonies,  part- 
songs,  songs. 

Fromm,  Emil,  b.  Spremberg,  Niederlausitz, 
Jan.  29,  1S35  ;  pupil  of  Aug.  Wilh.  Bach,  Grell, 
and  Schneider  at  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music 
in  Berlin.  Cantor  in  Kottbus,  1S59  ;  "  Royal 
Mus.  Dir."  in  1S66  ;  org.  at  Flensburg,  1869. 
Founder  and  cond.  of  the  Flensburg  Singverein. 
— Works  :  2  Passion  Cantatas  ;  an  oratorio,  Die 
Kreuzigung  des  Herm  ;  male  choruses,  organ- 
music,  etc. 

Fronti'ni,  F.  Paolo,  b.  Catania,  Aug.  6, 
i860 ;  pupil  of  P.  Platania  at  Palermo,  and 
Lauro  Rossi  at  Naples.  Dramatic  comp. ;  at 
present  Dir.  of  the  Catania  Mus.  Inst. — Operas  : 
Nclla  (Catania,  1881);  3-act  opera-seria  Alalia 
(Bologna,  1S93  ;  succ.) ;  Aleramo  (not  perf.). 
Also  the  oratorio  Sansone  (1SS2),  and  numerous 
songs  and  pf.-pes.  Ricordi  published  his  collec- 
tion of  "  Canti  popolari  siciliani." 

Frosch/auer,  Johann,  an  Augsburg  printer 
(end  of  15th  century),  is  believed  to  have  been 
the  first  to  print  music  with  movable  types  in 
Michael  Keinspeck's  "  Lilium  musicae  planae," 
1498. 

Frost,  Charles  Joseph,  born  Westbury-on- 
Trym,  Eng. ,  June  20,  184S  ;  pupil  of  his  father 
(org.  at  Tewkesbury),  and  of  Geo.  Cooper,  Sir 
John  Goss,  and  Steggall.  From  1865  he  held 
various  appointments  as  org.,  the  last  being  at 
St.  Peter's,  Brockley  (1884) ;  here  he  founded  a 
choral  society  in  1885.  In  1877,  Mus.  Bac;  in 
1S82,  Mus.  Doc,  Cantab.;  since  1880,  also  prof, 
of  organ  at  the  Guildhall  S.  of  Mus.  Has  given 
many  concerts,  recitals,  and  lectures. — Works  : 
By  the  Waters  of  Babylon,  cantata  (1S76); 
Nathan 's  Parable,  oratorio  (1878) ;  Harvest  Can- 
tata (1880)  ;  Psalms  92  and  137,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
organ  ;  Festival  Te  Deura  ;  church-music  ;  a 
symphony;  organ-music  (55  hymn-tune  volun- 
taries, 40  preludes,  27  original  pes.,  a  sonata  in 
A)  :  harmonium-music  ;  songs,  part-songs. 

Frost,  Henry  Frederick,  b.  London,  Mar. 
15,  1848.  In  1856,  chorister  at  St.  George's 
chapel,  Windsor,  assisting  at  all  the  royal  func- 
tions up  to  1S63.  In  1S65,  organ-pupil  of  Seb. 
Hart,  London;  in  the  same  year  he  became  org, 


195 


FROTZLER— FUCIIS 


of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Savoy  (resigned  1891);  was 
prof,  of  pf.  at  the  Guildhall  S.  of  Mus.  1880-8. 
From  1S74,  he  was  critic  for  "  The  Weekly  De- 
spatch ";  from  1877  (with  Prout)  of  "  The  Acad- 
emy," later  of  "  The  Athenaeum, "  and  "  The 
Standard."  Wrote  a  biography  of  Schubert  for 
the  "  Great  Musicians  "  series;  publ.  the  "  Savoy 
Hymn-tunes  and  Chants." 

Frotz'ler,  Carl  ["  Auer  "],  b.  Stockerau, 
Lower  Austria,  Apr.  10,1873.  Of  very  precocious 
development,  he  was  taught  by  his  father  till 
1SS8,  when  he  ent.  the  Vienna  Cons,  (having 
already  comp.  a  grand  mass  in  Bb,  an  offertory, 
and  miscellaneous  pes.  up  to  op.  21),  studying 
until  1891  under  Franz  Krenn.  From  1887-93, 
F.  was  also  org.  at  the  Ffarrkirche,  Stockerau, 
and  chamber-virtuoso  (pf.)  to  Prince  Heinrich 
Reuss  IV.  From  1S93-7,  Kapellm.  to  Count 
Nicolaus  Esterhazy  at  Totis,  Hungary ;  since 
then,  Kapellm.  at  the  City  Th.,  Linz-on-Dan- 
ube. — Works:  3  operas,  A  me  Ida  (Totis,  1894; 
won  prize  of  the  Ger.-Amer.  Opera  Society  in 
Phila.),  Der  Liebesring  (Totis,  [?]),  Mathias 
Corvinus (Pesth,  Royal  Opera,  1896;  publ.  1897); 
3  masses,  several  offertories,  1  symphony,  a 
Scherzo  f.  orch.,  Suite  f.  orch.  (all  MS.)  ;  minor 
pes.  ("Tanzweisen,"  "Valsede  concert,"  f.  pf.); 
a  "  Festmarsch  ";  etc. 

Frugat'ta,  Giuseppe,  pianist  ;  b.  Bergamo, 
May  26,  1S60.  Pupil  of  Ant.  Bazzini  (comp.) 
and  C.  Andreoli  (pf.)  at  Milan  Cons.,  where  he 
is  now  prof.;  also  prof,  at  the  "  Collegio  reale 
delle  Fanciulle." — Pf.- works  (a  trio,  sonata, 
fantasia,  "  Schizzi  di  Valzer,"  Polonaise  de  con- 
cert, 3  morceaux  de  cone,  Moments  poetiques, 
etc.). 

Friih,  Armin  Leberecht,  b.  Miihlhausen, 
Thuringia,  Sept.  15,  1820  ;  d.  Nordhausen, 
Jan.  8,  1894.  He  invented,  in  1857,  the  "  Se- 
meiomelodicon "  (an  apparatus  for  facilitating 
elem.  mus.  instruction,  consisting  of  a  series  of 
note-heads,  which,  when  pressed  by  the  finger, 
produce  notes  of  corresponding  pitch)  ;  he  trav- 
elled to  introduce  his  invention  to  prominent 
musicians,  and  established  a  factory  in  1858,  at 
Dresden,  but  soon  failed.  He  wrote  an  opera, 
Die  Bergknappen  (Berlin,  1S48). 

Fry,  William  Henry,  b.  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
10,  1S13  ;  d.  Santa  Cruz,  Sept.  21,  1864.  Pupil 
of  L.  Meignen  in  harm,  and  cpt.  In  1S45  he 
brought  out  the  opera  Leonora  at  Philadelphia 
and  New  Vork  ;  in  1S63,  Notre  Dame  de  Paris 
(Phila.).  He  also  comp.  the  symphonies  "  Santa 
Claus,"  "The  Breaking  Heart,"  "  Childe  Har- 
old," and  "A  Day  in  the  Country,"  besides  a 
Stabat  Mater,  several  cantatas,  and  many  songs. 
A  journalist  by  profession,  he  was  for  many 
years  the  music  critic  of  the  N.  V.  "  Tribune." 

Fuchs,  Georg  Friedrich,  b.  Mayence,  Dec. 
3,  1752  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  9,  1821.  Pupil  of  Can- 
nabich  at  Mannheim.  A  clarinettist  and  band- 
master at  Zweibri'icken,  he  went  to  Paris  in  1784, 


and  in  1795  was  app.  prof,  of  clarinet  in  the 
Cons. — Compositions  for  wind. 

Fuchs,  Aloys,  born  Raase,  Austrian  Silesia, 
June  6,  1799  ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar.  20,  1853.  A 
collector  of  mus.  MSS.  and  portraits  of  musi- 
cians, and  a  contributor  to  various  periodicals  in 
Vienna  and  Berlin.  His  unique  art-treasures 
were  dissipated  after  his  death. 

Fuchs,  Karl  Dorius  Johann,  distinguished 
pianist,  writer,  and  critic  ;  b.  Potsdam,  Oct.  22, 
1838.  A  pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Hans  v. 
Billow;  later  of  Weitzmann  and  Kiel.  He  took 
the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  at  Greifswald,  his  dis- 
sertation being  "  Praliminarien  zu  einer  Kritik 
der  Tonkunst."  From  1871-5  he  lived  in  Ber- 
lin as  a  concert-pianist,  teacher,  and  critic  ; 
1875-9,  in  Hirschberg  ;  from  1879,  in  Danzig, 
where  he  has  been  org.  at  the  Petrikirche  since 
1886. — Publ.  "  Betrachtungen  mit  und  gegen  A. 
Schopenhauer  "("  Neue  Berl.  Musikzeitung  ")  ; 
"  Ungleiche  Verwandte  unter  den  Neudeu- 
tschen,"  and  "Hellas"  (1868);  "  Virtuos  und 
Dilettant "  (1869) ;  "  Die  Zukunft  des  musikal. 
Vortrags  "  (1S84,  2  parts  ;  Part  III  to  appear)  ; 
"Die  PYeiheit  des  mus.  Vortrags"  (1885); 
"  Praktische  Anleitung  zum  Phrasieren  "  (1S86, 
with  Hugo  Riemann  ;  Engl,  transl.  New  York, 
1892). 

Fuchs,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  Frauenthal, 
Styria,  May  5,  1842  ;  st.  w.  Sechter  at  Vienna  ; 
app.  Kapellm.  of  the  Pressburg  opera  in  1864; 
held  like  positions  at  Cologne,  Hamburg,  Leip- 
zig (Carola  Th.),  and  (1880)  at  the  Vienna  Opera. 
In  1893  he  succeeded  Hellmesberger  provision- 
ally as  Dir.  of  Vienna  Cons.;  in  1894  the  ap- 
pointment was  confirmed. — He  prod,  the  opera 
Zingara  ( Briinn,  1892),  and  arranged  Handel's 
Almira  for  Hamburg,  also  Schubert's  Alfonso 
und  E stella  and  Gluck's  Der  betrogene  Cadi  for 
Vienna. 

Fuchs,  Robert,  brother  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Frauenthal,  Feb.  15,  1S47.  Pupil  of  Vienna 
Cons.;  since  1875  prof,  of  theory  there. — Publ. 
a  symphony  (op.  37,  in  C),  3  interesting  orch.l 
serenades,  a  pf. -concerto,  pf. -trios,  pf. -sonatas, 
sonata  w.  'cello,  2  sonatas  w.  vln.,  string-quartet 
in  E  (op.  58),  a  pf. -quartet,  variations  f.  pf.,  etc. 
His  serenades  f.  string-orch.  are  peculiarly  in- 
teresting. He  has  also  prod.  2  operas  :  The 
3-act  "Spieloper"  Die  Teufelsgloeke  (Leipzig, 
1893  ;  mod.  succ),  and  the  romantic  comic 
opera  Die  Konigsbraut  (Vienna,  1S89  ;  success- 
ful). 

Fuchs,  Albert,  b.  Basel,  Aug.  6,  185S  ;  pupil 
of  Leipzig  Cons.  (1876-9)  ;  from  1880,  mus.  di- 
rector at  Trier  ;  from  1S83-9,  he  lived  at  Ober- 
lossnitz,  near  Dresden  ;  since  18S9,  owner  and 
manager  of  the  Wiesbaden  Cons.,  succeeding 
Taubmann. — Works  :  Hungarian  Suite  f.  orch. ; 
pf. -sonata  in  F  min.;  'cello-sonata;  pf.-pes. ; 
duets,  songs,  etc. 

Fiichs,  Ferdinand  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  11, 
1811  ;  d.  there  Jan.  7,  184S.     A  pupil  of  Vienna 


196 


FUENTES— FURSTENAU 


Cons.,  and  a  popular  song-composer. — 3  operas  : 
Guttenberg  and  Der  Tag  der  Verlobutig  (both 
Vienna,  1S42),  and  Die  Studenten  von  Sala- 
manca  (not  perf.). 

Fuen'tes,  Don  Pasquale,  b.  Albayda,  Va- 
lencia, early  in  the  iSth  century  ;  d.  there  Apr. 
26,  176S,  as  maestro  at  the  cathedral.  Eminent 
church-comp.  (masses,  Te  Deums,  motets,  vil- 
lancicos,  etc.). 

Fuen'tes,  Francisco  de  Santa  Maria  de,  a 

Franciscan  monk  at  Madrid,  publ.  (1778)  a  the- 
oretical treatise,  "  Dialectos  musicos." 

Fuer'tes,  Mariano  Soriano.    See  Soriano. 

Fiih'rer,  Robert,  b.  Prague,  June  2,  1S07  I 
d.  Vienna,  Nov.  28,  1861.  Pupil  of  Vitasek  ; 
org.  at  Strahow  ;  in  1S30,  head-teacher  in  the 
Prague  School  for  Organists  ;  1839-45,  Kapellm. 
at  the  cathedral,  succeeding  Vitasek  ;  then  re- 
sided in  Salzburg,  Gmunden,  Ischl,  and  Vienna. 
— Works  :  20  masses  ;  other  church -music  ; 
organ-pcs.  (preludes,  fugues,  etc.);  theoretical 
works  on  the  organ. 

Fuhr'mann,  Georg  Leopold,  publ.  a  work 
on  the  lute,  "  Testudo  Gallo-Germanica  "  (Nu- 
remberg, 1615).  A  copy  is  in  the  "  Landesbi- 
bliothek"at  Kassel. 

Fuhr'mann,  Martin  Heinrich,  b.  abt.  1670; 
d.  abt.  1736  as  Lutheran  cantor  in  the  Werder 
Gymnasium,  Berlin  (since  1704)  ;  an  admirer  of 
Mattheson,  and  an  eminent  theorist  and  critic. 
He  publ.  a.  series  of  theoretical  and  polemical 
treatises  ;  his  earliest  pedagogical  work  is  "  Mu- 
sikalischer  Trichter,  dadurch  ein  geschickter 
Informator  seinen  Informandis  die  edle  Singe- 
kunst  nach  heutiger  Manier  bald  und  leicht 
einbringen  kann  "  (Frankfort,  1706). 

FumagalTi;  four  brothers,  natives  of  Inzago, 
Italy  :  Disma,  b.  Sept.  28,  1S26  ;  d.  Milan, 
Mar.  9,  1893.  Pupil  of,  and  from  1S57  prof,  in, 
Milan  Cons.  A  prolific  composer  of  pf. -music 
(over  250  numbers). — Adolfo,  b.  Oct.  19,  182S  ; 
d.  Florence,  May  3,  1S56.  Excellent  pianist, 
pupil  of  Gaetano  Medaglia,  and  later  of  Angeleri 
and  Ray  at  Milan  Cons.  (1837-47)  ;  then  under- 
took brilliant  tours  throughout  Italy,  France, 
and  Belgium,  earning  the  sobriquet  of  the  "  Pa- 
ganini  of  the  pianoforte."  He  publ.  a  great 
number  of  elegant  and  effective  pf.-pcs.,  which 
obtained  extraordinary  vogue.  Filippo  Filippi 
wrote  a  sketch  "  Delia  vita  e  delle  opere  di 
Adolfo  Fumagalli  "  (Milan,  Ricordi). — Polibio, 
b.  Oct.  26,  1830.  Pianist  ;  composer  f.  pf.  and 
f.  org.  (fine  organ-sonatas). — Luca,  b.  May  29, 
1837  ;  pupil  of  Milan  Cons.;  fine  concert-pian- 
ist, played  with  great  success  in  Paris  (i860), 
and  has  publ.  much  admired  salon-music  f.  pf.; 
also  prod,  an  opera,  Luigi  XT,  at  Florence, 
1S75. 

Fu'mi,  Vinceslao,  born  Montepulciano,  Tus- 
cany, Oct.  20,  1S23  ;  d.  Florence,  Nov.  20,  1880. 
Pupil  of  Giorgetti  in  Florence  for  violin  and 
theory  :  then  became   an   opera-cond.,    holding 


positions  in  various  Ital.  cities,  also  in  Constan- 
tinople, Montevideo,  and  Buenos  Ayres,  finally 
at  Florence,  in  the  Pagliano  Th.  As  a  cond.  he 
was  renowned  throughout  Italy  ;  his  comp.s 
were  an  opera,  Atala  (Buenos  Ayres,  1862),  a 
solemn  march,  a  symphony,  and  the  orch.l 
works  "  La  siesta  della  Senorita,"  "  All'ombra 
de'  Palmizi,"  and  "  II  sogno  di  Gretchen."  A 
coll.  of  folk-songs,  of  all  times  and  nations,  re- 
mains unfinished. 

Furlanet'to,  Bonaventura  (called  Musin), 
b.  Venice,  Mar.  27,  173S  ;  d.  there  Apr.  6,  1817. 
A  pupil  of  Formenti  and  Rolla,  he  early  began 
composing  and  teaching  ;  was  singing-teacher 
and  conductor  in  the  female  Cons.  "  Ospedale 
della  Pieta,"  for  which  he  wrote  several  oratorios 
and  cantatas  ;  he  was  also  known  as  a  good  org. 
He  became  deputy  maestro  at  S.  Marco  in  1794, 
and  2nd  maestro  in  1797  succeeding  Bertoni  in 
1S10  as  first  maestro.  In  1S11  he  was  also  app. 
prof,  of  cpt.  and  fugue  at  the  Istituto  Filarmo- 
nico.  His  church-comp. s  (in  MS.)  bear  witness 
to  his  ability  as  a  contrapuntist  and  harmonist. — 
Fr.  Caffi  publ.  "Della  vita  e  del  comporre  di 
B.  Furlanetto  "  (Venice,  1820). 

Fur'no,  Giovanni,  b.  Capua,  Jan.  1,  174S  ;  d. 
Naples,  June  20,  1S37.  Studied  from  1755  in 
the  Cons,  di  S.  Onofrio,  Naples,  succeeding  his 
teacher  Cotumacci  as  prof,  of  thorough-bass  ; 
also  taught  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta,  S.  Sebasti- 
ano,  and  (iSo8-35)at  S.  Pietro  aMajella  ;  among 
his  pupils  were  Bellini,  Mercadante,  Conti, 
Costa,  Curci,  Lillo,  Petrella,  Lauro  Rossi,  L. 
and  F.  Ricci,  etc. — Operas:  L'allegria  disturbata 
(1778)  and  LUmpegno  (1783). 

Fursch-Ma'di,  Emmy,  dramatic  soprano;  b. 
Bayonne,  F ranee,  1S47  ;  d.  Warrenville,  Somer- 
set Co.,  N.  J.,  Sept.  20,  1894.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons. ;  her  first  opera-engagement  was  in  Paris, 
when  she  made  a  hit  as  Marguerite  in  Gounod's 
Faust ;  in  Brussels,  soon  after,  she  created  the 
role  of  Aida  at  Verdi's  request.  Visited  America 
in  1S74  with  the  New  Orleans  French  Opera 
Company  ;  sang  at  Covent  Garden  1879-81  ;  at 
N.  Y.  in  the  Acad,  of  Music  and  the  Metropoli- 
tan Opera  House,  where  her  final  appearance 
(Feb.  1894)  was  made  as  Ortrud  in  Lohengrin. 
Both  in  London  and  N.  Y.  she  was  a  prime 
favorite.  Her  chief  roles  were  Lucrezia  Borgia, 
Donna  Anna,  Aida,  Leonora,  Valentine,  etc. 

Fiirst'enau,  Kaspar,  born  Minister,  West- 
phalia, Feb.  26,  1772  ;  d.  Oldenburg,  May  11, 
1 8 19.  Famous  flute-virtuoso,  first  flute  in  the 
Oldenburg  court  orch.  1794-1811. — About  60 
publ.  concertos,  fantasias,  rondos,  etc.,  for  flute. 

Fiirst'enau,  Anton  Bernhard,  son  and  pupil 
of  Kaspar  ;  b.  Miinster,  Oct.  20,  1792  ;  d.  Dres- 
den, Nov.  18,  1852.  Solo  concert-flutist  from 
the  age  of  7  ;  travelled  with  his  father  from 
1S09  ;  settled  (1S20)  in  Dresden  as  chamber-vir- 
tuoso. His  publ.  works  number  about  150,  and 
are  valuable  contributions  to  flute-literature. 


197 


FURSTENAU— GABR1ELI 


Fiirst'enau,  Moritz,  son  of  Anton  ;  b.  Dres- 
den, July  26,  1824  ;  d.  there  Mar.  25,  18S9. 
Flutist  ;  member  of  Dresden  court  orch.  from 
1842  ;  librarian  of  the  musical  section  in  the 
Royal  Library  from  1852  ;  from  1858,  flute- 
teacher  in  the  Cons.  A  profound  student  of 
history,  he  publ.  "  Beitrage  zur  Gesch.  d.  konig- 
lich  sachsischen  mus.  Capelle "  (1849);  "Zur 
Gesch.  d.  Musik  u.  des  Theaters  am  Hof  zu 
Dresden"  (1861-2,  2  vol.s)  [a  Supplement,  by 
Dr.  Hans  v.  Brescius,  entitled  "  Die  Konigl. 
Sachs,  musikalische  Kapelle  von  Reisziger  bis 
Schuch,  1826-98,"  was  publ.  at  Dresden,  1898]  ; 
"  Die  Fabrication  musikalischer  Instrumente  im 
sachsischen  Vogtland "  (1870,  with  Th.  Ber- 
thold) ;  alsoessaysandarticles  in  musical  journals, 
in  "  Mittheilungen  des  kgl.  sachs.  Alterthums- 
vereins,"  in  Mendel's  "  Musikal.  Conversations- 
lexikon,"  etc. 

Fiirst'ner,  Adolf,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  2,  1835  ; 
founded  (1S6S)  a  music-publishing  house  in  Ber- 
lin ;  also  purchased  (1872)  the  business  of  C.  F. 
Meserin  Dresden  (publisher  of  Wagner's  Rienzi, 
Fl.  Hollander,  and  Tannhauser). 

Fux,  Johann  Joseph,  composer  and  learned 
theorist  ;  b.  Hirtenfeld,  Upper  Styria,  in  1660  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Feb.  14,  1741.  Nothing  definite  is 
known  concerning  his  teachers  or  course  of  study. 
In  1696  he  was  app.  org.  at  the  Schottenkirche, 
Vienna  ;  in  1698  he  was  made  court  comp. ;  in 
1704,  Kapellm.  at  St.  Stephen's,  and  asst.-Ka- 
pettm.  to  the  court  in  1713,  succeeding  Ziani  as 
first  Kapellm.  (the  highest  position  attainable  for 
a  musician)  in  1715.  This  office  he  held,  until 
his  death,  under  3  successive  emperors,  and  re- 
ceived many  marks  of  imperial  favor.  1 1  is 
extant  works  number  405  ;  very  few  have  been 
published.  The  one  best  known  is  his  treatise 
on  counterpoint,  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum,"  publ. 
originally  in  Latin  (Vienna,  1725),  since  then  in 
German,  Ital.,  Fr.,  and  Engl.  (1791).  Mozart 
and  Haydn  studied  it  ;  Cherubini  and  Albrechts- 
berger  adopted  its  method,  which  was  sanctioned 
by  Piccinni,  Martini,  and  Vogler  ;  yet  it  did  not 
recognize  the  modern  system  of  tonality  already 
established  when  it  was  issued,  but  was  grounded 
on  the  old  church-modes. — His  compositions  in- 
clude iS  operas  ;  10  oratorios  ;  29  partitas  (among 
them  the  "  Concentus  musico-instrumentalis," 
a  7) ;  overtures  ;  much  sacred  music  :  50  masses 
(the  Missa  canonica  is  a  contrapuntal  master- 
piece); 3  requiems,  2  Dies  ires,  57  vespers  and 
psalms,  etc.,  etc.;  and  38  "sacred  sonatas"  a  3 
(lost). — Biography  by  Kochel :  "  Joh.  Joseph 
Fux"  (Vienna,  1872). 


Ga'briel,  Max;  Kapellm.,  1S90,  in  Residenz 
Th.  at  Hanover  ;  has  prod,  the  3-act  operetta 
Steffen  Langer  (Magdeburg,  1S89  ;  succ.) ;  3-act 
operetta  Der  Freiwerber  (Hanover,  1890;  succ.)  ; 
operetta  Der  Garde-Uhlan  (Breslau,  '92  ;  succ.  ; 
in  Berlin,  1893,  as  Der  Garde-Htisar). 


Ga'briel,  Mary  Ann  Virginia,  composer;  b. 
Banstead,  Surrey,  Eng.,  Feb.  7,  1825  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Aug.  7,  1S77.  A  pupil  of  Pixis,  Dohler, 
Thalberg  and  Molique.  Married  Geo.  E.  March, 
who  wrote  most  of  her  libretti. — Works:  3  can- 
tatas, Evangeline,  Dreamland,  and  Graziella ;  5 
operettas,  Widows  Bewitched,  Grass  Widows, 
Shepherd  of  Comottailles,  Who's  the  Heir  ?  and 
A  Rainy  Day ;  pf.-pes.,  part-songs,  and  many 
songs. 

GabrieTi,  Andrea,  born  Venice  (Canareggio 
quarter),  abt.  1510;  d.  there  1586.  A  pupil  of 
Adrian  Willaert  (the  founder  of  the  Venetian 
school);  chorister  at  S.  Marco  in  1536,  and  in 
1566  succeeded  Claudio  Merulo  as  second  org. 
The  most  eminent  org.  of  his  time,  he  had  many 
distinguished  pupils  :  his  nephew  Giovanni, 
Hans  Leo  Ilassler,  and  Jan  Pieter  Sweelinck[?] 
(founder  of  the  North  German  school  of  organ- 
ists). He  was  a  prolific  comp.,  the  following 
works  being  still  extant  :  Sacrae  cantiones  a  5 
(1565  ;  2nded.  1584)  ;  "  Cantiones  ecclesiasticae" 
a  4  (1576  ;  2nd  ed.  15S9)  ;  "  Cantiones  sacrae  " 
a  6-16  (1578)  ;  masses  a  6  (1570)  ;  2  books  of 
madrigals  a  5-6  (1572  and  1587-88)  ;  3  books  of 
madrigals  a  3-6  (1575,  1582,  1583)  ;  2  books  of 
madrigals  a  6  (1574,  1580;  2nd  ed.  1586); 
"  Psalmi  poenitentiales  6  vocum  "  (1583)  ;  "  Can- 
zoni  alia  franceseper  l'organo  "  (1571  and  1605)  ; 
sonatas  a  5  (1586).  Giovanni  Gabrieli  publ. 
many  of  his  organ-pieces  in  the  "  Intonazioni 
d'organo"  (1593),  "  Ricercari  per  l'organo" 
(1595,  three  vol.s)  ;  also  vocal  music  in  the 
"  Canti  concertati  "  a  6-16  (1587).  Detached 
pieces  are  in  P.  Phalese's  "  Harmonia  celeste  " 
(r593).  "  Symphonia angelica  "  (1594),  and  "  Mu- 
sica  divina "  (1595);  a  sonnet,  in  Zuccarini's 
"  Corona  di  dodeci  sonetti  "  (1586).  Plis  festival 
songs  for  double  chorus,  for  the  reception  of 
Henry  III.  of  France  (1574),  are  in  Gardane's 
"  Gemme  musicali  "  (1587). 

Gabrie'li,  Giovanni,  nephew  and  pupil  of 
Andrea  ;  b.  Venice,  1557  ;  d.  there  Aug.  12,  1612 
or  1613  (on  the  former  date  his  first  position  as 
first  organist  at  S.  Marco,  held  since  1585  as 
Merulo's  successor,  was  taken  by  Giampaulo  Sa- 
vii ;  the  latter  date  is  given  on  his  monument). 
Celebrated  org.  and  teacher  ;  Heinrich  Schiitz 
was  his  pupil.  As  a  composer,  he  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  Venetian  school. — Publ.  works  ; 
"  Madrigali  a  6  voci  o  istromenti "  (1585); 
"  Madrigali  e  ricercari  a  4  voci"  (15S7)  ;  "  Ec- 
clesiasticae cantiones  4-6  vocum  "  (1589)  ;  "  Sa- 
crae symphoniae  "  (a  6-16,  for  voices  or  instru- 
ments, 1597)  ;  "  Symphoniae  sacrae,  lib.  11,6- 
19  voc."  (1615)  ;  "  Canzoni  e  sonate  a  3-22  voci  " 
(161 5).  He  included  ten  pieces  of  his  own  com- 
position in  the  edition  of  the  "  Canti  concertati  " 
(by  Andrea  and  Giovanni  G.)  ;  many  are  in  An- 
drea's "  Intonazioni"  and  "Ricercari  per  l'or- 
gano "  (1593-95)  ;  detached  pieces  in  contem- 
porary coll.s.  Fine  choruses  for  two  and  three 
choirs  (eori  spezzati). —  K.  von  Winterfeld  wrote 


198 


GABRIELI— GADE 


"  Johannes  G.  und  sein  Zeitalter  "  (1834  ;  2  vol.s, 
and  a  vol.  of  music-supplements^. 

Gabrie'li,  Domenico  (called  the  "Meneghino 
del  violoncello"),  b.  Bologna,  abt.  1640;  d. 
there  abt.  1690.  An  excellent  'cellist  ;  for  sev- 
eral years  maestro  at  the  Ch.  of  S.  Petronio,  and 
(1683) president  (J>ri/icipe)oi  the  Philharm.  Acad., 
Bologna.  He  prod.  9  operas  ;  2  at  Bologna  and 
7  at  Venice.  Posthumous  publications:  "  Can- 
tate  a  voce  sola"  (1691),  "  Vexillum  pacis  "  (mo- 
tets f.  viola  sola,  with  instr.l  accomp. ;  1695),  and 
"  Balletti,  gighe,  correnti  e  sarabande "  for  2 
vlns.  and  'cello,  w.  basso  continuo  (2nd  ed. 
I703). 

Gabriel'li,  Catterina,  coloratura  stage- 
singer ;  b.  Rome,  Nov.  12,  1730;  d.  there  in 
Apr.,  1796.  Pupil  of  Padre  Garcia  and  Porpora  ; 
debut  at  Lucca,  1747,  in  Galuppi's  opera  La 
Sofonisba.  She  sang  with  brilliant  success  on 
the  principal  Ital.  stages,  at  Vienna  (1751-65), 
and  St.  Petersburg  (1769)  ;  and  again  in  Italy 
1777-80,  when  she  retired. 

GabrielTi,  Francesca  (called  La  Gabriel- 
lina,  or  La  Ferrarese,  to  distinguish  her  from 
Catterina)  ;  b.  Ferrara,  1755  ;  d.  Venice,  1795. 
Celebrated  prima  donna  buffa,  pupil  of  Sac- 
chini  in  Venice  ;  debut  at  Venice  in  1774  ;  she 
sang  at  Florence,  Naples,  and  London  (1786), 
where  she  spent  some  years  ;  after  which  she 
sang  in  Turin. 

Gabriel'li,  conte  [Count]  Nicol6,  b.  Naples, 
Feb.  21,  1814;  d.  there  June  14,  1891.  Pupil 
of  Buonamici,  Conti,  Donizetti,  and  Zingarelli, 
at  Naples  Cons.;  from  1854  he  lived  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  22  operas  and  60  ballets,  prod,  at  Na- 
ples, Paris,  Lyons,  Vienna,  etc.,  none  of  which 
merit  special  mention. 

GabrieKski,  Johann  Wilhelm,  flutist  ;  b. 
Berlin,  May  27,  1791  ;  d.  there  Sept.  iS,  1S46. 
Pupil  of  A.  Schrock.  In  1814  he  joined  the 
Stettin  theatre-orch.,  and  in  1816  was  app.  royal 
chamber-musician  at  Berlin.  He  made  extended 
concert-tours,  and  wrote  concertos,  quartets, 
trios,  duos  and  solo-pcs.  f.  flute  ;  also  songs. 

Gabrielski,  Julius,  brother  and  pupil  of  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  4,  1806  ;  d.  there  May 
16,  1878.  Excellent  flutist ;  from  1825,  mem- 
ber of  the  Berlin  royal  orch.,  in  which  his  son 
Adolf  is  at  present  first  flute. 

Gabus'si,  Vincenzo,  b.  Bologna,  1800  ;  d. 
London,  Sept.  12,  1846.  Pupil  of  Padre  Mat- 
tei  ;  he  taught  singing  and  pf. -playing,  and 
went  to  London  in  1825.  He  publ.  a  series  of 
songs,  which  won  him  the  sobriquet,  in  Italy,  of 
the  "  nuovo  Schubert."  He  also  prod,  several 
operas. 

Ga'de  [gah'-deh],  Niels  Wilhelm,  b.  Co- 
penhagen, Feb.  22,  1817  ;  d.  there  Dec.  21, 
1890.  The  founder  of  the  Scandinavian  school 
of  music  was  the  only  child  of  a  joiner  and  instru- 
ment-maker. His  natural  bent  for  music  was 
strengthened  by  early  instruction  on  the  violin, 
and  frequent  attendance  at  the  theatre  ;  so  that 


when,  in  his  fifteenth  year,  he  was  set  to  learn  his 
father's  trade,  he  bore  it  only  half  a  year,  then 
declaring  that  he  would  be  nothing  but  a  musi- 
cian. He  was  now  taught  by  Wexschall,  then 
leader  of  the  court  orch.,  of  which  G.  became 
a  member,  and  at  the  age  of  16  was  able  to 
appear  as  a  concert-violinist ;  he  also  received 
instruction  in  theory  from  the  organist  Berg- 
green,  and  eagerly  studied  the  works  of  the 
classics  and  of  the  new  romantic  school.  From 
1S34-39,  he  felt  himself  drawn  more  and  more 
to  composition  ;  most  products  of  this  period, 
however,  were  left  in  MS.  In  1S40  his  overture 
"  Nachklange  von 
Ossian  "  attracted 
general  attention  ;  it 
took  the  1st  prize  at 
the  competition  in- 
stituted by  the  Co- 
penhagen Mus.  Soc. 
in  1S41,  and  won  for 
the  young  composer 
a  royal  stipend  for 
the  further  prose- 
cution of  his  studies. 
In  1842  the  C  min. 
symphony  appeared;  \ 

its    performance    by 

Mendelssohn  (together  with  the  "  Nachklange") 
at  a  Gevvandhaus  concert  insured  Gade  a  favor- 
able reception  in  Leipzig,  whither  he  went  in 
1843,  and  where  he  remained,  after  a  brief 
sojourn  in  Italy,  from  1S44-S.  An  intimate  of 
Schumann  and  Mendelssohn,  his  genius  rap- 
idly expanded  in  a  congenial  atmosphere  ;  he 
repeatedly  conducted  the  Gewandhaus  concerts 
in  Mendelssohn's  absence,  and  succeeded  him 
as  regular  cond.  at  his  death  (Nov.  4,  1S47)  ; 
but  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Schleswig-Holstein 
war,  in  the  spring  of  1848,  he  returned  to  Copen- 
hagen, where  he  thenceforward  remained,  sav- 
ing a  short  visit  to  Birmingham,  in  1876,  to  con- 
duct his  cantatas  Zion  and  The  Crusaders.  At 
Copenhagen  he  assumed  the  conductorship  of 
the  Mus.  Soc,  and  also  a  post  as  org.;  in  1861 
he  succeeded  Glaser  as  court  conductor.  An  in- 
dustrious composer,  the  foremost  among  the 
northern  romanticists,  and  unsurpassed  as  a  con- 
ductor, he  wielded  a  commanding  and  highly 
beneficial  influence  over  musical  affairs  in  and 
far  beyond  the  Danish  capital.  The  title  of 
Prof,  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  King,  and 
that  of  Dr.  phil.  hon.  causa  by  the  Univ.  of  C. ; 
in  1886  he  was  made  a  Commander  in  the  Order 
of  Danebrog.  In  1876  the  Danish  government 
voted  him  a  life-pension.  Despite  more  or  less 
invidious  comparisons  with  Mendelssohn  and 
Schumann,  Gade's  style  has  originality  of  po- 
etic conception,  though  it  has  been  left  to  later 
composers  to  bring  out  in  stronger  relief  the 
specific  traits  of  Scandinavian  folk-music  ;  and 
he  was  a  master  of  the  art  of  instrumentation. 
Autobiographic  "  Aufzeichnungen  und  Briefe," 
edited  by  Dagmar  Gade  (German  transl.,  Basel, 
1893).— Works  : 


199 


GADSBY— GAIL 


Op.  i,  Nachklange  von  Ossian,  orch.l  overture  ;  op. 
2,  Friihlingsblumen,  f.  pf.;  op.  3,  Sange  af  Agnete 
og  Havemanden  (Andersen)  ;  op.  4,  Nordiske  Tone- 
billeder,  pf.  4  hands ;  op.  5,  Symphony  No.  1,  in  C  min.; 
op.  6,  Sonata  No.  1,  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  in  A  ;  op.  7,  Im 
Hochlande,  overt,  f.  orcli.,  in  D  ;  op.  8,  String-quintet 
in  E  min.;  op.  9,  Nine  Lieder  im  Volkston,  f.  2  soprani 
and  pf.;  op.  10,  Symph.  No.  2,  in  E  ;  op.  11,  6  songs  f. 
4-pt.  male  ch.;  op.  12,  Comala,  cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  op.  13,  5  part-songs  f.  S.  A.  T.  B.;  op.  14,  Over- 
ture No.  3,  in  C  ;  op.  15,  Symp.  No.  3,  in  A  min.;  op. 
17,  String-octet  ;  op.  18,  3  Klavierstucke  ;  op.  19,  Aqua- 
rellen  f.  pf.  (2  bks.l  ;  op.  20,  Symphony  No.  4,  in  B  b\ 
op.  21,  Sonata  No.  2,  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  op.  22,  3  Ton- 
stiicke  f.  org.;  op.  23,  Friihlingspliantasie,  cantata; 
op.  25,  Symphony  No.  5,  in  D  min.;  op.  27,  Arabeske 
f.  pf.;  op.  28,  Sonata  f.  pf.,  in  E  min.:  op.  29,  Pf.-trio 
"  Novelletten,"  in  A  min.;  op.  30,  Erlkonigs  Tochter 
(Elverskud),  cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  op.  31, 
Volkstanze,  Phantasiestiicke  f.  pf.;  op.  33,  5  Lieder  f. 
male  chorus;  op.  34,  Idyllen  f.  pf.;  op.  35,  Friih- 
lingsbotschaft,  cantata  ;  op.  36,  Der  Kinder  Christa- 
iend,  f.  pf.;  op.  37,  "Hamlet,"  concert-overture;  op. 
38,  5  songs  f.  male  chorus;  op.  39,  "Michelangelo," 
concert-overture  ;  op.  40,  Die  hcilige  Nacht,  cantata  ; 
op.  41,  4  Fantasiestiicke  f.  pf.;  op.  42,  Pf.-trio  in 
F  ;  op.  43,  Zion,  cantata  ;  op.  45,  Symphony  No.  7,  in 
F  ;  op.  47,  Symphony  No.  8,  in  B  min.;  op.  48,  Katanus, 
cantata  ;  op.  49,  Zion,  cantata  ;  op.  50,  Die  Krenzfahrer 
(Crusaders),  cantata;  op.  53,  Novelletten,  4  pes.  f.  string- 
orch.;  op.  55,  "Sommertag  auf  dem  Lande,"  5  pes.  f. 
orch.;  op.  56,  violin-concerto;  op.  59,  Sonata  No.  3  f. 
vln.  and  pf.;  op.  60,  Psyche,  cantata;  op.  61,  "  Holber- 
giana,"  suite  f.  orch.;  op.  62,  Sonata  f.  vln.  and  pf., 
in  B  b. 

Gadsby,  Henry  Robert,  b.  Hackney,  Lon- 
don, Dec.  15,  1842.  Chorister  at  St.  Paul's, 
1849-58  ;  pupil  of 
Wm.  Bayley,  but 
chiefly  self-taught. 
Org.  at  St.  Peter's, 
Brockley ;  in  1S84 
he  succeeded  Mul- 
lah as  prof,  of  harm, 
at  Queen's  College, 
London  ;  is  also 
prof,  at  the  Guild- 
hall S.  of  M.  A 
leading  English 
co  rap. — Works  : 
Psalm  exxx  ;  sev- 
eral cantatas  {Alice 
Brand j  The  Lord 
of  the  Isles;  Co- 
lumbus; The  Cyclops);  music  to  Alcestis  and 
Andromache  ;  "  Festival  Service"  in  D,  a  8  ;  3 
symphonies  (in  A,  C,  and  D)  ;  overtures  ("  An- 
dromeda," "The  Golden  Legend,"  "The 
Witches'  Frolic  ") ;  orchestral  scene  "  The  For- 
est of  Arden";  a  string-quartet;  Andante  and 
Rondo  f.  fl.  and  pf. ;  services,  anthems,  part- 
songs,  etc. — Publ.  a  "Supplemental  Book  of 
Exercises"  for  sight-singers  ;  and  "  Harmony" 
(1884). 

Gafo'rio  (or  Gafori,  Gafuri,  GafFurio), 
Franchino  (Latinized  "  Franchinus  Gafurius," 
often  simply  "Franchinus"),  celebrated  theo- 
rist ;  b.  Lodi,  Jan.  14,  1451  ;  d.  Milan,  June  24, 
1522.  Intended  for  the  church,  he  studied  the- 
ology and  music  together ;  lived  in  Mantua, 
Verona,  and  (1477)  Genoa  ;  he  formed  an  inti- 
macy with  the  fugitive   Doge  Prospero  Adorno, 


and  fled  with  him  to  Naples.  Here  he  met  va- 
rious distinguished  musicians,  and  held  public 
disputations  with  Filippo  da  Caserta  and  G. 
Spataro.  The  plague  and  the  Turkish  invasion 
drove  him  to  Lodi  ;  he  was  choirmaster  at 
Monticello  for  3  years,  made  a  short  visit  to 
Bergamo,  and  in  14S4  became  singer  and  mas- 
ter of  the  boys  in  Milan  cath.,  and  first  singer 
in  the  choir  of  Duke  Lodovico  Sforza.  In  1435 
he  also  founded  a  music-school  at  Milan,  which 
prospered.  His  writings,  valuable  at  the  period, 
and  still  important  to  musical  history,  were  as 
follows  :  "  Theoricum  opus  harmonicae  disci- 
plinae"  (Naples,  1480;  2nd  ed.  Milan,  1492,  as 
"  Theoria  musicae");  "  Practica  musicae  sive 
musicae  actiones,  in  IV  libris "  (Milan,  1496; 
his  magnum  opus,  with  examples  of  mensural 
notation  in  block-print  ;  other  editions  1497, 
1502,  1512)  ;  "Angelicum  ac  divinum  opus  mu- 
sicae .  .  .  materna  lingua  scriptum  "  (Milan, 
150S)  ;  "  De  harmonia  musicorum  instrumen- 
torum  opus  "  (1518,  Milan,  with  biogr.  of  G.  by 
P.  Meleguli)  ;  "Apologia  Franchini  Gafurii  ad- 
versus  Joannem  Spatarium  et  complices  musicos 
Bononienses  "  (Turin,  1520  ;  a  satirico-polemical 
effort,  dictated  by  the  old  musician's  overween- 
ing vanity  ;  it  added  fuel  to  the  heated  contro- 
versy between  the  Milanese  and  Bolognese 
schools). 

Gaglia'no,  Marco  di  Zano'bi  da,  early 
opera-comp. ;  b.  Florence  (?)  ;  d.  there  Feb.  24, 
1642.  He  was  a  pupil  of  L.  Bali  ;  in  1602  he  be- 
came maestro  at  S.  Lorenzo  in  Florence. — Publ. 
works:  Dafnc,  "opera  in  musica "  (his  most 
important  work  ;  first  played  at  Mantua,  1607  ; 
publ.  Florence,  1608,  and  reprinted,  with  the 
continue  written  out,  by  R.  Eitner  in  vol.  x  of 
the  "  Publikation  alterer  .  .  .  Musikwerke  ")  ; 
Masses  a  5  (Venice,  1579)  ;  "  Responsori  della 
settimana  santa  a  4  voci "  (Venice,  1580;  con- 
sidered his  finest  work)  ;  6  vol.s  of  Madrigals  a 
5  (1602-17)  I  "  Musiche  a  1,  2  e  3  voci"  (Ven- 
ice, 1615,  with  continue). 

Gah'rich,  Wenzel,  b.  Zerchowitz,  Bohemia, 
Sept.  16,  1794;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  15,  1S64.  A 
law-student  in  Leipzig;  he  turned  musician, 
joining  the  Leipzig  theatre-orch.  as  a  violinist, 
and  (1825)  the  royal  orch.  at  Berlin.  His  ballets 
Don  Quichoite,  Die  Insel  der  Liebe,  Die  See- 
rauber,  Aladdin,  etc.,  were  very  successful,  and 
he  was  app.  ballet-master  at  the  court  opera 
(1845-60). — Other  works  :  2  operas  (not  perf.)  ; 
2  symphonies  ;  a  pf.-quartet  ;  a  concertino  f.  via. 
and  orch.;  5  coll.s  of  dances  ;  songs,  etc. 

Gail,  Edmde-Sophie  {nee  Garre),  talented 
comp.;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  28,  1775;  d.  there  July 
24,  1819.  Singing-pupil  of  Mengozzi  ;  made  a 
concert-tour  through  southern  France  and  Spain  ; 
studied  theory  under  Fe'tis,  Perne,  and  Neukomm. 
Sang  in  London,  1816  ;  in  Germany  and  Vi- 
enna, 1818.  Married  the  Greek  prof.  Jean-Bap- 
tiste  Gail. — Operas  :  Les  deux  jaloux  (1813)  ; 
Madem.  de  Launay  a  la  Bastille  (18 13)  ;  Angela 


GALANDIA— GALLIAKD 


(1814,  with  Boieldieu)  ;  La  meprise  (1S14)  ;  La 
serenade  (18 18)  ;  vocal  romances  and  nocturnes. 

Galandia.     See  Garlanuia. 

Galeaz'zi,  Francesco,  b.  Turin,  1758  ;  d. 
Rome  in  Jan.,  iSig.  A  skilful  violinist,  for  15 
years  leader  of  the  concerts  in  the  Teatro  Valle, 
Rome  ;  then  violin-teacher  at  Aseoli.  Publ.  one 
of  the  earliest  known  Methods  for  violin  :  "  Ele- 
menti  teorico-pratici  di  musica,  con  un  saggio 
sopra  l'arte  di  suonare  il  violino  .  .  ."  (Rome, 
1791,  1796,  in  2  parts  ;   Part  I  reprinted  1817). 

Galile'i,  Vincenzo,  celebrated  musicograph, 
father  of  Galileo  Galilei,  the  astronomer  ;  b. 
Florence,  abt.  1533  ;  d.  there  abt.  1600.  A  skil- 
ful lutenist  and  violinist,  and  well-versed  in  an- 
cient Greek  theory,  he  was  a  prominent  member 
of  the  artistic  circle  meeting  at  Count  Bardi's 
house  ;  his  compositions  for  solo  voice  with  lute- 
accomp.  may  be  regarded  as  the  starting-point 
of  the  monody  successfully  cultivated  by  Peri, 
Caccini,  etc.,  the  founders  of  the  "opera  in 
musica."  A  zealous  advocate  of  (soi-disanl) 
Grecian  simplicity  in  contrast  with  contrapuntal 
complexity,  he  publ.  a  "  Discorso  della  musica 
antica  e  della  moderna  "  (Florence,  1581  ;  to  the 
2nd  ed.  [1602]  is  appended  a  polemical  "Di- 
scorso intorno  alle  opere  di  messer  Gioseffo  Zar- 
lino  di  Chioggia,"  which  had  appeared  sepa- 
rately in  1589)  ;  and  "  II  Fronimo,  dialogo  sopra 
l'arte  del  bene  intavolare  e  rettamente  suonare  la 
musica  ..."  (Venice,  15S3  ;  2nd  ed.,  1584)  ; 
all  of  considerable  historical  interest. 

Galin,  Pierre,  b.  Samatan,  Gers,  France, 
1786;  d.  Paris  (?),  Aug.  31,  1821.  He  was 
teacher  of  mathematics  at  the  Lyce'e  in  Bordeaux, 
and  conceived  the  idea  of  simplifying  musical 
instruction  by  a  method  which  he  termed  the 
"  Meloplaste,"  and  explained  in  his  work  "  Ex- 
position d'une  nouvelle  me'thode  pour  l'enseigne- 
ment  de  la  musique  "  (1S18  ;  2nd  and  3rd  ed.  in 
1824  and  1S31).  The  method  attracted  atten- 
tion, found  warm  advocates,  and  attained  con- 
siderable popularity.     [See  Cheve  and  Paris.] 

Gali'tzin  [ga-le- tsen],  Nicolas  Borisso- 
vitch,  a  Russian  prince  who  died  at  Kurski, 
1866.  To  him  Beethoven  dedicated  an  overture 
(op.  124)  and  3  quartets  (op.  127,  130,  132)  ;  they 
also  corresponded  until  the  composer's  death. 
The  prince  wras  an  amateur  of  fine  attainments, 
being  a  skilful  'cellist. 

Gali'tzin,  Georg  (Prince  Galitzin),  son  of  the 
preceding  ;  b.  St.  Petersburg,  1823  ;  d.  there 
in  Sept.,  1872.  He  was  Imperial  Chamberlain. 
As  a  cultivated  musician,  he  established  in  Mos- 
cow, in  1842,  a  choir  of  70  boys;  later  he  also 
maintained  an  orch.,  with  which  he  travelled  in 
Germany,  England,  France,  and  America,  to 
introduce  Russian  music  (more  especially  Glinka's 
and  his  own).  He  wrote  masses,  orchestral 
works,  soli  for  various  instr.s,  choruses,  songs, 
etc. 

Gallay,  Jacques-Francois,  b.  Perpignan, 
Dec.    S,   1795;    d.   Paris,  Oct.,   1S64.     Brilliant 


horn-virtuoso  ;  pupil  (1820-21)  of  Dauprat  in 
Paris  Cons.,  where  he  took  1st  prize.  Player  in 
the  Odeon  and  (1S25)  Th.  Italien  ;  member  of 
the  royal  "  chapelle,"  and  in  1S32  chamber-musi- 
cian to  Louis  Thilippe  ;  in  1S42  he  succeeded 
Dauprat  as  horn-prof,  in  the  Cons. — Works  : 
Horn-quartets,  -trios,  -duos  ;  recreations,  noc- 
turnes, etudes,  and  concertos  f.  horn ;  and  a 
"  Me'thode  complete  de  cor." 

Gallay,  Jules,  b.  Saint-Quentin,  1822 ;  d. 
Paris,  Nov.  2,  1897.  A  wealthy  amateur,  he 
became  a  good  'cello-player  and  a  zealous  student 
of  lutherie  in  all  its  forms.  To  this  study  we 
owe  the  following  valuable  publications  :  "  Les 
Instr.s  a  archet  a  l'Exposition  universelle  de 
1867"  (Paris,  1867)  ;  "  Les  luthiers  italiens  aux 
X\TIe  et  X\TIIe  siecles,  nouvelle  edition  du 
1  Parfait  Luthier '  (la  Chelonomie)  de  l'abbe  Sibire, 
suivie  de  notes  sur  les  maitres  des  diverses  e'coles  " 
(Paris,  1869) ;  a  reprint  of  du  Manoir's  "  Le 
manage  de  la  musique  avec  la  danse,"  with  hist, 
introd.  and  explan.  notes  (Paris,  1S70)  ;  "Les 
instr.s  des  e'coles  italiennes,  catalogue  precede 
d'une  introd.  et  suivi  de  notes  sur  les  principaux 
maitres "  (Paris,  1872).  As  a  member  of  the 
jury  at  Vienna,  1873,  he  edited  the  "  Rapport 
sur  les  instr.s  de  mus."    [a  archei\  (Paris,  1S75). 

GalTenberg,  Wenzel  Robert,  Graf  von,  b. 
Vienna,  Dec.  28,  17S3  ;  d.  Rome,  Mar.  13,  1S39. 
An  amateur  composer  in  early  youth,  studying 
under  Albrechtsberger.  In  1803  he  married 
Countess  Giulietta  Guicciardi  (of  whom  Beetho- 
ven was  enamoured,  and  to  whom  the  Sonata 
Op.  27,  No.  2  is  dedicated).  In  Naples,  shortly 
after,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Barbaja,  a 
theatre-manager,  wrote  for  him  numerous  suc- 
cessful ballets,  and  from  1821-3  was  his  partner 
when  B.  was  director  of  opera  in  Vienna.  He 
attempted  the  management  of  the  Rarntnerthor 
Th.  in  1829,  but  failed,  and  was  obliged  to  re- 
turn to  Italy,  rejoining  Barbaja. — Works  :  About 
50  ballets  ;  a  sonata,  marches,  fantasias,  etc.,  f. 
pf. — On  one  of  his  themes,  Beethoven  wrote  a 
set  of  variations. 

Galle'tius,  Franciscus  (real  name  Francois 
Gallet),  b.  Mons,  Hainault,  toward  the  middle  of 
the  16th  century  ;  contrapuntal  comp.  at  Douai  ; 
publ.  "  Sacrae  cantiones  5,  6  et  plurimum  vocum 
..."  (1586),  and  "  Hymni  communes  Sanc- 
torum  ..."  (1596). 

Galliard,  Johann  Ernst,  b.  Celle,  Hanover, 
in  1687  ;  d.  London,  1749  !  pupil  of  A.  Steffani 
at  Hanover.  A  skilful  oboist,  he  went  to  Lon- 
don, 1706,  as  chamber-mus.  to  Prince  George  of 
Denmark  ;  succeeded  Draghi  as  organist  at 
Somerset  House  ;  and  composed  industriously. 
Besides  the  music  to  numerous  plays,  masques, 
and  pantomimes,  he  wrote  cantatas,  a  Te  Deum, 
a  Jubilate,  anthems,  soli  f.  flute  and  'cello,  etc. ; 
and  set  to  music  the  "  Morning  Hymn  of  Adam 
and  Eve,"  from  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  and 
Hughes'  opera  Calypso  and  Telemachus  (1712). 
He  also  made  some  translations. 


GALLICO— GANASSI 


Gal'lico,  Paulo,  accomplished  pianist  ;  b. 
Trieste,  May  13,  1868.  When  15,  he  gave  a 
recital  at  Trieste  ;  then  st.  at  Vienna  Cons,  un- 
der Julius  Eppstein,  graduating  at  18  with  high- 
est honors — first  prize  (gold  medal),  also  the 
"  Gesellschafts  "-medal.  After  successful  con- 
certs in  Italy,  Austria,  Russia,  Germany,  etc., 
he  settled  in  New  York  in  1892  as  concert-pianist 
and  teacher. — Has  publ.  pf. -pieces  and  songs. 

Galli'culus,  Johannes,  a  Leipzig  contra- 
puntist contemporary  with  Luther  ;  motets  and 
psalms  by  him  are  in  collections  by  Graphaus, 
Petrejus,  and  Rhaw.  He  also  publ.  "  Isagoge 
de  compositione  cantus  "  (1520  ;  the  editions  of 
1538  and  '46  as  "  Libellus  de  comp.  cantus  ";  the 
ed.s  of  1548,  etc.,  again  as  "  Isagoge,"  and  with 
musical  examples  in  block-print). 

Galli-Marie,     Celestine     («/<?     Marie    de 

l'lsle),  b.  Paris,  Nov.,  1840.  Dramatic  mezzo- 
soprano.  Her  father  was  an  opera-singer.  She 
made  her  debut  at  Strassburg,  1859  ;  sang  in 
Toulouse,  i860,  and  in  Lisbon,  1861  (Italian 
opera).  Sang  the  Bohemian  Girl  at  Rouen,  1862, 
with  such  success  that  she  was  immediately  eng. 
for  the  Paris  Opera-Comique.  Debut  there  (1862) 
as  Serpina  in  L.a  Serva  padrona.  She  created 
the  roles  of  Mignon  (1866)  and  Carmen  (1875), 
also  several  others,  singing  in  upwards  of  20 
operas  from  1862-78,  and  again  in  18S3-5. 

Gal'lus,  Jacobus,  a  native  of  Carniola,  whose 
real  name  was  Jacob  Handl  (or  Handl,  Hahnel); 
b.  abt.  1550;  d.  Prague,  July  4,  1591.  Kapellm. 
to  the  Bishop  of  Olmiitz,  later  imperial  Kapellm. 
at  Prague.  As  a  comp.  he  was  an  eminent  con- 
temporary of  Palestrina  and  Orl.  Lassus.  Besides 
detached  pieces  in  Bodenschatz's  "  Florilegium 
Portense,"  Proske's  "  Musica  divina,"  and  coll.s 
of  Schoberlein,  Zahn,  Becker,  Rochlitz,  and 
others,  the  following  printed  works  are  extant  ; 
"  Missae  selectiores  "  (1580,  a  5-8,  four  books), 
"  Musici  operis  harmoniarum,  4,  5,  6,  S  et 
plurium  vocum  "  (1st  part  1586  ;  2nd,  3rd,  1587  ; 
4th,  1590);  "  Moralia  5,  6  et  8  vocibus  concin- 
nata "  (1586)  ;  "  Epicedion  harmonicum  .  .  .  , 
Caspari  Abb.  Zabrdovicensis "  (1589),  "  Har- 
moniae  variae4  vocum"  (1591),  "  Harmoniarum 
moralium  "  [4  voc]  (15S9-90,  3  parts),  "  Sacrae 
cantiones  de  praecipuis  festis  4-8  et  plurium 
vocum  "(1597), ' '  Mottettae  quae  praestant  omnes" 
(1610).  Handel  borrowed  G.'s  motet,  "  Ecce 
quomodo  moritur  Justus,"  for  his  "  Funeral  An- 
them." 

Gal'lus,  Johannes  (Jean  le  Cocq,  Maitre 
Jean,  Mestre  Jhan),  a  Dutch  contrapuntist ; 
d.  before  1543.  He  was  ///.  di  capp.  to  Duke 
Ercole  of  Ferrara.  Many  pieces  were  publ.  in 
coll.s,  and  in  a  vol.  of  motets  printed  by  Scotto 
(1543).  He  was  long  confounded  with  Jhan 
Geko. 

Gal'lus.     See  Mederitsch,  Johann. 

Galup'pi,  Baldassare,  surnamed  il  Bura- 
nel'lo  from  the  island  of  Burano,  n.  Venice,  on 
which    he   was  b.  Oct.    18   [correct],    1706  ;    d. 


Venice,  Jan.  3,  1784.  A  pupil  of  his  father,  a 
barber  and  violin-player  ;  in  1722  he  brought  out 
at  Vicenza  an  opera,  La  fede  nell'  incoslanza, 
which,  though  a  failure,  attracted  attention  to 
his  talent ;  he  now  studied  hard  under  Lotti,  and 
in  1729  prod.  Dorinda  (Venice,  Teatro  S.  An- 
gelo)  with  brilliant  success.  His  forte  was 
comedy-opera,  which  he  cultivated  with  such 
success  as  to  earn  the  title  of  "padre dell'  opera 
buffa."  He  was  also  a  distinguished  player  on, 
and  composer  for,  the  harpsichord.  In  1741  he 
visited  England  ;  from  1762-4  he  was  maestro 
at  S.  Marco,  director  of  the  Cons,  degli  Incura- 
bili,  and  organist  at  various  churches.  From 
1765-8  he  acted  as  maestro  to  the  Russian  court 
(Catherine  II.);  then  resuming  his  post  as  direc- 
tor of  the  Incurabili  at  Venice.  His  54  operas 
are  now  obsolete.  He  also  wrote  oratorios,  a  can- 
tata, and  other  sacred  music  (all  in  MS.)  ;  one 
fine  sonata  for  harpsichord  is  included  in  Pauer's 
"  Alte  Klaviermusik." 

Gamba'le,  Emmanuele,  Milanese  music- 
teacher,  wrote  "  La  riforma  musicale  ..." 
(1840),  advocating  a  basic  scale  of  12  semitones 
(Ger.  transl.  by  Haser,  1S43)  ;  this  "  reform  "  he 
practically  exemplified  in  his  "  La  prime  parte 
della  riforma  musicale  ..."  (1846),  wherein  are 
etudes  written  out  in  his  new  notation.  He  transl. 
Fetis'  work  on  Harmony  into  Italian. 

Gambi'ni,  Carlo  Andrea,  pianist  ;  b.  Genoa, 
Oct.  22,  1819  ;  d.  there  Feb.  14,  1865. — Over 
150  works,  among  them  4  operas  ;  an  oratorio  ; 
La  Passione  (by  Manzoni)  f.  4-part  ch.  and 
orch.;  a  symphonic  ode,  "  Cristoforo  Colombo"; 
masses  and  other  church-music  ;  many  pf.-pes., 
a  pf.-trio,  etc. 

Gamuc'ci,  Baldassare,  b.  Florence,  Dec. 
14,  1S22  ;  d.  there  Jan.  S,  1S92.  Pupil  of  C. 
Fortini  (pf.)  and  L.  Picchianti  (comp.).  In  1S49 
he  founded  the  "  Societa.  Corale  del  Carmine," 
which  later  became  the  "  Scuola  Corale  "  of  the 
Mus.  Inst,  at  Florence,  G.  still  remaining  direc- 
tor.— Works  :  Masses,  a  requiem,  psalms,  etc., 
and  pf.-pes.;  also  publ.  "  Intorno  alia  vita  ed 
alle  opere  di  Luigi  Cherubini  ..."  (Florence, 
1869);  "  Rudimenti  di  lettura  musicale  .  .  .  ," 
several  times  reprinted  ;  many  essays  for  the  re- 
ports of  the  Institute,  one  of  special  interest 
being :  "  Perche  i  greci  non  conoscevano  la 
molteplicita.  delle  voci";  also  contributions  to 
various  mus.  journals. 

Ganas'si,  Silvestro,  b.  Fontego,  n.  Venice, 
about  1500,  and  hence  named  "del  Fontego," 
wrote  two  rare  and  valuable  works  :  "  La  Fonte- 
gara,  la  quale  insegna  di  suonare  il  flauto  ..." 
(Venice,  1535  ;  is  a  method  for  the  7-holed  Jiiite- 
a-oec,  and  explains  the  graces)  ;  and  "  Regula 
Rubertina  che  insegna  suonare  de  viola  d'arco 
tastada  "  (1542-3,  in  2  parts  ;  a  Method  f.  viola 
and  bass-viol).  Both  were  printed  by  G.  himself  ; 
only  one  copy  of  each  is  extant  (in  the  Liceo 
Filarmonico  at  Bologna). 


GAND— GARAUDE 


Gand,  Ch. -Nicolas-Eugene,  b.  about  1826; 
d.  Boulogne-sur-Seine,  Feb.  6,  1892.  Renowned 
violin-maker. 

Gandillot,  Leon,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  25,  1862.  A 
writer  of  comedies  and  composer  of  vaudevilles 
for  minor  Parisian  stages  ;  his  last  pieces,  the 
vaudeville  La  Tortue  (1897,  Paris)  and  a  3-act 
vaudeville  Madame Jalouette (Paris,  Dec,  1897), 
have  been  fairly  successful. 

Gandi'ni,  Antonio,  b.  Modena,  Aug.  20, 
1786  ;  d.  Formigine,  Sept.  10,  1842.  Pupil  of 
Mattei  in  Bologna.  From  1814-42  he  was 
maestro  to  the  Ducal  Court  at  Modena,  and 
wrote  3  operas  and  several  cantatas. 

Gandi'ni,  Alessandro  (cav.),  b.  Modena, 
1807  ;  d.  there  Dec.  17,  1S71.  Taught  by  his 
father,  Antonio  G.,  and  in  1828  brought  out  his 
first  opera,  Demetrio,  which  was  followed  by  7 
more.  In  1842  he  succeeded  his  father  as  maestro 
to  the  Duke  of  Modena.  lie  wrote  a  "  History 
of  the  Theatres  of  Modena  from  1539  to  1871  " 
(Modena,  1S73  ;  3  vol.s),  augmented  by  a  fourth 
vol. — 1875-83 — compiled  by  Ferrari-Moreni  and 
Tardini  (Modena,  1SS3). 

Ganne,  Louis-Gaston,  born  Buxieres-les- 
Mines,  Allier,  Apr.  5,  1862.  Pupil  of  Th.  Du- 
bois and  CI.  Franck  at  Paris  Cons. ;  a  popular 
composer  of  ballets,  pantomimes,  and  divertisse- 
ments ;  also  the  vaudev.  Tout-Paris  (1S91),  a 
comic  opera  Rabelais  (1892),  and  the  vaudev.  - 
operetta  Les  colics  des  femmes  (1893).  He  has 
publ.  about  50  light  pf.-pes. ,  a  dozen  for  4  hands, 
numerous  songs  much  in  vogue,  etc.  He  is  chef 
d'orcliestre  of  the  balls  at  the  Opera,  and  1st  chef 
d'orchestre  at  the  municipal  Casino  at  Royan. 

Gans'bacher,  Johann,  born  Sterzing,  Tyrol, 
May  8,  1778  ;  died  Vienna,  July  13,  1844.  1° 
early  youth  he  learned  singing,  the  organ,  piano, 
'cello,  and  harmony;  in  1S01,  at  Vienna,  he  stud- 
ied under  Abbe  Vogler  and  Albrechtsberger,  and 
then  devoted  himself  to  composition.  He  visited 
Prague,  and  (1S09)  Dresden  and  Leipzig ;  in 
1 8 10,  resumed  study  under  Vogler,  at  Darmstadt, 
Weber  and  Meyerbeer  being  his  fellow-pupils 
and  friends  ;  with  Weber  he  went  to  Mannheim 
and  Heidelberg,  and  rejoined  him  later  in 
Prague.  In  Vienna  G.  also  met  Beethoven.  He 
served  in  the  war  of  1813,  led  a  roving  life  for 
several  years,  and  finally  (1823)  settled  in  Vienna 
as  Kapellm.  of  the  cathedral  (Stephankirche),  as 
Preindl's  successor.  His  216  comp.s  show  little 
originality,  but  solid  workmanship.  Only  2 
masses,  2  requiems,  and  several  small  church- 
works,  also  3  terzettos  f.  2  S.  and  T.,  Schiller's 
Erwartung,  and  some  pf. -sonatas  and  trios,  have 
been  publ.  Besides  15  other  masses,  and  2  other 
requiems,  2  Te  Deums,  offertories,  etc.,  he  wrote 
a  symphony,  serenades,  marches,  concerted  pes., 
pf.-pes.,  a  "  Liederspiel,"  music  to  Die  Kreuz- 
fahrer  (by  Kotzebue),  songs,  etc. 

Gant'voort,  Arnold  J.,  b.  Amsterdam,  Hol- 
land, Dec.  6,  1857.  Went  to  America  in  1876  ; 
gave  private  lessons,  and  taught  in  various  col- 


leges (Bowling  Green,  Ky. ;  Oxford,  O.;  Piqua, 
O.);  in  1894,  head  of  dept.  for  prep,  public-school 
music-teachers,  Coll.  of  Mus.,  Cincinnati.  Has 
publ.  a  series  of  music-readers  for  public-school 
children.  Pres.t  Ohio  Mus. -Teachers'  Assoc. 
1S91-4. 

Ganz,  Adolf,  b.  Mayence,  Oct.  14,  1796  ;  d. 
London,  Jan.  n,  1870.  Violinist;  1819,  cond. 
at  Mayence  ;  1S25,  Kapellm.  to  the  Grand  Duke 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt. — Of  his  2  sons,  Eduard 
(b.  Mayence,  1S27  ;  d.  1869)  was  a  pianist,  pupil 
of  Thalberg  ;  and  Wilhelm  (b.  Mayence,  Nov. 
°i  J^S),  also  a  pianist,  a  pupil  of  Eckert  (Ber- 
lin) and  Anschiitz  (Koblenz),  is  prof,  at  the  Lon- 
don Guildhall  ttch.  of  M. ;  he  conducted  the 
"Ganz"  orchestral  concerts  in  London  from 
1879-82,  and  has  comp.  fashionable  salon-pcs. 
f.  pf. 

Ganz,  Moritz,  'cellist,  brother  of  Adolf  ;  b. 
Mayence,  Sept.  13,  1806  ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  22, 
1S68  ;  joined  the  Berlin  court  orch.  in  1S27  as 
first  'cello.  An  excellent  player,  he  has  written 
good  'cello-music  (concertos,  fantasias,  trios, 
duets,  etc.). 

Ganz,  Leopold,  violinist,  brother  of  Adolf, 
b.  Mayence,  Nov.  28,  1S10  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  15, 
1S69.  After  concert-tours  with  Moritz,  he  joined 
with  him  the  Berlin  court  orch.  in  1S27,  obtain- 
ing the  title  (1836)  and  position  (1S40)  of  Con- 
certmeisier  (leader).  Publ.  duos  f.  vln.  and 
'cello. 

Garat,  Pierre-Jean,  famous  concert-singer 
and  teacher  ;  b.  Ustaritz,  Basses-Pyrenees,  Apr. 
25,  1764;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  1,  1S23.  His  remark- 
able talent  discovered  itself  early,  and  he  had 
lessons  in  singing  from  Franz  Beck  in  Bordeaux, 
whither  the  family  had  removed ;  but  his  father 
wished  him  to  become  a  lawyer,  and  sent  him  to 
the  Univ.  of  Paris  in  1780.  Music,  however, 
had  far  greater  attractions  than  the  law  ;  G.  neg- 
lected his  legal  studies,  and  fell  out  with  his  fa- 
ther, but  was  happily  aided  by  the  Count  d'Ar- 
tois,  who  made  him  his  private  secretary  and  in- 
troduced him  to  Marie  Antoinette,  whose  special 
favor  he  enjoyed  up  to  the  Revolution.  Now 
obliged  to  earn  his  livelihood  as  a  concert-singer, 
he  accomp.  Rode  to  Hamburg  ;  after  great  suc- 
cesses, they  returned  to  Paris  in  1794,  and  G. 
sang  (1795)  at  the  Feydeau  Concerts,  where  his 
triumphs  speedily  procured  him  a  professorship 
of  singing  in  the  newly-opened  Cons.  For  20 
years  longer,  his  wonderful  tenor-baritone  voice, 
trained  to  perfection  in  coloratura,  and  of  re- 
markable compass,  rendered  him  the  foremost 
singer  on  the  French  concert-stage  in  every  de- 
partment of  vocal  music.  Nourrit,  Levasseur, 
and  Ponchard,  were  his  pupils. 

Garaude,  Alexis  de,  b.  Nancy,  Mar.  21, 
1779;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  23,  1S52.  He  studied  the- 
ory under  Cambini  and  Reicha,  and  singing  un- 
der Crescentini  and  Garat  ;  was  a  singer  in  the 
imp.  (later  royal)  choir  from  1808-30,  and  prof, 
of  singing  in  the  Cons,  from  1816-41. — Publ.  3 


203 


GARBRECHT— GARGIULO 


string-quintets,  many  ensemble-pieces  f.  vln.,  fl., 
cl.,  and  'cello,  sonatas  and  var.s  f.  pf. ,  a  solemn 
mass,  solfeggi,  vocalises,  arias,  duets,  songs, 
etc. ;  also  a  "  Methode  de  chant "  (1809,  op.  25  ; 
2nd  revised  ed.  as  "  M.  complete  de  chant,"  op, 
40)  ;  "  Solfege,  ou  methode  de  musique  "  ;  "  Me- 
thode complete  de  piano";  and  "  L'harmonie 
rendue  facile,  ou  theorie  pratique  de  cette  sci- 
ence "  (1S35). 

Gar'brecht,  Fr.  F.  W.  (d.  1S75),  founded 
at  Leipzig  (1862)  an  establishment  for  engraving 
and  printing  music,  which  has  been  owned  by 
Oskar  Brandstatter  since  1880. 

Gar'cia  [gar'-shah],  Don  Francisco  Sa- 
verio  (Padre  Garcia,  called  in  Rome  "  lo  Spa- 
gnoletto"),  b.  Nalda,  Spain,  1731  ;  d.  Saragossa, 
Feb.  26,  1S09.  He  lived  for  some  years  in  Rome 
as  a  student  and  singing-teacher;  in  1756  he 
was  app.  maestro  at  Saragossa  cath.  A  prolific 
and  influential  church-comp.,  his  works  show  a 
marked  contrast  to  the  fugal  style  prevailing  be- 
fore, being  more  natural  and  simple.  He  wrote 
masses  and  motets,  chiefly  in  8  parts.  His  most 
noted  pupil  was  Caterina  Gabrielli. 

Gar'cia,  Manuel  del  Popolo  Vicente,  fa- 
mous tenor,  singing-teacher,  and  dram,  comp.; 
b.  Sevilla,  Jan.  22,  1775  ;  d.  Paris,  June  2,  1832. 
A  chorister  in  Sevilla  cath.  at  6,  he  was  taught 
by  Ripa  and  Almarcha,.and  at  17  was  .already 
well  known  as  a  singer,  comp.,  and  conductor. 
After  singing  in  Cadiz,  Madrid,  and  Malaga,  he 
proceeded  (1806)  to  Paris,  and  sang  to  enthusi- 
astic audiences  at  the  Theatre  Italien  (Opcra- 
Bouffe)  ;  in  1809,  at  his  benefit,  he  sang  his  own 
monodrama  El  pacta  calculista  with  extraor- 
dinary success.  In  Italy,  from  1811-16,  he  pro- 
fited by  Auzani's  advice,  and  improved  his  style 
of  singing  by  adopting  the  old  Italian  method. 
In  1812  Murat  app.  him  chamber-singer.  On 
his  return  to  Paris,  his  disgust  at  the  machina- 
tions of  Catalani,  the  manageress  of  the  Th. 
Italien,  caused  him  to  break  his  engagement  and 
go  to  London  (18 17),  where  his  triumphs  were 
repeated.  From  1819-24  he  was  again  the  idol 
of  the  Parisians  at  the  Th.  Italien  ;  sang  as  first 
tenor  at  the  Royal  Opera,  in  London,  1824-5, 
and  in  this  latter  year  embarked  for  New  York 
with  his  family  (wife,  son  Manuel,  and  daughter 
Maria  [MalibranJ),  and  the  distinguished  artists 
Crivelli  fils,  Angrisani,  Barbieri,  and  Rosich  ; 
from  Nov.  29,  1825,  to  Sept.  30,  1826,  they  gave 
79  performances  at  the  Park  and  Bowery  Thea- 
tres, with  evident  artistic  and  apparent  pecuniary 
success.  The  troupe  then  spent  18  months  in 
Mexico,  when  G.  returned  to  Paris,  and  after 
some  reappearances  as  a  singer,  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  teaching  and  composition.  His  operas 
comprise  17  in  Spanish,  18  in  Italian,  and  8  in 
French,  besides  a  number  never  performed,  and 
numerous  ballets  ;  they  are  all  quite  forgotten. 
He  was  a  preeminently  successful  teacher  ;  his 
two  daughters,  Mine.  Malibran  and  Mme.  Pau- 
line Viardot-Garcia,  Ad.  Nourrit,  Rimbault,  and 
Favelli  were  a  few  of  his  best  pupils. 


Gar'cia,  Manuel,  distinguished  vocal  teacher, 
son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Madrid,  Mar.  17,  1805, 
still  living  (1899).  Intended  for  a  stage-singer 
(bass),  he  went  to  New  York  with  his  father, 
but  in  1829  adopted  the  vocation  of  a  singing- 
teacher  (in  Paris)  with  conspicuous  success.  An 
exponent  of  his  father's  method,  he  also  care- 
fully investigated  the  functions  of  the  vocal  or- 
gans ;  invented  the  laryngoscope,  for  which  the 
Konigsberg  Univ.  made  him  Dr.  phi/.  lion. 
causa.  In  1S40  he  sent  to  the  Academy  a 
"  Memoire  sur  la  voix  humaine,"  a  statement  of 
the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  various  investi- 
gators, with  his  own  comments.  He  was  app. 
prof,  at  the  Cons,  in  1847,  but  resigned  in  1850 
to  accept  a  similar  position  in  the  London  R.  A. 
M.  Among  G.'s  pupils  were  his  wife,  Eugenie, 
Jenny  Lind,  Henriette  Nissen,  and  Jul.  Stock- 
hausen.  His  "  Traite  complet  de  l'art  du 
chant"  was  publ.  in  1S47  ;  a  German  ed.,  by 
Wirth,  appeared  soon  after. 

Gar'cia,  Eugenie  (n/e  Mayer),  wife  and 
pupil  of  preceding  ;  b.  Paris,  1818  ;  d.  there  Aug. 
12,  1880.  Soprano  stage-singer ;  for  several 
years  in  Italian  theatres,  then  (1S40)  at  the 
Opera-Com.,  Paris  ;  1842  in  London  ;  finally, 
separated  from  her  husband,  she  lived  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher at  Paris. 

Gar'cia,  Marie-Felicite.     See  Malibran. 

Gar'cia,  Mariano,  b.  Aoiz,  Navarra,  July  26, 
1809.  Director  of  the  Tampluna  School  of 
Music,  and  a  noteworthy  composer  of  church- 
music. 

Garcin,  Jules  -  Auguste  -  Salomon,  born 
Bourges,  July  II,  1830;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  10,  1896. 
Violinist;  pupil,  in  Paris  Cons.,  of  Clavel  and 
Alard,  also  of  Bazin  (harm.)  and  A.  Adam 
(comp.).  In  1856  he  joined  the  Grand  Opera 
orch.,  becoming  first  solo  violin  and  3rd  cond. 
in  1871  ;  in  1882,  2nd  cond.  of  the  Cons.  Con- 
certs (succeeding  Altes)  ;  and  was  first  cond. 
(succeeding  Deldevez)  from  1SS5-92.  From 
1890,  also  prof,  of  vln.  at  the  Cons.,  as  Mas- 
sart's  successor. — Works  :  A  suite  symphonique 
f.  orch.,  op.  25  ;  a  concertino  f.  via.;  a  concerto 
and  other  pes.  f.  vln.;  etc. 

Garda'no,  Antonio  (up  to  1557  he  wrote  his 
name  Gardane),  b.  after  (?)  1500;  d.  Venice, 
1 571  (?).  One  of  the  earliest  and  most  cele- 
brated Italian  music-printers  ;  from  1537  he  re- 
printed many  current  publications,  as  well  as  im- 
portant novelties,  and  compositions  of  his  own  ; 
e.g.,  "  Mottetti  del  frutto  "  (1539)  and  "  Canzoni 
francesi"  (1564).  After  1571  his  2  sons  Ales- 
sandro  and  Angelo  carried  on  the  business  till 
1575,  when  the  former  set  up  for  himself  in 
Rome,  while  the  latter  remained  in  Venice  till 
his  death  (1610)  ;  his  heirs  continued  publishing 
under  his  name  till  1650. 

Gargiu'lo,  (Chevalier)  Enrico,  mandolinist  ; 
b.  Bari,  Italy,  Mar.  31,  1865  ;  son  of  the  noted 
operatic  baritone  Eugenio  Gargiulo,  who  was 
also,  his  first  teacher.      Trained  later  by  Adreano 


204 


GARIBOLDI— GASPARO   DA   SALO 


Galante  and  Bellisario  (mandolin),  and  D.  Burgio 

(harm.). 

Garibol'di,  Giuseppe,  flutist  and  comp. ;  b. 
Macerato,  Italy,  Mar.  17,  1833.  Lived  many 
years  in  Paris,  as  a  concert-player,  and  publ. 
numerous  pes.  f.  fl.  and  pf. ,  and  fl.  solo.  He 
also  brought  out  3  operettas,  and  wrote  songs. 

Garlandia,  Johannes  de,  French  writer, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  plain  song  and  mensural 
music  (abt.  1210-32),  2  versions  of  which  were 
printed  by  Coussemaker  in  his  "  Scriptores," 
vol.  i. 

Gamier,  Francois-Joseph,  oboist;  b.  Lauris, 
Vaucluse,  1759  ;  d.  there  abt.  1825.  Pupil  of 
Sallantin  at  Paris  ;  in  177S  second,  in  1786  first 
oboe  at  the  Grand  Opera. — Publ.  3  oboe-concer- 
tos ;  2  symphonies  concertantes  f.  2  oboes  ;  1  do. 
f.  flute,  ob.,  and  bssn.;  6  duos  f.  ob.  and  vln. ; 
and  a  "  Melhode  pour  le  hautbois  "  (recent  Ger- 
man ed.  transl.  by  P.  Wieprecht). 

Garrett,  George  Mursell,  b.  Winchester, 
England,  June  8,  1S34  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Apr.  S, 
1897.      A    pupil    of 


Elvey  and  Wesley, 
he  was  asst.-org.  at 
Winchester  cath. 
185 1 -4  ;  org.  of 
Madras  cath., 
1854-6  ;  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge, 
in  1857  ;  org.  to  the 
Univ.,  1873,  suc- 
ceeding Hopkins. 
Took  degree  of  Mus. 
Bac.  1S57,  of  Mus. 
Doc.  1867  ;  also  re- 
ceived the  degree  of 
M.  A.  propter  me- 
rita  in  1S78.  From  1883,  Univ.  Lecturer  on 
harm,  and  cpt.  ;  he  was  Examiner  in  Mus.  for 
Cambridge  Univ.,  cond.  of  St.  John's  Coll.  Mus. 
Soc,  and  solo  pianist  at  its  concerts  ;  also  F.  R. 
C.  O. ,  and  member  of  Philharm. — Works  :  Ora- 
torio The  Shunammite  (1882)  ;  5  cantatas,  4 
services,  and  other  church-music  ;  part-songs, 
songs,  organ-pes.,  etc. 

Gart'ner,  Joseph,  b.  Tachau,  Bohemia,  1796; 
d.  Prague,  May  30,  1S63.  Organ-builder  at 
Prague.  Publ.  ' '  Kurze  Belehrung  iiber  die  innere 
Einrichtung  der  Orgeln  ..."  (1832  ;  2nd  ed. 
1841). 

Gaspar  van  Weer'beke,  b.  Oudenaerde, 
Flanders,  abt.  1440  ;  d.  there  (?).  An  eminent 
contrapuntist,  master  of  singing  to  the  Duke  of 
Milan  till  1490,  when  he  returned  to  his  native 
town.  His  works  (masses,  motets,  and  lamen- 
tations) are  found  in  publications  of  the  time,  and 
in  the  Papal  Library. 

Gaspa'ri,  Gaetano,  historiographer  ;  b.  Bo- 
logna, Mar.  14,  1807  ;  d.  there  Mar.  31,  1881. 
Entered  the  Liceo  Musicale  in  1820  (pupil  of  B. 
Donelli)  ;  took  1st  prize  in  comp.  in  1827,  and 
was  made  honorary  maestro  of  the  institution  in 


182S.  Until  1836  he  was  m.  di  capp.  at  Cento, 
and  then  for  a  brief  space  at  Imola,  leaving  this 
position  to  aid  his  old  teacher  Donelli  ;  on  the 
latter's  death  (1S39),  instead  of  succeeding  him, 
G.  was  app.  merely  prof,  of  solfeggio  (1840)  ;  not 
until  1855  did  his  sterling  merit  win  him  the 
post  of  Librarian  to  the  Liceo,  and  prof,  of 
aesthetics.  In  1857  (to  1866)  he  also  became  m. 
di  capp.  at  the  Church  of  S.  Petronio.  His 
growing  influence  as  an  authority  on  music  led 
to  his  appointment,  in  1S66,  as  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Deputation  for  historical  research  in  Ro- 
magna,  and  to  him  was  assigned  the  report  on 
the  musicians  of  Bologna.  Thenceforward  he 
devoted  himself  to  historical  research. — Writ- 
ings :  "  Richerche,  document!  e  memorie  ri- 
sguardanti  lastoria  dell'arte  musicale  in  Bologna" 
(1867)  ;  "  Ragguagli  sulla  cappella  musicale 
della  Basilica  di  S.  Petronio  in  Bologna  "  (1S69)  ; 
"  Memorie  .  .  .  dell'arte  mus.  in  B.  al  XVI 
secolo"  (1875).  Among  his  excellent  comp.s 
may  be  mentioned  masses,  a  Miserere  in  2  parts 
w.  small  orch.,  a  Miserere  mei  Deus  a  5,  w. 
organ,  and  an  Ave  Maria  f.  children's  voices, 
w.  pf. 

Gaspari'ni  (or  Guasparini),  Francesco,  b. 
Camaiore,  n.  Lucca,  Mar.  5,  1668  ;  d.  Rome, 
April,  1737.  Pupil  of  Corelli  and  Tasquini  in 
Rome,  where  he  taught  for  a  time,  and  became 
(abt.  1700)  director  of  music  at  the  Cons,  della 
Pieta,  Venice.  In  1735  he  was  app.  m.  di  capp. 
at  the  Lateran,  Rome.  Between  1702-30  he 
prod.  abt.  40  operas  at  Venice,  Rome,  Vienna, 
etc.,  with  great  success  ;  he  also  wrote  masses, 
motets,  cantatas,  psalms,  an  oratorio  Moses,  etc. 
His  chief  work  was  a  Method  of  thorough-bass 
playing,  "  L'Armonico  pratico  al  cembalo  .  .  ." 
(Venice,  1683  ;  7th  ed.,  1802),  used  in  Italy  for 
nearly  200  years.  His  most  famous  pupil  was 
Benedetto  Marcello. 

Gaspari'ni,  Michelangelo,  celebrated  con- 
tralto singer  and  dramatic  comp. ;  b.  Lucca, 
1685  ;  d.  Venice,  1732.  A  pupil  of  Lotti,  he 
devoted  himself  to  vocal  teaching,  and  founded 
a  famous  singing-school  at  Venice  (Faustina 
Bordoni  was  his  pupil).  He  brought  out  5 
operas  in  Venice. 

Gaspari'ni,  Don  Quirino,  'cellist  and  com- 
poser ;  from  1749-70,  m.  di  capp.  at  the  Turin 
court,  and  (1776)  maestro  at  the  cathedral. 
Wrote  a  Stabat  Mater,   motets,  string-quartets. 

Gaspa'ro  da  Said,  family-name  Bertolotti, 

b.  Salo  (prov.  of  Brescia,  Italy),  abt.  1542  ;  d. 
Brescia  (?),  1609.  He  came  to  Brescia  abt. 
1563,  and  settled  there  as  a  maker  of  viols,  viole 
da  gamba,  and  contrabass  viols,  which  gained 
much  celebrity  ;  his  violins  were  not  so  good. 
He  is  credited  with  having  modernized  the  form 
of  the  violin,  giving  the  /-holes  their  present 
shape,  also  its  graceful  curve  to  the  scroll,  and 
prolonging  and  sharpening  the  4  corners  of  the 
bouts.  His  pupils  were  his  first-born  son, 
Francesco  ;  Giovan  Paolo  Maggini ;  and  Giacomo 


205 


GASSIER— GAUDENTIOS 


Lafranchini.      Dragonetti's  favorite  double-bass 
was  an  altered  viola  coiitrabbassa  of  Gasparo's. 

Gassier,  L.-Edouard,  dramatic  baritone ; 
b.  France,  1822  ;  d.  Havana,  Dec.  18,  1871. 
Debut  at  the  Opera-Comique,  Paris,  1845  ;  he 
sang  in  Italy  ;  married  (1848)  the  Spanish  singer 
Jose  fa  Fernandez  [d.  Madrid,  Oct.  8,  1866], 
with  whom  he  sang  successfully  at  Madrid,  Bar- 
celona, and  Sevilla,  then  (1854)  at  the  Th.  Italien, 
Paris,  and  in  London  and  Moscow. 

Gass'mann,  Florian  Leopold,  b.  Briix, 
Bohemia,  May  4,  1723  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  21, 
1774.  He  had  an  excellent  mus.  education,  but 
his  father  insisted  on  his  adopting  a  commercial 
career  ;  G.  therefore  ran  away  from  home  when 
12  years  old,  and  made  his  way  as  a  harper  to 
Padre  Martini  in  Bologna,  who  taught  him  for 
two  years.  After  living  at  Venice  in  the  service 
of  Count  Leonardo  Veneri,  he  was  called  by 
Emperor  Francis  I.  (1762)  to  Vienna  as  ballet- 
comp.;  in  1771  he  succeeded  Reutter  as  court 
Kapellm.,  and  founded  the  "  Tonkiinstler  So- 
cietat  "  (now  the  "  Haydn  ")  for  the  relief  of  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  musicians.  He  wrote 
23  operas,  a  quantity  of  orchestral  and  chamber- 
music,  and  much  church-music.  His  most  fa- 
mous pupil,  Salieri,  was  the  teacher  of  G.'s  2 
daughters,  Maria  Anna  and  Maria  Theresia 
(Rosenbaum),  distinguished  opera-singers  in  Vi- 
enna. 

Gass'ner,  Ferdinand  Simon,  violinist ;  b. 
Vienna,  Jan.  6,  1798  ;  d.  Karlsruhe,  Feb.  25, 
1851.  In  1816  violinist,  later  chorusmaster  at 
the  National  Th.,  Mayence  ;  1S18,  mus.  director 
at  Giessen  Univ.,  which  in  1819  made  him  Dr. 
phil.  and  lecturer  on  music.  In  1826  he  joined 
the  court  orch.  at  Darmstadt,  and  afterwards 
became  teacher  of  singing  and  chorusmaster  at 
the  Theatre.  From  1S22-35  he  publ.  the  "  Mu- 
sikalischer  Flausfreund"  at  Mayence;  andedited, 
1841-5,  the  "  Zeitschrift  fur  Deutschlands  Mu- 
sikvereine  u.  Dilettanten." — Wrote:  "  Partitu- 
renkenntniss,  ein  Leitfaden  zum  Selbstunter- 
richt  ..."  (1838;  French  ed.,  1871,  "  Traite 
de  la  partition")  ;  and  "  Dirigent  u.  Ripienist" 
(1846).  He  contributed  to  the  Supplement  of 
Schilling's  "  Universallexikon  der  Tonkunst" 
(1842)  and  compiled  an  "  Universallexikon  der 
Tonkunst  "  (1849).  He  composed  2  operas,  sev- 
eral ballets,  a  cantata,  songs,  etc. 

Gast,  Peter.     See  Koselitz,  Heinrich. 

Gastal'don,  Stanislas,  b.  Turin,  Apr.  7, 
l86r.  At  the  age  of  17  he  began  publishing 
nocturnes,  ballabili,  and  other  pes.  f.  pf.,  and 
also  songs,  some  of  which  have  had  great  vogue 
("La  musica  proibita";  "  Ti  vorrei  rapiti"; 
"  Frate  Anselmo";  "  Donna  Clara")  ;  his  i-act 
opera-seria,  //  Pater  (Milan,  1894),  was  quite 
successful.  He  has  also  written  6  marches  for 
military  band  ;  a  pf. -fantasia,  "  La  dansa  delle 
scimmie  ";  etc. 

Gastinel,  Leon-Gustave  -  Cyprien,  b.  Vil- 
lers,  n.  Auxonne  (Cote  d'Or),    Aug.    15,    1823. 


Tupil  of  Halevy  at  Paris  Cons.,  taking  1st  Gr. 
prix  de  Rome  for  his  cantata  Velasquez  in  1846. 
A  successful  comp.  of  comic  operas,  he  has  pro- 
duced Le  miroir  (1853),  I'Ope'ra  aux  jt'tiches 
(1857),  Titles  et  Be're'nice  (i860),  Le  buisson  vert 
(1S61),  Le  Barde  (Nice,  1896),  and  the  well- 
received  ballet  Le  reve  (Grand  Opera,  1890)  ; 
besides  3  operas  not  yet  prod.:  La  Kermesse, 
Dictates,  and  Ourania.  Also  4  oratorios  and  3 
solemn  masses,  orchestral  comp.s,  chamber- 
music,  choruses,  etc. 

Gastol'di,  Giovanni  Giacomo,  poet  and 
contrapuntist  ;  b.  Caravaggio,  abt.  1556  ;  d. 
Milan  (?),  1622.  He  was  made  m.  di  capp.  at  a 
church  in  Mantua,  and  from  1592  in  Milan. 
Many  of  his  works  were  publ.  between  1581- 
161 1  :  Canzoni,  canzonetti,  madrigals,  masses, 
psalms,  vespers,  balletti,  cancer  ti,  etc.,  a  3-8. 

Gatayes,  Guillaume-Pierre-Antoine,  b. 
Paris,  Dec.  20,  1774;  d.  there  Oct.,  1846. 
Guitar-player  and  song-composer  ;  he  publ.  trios 
f.  guitar,  n.,  and  vln.;  duets  f.  2  guitars,  f.  guitar 
and  pf. ,  f.  guitar  and  vln.  (or  flute),  f.  harp  and 
horn,  f.  harp  and  guitar  ;  also  guitar  soli,  and 
harp-sonatas.  Wrote  3  Methods  f.  guitar,  and 
one  for  harp. 

Gatayes,  Joseph-Leon,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Paris,  Dec.  25,  1805  ;  d.  there  Feb.  1, 
1S77.  Excellent  harpist,  and  composer  of  soli, 
duets,  and  etudes  f.  harp.  Musical  critic  for  sev- 
eral Paris  papers. 

Gatayes,  Felix,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Paris,  1809.  Orchestral  comp.  and  good  pianist, 
chiefly  self-taught  ;  for  20  years  on  concert-tours 
in  Europe,  America,  and  Australia.  Wrote  fine 
symphonies  and  overtures  ;  later  devoted  himself 
to  composing  military  music. 

Ga'thy  [-te],  August,  b.  Liege,  May  14, 
1800;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  8,  185S.  Pupil  of  F. 
Schneider  in  Dessau  (1828-30) ;  lived  1830-41 
in  Hamburg,  editing  a  "  Musikalisches  Conver- 
sationsblatt ";  also  publ.  (1835)  a  "Mus.  Con- 
versationslexikon  "  (2nd  ed.  1840  ;  3rd  ed.,  rev. 
by  Reissmann,  1873  ;  a  valuable  work).  From 
1841,  music-teacher  in  Paris. — Songs. 

Gatty,  Alfred  Scott,  b.  Ecclesfield,  York- 
shire, Apr.  25,  1847.  In  18S0  he  was  app. 
Rouge  Dragon,  Poursuivant  of  Arms,  Heralds' 
College,  London. — Works  :  2  operettas  :  Sand- 
ford  and  Merton's  Christmas  Party  (1880),  and 
ATot  at  Home  (1886)  ;  "Little  Songs  for  Little 
Voices";  many  songs  ;  pf.-pes. 

Gaucquier,  Alard  (real  name  Dunoyer,  La- 
tinized Nuceus ;  called  du  Gaucquier,  and  also 
Lnsulanus  [Roman  name  of  Lille — LTle  being 
fnsn/a]).  P'amous  contrapuntist  of  the  16th 
century  :  Magnificat,  4  to  6  parts  (1547)  ;  "  Qua- 
tuor  missae  5,  6  et  8  vocum "  (15S1)  ;  band- 
master to  King  Ferdinand  I.,  Maximilian  II., 
and  Archduke  Matthias  (later  Emperor). 

Gauden'tios,  surnamed  "  the  philosopher,",  a 
Greek  writer,  presumably  before  Ptolemy.  His 
"  Introductio  harmonica,"  based  on  Aristoxenos, 


206 


GAUL— GAZZANIGA 


was  published  by  Meibom,  with  a  Latin  transla- 
tion, in  the  "  Auctores  septem  "  (1652). 

Gaul,  Alfred  Robert,  born  Norwich,  Eng., 
Apr.  30,  1837.  A  chorister  in  the  cathedral  at 
9,  he  was  articled  to  Dr.  Buck  ;  was  org.  at 
Fakenham,  Birmingham,  and  Edgbaston  ;  grad- 
uated (1863)  as  Mus.  Bac,  Cantab.;  became 
cond.  of  the  Walsall  Philharmonic  in  1SS7,  and 
is  now  teacher  and  cond.  at  The  Birmingham 
and  Midland  Inst.,  and  teacher  at  King  Ed- 
ward's High  School  f .  Girls  and  at  the  Blind  Asy- 
lum.— Works  :  An  oratorio,  Hezekiah  (1861)  ; 
several  cantatas,  some  of  which  (Ruth  and  The 
Holy  City)  are  popular  in  the  U.  S.;  Passion 
music  ;  the  96th  Psalm  ;  an  ode,  "A  song  of 
life";  glees,  vocal  trios  and  duets,  songs  and 
part-songs,  etc. 

Gaultier  (or  Gautier),  Jacques  [Gautier 
d'Angleterre],  b.  Lyons,  abt.  1600  ;  d.  Paris, 
abt.  1670.  Celebrated  lutenist,  pupil  of  Mesan- 
gean  ;  royal  lutenist  at  London,  1617-47,  then 
going  to  Paris.  [Oskar  Fleischer  publ.  in  Books 
1  and  2  of  the  "  Vierteljahrschrift  fur  Musik- 
wissenschaft,"  for  1886,  an  interesting  mono- 
graph on  the  various  Gaultiers.] 

Gaultier,  Denis,  also  a  famous  lutenist ;  b. 
Marseilles  (1600-10?)  ;  d.  Paris  (date  unknown). 
In  1647  he  establ.  with  his  cousin  Jacques  a 
school  for  lute-playing  in  Paris  ;  among  their 
pupils  were  Monton,  Du  Faux,  Du  But,  and 
Gallot. — 2  published  collections  of  lute-music 
compiled  by  him  are  extant  :  "  Pieces  de  luth  " 
(1660)  and  "  Livre  de  tablature." 

Gaultier,  Pierre,  b.  Orleans,  and  a  comp.  for 
lute,  publ.  some  unimportant  suites  for  lute 
(1638). 

Gaultier,  Ennemond,  son  of  Jacques  ;  born 
Vienne,  Dauphine,  in  1635  ;  d.  before  16S0  ;  was 
royal  chamber-lutenist  at  Paris  in  1669,  and 
publ.  2  books  of  lute-pcs.  in  tablature. 

Gaultier,  Pierre,  b.  Cioutat,  Provence,  1642  ; 
drowned  at  Cette,  1697  ;  he  purchased  the  pat- 
ent for  an  operatic  enterprise  at  Marseilles,  from 
Lully,  the  first  performance  being  that  of  his 
own  opera,  Le  triomphe  de  la  paix  (1687). 

Gaultier,  Aloysius  -  Edouard  -  C  a  m  i  1 1  e 
(Abbe),  b.  Italy,  abt.  1755  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  19, 
1818.  He  was  an  innovator  with  regard  to 
methods  for  teaching  the  young  ;  and  publ. 
"Elements  de  musique  propre  a  faciliter  aux 
enfants  la  connaissance  des  notes  .    .    ."  (1789). 

Gauntlett,  Henry  John,  b.  Wellington, 
Shropshire,  July  9,  1S05  ;  d.  Kensington,  Lon- 
don, Feb.  21,  1S76.  A  lawyer  by  profession,  he 
was  likewise  an  excellent  musician,  org.  in  sev- 
eral churches,  and  Mus.  Doc,  Lambeth,  1843. 
He  was  chiefly  instrumental,  with  the  assistance 
of  the  organ-builder  Wm.  Hill,  in  introducing 
the  C  organ,  instead  of  the  earlier  F  and  G  or- 
gans, into  England.  He  composed  many  an- 
thems, hymns,  songs,  glees,  and  organ-pcs.,  and 
publ.  several  valuable  compilations  of  church- 
music. 


Gauthier,  Gabriel,  b.  in  the  dept.  of  Saone- 
et-Loire,  France,  in  180S  ;  lost  his  sight  when 
11  months  old,  and  entered  the  Paris  Inst,  for 
the  Blind  in  1818,  where  he  was  later  instructor 
(1.827-40).  He  afterwards  became  org.  of  St.- 
Etienne-du-Mont,  Paris.  —  Publ.  "  Repertoire 
des  maitres  de  chapelle "  (1842-5,  5  vol.s)  ; 
"Considerations  sur  la  question  de  la  reforme 
du  plain-chant  .  .  ."  (1843)  ;  and  "  Le  meca- 
nisme  de  la  composition  instrumentale  .  .  ." 
(IS45). 

Gautier,  Jean-Francois-Eugene,  b.  Vau- 
girard,  n.  Paris,  Feb.  27,  1822  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr. 
3,  1878.  Pupil  of  Habeneck  (vln.)  and  Halevy 
(comp.)  at  the  Cons. ;  1S4S,  2nd  cond.  at  the  Th.- 
Lyrique,  and  in  1864  chef  de  chant  at  the  Th. 
Italien  ;  also  prof,  of  harm,  at  the  Cons.,  and  in 
1872  prof,  of  history.  For  several  years  he  was 
m.  de  chap,  at  Saint-Eugene.  He  also  wrote  for 
various  papers. — Works  :  14  comic  operas  ;  an 
oratorio,  La  ///or/  de  fesu  ;  a  cantata,  Le  13  ao/tt, 
an  Ave  Maria,  etc. 

Gautier,  Theophile,  b.  Tarbes,  France, 
Aug.  31,  1811  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  23,  1872.  He 
edited  for  years  the  dramatic  feuilleton  of  the 
"Presse"  and  the  "  Moniteur  Universelle "; 
and  publ.  "  Histoire  de  l'art  dramatique  en 
France  depuis  25  ans  "  (1859,  6  small  vol.s). 

Gaveaux,  Pierre,  b.  Be'ziers,  Herault,  Aug., 
1761  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  5,  1825.  A  pupil  of  Fran/ 
Beck  at  Bordeaux,  and  tenor  at  the  church  of 
Saint-Severin  ;  opera-singer  at  Bordeaux,  Mont- 
pellier,  and  (1789)  Paris  (Opera-Comique). — 
Works  :   33  operas,  chiefly  for  the  Th.  Feydeau. 

Gavinies,  Pierre,  brilliant  violinist,  styled  by 
Viotti  "  the  French  Tartini  ";  b.  Bordeaux,  May 
26,  1726  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  9,  1S00.  Self-taught 
in  a  great  measure,  his  expressive  and  elevated 
style,  formed  upon  that  of  the  old  Italian  mas- 
ters, created  a  profound  impression  at  his  debut 
in  a  Concert  Spirituel  (1741) — a  concert-enter- 
prise established  by  himself  and  Gossec.  He 
settled  in  Paris  as  a  concert-player  and  teacher  ; 
in  1795  he  was  app.  prof,  of  vln.  at  the  Cons. 
He  had  numerous  distinguished  pupils,  and  is 
considered,  in  France,  the  founder  of  the 
French  school  of  violin-playing.  He  brought 
out  a  3-act  comic  opera,  Le  pre'tendu,  in  1760  ; 
and  publ.,  f.  vln.,  6  concertos  ;  6  sonatas  ;  "  Les 
24  Matinees,"  studies  f.  vln.  in  all  the  keys  ;  3 
more  sonatas  ;  his  celebrated  "  Romance  de  Ga- 
vinies ";  etc. 

Gaztambi'de,  Joaquin,  b.  Tudela,  Navarra, 
Feb.  7,  1822;  d.  Madrid,  Mar.  18,  1870.  Pupil 
of  Madrid  Cons.,  cond.  of  the  Concerts  and  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  "Concert  Society";  also 
honorary  prof,  at  the  Cons. — Works  :  40  zarzue- 
las  (operettas),  which  had  immense  success. — 
Xavier  Gaztambide,  a  younger  relation,  has 
also  written  zarzuelas. 

Gazzani'ga,  Giuseppe,  b.  Verona,  Oct., 
1743;  d.  Crema,  1819.  A  pupil,  at  Naples,  of 
Porpora  and   Piccinni  ;   on  going  to  Venice  in 


207 


GEAR— GEHRING 


1770,  he  met  Sacchini,  who  helped  him  to  bring 
out  his  first  opera,  //  jinto  cieco,  at  Vienna 
(1770).  lie  wrote  32  more  operas,  mostly  for 
Italian  theatres;  his  // convitato  di  pietra  (Ber- 
gamo, 1788  ;  at  Lucca,  1792,  as  Don  Giovanni 
Tenorio)  is  interesting  as  identical  in  subject 
with  Mozart's  Don  Giovanni.  In  1791,  G.  was 
app.  m.  di  capp.  of  Crema  cathedral,  for  which 
he  wrote  considerable  sacred  music  (masses,  a 
Stabat  Mater,  a  Te  Deum,  etc.). 

Gear,  George  Frederick,  b.  London,  May 
21,  1S57.  Concert-pianist  and  comp.;  pupil  of 
Dr.  Wylde  and  J.  F.  Barnett  ;  gained  a  scholar- 
ship in  1872  at  the  London  Acad,  of  Mus.,  in 
which  he  is  professor.  From  1876-92  he  was 
mus.  dir.  of  the  German  Reed  Company. — 
Works  :  String-quartet  ;  2  pf. -sonatas  ;  Scena  f. 
sopr.  solo  and  orch.;  2  operettas,  A  Water-ture 
and  Hobbies ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Gebauer,  Michel  Joseph,  b.  La  Fere,  Aisne, 
in  1763  ;  d.  1812,  during  the  retreat  from  Mos- 
cow. At  14  he  was  an  oboist  in  the  Royal  Swiss 
Guard  ;  and  became  an  expert  violinist  and  viol- 
player.  In  1791,  oboist  in  the  Garde  Nationale ; 
from  1794-1802,  prof,  at  the  Cons.;  thereafter 
bandmaster  of  the  Garde  des  Consuls,  and  later 
of  the  Imperial  Guard,  having  to  accompany  the 
army  on  various  campaigns,  during  which  he 
studied  and  profited  by  German  military  music. 
His  marches  for  band  (over  200)  were  very  popu- 
lar ;  he  publ.  many  duets  for  2  vlns.,  f.  vln.  and 
via.,  for  2  flutes,  f.  flute  and  horn,  flute  and  bas- 
soon, etc.;  also  quartets  for  fl.,  clar. ,  horn,  and 
bassoon. — He  had  3  brothers: 

Gebauer,  Francois-Rene,  b.  Versailles, 
1773  ;  d.  Paris,  July,  1S45.  Bassoonist,  pupil 
of  his  brother  Michel,  and  of  Uevienne.  Prof, 
of  bassoon  at  Cons.,  1796-1802,  and  after  1825  ; 
member  of  Grand  Opera  orch.,  1S01-26. — Works 
for  wind-instr.s:  Quintets,  quartets,  trios,  duets, 
sonatas,  etudes,  and  symphonies  concertantes  ; 
also  overtures,  military  marches,  and  pot-pour- 
ris.     Wrote  a  Method  f.  bassoon. 

Gebauer,  Etienne-Francois,  b.  Versailles, 
1777  ;  d.  Paris,  1823.  Flutist,  pupil  of  his  brother 
Michel,  and  of  Hugot.  Second  flute  in  the  Op.- 
Com.  orch.,  1801  ;  first  flute,  1813-22. — Works  : 
Over  100  flute  solos,  etc.;  flute-duets,  sonatas  f. 
fl.  and  bass,  exercises  f.  fl.,  airs  varies  f.  clarinet. 

Gebauer,  Pierre-Paul,  b.  Versailles,  1775, 
and  died  young.      Publ.  20  horn-duets. 

Geb'auer,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Eckersdorf,  n. 
Glatz,  1784  ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  13,  1822.  From 
1816,  choirmaster  at  the  Augustiner  Hofpfarr- 
kirche,  Vienna  ;  in  1819  he  founded  the  cele- 
brated "Concerts  spirituels,"  being  their  first 
cond. ;  he  was  also  a  member  of  the  "  Gesell.  d. 
Musikfreunde,"  and  a  friend  of  Beethoven. — 
Publ.  songs  and  part-songs. 

Ge'bel,  Georg(Sr.),  b.  Breslau,  1685;  d.  there 
1750.  A  runaway  tailor's  apprentice,  he  studied 
under  Winkler  and  Krause,  became  org.  at  Brieg 
(1709),   and   at  Breslau  (1713).      He  invented  a 


clavichord  with  quarter-tones,  and  a  clavicvm- 
balum  with  a  pedal-keyboard.  His  numerous 
comp.s  (a  Passion  oratorio,  cantatas,  masses, 
psalms,  canons  up  io  jo  parts,  organ-pcs.,  clavi- 
chord-music, etc.)  are  unpublished. 

Ge'bel,  Georg  (Jr.),  b.  Brieg,  Silesia,  Oct. 
25,  1709;  d.  Rudolstadt,  Sept.  24,  1753.  Pupil 
of  his  father;  in  1729,  2nd  org.  at  St.  Maria 
Magdalene,  Breslau,  and  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke 
of  Ols.  In  1735  he  joined  Count  Bruhl's  orch. 
at  Dresden,  where  he  met  Hebenstreit,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  Pantaleon,  and  learned  to  play 
that  instr.  In  1747  he  was  app.  Kapellm,  to 
the  Prince  of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.  A  very 
prolific  composer  ;  wrote,  while  in  Rudolstadt, 
12  operas,  2  Passions,  2  Christmas  cantatas,  sets 
of  cantatas  for  several  years,  more  than  100  orch. 
symphonies,  partitas,  and  concertos,  etc.;  and  in 
Breslau  a  great  variety  of  instr.  1  and  vocal  music. 

Ge'bel,  George  Sigismund,  brother  of  the 
preceding  ;  d.  1775,  Breslau,  where  he  was  org. 
of  the  Elisabethkirche. — Preludes  and  fugues  f. 
org. 

Ge'bel,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Fi'irstenau,  n.  Bres- 
lau, 1787  ;  d.  Moscow,  1S43.  Pupil  of  Al- 
brechtsberger  and  Abbe  Vogler  ;  Kapellm.  at 
Leopoldstadt  Th.,  Vienna,  in  1S10  ;  later  at 
theatres  in  Pesth  and  Lemberg ;  from  1817, 
piano-teacher  in  Moscow.  —  Works  :  Operas,  a 
mass,  4  symphonies,  overtures,  string-quintets 
and  -quartets,  many  pf.-pcs.,  etc. 

Geb'hard,  Martin  Anton,  b.  Bavaria,  1770. 
A  Benedictine  monk  at  Benediktbeurn  ;  after 
the  suppression  (1S03)  of  the  order,  he  became  a 
priest  at  Steinsdorf ,  where  he  was  still  living  in 
1831.  His  philosophical  works  :  "  Versuch  zur 
Begriindung  einer  Wissenschaft,  Chronometrie 
genannt  "  (Nuremberg,  180S),  and  "  Harmonie  : 
Erklarung  dieser  Idee  in  3  Buchern  und  An- 
wendung  derselben  auf  den  Menschen  in  alien 
Beziehungen  "  (Munich,  1817),  despite  brilliant 
originality,  lead  to  no  positive  result. 

Gebhar'di,  Ludwig  Ernst,  b.  Nottleben, 
Thuringia,  1787  ;  d.  Erfurt,  Sept.  4,  1S62.  Org. 
and  music-teacher  at  Erfurt  Seminary.  Publ. 
several  collections  of  organ-pcs.  ;  also,  school- 
songs,  a  Choralbuch,  a  Method  f.  org.,  and  a 
Method  of  Thorough-bass  (1828-35,  4  vol.s,  fre- 
quently republ.). 

G6dalge,  Andre,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  27,  1856. 
Pupil  of  Cons.  (Guiraud)  in  1S84  ;  2nd  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  1S85  ;  took  the  Prix  Cressent 
in  1895  with  the  2-act  lyric  drama  He'lene.  Has 
also  comp.  the  music  to  Carre's  pantomime  Le 
petit  Savoyard  (Paris,  1891);  "  Vaux  de  Vire  " 
for  solo,  ch.  and  orch.  (1895);  a  1-act  op.-bouffe 
I'ris  an  piege  (Paris,  1895  ;  mod.  succ);  2  sym- 
phonies, several  orch.l  suites,  a  string-quartet, 
pf.-pcs.  etc. 

Geh'ring,  Franz,  b.  1S38  ;  d.  Penzing,  n. 
Vienna,  Jan.  4,  1884  ;  lecturer  on  mathematics 
at   Vienna  Univ.      Wrote  the    biogr.   of   Mozart 


20S 


GEIJER— GENEE 


for  Hueffer's  "Great    Musicians";  contributed 
several  articles  to  Grove's  "  Dictionary." 

Gei'jer,  Erik  Gustaf,  b.  Ransatter,  Werme- 
land,  Jan.  12,  17S3  ;  d.  Upsala,  Apr.  23,  1847. 
Frof.  of  history  at  Upsala  Univ.  Publ.  (with 
Lindblad)  a  coll.  of  modern  Swedish  songs 
(1824);  was  musical  editor-in-chief  of  the 
"  Svenska  Folkvisor"  (1814-16,  3  vol.s  ;  2nd 
ed.,  1846),  a  coll.  of  Swedish  folk-songs.  Has 
publ.  original  songs  in  the  Swedish  vein. 

Geis'ler,  Johann  Gottlieb,  b.  (?)  ;  d.  Zittau, 
Feb.  13,  1827.  Author  of  a  "  Beschreibung 
und  Geschichte  der  neuesten  u.  vorzliglichsten 
Instrumente  und  Kunstwerke  fiir  Liebhaber  und 
Ki'mstler"  (1792-1800,  in  12  parts;  2nd  ed., 
181 1);  it  describes  the  Bogenklavier,  among 
other  things. 

Geis'ler,  Paul,  dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Stolp, 
Pomerania,  Aug.  10,  1S56  ;  pupil  of  his  grand- 
father (mus.  dir.  at  Mecklenburg)  and  of  Kon- 
stantin  Decker.  Chorusmaster  at  the  Leipzig 
City  Th.,  1881-2,  then  with  Angelo  Neumann's 
Wagner  troupe  ;  1883-5,  Kapellm.  at  Bremen 
(under  Seidl) ;  since  then  he  has  lived  mostly  in 
Leipzig. — Works  :  The  operas  Inge  do  rg  (Bremen, 
1884;  text  by  Peter  Lohmann) ;  Hertha  (Ham- 
burg, 1S91)  ;  Die  Hitter  von  Marienburg (Ham- 
burg, 1S91)  ;  Palm  (Li'ibeck,  1893)  ;  and  Wir 
siegen  (i-act;  Posen,  189S);  music  to  the  dramas 
Schiffbruchig  and  Unser  taglich  Brod  gieb  tins 
heute  (both  Hamburg ;  1890)  ;  the  symphonic 
poems  Der  Rattenf anger  von  Hameln  (1SS0  ; 
score  published),  Till  Eulenspiegel,  Af/ra,  Maria 
Magdalena,  Heinrich  von  Ofterdingen,  Ekke- 
kard,  Beowulf,  Der  Hidalgo,  Walpurgisnacht, 
Am  Meere,  Der  wilde  Jager,  Der  neue  Tann- 
hauser  ;  2  "cycles"  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.,  San- 
sara  and  Golgotha  ;  orchestral  episodes  ;  songs, 
etc. 

Geis'tinger,  Maria  ["  Marie"]  Charlotte 
Cacilia,  b.  Graz,  Styria,  July  26,  1836.  Brilliant 
operetta-singer  (soprano),  chiefly  in  Vienna,  but 
also  in  Prague,  Leipzig,  Berlin,  etc.  In  1897 
she  sang  with  success  in  New  York.  Inimitable 
in  Strauss  roles. 

Ge'linek,  Hermann  Anton  (called  Cer- 
vetti),  b.  Horzeniowecs,  Bohemia,  Aug.  8, 
1709  ;  d.  Milan,  Dec.  5,  1779.  A  priest  in  the 
Premonstrant  Abbey  at  Seelau,  who,  wearied  of 
monastic  discipline,  fled  to  Naples,  where  he  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Cervetti,  and  became  noted 
as  a  violinist. — Publ.  works:  Violin -concertos 
and  sonatas.  Church-music  and  organ-pcs.  in  MS. 

Ge'linek,  Joseph,  Abbe  ;  b.  Selcz,  Bohemia, 
Dec.  3,  175S  ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  13,  1S25.  On 
Mozart's  recommendation  he  became  "  Clavier- 
meister"  (pf. -tutor)  in  the  family  of  Count  Kin- 
sky,  whom  he  followed  to  Vienna  ;  here  he  publ. 
a  vast  number  of  variations,  fantasias,  etc.,  on 
popular  themes  (125  down  to  1815),  brilliant  in 
sound,  but  of  slight  artistic  value.  G.'s  cham- 
ber-music (trios,  sonatas  f.  vln.,  and  f.  pf.,  etc.) 
is  on  a  par  with  the  above. 

14  209 


Gemini'ani,  Francesco,  violinist  and  writer  ; 
b.  Lucca,  abt.  16S0  ;  d.  Dublin,  Dec.  17,  1762. 
A  pupil  of  Scarlatti,  Corelli,  and  Lunati  (called 
"  il  Gobbo");  in  1714  he  settled  in  London, 
where  he  won  reputation  as  a  teacher  and  con- 
cert-player ;  indeed,  he  is  credited  with  having 
introduced  into  England  an  improved  (simplified) 
system  of  violin-playing.  He  also  publ.  the 
earliest  known  violin-method,  "  Art  of  Playing 
the  Violin  "  (1740;  2nd  ed.  entitled  "  The  En- 
tire new  and  Compleat  Tutor  for  the  Violin  .  .  ."; 
French  and  German  translations)  ;  further  (but 
of  minor  importance)  "  Lessons  f.  the  Harpsi- 
chord," "Art  of  Playing  the  Guitar,"  "  Guida 
armonica "  (1742,  Engl.;  also  French  and 
Dutch),  "  Supplem.  to  the  Guida  armonica," 
"Art  of  Accompaniment"  (1755),  "Rules  for 
playing  in  a  true  taste  on  violin,  German  flute, 
violoncello,  harpsichord  .  .  .  ",  "  Treatise  on 
Good  Taste"  (1747),  "Treatise  on  Memory," 
"The  Harmonical  Miscellany"  (1755).— Violin 
compositions  (valuable)  :  12  solos  (op.  1,  1716), 
6  concertos  (op.  2,  1735),  12  solos  (op.  4,  1739), 
6  concertos  (op.  6,  1741),  6  do.  (op.  7),  12  sona- 
tas (op.  11,  1758),  12  trios  for  2  vlns.  and  'cello  ; 
also  6  solos  f.  'cello  (op.  5). — Sonatas  Nos.  1,  2, 
and  7  are  reprinted  (arr.  by  G.  Jensen) ;  also 
some  pf.-pcs. 

Gemun'der,  August,  celebrated  violin-maker; 
b.  Ingelfingen,  Wurttemberg,  Mar.  22,  1S14  ;  d. 
New  York,  Sept.  7,  1S95.  In  1846,  he  emigrated 
to  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  estab.  a  shop.  Went 
to  New  York  about  1S60.  His  reputation  was 
second  to  that  of  no  contemporary  maker. 
Instr.s  of  his  make  were  used  by  Wilhelmj  and 
Brodsky  ;  his  copy  of  Sarasate's  "  Amati  "  was 
pronounced  by  the  owner  equal  to  the  original. 

Genast',  Eduard  Franz,  baritone  stage- 
singer;  b.  Weimar,  July  15,  1797;  d.  Wiesba- 
den, Aug.  4,  1S66.  Debut  1S14  at  Weimar  as 
Osmin  in  Mozart's  Entfiihrting;  1S28,  director 
of  Magdeburg  theatre  ;  1829,  accepted  a  life- 
engagement  at  the  court  theatre,  Weimar.  His 
most  successful  role  was  Don  Giovanni. — Works: 
2  operas,  Die  Sonnenmdnner  and  Die  Verrdther 
auf  den  Alpen;  songs;  also  publ.  "  Aus  dem 
Tagebuch  eines  alten  Schauspielers  "  (1S62-6),  4 
vol.s  of  memoirs  (after  losing  his  singing-voice, 
he  became  an  actor). 

Genee,  Franz  Friedrich  Richard,  opera- 
composer  ;  b.  Danzig,  Feb.  7,  1S23  ;  d.  Baden, 
n.  Vienna,  June  15,  1S95.  At  first  a  medical 
student,  he  took  up  music,  and  studied  under 
Ad.  Stahlknecht  at  Berlin  ;  was  the&tre-JfTape/lm. 
(1S4S-67)  at  Reval,  Riga,  Cologne,  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  Diisseldorf,  Danzig,  Mayence,  Schwerin, 
Amsterdam,  and  Prague  ;  from  1868-78,  Ka- 
pellm. at  the  Th.  an  der  Wien,  Vienna,  then 
retiring  to  his  villa  at  Pressbaum,  near  Vienna. 
He  wrote  (some  with  F.  Zell)  several  of  his  own 
libretti  ;  he  also  wrote  libretti  for  Strauss,  Suppe, 
and  Millocker. — Operettas  :  Der  Geiger  aus 
Tirol   (1857),    Der   Musikfeind,  Die    General- 


GENERALI— GERICKE 


probe,  Rosita,  Der  sehivarze  Prinz,  Am  JRunen- 
stein  (with  Fr.  von  Flotow,  1868),  Der  Seekadett 
(1876),  JVanon,  Im  Wundcrlande  der  Pyramiden, 
Die  letzen  Mohikaner,  Nisida,  Rosina,  Zwil- 
litige,  Die  Pira/en,  Die  Dreizehn  (1887). 

Genera'li,  Pietro  (real  name  Mercandetti), 

b.  Masserano,  Piedmont,  Oct.  4,  1783  ;  d.  No- 
vara,  Nov.  3,  1832.  He  studied  under  G.  Massi 
at  Rome,  where  he  prod,  his  first  opera,  Gli 
amanii  ridicoli,  in  1800.  He  brought  out  over 
50  more  in  the  chief  Italian  cities,  Lisbon,  etc., 
the  best  being  I  baccanali  di  Roma  (Venice, 
1815).  From  1S17-20  he  was  cond.  in  Barcelona 
theatre  ;  but  his  star  was  waning  before  Rossini's 
brilliant  successes  ;  he  accepted  the  post  of  ;;/.  di 
capp.  at  Novara  cath.,  thereafter  devoting  him- 
self chiefly  to  sacred  music  (an  oratorio,  //  voto 
di  Jefte,  1827  ;  also  masses,  psalms,  etc.).  A 
sketch  of  his  life,  by  Piccioli,  "  Elogio  di  P. 
Generali,"  was  publ.  at  Novara,  1833. 

Genet,  Eleazar  (called  il  Carpentras'so, 
or  Carpentras,  from  his  native  place) ;  see 
Carpentras. 

Geng'enbach,  Nikolaus,  b.  Kolditz,  Saxony; 
cantor  at  Zeitz.  Wrote  "  Musica  nova,  newe 
Singkunst,  sowohl  nach  der  alten  Solmisation, 
als  auch  newen  Bobisation  und  Bebisation " 
(Leipzig,  1626). 

Genss,  Hermann,  b.  Tilsit,  Jan.  6,  1856. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Kohler  and  Alb.  Hahn  ;  later 
of  Kiel,  Grell  and  Taubert  at  the  Royal  Hoch- 
schulefiir  Musik  at  Berlin.  1877,  music-teacher 
at  Liibeck  ;  1880,  at  Hamburg  ;  1890,  teacher  of 
pf.  and  theory  at  Sondershausen  Cons.;  1891, 
director  of  Schumacher  Cons.,  Mayence  ;  1893, 
co-director  of  the  Scharwenka-Klindworth  Cons. , 
Berlin. — Works  :  Chamber-music,  orchestral 
works,  songs,  etc. 

Georges,  Alexandre,  b.  Arras,  France,  Feb. 
25,  1850.  Pupil  of  the  Niedermeyer  School, 
Paris,  where  he  is  now  prof,  of  harmony. — 
Works  :  2  operas,  Le  Printemps  (188S)  and 
Poemes  d 'amour  (1892)  ;  music  to  the  dramas 
Le  nouveau  Monde  (1883),  Axel  (1S94),  and 
Alceste  (1891)  ;  also  songs. 

Gerard,  Henri-Philippe,  b.  Liege,  1763  ;  d. 
Versailles,  1848.  Studied  for  5  years  at  Rome 
under  Gregorio  Ballabene  ;  from  about  1788  he 
taught  singing  in  Paris,  and,  from  1795,  in  the 
Cons,  for  over  30  years. — Publ.  a  "  Mtthode  de 
chant,"  in  2  parts,  the  second  being  "  Considera- 
tions sur  la  musique  en  general,  et  particuliere- 
ment  sur  tout  qui  a  rapport  a  la  vocale  ..." 
(1819)  ;  and  a  simplified  "  Traite  me'thodique 
d'harmonie  ..."  (1833  ;  a  resuscitation  of 
Rameau's  theories). 

Ger'ber,  Heinrich  Nikolaus,  b.  Wenigen- 
Ehrich,  n.  Sondershausen,  Sept.  6,  1702  ;  d. 
Sondershausen,  Aug.  6,  1775.  A  law-student  in 
Leipzig  from  1724-7,  but  also  took  organ-lessons 
of  J.  S.  Bach  ;  org.  at  Heringen  in  1728,  and  to 
the   court    at    Sondershausen    from    1731.     He 


comp.  much  organ-music  and  many  pieces  for 
clavichord  and  pianoforte  (all  in  MS.)  ;  invented 
improvements  in  the  organ,  also  a  xylophone 
with  keyboard. 

Ger'ber,  Ernst  Ludwig,  celebrated  lexicog- 
rapher, son  and  pupil  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Sondershausen,  Sept.  29,  1746  ;  d.  there  June  30, 
1819.  He  likewise  studied  law  and  music  in 
Leipzig,  becoming  a  skilful  'cellist  and  org.,  in 
which  latter  capacity  he  became  (1769)  his  fa- 
ther's assistant,  and  succeeded  him  in  1775.  He 
was  also  a  chamber-musician.  He  was  able  to 
visit  Weimar,  Kassel,  Leipzig,  and  other  cities, 
and  gradually  gathered  together  a  large  collec- 
tion of  musician's  portraits  ;  to  these  he  appended 
brief  biographical  notices,  and  finally  conceived 
the  plan  of  writing  a  biographical  dictionary  of 
musicians.  Though  his  resources,  in  a  small 
town  without  a  public  library,  and  having  to 
rely  in  great  measure  on  material  sent  him  by 
his  publisher,  Breitkopf,  were  hardly  adequate 
to  the  task  he  undertook,  his  "  Ilistorisch-bio- 
graphisches  Lexikon  der  Tonki'mstler  "  (Leipzig, 
2  vol.s,  1790-92)  was  so  well  received,  and 
brought  in  such  a  mass  of  corrections  and  fresh 
material  from  all  quarters,  that  he  prepared  a 
supplementary  edition,  "  ISeueshist.-biogr.  Lexi- 
kon der  Tonki'mstler  "  (4  vol.s,  1812-14).  Though 
the  former  was  intended  only  as  a  supplement  to 
Walther's  dictionary,  and  both  are,  of  course,  out 
of  date,  they  contain  much  material  still  of  value, 
and  have  been  extensively  drawn  upon  by  more 
recent  writers.  He  composed  sonatas  for  pf., 
choral-preludes  f.  org.,  and  music  f.  wind-band. 
The  Viennese  "  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde  " 
purchased  his  large  library. 

Ger'bert  (von  Hornau),  Martin,  b.  Horb- 
on-Neckar,  Aug.  12,  1720  ;  d.  St. -Blaise,  May 
x3>  T793-  A  student  in  the  Benedictine  monas- 
tery at  St.-B.,  he  joined  the  order  in  1736,  be- 
came a  priest  in  1744,  then  prof,  of  theology, 
and  1764  Prince-Abbot  of  the  monastery.  His 
writings  on  music  were  "  De  cantu  et  musica 
sacra"  (St.-B.,  1774,  2  vol.s),  "  Vetus  liturgia 
alemannica"  (1776,  2vol.s),  "  Monumenta  veteris 
liturgiae  alemannicae "  (1777,  2  vol.s),  and 
"  Scriptores  ecclesiastici  de  musica  sacra  potis- 
simum  "  (1784,  3  vol.s)  ;  the  last  is  still  one  of 
the  most  valued  sources  for  the  study  of  mus. 
history,  being  a  collection  of  treatises  by  most 
noteworthy  authors  of  the  middle  ages,  given 
verbatim  el  litterativi — i.e.,  with  all  the  mistakes 
of  the  several  originals. 

Ge'ricke    [ga'-rt-keh],    Wilhelm,    b.    Graz, 

Styria,  Apr.  18,  1845.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Des- 
soff  in  the  Vienna  Cons.  1S62-5,  and  then  be- 
came Kapellm.  of  the  theatre  at  Linz  ;  1874,  2nd 
Kapellm.  of  the  Vienna  court  opera  (with  Hans 
Richter)  ;  in  1880,  succeeded  Brahms  as  cond. 
of  the  "  Gesellschaftsconcerte,"  and  also  cond. 
the  Singverein.  From  1S84-9  he  was  cond.  of  the 
Boston  (Mass.)  Symphony  Orch.  (his  successor 
was  Nikisch) ;  returning  to  Vienna,  he  resumed 


GERLACH— GERSBACH 


the  direction  of  the  "  Gesellschaftsconcerte " 
until  1895,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  R.  v.  Per- 
ger.  In  1898  he  re- 
sumed the  con- 
ductorship  of  the 
Boston  Symphony 
Orch.,  succeeding 
Emil  Paur.  G.  is 
a  remarkably  fine 
conductor  and  an 
efficient  drill-mas- 
ter.— Publ.  works, 
several  Lieder, 
choruses,  and  pf.- 
pcs. ; — in  MS. ;  Ope- 
retta Schbn  Hann- 
chen  (Linz,  1865)  ; 
a  Requiem  ;  a  con- 
cert-overture f.  orch.;  a  septet,  pf. -quintet, 
string-quartet,  pf.-trio,  2  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf., 
2  do.  f.  pf.,  over  100  songs  and  choruses,  etc. 

Ger'lach,  Dietrich,  celebrated  music-printer 
of  the  16th  century  at  Nuremberg;  succeeded 
Joh.  v.  Berg  as  Ulrich  Neuber's  partner  in  1566 
till  the  latter's  death  (1571)  ;  carried  on  the  busi- 
ness alone  until  his  decease  in  1574,  when  his 
widow  continued  it  till  1592.  Catalogue  of 
works  from  his  press  was  publ.  Frankfurt-on- 
M.,  1609,  by  N.  Stein. 

Ger'lach,  Theodor,  b.  Dresden,  June  25, 
1861.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Wullner  ;  student  in  Berlin 
Univ.  1883  ;  and  attracted  attention  by  a  strong 
work,  the  cantata  "  Luther's  Lob  der  Musica." 
1884,  in  Italy  ;  1885,  Kapellm.  in  Sondershausen 
Th.;  1S86,  of  German  Opera  in  Posen.  His 
"Epic  Symphony"  caused  his  app.  as  Hofka- 
pellm.  in  Coburg,  1891.  In  1894,  Kapellm.  at 
Kassel. — Works  :  Op.  I,  Var.s  (F)  on  orig. 
theme,  f.  'cello  and  pf . ;  op.  3,  Serenade  f. 
string. -orch.;  op.  7,  "  Vaterlandslied  "  f.  male 
ch.,  ace.  by   wind-instr.s  ;  op.  9,  6  Lieder  ;  op. 

10,  "  Bei  frohlicher  Laune,"4  4-part  songs  ;  op. 

11,  "  Alle  Zeit  treu  bereit,"  military  march; 
op.  12,  "  Ein  Blick  ins  Frauenherz,"  3  Lieder  ; 
op.  13,  5  Patriotic  Songs  f.  male  ch. ;  op.  14, 
"  Aus  seliger  Zeit,"  10  songs  f.  tenor  w.  pf . ; 
also  "  Eine  Bismarckrose,"  for  tenor  or  bass 
solo.  A  3-act  opera,  Matteo  Falcone,  of  which 
G.  wrote  text  and  music,  was  prod,  at  Hanover, 
1898,  with  great  success. 

Ger'le,  Konrad,  a  Nuremberg  lute-maker, 
famed  as  early  as  1469,  who  died  Dec.  4,  1521. 

Ger'le,  Hans,  supposedly  Konrad's  son  ;  d. 
Nuremberg,  1570.  He  was  well  known,  as 
early  as  1523,  as  a  violinist  and  maker  of  violins 
and  lutes.  His  works  in  tablature  are  histori- 
cally valuable  :  "  Lauten-Parthien  in  der  Tabu- 
latur  "  (1530)  ;  "  Musica  Teusch  auf  die  Instru- 
ment der  grossen  unnd  kleynen  Geygen  auch 
Lautten  ..."  (1532  ;  a  method  for  the  viol  ; 
2nd  ed.  "  Musica  und  Tabulatur,  auff  die  In- 
strument .  .  .  [1546],  gemert  mit  9  teutscher 
und  38  welscher  auch  Frantzosischer  Liedern 
unnd   2   Mudeten  ...");    "  Musica    Teusch, 


ander  Theil "  (1533);  and  "Ein  newes  sehr 
kilnstliches  Lautenbuch,  darinen  etliche  Pre- 
ambel  und  welsche  Tentz,  mit  vier  Stimmen 
•••"  (1552). 

Ger'man,  J.  Edward,  b.  Whitchurch,  Shrop- 
shire, Engl.,  Feb.  17,  1862.  Pupil  of  R.  A.  M., 
1880-7,  becoming  an  Associate  and  (1895)  a 
Fellow  of  the  same.  In  1S89,  Mus.  Dir.  at 
Globe  Th.,  London. — Works:  Operetta  The 
rival  Poets  (R.  A.  M.,  1S86)  ;  incid.  mus.  to 
Kit  hard  III.,  The  Tempter,  Romeo  and  Juliet, 
and  As  you  like  it ;  2  symphonies  (E  min.  and 
A  min.)  ;  "Gypsy"  suite,  and  suite  in  D  min., 
f.  orch.;  Funeral  March  in  D  min.;  Suite  f.  fl. 
and  pf.,  and  pf. -suite  in  E  min.;  pieces  f.  vln. 
and  pf.,  oboe  and  pf.,  clar.  and  pf. ,  etc.;  sere- 
nade f.  tenor,  w.  pf.  and  wind. ;  songs,  etc. 

Ger'mer,  Heinrich,b.  Sommersdorf,  Province 
of  Saxony,  Dec.  30,  1S37  ;  in  1857,  pupil  of  the 
Berlin  Akademie  (composition).  Resides  in 
Dresden  as  teacher  of  piano-playing. — 'Writ- 
ings :  "  Die  Technik  des  Klavierspiels  "  (1877)  ; 
"Die  musikalische  Ornamentik  "  ;  "  Rhyth- 
mische  Probleme  ";  "  Wie  spielt  man  Klavier?  "; 
and  a  Method  f.  pf.  His  selection  of  studies 
from  Czerny  is  praised. 

Gerns'heim,  Friedrich,  pianist  and  comp.; 
b.  Worms,  July  17,  1839  ;  1849,  pupil  of  Rosen- 
hain  and  Hauff  at  Frankfort  ;  1S52-5,  of  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  then  studying  in  Paris  till  1861.  He 
now  became  mus.  dir.  at  Saarbrucken,  and  in 
1S65  was  called  to  Cologne  Cons,  as  teacher  of 
comp.  and  pf.  In  1872  he  received  the  title  of 
"  Professor";  in  1S74  he  went  to  Rotterdam  as 
Dir.  of  the  Cons,  and  cond.  of  the  "  Winter 
Concerts";  since  1890,  teacher  at  the  Stern 
Cons.,  Berlin,  and  cond.  of  the  Stern  Choral 
Soc. — Works  :  4  symphonies  (No.  1  in  G  min., 
No.  2  (?),  No.  3  in  C,  No.  4  in  B\))  ;  overtures  ; 
many  works  f.  male  or  mixed  ch.  and  orch.;  a 
pf. -concerto  ;  a  violin-concerto  in  D  (Fantasie- 
stiick)  ;  a  pf. -quintet,  3  pf. -quartets,  2  pf. -trios, 

1  string-quintet,  3  string-quartets,  2  violin-sona- 
tas w.  pf.),  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  songs,  etc. 

Ge'ro,  Jhan  (Johann),  m.  di  capp.  at  Or- 
vieto  cath.,  first  half  of  16th  cent. — Publ.  works  : 

2  books  of  madrigals  a  3  (1541  and  1555) ;  2  do. 
a  2,  and  French  canzonets  (1543  and  1552  ;  to- 
gether in  1582)  ;  motets  in  Petrucci's  "  Mottetti 
della  corona"  (1519)  ;  many  pieces  in  other  col- 
lections. 

Gers'bach,  Joseph,  born  Sackingen,  Baden, 
Dec.  22,  1787  ;  d.  Karlsruhe,  Dec.  3,  1830,  as 
music-teacher  at  the  evang.  Teachers'  Seminary. 
—  Publ.  school-songs  :  "  Singvoglein  (30  2-part 
songs),  "  Wandervoglein "  (60  4-part  songs); 
and,  posthumously,  "  Liedernachlass,"  and 
"  Reihenlehre,  oder  Begriindung  des  musikali- 
schen  Rhythmus  aus  der  allgemeinen  Zahlen- 
lehre  "  (1832). 

Gers'bach,  Anton,  brother  and  pupil  of  Jo- 
seph ;  b.  Sackingen,  Feb.  21,  1801  ;  d.  Karls- 
ruhe, Aug.  17,  1S48,  as  his  brother's  successor 


GERSON— GEVAERT 


at  the  Seminary. — Publ.  a  Method  for  pf. ,  in- 
structive pf.-pcs.,  quartets  f.  male  and  mixed 
ch.,  school-songs,  a  supplement  to  Joseph's 
"  Singvoglein,"  and  a  "  Tonlehre,  oder  System 
der  elementarischen  Harmonielehre." 

Gerson,  Jean-Charlier  de,  born  Gerson,  n. 
Rethel,  Dec.  14,  1363  ;  d.  Lyons,  July  12,  1429. 
Chancellor  of  Paris  Univ.,  and  a  learned  theo- 
logian. His  complete  works  (Amsterdam,  1706) 
contain  "  De  laude  musices,"  "  De  canticorum 
originali  ratione,"  and  "  Disciplina  puerorum." 

Ger'ster,  Etelka(Mme.  Gardi'ni-Gerster), 
accomplished  stage-soprano  ;  b.  June  16,  1857, 
at  Kaschau,  Hungary  ;  through  Hellmesberger's 
good  offices  she  became  (1874-5)  a  pupil  of  Frau 
Marchesi  at  the  Vienna  Cons.,  and  made  her 
debut  at  Venice,  Jan.  8,  1876,  as  Gilda  in  Rigo- 
letto,  with  such  success  that  her  impresario,  Dr. 
Carlo  Gardini,  closed  a  favorable  contract,  under 
which  she  sang  at  Marseilles,  Genoa,  and 
(March,  1877)  at  Kroll's  Th.,  Berlin,  where  she 
was  greeted  with  tumultuous  applause.  She 
married  Gardini  in  Pesth,  Apr.  16,  1877,  and 
has  since  then  sung  in  the  chief  cities  of  Europe 
and  America  (Amer.  tours  1878,  1883,  1887). 
Her  wonderful  voice  (a  high  soprano)  and  great 
skill  in  coloratura  singing  made  her  one  of  the 
renowned  singers  of  the  century.  In  1896  she 
opened  a  school  for  singing,  in  Berlin. 

Gervaso'ni,  Carlo,  writer  on  music  ;  born 
Milan,  Nov.  4,  1762  ;  d.  there  June  4,  1819. 
For  many  years  he  was  m.  di  capp.  at  the  Chiesa 
Matrice,  Borgo  Faro  ;  also  a  member  of  the  Ital. 
Acad,  of  Arts  and  Sciences. — Publ.  "  Scuola 
della  musica "  (Parma,  1800;  on  the  theory  of 
mus.)  ;  "  Carteggio  musicale  "  (1S04  ;  his  auto- 
biography occupies  30  pages);  and  "  Nuova 
teoria  di  musica  ricavata  dall'  odierna  practica 
.   .   ."  (1S12). 

Gervi'nus,  George  Gottfried,  historian  and 
man  of  letters  ;  b.  Darmstadt,  May  20,  1805  ;  d. 
Heidelberg,  Mar.  18,  1S71,  as  University  pro- 
fessor. An  enthusiastic  admirer  of  Handel  and 
the  other  great  masters,  he  was  a  founder  of  the 
Leipzig  Handel- Verein,  and  wrote  "  Handel 
und  Shakespeare.  Zur  Asthetik  der  Tonkunst  " 
(186S). — His  widow,  Victoria,  publ.  a  selection 
of  songs  from  Handel's  oratorios  and  operas, 
entitled  "  Naturgemasse  Ausbildung  in  Gesang 
und  Klavierspiel  "  (1892). 

Gesel'schap,  Marie,  b.  Batavia,  Java,  1874(7) ; 
fine  pianist  ;  studied  with  Xaver  Scharwenka; 
Berlin  ;  played  (1894  ?)  with  great  success  in 
New  York,  Boston,  etc.;  in  1895,  also  in  London. 

Ge'sius  (properly  Goss),  Bartholomaus,  b. 
Miincheberg,  n.  Frankfort-on-Oder,  abt.  1555  ; 
d.  1613  as  cantor  at  P'rankfort-on-O.  A  prolific 
comp.  of  church-music  ;  publ.  1588-1624  nu- 
merous collections  of  psalms,  hymns,  chorals, 
motets,  masses,  etc.;  also  a  "Synopsis  musicae 
practicae  "  (1609  ;   1615  ;   1618). 

Gesual'do,  Don  Carlo,  Prince  of  Venosa  ; 
born  toward  the  middle  of  the  16th  century  ;  d. 


1614.  Living  at  the  epoch  when  the  "  new 
music  "  (the  homophonic  style)  made  its  appear- 
ance, he  was  one  of  the  most  enlightened  musi- 
cians of  the  time,  and,  indeed,  far  in  advance  of 
his  age.  Like  Rore,  Banchieri,  and  Vicentino, 
he  was  a  so-called  "  Chromaticist  ";  in  his  works 
the  counterpoint  is  enriched  by  ingenious  expe- 
dients, the  melody  led  with  greater  skill,  and  the 
music  better  adapted  to  the  words. — Publ.  6 
vol.s  of  madrigals  a  5  (Genoa,  1585,  each  part 
separately  ;  an  edition  in  score  was  publ.  in 
1613). 

Gevaert,  Francois-Auguste,  eminent  Bel- 
gian comp.  and  musical  scientist  ;  b.  Huysse,  n. 
Oudenarde, 
July  31,  1828. 
Pupil  of  Som- 
mere  (pf.)  and  /■; 
Mengal  (comp.)  . 
at  Ghent  Cons., 
1841-7,     taking  I 

the  Gr.  prix  de  | 

Rome  for  com-  ,  '!?$ 
position  ;  from 
1843  he  was  also  y 
org.  at  the  Jes- 
uit church.  He 
produced  2  op- 
eras in  1848, 
with  some  success  ;  lived  in  Paris  for  a  year 
(1849-50),  where  he  was  commissioned  to  write 
an  opera  for  the  Th.-Lyrique,  and  then  a  year 
in  Spain,  his  "  Fantasia  sobre  motivos  espanoles  " 
winning  him  the  order  of  Isabella  la  Catolica  ;  he 
also  wrote  a  "  Rapport  surla  situation  de  la  mu- 
sique  en  Espagne "  (Brussels,  1851).  After  a 
short  visit  to  Italy  and  Germany,  he  returned  to 
Ghent  in  1852,  and  up  to  1861  brought  out  9  op- 
eras in  quick  succession.  In  1857  his  festival  can- 
tata De  nationale  verjaerdag  won  him  the  Order 
of  Leopold.  In  1867  he  was  app.  chef  de  chant 
at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris  ;  in  1870,  the  Cerman 
investment  caused  him  to  return  home,  and  since 
1871  he  has  been  Director  of  the  Brussels  Cons., 
succeeding  Fetis. — Compositions  :  The  operas 
Hugues  de  Somerghem  and  La  come'die  a  la  7  /lie 
(Ghent,  1848)  ;  Georgette,  on  le  moulin  de  Fonte- 
noy  (Paris,  Th.-Lyr.,  1852);  Le  billet  de  Mar- 
guerite (Paris,  1S54)  ;  Lcs  lavandihres  de  San- 
tarem  (Paris,  1855) ;  Quentin  Durward  (Paris, 
Op. -Com.,  1858)  ;  Le diable an  moulin  (P.,  1859)  > 
Chdteau-Trompette  (P.,  i860);  La  poularde  de 
Caux(P.,  1861) ;  Les  deux  amours  (Baden-Baden, 
1861)  ;  Le  capital 'ne  Henriot  (Paris,  1864)  ;  Per- 
tinax  (1884)  ;  also  the  cantatas  Retour  de  I'arme'e, 
Jacques  van  Artevelde,  and  Le  depart  (f.  3-part 
chorus)  ;  a  Missa  pro  defunctis  and  Super  flu- 
mina  Babylonis  (both  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.)  ; 
overture  "  Flandre  au  lion";  ballads  ("  Philipp 
van  Artevelde,"  etc.)  ;  songs  (many  in  the  coll. 
"  Nederlandsche  Zangstukken  "). — Other  works: 
"  Leerbock  van  den  Gregoriaenschen  Zang " 
(1856);  "Traite  d'instrumentation  "  (1863;  re- 
vised  and    enlarged    as    "  Nouveau    traite    de 


<  IKYER— GIANETTINI 


nostrum.,"  1SS5  ;  Ger.  transl.  by  Riemann, 
1S87  ;  the  best  work  of  its  kind  yet  publ. ;  of  its 
2nd  part,  "  Orchestration,"  the  first  half  was  is- 
sued in  iSgo)  ;  "  Les  origines  du  chant  liturgique 
de  l'eglise  latine "  (1S90  ;  Ger.  transl.  by  Rie- 
mann ;  throws  new  light  on  the  Gregory  tradi- 
tion) ;  "  Les  gloires  d'ltalie  "  (songs  from  operas, 
etc.,  of  16th-  and  17th-century  comp.s,  with 
pf.-accom.,  1868);  "Chansons  du  XVe  siecle  " 
(1875);  "Vade-mecum  de  l'organiste";  "La 
Melopee  antique  dans  l'eglise  latine "  (Gand, 
1895,  pp.  400  ;  a  monumental  work). 

Gey'er  [gl-],  Flodoard,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  1, 
181 1  ;  d.  there  Apr.  30,  1872.  A  theological 
student,  he  took  lessons  in  comp.  with  Marx  : 
founder  (1842)  and  cond.  of  the  academic  Man- 
nergesangverein  ;  also  a  co-founder  of  the  Ber- 
lin Tonkiinstlerverein.  Teacher  of  theory  in  the 
Kullak-Stern  Cons.  (1851-66)  ;  received  title  of 
"Professor"  in  1856.  He  was  mus.  critic  for 
the  "  Spener'sche  Zeitung,"  "  Neue  Berliner 
Musikzeitung,"  and  "  Deutscher  Reichsanzei- 
ger." — Works  :  Operas,  symphonies,  chamber- 
music,  songs,  etc.  (nearly  all  in  MS.).  Also 
a  "  Compositionslehre "  (1862,  Part  I);  and 
"  Ueber  den  Unterricht  auf  tonlosen  Tasta- 
turen  "  (Berlin,  1847). 

Gheyn,  Matthias  van  den,  b.  Tirlemont, 
Brabant,  Apr.  7,  1721  ;  d.  Louvain,  June  22, 
1785.  For  many  years  org.  at  St.  Peter's,  Lou- 
vain, and  town  carilloneur  j  he  was  celebrated 
in  both  capacities. — Publ.  "  Fondements  de  la 
basse  continue "  (lessons  and  sonatinas  f.  org. 
and  vln.)  ;  6  Divertissements  f.  harpsichord 
(abt.  1760)  ;  also  pes.  for  organ  and  for  carillon. 

Ghiselin(g)  (or  Ghiselinus),  Jean,  Nether- 
land  contrapuntist  (i5th-i6th  cent.),  perhaps 
identical  with  Verbonnet,  certainly  not  with  G. 
Bankers. — 5  masses  in  Petrucci's  "  Missae  di- 
versorum "  (1503);  5  motets  in  the  "  Mottetti 
della  corona"  (1505). 

Ghislanzo'ni,  Antonio,  writer  and  dramatic 
poet  ;  b.  Lecco,  Nov.  25,  1S24 ;  d.  Caprino- 
Bergamasco,  July  16,  1S93.  Intended  for  the 
church,  his  fine  baritone  voice  led  him  to  adopt 
the  career  of  a  stage-singer  (Lodi,  1846),  which 
he  speedily  abandoned,  however,  for  literary 
work.  He  became  the  manager  of  "  Italia  Mu- 
sicale,"  and  was  for  years  the  editor  of  the  Milan 
"  Gazzetta  Musicale,"  to  which  he  remained  a 
faithful  contributor  till  death.  He  wrote  over 
60  opera-libretti,  that  of  Aida  being  the  most 
famous  ;  publ.  "  Reminiscenze  artistiche"  (which 
contains  notes  on  the  pianist  A.  Fumagaili,  an 
episode  entitled  "  La  casa  di  Verdi  a  Sant'  Aga- 
ta,"  etc.). 

Ghizeghem.     See  Heyne. 

Ghizzo'lo,  Giovanni,  b.  Brescia,  1560  (?).  A 
Franciscan  monk,  and  in.  di  eapp.  at  Ravenna 
cath.,  later  at  Milan  and  Venice. — Publ.  2  vol.s 
of  madrigals  a  5,  4  vol.s  of  motets  a  4,  3  of 
Canzonettc  a  3,  Vespri  a  8,  Psalms  a  5  with  bass, 


complines  a  4  and  9,  masses,  antiphones,  falsi 
bordoni,  litanies,  etc.,  from  160S-24. 

Ghymers,  Jules-Eugene,  b.  Liege,  May  16, 
1S35  ;  pupil  of  Ledent  (pf.)  and  Daussoigne- 
Mehul  (comp.)  at  Liege  Cons.,  where  he  is 
pf. -teacher.  Formerly  wrote  for  the  "  Guide 
musical  "  ;  is  now  critic  for  the  "  Gazette  de 
Liege." 

Ghys,  Joseph,  violinist  ;  b.  Ghent,  1801  ;  d. 
St.  Petersburg,  Aug.  22,  1S48.  A  pupil  of  La- 
font  at  Brussels  Cons. ;  taught  at  Amiens  and 
Nantes,  made  tours  in  France  (1832,  etc.),  Bel- 
gium (1835),  Germany  and  Austria  (1837),  and 
northern  Europe. — Works:  Variations  f.  vln., 
with  pf.  or  orch.;  "  Le  mouvement  perpetuel," 
f.  vln.  w.  string-quartet  ;  violin-concerto  in  D  ; 
romances  ;  the  etude  "  L'orage,"  for  solo  vln.; 
etc. 

Giac'che  ;  Giacchet'to.  See  Berchem  and 
Buus. 

Giacomel'li  ;  Geminiano,  b.  Parma,  1686  ; 
d.  Naples,  Jan.  19,  1743.  Dramatic  composer, 
pupil  of  Capelli.  After  the  successful  perform- 
ance of  his  opera  Ipermnestra  at  Parma  in  1704, 
the  Duke  of  Parma  sent  him  to  study  under 
Scarlatti  at  Naples.  He  became  a  favorite 
opera-composer  ;  entered  the  service  of  the  em- 
peror Charles  VI.  at  Vienna,  and  returned  to 
Naples  in  1731.  Of  his  8  operas,  Cesar e  in 
Egitlo  (Turin,  1735)  was  thought  to  be  the  best. 
Other  works  :  Psalm  viii  f.  2  tenors  and  bass  ; 
concert-arias  with  continuo. 

Gialdi'ni,  Gialdino,  b.  Pescia,  Nov.  10, 
1843.  Pupil  of  T.  Mabellini  at  Florence.  His 
first  opera,  Rosmunda  (prize- opera  in  a  competi- 
tion instituted  by  the  Pergola  Th.,  Florence), 
given  in  1868,  was  unsuccessful  ;  after  prod.  2 
"  opere  buffe,"  La  Seccliia  rapita  (Florence, 
1872),  and  L'ido/o  cinese  (1874),  in  collaboration 
with  other  musicians,  he  gave  up  opera-writing, 
and  devoted  himself  to  conducting,  a  career  in 
which  he  has  been  eminently  successful.  Latterly 
he  has  again  turned  to  dramatic  composition, 
producing  the  opera,  I  due  soci  (Bologna,  1892), 
and  a  2-act  opera  La  Pupiila  (Trieste,  1896), 
both  succ.  Has  also  written  a  "  Preghiera  di 
sera"  f.  full  orch.;  a  "Menuetto"f.  strings; 
and  publ.  "  Eco  della  Lombardia,"  a  collection 
of  50  folk-songs. 

Gianel'li,  Pietro  (Abbate),  writer  ;  b.  Friuli, 
Italy,  abt.  1770;  d.  Venice,  1S22  (?).  Publ. 
"  Dizionario  della  musica  sacra  e  profana  "  (Ven- 
ice, 1S01,  3  vol.s  ;  2nd  ed.  1820,  8  vol.s  ;  the 
oldest  Italian  dictionary  of  music  and  biography, 
of  slight  value)  ;  also  a  "  Grammatica  ragionata 
della  musica  .  .  ."  (Venice,  1801,2nd  ed.  1820), 
and  a  "  Biografia  degli  uomini  illustri  della 
musica,"  with  portraits  (only  one  fascicle  ap- 
peared, in  1822). 

Gianetti'ni  (or  Zanettini),  Antonio,  b. 
Venice,  1649  ;  d.  Modena,  end  of  Aug.,  1721. 
The  reputation  won  by  producing  3   operas  in 


GIANOTTI— GIGOUT 


Venice,  led  lo  his  appointment  in  1686  as  m.  di 
capp.  at  the  court  of  Modena,  where  he  remained 
for  life  ;  except  in  1695,  when  he  had  leave  of 
absence  to  go  to  Hamburg,  and  brought  out 
three  operas  there. — Works  :  6  operas  ;  6  ora- 
torios ;  several  cantatas  ;  a  Kyrie  a  5  ;  and 
Psalms    a    4,    with   instr.s  (Venice,  1717). 

Gianot'ti,  Pietro,  a  native  of  Lucca,  was  a 
double-bass  player  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris, 
where  he  died  June  19,  1765. — Wrote  duos, 
trios,  and  sonatas  f.  vln.;  'cello-sonatas  ;  duos  f. 
musettes  or  vielles  ;  also  "  Le  Guide  du  Com- 
positeur" (1759),  a  theory  of  fundamental  bass 
ace.  to  Rameau. 

Giardi'ni,  Felice  de',  b.  Turin,  Apr.,  1716; 
d.  Moscow,  Dec.  17,  1796.  Dramatic  composer 
and  distinguished  violinist  ;  choir-boy  in  Milan 
cath.,  and  a  pupil  of  Paladini,  later  studying  the 
violin  under  Somio  at  Turin.  After  playing  in 
various  theatre-orchestras  in  Rome,  and  at  the 
San  Carlo,  Naples,  and  giving  small  concerts, 
he  appeared  in  London  (1744)  with  great  suc- 
cess; from  1748-9  he  lived  in  Paris,  becoming 
a  favorite  of  the  court  and  aristocracy.  Return- 
ing to  London  in  1750,  he  succeeded  Festing  in 
1752  as  leader  at  the  Ital.  opera,  of  which  he  be- 
came the  manager  in  1756,  and  1763-5;  financial 
losses  induced  him  to  return  to  concert-giving. 
From  1774-80  he  was  leader  at  the  Pantheon 
concerts,  17S2— 3  at  the  Ital.  opera  ;  after  a  so- 
journ of  6  years  in  Italy,  he  tried  to  establish  an 
Ital.  opera  at  London  in  1790,  but  failed,  took 
his  opera-troupe  to  Russia,  and  died  there. — In 
London  he  brought  out  5  operas  with  indifferent 
success,  also  an  oratorio,  Ruth  (1752)  ;  he  also 
wrote  5  sets  of  violin  solos,  6  duets,  6  sonatas  f. 
pf.  and  vln.,  12  violin-concertos,  6  pf. -quintets, 
12  string-quartets,  several  string-trios,  songs, 
catches,  etc.  His  violin-music  is  excellent.  He 
owned  and  played  on  a  vln.  formerly  Corelli's. 

Gibbons,  Rev.  Edward,  b.  abt.  1570  ;  d.  abt. 
1650.  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon.,  1592.  Org.  of  Bristol 
cath.,  1 592-161 1  ;  of  Exeter  cath.,  161 1-44. — 
Anthems,  etc.,  in  MS.  at  British  Museum  and 
Oxford. — His  brother,  Ellis  G.  (d.  abt.  1650), 
was  org.  at  Salisbury  cath. 

Gibbons,  Orlando,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  noted  org.  and  comp. ;  b.  Cambridge,  Engl., 
15S3  ;  d.  Canterbury,  June  5,  1625.  In  1596, 
he  was  a  chorister  at  King's  Coll.,  Cambr. ;  org. 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1604  ;  Mus.  Bac.  Cantab., 
1606;  Mus.  Bac.  and  Doc,  Oxon.,  1622;  org. 
of  Westminster  Abbey,  1623. — Publ.  "Fantasies 
of  III.  parts  .  .  .  composed  for  viols"  (1610, 
the  earliest  engraved  compositions  in  England  ; 
edited  by  E.  F.  Rimbault,  and  reprinted  1843)  : 
pieces  for  the  virginal,  in  "  Parthenia  "  (also  re- 
printed, 1843,  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.)  ;  a  selection  of 
church-music  (2  services,  2  sets  of  pieces,  6 
hymn-tunes,  17  anthems),  edited  by  Ouseley,  was 
reprinted  in  1S73  ;  a  selection  of  harpsichord-pes. 
has  been  republ.  by  Augener  &  Co. ;  the  tunes 
to   "  Wither's    Hymns"  were   reprinted   by   the 


Spenser  Society  in  1881 ;  the  "  First  Set  of  Mad- 
rigals and  Motets,"  a  5  (London,  1612),  has  been 
edited  by  Smart,  and  republ.  in  1S41  by  the  Mus. 
Antiq.  Soc.  Many  other  church-compositions 
remain  in  MS. 

Gibbons,  Christopher,  son  of  Orlando  ;  b. 
London,  1615  (bapt.  Aug.  22);  d.  there  Oct.  20, 
1676.  Pupil  of  Edward  Gibbons,  at  Exeter ; 
1638-61,  org.  of  Winchester  cath.,  but  served 
some  years  in  the  royalist  army.  Org.  of  the 
Chapel  Royal  1660-76,  also  private  org.  to 
Charles  II.  Org.  of  Westminster  Abbey  1660-5. 
Mus.  Doc.  Oxon.,  1664. — Some  motets  are  in 
Dering  and  Playford's  "  Cantica  sacra  "  (1674)  ; 
other  comp.s  in  MS. 

Gi'bel  (or  Gibe'lius),  Otto,  1).  Island  of  Feh- 
marn  (Baltic),  1612  ;  d.  Minden,  1682.  Taught 
by  H.  Grimm  at  Brunswick,  he  became  cantor 
at  Stadthagen,  Lippe,  in  1634,  and  at  Minden  in 
1642,  later  becoming  school-rector.  He  publ. 
several  theoretical  works  :  also  "  Geistliche  Har- 
monien  von  1-5  Stimmen  theils  mit  theils  ohne 
Instrumenten  "  (1671). 

Gibelli'ni,  Eliseo,  b.  Osimo,  Ancona,  abt. 
1520  ;  was  until  1581  church-maestro  at  Ancona. 
— Publ.  "  Motetta  super  piano  cantu  "  a  5  (1546); 
Motets  a  5  (1548)  ;  Madrigals  a  3  (1552)  ;  "  In- 
troitus  missarum  de  festis  .  .  ."  a  5  (1565) ; 
and  Madrigals  a  5  (1581). 

Gibert,  Paul-Cesar,  b.  Versailles,  1717  ;  d. 
Paris,  1787.  St.  in  Naples,  and  settled  in  Paris 
as  a  teacher. — Publ.  "  Solfeges,  ou  lecons  de 
musique  "  (1783),  and  a  "  Melange  musical"  of 
vocal  pieces.  He  produced  several  operas  at  the 
Comedie  Italienne. 

Gibert  (or  Gisbert,  Gispert),  Francisco 
Xavier,  priest  ;  b.  Granadella, Spain  ;  d.  Madrid, 
Feb.  27,  1848.  In  1800  he  was  maestro  at  Tara- 
zona  ;  from  1804  (1808  ?)  at  Madrid.  His  church- 
music  is  noteworthy. 

Gide,  Casimir,  b.  Paris,  July  4,  1804  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  18,  1868  ;  pupil  of  Dourlen  at  the 
Cons.  ;  from  1847,  partner  in  the  business  of  his 
father  (a  bookseller). — 6  operas,  prod,  at  Paris  : 
— Les  trots  Marie  (1828),  Le  roi  de  Sidle  (1830), 
Les  trois  Catherine  (1830,  with  Adam),  Les  ju- 
meaux  de  la  Re'ole  (1831),  I'Angelus  (1834),  and 
Belphe'gor  (185S) — were  quite  successful  ;  he  also 
brought  out  7  ballets. 

Gigout,  Eugene,  organ-virtuoso  and  sacred 
comp.  ;  b.  Nancy,  France,  Mar.  23,  1844.  Began 
mus.  studies  in  the  maitrise  of  Nancy  cath.  ;  at 
13  he  entered  the  Niedermeyer  School  at  Paris, 
in  which  he  subsequently  taught  for  over  20 
years.  Also,  for  a  time,  pupil  of  Saint-Saens. 
Since  1863,  G.  has  been  organist  at  the  ch.  of 
St.-Augustin  ;  he  has  won  fame  as  a  concert- 
organist  in  France,  England,  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, Spain,  and  Italy.  In  1885  he  founded  at 
Paris  an  organ-school  subsidized  by  the  govern- 
ment, from  which  many  excellent  pupils   have 


214 


GIL— GINGUENE 


graduated.  As  a  comp.  he  is  a  devotee  of  the 
severe  style  ;  has  publ.  numerous  large  organ- 
pieces,  more  than  300  Gregorian  and  plain-song 
compositions,  an 
"Album  Gregorien  " 
in  2  vol.s,  a  vol.  of 
"  Pieces  breves," 
and  vocal  morceaux. 
Is  an  esteemed  mus. 
writer  and  critic  ; 
Commander  of  the 
order  of  Isabella  la 
Catolica  ;  officer  of 
public  instruction 
(since  1885)  ;  and 
Chev.  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  (since 
i895)- 

Gil,  Francisco  Assis,  b.  Cadiz,  1829  ;  pupil 
of  Fetis  at  Paris  ;  prof,  of  harmony  at  Madrid 
Cons.  In  1850  he  made  a  Span,  transl.  of  Fetis' 
"  Harmony  "  ;  in  1S56  he  publ.  a  "  Tratado  ele- 
mental teoricopratico  de  armonia."  Also  prod, 
several  operas  at  Madrid  ;  and  wrote  for  Eslava's 
"  Gaceta  musical  "  (1855-6). 

Gil  y  Llagoste'ra,  Caytan,  b.  Barcelona, 
Jan.  6,  1S07  ;  first  flute  at  Barcelona  theatre  and 
cathedral. — Works  :  Symphonies,  masses,  a  Re- 
quiem, orchestral  dances,  and  much  flute-music. 

Gilchrist,  William  Wallace,  b.  Jersey  City, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  8,  1S46.  Organist,  pupil  of  H.  A. 
Clarke  at  the  Univ. 
of  Pennsylvania.  He 
taught  for  a  year  in 
Cincinnati,  returned 
to  Phila.  in  1S73, 
and  for  4  years  was 
choirmaster  at  St. 
Clement's  ch. ;  since 
1877,  org.  and  choir- 
master of  Christ  ch., 
Germantown,  and 
from  1S82  teacher  at 
the  Phila.  Mus. 
Acad.  Is  also  the 
cond.  of  several  cho- 
ral societies.  Works: 
Psalm     xlvi,      for 

soli,  ch.,  orch.  and  org.  (Cincinnati  Festival 
Prize,  1S82)  :  "Song  of  Thanksgiving,"  f.  ch. 
and  orch.  ;  a  cantata,  The  Rose  (18S7)  ;  "  Ode  to 
the  Sun"  ;  "  Autumn  Dreaming"  (prize,  18S0, 
from  N.Y.  Mendelssohn  Glee  Club) ;  also  church- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Giles,  Nathaniel,  b.  n.  Worcester,  Engl., 
abt.  1550  ;  d.  Windsor,  Jan.  24,  1633.  Chorister 
of  Magdalen  Coll.,  Oxford,  in  1559  ;  Mus.  Bac, 
1585  ;  org.  and  choir-master  of  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor,  1595  ;  in  1597  he  succeeded 
Hunnis  as  Master  of  the  Children  of  the  Chapel 
Royal  ;  was  made  Mus.  Doc.  Oxon.  in  1622. — 
He  wrote  some  pieces  in  Leighton's  "  Teares  or 
Lamentacions  of  a  Sorrowfull  Soule  "  (1614) ;  a 


service  and  an  anthem  are  in  Barnard's  "  Church 
Music  "  (1641)  ;  in  Hawkins'  "  History  of  Music  " 
is  a  quaint  "  Lesson  of  Descant  of  thirtie  eighte 
Proportions  of  sundrie  kindes";  other  anthems 
are  in  MS. 

GilTe,  Carl,  contemporary  German  conduc- 
tor ;  after  acting  as  Kapellm.  at  the  Court  Th. , 
Schwerin,  he  succeeded  Mahler  as  Kapellm.  at 
Hamburg  City  Th.  in  1897. 

Gilles  (properly  G.  Brebos,  called  "  Maitre 
Gilles,"  "  Masegiles  "),  famous  organ-builder  at 
Louvain  and  Antwerp  in  the  16th  century  ;  d. 
June  6,  1584. 

Gillet,  Ernest,  b.  Paris,  Sept.  13,  1856 ; 
pupil  of  the  Niedermeyer  School  and  of  the 
Cons. ;  solo  'cellist  at  the  Grand  Opera.  Now 
living  in  London,  and  known  as  the  writer  of 
sa/on-music  ("  Loin  du  bal,"  etc). 

Gilmore,  Patrick  Sarsfield,  b.  near  Dublin, 
Dec.  25,  1829;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.  24, 
1892.  He  went  to  Canada  with  an  English 
band,  but  soon  settled  in  Salem,  Mass.,  where 
he  cond.  a  military  band.  In  1S59  he  went  to 
Boston,  and  organized  the  famous  "  Gilmore's 
Band."  As  bandmaster  in  the  Federal  army  at 
New  Orleans  (1864),  he  gave  a  grand  mus.  fes- 
tival with  several  combined  bands,  introducing 
the  novel  reinforcement  of  strong  accents  by 
cannon-shots.  He  won  wide  renown  by  the 
"  National  Peace  Jubilee  "  (1869),  and  the 
"World's  Peace  Jubilee"  (1872),  2  monster 
musical  festivals  held  at  Boston  ;  in  the  former, 
G.  led  an  orch.  of  1000  and  a  chorus  of  10,000  ; 
in  the  latter,  an  orch.  of  2000  and  a  chorus  of 
20,000  ;  the  orch.  was  reinforced  by  a  powerful 
organ,  cannon  fired  by  electricity,  anvils,  and 
chimes  of  bells.  After  the  second  Jubilee,  G. 
went  to  New  York,  and,  as  a  popular  bandmaster, 
travelled  with  his  men  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  and  also  (187S)  to  Europe.  He  also 
led  bands  or  orchestras  in  various  summer-gar- 
dens and  resorts  in  and  near  N.  Y. — Works  : 
Military  music,  dance-music  ;  many  arrange- 
ments for  band.  Some  of  his  songs  became 
popular. 

Gilson,  Paul,  Belgian  comp.;  b.  Brussels, 
1869  ;  a  self-taught  musician,  his  cantata  Sinai' 
won  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1892.  His 
opera  Alvar  was  given  at  Brussels,  1S96,  with 
moderate  success  ;  he  has  also  brought  out  an- 
other cantata,  Francesca  da  Rimini  (1S95); 
symph.  sketches,  La  mer  (1S92)  ;  a  septet  and 
scherzo  for  wind-instr.s  ;  and  completed  Rag- 
ghianti's  unfinished  opera  Jean-Marie. — His 
1 -act  opera  Panvres  Gens  was  prod,  at  Brussels 
(189-?). 

Ginguene,  Pierre-Louis,  b.  Rennes,  Apr. 
25,  1748  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  16,  1816.  A  writer  on 
the  history  of  literature,  member  of  the  Academy, 
etc.  Touching  music  he  publ.  "  Lettres  et 
articles  sur  la  musique "  (17S3  ;  his  collected 
journalistic  papers  on  the  Gluck-Piccinni  con- 


GIORDANI— GLAREANUS 


troversy)  !  the  historical  articles  in  the  "  Diet,  de 
mus."  of  the  "  Encyclopedic  methodique  "  (1791- 
1S18  ;  only  in  vol.  i)  ;  "  Notice  sur  la  vie  et  les 
ouvrages  de  Piccinni  "  (r8oo  ;  partial  to  Piccinni); 
"  Rapport  .  .  .  sur  une  nouvelle  exposition  de 
la  semeiographie,  ou  notation  musicale  des 
Grecs  "  (1815).  Interesting  matter  on  Guido, 
the  Troubadours,  etc.,  is  contained  in  his  "  His- 
toire  litteraire  de  l'ltalie  "  (1811-35,  14  vol.s). 

Giorda'ni,  Tommaso  (real  family-name 
Carmine),  b.  Naples,  abt.  1740;  d.  Dublin, 
after  1816.  In  1762  he  appeared  in  buffo  roles 
at  the  Haymarket  Th.,  London  ;  taught  music 
for  a  while,  and  then  undertook  the  management 
of  an  Italian  opera-troupe  at  Dublin  ;  failing,  he 
remained  in  Dublin  as  a  teacher. — Works  :  An 
opera,  Perseverance  (Dublin,  17S9)  ;  an  oratorio, 
Isaac;  trios  for  flutes  and  bass,  5  books  of  flute- 
duos,  duos  f.  'cello,  pf.-pes.,  songs,  etc. 

Giorda'ni,  Giuseppe  (called  Giordanello), 
brother  of  Tommaso  ;  b.  Naples,  1744  ;  d.  Fermo, 
Jan.  4,  1798.  Prolific  opera-comp.;  fellow- 
student  of  Cimarosa  and  Zingarelli  at  the  Cons, 
of  Loreto.  From  1772-82  he  was  a  popular 
teacher  and  comp.  in  London  ;  returning  to 
Italy,  he  was  eng.  in  dramatic  comp.  till  1791, 
when  he  was  app.  m.  di  capp.  of  Fermo  cath. — 
Works  :  About  30  operas  (//  Bacio,  1794,  was 
quite  in  vogue  at  London),  6  pf. -quintets,  3  pf.- 
quartets,  6  string-quartets,  30  trios,  6  vln. -con- 
certos, pf. -sonatas  f.  2  and  4  hands  ;  preludes 
and  exercises  for  pf. ;  soprano  duets  ;  5  books  of 
Canzonette  f .  solo  voices  ;  other  secular  and 
sacred  music  in  MS. 

Giorda'no,  Umberto,  b.  Naples,  1869  (?). 
Dramatic  composer. — Works  :  A  4-act  opera 
seria  Andrea  Chenier  (La  Scala,  Milan,  1896  ; 
v.  succ.)  ;  2-act  opera-seria  Regina  Diaz  (Naples, 
1894;  unsucc.)  ;  and  a  3-act  "melodrama" 
(opera)  Mala  vita  (Rome,  1S92  ;  succ;  in  Milan, 
1897,  as  //  Voto). 

Giornovi'chi.     See  Jarnovic. 

Gior'za,  Paolo,  b.  Milan,  1838.  Pupil  of 
his  father  (an  organist  and  dram,  singer),  and  La 
Croix  (cpt.).  Devoted  himself  exclusively  to 
writing  dances,  marches,  and  ballet-music,  in 
which  latter  genre  he  has  achieved  great  renown. 
Among  over  40  ballets,  the  most  successful  were 
Un  Fallo  (1853),  /  Bianchi  ed  i  Negri  ('53), 
//  Giuocaiore  ('54),  //  Conte  di  Montecristo  ('57), 
Rodolfo  ('58),  Cleopatra  ('59),  La  Contessa  d '  Fg- 
mont  ('59),  Leonilda  ('65),  and  Fiammella  ("66), 
all  at  La  Scala,  Milan  ;  Un'  Avventura  di  Carne- 
vale  a  Parigi  (Genoa,  '63),  Farfalletta  (London, 
'63)  ;  also  La  Capanna  dello  zio  Tom,  Folgore, 
La  Silfide  a  Pechino,  iTn  ballonuovo,  Cliernbini, 
o  la  rosa  di  Posilippo,  Pedrilla,  etc.  One  opera, 
Corrado,  console  di  Milano  (Milan,  1S60)  was 
unsuccessful.  G.  lived  for  some  years  in  New 
York,  and  isat  present  (1899)  residing  in  London. 

Gio'sa,  Nicola  de.     See  De  Giosa. 

Giovanel'li,  Ruggiero,  b.  Velletri,  abt.  1560  ; 
d.  Rome,  abt.  1620.      In  1587  he  was  maestro  in 


the  ch.  of  San  Luigi  de'  Frances!  at  Rome,  later 
in  the  Collegium  Germanicum  ;  in  1594  he  suc- 
ceeded Palestrina  as  maestro  at  St.  Peter's,  and 
in  1599  joined  the  Pontifical  Chapel.  One  of 
the  most  famous  masters  of  the  Roman  School  ; 
of  his  works  there  have  been  printed  3  books  of 
madrigals  (a  5  1586,  '87,  '89)  ;  2  of  "  Madrigali 
sdruccioli  "  a  4  (1587)  ;  2  books  of  motets  a  5-8 
(1592)  ;  Canzonette  and  Vi Handle  a  3  (1592, 
J593)  !  als°  scattered  madrigals  in  the  coll.s  of 
Scotto  and  Phalese.  In  the  Vatican  Library  are 
many  sacred  works  in  MS. — To  G.  was  en- 
trusted, by  Pope  Paul  V.,  the  preparation  of  a 
new  edition  of  Graduals  (1614,  1615,  2  vol.s). 

Giraldo'ni,  Leone,  distinguished  baritone 
stage-singer  ;  b.  Paris,  1824  ;  d.  Moscow,  Sept. 
30  (?),  1897.  Debut  at  Lodi,  1847  ;  sang  at  La 
Scala  from  1850,  and  terminated  his  stage -career 
at  Rome  in  1885.  Taught  for  several  years  at 
the  Moscow  Cons.  —  Publ.  "Guido  teorico-pra- 
tica  ad  uso  degli  artisti  cantanti  "  (Bologna, 
1S64  ;  2nd  ed.  1884)  ;  and  "  Compendium, 
Metodo  analitico,  filosofico  e  fisiologico  per  la 
educazione  della  voce  "  (Milan,  1S89). 

Girard,  Narcisse,  b.  Mantes,  France,  Jan. 
27>  J797  I  d.  Paris,  Jan.  16,  i860.  A  pupil  of 
Baillot  (vln.)  at  Paris  Cons.,  he  was  from  1830-2 
m.  de  chap,  at  the  Opera  Italien,  and  1837-46, 
at  the  Opera-Comique,  then  succeeding  Ilabe- 
neck  as  cond.  at  the  Grand  Opera,  also  becom- 
ing (1847)  prof,  of  vln.  at  the  Cons,  and  conduc- 
tor of  the  concerts  ;  in  1856  he  was  app.  general 
mus.  dir.  of  the  Grand  Opera. — His  two  i-act 
operas,  Deux  voleurs  (Op. -Com.,  1841),  and  Le 
Conseil des  Dix  (1842),  were  short-lived. 

Gladstone,  Francis  Edward,  noted  English 
organist  ;  b.  Summertown,  n.  Oxford,  Mar.  2, 
1845.  Pupil  of  S.  Wesley,  1859-64  ;  has  filled 
positions  as  org.  at  Weston-super-Mare,  Llan- 
daff,  Chichester,  Brighton,  London,  and  Nor- 
wich. After  embracing  the  Catholic  faith,  he 
was  choir-director  at  St.  Mary  of  the  Angels, 
Bayswater,  until  1894.  In  1876  he  took  the 
degree  of  Mus.  Bac,  Cantab.  ;  in  1879,  Mus. 
Doc;  prof,  of  cpt.,  etc.,  at  Trinity  Coll.,  Lon- 
don, in  1881  ;  prof,  of  harm,  and  cpt.  at  R.  C. 
M.  in  1883. — Works  :  Much  church-music,  an 
overture,  some  chamber-music  (all  in  MS.)  ;  also 
organ-pes.,  and  "  The  Organ-Student's  Guide." 

Glarea'nus,  Henricus  (real  name  Heinrich 
Lo'ris  [Latinized  Loritusj),  b.  Glarus  (whence 
his  appellation),  1488  ;  d.  Freiburg,  Baden, 
March  28,  1563.  After  attending  the  Latin 
School  at  Bern,  he  studied  theology  at  Cologne, 
also  music  (under  Cochlaus)  ;  here,  in  1512,  he 
was  crowned  poet-laureate  by  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.  After  teaching  and  lecturing  in  Basel 
and  Paris,  he  settled  in  Freiburg,  lectured  on 
history  and  literature,  and  died  isolated  and  em- 
bittered.—  He  wrote  "  Isagoge  in  musicen  " 
(Basel,  1 5 16)  ;  his  principal  work  is  the  "  Dode- 
cachordon "  (1547);  in  it  he  contends  for  12 
church-modes  instead  of  the  usually-accepted  8  . 


216 


GLASENAPP— GLEASON 


it  is  also  valuable  as  a  source  for  the  history  of 
mensural  music,  notation,  and  early  music-print- 
ing.—  J.  L.  Wonegger  publ.  "  Musicae  epitome 
ex  Glareani  Dodekachordo "  (1557;  2nd  ed. 
1559  ;  in  German  :  "  Uss  Glareani  Musik  ein 
Usszug  .  .  .  ",  1557).  Glareanus'  revised  edi- 
tion of  Boethius'  writings,  edited  by  M.  Rota,  was 
publ.  in  1570. — Biographies  of  G.  have  been 
written  by  Schreiber  (Freiburg,  1S37)  and  0.  F. 
Fritsche  (Frauenfeld,  1S90). 

Gla'senapp,  Carl  Friedrich,  b.  Riga,  Oct. 

3,  1847.  lie  studied  philosophy  at  Dorpat  ; 
since  1875,  head-master  at  Riga.  A  zealous 
(and  not  strictly  impartial)  advocate  of  Wagner, 
he  wrote  "  Richard  Wagner's  Leben  und  Wir- 
ken  "  (Leipzig,  2  vol.s,  2nd  ed.  1882  ;  3rd  ed., 
1894  ;  somewhat  diffuse,  but  generally  reliable)  ; 
also  a  "  Wagner- Lexikon "  (Stuttgart,  1S83). 
Contributor  to  the  "  Bayreuther  Blatter." 

Gla'ser,  Karl  Gotthelf,  b.  Weissenfels,  May 

4,  1784  ;  d.  Barmen,  Apr.  16,  1829.  St.  at  the 
Thomasschule,  Leipzig  ;  received  his  mus.  train- 
ing from  J.  A.  Hiller,  A.  E.  Midler  (pf.  and 
harm.),  and  Campagnoli  (vln.).  Studied  law  in 
Leipzig  Univ.,  but  became  (1814)  a  teacher, 
musical  director,  and  later  music-dealer,  in  Bar- 
men.— Publ.  chorales,  school  song-books,  pf.- 
music  ;  a  "  Neue  praktische  Clavierschule  " 
(1817),  a  "  Kurze  Anweisung  zum  Choralspiel " 
(1S24),  and  "  Vereinfachter  .  .  .  Unterricht  in 
der  Theorie  der  Tonsetzkunst  mittels  eines  musi- 
kalischen  Compasses"  (1S2S). 

Gla'ser,  Franz,  b.Obergeorgenthal,  Bohemia, 
Apr.  19,  1798  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Aug.  29,  1861. 
Violin-pupil  of  Pixis  at  Prague  Cons., and,  at  Vi- 
enna, of  Heydenreich  (cpt.)  ;  in  1817,  Kapellm. 
at  the  Josephstadter  Th.,  Vienna,  in  1830  at  the 
Konigstadtisches  Th.,  Berlin  ;  from  1842,  royal 
conductor  at  Copenhagen.  Of  his  13  operas, 
Des  Adlers  Horst  (Berlin,  1833)  was  most  suc- 
cessful ;  he  also  wrote  music  for  many  dramas, 
farces,  melodramas,  etc.;  a  Festival  Overture, 
a  Funeral  Cantata,  etc. 

Glazou'now  [Glazunov]  [gla-tsoo'-nov],  Al- 
exander, b.  St.  Petersburg,  Aug.  10,  1865.  He 
studied  till  1883 
at  the  Polytechnic 
Inst,  there,  and 
then  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  mu- 
sic, having  made 
the  acquaintance  of 
Balakirev  and  Rim- 
sky  -  Korsakov  in 
1880,  the  latter 
being  his  principal 
teacher.  In  1881 
his  first  symphony 
was  produced,  and 
again  in  1884  at 
Weimar  under 
Liszt's  auspices.  At  the  Trocadero,  in  Paris, 
he  conducted  his  second  symphony,  and  other 
comp.s,    in   1889  ;    and,  at    London,  his   fourth 


symphony  (Philharm.  concert).  1S96-7  he  cond. , 
with  Rimsky-Korsakov  and  Liadov,  the  Rus- 
sian Symphony  Concerts  at  St.  P.  He  is  a 
prolific  instr.l  comp. ;  as  the  following  list  of 
works  shows  : 

Op.  1,  1st  string-quartet  (D  maj.)  ;  op.  2,  suite  on 
S.  A.  C.  H.  A.  (his  nickname)  f.  pf. ;  op.  3,  Overture 
1  on  Greek  themes  ;  op.  5,  1st  Symphony  (E)  ;  op.  6, 
Overture  2  on  Greek  themes;  op.  7,  Serenade  f.  orch.; 
op.  8,  Elegie  f.  orch.,  "A  la  memoire  d'un  heros";  op.  9, 
Suite  caracteristique  f.  orch.;  op.  10,  2nd  string-quartet 
(F) ;  op.  11.  Serenade  f.  small  orch.;  op.  12,  Poeme  ly- 
rique  f.  orch.;  op.  13,  Symph.  poem  "  Stenka  Rasine"  ; 
op.  14,  2  pes.  f.  orch.,  "  Idyl  "  and  (?)  ;  op.  15,  5  Novel- 
lettes  f.  string- quartet ;  op.  16,  2nd  Symphony  in  F  # 
minor;  op.  17,  Une  Pens6e  &  Franz  Liszt  (strings')  ; 
op.  18,  Mazurka  f.  orch.;  op.  19,  "The  Forest,"  symp. 
picture  f.  orch.;  op.  20,  2  pes.  f.  'cello  w.  orch. 
(Spanish  Serenade)  ;  op.  21,  Wedding-march  f.  orch.; 
op.  22,  Barcarolle  and  Novelette  f.  pf.;  op.  23,  Waltz 
on  "  S-a-b-e-la  "  f.  pf.;  op.  24,  Reverie  f.  horn  and  pf.; 
op.  25,  Prelude  and  2  Mazurkas  f.  pf.;  op.  26,  Quatuor 
slave  ;  op.  27,  2  Songs  (by  Pushkin,  w.  French  transl.")  ; 
op.  28,  "The  Sea,"  fant.  f.  orch.;  op.  29,  Rhapsodie 
orientale  f.  orch.;  op.  30,  "  Le  Kremlin,"  tableau  t. 
orch.;  op.  31,  3  Etudes  f.  pf.;  op.  32,  Meditation  f.  vln. 
and  pf.;  op.  33,  3rd  Symphony  in  (?)  ;  op.  34,  "  I.ePrin- 
temps,"  f.  orch.;  op.  35,  Suite  f.  string-quartet;  op.  36. 
Little  Waltz  f.  pf.;  op.  37,  Nocturne  f.  pf.;  op.  38,  "  In 
modo  religioso,"  quartet  f.  brass  ;  op.  39,  String-quin- 
tet ;  op.  40,  Columbian  March  f.  orch.  (1893) ;  op.  41, 
Concert  Waltz  f.  pf.;  op.  42,  3  Miniatures  (Pastorale, 
Polka,  Waltz)  f.  pf.;  op.  43,  Valse  de  salon  f.  of.;  op. 
45,  Overture  "  Carnaval,"  f.  orch.;  op.  46,  "Chopin- 
iana,"  orchestral  suite;  op.  47,  1st  Concert-waltz  f. 
orch.;  op.  48,  4th  Symphony  (E  b)  ;  op.  49,  3  pes.  f.  pf. 
(Prelude,  Caprice-Impromptu,  Gavotte);  op.  50,  Cor- 
tege solennei,  f.  orch.;  op.  51,  2nd  Concert-waltz  f. 
orch.;  op.  52,  Scenes  de  Ballet,  suite  f.  orch.;  op.  53, 
Fantasie  f.  orch.;  op.  54,  2  Impromptus  f.  pf.;  op.  55, 
5th  Symphony,  in  B  b. 

Besides  these,  there  is  another  string-quartet,  a 
6th  Symphony  in  C  minor,  an  Elegie  f.  viola  and 
pf.,  etc.;  also  several  pes.  written  jointly  with 
other  composers. 

Gleason,  Frederick  Grant,  b.  Middletown, 
Conn.,  Dec.  17,  1848.  Pupil  of  Dudley  Buck 
at  Plartford  ;  in  1S69  of  Moscheles,  Richter, 
Plaidy,  Lobe,  etc.,  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  from  1870, 
at  Berlin,  of  Loeschhorn,  Weitzmann,  and 
Haupt  ;  later  took  pf. -lessons  with  Beringer,  in 
London.  In  1S75,  org.  of  the  Asylum  Hill 
Cong.  Ch.,  Hartford  ;  in  1876,  of  First  Cong. 
Ch.,  New  Britain.  In  1877  he  was  app.  teacher 
of  pf . ,  org. ,  comp. ,  and  orchestration  at  the  Her- 
shey  School  of  Music,  Chicago  ;  in  1884  he  was 
elected  examiner,  director,  and  fellow  of  the 
Am.  Coll.  of  Musicians  ;  in  1S96,  pres.t  of  the 
Chicago  MS.  Soc;  and,  in  1897,  pres.t-general 
of  the  American  Patriotic  Musical  League.  He 
is  a  valued  and  much-sought  teacher  of  comp. 
and  pf.  in  Chicago. 

Works  :  op.  1,  Three  songs  ;  op.  2,  Organ-sonata  in 
C#  min.;  op.  3,  Barcarole  f.  pf . ;  op.  4,  Episcopal 
church-service  ;  op.  5,  Set  of  songs  ;  op.  6,  Episcopal 
church-service  ;  op.  7,  Otho  Visconti,  grand  rom.  op.  in 
3  acts,  text  and  music  by  G.  (MS.;  overture  perf.  in 
Old  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  1892)  ;  op.  8,  Pf.-pcs.;  op. 
9,  Pf.-trio  in  C  min.;  op.  10,  Quartet  for  female  voices  ; 
op.  11,  "  Ouverture  triomphale  "  f.  org.;  op.  12,  Can- 
tata "God,  our  Deliverer,"  f.  soli,  ch..  and  orch.;  op. 
13,  Pf.-trio  No.  2,  in  A  ;  op.  14,  Pf.-trio  No.  3,  in  D 
min.;  op.  15,  Cantata  "The  Culprit  Fay,"  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.;  op.  16,  Montezuma,  grand  rom.  op.  in  3  acts 
(text  and  music  by  G.)  ;  op.  17,  "  Praise-Song  to  Har. 


M7 


GLEICII— GLOGGL 


mony,"  symph.  cantata  f.  scii,  male  ch.,  and  orch.;  op. 
18,  Pf.-concerto  in  G  min.;  op.  19,  Three  Sketches  f. 
orch.;  op.  20,  "Auditorium  Festival-Ode,"  symphonic 
cantata  f.  tenor  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  op.  21,  "  Edris," 
symph.  poem  (after  the  prologue  to  "  Ardath  "  by 
Marie  Corelli) ;  op.  22,  Theme  and  Variations  f.  org.; 
op.  23,  Psalm  lxvii  ;  op.  24,  Idylle  f.  organ. 

Gleich,  Ferdinand,  b.  Erfurt,  Dec.  17, 
1816  ;  d.  Langebriick,  n.  Dresden,  May  22, 
1898.  lie  studied  philosophy  and  music  (under 
Fink)  at  Leipzig  ;  since  1866,  manager  of  a  the- 
atre-bureau in  Dresden.  His  writings  :  "  Weg- 
weiser  ftir  Opernfreunde  "  (1857).  "  Ilandbuch 
der  modernen  Instrumentirung  fur  Orchester  und 
Militarmusikkorps "  (i860,  several  editions), 
"  Die  Hauptformen  der  Musik,  popular  darge- 
stellt  "  (1862),  "  Charakterbilder  aus  der  neuern 
Geschichte  der  Tonkunst  "  (1S63),  and  "Aus  der 
Biihnenwelt "  (1866),  are  of  a  light  character; 
he  composed  symphonies,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc.. 
For  20  years  he  was  critic  for  the  "  Dresdner 
Anzeiger." 

Gleich/mann,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Steltzen,  n. 
Eisfeld,  Dec.  22,  16S5  ;  d.  Ilmenau,  1770  ;  in 
1706,  org.  at  Schalkau,  near  Koburg  ;  in  1717, 
at  Ilmenau.  He  improved  the  Geigenwerk 
(Boge>i /clavier),  and  constructed  "  Lautenclavi- 
cymbals." 

Gleiss'ner,  Franz,  b.  Neustadt-on-the-Wald- 
nab,  1760;  d.  Munich,  after  1815  ;  famous  as 
the  first  to  print  music  by  lithographic  process, 
the  first  work  so  printed  being  a  set  of  songs  by 
Gleissner.  He  was  then  a  partner  of  Falter,  at 
Munich  ;  in  1799  he  est.  a  similar  printing-office 
at  Offenbach  for  Andre  ;  went  to  Vienna  to  in- 
troduce the  invention,  and  thence  to  Munich. 

Glin'ka,  Michail  Ivanovitch,  the  pioneer 
Russian  national  composer  ;  b.  Novospaskoi', 
near  Smolensk,  Rus- 
sia, June  1  [N.  S.], 
1804  ;  d.  Berlin, 
Feb.  15/1857-.  A 
nobleman  by  birth, 
he  studied  languages 
in  St.  Petersburg 
from  1 81 7  ;  some- 
what later  he  studied 
music  under  Bohm 
(vln.),  and  C.  Mayer 
(theory  and  pf.).  In 
1822  he  also  took 
pf. -lessons  of  Field 
at  Moscow,  and  be- 
came a  brilliant  pi- 
anist ;  his  op.  1  was  a  set  of  pf. -variations  on  an 
Ital.  theme.  From  1830  he  passed  four  years  in 
Venice,  Milan,  Rome,  and  Naples  for  the  sake 
of  his  health,  but  improving  the  opportunity  by 
studying  Italian  vocal  composition.  In  1S34  he 
studied  in  Berlin  with  S.  W.  Dehn  ;  hitherto  an 
amateur  composer,  he  began  to  feel  a  "  mission  " 
for  dramatic  work,  the  first  fruit  of  which  was 
the  first  Russian  national  opera,  A  Life  for  the 
Czar  {Zars/caja  s/cisu,  or  Ivan  Sussanina),  pro- 
duced at  St,  P.,  Dec.  9,    1836,  with  great  suc- 


cess, and  still  a  favorite  in  Russia.  A  second 
opera,  Russian  and  LtiJmilla  (St.  P.,  1842),  won 
almost  equal  popularity  ;  the  book  is  based  on 
Pushkin's  poem,  and  was  partially  arranged  by 
the  author.  In  both  of  these  works  Russian 
musical  themes  and  motives  are  skilfully  em- 
ployed, the  coloris  being  national  throughout. 
In  1844,  partly  on  account  of  his  health,  partly 
from  a  wish  to  obtain  a  wider  hearing  for  his 
music,  Glinka  travelled  to  Paris,  and  gave  or- 
chestral concerts,  which  aroused  Berlioz's  en- 
thusiasm, but  were  coolly  criticized  by  Fetis.  G.'s 
success  does  not  appear  to  have  been  striking, 
for  he  soon  left  Paris,  and  spent  1845-7  in 
Madrid  and  Sevilla  ;  his  "Jota  aragonese  "  (a 
"  capriccio  brillante  "  f.  orch.),  and  "Souvenir 
d'une  nuit  d'ete  a  Madrid  "  (f.  orch.),  belong  to 
this  period.  After  visiting  Italy,  he  lived  in 
Warsaw  and  St.  Petersburg  for  a  time,  and  in 
1851  set  out  for  Spain  again,  but  did  not  cross 
the  Pyrenees,  and  returned  to  Paris.  From 
1854-5  he  lived  near  St.  Petersburg,  busied  with 
his  autobiography  and  with  ideas  for  a  third 
opera  which  was  never  written.  He  revisited 
his  old  teacher,  Dehn,  at  B.,  in  1856,  and  died 
there  in  1857. — Besides  lexicographic  articles, 
information  concerning  Glinka's  life  and  works 
has  been  collected  by  Oscar  Comettant  in  "  Mu- 
sique  et  Musiciens  "  (414)  ;  C.  Cui,  "La  Musique 
en  Russie,"  in  the  Revue  et  Gazette  musicale  de 
Paris  (187S-9)  ;  Fouque,  "Etude  sur  Glinka"; 
Laroche,  in  the  "  Russicher  Bote"  (1867-8); 
Stassoff,  in  do.  (1858)  ;  Serow,  in  the  "  Theater 
und  Musikbote"  (1857),  and  in  "  Musik  und 
Theater"  (1868);  and  Soloviev  in  "  Musikalny 
Listok "  (1S72). — Glinka's  other  comp.s  in- 
clude 2  unfinished  symphonies  ;  2  polonaises  f. 
orch.;  a  tarentella  f.  orch.  (with  song  and 
dance);  a  fantasia  f.  orch.,  "La  Kamarin- 
skaja";  a  septet;  2  string-quartets;  a  trio  f. 
pf.,  clar. ,  and  oboe  ;  some  rondos,  waltzes,  and 
sets  of  var.s  f.  pf. ;  dramatic  scenes  ;  vocal  quar- 
tets ;  romances,  songs. 

Glog'gl,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Linz-on-Danube, 
Feb.  21,  1764  ;  d.  after  1832  ;  Kapellm.  at  Linz 
theatre  when  iS  years  old  ;  in  1790,  Kapellm. 
at  the  cathedral,  and  town  musical  director. 
— Writings  :  "  Erklarung  des  musikalischen 
Hauptzirkels  "  (1810  ;  a  short  treatise  on  har- 
mony); "  Allgem.  musikal.  Lexikon "  (1S22  ; 
only  248  pages  printed)  ;  "  Der  musikalische 
Gottesdienst "  (1822).  In  1824,  the  "  Gesell- 
schaft  der  Musikfreunde "  acquired  his  collec- 
tion of  mus.  instr.s. 

Glog'gl,  Franz,  son  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Linz,  1797  ;  d.  Jan.  23,  1872,  at  Vienna,  where 
he  founded  a  music-business  in  1843  (afterwards 
purchased  by  Bosendorfer)  ;  from  1S50-62  he 
publ.  the  "  Neue  Wiener  Musikzeitung."  He 
was  archivist  to  the  Ges.  d.  Musikfreunde,  and 
musical  dir.  at  the  ch.  of  St.  Paul  ;  founded  an 
"  Akademie  d.  Tonkunst"  (1849-53),  and  later 
a  vocal  school,  "  Polyhymnia." 


21S 


GLOVER— G  LUCK 


Glov'er,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  Norwich,  Engl., 
17S5  ;  d.  Malvern,  Oct.  20,  1867.  To  her  is 
due  the  invention  of  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  system  of 
notation,  afterwards  modified  and  developed  by 
the  Rev.  John  Curwen. — Publ.  "A  Manual  of 
the  Norwich  Sol-fa  System  ..."  (1S45)  ;  and 
a  "  Manual  containing  a  Development  of  the 
Tetrachordal  System  "  (London,  1850). 

Glov'er,  Stephen,  b.  London,  1812  ;  d. 
there  Dec.  7,  1870.  A  music-teacher,  and  com- 
poser of  many  popular  songs  and  duets,  part- 
songs,  trios,  etc. ;  also  salon-music  f.  pf. 

Glov'er,  William  Howard,  born  London, 
June  6,  1S19;  d.  New  York,  Oct.  28,  1S75. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  Wagstaff  ;  later  a  member  of 
English  Opera  orch.  After  artistic  tours  in 
Italy,  Germany,  and  France,  he  founded  a  school 
for  music  and  drama  in  London  ;  also  sang  in 
opera.  In  1868  he  settled  in  N.  V. — Works  : 
Grand  opera  Ruy  Bias  (London,  Gov.  Garden, 
1S61)  ;  the  operettas  The  Coquette  (1845?), 
Aminta(iSsS  ?),  Once  too  often  (1862),  Palomita  ; 
the  cantata  Tarn  0' Shanter  (1855)  ;  orch. 1  overt. 
Manfred ;  12  romances  f.  pf. ,  and  other  pf.- 
pcs. ;  vocal  quartets,  duets,  and  songs. — G.  was 
for  some  years  critic  for  the  "  Morning  Post." 

Gluck,  Christoph  Wilibald  (Ritter  von), 
renowned  dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Weidenwang, 
near  Neumarkt  in  the  Upper  Palatinate,  on  July 
2  (according  to  au- 
thenticated certificate 
of  baptism),  17 14  I 
d.  Vienna,  Nov.  25, 
1787.  His  father 
was  head-gamekeep- 
er to  Prince  Lobko- 
witz.  G.  received  el- 
ementary instruction  ' 
in  the  village  school 
of  Eisenberg.  At 
twelve  he  was  sent  to 
the  Jesuit  college  at 
Komotau  (1726-32), 
learning   to  play  the 

violin,  harpsichord,  and  organ  ;  he  was  also  a 
chorister  in  the  church  of  St.  Ignaz.  At  eighteen 
he  went  to  Prague  to  continue  his  musical 
studies.  To  maintain  himself,  he  played  at  rural 
dances,  gave  concerts,  and  sang  and  played  in  the 
various  churches  ;  in  the  Polish  convent  of  St. 
Agnes  he  was  noticed  by  Father  Czernohorsky,  an 
eminent  musician,  who  undertook  his  further  in- 
struction. Under  his  tuition  G.  became  proficient 
in  singing,  and  playing  the  'cello,  which  was  his 
favorite  instrument.  In  1736  he  went  to  Vienna, 
and  found  a  patron  in  Prince  Melzi,  who  had  pre- 
viously heard  him  in  the  palace  of  Prince  Lobko- 
witz.  Melzi  took  him  to  Milan,  and  confided  him 
to  the  teaching  of  Sammartini,  who  completed  his 
instruction  in  harmony  and  counterpoint.  After 
four  years'  study,  Gluck  began  dramatic  writing, 
and  produced  Artaserse  at  La  Scala  in  1741 
with  such  success,  that  he  was  commissioned  to 
compose  for  other  theatres,  and  produced  Demo- 


foonte  (Milan,  1742),  Demetrio  and  Ipermenestra 

(Venice,  1742),  Artamene  (Cremona,  1743), 
Siface  (Milan,  1743),  Fedra  (Milan,  1744),  and 
Poro,  or  Alessandro  nelV  hnlic  (Turin,  1745). 
His  reputation  became  European  ;  he  was  in- 
vited to  London  in  1745,  and  wrote  two  operas 
for  the  Ilaymarket,  then  being  run  in  opposition 
to  Handel.  La  Cad  11  ta  dei  Giganti,  a  tribute  to 
the  Duke  of  Cumberland  on  the  defeat  of  the 
Pretender,  was  given — Jan.  7,  1746.  A  reproduc- 
tion of  Artamene  was  followed  by  a  pasticcio, 
Piramo  e  Tisbe,  but  without  success.  Handel 
privately  declared  that  Gluck  knew  no  more 
counterpoint  than  his  cook  ;  indeed,  up  to  this 
time  his  operas  were  typically  Italian.  The 
pasticcio  was  composed  of  his  most  successful 
arias,  with  other  words ;  and  its  failure,  though 
mortifying,  had  a  salutary  effect.  It  led  him  to 
a  serious  study  of  the  cause,  and  to  a  change  of 
style.  He  next  visited  Paris  to  hear  Rameau's 
operas,  and  returned  via  Hamburg  and  Dresden 
to  Vienna,  where  he  cultivated  the  acquaintance 
of  literary  men,  and  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  musical  aesthetics.  La  Semiramide  ricono- 
sciuta  (Vienna,  1748),  to  a  poem  by  Metastasio, 
was  more  dramatic  and  grandiose  than  its  pre- 
decessors, and  foreshadowed  the  coming  reform. 
In  1749,  G.  was  invited  to  Copenhagen  to 
write  a  festival  cantata,  Filide  (score  in  the  Ber- 
lin Royal  Library).  In  1750,  he  visited  Italy, 
and  there  produced  Telemaco  (Rome,  1750),  La 
clemenza  di  7'ito  (Naples,  1751),  LI  trionfo  di 
Camilla  and  Antigono  (Rome,  1755),  L.a  Danza 
(Laxenburg  festival,  1755),  and  //  trionfo  di 
Clelia  (Bologna,  1762).  From  1754-64,  G.  was 
director  of  the  court  opera,  Vienna,  and  during 
that  period  wrote  Leroe  cinese  (Vienna,  1755), 
L'innocenza  ginstificata  and  LI  re  pastore 
(Vienna,  1756),  Tetide,  in  3  acts  (Vienna,  1760), 
a  great  number  of  new  arias  for  old  operas  re- 
vived for  performance,  and  several  French 
vaudevilles  for  the  amusement  of  the  court  ;  of 
these  the  Le  cadi  dup/(x"j6i),  and  La  rencontre 
imprevue  (1764),  were  played  on  German  stages 
as  Der  betrogene  Cadi  and  Die  Pilgrimmc  von 
Mekka.  Orfeo  ed  Euridice  (1762),  Alceste 
(1767),  Paride  ed  Elena  (1769),  the  libretti  by 
Calzabigi,  were  brilliant  successes,  notwithstand- 
ing the  hostile  criticism  they  provoked.  The 
other  works  of  this  period,  to  words  by  Meta- 
stasio (two  of  which,  77  Parnasso  confuso  and 
La  Corona,  were  performed  by  members  of  the 
reigning  family  [1765]),  were  much  inferior.  In 
Calzabigi,  G.  found  a  poet  who  shared  his  strong 
dramatic  mood  ;  and  the  dedicatory  epistles 
[given  in  ex  ten  so  by  Fetis]  to  Alceste  and 
Paride  ed  Elena  expressed  G.'s  views,  which 
may  be  summarized  thus  :  The  true  mission  of 
music  is  to  second  the  poetry,  by  strengthening 
the  expression  of  the  sentiments  and  increasing 
the  interest  of  the  situations,  without  interrupt- 
ing and  weakening  the  action  by  superfluous 
ornaments  to  tickle  the  ear  and  to  display  the 
agility  of  fine  voices. — The  harsh  and  carping 
criticism  of  his  countrymen,  contrasted  with  the 


219 


GNECCO— CODARD 


encouragement  of  the  bailli  du  Rollet  of  the 
French  Embassy  at  Vienna  in  1772,  who  made 
an  adaptation  of  Racine's  Lphige'nie  en  Aulide  for 
Cluck,  influenced  him  to  set  out  for  1'aris,  after 
unsatisfactory  rehearsals  in  Vienna  in  1772. 
Here,  with  indomitable  energy,  he  paved  the 
way  for  the  triumph  of  his  views  by  introduc- 
tions, public  notices,  compliments  to  authors, 
etc.  Du  Rollet's  letter  to  the  administration  of 
the  Opera,  explaining  in  detail  G.'s  new  system, 
was  the  signal  for  an  outburst  of  heated  oppo- 
sition on  the  part  of  the  partisans  of  Italian 
opera.  It  required  all  the  influence  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  the  dauphiness,  whose  teacher  in 
singing  and  harpsichord-playing  G.  had  been, 
to  bring  about  the  first  representation  of  Lphi- 
gtnie  en  Aulide,  which  took  place  April  19, 
1774,  with  great  success.  Orpheus  (Aug.,  1774), 
Alceste  (1776),  and  Armide  (1777),  created  equal 
enthusiasm  and  equal  opposition.  Piccinni  was 
invited  to  Paris  to  contest  G.'s  supremacy,  and 
composed  and  produced  his  Roland,  during  the 
time  that  G.  was  engaged  upon  an  adaptation  of 
the  same  poem.  Furious  at  being  forestalled, 
G.  burned  his  sketches  and  wrote  an  intemperate 
letter  to  du  Rollet,  the  publication  of  which 
reopened  the  war  with  redoubled  fury.  Abbe 
Suard,  Arnaud,  et  al.,  for  Gluck, — d'Alembert, 
La  Harpe,  Marmontel,  Ginguene,  for  Piccinni, 
wrote  pamphlets  and  newspaper  articles  (a  list 
may  be  found  in  the  supplement  to  Fetis). 
With  the  production  of  his  masterpiece,  Iphige'- 
nie en  Tauride  (libretto  by  Guillard),  on  May  18, 
1779,  the  supremacy  of  Gluck  w*as  established  ; 
though  Piccinni  (who  had  been  simultaneously 
commissioned  to  compose  this  opera)  still  dared 
contest  it,  thus  inviting  overwhelming  defeat 
(cf.  Piccinni).  G.'s  last  opera,  Echo  et  ATar- 
cisse  (Sept.  21,  1779),  produced  little  impres- 
sion. In  17S0  he  retired  to  Vienna,  but  his 
strength  was  failing  ;  in  17S4,  he  had  a  slight 
attack  of  apoplexy,  and  a  second  attack  three 
years  later  terminated  his  life. — Besides  operas, 
G.  wrote  a  De  profundis  for  ch.  and  orch.;  7 
odes  for  one  voice,  with  pf . ;  6  overtures  ;  and 
left  an  incomplete  cantata,  Das  Jiingste  Gericht, 
which  Salieri  finished.  Among  numerous  biog- 
raphies, sketches  and  notices  may  be  mentioned 
"  Memoire  pour  servir  a  l'histoire  de  la  revolu- 
tion operee  dans  la  musique  par  M.  le  Chevalier 
G."  (Leblond  ;  17S1);  "  Ueber  den  Ritter  G. 
und  seine  Werke  "  (Siegmeyer  ;  1S25)  ;  "  Notice 
sur  Christophe  G."  (Miel  ;  1840);  "  Chr.  W. 
Ritter  von  G."  (A.  Schmid  ;  1854)  ;  "  Gluck 
und  die  Oper"  (Marx  ;  1863);  "  G.  et  Piccini  " 
(Desnoiresterres  ;   1S72). 

Gnec'co,  Francesco,  b.  Genoa,  1769  ;  d. 
Milan,  1S10  ;  a  prolific  and  quite  successful 
opera-composer  of  slight  originality.  His  best- 
known  work  is  La pro-na  d'un'opera  seria  (Milan, 
La  Scala,  1805). 

Gobbaerts,  Jean-Louis,  b.  Antwerp,  Sept. 
28,  1835  ;  d.  Saint-Gilles,  n.  Brussels,  May  5, 
1886.  Fine  pianist,  pupil  of  Brussels  Cons. 
He  publ.  abt.  1,200  numbers  of  pf.-pes.,  mostly 


light  music,  and  some  quite  popular.      He  used 
3    pseudonyms:     "  Streabbog "    (Gobbaerts    re- 


versed) 


and  "  I  ,evi. 


"  I  .udovic," 

Gob/bi,  Henri,  b.  Pesth,  June  7,  1842  ;  pupil 
of  Rob.  Volkmann  and  Liszt  ;  resides  in  Pesth 
as  a  music-teacher  and  critic. — Works  :  Pf.-pcs. 
in  the  Hungarian  vein  ;  male  choruses  ;  a  festi- 
val cantata  celebrating  the  50th  anniversary  of 
Liszt's  career  in  public  ;   etc. 

Gob'bi,  Aloys,  brother  of  Henri  ;  b.  Pesth, 
Dec.  20,  1S44;  resides  there  as  a  player  on  and 
teacher  of  the  violin. 

Go'bel,  Karl  (Heinrich  Eduard),  b.  Berlin, 
Mar.  11,  1815  ;  d.  Bromberg,  Oct.  26,  1879. 
Fianist  ;  Kapellm.  at  Danzig  Th. ;  from  1840, 
conductor  of  the  Bromberg  Gesangvereiu. — 
Works  :  The  "  Singspiel  "  Die  Alpenhiitte  (Ber- 
lin, 1S35)  ;  2  operas,  Chrysalide  (1840?),  and 
Frilhjof  (i860)  ;  chamber-music,  choral  w7orks, 
songs;  also  a  "Compendium  fur  den  Musik- 
unterricht,  insbesondere  fiir  das  Clavierspiel " 
(Bromberg,  1S73). 

Gock'el,  August,  noteworthy  pianist ;  born 
Willibadessen,  Westphalia,  1831  ;  d.  there  1861. 
A  pupil  of  Mendelssohn  and  Plaidy  at  Leipzig 
Cons.  (1845)  ;  made  a  concert-tour  in  the  U.  S.  in 
1853-5.' — A  pf. -concerto  is  his  best  work  ;  other 
publ.  pf.-pcs.  are  of  minor  importance. 

Godard,  Benjamin  (-  Louis  -  Paul),  distin- 
guished composer  ;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  18,  1849  \  d. 
Cannes,  Jan.  11, 
1895.  He  was  at  first 
a  v i  o  1  i  n-p  u  p  i  1  of 
Richard  Hammer, 
and  played  in  public 
at  the  age  of  9  ;  then 
studied  at  Paris  Cons, 
under  Reber  (comp.) 
and  Vieux temps 
(vln.),  and  with  the 
latter  twice  visited 
Germany.  In  1865 
his  first  publ.  work 
(a  violin-sonata)  ap- 
peared, and  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  series  of 
chambe  r-composi- 
tions  (violin-sonatas,  a  trio,  string-quartets),  re- 
ceiving the  Prix  Chartier  from  the  Institut  de 
France  "  for  merit  in  the  department  of  cham- 
ber-music." His  first  dramatic  venture  was  the 
i-act  opera  Les  bijoux  de  Jeannette (Paris,  1878)  ; 
since  then  he  produced  Pedro  de  Zalamea  (Ant- 
werp, 1884),  4  acts  ;  [ocelyu  (Brussels,  1S88), 
4  acts  ;  Le  Dante  (Paris,  Op. -Com.,  1890), 
4  acts,  mod.  succ;  Jeanne  d' Arc  (Paris,  1891)  ; 
and  the  very  successful  3-act  opera  La  Vivandiei  e 
(Paris,  Op. -Com.,  Apr.  1,  1S95),  given  II  weeks 
after  G.'s  death,  the  last  2  acts  orchestrated  by 
Paul  Vidal.  2  other  operas,  I^es  Guelphes  and 
Ruy  Bias,  have  not  been  perf . ;  G.  also  wrote 
incid.  mus.  to  Jl/uc/i  Ado  about  Nothing  (Paris, 
1887).  Besides  the  above,  must  be  mentioned 
the    following    symphonies  :    Symphonie  -  ballet 


GODDARD— GOETSCHIUS 


(1882)  ;  S.  gothique  ('83)  ;  S.  orientate  ('84)  ;  S. 
legendaire,  with  soli  and  chorus  (1886)  ;  S.  in 
B  minor;  and  "  Le  Tasse "  [Tasso],  dram, 
symph.  \v.  soli  and  ch.,  took  the  prize  of  the  city 
of  Paris  in  1S7S  ; — the  orch.  suites  "  Scenes 
poetiques "  and  "  Lanterne  magique";  the 
"  Ouverture  dramatique  "  (1SS3)  ;  the  lyric  scena 
"Diane  et  Acteon";  the  "Concerto  roman- 
tique  "  f.  vln.;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  various  pieces 
and  etudes  f.  pf. ;  and  more  than  100  songs. 

God'dard,  Arabella,  noted  pianist  ;  b.  St.- 
Servan,  n.  Saint-Malo,  Brittany,  Jan.  12,  1838. 
As  a  child  of  4,  she  played  in  her  native  place  ; 
at  6,  she  was  taught  by  Kalkbrenner  at  Paris  ; 
at  8  she  played  before  Queen  Victoria,  and  publ. 
6  pf. -waltzes,  being  then  a  pupil  of  Mrs.  Ander- 
son and  Thalberg.  At  12,  she  played  in  the 
Grand  National  Concerts,  and  studied  for  the 
next  three  years  with  J.  W.  Davison,  her  future 
husband  (i860).  Now,  after  several  important 
concerts  in  England,  she  made  the  tour  of  Ger- 
many, playing  at  Leipzig  in  the  Gewandhaus 
(1855).  From  1873-6,  she  made  the  tour  of  the 
world,  incl.  India,  Australia,  and  America.  Re- 
tired from  concert-giving  in  1880,  and  has  since 
lived  at  Tunbridge  Wells. — Some  pf.-pcs.,  and 
a  ballad,  were  publ.  in  1852-3. 

Godebrye.     See  Jacotin. 

Godefroid,  Jules-Joseph,  fine  harpist  ;  b. 
Namur,  Belgium,  Feb.  23,  1811  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb. 
27,  1S40.  Wrote  for  harp  and  pf.  ;  also  2  comic 
operas,  Le  diadeste\  and  La  chasse  royale. — His 

brother, 

Godefroid,  (Dieudonne-Joseph-Guillaume-) 
Felix,  also  a  celebrated  harpist ;  b.  Namur,  July 
24,  1818  ;  d.  Villers-sur-Mer,  July  8,  1897.  Pu- 
pil of  Paris  Cons.  (1830).  Lived  long  in  Paris, 
but  of  late  years  in  Brussels.  His  harp-pieces 
are  well  liked,  and  his  salon-music  for  pf.  is  good. 
He  prod.  3  operas,  La  harpe  d'or,  La  demiere 
bataille,  and  La  Jille  de  Saiil. 

Godfrey,  Daniel,  b.  Westminster,  Engl., 
Sept.  4,  1S31  ;  pupil  and  Fellow  of  the  R.A.M., 
in  which  he  is  prof,  of  military  music.  Band- 
master of  the  Grenadier  Guards,  1856  ;  travelled 
with  his  band  in  the  U.  S.,  1872.  Has  comp. 
waltzes  ("Mabel,"  "  Guards,"  "Hilda,"  etc.), 
and  made  many  arrangements  for  military  band. 

Godow'ski  [god-off '-ske],  Leopold,  born 
Wilna  (Vilno),  Russ.  Poland,  Feb.  13,  1S70. 
Brilliant  pianist  ;  debut  1879,  on  tour  through 
Poland  and  Russia,  after  2  years'  study  in  Wilna ; 
st.  1881-4  in  the  R.  Ilochschule,  Berlin,  under 
Rudorff,  and  toured  America  1884-5  I  went  to 
Paris,  1SS6,  and  studied  w.  Saint-Saens  1887-90; 
2nd  Amer.  tour,  1890-1.  In  1S94,  dir.  of  pf.- 
dept.  at  Broad  St.  Cons.,  Phila.  ;  since  1895, 
head  of  pf.  dept.  in  Chicago  Cons.,  also  con- 
certizing  in  various  cities  every  season.  Began 
composing  at  7  ;  has  upwards  of  100  M.S.  works  ; 
publ.  Moto  perpetuo  (2  different  pes.),  Polonaise 
in  C,  Valse  brillante   in  E,  Marchen,  Valse  ro- 


mantique,  Menuet  in  E,  and  Valse-Scherzo,  f. 
pf.,  also  an  arr.  f.  left  hand  of  Chopin's  Etude 
op.  25,  No.  6  ;  and  2  songs. 

Goep'fart,  Christian  Heinrich,  b.  Weimar, 
Nov.  27,  1835  ;  d.  Baltimore,  Md.,  June  6, 
1890.  Organist  and  composer  ;  pupil  of  J.  G. 
Topfer  at  Weimar.  From  1873  he  cond.  choral 
societies,  etc.,  in  the  U.  S. 

Goep'fart,  Karl  Eduard,  son  of  preceding  ; 
b.  Weimar,  Mar.  S,  1859.  Since  i8gi,cond.of 
the  Mus.  Union  at  Baden-Baden.  He  has 
comp.  an  opera  (Sarastro,  in  3  acts,  a  sequel  to 
Mozart's  Magic  Flute ;  text  by  G.  Stommel), 
orchestral  and  choral  works,  etc. 

Goep'fart,  Otto  Ernst,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Weimar,  July  31,  1S64  ;  since  1888, 
town  cantor  there.     Composer  of  vocal  music. 

Goe'ring,  Theodor,  b.  Frankfort-on-Main, 
Oct.  2,  1844.  He  was  for  some  time  mus.  critic 
for  the  Augsburg  "Abendzeitung  ;"  lived  1880-3 
in  Paris,  whence  he  wrote  articles  for  Gold- 
stein's "  Musikwelt  ;"  later  in  Munich.  Now 
mus.  correspondent  of  the  Cologne  "  Zeitung." 

Goes,  Damiao  de,  b.  Alemquer,  Portugal, 
1501  ;  d.  Lisbon,  1573.  He  was  ambassador  to 
France,  Italy,  Poland,  and  Denmark  ;  also  lived 
in  Rome  and  Louvain.  He  wrote  a  "  Tractado 
theorica  da  musica "  (MS.)  ;  also  motets  a  3-6 
(MS.,  in  Lisbon)  ;  one  or  two  motets  were 
printed  in  collections. 

Goe'the  [go'-teh],  Wolfgang  von,  the  illus- 
trious poet  ;  b.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Aug.  28, 
1749  ;  d.  Weimar,  Mar.  22,  1S32.  Although  he 
could  not  comprehend  Beethoven,  and  even 
snubbed  him,  he  had  ideas  of  his  own  on  music 
(see  "  Brief wechsel  zwischen  G.  und  Zelter 
.  .  .",  Berlin,  1833) ;  Ferd.  Hiller  also  shows  this 
in  his  "  Goethes  musikalisches  Leben  "  (1883). 

Goe'the,  Walther  Wolfgang  von,  grand- 
son of  the  poet  ;  b.  Weimar,  Apr.  9,  1S1S  ;  d. 
Leipzig,  Apr.  15,  18S5.  He  studied  music  in 
Leipzig  under  Mendelssohn  and  Weinlig  ;  his 
official  position  in  Weimar  was  chamberlain  to 
the  Grand  Duke.  He  prod.  3  operettas  in  Wei- 
mar :  Anselmo  Lancia,  oder  das  Fischermad- 
chen  (1839),  Dcr  Gefangene  von  Bologna  (1846), 
and  Elfricde  (1853)  ;  also  publ.  10  books  of 
songs,  and  4  books  of  pf.-music. 

Goetschius,  Percy,  b.  Paterson,  N.  J.,  Aug. 
30,  1S53.  Pupil,  1S73-8,  in  Stuttgart  Cons.,  of 
Lebert  and  Pruckner  (pf.),  and  Faiszt  and 
Doppler(harm.,  cpt.,  and  instrumentation).  He 
taught  the  English  classes  there  from  1876,  also 
often  acted  as  Faiszt's  substitute  ;  took  charge 
of  all  the  female  classes  in  18S5,  then  receiving 
the  title  of  "  Royal  Prof."  from  the  King  of 
Wurttemburg.  He  also  became  concert-critic 
for  the  "  Schwabischer  Merkur";  later  opera- 
critic  for  the  "  Neues  Tageblatt";  and  contrib- 
uted to  various  Ger.  mus.  papers.  In  1890,  G. 
accepted  a  call  to  Syracuse  (N.  Y.)  Univ.  as 
prof,  of  harm.,  history,  and  advanced  pf.-play- 


GOETZ— GOLDE 


ing  ;  in  1S92,  on  leaving  Syracuse,  the  Univ. 
bestowed  on  him  the  title  of  Mus.  Doc.  honoris 
causa  ;  he  then  took  charge  of  the  composition 
dept.  at  the  N.  E.  Cons.,  Boston,  also  giving 
lectures  on  mus.  hist.,  etc.  Since  1896,  private 
teacherof  harm,  and  comp.  in  Boston,  also  writing 
essays  to  Amer.  mus.  journals  ;  and  since  Sept., 
1897,  org.  of  the  First  Parish  ch.,  Brookline. 
—  l'ubl.  works  :  "  The  Material  used  in  Mus. 
Comp. "(Stuttgart,  1882  ;  N.  Y.,  1889,  '92,  '95  ;  a 
most  valuable  contribution  to  the  science  of  har- 
mony) ;  "  The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Tone-re- 
lations" (Boston,  1S92,  '94,  '96);  "Models  of 
the  Principal  Mus.  Forms"  (Boston,  1895); 
"Syllabus  of  Mus.  History"  (1895);  "The 
Homophonic  Forms  of  Mus.  Comp."  (N.  Y. , 
1898  ;  a  masterly  analysis  of  the  Group-forms 
and  Song-forms,  and  the  best  extant  work  on  the 
subject). — G.  has  formed  many  pupils  of  note, 
inch  heads  of  mus.  dept.s  in  several  prominent 
educational  institutions. — Publ.  compositions  : 
2  Concert-Fugues  (in  C  and  E)  f.  pf . ;  Wedding- 
march  f.  pf.  (or  organ);  Minuet  f.  pf. ;  7  Char- 
acter-pcs.  in  waltz-rhythm  f.  pf . ;  Concise  Fin- 
ger-exercises f.  pf. ;  "The  Lord  is  my  shep- 
herd," anthem  f.  mixed  ch.,  accomp.  For  the 
Cotta  Ed.  (Stuttgart,  18S9)  he  made  a  "  Critical 
Revision  of  Mendelssohn's  Complete  Pf. 
Works." 

Goetz,  Hermann,  gifted  composer  ;  b.  Ko- 
nigsberg,  Prussia,  Dec.  17,  1840  ;  d.  Ilottingen, 
n.  Zurich,  Dec.  3, 
1876.  From  his  18th 
year,  he  took  private 
lessons  of  Louis  Koh- 
ler  at  Konigsberg  in 
pf. -playing  and  har- 
mony, and  also  con- 
ducted various  ama- 
teur mus.  societies  ; 
from  1860-3  he  stud- 
ied in  the  Stern  Cons., 
Berlin,  under  Stern 
(conducting  and 
score -reading),  von 
Bulow  (pf.),  and  H. 
U  1  r  i  c  h  (c  p  t .  and 
comp.).  In  1863  he  became  Th.  Kirchner's 
successor  as  org.  at  YVinterthur,  Switzerland  ; 
he  founded  and  cond.  a  singing-society,  con- 
ducted operas,  composed,  and  also  gave  private 
lessons,  even  as  far  away  as  Zurich,  where  he 
settled  in  1S67,  retaining,  however,  the  organ  at 
W.  Made  ill  by  overexertion,  he  withdrew  to 
Hottingen  in  1S70. — His  most  famous  work, 
and  one  of  the  finest  among  modern  dramatic 
compositions,  is  the  opera  Die  Zahmung  dcr 
Widerspenstigen  [Taming  of  the  Shrew], 
(Mannheim,  Oct.  11,  1S74)  ;  of  a  second  opera, 
Francesco,  von  Rimini  (Mannheim,  Sept.  30, 
1877),  the  unfinished  3rd  act  was  scored  by 
Ernst  Frank.  He  also  wrote  a  symphony  in  F  ; 
comp.  Schiller's  Ndnie  ("Auch  das  Schone  muss 
sterben  ")  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  a  "  Fruhlingsouver- 


ture";  Psalm  137,  f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.; 
"  Es  liegt  so  abendstill  der  See,"  f.  tenor  solo, 
male  ch.,  and  orch.;  a  vln. -concerto  ;  a  pf. -con- 
certo in  Bb  ;  a  pf. -quintet  w.  double-bass,  in  C 
min. ;  a  pf.-quartet  in  E  (op.  6)  ;  a  pf.-trio  in  G 
min.  (op.  1)  ;  a  pf.-sonata,  4  hands  ;  3  easy  pf.- 
pcs.  with  vln.  (op.  2);  "  Lose  Blatter,"  9  pf.- 
pcs.  (op.  7)  ;  other  pf. -music  ;  2  books  of  songs 
(op.  4  and  op.  12)  ;  etc. 

Goet'ze.     See  Gotze. 

Gogavi'nus,  Anton  Hermann,  a  Dutch 
writer  ;  physician  at  Venice,  and  a  friend  of  Zar- 
lino's.  Fubl.  the  first  Latin  transl.  of  the  "  Har- 
monicae  "  of  Aristoxenos  and  of  Ptolemy  ;  also 
fragments  of  Aristotle  and  Porphyry  (1552). 

Gold'beck,  Robert,  pianist ;  b.  Potsdam, 
Apr.  19,  1839.  Studied  at  first  with  Kohler ; 
then  in  Brunswick  under  H.  Litolff,  later  (1851) 
in  Paris.  After  brilliant  concerts  in  London,  he 
began  publishing  his  compositions  f.  pf.,  and 
prod,  an  operetta,  The  Soldier  s  Return  (Lon- 
don, 1S56).  From  1S57-67  he  lived  in  New 
York,  teaching  and  composing  ;  in  1867  he 
founded  a  conservatory  in  Boston,  but  went 
next  year  to  Chicago  to  establish  a  second  Cons., 
of  which  he  was  director  till  1873,  then  going  to 
St.  Louis,  where  he  cond.  the  Harmonic  Society, 
and  was  co-director  of  the  Beethoven  Cons.  Re- 
turned to  N.  Y.  in  1885. — Works  :  2  operas, 
Saratoga  and  Newport  (18S8)  ;  cantata,  The 
Song  of  the  Brave  Alan;  orch.l  comp.s  (Bur- 
ger's "  Leonore,"  Elegie,  Idylle,  etc.);  symphony 
"  Victoria  ";  2  pf. -concertos  (in  G  min.  and  C)  ; 
string-sextet  ;  pf.-quintet  ;  abt.  140  pf. -works  ; 
choruses,  songs,  etc.;  also  "Three  Graduating 
Courses"  (f.  pf. ,  voice,  and  'cello,  in  6  vol.s). 

Gold'berg,  Johann  Gottlieb  [Theophilus], 
remarkable  org.  and  clavichord-player ;  b.  Kon- 
igsberg, abt.  1730;  d.  Dresden  (?),  1760  (?),  as 
chamber-musician  to  Count  Briihl.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Friedemann  Bach,  and  later  of  J.  S. 
Bach,  who  praised  him  highly.  He  was  an  ex- 
traordinary improviser  and  sight-reader  ;  though 
a  fine  comp.,  his  works  (2  concertos,  24  Polo- 
naises, and  a  sonata  with  minuet  and  12  varia- 
tions, f.  clav.  ;  6  trios  f.  flute,  vln.,  and  bass;  a 
motet,  a  cantata,  a  Psalm)  have  never  been  publ. 

Gold'berg,  Joseph  Pasquale,  singing- 
teacher;  b.  Vienna,  Jan.  1,  1S25  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
20,  1890.  At  first  a  violin-pupil  of  Mayseder 
and  Seyfried,  he  made  long  artistic  tours  while 
young  ;  then  studied  singing  under  Rubini, 
Bordogni,  and  Lamperti,  and  appeared  as  a  bass 
singer  at  Genoa,  1843,  in  Donizetti's  La  Regina 
di  Golconda.  After  singing  some  years  in  Italy, 
he  settled  in  Paris  as  a  concert-singer  and  teacher; 
he  went  to  London  in  1861.  His  two  sisters, 
Fanny  G.-Marini  and  Catherine  G.-Strossi, 
are  also  singers. — He  published  some  songs  ; 
also  "  La  marcia  trionfale  "  for  Victor  Emman- 
uel's entry  into  Rome. 

Gol'de,  Adolf,  born  Erfurt,  Aug.  22,  1830  ; 
d.  there   Mar.  20,  18S0.      Pupil,  1S51,  of  Marx 


GOLDMARK— GOLLMICK 


(comp.)  and  Haupt  (org.)  at  Berlin  ;  teacher  of 
pf.  at  Stern's  Cons.;  in  1872  he  succeeded  his 
father,  Joseph  Golde,  as  director  of  the  Soller 
Singing  Society  at  Erfurt. — Works  :  Symphony 
in  B  minor  ;  other  orch.l  pes.  ;  popular  salon  - 
music  f.  pf. 

Gold'mark,  Karl,  b.  Keszthely,  Hungary, 
May  18,  1832.  Violinist,  pianist,  and  opera- 
composer  ;  pupil  of 
Jansa  (vln.)  at  Vi- 
enna in  1844; 1847-8 
at  the  Cons,  un- 
der Bohm  (theory)  ; 
thenceforward  chief- 
ly self-taught.  He 
gave  his  first  public 
concert  at  Vienna  in 
1858,  playing  a  pf.- 
concerto  of  his  own  ; 
this  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  a  pf.-trio, 
a  pf.  quartet,  pf.- 
duos,  and  string- 
quartets  ;  the  con- 
cert -  overture    ' '  Sa- 

kuntala "  (op.  13),  and  a  "Scherzo,  Andante, 
and  Finale  f.  orch."  (op.  19),  attracted  general 
attention,  and  his  first  opera  (op.  27),  Die  Kb)ii- 
gin  von  Saba  (Vienna,  Mar.  g,  1875),  made  him 
famous.  Since  then  he  has  brought  out  3  more 
operas,  Merlin  (Vienna,  Nov.  19,  1886),  and 
Das  Heimchen  am  Herd  [Dickens'  "  Cricket  on 
the  Hearth  "]  (Vienna,  Mar.  21,  1S96),  the  latter 
being  especially  successful  ;  also  Die  Kriegs- 
gefangene,  in  2  acts  (Vienna  Court  Opera,  Jan. 
17,  1899).  Der  Fremdling  has  not  yet  (1899) 
been  produced.  — Works:  Op.  5,  "Sturm 
und  Drang,"  charac.  pes.  f.  pf.  ;  op.  12,  3 
pes.  f.  pf.  4  hands;  op.  13,  Overture  "  Sakun- 
tala";  op.  14,  2  male  choruses:  "  Ein  armer 
Mann,"  and  "  Esrauschtder  Wald";  op.  18,  12 
songs  f.  vocal  solo  w.  pf.  ;  op.  20,  "  Owenn  es 
wahr  ist,"  f.  voice  and  pf. ;  op.  21,  4  songs  w. 
pf.  ;  op.  22,  Dances  f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  op.  26,  Sym- 
phony "  Landliche  Hochzeit.";  op.  27,  Opera 
J  lie  Konigin  von  Saba  ;  op.  28,  Concerto  f.  vln.; 
op.  33,  pf.-trio  ;  op.  34,  4  songs  w.  pf.  ;  op.  35, 
Symphony  11,  in  Eb  ;  op.  36,  "  Im  Fruhling," 
overture  f.  orch.  ;  op.  37,  8  songs  ;  op.  38,  over- 
ture to  "  Prometheus  Bound  ";  op.  39,  Sonata  f. 
pf.  and  'cello,  in  F;  op.  43,  Suite  ir  f.  vln.  and 
pf.,  in  Ep-  ;  op.  44,  Overture  to  "  Sappho";  op. 
45,  Scherzo  f.  orch.,  in  A. 

Gold'ner,  Wilhelm,  b.  Hamburg,  June  30, 
1839  !  studied  in  the  Leipzig  Cons.;  now  living 
in  Paris  as  a  pianist  and  composer  of  salon-music. 

Gold'schmidt,  Sigismund,  b.  Prague,  Sept. 
28,  1815  ;  d.  Vienna,  Sept.  26,  1S77.  Pupil  of 
Thomaschek  in  Vienna,  and  of  Dreyschock  in 
Paris,  where  he  lived  as  a  concert-pianist  from 
1845-9,  then  returning  to  Prague  to  manage  his 
father's  banking-business. — Works  :  Overtures, 
pf. -sonatas,  songs. 


Gold'schmidt,  Otto,  fine  pianist;  b.  Ham- 
burg, Aug.  21,  1829  ;  at  first  a  pupil  of  Jakob 
SchmittandF.  W.  Grund,  then  of  Mendelssohn  at 
the  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  of  Chopinat  Paris  (1848). 
In  1849  ne  played  in  London  at  a  concert  given 
by  Jenny  Lind  ;  accompanied  her  on  her  Ameri- 
can tour(i  851),  and  married  her  at  Boston,  Feb.  5, 

1852  ;  from  1852-5  they  lived  in  Dresden,  from 

1858  until  her  death  (1887)  in  London.  lie  was 
made  an  hon.  member  of  the  London  Philh.  Soc. 
in  1861,  became  vice-principal  of  the  R.  A.  M. 
in  1863,  and  founded  the  Bach  Choir  in  1875. 
He  also  cond.  mus.  festivals  at  Diisseldorf  (1863) 
and  Hamburg  (1866).— Works  :  An  oratorio, 
Ruth  (Hereford,  1S67)  ;  pf. -concerto  (op.  10)  ; 
pf.-trio  (op.  12)  ;  12  studies  f.  pf.  (op.  13)  ;  12 
songs  w.  pf.-accomp.  (op.  8  and  9)  ;  part-songs  ; 
also,  with  Benedict,  the  "Choral-book  for  Eng- 
land." 

Gold'schmidt,    Adalbert    von,    b.    Vienna, 

1853  ;  composer,  pupil  of  Vienna  Cons.  He  is 
not  a  professional  musician,  but  a  studious  ama- 
teur and  ardent  Wagnerite  ;  his  cantata  Die  sie- 
ben  Todsiinden  (Berlin,  1S75  ;  poem  by  Hamer- 
nng)  gained  him  sudden  and  wide  notorietv ; 
an  opera,  Ilelianthus  (Leipzig,  1884)  was  also 
well  received  ;  he  brought  out  a  trilogy,  Gaea,  in 
1889,  and  has  publ.  songs,  pf.-pes.,  etc. 

Gold'schmidt,   Hugo,  b.   Breslau,  Sept.  19, 

1859  I  took  the  degree  of  Dr.  jitr.  in  1884  ; 
studied  singing  under  Stockhausen  at  Frankfort, 
1887-90  ;  became  co-director  of  the  Scharwenka- 
Klindworth  Cons,  at  Berlin  in  1893. — Writings: 
"  Die  italienische  Gesangsmethode  des  17. 
Jahrh.s"  (1S90);  "  Der  Vokalismus  desneuhoch- 
deutschen  Kunstgesangs  und  der  Bi'ihnen- 
sprache  "  (1892)  ;  also  articles  in  mus.  journals. 

Golinel'li,  Stefano,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Bologna,  Oct.  26,  1818  ;  pupil  of  B.  Donelli  and 
N.  Vaccai.  Encouraged  by  Ferd.  Hiller  (1S42), 
he  undertook  concert-tours  in  Italy,  France, 
England,  and  Germany.  Returning  to  Bologna, 
he  taught  pf. -playing,  and  became  pf.-prof.  in 
the  Liceo  Musicale.  Retired  in  1S70. — Works, 
nearly  300  in  all  ;  the  greater  part  f.  pf.  (5  sona- 
tas, 3  toccatas,  24  preludes  [op.  23],  24  preludes 
[op.  69],  12  studies  [op.  15],  etc.,  which  are 
held  in  high  estimation  in  Italy). 

Goll'mick,  Karl,  b.  Dessau,  Mar.  19,  1796; 
d.  Frankfort-on-M.,  Oct.  3,  1866;  son  of  the 
tenor  Friedrich  Karl  G.  [b.  Berlin,  Sept.  27, 
1774  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-M.,  July  2,  1S52].  While 
a  theological  student  at  Strassburg,  he  took  les- 
sons in  music  of  Spindler,  and  in  1817  settled  in 
Frankfort  as  a  teacher  of  French.  Hewaseng. 
by  Spohr  as  drummer  in  the  City  Th. ;  for  a  time 
he  was  also  chorusmaster,  and  was  pensioned  in 
1858.  For  pf.  he  composed  rondos,  variations, 
potpourris,  etc.,  f.  2  and  4  hds. ;  and  also  publ. 
a  "  Praktische  Gesangschule  ";  "  Leitfaden  fur 
junge  Musiklehrer ";  "  Kritische  Terminologie 
fur  Musiker  u.  Musikfreunde  "   (1833;  2nd  ed., 


223 


GOLLMICK— GOODWIN 


1839);  "  Musik.Novellen  u.  Silhouetten  "  (1842) ; 
"  Karl  Guhr"  (1S48)  ;  "  Fetis  .  .  .  als  Mensch, 
Critiker,  Theoretiker  u.  Componist "  (1852); 
"  Handlexikon  der  Tonkunst  "  (1858);  "  Auto- 
biographic "  (1866),  and  fugitive  articles. 

GolTmick,  Adolf,  pianist,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Frankfort-on-M.,  Feb.  5,  1S25  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Mar.  7,  1883.  Pupil  of  his  father,  Rie'f- 
stahl,  Wolff,  and  Kessler.  Settled  in  London  in 
1844. — Works  :  3  comic  operas,  Dona  Constanza, 
The  Oracle,  and  Balthasar ;  two  "  operatic  can- 
tatas," The  Blind  Beggar's  Daughter  of  Bethnal 
Green,  and  The  Heir  of  Lynne ;  a  symphony; 
overture  and  marches  f.  orch.;  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
etc. 

GoFtermann,  (Georg)  Eduard,  b.  Hanover, 
Aug.  19,  1824  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Dec.  29, 
1898.  Pupil  of  A.  C.  Prell,  and  (1847-9)  of 
Menter  at  Munich,  and  of  Lachner  (comp.). 
After  long  concert-tours  (1850-2),  he  became 
(1S52)  mus.  dir.  at  Wiirzburg ;  in  1853,  second, 
and  in  1874,  first  Kapellm.  at  the  City  'Ph., 
Frankfort-on-M.  A  celebrated  'cellist,  and  comp. 
f.  'cello  (6  concertos,  sonatas  w.  pf.,  "  Morceaux 
caracteristiques  "  \v.  pf.,  "  Danses  allemandes  " 
w.  pf.,  "Adagio"  \v.  orch.,  "  Elegie  "  w.  pf.)  ; 
also  a  symphony  in  A  minor  (op.  20),  2  "  Pest- 
spiel-Ouvertiiren  "  (op.  24  and  94),  songs,  etc. 

GoFtermann,  Johann    August   Julius,    b. 

Hamburg,  July  15,  1825  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Apr.  4, 
1876.  Fine  'cellist  ;  1S50— 62,  teacher  at  Prague 
Cons. ;  1862,  first  'cello  at  Stuttgart ;  retired  1 870. 

Gol'termann,  August,  b.  1S26  ;  d.  Schwerin, 
Nov.  2,  1890,  as  court  pianist. 

Gom'bert,  Nicolas,  b.  Bruges,  abt.  1495  ;  d. 
after  1570.  Flemish  contrapuntist,  one  of  Jos- 
quin  Despres'  most  eminent  pupils  ;  in  1530, 
master  of  the  boys  at  the  Imperial  Chapel, 
Madrid  ;  probably  maestro  there  later  ;  the  gift 
of  a  sinecure  office  in  the  Netherlands,  from  his 
patron  Charles  V.,  enabled  him  to  retire  in  his 
old  age.  In  church-music  Fetis  styles  him  a 
forerunner  of  Palestrina  ;  but  he  was  especially 
fond  of  secular  and  pastoral  music,  with  a  de- 
cidedly sentimental  leaning,  and  refreshing  sim- 
plicity and  directness  ;  while  in  his  sacred  works 
he  discarded  rests,  thus  rendering  his  polyphony 
more  connected  and  fuller  than  that  of  his  pre- 
decessors.— Works  :  2  bocks  of  motets  a  4  (Book 
I,  n.  d.,  2nd  ed.  1540;  Book  II,  1541  ;  both 
often  republ.)  ;  2  books  of  motets  a  5  (Book  I, 
1541,  '51;  Book  II,  1541,  '52  ;  also  together, 
1552)  ;  a  book  of  masses  a  5  (1549),  a  book  of 
chansons  a  5-6  (1544,  Book  V  of  the  chansons 
printed  by  Tilman  Susato).  Numerous  motets 
of  G.'s  are  in  Gardano's  "  Mottetti  del  frutto  " 
and  "Mottetti  del  fiore";  many  others  in  col- 
lections of  the  16th  cent.  In  the  Munich  library 
are  motets  and  chansons  in  MS.  Eitner's  "  Bib- 
liographie  der  Musik-Sammelwerke "  (Berlin, 
1877)  names  abt.  250  works  in  90  collections 
betw.  1529-73  ;  Fetis'  catalogue,  and  its  Supple- 
ment in  Ambros  (vol.  iii),  should  be  consulted. 


Go'mes,  Antonio  Carlos,  Brazilian  opera- 
composer  ;  b.  Campinas,  Brazil,  July  11,  1839; 
d.  Para,  Sept.  16, 
1896.  Pupil  of  Lau- 
ro  Rossi  in  Milan 
Cons.  First  stage- 
work,  in  P o r t u- 
guese,  A  noitc  do 
castello  (Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro, 1861)  ;  then 
Se  sa  tninga  [No- 
body knows  !1  (Mi- 
lan, Teatro  Fossa  - 
ti,  1867 ;  a  "  rivi- 
sta "  in  Milanese 
dialect,  the  "  Song 
of  the  Needle-gun" 
becoming  immense- 
ly popular)  ;  a  sec- 
ond "  review,"  ATella  Luna  (186S)  ;  a  4-act  bal- 
let-opera Guarany  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1S70  ;  fairly 
successful)  ;  Fosca  (ibid.,  1873  ;  a  failure)  ;  Sal- 
vador J?osa  (Venice,  Carlo  Felice,  1874  ;  success- 
ful) ;  Maria  Tudor  (Milan,  1877  ;  successful)  ; 
Lo  Schiat'o  (Rio,  1889;  very  succ.)  ;  Condor  (ibid., 
1891  ;  unsucc.) — Also  a  hymn  to  celebrate  Amer- 
ican independence,  "II  saluto  del  B resile " 
(Phila.,  1876),  and  the  cantata  Cofombo  for  the 
Columbus  Festival  in  1892.  In  1895  he  was  app. 
Dir.  of  Para  Cons.  ;  sickness  detained  him  in  Lis- 
bon, and  he  died  a  few  months  after  reaching 
Para. — Biogr.  sketch  (in  Portuguese)  by  E.  Yi- 
eira  (Rio  de  Janeiro,  1897). 

Goodrich,  Alfred  John,  theorist  ;  b.  Chilo, 
Ohio,  May  8,  1847.  With  the  exception  of  a 
year's  instruction,  in  harm,  and  pf. -playing,  from 
his  father,  he  is  wholly  self-taught.  After  teach- 
ing theory  for  some  years  in  the  Grand  Cons., 
N.  Y.,  G.  succeeded  John  Howard  (voice)  and 
A.  K.  Virgil  (  pf.  and  theory)  at  the  Fort  Wayne 
Cons.,  Ind.  (1876).  Since  then  he  has  been  Di- 
rector of  the  vocal  dept.  in  the  Beethoven  Cons., 
St.  Louis,  and  for  2  years  of  the  mus.  dept.  at 
Martha  Washington  College,  Abingdon,  Va.  At 
present  (1899)  residing  at  Chicago  as  a  writer 
and  teacher  ;  is  a  regular  contributor  to  leading 
mus.  periodicals,  more  especially  the  N.  Y.  "Mu- 
sical Courier,"  in  which  he  has  publ.  many  inter- 
esting essays. — Publ.  works  :  "  Music  as  a  Lan- 
guage" (1880),  "The  Art  of  Song"  (1888); 
"Complete  Mus.  Analysis"  (1889);  "Analyti- 
cal Harmony  "  (1S94),  "  Theory  of  Interpreta- 
tion "  (1898  ;  publ.  by  subscription). 

Goodwin,  Amina  Beatrice,  b.  Manchester, 

Engl,  (date  ?).  Pianist  of  precocious  talent, 
taught  by  her  father,  and  played  in  public  at  6. 
Studied  later  at  Leipzig  (Reinecke,  Jadassohn), 
and  Paris  (Delaborde) ;  and  finally  with  Liszt 
and  Frau  Schumann.  Founded  a  Pianoforte 
College  for  ladies  in  1895,  at  London.  She  ranks 
high  as  a  concert-player  ;  has  written  some  pf.- 
pcs.,  also  "  Practical  I  lints  on  the  Technique  and 
Touch  of  Pf.-playing"  (London,  1892).  Mar- 
ried an  American,  Mr,  W.  Ingram-Adams. 


224 


GOOVAERTS— GOSSEC 


Goovaerts,  Alphonse-Jean-Marie- Andre, 

b.  Antwerp,  May  25,  1847.  In  1S66  he  became 
asst. -librarian  at  Antwerp  ;  is  a  profound  student 
of  mus.  history,  and  a  reformer  of  the  church- 
music  in  his  native  city,  having  est.  an  amateur 
cathedral-choir  for  performing  works  by  Pale- 
strina  and  the  Netherland  contrapuntists.  In 
18S7  he  was  app.  royal  archivist  at  Brussels. — 
Writings  :  "  La  musique  d'eglise  ..."  (1876  ; 
in  Flemish  as  "  De  Kerkmusieck  "),  in  which  he 
replies  to  attacks  on  his  attempted  reforms  ;  and 
"  Histoire  et  bibliographie  de  la  typographic 
musicale  ..."  (1880  ;  took  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Belgian  Academie) ;  a  monograph  on  ' '  Pierre 
Phalese  "  ;  and  minor  works.  He  has  also  publ. 
considerable  excellent  church-music,  as  well  as 
Flemish  songs,  pes.  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  etc. 

Gop'fert,  Karl  Andreas,  b.  Rimpar,  n. 
Wlirzburg,  Jan.  16,  176S  ;  d.  Meiningen,  Apr. 
n,  1S1S.  A  pupil  of  Meissner  in  clarinet-play- 
ing, he  became,  in  1788,  first  clarinet  at  Meinin- 
gen, and  later  director  of  the  military  music 
there. — Works  :  An  opera,  Der  Stem  des  Nor- 
dens ;  4  concertos  f.  clar.  ;  a  symphonie  concer- 
tante  f.  clar.  and  bassoon  ;  5  quartets  f.  clar.  and 
strings  ;  much  other  chamber-music  f.  wind  ; 
songs,  etc. 

Gop'fert,  Karl  Gottlieb,  violinist ;  b.  Wee- 
senstein,  n.  Dresden,  1733  ;  d.  Weimar,  Oct.  3, 
1798.  Played  in  Frankfort,  Leipzig,  and  Ber- 
lin ;  settled  in  Weimar,  1770,  where  he  was 
chamber-virtuoso,  conductor,  and  leader.  J.  F. 
Cranz  was  his  pupil. — -Works  :  6  Polonaises  f. 
vln. 

Gordigia'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Man- 
tua, July,  1795  ;  d.  Prague,  Mar.  2,  1871.  Pupil 
of  Milan  Cons.  ;  sang  in  opera  and  concert, 
taught  singing  in  Ratisbon,  and  in  1822  went  to 
Prague,  where  he  was  vocal  teacher  in  the  Cons, 
until  he  died. — Works  :  2  operas,  Pygmalion 
(Prague,  1S45),  and  Consuelo  (1846)  ;  church- 
music,  canzonets,  songs,  and  12  cavalry  marches. 
— His  brother, 

Gordigia'ni,  Luigi,  renowned  comp.  of  Tus- 
can popular  songs  ;  b.  Modena,  June  21,  1806  ; 
d.  Florence,  May  1,  i860.  He  brought  out  7 
operas,  a  ballet,  an  oratorio,  and  3  cantatas  ;  but 
his  fame  rests  on  his  Canti  popolari  loscani  ;  in 
1836  he  happened  upon  a  volume  of  old  Tuscan 
folk-poems,  which  he  set  tc  music,  and  which 
became  extraordinarily  popular.  67  of  these 
songs,  in  2  vol.s,  are  publ.  by  Ricordi  in  the  se- 
ries "  Canti  popolari  italiani." 

Go'ria,  Alexandre-Edouard,  pianist ;  b. 
Paris,  Jan.  21,  1823  ;  d.  there  July  6,  1S60.  A 
pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  1830-9  (Laurent,  Zimmer- 
man, Dourlen).  Took  1st  pf. -prize  in  1835.  He 
became  a  teacher  and  composer,  and  publ.  many 
pf.-pes.  of  a  brilliant  and  popular  style. 

Gor'no,  Albino,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Casalmorano  (Cremona),  Italy  ;  st.  Milan  Cons., 
tak'iig  3  gold  medals  at  graduation.  Pianist  and 
accomp.  to  Adelina  Patti  on  Amer.  tour  1881-2. 

15  2: 


Then  eng.  as  piano-prof,  at  Cincinnati  Coll.  of 
Music. — Works  :  2-act  opera  Cuore  e  Patria 
(Milan  Cons.,  1SS1  [?])  ;  fantasia  f.  pf.,  org.  and 
orch.,  "La  festa  dei  Montanari";  fant.  f.  pf. 
and  orch.,  "Arabian  legend";  cantata  Gari- 
baldi; "  Marinaresca  "  f .  pf.  and  orch.;  scherzo 
f.  2  pfs.  ;  concert-studies  f.  pf.;  nocturne  f.  pf.  ; 
many  songs. 

Go'roldt,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Stempeda,  n. 
Stolberg  (Harz),  Dec.  13,  1773  ;  d.  after  1835 
at  Quedlinburg  (?),  where  he  was  mus.  dir.  from 
1803.— Writings  :  "  Leitfaden  zum  Unterricht 
im  Ceneralbass  und  der  Composition  "  (1815-16, 
2vol.s  ;  2nd  ed.  1S28)  ;  "  Die  Kunst,  nach  Noten 
zu  singen  "  (2nd  ed.  1S32)  ;  "Die  Orgel  .  .  ." 
(lS35) ;  "  Uber  Kirchenmusik  "  (1830) ;  a  Method 
f.  Horn  (1830)  ;  he  also  comp.  pf.-music,  cho- 
rales f.  men's  voices  w.  org.,  and  other  church- 
music  in  MS. 

Gorria,  Tobio.    Pen-name  of  Arrigo  Boito. 

Gor'ter,  Albert,  b.  Nuremberg,  Nov.  23, 
1862.  Intended  for  a  medical  career,  but  em- 
braced music  as  a  profession  ;  studied  from  187S 
at  the  R.  Music  School  in  Munich,  under  Carl 
Barmann,  Jr.,  and  Bussmeyer  (pf.),  and  Rhein- 
berger  (org.  and  cpt.),  taking  3  prizes  for  com- 
position. Studied  one  year  in  Italy  ;  took  part 
in  the  Bayreuth  Festivals  as  asst.-cond.;  was 
eng.  as  cond.  in  turn  at  Regensburg,  Trier,  El- 
berfeld,  Breslau  ;  then  for  3  mos.  at  Stuttgart  as 
2nd  Kapellm.  to  Zumpe  ;  from  1894-9  he  was 
asst. -Kapellm.  to  Mottl  at  the  Karlsruhe  Court 
Th.,  then  succeeding  Panzneras  Kapcllm.  at  the 
Leipzig  City  Th. — Works  :  Text  and  music  of  the 
opera  Harold,  and  of  the  3-act  comic  opera  Der 
Schatz  des  Rhampsinit  (Mannheim,  1894)  ;  2 
symphonic  poems,  choral  works,  pf.-pes.,  songs, 
ballads,  etc.  {Der  Schatz  d.  J?.,  and  2  bks.  of 
songs,  are  publ.). 

Goss,  John,  b.  Fareham,  Hants.,  Engl., 
Dec.  27,  1800 ;  d.  Brixton  (London),  May  10, 
1S80.  A  son  of  Joseph  Goss,  the  org.,  he  be- 
came a  chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  under  J. 
S.  Smith,  in  181 1  ;  in  1821,  org.  of  Stockwell 
chapel  ;  1S24,  org.  of  St.  Luke's,  Chelsea  ;  1S38- 
72,  org.  at  St.  Paul's  Cath.,  succeeding  Attwood. 
From  1856-72  he  was  comp.  to  the  Chapel 
Royal  as  Knyvett's  successor  ;  was  knighted  in 
1872  ;  received  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  Can- 
tab, in  1876. — Works  :  Church  Service  in  A  ; 
Burial  Service  in  E  minor  ;  4  Te  Deums  ;  many 
anthems,  and  other  church-mus. ;  13  glees,  and 
2  madrigals  ;  2  orch.  overtures  (in  F  and  E  b)  ; 
other  orch.  mus. — He  also  publ.  "  Parochial 
Psalmody  "  (1827);  "  Church  Psalter  and  Hymn 
Book  "(1862);  "The  Organist's  Companion" 
(4  vol.s)  ;  collections  of  voluntaries;  "Coll.  of 
Chants,  Ancient  and  Modern"  (1S41,  w.  W. 
Mercer)  ;  "  Introd.  to  Harm,  and  Thorough- 
bass "  (1833,  often  reprinted). 

Gossec  [Gosse],  Francois- Joseph,  b. 
Vergnies,  Belgium,  Jan.  17,  1734  ;  d.  Passy,  n. 
Paris,    Feb.  16,  1S29.      A  chorister  at  Antwerp 


GOTTSCHALG— GOTZE 


cath.  from  1741-49,  he  then  st.  the  vln.  and 
comp.  for  2  years,  and  went  to  Paris  in  1751 
with  letters  to  Rameau,  through  whom  he  be- 
came cond.  of  the  private  orch.  of  La  Popeli- 
niere,  then  fermier-general.  In  1754  his  first 
symphonies  (the  first  of  their  kind  in  France, 
and  5  years  before  Haydn's)  were  publ.;  his  first 
string-quartets  followed  in  1759.  In  1762,  G. 
became  the  cond.  of  Prince  Conti's  orch.  at 
Chantilly,  a  post  which  the  fame  of  his  Requiem 
(1760)  aided  him  to  obtain  ;  he  soon  turned  his 
attention  to  dramatic  comp.,  beginning  with  a 
i-act  opera,  Le  faux  Lord  (1764)  ;  his  first  real 
stage-success  was  Les  Pecheurs,  also  in  i-act 
(Come'die  Italienne,  1766)  ;  at  the  same  theatre 
were  prod.  Toinon  el  Toinette  (1767),  and  Le 
double  deguisetnent  (1767)  ;  and  at  the  Opera  Sa- 
binus  (1773),  Alexis  et  JDapkn/(i'J75),  Philemon 
et  Baucis  [ballet]  (1775),  Hylas  et  Sylvie  (1776), 
La  fete  du  village  (1778),  Thdse'e  (1782),  Rosine 
(1786),  Les  visitandines  (with  Trial),  and  La 
reprise  de  Toulon  (1796);  also  J-lert he  (Brussels, 
1775),  Les  sabots  et  le  cerisier  (Th.  des  Jeunes 
Eleves,  1803),  Le  Perigourdin  and  Nitocris  (not 
perf.).  These  works  won  him  a  high  position 
among  French  dramatic  composers.  In  1770 
he  founded  the  Concerts  des  Amateurs  ;  in  1773 
he  reorganized  the  Concerts  Spirituels,  at  first 
directing  them  conjointly  with  Gavinies  and  Le- 
duc  aine,  then  alone  till  1777.  From  1780-2  he 
was  asst.-cond.  at  the  Acade'mie  de  Musique 
vGr.  Opera).  In  17S4  he  established  and  be- 
came the  manager  of  the  Ecole  Royale  de 
Chant,  the  germ  of  the  Conservatoire,  at  the  in- 
auguration of  which  latter  (1795)  G.  was  app. 
inspector  (with  Cherubini  and  Lesueur),  being 
likewise  made  a  member  of  the  new  Institut  de 
France.  From  1799-1804,  and  1S09-15,  he  was 
on  the  commission  for  examining  the  operas 
handed  in  at  the  Grand  Opera  ;  in  18 15  he  re- 
tired to  Passy. — G.'s  chief  claim  to  eminence 
lies  in  the  dept.  of  instrumental  comp.;  his  26 
orchestral  symphonies  mark  an  epoch  in  French 
art  and  an  important  enlargement  of  orch.l  re- 
sources ;  his  string-quartets  were  received  with 
unbounded  enthusiasm  ;  and  the  Requiem  above 
mentioned  contains  new  and  striking  effects. 
Besides  these  must  be  noted  a  "  Symphonie  con- 
certante "  for  11  instruments;  overtures,  sere- 
nades, quartets  f.  fl.  and  strings,  string-trios,  and 
violin-duets.  He  also  wrote  3  oratorios  (Saul, 
La  Nativity  I'Arche  d'alliance),  masses  w. 
orch.,  2  Te  Deums,  and  motets;  and  the  choruses 
to  Racine's  Athalie  and  Rochefort's  £lectre. — 
('..,  himself  of  humble  origin,  and  an  enthusias- 
tic republican,  was  one  of  the  most  popular 
comp.s  of  the  revolutionary  era,  to  which  his 
festival  plays  Offrande  a  lapatrie  ( 1792),  and  Le 
eamp  de  Grand- Pr/  ;  the  "  Chant  du  14  Juillet  " 
(on  the  storming  of  the  Bastile),  and  many 
hymns,  marches,  etc.,  belong. 

Gott'schalg,  Alexander  Wilhelm,  b.  Me- 
chelrode,  n.  Weimar,  Feb.  14,  1827  ;  pupil 
(1842),  in  the  Teachers'  Seminary  at  Weimar,  of 


Topfer  (org.  and  harm.),  and  Wettig  (pf.)  ;  Liszt 
also  aided  him.  In  1847,  teacher  in  Tiefurt  ; 
from  1870-81,  he  was  Topfer's  successor  in  the 
Seminary,  also  court  org.,  and  (1874)  teacher  of 
mus.  hist,  in  the  "  Musik-  und  Orchesterschule." 
From  1865  he  edited  the  "  Urania  ";  from  1885, 
the  "  Chorgesang";  and  from  1S72  he  was  also 
critic  for  Dittes'  "  Padagogischer  Jahresbe- 
richt.  "  He  publ.  (with  Liszt)  a  "  Repertorium 
fiir  die  Orgel "  (a  coll.  of  the  finest  modern 
organ-music);  also  a  "  Kleines  Handlexikon 
der  Tonkunst"  (1867). 

Gottschalk,  Louis  Moreau,  pianist ;  b.  New 
Orleans,  La.,  .May  8,  1829;  d.  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Dec.  18,  1869.  He 
studied  in  Paris 
from  1S41-6  under 
Halle  and  Stamaty 
(pf.)  and  Maleden 
(harm.),  and  began 
composing  at  16 
(the  "  Bananier  " 
was  one  of  his  first 
essays).  After  his 
pianistic  debut  in 
1845,  he  made  bril- 
liant  tourneys 
through  France, 
Switzerland,  and 
(1852)  Spain  ;  his 
triumphs  were  re- 
peated in  1853  in  the  U.  S. 

Orleans,  he  traversed  the  length  and  breadth  of 
the  land,  playing  his  own  pf. -works,  and  con- 
ducting his  orchestral  works  at  grand  festivals. 
Max  Strakosch,  later  celebrated  as  the  impre- 
sario of  Patti,  now  engaged  him  for  a  compre- 
hensive American  tour,  during  which  he  visited 
Cuba,  California  (1865),  and  nearly  every  note- 
worthy town  in  Spanish  America  ;  he  died  worn 
out  by  excessive  exertion. — G.  was  a  great  vir- 
tuoso of  individual  type,  and  most  admired  in 
his  performances  of  his  own  works  for  pf. ;  no 
other  player  has  so  brought  out  their  peculiar 
charm  and  characteristic  "Spanish"  warmth  of 
color,  and  they  have  lapsed  into  almost  total 
neglect. — Works  :  2  operas,  Charles  IX,  and 
Isaura  de  Salerno  (never  performed)  ;  2  sym- 
phonies, "La  nuit  des  tropiques,"  and  "  Monte- 
video"; Gran  Marcha  solemne  (to  the  Emperor 
of  Brazil),  Escenas  campestres  cubanas,  and 
Gran  Tarantella,  all  for  full  orch.;  some  90  pf.- 
compositions  ;  and  abt.  12  songs. — Compare 
"  Life  and  Letters  of  L.  M.  G.,"  by  Octavia 
Hensel  (Boston,  1870);  "Gottschalk,"  by  Fors 
(Havana,  1S80)  ;  and  "  Notes  of  a  Pianist  .  .  .", 
by  R.  E.  Petersen  (Phila.,  1881). 

See  GOETZ. 


Beginning  in  New 


Gotz,  Franz. 
Gotz,  Hermann. 


See  Goetz. 


Got'ze,  Johann  Nikolaus  Konrad,  violin- 
virtuoso  ;  b.  Weimar,  Feb.  11,  1791  ;  d.  there 
Dec.  5,  1861.  He  was  taught  the  violin  by  G. 
Spohr  at   Gotha,  Aug.    Muller  at  Weimar,    and 


226 


GOTZE— GOUNOD 


(1S13)  Kreutzer  at  Paris.  Settled  in  Weimar  ; 
was  mus.  dir.  to  the  Grand  Duke  1826-48,  and 
chorusmaster  at  the  opera  ;  also  gave  concerts  in 
Vienna,  etc.  He  prod.  4  operas  at  Weimar, 
also  vaudevilles  and  melodramas  ;  wrote  much 
chamber-music,  etc. 

Got'ze,  Franz,  b,  Neustadt-on-Orla,  May  10, 
1814  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  2,  188S.  A  pupil  of 
Spohr  (vln.)  at  Kassel,  he  joined  the  Weimar 
court  orch.  in  1831  ;  then  studied  singing,  and 
was  leading  opera-tenor  at  Weimar  from  1S36-52. 
From  1853-67,  he  taught  singing  in  the  Leipzig 
Cons. ;  he  explained  his  resignation  in  a  pam- 
phlet, "  Fiinfzehn  Jahre  meiner  Lehrthatigkeit  " 
(1868).  He  remained  in  Leipzig  as  a  private 
singing-teacher. — His  daughter, 

Got'ze,  Auguste,  b.  Weimar,  Feb.  24,  1840  ; 
taught  in  the  Dresden  Cons,  from  1870-75  ; 
then  est.  a  singing-school  in  Dresden,  and  in 
1891  was  eng.  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  She  is  a 
much-sought  vocal  teacher  (Frau  Moran-Olden 
was  one  of  her  pupils)  ;  has  publ.  "  Uber  den 
Verfall  der  Gesangskunst "  (1884);  also  some 
stage-poems  under  the  pen-name  "Auguste 
Weimar." 

Got'ze,  Karl,  composer  ;  b.  Weimar,  1836  ; 
d.  Magdeburg,  Jan.  14,  1887.  A  pupil  of  Top- 
fer  and  Gebhardi,  later  of  Liszt  ;  in  1855,  chorus- 
master  at  the  Weimar  opera  ;  then  theatre-cond. 
at  Magdeburg,  Berlin  (1869),  Breslau  (1872), 
and  Chemnitz  (1875). — Works  :  The  operas 
Eine  Abschiedsrolle  ;  Die  K or  sen  (Weimar, 
1866);  Gustav  Wasa,  der  Held des  Not 'dens (W '., 
1S6S)  ;  Judith  (Magdeburg,  1887)  ;  a  symph. 
poem  "Eine  Sommernacht "  (op.  20);  other 
orchestral  music  ;  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Got'ze,  Heinrich,  teacher  and  composer  ;  b. 
Wartha,  Silesia,  Apr.  7,  1836.  He  was  a  vocal 
pupil  of  Franz  Gotze  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.;  los- 
ing his  voice,  he  taught  music  in  Russia,  and 
Breslau  ;  in  1871  became  teacher  in  the  Lieben- 
thal  Seminary,  and  in  1885  obtained  a  similar 
post  at  Ziegenhals,  Silesia  ;  he  was  made  Royal 
Mus.  Dir.  in  1889. — Works  :  2  serenades  and  6 
sketches  f.  string-orch. ;  a  4-part  mass  w.  orch.; 
pes.  f.  org.  and  pf . ;  songs,  choruses,  etc. 
Wrote  "  Populare  Abhandlungen  uber  Klavier- 
spiel "  (1879),  and  "  Musikalische  Schreibtibun- 
gen  "  (exercises  in  mus.  dictation). 

Got'ze,  Emil,  brilliant  dramatic  tenor ;  b. 
Leipzig,  July  19,  1856  ;  a  pupil  of  Prof.  Gustav 
Scharfe  at  Dresden,  where  he  was  eng.  1878-81 
at  the  court  theatre,  then  at  the  Cologne  theatre, 
afterwards  singing  as  a  "  star"  in  the  chief  Ger- 
man cities. 

Got'ze,  Otto  ;  in  1896,  Kapellm.  at  Essen- 
on-Ruhr  ;  has  prod,  a  successful  opera,  Riscatto 
(Sondershausen,  1896). 

Got'ze,  Franz ;  contemporary  comp. ;  has 
brought  out  a  3-act  Volksoper,  Utopia  (Stettin, 
1892),  and  a  i-act  opera,  Die  Rose  von  Thiessow 
(Glogau,  1895). 


Goudimel,  Claude,  renowned  church-com- 
poser ;  b.  Vaison,  n.  Avignon,  France,  abt. 
1505  ;  killed  at  Lyons,  in  the  St.  Bartholomew 
massacre,  Aug.  24.  1572.  Said  to  have  been  a 
pupil  of  J.  Despres.  Before  1540  he  establ.  a 
music-school  in  Rome  ;  the  number  of  his  dis- 
tinguished pupils  (Palestrina,  Animuccia,  Bet- 
tini,  Nanini,  Ales.  Merlo  [della  Viola],  etc.)  won 
him  the  sobriquet  of  "father  of  the  Roman 
School."  In  1555  G.  was  in  Paris  as  a  partner 
of  the  music-printer  N.  Duchemin  ;  their  partner- 
ship was  dissolved  in  1556.  Strange  to  say. 
none  of  his  works  were  publ.  in  Italy  ;  his  (pre- 
sumably) oldest  comp.s  are  MS.  masses  and 
motets  (a  5-12)  in  the  Vatican  and  at  Vallicella. 
There  were  publ.  a  few  motets  in  Susato's  4th 
book  of  motets  (1554)  ;  Odes  of  Horace  (1555)  ; 
4-part  "Chansons  spirituelles  de  Marc-Antoine 
de  Muret  "  (1555)  ;  a  5-part  "  Magnificat  ex  octo 
modis  "  (1557)  ;  "  Missae  tres  a  Claudi  G  .  .  ." 
(I55S)  ;  "  Les  psaumes  de  David  ...  en  forme 
de  motets  "  (16  psalms  a  4,  1562)  ;  "Les  psaumes 
mis  en  rime  francaise,  par  Clement  Marot  et 
Theodore  de  Beze  "  (1565)  ;  "  La  fleur  des  chan- 
sons des  deux  plus  excellents  musiciens  de  notre 
temps,  a  savoir  de  Orlande  de  Lassus,  et  de  D. 
Claude  Goudimel  ..."  (1574)  ;  in  the  coll.  of 
chansons,  made  by  Le  Roy  and  Ballard,  some  of 
G.'s  chansons  are  in  Books  vi  and  viii  (1556, 
1557). — As  G.'s  settings  of  the  Psalms  had  been 
approved  by  the  Sorbonne  (1561),  it  is  probable 
that  he  was  murdered,  not  as  a  convert  to  Prot- 
estantism, but  on  account  of  machinations  of 
envious  rivals. 

Gould,  Nathaniel  Duren,  b.  Chelmsford, 
Mass.,  Mar.  26,  17S1  ;  d.  Boston,  May  28,  1S64. 
Pupil  of  Reuben  Emerson.  Conductor  of  sing- 
ing-schools in  N.  H.  and  Mass.;  of  the  Middle- 
sex Mus.  Society  (1807)  ;  went  to  Boston  in  1819. 
Besides  editing  several  coll.s  of  hymn-tunes,  he 
publ.  a  "  History  of  Church-music  in  America" 
(1853),  a  work  of  but  slight  value. 

Gounod,  Charles-Francois,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  of  French  sacred  and  dramatic  com- 
posers ;b.  Paris,  June 
17,  1818  ;  d.  there 
Oct.  17,  1893.  His 
father,  Jean-Fran- 
cois Gounod,  painter 
and  engraver  of  tal- 
ent, winner  of  the 
Paris  Fine  Arts 
Academy's  2nd  Prix 
de  Rome  (1783), 
died  when  the  boy 
was  in  his  fifth  year. 
His  mother,  a  most 
accomplished  wom- 
an, first  contributed 
to  his  literary,  artistic  and  musical  education,  and 
early  sent  him,  an  already  proficient  pianist,  to 
the  Lycee  Saint-Louis.  In  1836,  he  entered  the 
Paris  Conservatory,  st.  harmony  w.  Reicha,  cpt. 
and  fugue  w.  Halevy,   and  comp.   w.    Lesueur 


227 


GOUNOD— GOUVY 


and  Faer.  He  won  the  2nd  Prix  de  Rome  w. 
his  cantata  Marie  Stuart  and  Rizzio  in  1837, 
and  in  1839,  his  cantata  Fernand  won  the  Grand 
Prix  de  Rome  by  25  votes  out  of  27.  In  Rome 
he  st.  ecclesiastical  music,  particularly  the  works 
of  Palestrina,  and  in  1841  a  grand  orchestral 
Mass  a  3  was  performed  at  the  ch.  of  San  Luigi 
dei  Francesi.  In  1842,  during  a  visit  to  Vienna, 
he  conducted  a  Requiem  of  his  own,  in  the 
church  of  St.  Charles,  which  produced  a  pro- 
found impression.  Returning  to  Paris,  he  be- 
came precentor  and  organist  of  the  Missions 
JEtrangkres ;  had  serious  intentions  of  taking 
holy  orders,  and  was  even  called  /'^/'/'/Gounod  ; 
a  publisher,  in  1846,  bringing  out  a  series  of 
religious  choruses,  entitled  Offices  of  the  Holy 
Week,  by  "Abbe  Charles  Gounod."  For  five 
years  he  remained  in  seclusion,  almost  forgotten, 
when  the  performance  of  parts  of  his  Messe 
solennelle  at  one  of  Hullah's  London  Concerts 
evoked  such  high  praise  in  the  English  and 
French  press  that  G.  shortly  after  prod,  a  sym- 
phony in  E  [7,  and  was  commissioned  to  write 
a  work  for  the  Grand  Opera.  Sapho,  a  3-act 
opera,  was  perf.  April  16,  1851  ;  but,  despite 
excellent  musical  numbers,  was  not  a  theatrical 
success.  Revised  and  reproduced  in  1884,  it 
was  equally  unsuccessful.  Choruses  to  Ponsard's 
tragedy  Ulysse  (1852),  La  ATonne  sang/ante, 
5-act  grand  opera  (1854),  Le  Medecin  malgre" lui, 
com. -op.  (1858),  also  failed  to  realize  expecta- 
tions. From  1852-60,  he  was  conductor  of  the 
"Orpheon,"  the  united  male  singing-societies 
and  vocal  schools  of  Paris,  and  for  them  com- 
posed several  choruses,  and  2  masses  a  4.  G.'s 
success  came  with  Faust  in  1859,  which  procured 
him  European  fame,  and  remains  his  master- 
piece. Philemon  et  Baucis  (i860),  La  Peine  de 
Saba  (1862),  Mireille  (1864),  La  Colombo  (1866), 
were  of  ordinary  interest.  The  success  of  Faust 
was  revived  with  Romeo  et  Juliette  (1867),  consid- 
ered in  France  superior  to  Faust.  In  1870, 
during  the  Franco-German  war,  G.  removed  to 
Eondon.  He  there  founded  Gounod's  Choir,  a 
mixed  choral  society,  and  gave  large  concerts  at 
the  Philharmonic  and  Crystal  Palace,  where,  in 
1871,  at  the  opening  of  the  exhibition,  he  pro- 
duced Gallia,  an  elegiac  cantata  to  words  from 
the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah.  The  entr'actes 
to  Legouve's  Les  deux  Reines  (1872),  and  to 
Barbier's  Jeanne  d'Arc  (1873),  were  well  re- 
ceived. In  1S75,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and,  in 
1877,  Cinq  Mars  was  produced  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  and  in  1878,  Polyeucte  at  the  Opera, 
but  these  and  his  last  dramatic  work,  Le  tribut 
de  Zainora  (1881),  were  inferior  to  his  previous 
triumphs.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were  mainly 
devoted  to  sacred  composition.  La  Redemption 
(Birmingham,  1882),  a  sacred  trilogy,  of  which 
he  wrote  the  music  and  French  words,  and  Mors 
et  vita  (Birmingham,  1885),  another  sacred  tril- 
ogy, the  Latin  text  of  which  he  arranged  from 
the  Catholic  liturgy,  have  become  standard  works. 
G.'s  comp.s  are  of  a  highly  poetic  order,  more 
spiritualistic  than  realistic  ;  in    his  finest  lyrico- 


dramatic  moments  he  is  akin  to  Weber,  and  his 
modulation  even  reminds  of  Wagner  ;  his  instru- 
mentation and  orchestration  are  frequently 
original  and  masterly.  To  the  works  mentioned 
must  be  added:  "  Messe  solennelle  a  Ste.-Cecile," 
and  the  mass  "Angeli  custodes  "  (18S2),  "  Messe 
a  Jeanne  d'Arc  "  (1S87),  a  fourth  Mass  (1888),  a 
Stabat  Mater  w.  orch.,  the  oratorio  Tobie,  Les 
Sept  Paroles  de  Jesus,  fc'sus  sur  le  lac  de  Tibiri- 
ade,  a  Te  Deum,  Pater  Noster,  Ave  Verum,  and 
O  Salutaris  ;  the  cantatas  A  la  Frontier e  (1870, 
Gr.  Opera),  Le  vin  des  Gaulois  et  la  danse  de 
I'cpe'e,  and  much  instrumental  and  vocal  music, 
French  and  English  songs,  etc.  Among  his 
posthumous  works  should  be  mentioned  2  operas, 
Maitre  Pierre  (incomplete)  and  George  Dandin 
(said  to  be  the  first  comic  opera  set  to  a  prose 
text);  an  Ave  Maria  for  his  daughter's  birthday  ; 
and  a  solemn  mass  for  the  inaug.  of  the  new 
organs  at  St.  Peter's,  Rome.  He  also  wrote  a 
"  Methode  de  cor  a  pistons,"  contributed  feuille- 
tons  of  musical  philosophy  and  criticism  to 
various  Paris  journals,  and  publ.  a  book,  "  Le 
Don  Juan  de  Mozart."  In  1866,  on  the  death 
of  Clapisson,  G.  was  elected  member  of  the 
Institut  de  France.  He  was  also  a  commander 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor. — Biographies:  "  Ch. 
Gounod,  Portraits  contemporains,"  by  Jules 
Claretie  (Paris,  1875)  ;  "  Autobiographic  de  Ch. 
Gounod,"  by  Mme.  Georgina  Weldon  (London, 
Wm.  Reeves,  1875)  ;  his  autobiographical  "  Me- 
moires "  (Paris,  1895);  "  Ein  Lebensbild,"  by 
Paul  Voss  (Leipzig,  1895)  ;  etc. 

Gouvy,  Louis-Theodore,  b.  Goffontaine,  n. 
Saarbriicken,  Rhenish  Prussia,  July  2,  1S19  ;  d. 
Leipzig,  Apr.  21,  1898.  Pianist  and  composer  ; 
1840,  law-student  in  Paris  ;  turned  to  music,  st. 
3  yrs.  w.  Elwart,  also  in  Berlin  (1S43)  and  Rome, 
returning  1S46  to  Paris,  and  giving  his  first  and 
very  successful  concert  of  his  own  works  in  1S47. 
His  works  are  often  performed  both  in  Germany 
and  in  Paris,  where  he  lived  till  lately  (1894?), 
as  a  private  teacher  and  composer,  since  then 
in  Oberhomburg.  In  Germany,  especially,  his 
dramatic  scenes  for  soli,  chorus  and  orch.  have 
great  vogue.  He  was  made  chev.  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  in  1896. — Works  :  Missa  brevis  f.  soli, 
ch.  and  orch.,  op.  72  ;  Requiem  f.  do.,  op.  70  ; 
a  sacred  cantata,  Golgotha ;  a  Stabat  Mater  ;  the 
dram,  cantatas  Oedipus  auf  Kolonus  (op.  75), 
Iphige'nie  en  Tauride  (op.  76),  and  Elektra 
(op.  85),  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.;  Friihlings 
Erwachen  f.  sopr.  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch. 
(op.  73)  ;  Asle'ga,  lyrico-dram.  scene  ;  an  opera, 
Der  Cid  (not  perf.,  though  accepted  1863  at 
Dresden) ;  7  symphonies  (the  last  is  op.  87,  in  G 
min.)  ;  2  concert-overtures  (op.  14  and  15)  ;  an 
octet  f.  wind  ;  a  sextet  f.  flute  and  strings  ;  a  pf.- 
quintet  (op.  24)  ;  a  string-quintet  ;  5  string-quar- 
tets ;  5  pf. -trios  ;  a  serenade  f.  5  stringed  instr.s  ; 
pieces  f.  'cello  and  pf. ,  and  f.  vin.  and  pf . ;  pf.- 
sonatas  f.  2  and  4  hands  ;  Phantasie  f.  2  pfs. 
(op.  69);  serenades,  characteristic  pes.,  and 
studies,    f.    pf. ;    vocal    duets,    odes,    and    many 


22S 


G  OW-G  RAMMANN 


songs. — His    compositions    are     graceful     and 
melodious. 

Gow,  George  Coleman,  b.  Ayer  Junction, 
Mass.,  Nov.  27,  i860.  Studied  music  under 
B.  C.  Blodgett  of  Pittsfield,  and  E.  B.  Story  of 
Worcester;  graduate  (A.B.)  of  Brown  Univ., 
18S4,  and  of  Newton  Theol.  Seminary,  1889, 
when  he  become  instructor  of  harm,  and  pf. 
at  Smith  College,  Northampton,  Mass.  During 
leave  of  absence  (1S92-3),  G.  spent  a  year  in 
Berlin,  studying  mainly  with  Ludwig  Bussler. 
In  1895  he  was  app.  Prof,  of  music  at  Vassar 
Coll.,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  V. — Publ.  1st  book  of 
songs,  1884  ;  since  then  several  sets  of  songs 
and  duets,  and  several  part-songs,  etc. ;  also  an 
excellent  text-took  on  notation  and  harmony, 
"  The  Structure  of  Music"  (N.  Y.,  1S95). 

Gow,  Niel,  violinist  and  comp. ;  b.  In-ver, 
Dunkeld,  Scotland,  Mar.  22,  1727  ;  d.  there 
Mar.  1,  1807.  His  teacher,  John  Cameron, 
was  a  retainer  in  the  Grandtully  family.  A 
favorite  player  at  the  balls,  etc.,  in  Scottish 
towns,  he  excelled  in  the  execution  of  native 
music. — Works  :  Six  collections  of  "  Strathspey 
Reels"  (17S4,  'SS,  '92,  '99,  180S,  '22).  —  His  son 
Nathaniel  (1763-1831),  also  a  violinist  and 
comp.,  was  for  a  time  (from  1791)  leader  of  the 
Edinb.  Concerts  ;  he  had  a  music-business  in 
Edinburgh.  Best  known  as  the  comp.  of  the 
song  "Caller  Herrin." — Niel  G.,  Jr.  (1795- 
1823),  son  of  Nathaniel,  was  a  talented  violinist 
and  comp.  ("Bonnie  Prince  Charlie";  "  Elora 
McDonald's  Lament,"  etc.). 

Graan,  Jean  de,  gifted  violinist,  a  pupil  of 
Joachim  ;  b.  Amsterdam,  Sept.  9,  1852  ;  d. 
The  Hague,  Jan.  8,  1874.  Monograph  by 
Kneppelhout  :    "  Een  beroemde  Knaap." 

Gra'ben-Hoff'mann,  Gustav  (properly 
Gustav  Hoffmann),  b.  Bnin,  n.  Posen,  Mar.  7, 
1820.  By  profession  a  teacher,  his  love  for 
music  caused  him  to  embrace  the  latter  profes- 
sion ;  studied  for  the  opera  (1S43)  in  Berlin, 
but  had  better  fortune  with  song-composing  ; 
after  teaching  in  Potsdam,  studying  in  Leipzig 
under  Hauptmann,  and  living  in  Dresden  (1858) 
and  Schwerin  (186S),  he  settled  (1S69)  in  Berlin 
as  a  singing-teacher. — Works  :  Many  songs 
("500,000  Teufel "  had  great  vogue);  part- 
songs,  duets,  solfeggi,  pf. -music  ;  also  "  Die 
Pflege  der  Singstimme  "  (1S65)  ;  "  Das  Studium 
des  Gesangs  "  (1872)  ;  "  Praktische  Methode  als 
Grundlage  fur  den  Kunstgesang  "  (1S74). 

Gra/dener,  Karl  Georg  Peter,  b.  Rostock, 
Tan.  14,  1S12  ;  d.  Hamburg,  June  10,  1SS3. 
Gave  up  study  in  Gottingen  for  music  (his  'cello- 
teacher  was  Mattstadt)  ;  was  for  3  years  solo 
'cellist  and  quartet-player  in  Helsingfors  ;  for 
10  yrs.  mus.  dir.  at  Kiel  Univ.,  and  cond.  of  a 
choral  society  ;  during  this  period  he  wrote  nu- 
merous fine  choral  works  (oratorio  Johannes  der 
Taufer).  He  founded  and  directed  (1851-61) 
a  singing-academy  at  Hamburg,  and  cond.  nu- 
merous   concerts,   at   several   of   which  his   own 


works  filled  the  programs  ;  taught  singing  and 
theory  at  Vienna  Cons.  (1862-5),  and  thereafter 
at  the  Hamburg  Cons.;  elected  President  of  the 
Hamburg  "  Tonkiinstler-Verein."  He  was  a  fine 
and  original  harmonist,  and  a  master  of  form. — 
Works:  2  symphonies  ;  overture  to  "Fiesco"; 
r  pf. -concerto  ;  a  Romanza  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  1 
string-octet  ;  5  pf. -quintets  ;  3  string-quartets  ; 
1  string-trio  ;  2  pf. -trios  ;  3  vln. -sonatas  ;  1 
'cello-sonata  w.  pf.  (op.  59  ;  one  of  his  best 
works)  ;  a  sonata  for  pf.  and  vln.  (D  min.)  ;  and, 
f.  pf.,  "  Phantastische  Studien,"  "  Fliegende 
Blatter,"  "  Blattchen,"  "  Traumereien,"  etc. 
Also  a  "  Harmonielehre "  (1877),  and  musical 
essays  in  periodicals,  coll.  as  "  Gesammelte 
Aufsatze  "  (Hamburg,  1872). — In  MS.  2  operas  : 
Kb ni;j  H arald  and  Der  Miillerin  Hochzeit. 

Gra'dener,  Hermann  (Theodor  Otto),  son 

of  preceding  ;  b.  Kiel,  May  8,  1844.  Pupil  of 
his  father,  and  of  the  Vienna  Cons. ;  in  1862,  org. 
at  Gumpendorf  n.  Vienna  ;  1864,  violinist  in 
Vienna  court  orch.;  1S73,  harmony-teacher  in 
Horak's  Pf.  School  ;  ditto  for  some  years  in 
Vienna  Cons.;  and  from  1S99  Bruckner's  suc- 
cessor as  lector  for  harmony  and  counterpoint  at 
the  Vienna  Univ.  He  also  conducts  the  Vienna 
Singakademie. — Works  :  Capriccietta  f.  orch. 
(op.  4);  Sinfonietta  f.  orch.  (op.  14);  "  Lustspiel- 
Ouverti'ire "  (op.  2S)  ;  string-octet  (op.  12); 
string-quintet  (op.  23);  pf. -quintet  (op.  6)  ;  pf.- 
trio  in  D  min.  (op.  1)  ;  5  Impromptus  f.  pf.  and 
strings  (op.  n)  ;  5  Intermezzi  f.  vln.  and  pf.  (op. 
9)  ;  Sonata  f.  2  pfs.  (op.  18)  ;  other  pf.-music, 
songs,  etc. 

Graew.     See  Bacfart. 

Graffi'gna,  Achille,  b.  San  Martino  Dal- 
I'Argine,  Italy,  May  5,  1S16  ;  d.  Padua,  July  19, 
1896.  Pupil  of  Milan  Cons.;  at  18,  conductor 
in  theatre  at  Cagliari,  and  successively  in  various 
other  Italian  theatres,  also  (1845)  opera-director 
in  Odessa,  and  (1872)  manager  and  conductor 
of  an  opera-troupe  in  Paris.  Finally,  singing- 
teacher  in  Padua. — Works  :  9  or  10  operas,  none 
strikingly  successful  ;  songs. 

Gra'finger.     See  Grefinger. 

Gram'mann,  Karl,  dram.  comp.  ;  b.  Ltibeck, 
Mar.  3,  1844  ;  d.  Dresden,  Jan.  30,  1897. 
From  1S67-71  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.;  lived  in 
Vienna  as  a  comp.  until  1SS5,  and  since  then  at 
Dresden.  2  operas,  Die  Schatzgraber  and  Die 
Eisjungfrau,  were  written  while  he  was  a  youth 
studying  in  the  gymnasium  ;  his  other  works  are 
the  operas  Melusine,  op.  24  (Wiesbaden,  1S75)  ; 
Thusnelda  undder  Triumphzug  des  Germanicus, 
op.  29  (Dresden,  1SS1)  ;  Das  Andreasfest,  op. 
35  (Dresden,  1S82)  ;  the  2-act  opera  Ingrid,  op. 
57,  and  the  1-act  opera  Das  Irrlicht,  op.  58 
(both  prod,  on  the  same  evening  at  Dresden, 
1S94)  ;  a  "  Trauercantate "  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  2  symphonies  ;  string-quartets  and  trios, 
vln. -sonatas,  pf.-music,  songs,  etc. — G.  was  a 
disciple  of  Wagner. 


!2Q 


GRANDI— GRAZIANI 


Gran'di,  Alessandro  de',  b.  Venice  (?)  ;  d. 
Bergamo,  1630.  Church-comp.  of  the  Venetian 
school,  pupil  of  G.  Gabrieli.  In  1597,  m.  di 
capp.  at  the  Accad.  della  Morte  in  Ferrara  ;  in 
1617,  singer  at  San  Marco,  Venice  ;  in  1620  suc- 
ceeded Negri  as  vice-maestro  there,  and  in  1627 
became  m.  di  c.  at  Santa  Maria  Maggiore,  Ber- 
gamo, where  he  died  of  the  plague. — Works  : 
Madrigali  concertati  ;  Litanies  ;  Vesper  psalms  ; 
Te  Deums  ;  Tantum  ergos  ;  6  vol.s  of  Motets 
a  2-4  ;  Messe  concertate  a  S  ;  Mottetti  concer- 
tati a  2,  3,  and  4  ;  Salmi  concertati  <7  3  ;  and  3 
vol.s  of  Motets  a  1-4,  w.  2  violins.  All  publ. 
1607-40. 

Grandval,  Mme.  Marie-Felicie-Clemence 
de  Reiset,  Vicomtesse  de,  noted  composer  ;  b. 
Saint  Remy-des-Monts  (Sarthe),  France,  Jan. 
20,  1S30.  At  first  a  pupil  of  Flotow,  later  of 
Saint-Saens,  in  composition.  Her  debut  as  a 
composer  was  with  a  Mass  and  a  Stabat  Mater 
(perf.  in  various  churches)  ;  she  has  prod,  the 
operas  Piccolino  [after  Sardou's  "La  Penitente"] 
(Op. -Com.,  186S);  Les  fiance's  de  ^<?ja(Th.-Lyr., 
1863)  ;  Atala  (Paris,  1888)  ;  Mazeppa,  in  5  acts 
(Bordeaux,  1892) ;  and  others ;  has  in  MS.  Le  bou- 
clier  de  diamant. — An  oratorio,  La  fille  de  Jaire, 
won  the  Prix  Rossini;  she  has  a  "  drame  sacre," 
Sulfite- Agnes,  in  MS.;  has  prod,  several  sym- 
phonic works,  and  many  songs.  Mme.  de  G. 
has  used  the  pen-names  Tesier,  Valgrand,  Jas- 
per, Banger,  etc. 

Graninger,  Charles  Albert,  pianist  and 
cond.;  b.  Cincinnati,  Jan.  2,  1861  ;  ent.  Cincinn. 
Coll.  of  Music  in  1879.  Dir.  of  several  mus. 
societies,  notably  the  Orpheus  Club  (since  1891) 
and  the  Arion  (of  Columbus,  O.,  for  2  years). 
Organist  ;  now  in  2nd  Presb.  Ch. ;  also  prof, 
in  Cincinnati  Coll.  of  Music. 

Granjon,  Robert,  celebrated  music-printer 
and  typefounder  at  Paris  (1523),  Lyons  (1559), 
and  Rome  (1582),  is  particularly  noteworthy  for 
having  engraved  round  note-heads  (instead  of 
the  lozenge-shaped  ones  then  in  vogue),  and  for 
doing  away  with  the  ligatures,  etc. 

Graphaus,  Hieronymus,  celebrated  music- 
printer  and  typefounder  in  Nuremberg  (from 
1533),  where  he  died  May  7,  1556.  He  ex- 
changed his  patronymic  Resch  for  Formschneider 
(Type-cutter),  later  assuming  the  Greek  form  of 
the  latter  appellation. 

Gratia'ni.     See  Graziani,  Bonifazio. 

Grau'mann,  Mathilde.     See  Marchesi. 

Graun,  Karl  Heinrich,  b.  Wahrenbriick, 
Prussian  Saxony,  May  7,  1701;  d.  Berlin,  Aug. 
8,  1759.  Pupil  at  the  Kreuzschule,  Dresden 
(1713-20),  of  Grundig  (voice)  and  Chr.  Petzold 
(org.  and  pf.),  and  sang  in  the  "  Rathskapelle  " 
as  a  soprano  ;  while  his  voice  was  changing,  he 
st.  comp.  under  J.  Chr.  Schmidt,  and  frequently 
attended  opera-performances  (then  directed  by 
Lotti).  In  1725  he  was  eng.  as  operatic  tenor 
at  Brunswick  ;  but  within  a  year  his  first  ven- 
ture as  a  dramatic  comp.  (Bollidoro,    1726)  won 


him  success;  he  was  app.  vice-HTapel/m.,  and 
composed  5  more  operas  for  Brunswick.  The 
Crown  Prince  Frederick  ("the  Great")  induced 
G.  in  1735  to  come  to  Rheinsberg,  where  he  set 
to  music  many  cantatas  written  (in  French  verse) 
by  his  gifted  patron.  On  Frederick's  succession, 
Graun  was  commissioned  to  establish  Ital.  opera 
in  Berlin,  of  which  he  was  made  Kapellm.  For 
this  company  he  composed  28  operas,  among 
which  Rodelinda  (1741),  Artaserse  (1743),  Catone 
in  I' tic  a  (1744),  Alessandro  nelF  Indie  (1745), 
Adriano  in  Stria  and  Demofoonte  (1746), 
Mitridate  (1751),  Semiramide  (1754),  Ezio 
(r  755)^  an(J  Merope  (1756),  wTere  some  of  the  most 
successful  ;  for  years,  Plasse  was  the  only  rival 
comp.  whose  operas  had  a  hearing  in  Berlin.  As 
a  church-comp.,  Graun  is  still  better  known  to- 
day ;  his  Passion  Oratorio,  Der  Tod  Jesit  (1755), 
is  still,  by  virtue  of  a  bequest,  perf.  yearly  at 
Berlin  ;  a  Te  Deum  (1756),  commemorating  the 
battle  of  Prague,  is  equally  fine.      Other  works  : 

2  Passion  cantatas  ;  about  25  other  church-can- 
tatas w.  orch.;  and  20  Latin  motets  a  4  voci  a 
cappella  ;  funeral  music  for  Duke  Aug.  YVilh. 
of  Brunswick  (1738)  and  for  King  Fr.  Wilh.  I. 
of  Prussia  (1740)  ;  church-melodies  for  every 
day  in  the  year  (2  sets).  His  instrumental  music 
(12  concertos  f.  harpsichord  w.  strings  ;  flute- 
concertos  ;  a  concerto  f.  fl.,  vln.,  gamba  and 
'cello  ;  trios,  organ-fugues,  etc.)  is  of  less  value, 
and  unpublished. 

Graun,  Johann  Gottlieb,  violin-virtuoso, 
brother  of  preceding;  b.  Wahrenbriick,  abt.  169S; 
d.  Berlin,  Oct.  27,  1771.  Studied  with  his 
brother  in  the  Kreuzschule,  Dresden,  also  the 
violin  under  Pisendel,  and  later  under  Tartini  at 
Padua.  In  1728  he  was  leader  in  Crown  Prince 
Frederick's  orch.  at  Rheinsbeck  ;  from  1740, 
leader  in  the  royal  orch.  at  Berlin. — Works  :  40 
symphonies,  20  vln. -concertos,  24  string-quar- 
tets, string-trios,  etc. 

Graup'ner,  Christoph,  b.  Kirchberg,  Saxony, 
in  Jan.,  16S3  ;  d.  Darmstadt,  May  10,  1760. 
Pupil  of  Kuhnau  at  the  Thomasschule,  Leip- 
zig ;  in  1706,  accompanist,  at  Hamburg,  to  the 
opera  under  Keiser  ;  1710,  vice-X'apel/m.,  and 
in  171 1  Kapellm.,  at  Darmstadt.  A  diligent 
comp.,  even  engraving  some  of  his  own  music  ; 
he  was  blind  for  10  years  before  his  death. — 
Works:  6  operas  prod,  in  Hamburg:  Dido (1707); 
Die  lustige  HocJizeit  (1708),  with  Keiser  ;  Her- 
cules and  Theseus  (1708),  Antiochus  und  Sira- 
tonice  (1709),  Bellerophon  (1709),  Simson  (1709)  ; 

3  for  Darmstadt:  Berenice  und  Lucio  (1710), 
Telemach  (1711),  and  Bestandigkeit  besiegt  Be- 
irug  (1719).  For  harpsichord:  "  Acht  Par- 
thieen  fur  Clavier"  (1718),  "  Monatliche  Clavier- 
fri'ichte  "  (1722),  "Acht  Parthieen  fur  das  Cla- 
vier" (1726),  "Die  vier  Jahreszeiten "  (1733); 
also  a  "  Ilessen-Darmstadtisches  Choralbuch." 
An  immense  number  of  MS.  comp.s  are  in  the 
Library  at  Darmstadt. 

Grazia'ni,  (Padre)  Tommaso,  b.  Bagnaca- 
vallo,  Papal  States.     Maestro  at  the  Franciscan 


230 


GRAZIANI— GREGOIR 


Monastery,  Milan. — Publ.  Masses  a  5  (1569), 
Vesper  psalms  a  4  (1587),  Madrigals  a  5  (15S8), 
Complines  a  8(1601),  "  Sinfonie,  partenici,  lita- 
nie  a  4,  5,6  and  8  voci  "  (161 7),  "  Responses  to 
St.  Franciscus,  with  Salve  "  (1627). 

Grazia'ni  (or  Gratiani),  Bonifacio,  b.  Ma- 
rino, Papal  States,  abt.  1606;  d.  Rome,  June  15, 
1664,  where  he  was  maestro  in  the  Seminario 
Romano  and  in  the  Jesuit  ch.  —  Publ.  works 
(posth.)  :  7  vol.s  of  Motets  a  2-6  ;  6  vol.s  do. 
(7  1  ;  1  vol.  of  Psalms  a  5,  w.  org. ;  1  vol.  of  Salmi 
concertati  ;  2  vol.s  of  Masses  a  4-6  ;  Litanies 
a  3-S  ;  Vespers  ;  "  Musiche  sacre  e  morali  con 
basso  d'organo" — all  works  of  real  value. 

Grazia'ni,  Ludovico,  dramatic  tenor,  b. 
Fermo,  Italy,  in  Aug.,  1823  ;  d.  there  in  May, 
1SS5.  He  sang  in  the  chief  Ital.  cities,  also  in 
Paris  (1858),  London,  Barcelona,  and  Vienna 
(i860),  meeting  with  great  success.  For  him 
Verdi  wrote  the  part  of  Alfredo  {Traviatd), 

Grazia'ni,  Francesco,  brother  of  Ludovico  ; 
b.  Fermo,  Apr.  16,  1829.  Baritone  stage-singer, 
successful  in  Italy,  Paris  (1854,  and  1S56-61  at 
the  Theatre  Italien),  New  York  (1855),  London, 
and  St.  Petersburg  (1861-4). 

Grazzi'ni,  Reginaldo,  b.  Florence,  Oct.  15, 
1S48  ;  studied  at  the  R.  Cons,  there,  under  T. 
Mabellini.  After  serving  as  an  opera-cond.  in 
Florence,  he  was  app.  Director  of  the  Civic 
School  of  Music  at  Reggio  d'Emilia,  and  theatre- 
cond. ;  the  following  year  he  became  prof,  of  mus. 
theory,  and  artistic  director,  in  the  Liceo  Bene- 
detto Marcello, Venice.  Talented  comp. — Works: 
A  sacred  cantata  (1S75);  a  mass  a  3,  w.  orch. ; 
symphonies ;  a  Marcia  solenne  (1SS7)  ;  pf.- 
music  ;  and  (in  MS.)  an  opera. 

Great'orex,  Thomas,  b.  North  Wingfield, 
Derby,  Engl.,  Oct.  5,  1758;  d.  Hampton,  n. 
London,  July  18,  1831.  Pupil  of  Dr.  B.  Cooke 
(1772)  ;  chorister  at  Concert  of  Antient  Music 
(1778);  org.  of  Carlisle  cath.  (17S0-4) ;  after 
travelling  in  Holland  and  Italy,  he  taught  in 
London  (17S9-93),  when  he  became  cond.  of  the 
C.  of  A.  M.  He  revived  the  Vocal  Concerts 
(1S01),  and  from  1S19  was  org.  of  Westminster 
Abbey. — Works:  12  glees  (1832);  Psalms; 
chants  ;  "  A  Selection  of  Tunes  ..."  (London, 
1S29)  ;   "  Parochial  Psalmody"  (no  date). 

Gre'co  (or  Grec'co),  Gaetano,  b.  Naples, 
abt.  16S0  ;  d.  (?).  Pupil  of  Ales.  Scarlatti,  at 
the  Cons,  de'  Poveri  di  Gesu  Cristo,  and  suc- 
ceeded him  as  teacher  there  in  171 7,  passing 
later  to  the  Cons,  of  San  Onofrio,  where  Per- 
golesi,  Vinci,  and  Francesco  Durante  were  his 
pupils. — Works  :  Litanies  a  4,  w.  2  vlns. ,  viola, 
bass  and  org. ;  harpsichord-music  ;  toccatas  and 
fugues  f.  org.  ;  etc. 

Greef,  Wilhelm,  b.  Kettwig-on-Ruhr,  Oct. 
18,  1809  ;  d.  Mors,  Sept.  12,  1875.  With  L. 
Erk  (his  brother-in-law)  he  publ.  school  song- 
books,  and  new  editions  of  Rinck's  preludes, 
postludes,  and  "  Choralbuch," 


Green,  Samuel,  b.  London,  1730;  d.  Isle 
worth,  Sept.  15,  1796.  Renowned  organ-builder, 
who  adapted  the  "  Venetian  "  swell  to  the  organ. 
His  instruments  were  exported  to  Russia,  the 
West  Indies,  etc. 

Greene,  Maurice,  b.  London,  1696  (or  1695); 
d.  there  Sept.  1,  1755.  Chorister  in  St.  Paul's 
cath.,  under  King;  studied  with  R.  Brind,  be- 
came (1716)  org.  of  St.  Dunstan's,of  St.  Andrew's, 
Holborn  (1717),  and  of  St.  Paul's  Cath.  (1718). 
In  1727  he  succeeded  Croft  as  org.  and  comp. 
to  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  in  1730  was  Tudway's 
successor  as  prof,  of  music  at  Cambridge,  receiv- 
ing the  title  of  Mus.  Doc;  in  1735,  master  of 
the  King's  Band.  Later  he  made  a  great  coll. 
of  old  English  sacred  music  ("Cathedral  Music," 
edited  by  Boyce). — Works  :  2  oratorios,  JephtJiah 
(1737),  and  The  Force  of  Truth  (1744)  ;  a  dram, 
pastoral,  Florimel,  or  Love's  Revenge  (1737)  ; 
a  masque,  The  Judgment  of  Hercules  (1740)  ; 
an  opera,  Phabe  (174S)  ;  "  40  Select  Anthems  in 
Score,"  a  2-S  (1743  ;  2  vol.s);  Spencer's  "  Amo- 
retti  "  f.  voice,  harpsichord,  and  vln.  ;  several 
odes;  catches,  canons,  songs,  organ -pieces, 
harpsich. -music ;  Church  Service  in  C  ;  Te 
Deum  in  D  ;  etc. 

Greene,  Harry  Plunket,  bass  singer  ;  b.  Old 
Connaught  House,  County  Wicklow,  Ireland, 
June  24,  1S65.  Destined  for  the  bar,  he  em- 
braced music  ;  studied  in  Stuttgart,  1883-6,  un- 
der Hromada  and  Goetschius,  and  6  months 
under  Vannuccini  at  Florence  ;  later,  in  London, 
under  J.  B.  Welch  and  Alf.  Blume.  Debut 
Jan.  21,  1888,  in  Handel's  Messiah;  debut  in 
opera  at  Covent  Garden,  June  2,  1890.  His  song- 
recitals  are  very  popular  ;  and  he  has  under- 
taken several  artistic  tours  to  the  U.  S.,  where 
he  made  a  most  favorable  impression. 

Gre'finger  (or  Grafinger),  Johann  Wolf- 
gang, Viennese  comp.  of  the  16th  century,  pupil 
of  Hofhaimer. — Works:  "  Aurelii  Prudentii 
Cathemerinon,"  4-part  odes  (15 15)  ;  and  single 
motets  in  collections.  He  edited  the  rare 
"  Psalterium  Pataviense  .  .  ."  (1512). 

Gregh,  Louis,  music-publ.  in  Paris  ;  has 
prod,  the  pantomime  Les  Instantanes  (Paris, 
1894)  ;  a  4-act  vaudev.-operette  Un  lyce'e  de 
jeunes  filles  (Paris,  1892) ;  a  vaudev.-operette 
Patard,  Patard  et  Cie.  (Paris,  1893)  ;  an  op.- 
com.  Le  capitaine  Roland  (Paris,  1S95)  ;  and  the 
pant.-ballet  Arlette  (Nice,  1892  ;  Paris,  1896). 

Gregoir,    Jacques  -  Mathieu  -  Joseph,    b. 

Antwerp,  Jan.  18,  1S17  ;  d,  Brussels,  Oct.  29, 
1S76,  where  he  had  settled  in  1S48  as  a  teacher 
and  comp.  Fine  pianist,  pupil  of  Henri  Herz 
and  Chr.  Rummel.  —  Works:  An  opera,  Le 
Gondolier  de  Venise  (Antwerp,  1847)  '<  Lauda 
Sion  and  Faust,  for  ch.  and  orch.;  a  pf.-con- 
certo  (op.  100)  ;  many  pf.-pes.  and  pf. -etudes  ; 
duos  and  fantasias  f.  vln.  or  'cello  and  pf.  (writ- 
ten in  collaboration  with  Leonard,  Servais,  and 
Vieuxtemps). 


231 


GREGOIR— GRETRY 


Gregoir,    Edouard- Georges -Jacques,  b. 

Turnhout,  n.  Antwerp,  Nov.  7,  1822  ;  d.  Wyne- 
ghem,  June  28,  1890.  St.  with  his  brother  (J. -M.- 
|ns.  Gr.),  and  under  Rummel  at  Biebrich  ;  gave 
pf. -concerts,  and  in  1842  travelled  with  Teresa 
and  Maria  Milanollo  ;  but  settled  about  185 1  in 
Antwerp  as  a  composer  and  writer.  He  left  his 
library  to  the  Antwerp  Music  School. — 8  operas: 
La  Vie  (Antwerp,  1848)  ;  De  Beige  n  en  181>8 
(Brussels,  1851);  Marguerite  d ' Autriche  (Ant- 
werp, 1850)  ;  La  derniere  nuit  du  comte  d'Eg- 
mont  (Brussels,  1851)  ;  Leicester  (Brussels, 
1854)  ;  Willem  Benkels,  Flemish  opera  comique 
in  1  act  (Brussels,  1S56)  ;  Willem  de  Zwyger 
(1856)  ;  La  belle  Bourbonnaise  (i860?)  ;  an  his- 
torical symphony,  "  Les  Croisades";  a  sym- 
phonic oratorio,  Le  Deluge  ;  an  overture, 
"  Hommage  a  Henri  Conscience";  overture  in 
C  ;  music  f.  org.  and  f.  pf. ;  over  100  male  cho- 
ruses ;  harmonium-pcs.  ;  violin-music  ;  songs. — 
Writings  :  "  Etudes  sur  la  necessite  d'intro- 
duire  le  chant  dans  les  ecoles  primaires  de 
la  Belgique  ";  "  Essai  historique  sur  la  musique 
et  les  musiciens  dans  les  Pays-Bas "  (1861)  ; 
"  Histoire  de  l'orgue  "  (1865,  with  biogr.  notes 
on  Belgian  and  Dutch  organists  and  organ- 
builders)  ;  "  Galerie  biographique  des  artistes- 
musiciens  beiges  du  XYIIIe  et  du  XIXe  siecles  " 
(1862  ;  2nd  ed.  1S85)  ;  "  Notice  sur  l'origine  du 
celebre  compositeur  Louis  van  Beethoven 
(1863);  "Les  artistes-musiciens  neerlandais  " 
(1864)  ;  "  Du  chant  choral  et  des  festivals  en 
Belgique"  (1865);  "  Schetsen  van  nederland- 
sche  toonkunstenaars  meest  alien  wenig  of  tot 
hiertoe  met  gekend";  "Notice  historique  sur 
les  societes  et  ecoles  de  musique  d'Anvers " 
(1S69)  ;  "  Recherches  historiques  concernant 
les  journaux  de  musique  depuis  les  temps  les 
plus  recules  jusqu'a  nos  jours"  (1872);  "No- 
tice biographique  d' Adrian  Willaert  ";  "  Reflex- 
ions sur  la  regeneration  de  l'ancienne  ecole  de 
musique  flamande  et  sur  le  theatre  flamand  "; 
"  Les  artistes-musiciens  beiges  auXIXe  siecle  : 
reponse  a  un  critique  de  Paris  "  (1S74);  "  Docu- 
ments historiques  relatifs  a.  l'art  musical  et  aux 
artistes  musiciens"  (1S72-76  ;  4  vol.s)  ;  "  Pan- 
theon musical  populaire "  (1S77-79  ;  3  vol.s); 
"  Notice  biographique  sur  F.  J.  Gosse  dit  Gos- 
sec"(i878);  "  1830-S0  :  l'art  musical  en  Bel- 
gique sous  les  regne's  de  Leopold  I  et  Leopold 
II  "  (1879)  ;  "  Des  gloires  de  l'Opera  et  la  mu- 
sique a  Paris  "  (3  vol.s  ;  vol.  i,  1S80,  embraces 
the  period  1392-1750). 

Grego'rovitch,  Charles,  gifted  violinist,  b. 
St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  25,  1S67.  Pupil  of  Wie- 
niawski,  also  of  Dont  (Vienna),  and  Joachim 
(Berlin).  Has  played  in  most  European  capi- 
tals ;  in  America  1896-7. 

Gregory  I.,  "the  Great,"  b.  Rome,  540; 
Pope  from  590-604  ;  celebrated  in  mus.  history 
as  the  reformer  of  the  R.  C.  Church  Musical 
Ritual.  By  his  order,  and  under  his  supervision, 
a  collection  was  made  (599)  of  the  music  em- 
ployed   in   the    different    churches  ;  the  various 


offertories,  antiphons,  responses,  etc.,  were  re- 
vised, and  regularly  and  suitably  distributed 
over  the  entire  year,  in  an  arrangement  which 
remains  practically  intact  to  this  day  (Gregorian 
Chant).  To  him  is  also  ascribed  the  introduc- 
tion or  establishment  of  the  4  I^cclesiastical 
Modes  and  the  4  parallel  Plagal  Modes. 

Grell,  Eduard  August,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  6, 
1800;  d.  Steglitz,  n.  Berlin,  Aug.  10,  1886. 
Pupil  of  his  father  (an  organist),  and  of  J.  C. 
Kaufmann,  Ritschl,  and  Zelter.  Org.  of  the 
Nikolaikirche,  Berlin,  in  1817  ;  entered  the 
Singakademie  in  that  year,  and  became  vice- 
director  in  1S32  ;  court-cathedral  org.  in  1839, 
member  of  the  Berlin  Academy  in  1841,  choir- 
master at  the  cathedral  1843-45  \  m  rSS1  he 
succeeded  Rungenhagen  as  teacher  of  comp. 
at  the  Akademie  ;  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Academical  Senate,  also  chief  cond.  of  the  Sing- 
akademie, retiring  from  this  post  in  1876.  In 
1S38  he  was  created  Royal  Music-Director  ;  in 
1858,  Professor  ;  and  in  TS64  received  the  order 
pour  le  nitrite.  In  1838  the  Univ.  of  Berlin 
bestowed  on  him  the  honorary  title  of  Dr.  pliil. 
G.  was  highly  respected  as  a  learned  musician 
and  an  excellent  teacher  and  conductor.  He 
considered  vocal  music  the  only  music  worthy  of 
the  name  ;  consequently,  excepting  an  overture 
and  a  few  org. -preludes,  his  comp.s  are  vocal. — 
Works  :  An  admirable  Mass  (16  parts)  ;  an  ora- 
torio, Die  Israeli  ten  in  der  IVu'ste  ;  a  Te  Deum  ; 
psalms  a  8  and  11  ;  cantatas,  motets,  hymns, 
Christmas  songs,  duets,  songs  ;  also  an  arrange- 
ment, f.  4-part  male  chorus,  of  the  Evangelical 
Gesangbuch  (1883).  G.'s  views  on  vocal  and 
instr.  music  are  laid  down  in  his  "  Aufsatze  und 
Gutachten"  (Berlin,  1887). 

Grenie,  Gabriel-Joseph,  b.  Bordeaux,  1757  ; 
d.  Paris,  Sept.  3,  1S37.  Inventor  of  the  orgue 
expressif  (harmonium),  from  which  the  orgue 
expressif  oi  Erard  was  developed. 

Gresnich  [not  -nick],  Antoine-Frederic, 
dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Liege,  Mar.  2,  1755  ; 
d.  Paris,  Oct.  16,  1799.  He  st.  at  the  College 
Lie'geois,  Rome,  and  with  Sala  at  Naples,  where 
he  prod,  operas  before  1780  ;  visited  London  in 
17S4  and  1785,  his  success  causing  the  Prince 
of  Wales  to  appoint  him  dir.  of  mus.  in  1786; 
he  returned  to  Paris  in  1791,  and  in  1793  was 
chef  d'orchestre  of  the  Grand  Th.,  Lyons,  where 
the  success  of  his  l  Amour  a  Cythere  opened  the 
way  for  him  in  Paris.  Here,  from  1795-99,  he 
brought  out  16  operas,  the  last,  Le'onidas  on  les 
Spar  Hates,  failing  at  the  Grand  Opera.  His 
works  include  over  a  score  of  operas  and  consid- 
erable chamber-music,  ariettas,  duos,  songs,  etc. 

Gretry,  Andre-Ernest-Modeste,  dramatic 
composer  ;  b.  Liege,  Feb.  8,  1741  ;  d.  Mont- 
morency, n.  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1813.  His  father 
was  violinist  in  the  .St. -Denis  Collegiate  Church, 
where,  at  six  years  of  age,  the  boy  was  placed  as 
chorister.  The  severity  of  the  masters  was  not 
conducive  to  his  advancement  ;  his  father  with- 


232 


GRETRY 


drew  him  from  the  choir  and  placed  him  with 
Leclerc,  under  whose  tuition  he  became  a  pro- 
ficient reader,  and  Renekin.  An  Italian  com- 
pany was  then  performing  operas  of  Pergolesi, 
Galuppi,  etc.,  in  Liege  ;  these  performances  con- 
tributed greatly  to  the  development  of  his  musi- 
cal instinct.  He  commenced  composing  with 
such  evidence  of  ability  that  he  was  placed  un- 
der Moreau,  ;//.  de  chap,  of  St.  Paul's,  for  les- 
sons in  counterpoint.  But,  unable  to  restrain 
his  eagerness  to  write,  he  could  not  apply  him- 
self to  a  severe  course  of  study  ;  though  he  pro- 
duced 6  symphonies  at  Liege  in  1758,  and  in 
1759  wrote  a  mass,  which  so  interested  the  Canon 
du  Harlez  that  he  procured  G.  the  means  to 
study  in  Rome.  Arriving  there  in  1759,  ne  en_ 
tered  the  College  de  Liege,  where  he  studied  cpt. 
and  comp.  under 
Casali  and  Martini 
for  5  years.  But  G. 
was  an  unsatisfac- 
tory pupil,  being  too 
impatient  of  the  ab- 
stractions of  sci- 
ence ;  he  had  an 
irresistible  leaning 
towards  dramatic  • 
music  and  declama- 
tory melody.  His 
first  dramatic  essay, 
the  intermezzo  Le 
Ve  n  dcm  11/  iat  rice , 
was  well  received  at  Rome,  1765 
praised  by  Piccinni.  But  a  perusal  of  the  score  of 
Monsigny's  Rose  et  Colas  showed  him  that  comic 
opera  was  his  real  vocation.  After  9  years  in 
Rome,  he  set  out  for  Paris,  via  Geneva,  where 
he  remained  a  year  in  hopes  of  inducing  Voltaire 
to  write  him  a  libretto.  Failing  in  this,  he  wrote 
new  music  to  Favart's  Isabelle  et  Gertrude  for 
the  Geneva  Theatre,  which  was  very  successful. 
Following  Voltaire's  advice,  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  two  years  elapsed  in  difficulties,  before 
Du  Rozoy,  an  amateur,  gave  him  the  libretto  of 
Les  mariages  Sa /unites.  This  got  no  further 
than  rehearsals,  but  secured  him  the  patronage 
of  Count  Creutz,  the  Swedish  minister,  who  ob- 
tained for  him  Alarmontel's  comedy  Le  Huron  ; 
produced  at  the  Opera-Comique,  1768,  it  com- 
menced a  series  of  successes  seldom  equalled: — 
Lucile  and  his  popular  Le  lableauparla//l(l']bq); 
Les  deux  avares,  Sylvain,  and  I 'Auntie"  a 
I'epreuve  (1770)  ;  Zen/ire  et  Azor,  I 'Ami  de  la 
maison  (1771) ;  Le  Magnifique  (1773)  ;  La  Rosih  e 
de  Salency  (1774)  ;  Cephale  et  Procris  and  L.a 
fausse  magie  (1775)  ;  Les  mariages  Samnites  [re- 
vised] (1776)  ;  Matroco  and  Les  Eve'nements  im- 
pre'vus  (1777) ;  Le jugement de  Midas  and  I'Amant 
jaloux  (1778)  ;  Aucassin  et  Nicolette  (1779)  ;  the 
grand  opera  A  ndromaque  (1780)  ;  Em  Hie,  la  belle 
esclave  [as  the  fifth  act  of  a  ballet,  La  fete  de 
Mirza\  (Opera,  1781)  ;  La  double  epreuve  [Coli- 
nette  a  la  cour\  and  PEmbarras  des  richesses 
(1782)  ;  Theodore  et  Pauline  \V  Epreuve  villa- 
geoise],  Richard  Ca  ur  de  /do//,  the  grand  opera 


and  G.  was 


La  caravane  du    Caire  (1784  ;  libretto   by  Louis 
XYIIL,    then   Comte    de   Provence;   perf.    506 
times)  ;  Panurge  dans  file  des  lanternes  (1785)  ; 
Les  meprises  par  ressemblance  (17S6);  Le  comte 
d'Albert,    La  suite  du  comte   d  Albert,  and   Le 
prison/lie/-    anglais   [Clarice  et   Pel/on]  (17S7)  ; 
Amphitryon   (1788);   Le   rival  coi/fnlei/t,  Rao/tl 
Barbe-Bleue,    and    Aspasie    (17S9)  ;    Pierre    le 
Grand  (1790)  ;    Guillaume    Tell  (1791)  ;    Basile 
\A  troi/ipeur,  trompe/ir  et    demi\   and   Les  deux 
convents  [Ce'cile  et  Dern/a/ice]  (1792)  ;  La  rosiere 
re'publicaine  (1793) ;  Joseph  Barra,  Callias,  Denys 
le  tyran,  La  fite  de  la  raison  (1794  ;  during  the 
Revolution)  ;  Lisbeth,  Le  bar  bier  de  village,  and 
Anacre'on  chcz  Polycrate  (1797);  Elisca  (1799); 
L.a  casque  et  les  colo/nbes  (1801)  ;  Delphis  et  Mopsa 
and   Le   me'nage  (1803).     Gretry  produced   fifty 
operas  ;    their  merit   lies   in   their   melodies  and 
their  dramatic  expression.     He  was  not   deeply 
versed   in   harmony  ;   still,   despite  meagre  har- 
monization, his  orchestration  is  frequently  clever 
and  very  effective.-    His  operas  suffered  tempo- 
ral)- eclipse  when  Mehul  and  Cherubini  entered 
the    field  ;   public   interest  was    revived   by  the 
magnificent  tenor  Elleviou  in  1801  ;  the  changes 
in    operatic    music    during    the    next    30    years 
caused  their  subsequent  neglect.    Richard  Cceur 
de  Lio//  is  still  played    in   Paris.      Nevertheless, 
Gretry — "  the  Moliere  of  music,"  as  he  was  called 
— founded  the   school  of  French   comedy-opera, 
of  which  Boieldieu,  Auber,  and  Adam  have  been 
such  distinguished  alumni.    Further  proof  of  his 
lack    of    technical    knowledge    appears    in    his 
"  Methode    simple    d'harmonie "    (1802).      His 
"  Memoires  ou   Essais   sur  la  musique  "  (1789  ; 
3  vol.s)  set   forth  his  views   on    the  paramount 
importance  of  the  just  declamation  of  every  syl- 
lable set  to  music.      During  his  lifetime  G.  was 
greatly  honored.      In  France  and  abroad  he  was 
elected   a  member  of  most  artistic  and  learned 
institutions    which    admitted    musicians.       The 
Prince-Bishop  of   Liege  made  him  privy-coun- 
cillor in  17S4.      In   1785   a   street   in    Paris   was 
named   after  him.      In  1795  he  was   admitted  to 
the  Institut,  and  was  one  of  the  three  first  chosen 
to  represent  the  department  of  musical  composi- 
tion.   The  same  year  he  was  appointed  Inspector 
of    the    Conservatoire,    but    resigned    in    a    few 
months,  feeling  incompetent  for  the  post.      His 
bust  was  placed  in  the  foyer  of  the  Grand  Opera, 
and  a   marble  statue  in  the  entrance-hall  of  the 
Opera-Comique.      In   1802   Napoleon  made  him 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  granted 
him  a  pension  of  4,000  francs  in  compensation 
for  losses  during  the  Revolution.      He  bought 
"  l'Ermitage,"   Rousseau's  former  residence   at 
Montmorency,  and  lived  there  in  retirement.    He 
occupied  his   last  years  in  writing  "  Reflexions 
d'un  Solitaire,"  which  his  friends  did  not  deem 
expedient  to  publish.      "  De  la  Verite,"  a  high- 
pitched  avowal-of  republican  tenets,  with  remarks 
on  the  feelings,  and  the  best  means  of  exciting 
and  expressing  them  by  music,  appeared  in  1803. 
Gretry  was   married  and   had  several   children, 
but  survived  them   all.      His  daughter,    Lucille, 


23j 


GREULICII— GRIEG 


born  in  1770,  produced  two  successful  operas, 
the  first  at  thirteen  years  of  age.  She  married 
unhappily,  and  died  in  1792.  G.  left  six  operas 
which  have  never  been  performed:  Alcindor  et 
Zatde,  Zimeo,  '/.dinar,  Electre,  Diogene  et  Alex- 
andre, and  Les  Man  res  en  Espagne.  Two  of 
his  operas,  Zimire  et Azor  and  Richard  Canr  de 
Lion,  were  adapted  for  the  English  stage.  His 
Guillaume  Tell  created  interest  on  its  revival  in 
Paris,  when  Rossini  produced  his  opera  of  the 
same  name.  Resides  dramatic  works,  G.  wrote 
a  De  Profundis,  Confiteor,  a  Requiem,  motets, 
6  symphonies,  prologues,  epilogues,  divertisse- 
ments, 6  pf. -sonatas,  6  string-quartets  and  two 
quartets  for  pf. ,  flute,  violin,  and  bass. — A  com- 
plete ed.  of  his  works  was  begun  in  1883  (pub- 
lishers,Rreitkopf  and  Hartel). — Biographical  "G. 
en  famille"  by  his  nephew,  A.  J.  Gretry  (1815)  ; 
"Notice  biographique  sur  A.  G."  (Saegher ; 
1S69)  ;  also  by  Ed.  Gregoir(i883),  Brunet  (1884), 
etc. 

Greu'lich,  Karl  Wilhelm,  b.  Kunzendorf,  n. 
Lowenberg,  Silesia,  Feb.  13,  1796  ;  d.  1837  in 
Berlin,  where  he  had  lived  since  1816  as  comp. 
and  teacher  (pupils  :  Prince  Georg  von  Cumber- 
land [Georg  V.],  C.  Eckert,  Henriette  Sontag). 
Besides  pf.-comp.s,  he  publ.  a  Method  f.  pf. 

Greu'lich,  Adolf,  b.  Posen,  1819  ;  d.  Mos- 
cow, 1S68,  as  teacher  at  the  Catharina  Inst.  His 
pf. -works  show  much  talent. 

Greu'lich,  Adolf,  b.  Schmiedeberg,  Silesia, 
1836  ;  d.  July  20,  1890,  at  Breslau,  where,  since 
1884,  he  had  been  Brosig's  successor  as  cathedral 
Kapellm.  Pupil  of  Brosig,  Mosewius,  Baum- 
gart,  and  V.  Lilstner  ;  1857,  chorister  and  bass 
soloist  in  the  cath.  ;  1870,  cath.  organist. — 
Works  :    Much  sacred  music. 

Grieg,  Edvard  Hagerup,  Norwegian  com- 
poser and  pianist  ;  b.  Bergen,  June  15,  1843. 
His  mother,  a  woman  of  musical  culture,  and  a 
gifted  pianist,  was 
his  first  instructor. 
At  the  suggestion  of 
Ole  Bull,  Grieg  en- 
tered the  Leipzig 
Cons,  in  1S58 ;  for 
four  years  he  studied 
harm,  and  cpt.  un- 
der Hauptmann  and 
Richter,  comp.  un- 
der Rietz  and  Rei- 
necke,  and  piano- 
forte-playing under 
Wenzel  and  Mo- 
scheles.  The  works 
of  Mendelssohn  and  Schumann  gave  the  pre- 
vailing tone  to  musical  Leipzig  ;  but  Grieg, 
while  profiting  by  them,  was  strong  enough  to 
preserve  his  Scandinavian  individuality.  This 
he  demonstrated  in  1863,  when  he  studied  in 
Copenhagen  under  Gade,  and  came  under  E. 
Hartmann's  influence.  Of  great  importance  in 
Grieg's  career  was  his  intimacy  with  the  young 


Norwegian  composer  Rikard  Nordraak,  whose 
premature  death  cut  short  their  crusade  (as  Grieg 
himself  wrote)  "  against  the  effeminate  Mendels- 
sohnian-Gade  Scandinavianism,  turning  with 
enthusiasm  into  the  new  well-defined  path  along 
which  the  Northern  school  is  now  travelling." 
In  1867  Grieg  founded  a  Musical  Union  in 
Christiania,  which  he  conducted  until  1SS0. 
Previous  to  this,  in  1S65,  he  had  visited  Italy, 
and  did  so  again  in  1870,  associating  much  with 
Liszt  in  Rome.  He  also  made  artistic  journeys 
to  Germany,  especially  Leipzig,  where  his  visits 
were  protracted  ;  at  a  Gewandhaus  concert  in 
1879,  he  perf.  his  own  pf. -concerto,  op.  16. 
Since  1SS0,  excepting  time  spent  on  professional 
tours,  he  has  lived  chiefly  in  Bergen  ;  but  has 
latterly  cond.  the  Philh.  Concerts  at  Christiania. 
In  1S88  he  visited  London,  and  at  a  Philharm. 
concert  played  his  piano-concerto  and  conducted 
his  op.  34  (2  melodies  f.  string-orch.).  He  re- 
visited England  in  1S89,  1894,  1S96  ;  in  1S94 
the  honorary  degree  of  Mus.  Doc,  Cantab,  was 
bestowed  on  him.  Grieg's  importance  as  a  com- 
poser lies  in  the  fact  that  he  did  what  Gade  ap- 
parently shrank  from  ;  he  imbued  his  music  with 
a  strong  strain  of  Scandinavian  tonality,  so  that, 
without  innovations  in  form,  his  works  possess 
marked  racial  characteristics  to  which  is  due 
much  of  their  charm.  His  shorter  piano-pieces 
are  among  the  most  charming  compositions  of 
their  kind  (e.g.,  the  delightful  Ilitmoresketi). 
Many  of  his  songs,  full  of  poetic  feeling,  are 
equally  popular  ;  the  same  may  be  said  of  his  3 
violin-sonatas. — Ernest  Closson  wrote  a  sketch, 
"  Edv.  Gr.  et  la  musique  scandinave  "  (Fisch- 
bacher  ;  Paris,  1892). 

Op.  1,  4  Claviersti'icke  ;  op.  2,  Lieder  for  Alto  ;  op.  3, 

3  Poetische  Tonbilder  for  pf.;  op.  4,  6  Lieder;  op.  5,  4 
Lieder;  op.  6,  Humoresken  f.  pf.;  op.  7,  Sonata  f.  pf., 
in  E  min.;  op.  8,  do.  in  F,  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  op.  9,  Ro- 
manzen  und  Balladen  f .  pf.;  op.  10,  4  Romanzen  (vocal); 
op.  11,  Concert-overture  "In  Autumn";  op.  12,  Ly- 
rische  Stiickchen  f.  pf.;  op.  13,  Sonata  in  G,  f.  pf.  and 
violin  ;  op.  14,  2   Symphonische  Stucke  for  pianoforte 

4  lids.;  op.  15,  Romanzen  f.  pf.;  op.  16,  pf. -concerto  in 
A  min.;  op.  17,  Norwegische  Volkslieder  und  Tanze,  f. 
pf.;  op.  18,  8  Lieder  ;  op.  19,  Bilder  aus  dem  Vorksleben 
[3  Neue  Humoresken],  f.  pf.;  op.  20,  "Vor  der  Klos- 
terpforte,"  for  solo,  female  voices  and  orch.;  op.  21, 
4  Lieder  ;  op.  22,  2  Songs  for  male  voices  and  orch.;  op. 
23,  "  PeerGynt,"  Suite  No.  1  f.  pf.  4hds.;  op.  24,  Ballade 
f.  pf.;  op.  25,  5  Lieder;  op.  26,  4  Lieder;  op.  27,  string- 
quartet  in  G  min.;  op.  28,  "  Albumblatter  "  f.  pf.;  op. 
29,  Improvvisata,  2  pieces  f.  pf.;  op.  30,  "Album  fiir 
Miinnerchor";  op.  31,  "  Landerkennung "  for  male 
chorus  and  orchestra;  op.  32,  "DerEinsame"  [Bergent- 
ruckte]  for  baritone,  string-orch.,  and  2  horns  ;  op.  33, 
12  Lieder;  op.  34,  2  Elegische  Melodien  f.  string-orch.; 
op.  35,  "  Norwegische  Tanze"  f.  orch.;  op.  36,  Sonata  f. 
pf.  and  'cello;  op.  37,  Walzer-Capricen  f.  pf.;  op.  38, 
"Lyric  Pieces"  f.  pf.;  op.  38,  "New  Lyric  Pieces"  f. 
pf.;  op.  39,  12  Lieder;  op.  40,  "Aus  Holberg's  Zeit," 
suite  for  string-orch.;  op.  41,  pf. -transcriptions  of  his 
own  songs;  op.  42,  "  Bergliot,"  melodrama  w.  orch.; 
op.  43,  "  Lyrische  Stiickchen"  f.  pf.;  op.  44,  Lieder 
(aus  Fjeld  und  Fjord) ;  op.  45,  Sonata  in  C  min.,  f.  pf. 
and  vlri.;  op.  46,  "Peer  Gynt,"  Suite  1  {for  orchestra)  ; 
op.  47,  "  Lyrische  Stucke  "  f.  pf.;  op.  48,  6  Lieder;  op. 
49,  6  Lieder  ;  op.  50,  "  Olav  Trygvason,"  f.  solo,  ch.  and 
orch.;  op.  51,  Romanze  w.  var.s,  f.  2  pfs.  4  hds.;  op.  52, 
6  songs,  transcriptions  f.  pf.;  op.  53,  Zwei  Melodien  f. 
string-orch.;  op.  54,  "Lyrische  Stucke";  op.  55,  "  Peer 
Gynt,"  Suite  2,  f.  orch.;   op.  56,  "Sigurd  Jorsalfar,"  f. 


234 


GRIEPENKERL— GRISAR 


orch.;  op.  57,  "Lyrische  Stiicke"  f.  pf.;  op.  58,  5  Lieder; 
op.  59,  6  Lieder;  op.  60,  5  Lieder;  op.  61,  7  Children's 
Songs;  op.  62,  "  Lyrische  Stiicke"  f.  pf.;  op.  63,  Zwei 
nordische  Weisen,  f.  string-orch.  ;  op.  64,  Symphonic 
D.inces,  f.  pf.  4  hands;  op.  65,  "Lyrische  Stiicke"  f. 
pf..  Book  8  ;  op.  66,  Popular  Norwegian  Melodies  f.  pf ; 
op.  67,  song-cycle  (Garborg's  "  Haugtussa.") —  (Op.  4, 
5,  ?8,  21,  25,  26,  33,  and  3g  are  contained  in  the  five 
Grieg  Albums  of  the  Schirmer  Editions). — Without 
opus-number:  Arrangement  of  2nd  piano-part  to  four 
sonatas  by  Mozart. 

Grie'penkerl,  Friedrich  Konrad,  b.  Peine, 
Brunswick,  1782  ;  d.  Brunswick,  Apr.  6,  1849, 
as  prof,  at  the  Carolinum.  Till  1S16  he  taught 
in  the  Fellenberg  Inst.,  Hofwyl,  Switzerland. — 
Works  :  "  Lehrbuch  der  Aesthetik  "  (1827,  based 
on  Herbart)  ;  and  an  edition  of  J.  S.  Bach's 
instr.l  comp.s  (jointly  w.  Roitzsch). 

Grie'penkerl,  Wolfgang  Robert,  amateur 
musician,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Hofwyl,  May  4, 
1S10  ;  d.  Brunswick,  Oct.  17,  186S,  in  poverty. 
1839,  teacher  of  art-history  at  the  Carolinum, 
Brunswick  ;  1840-7,  teacher  of  literature  at  the 
Military  School.  —  Publ.  "  Das  Musikfest,  oder 
die  Beethovener"  (a  novel,  1S38) ;  "  Ritter  Ber- 
lioz in  Braunschweig"  (1S43)  ;  "  Die  Oper  der 
Gegenwart"  (1847);  and  papers  in  the  "  Neue 
Zeitschrift  flir  Musik." 

Gries'bach,  John  Henry,  b.  Windsor,  June 
20,  1798  ;  d.  London,  Jan.  9,  1S75.  Son  of  the 
'cellist  J.  C.  Griesbach.  Pianist  (pupil  of  Kalk- 
brenner)  and  composer  ;  'cellist  (from  1S10— 18) 
in  the  Queen's  Band.  Dir.  of  the  London 
Philh.  Soc. — Works:  An  oratorio,  Daniel 
(1S54)  ;  overture  and  music  to  The  Tempest ; 
an  operetta,  James  I.,  or  the  Royal  Captive; 
operas  The  Goldsmith  of  West  Cheap  and  Eblis 
(unfinished)  ;  a  mus.  drama,  Baby  Ruins  ;  over- 
tures f .  orch. ;  cantatas,  anthems,  songs. — Also 
"An  Analysis  of  Mus.  Sounds  "  (no  date)  ;  "  Ele- 
ments of  Mus.  Notation"  (n.  d.)  ;  "  Pf.  Stu- 
dent's Companion"  (1S25)  ;  other  works  in  MS. 

Grie'singer,  Georg  August,  Secretary  to  the 
Saxon  Embassy  at  Vienna  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  27, 
1828.  A  friend  of  Haydn,  he  wrote  the  earliest 
biography  of  H.  (1S10),  on  which  Framery 
founded  his  "  Notice  sur  Jos.  Haydn"  (1810). 

Grill,  Franz,  d.  Odenburg,  Hungary,  abt. 
1795  ;  publ.  12  sonatas  f.pf.  and  vln.  (in  Haydn's 
style),  12  string-quartets,  and  a  caprice  f.  pf. 

Grill,  Leo,  b.  Pesth,  Feb.  24,  1S46  ;  pupil  of 
Franz  Lachner  in  Munich  ;  since  1871,  teacher 
of  choral  singing  and  theory  at  Leipzig  Cons.; 
also  composer  (overture  "  Hilarodia,"  1892). 

Grillet,  Laurent,  b.  Sancoins,  Cher,  France, 
May  22,  1S51.  Pupil  of  Auguste  Martin  ('cello), 
E.  Mangin  (harm.),  and  E.  Ratez  (cpt.  and 
fugue).  Has  been  chef  d'orchestre  of  various 
minor  theatres  and  orchestras  ;  since  1S86,  of  the 
Nouveau-Cirque,  Paris. — Works  :  Several  bal- 
lets, pantomimes,  and  the  3-act  comic  opera 
Graciosa  (Paris,  1S92)  ;  pes.  f.  voice,  pf. ,  and 
orch.;  also  "  Les  Ancetres  du  Violon  "  (1S98), 
an  historico-critical  study  on  primitive  stringed 
instr.s. — He    was   one  of    the    founders   of    the 


"Association  Artistique  "  and  of  the  "  Societe 
des  instr.s  anciens." 

Grimm,  Friedrich  Melchior,  Baron  von,  b. 
Ratisbon,  Dec.  26,  1723  ;  d.  Gotha,  Dec.  18, 
1S07.  From  1747  till  1793  he  lived  in  Paris  on 
intimate  terms  with  Diderot,  Rousseau,  d'Alem- 
bert,  etc.,  and  was  co-editor  of  the  great  "  En- 
cyclopedic" He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Buf- 
fonists  (the  supporters  of  the  Ital.  opera  buffa, 
pitted  against  those  of  the  old  French  opera 
seria),  and  his  "  Lettre  sur  Omphale"  (1752) 
opened  hostilities.  As  correspondent  of  the 
Duchess  of  Gotha  from  1753,  he  wrote  many  let- 
ters containing  interesting  details  on  contempo- 
rary French  music  and  literature  (publ.  1812-14, 
in  17  vols.,  as  "  Correspondance  litteraire,  philo- 
sophique  et  critique  "). 

Grimm,  Karl,  1st  'cello  at  the  court  theatre, 
Wiesbaden,  for  half  a  century  ;  b.  Hildburg- 
hausen,  Apr.  28,  1819  ;  d.  Freiburg,  Silesia,  Jan. 
9,  iSSS.      Wrote  much  good  'cello-music. 

Grimm,  Karl  Konstantin  Ludwig,  excellent 
harpist  ;  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  17,  1S20  ;  d.  there  May 
23,  1SS2,  as  1st  harp  of  the  court  orch.  and  royal 
Kammervirtuos. 

Grimm,  Julius  Otto,  pianist  and  comp.;  b. 
Pernau,  Livonia,  Mar.  6,  1S27.  Pupil  of  Leip- 
zig Cons. ;  founded  a  vocal  society  in  Gottingen  ; 
went  to  Miinster,  Westphalia,  as  cond.  of  the 
Cacilienverein j  in  1878,  R.  Mus.  Dir.  at  Mini- 
ster Academy. — Works  :  1  symphony,  in  D  min.; 
2  suites  in  canon-form,  f.  string-orch.  (very  fine)  ; 
pf.-pes. ;  songs. 

Grim'mer,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Mulda, 
Saxony,  Feb.  6,  1S00  ;  d.  June,  1850.  Composer 
of  songs  and  ballads  (new  edition  bv  Rob. 
Franz,  187S). 

Grisar,  Albert,  dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Ant- 
werp, Dec.  26,  1S08  ;  d.  Asnieres,  n.  Paris,  June 
15,  1869.  Intended  for  a  mercantile  career,  he 
ran  away  from  his  Liverpool  employer,  and 
studied  for  a  short  time  (1830)  with  Reicha  in 
Paris.  Returning  to  Antwerp,  he  brought  out 
Le  Mariage  impossible  at  Brussels  in  1S33,  and 
obtained  a  government  subsidy  for  further  study 
in  Paris.  In  1836  he  prod.  Sarah  at  the  Opera- 
Comique  ;  then  VAn  mi  lie  (ib. ,  1S37),  La  Suisse 
a  Trianon  (Varietes,  1S3S),  Lady  Melvil  (Re- 
naissance, 1838),  VEatt  merveilleuse  (ib.,  1S39), 
Le  Naufrage  de  la  Mid-use  (ib.,  1S39,  w.  Flotow 
and  Pilati),  Les  travestissements  (Op. -Com., 
1840),  and  VOpe'ra  a  la  cour  (ib.,  1840,  w.  Boiel- 
dieu).  In  1840  he  repaired  to  Naples  for  further 
serious  study  under  Mercadante  ;  returning  to 
Paris  in  1S48,  he  brought  out  Gilles  ravisseur 
(Op. -Com.,  1848),  Les  Pore  herons  (ib.,  1S50), 
Bousoir,  M.  Pantalon  (ib.,  1S52),  Le  carilloneur 
de  Bruges  (ib. ,  1S52),  Les  amours  du  Diable 
(Th.-Lyr. ,  1853),  Le  chien  du  jardinier  (Op.- 
Com.,  1855),  Voyage  autour  de  ma  chambre  (ib. , 
1859)  ;  Le  Joaillier  de  St.  fames  [revision  of  Lady 
Melvil\  (ib.,  1862),  La  chatte  merveilleuse  (Th.- 
Lyr.,    1862),  B/gaieme/its   d'amour  (ib.,    1864), 


235 


CRISART— GRUA 


Donze  innocentes  (Bouffes,  1865).  He  left,  be- 
sides, 12  finished  and  unfinished  operas  ;  also 
dramatic  scenes,  over  50  romances,  etc.  His 
statue  (by  Brackeleer)  was  placed  in  the  vestibule 
of  the  Antwerp  Th.  in  1870. 

Grisart,  Charles-Jean-Baptiste,  Parisian 
comp.  (contemporary)  of  light  operas,  produced 
in  minor  theatres,  the  last  being  the  i-act  opera 
Le  petit  Bois  (1893)  and  the  i-act  opera  Vol  la  le 
roi!  (1894).  Has  also  written  many  pf.-pcs. , 
masses,  melodies,  etc.,  and  a  quantity  of  tran- 
scriptions. 

Gri'si,  Giuditta,  great  dramatic  mezzo- 
soprano  ;  b.  Milan,  July  28,  1805  ;  d.  at  her 
husband's  villa  near  Cremona,  May  1,  1840. 
Pupil  of  Minoja  and  Banderali  at  Milan  Cons.; 
sang  on  principal  Italian  stages,  and  at  Paris, 
until  her  marriage  with  Count  Barni,  in  1S34, 
when  she  retired. 

Gri'si,  Giulia,  sister  of  Giuditta  ;  b.  Milan, 
July  28,  1S11  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  29,  1869.  A 
pupil  (1824)  of  Giacomelli  at  Bologna  (later  of 
Mine.  Pasta,  and  Marliani),  she  developed  into 
a  fine  dramatic  soprano  ;  sang  in  Italy  till  1832, 
and  from  1834-49  was  prima  donna  assolnta  in 
Paris  and  London.  She  married  Count  Melcy 
in  1836  ;  with  her  second  husband,  Mario,  she 
made  a  not  especially  successful  tour  of  the  U.  S. 
in  1854. 

Gro'ninger,  S.  van,  b.  Deventer,  Holland, 
June  23,  1S51.  Pupil  of  Raif  and  Kiel  at  the 
Berlin  "  Hochschule."  Concert-pianist  ;  lived 
as  teacher  in  Zwolle,  The  Hague,  and  is  now 
(1899)  in  Leyden. — Works  :  Pf.-quartet  ;  Suite 
f .  2  pfs. ;  etc. 

Gros'heim,  Georg  Christoph,  b.  July  1, 
1764,  at  Kassel,  where  he  lived  in  poverty, 
dying  1847.- — Publ.  works  :  2  operas,  Titania 
and  Das  heilige  Kleeblatt  (both  perf.  at  Kassel 
abt.  1800);  "Hector's  Abschied "  f.  2  solo 
voices  and  orch.;  "Die  10  Gebote,"  w.  orch.; 
organ-preludes  ;  pf. -fantasias  and  variations, 
school-songs,  and  a  coll.  of  popular  melodies  ; 
a  "  Reformirtes  hessisches  Choralbuch,"  and  a 
pf. -score  of  Cluck's  Iphigenia  in  Atclis,  w.  Ger. 
transl.  He  edited  a  mus.  paper,  "Euterpe" 
(1797-8);  and  publ.  ""Das  Leben  der  Kiinst- 
lerin  Mara"  (1823);  "  Uber  Tflege  und  An- 
wendung  der  Stimme  "  (1S30)  ;  "  Chronol.  Ver- 
zeichniss  vorziigl.  Beforderer  und  Meister  der 
Tonkunst "  (1831)  ;  "  Fragmente  aus  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Musik  "  (1832)  ;  etc. 

Grosjean,  Jean-Romary,  organist  ;  b.  Ro- 
chesson,  Vosges,  France,  Jan.  12,  1S15  ;  d.  St.- 
Die,  Feb.  13,  18S8.  In  1837,  org.  at  Remire- 
mont  ;  in  1839,  at  St. -Die  cathedral.  His 
"  Album  d'un  organiste  catholique  .  .  .  ,"  in 
2  vol.s,  is  valuable,  and  contains  some  original 
music.  He  also  publ.  a  complete  edition  of  the 
"  Noels"  of  Lorraine,  with  the  folk-melodies. 

Grosjean,  Ernest,  nephew  of  preceding ; 
b.  Vagney,  Dec.  iS,  1S44  ;  organist  at  Verdun. 


^«Hjg^\^ 


Has  publ.  many  comp.s  for  organ  and  f.  pf.  . 
also  a  "  Theorie  et  pratique  de  l'accompagne- 
ment  du  plain-chant." 

Gross,  Johann  Benjamin,  b.  Elbing,  West 
Prussia,  Sept.  12,  1S09  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  of 
the  cholera,  Sept.  1,  1848.  'Cellist  in  Count 
Liphard's  quartet  at  Dorpat  1833-5  I  then,  till 
1847,  1st  'cello  in  the  Imp.  Th.,  St.  Petersburg. 
— Publ.  4  string-quartets  ;  a  'cello-sonata  w. 
bass,  and  another  w.  pf . ;  and  a  concertino, 
duets,  and  various  solo-pcs.  f.  'cello. 

Gros'si,  G.  F.     See  Siface. 

Gros'si,  Carlotta  (real  name  Charlotte 
Grossmuck),  stage  -  singer  (coloratura)  ;  b. 
Vienna,  Dec.  23,  1849  ;  st.  in  the  Cons,  there, 
was  eng.  at  the  Opera  1S6S-9,  and  from  1S69- 
78  at  the  Berlin  Opera  ;  then  returned  to  Vienna. 

Grove,  Sir  George,  eminent  English  musi- 
cograph  ;  b.  Clapham,  Surrey,  Aug.  13,  1820. 
By  profession  a 
successful  civil 
engineer,  he  be- 
came secretary 
of  the  Society  of 
Arts  in  1850  ;  in 
1852,  Sec.  to  the 
Crystal  Palace 
Co. ;  and  in  1873, 
a  member  of  its 
Board  of  Direc- 
tors. He  wrote 
valuable  analyti- 
cal programs  for 
the  Crystal  Pal- 
ace concerts.  For 

15  years  he  edited  "  Macmillan's  Magazine." 
In  18S2  the  Prince  of  Wales  app.  him  Director  of 
the  Royal  Coll.  of  Mus. ,  at  the  opening  of  which, 
in  1883,  he  was  knighted  by  the  Queen.  In 
1875  the  Univ.  of  Durham  created  him  D.C.L.; 
in  18S5  he  was  made  LL.D.,  Glasgow  ;  in  18S7 
the  Bach-Gesellschaft  of  Leipzig  elected  him  as 
a  committee-member.  He  resigned  the  director- 
ship of  the  R.  C.  M.  in  1894.  His  chief  work 
is  the  monumental  "  Dictionary  of  Music  and 
Musicians"  (Macmillan  :  London,  1879-89;  4 
vol.s),  of  which  he  was  editor-in-chief,  and  to 
which  he  contributed  liberally.  He  wrote  an 
Appendix  to  Hellborn's  "Life  of  Schubert" 
(English  edition,  1869);  also  publ.  "Beetho- 
ven and  His  Nine  Symphonies"  (1896);  and 
has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  mus. 
press. 

Gru'a,  Paul,  son  of  court  Kapellm.  C.  L.  P. 
Grua  at  Mannheim  [b.  1700  ;  d.  1755]  ;  b. 
Mannheim,  Feb.  2,  1754  ;  d.  Munich,  July  5, 
1S33.  Sent  by  the  Elector  to  study  under  Padre 
Martini  at  Bologna  and  Traetta  at  Venice,  he 
rejoined  the  Electoral  Court,  then  at  Munich,  in 
1779,  as  Kapellm.  and  councillor. — Works  :  An 
opera,  Telemaco  (Munich,  1780)  ;  31  orchestral 
masses  ;  29  offertories  and  motets  ;  6  vespers  ;  6 
Misereres  ;  3  Requiems  ;  3  Stabat  Maters  ;  3  Te 


236 


GRUBER— GRUTZMACIIER 


Deums;  psalms,  responses,  etc.;   also  concertos 
f.  pf.,  clar. ,  flute,  etc. 

Gru'ber,  Johann  Sigismund,  a  lawyer  ;  b. 
Nuremberg,  Dec.  4,  1759  ;  d.  there  Dec.  3,  1805. 
— Works:  "  Literatur  der  Musik"  (17S3  ;  not 
equal  to  Forkel's) ;  "  Beitrage  zur  Literatur  der 
Musik  "  (17S5)  ;  and  "  Biographien  einiger  Ton- 
kunstler"  (17S6). 

Gruen'berg,  Eugene,  violinist ;  b.  Lemberg, 
Galicia,  Oct.  30,  1S54.  Pupil  at  Vienna  Cons, 
of  Heissler(vln.),  Bruckner  and  Dessoff  (comp.), 
and  Hellmesberger  (chamber  and  orch.l  music). 
Was  for  nearly  10  years  a  member  of  the  Leip- 
zig GewandhausOrch. ;  then,  for  7  yrs.  (till  1898), 
of  the  Boston  Symph.  Orch.,  also  (for  3  yrs.) 
vln. -teacher  at  the  Boston  Cons.,  succeeding 
Eichberg.  Now  (1899)  teacher  of  vln.,  via., 
and  ensemble-playing  at  the  N.  Engl.  Cons., 
having  resigned  from  the  Symph.  Orch.  During 
25  years,  G.  has  played  under  the  most  noted 
conductors  of  the  period. — Works :  A  ballet, 
"  Tanzbilder "  (perf.  under  composer  at  Leip- 
zig City  Th.)  ;  symphony  in  A  min.  (do.  do.,  at 
Gewandhaus)  ;  "Suite  im  antiken  Stil "  f.  vln. 
and  pf. ;  sonata  f.  do.;  cadenza  to  Brahms'  vln.- 
concerto  ;  2  scenes  de  ballet ;  2  Vienna  dances, 
and  others;  songs. — Also,  "The  Violinist's 
Manual"  (N.  V.,  1897);  "Theory  of  Violin- 
playing"  (in  press)  ;  studies  f.  vln.;  fugitive  es- 
says in  various  journals. 

Griin,  Friederike,  dramatic  soprano  ;  b. 
Mannheim,  June  14,  1S36  ;  sang  there  in  the 
opera-chorus,  undertook  solo  parts  at  Frankfort, 
and  was  later  eng.  at  Kassel  (1863)  and  Berlin 
(1S66-9).  Married  the  Russian  Baron  von  Sad- 
ler in  1S69  ;  studied  under  Lamperti  at  Milan, 
sang  the  role  of  Elsa  at  Bologna,  and  continued 
her  successful  career  on  other  stages. 

Griin'berg,  Paul  Emil  Max,  excellent  vio- 
linist ;  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  5,  1852  ;  joined  the  court 
orch.  at  Meiningen,  was  then  leader  at  Sonders- 
hausen,  and  later  at  the  Landestheater,  Prague. 
Now  (1899)  residing  as  a  teacher  in  Berlin. 

Griin'berger,  Ludwig,  b.  Prague,  Apr.  24, 
1839  ;  d.  there  Dec.  12,  1S96.  Pupil  of  Franz 
Skroup  and  Josef  Kisch,  later  (1855)  of  Reichel 
and  Rietz,  at  Dresden.  A  fine  pianist,  and  the 
composer  of  the  i-act  opera  Die  Hei?nkehr 
(Prague,  1894  ;  succ.)  ;  incidental  music  to  Theo. 
Lowe's  drama  Konigstraum  j  "  Nordische  Suite 
und  Humoreske "  f.  orch.;  a  suite  f.  vln.  and 
'cello  (op.  16a)  ;  2  string-quartets  (op.  31,  37), 
several  poetical  "characteristic"  pf.-pcs.  f.  2 
and  4  hands,  and  a  great  number  of  songs. 

Grund,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  composer  and 
teacher  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Oct.  7,  1791  ;  d.  there 
Nov.  24,  1874.  lie  founded  the  Singakademie 
at  Hamburg  in  iSig,  and  cond.  the  Philh.  Con- 
certs (182S-62). — Works  :  2  operas  (not  perf.)  ; 
cantata  Die  Auferstehung  uiul  Himmelfahrt 
Christi ;  mass  f.  8  voices  a  cappella  :  sym- 
phonies ;  overtures  ;  octet  f.  pf.  and  wind  ;  quin- 


tet f.  ditto;  pf.-quartet ;  sonatas  f.  pf.,  vln., 
and  'cello  ;  pf. -sonata,  4  hands  ;  pf. -sonatinas  ; 
pt. -studies  (praised  by  Schumann)  ;  songs,  etc. 

Griin'feld,  Alfred,  b.  Prague,  July  4,  1S52. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Hoger  and  Krejci,  later  of  Kul- 
lak's  Academy  in  Berlin.  Settled  1873  in  Vienna, 
where  he  is  Kammervirtuos  ;  makes  extended 
concert-tours  :  in  1883  to  Moscow  and  St.  Peters- 
burg ;  also  to  France,  the  U.  S.,  etc. — WTorks  f. 
pf. :  Op.  15,  Octave-study  ;  op.  31,  Minuet  ;  op. 
35,  Humoresque  ;  op.  37,  Spanish  Serenade  ;  op. 
38,  Barcarolle  ;  op.  39,  Impromptu. 

Griin'feld,  Heinrich,  brother  of  Alfred  ;  fine 
'cellist ;  b.  Prague,  Apr.  21,  1855.  Pupil  of  Prague 
Cons.  ;  went  to  Berlin  in  1S76,  taught  in  Kullak's 
Acad,  for  8  years,  gave  many  concerts  with  X. 
Scharwenka  and  G.  Hollander,  and  was  app. 
'cellist  to  the  Emperor  in  1886. 

Griitz'macher,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Lud- 
wig, admirable  'cellist,  composer,  and  teacher  ; 
b.  Dessau,  Mar.  1, 
1S32.  From  his 
father,  chamber- 
musician(A"<//////i1  r- 
musiker)  at  Dessau, 
he  had  his  first  mus. 
training  ;  his  other 
teachers  were  K. 
Drechsler  ('cello), 
and  Fr.  Schnei- 
der(theory).  At  the 
age  of  16  he  joined 
a  small  orch.  in 
Leipzig  ;  here  he 
was  "  discovered  " 
by  David,  and  in 
1S49  was  app.  1st 
'cello  of  the  Gewandhaus  orch.,  succeeding  Coss- 
mann,  and  'cello-teacher  at  the  Cons.  ;  in  i860 
he  was  app.  chamber-virtuoso  in  Dresden,  where 
he  still  (1899)  lives.  He  is  a  renowned  concert- 
player,  and  has  made  long  concert-tours.  Among 
his  pupils  are  his  younger  brother  Leopold  G. , 
O.  Bruckner,  W.  Fitzenhagen,  E.  Hegar,  and 
F.  Hilpert. — Works  :  Concerto  f.  'cello  and 
orch.  ;  Variations  f.  ditto  ;  many  pes.  and  stud- 
ies f.  'cello  ;  orchestral  music  ;  chamber-music  ; 
pf.-pcs.  ;  songs. 

Griitz'macher,  Leopold,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Dessau,  Sept.  4.  1835  ;  also  a  pupil  of 
Drechsler  ('cello)  and  Schneider  (theory),  later 
of  his  brother  ;  played  in  the  Gewandhaus  and 
theatre-orch.  at  Leipzig  ;  then  became  1st  'cello 
in  the  Schwerin  court  orch.,  and  afterwards  at 
the  Prague  Landestheater,  the  Meiningen  court 
orch.,  and  (since  1876)  at  Weimar  with  the  title 
of  Kammervirtuos ■. — Numerous  comp.s  f. 'cello. 

Griitz'macher,  Friedrich,  son  and  pupil  of 
Leopold  ;  b.  (?).  After  serving  as  1st  'cello  in 
the  Sondershausen  court  orch.,  he  joined  the 
theatre-orch.  in  Pesth  (1S90),  where  from  1892-4 
he  was  also  'cello-prof,  at  the  Cons.  In  1894  he 
went  to  Cologne,  as  solo  'cellist  in  the  Glirzenich 


237 


GUARNERI— GUGLIELMI 


Orch.    and    teacher    at    the    Cons.,    succeeding 
Hegyesi. 

Guarne'ri  (latinized  Guarne'rius),  a  famous 
family  of  violin-makers  at  Cremona,  Italy. — 
Pietro  Andrea,  head  of  the  family,  b.  abt. 
1630,  was  a  pupil  of  Nicolo  Amati,  and  worked 
1650-95.  His  violins,  labelled  Andreas  Guarne- 
rins  Cremona  sub  titolo  Sancta  Theresice  16 — , 
are  much  inferior  to  those  of  his  nephew,  Gius. 
Antonio. — Giuseppe,  son  of  the  preceding,  b. 
1660,  worked  1690-1730  ;  his  best  instr.s  are 
from  1690-1710.  He  imitated  Stradivari  models  ; 
his  label  was  Joseph  Guarnerius  filius  Andrea 
fecit  Cremonce  sitb  titolo  St.  Theresice  16 — . 
Pietro,  Andrea's  second  son,  b.  abt.  1670, 
worked  in  Cremona  1690-1700,  then  at  Mantua 
till  1725. — Pietro,  son  of  Giuseppe,  worked 
1725-40,  and  made  violins  and  violoncelli  after 
his  father's  models. — Giuseppe  Antonio, known 
as  Guarneri  del  Gesu  from  the  "I  H  S" 
often  appearing  on  his  labels  ;  b.  June  8,  1683, 
d.  abt.  1745.  He  was  the  most  celebrated  of 
the  family  ;  his  father,  though  a  brother  of  An- 
drea, was  not  an  instr. -maker.  He  worked  for 
himself  1725-45  ;  the  violins  of  his  medium 
period  vie  with  the  best  of  Stradivari.  His 
instr.s  bear  the  label :  Joseph  Guarnerius ; Andrea 
Nepos  Cremonce  17 — ,  I H  S.  The  violins  of 
his  later  period  are  so  poor  as  to  raise  doubts 
of  their  origin — a  fact  explained  (?)  by  various 
legends,  such  as  his  having  been  driven  to  drink 
by  an  unfaithful  wife,  or  having  had,  during  a 
long  term  of  imprisonment,  to  work  with  inferior 
materials. 

Gu'dehus,  Heinrich,  distinguished  dramatic 
tenor;  b.  Altenhagen,  Hanover,  Mar.  30,  1845. 
His  father  was  a  village  schoolmaster,  and  G. 
also  taught  in  two  seminaries  for  a  time  ;  but 
took  singing- lessons  at  Brunswick  of  Frau 
Schnorr  v.  Karolsfeld,  who  sent  him  to  the 
court  Intendant  von  Hlilsen,  at  Berlin,  by  whom 
he  was  eng.  for  the  court  opera  for  3  years,  from 
Sept.  I-  1870.  His  debut  as  Nadori  (Jessondd), 
injan.,  1S71,  was  successful  ;  but  in  1S72  he  left 
Berlin  to  study  with  Louise  Ress  at  Dresden  ; 
reappeared  in  public  in  1S75,  singing  at  Riga, 
Lubeck,  Freiburg  (Baden),  and  Bremen  (1878)  ; 
sang  at  Dresden  court  opera  1880-90  (creating  the 
role  of  Parsifal  at  Bayreuth,  1S82),  in  German 
opera  in  New  York  1890-91,  and  then  rejoined 
the  Berlin  court  opera. 

Guenin,  Marie-Alexandre,  violinist  and 
comp. ;  b.  Maubeuge  (Nord),  France,  Feb.  20, 
1744  ;  d.  Paris,  18 19.  Pupil  of  Capron  (vln.) 
and  Gossec  (comp.)  in  Paris  ;  1777,  mus.  in- 
tendant to  the  Prince  of  Conde  ;  1778,  member 
of  the  royal  orch.;  1780-1S00,  solo  violin  at  the 
Grand  Opera.  A  prolific  comp.  of  mediocre 
talent  (14  symphonies,  6  string-quartets,  iS  vln.- 
duets,  6  sonatas  f.  2  vlns.,  1  concerto  f.  viola,  3 
duets  f.  'cello,  and  3  sonatas  f.  clavecin  and  vln.). 

Guer'cia,  Alfonso,  comp.  and  singing-mas- 
ter;  b.  Naples,  Nov.  13,  1831.    Pupil,  for  comp., 


of  Mercadante.  Composed  many  popular  songs, 
and  a  fairly  succ.  opera  Rita  (Naples,  1875)  ; 
also  sang  baritone  parts  in  opera  for  a  time. 
Since  1859,  teacher  of  advanced  vocal  students 
in  the  Collegio  di  San  Pietro  a  Majella,  Naples. 

Guerin,  Emmanuel,  called  Guerin  aim1 ;  b. 
Versailles,  1779;  d.  (?).  In  1796,  entered  the 
Paris  Cons.;  1799-1824,  'cellist  at  the  Th.  Fey- 
deau  ;  pensioned  1824. — Publ.  numerous  duets, 
variations,  and  sonatas,  for  one  or  two  'celli. 

Guerre'ro,  Francisco,  b.  Sevilla,  Spain, 
1528  ;  d.  there  1599.  Pupil  of  Morales  ;  in  1546, 
maestro  at  Jaen  cathedral,  and  1550  choir-singer 
at  Sevilla  cath.  Of  his  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem 
in  158S  he  wrote  in  "El  viage  de  Jerusalem  que 
hizo  Fr.  G.  .  .  .  "  (1611).  Publ.  "  Psalmorum 
4  voc.  liber  i,accedit  missa  defunctorum  4.VOC." 
(1559  ;  2nd  ed.,  w.  Ital.  title,  1584)  ;  "  Canticum 
beatae  Mariae  quod  magnificat  nuncupatur,  per 
8  musicae  modus  variatum  "  (1563)  ;  "  Liber  1. 
missarum "  (1566;  contains  9  masses  and  3 
motets)  ;  "  Libro  di  Mottetti  a  4,  5,  6  e  8  voci  "; 
and  2  5-part  Passione  in  Eslava's  "  Liro  Sacro- 
Hispafta." 

Gueymard,  Louis,  fine  dramatic  tenor  ;  b. 
Chapponay  (Isere),  France,  Aug.  17,  1822  ;  d. 
Corbeil,  n.  Paris,  July,  1880.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons.;  eng.  184S-68  at  the  Grand  Opera. 

Gueymard,  Pauline,  ne'e  Lauters,  wife  of 
Louis  ;  mezzo-soprano  stage-singer  ;  b.  Brussels, 
Dec.  1,  1834,  and  trained  in  the  Cons,  there  ; 
debut  1855  at  the  Th.-Lyrique,  Paris  ;  has  sung, 
since  1855,  at  trie  Grand  Opera. 

Gugliel'mi,  Pietro,  celebrated  and  prolific 
dram.  comp. ;  b.  Massa  di  Carrara,  Italy,  in 
May,  1727  (1720?);  d.  Rome,  Nov.  19,  1804. 
His  first  music-teacher  was  his  father  [Pietro  G., 
m,  di  capp.  to  the  Duke  of  Modena]  ;  he  then  st. 
at  Naples  under  Durante  in  the  Cons,  di  S. 
Loreto  ;  and  brought  out  his  first  opera  (?)  at 
Turin  in  1755.  This  was  followed  by  nearly  200 
more  dramatic  works  ;  after  conquering  the 
principal  Ital.  stages,  he  acted  for  some  years  as 
Kapcllm.  to  the  Elector  at  Dresden  (1762),  then 
went  to  Brunswick,  and  from  1772-77  was  in 
London.  Returning  to  Naples,  he  found  the 
operatic  field  occupied  by  two  rivals,  Paisiello 
and  Cimarosa,  and  his  own  works  nearly  forgot- 
ten ;  but,  by  extraordinary  efforts,  he  regained 
the  public  favor.  His  most  noteworthy  operas 
were  L  viaggiatori  ridicoli  (1772),  La  Frascatana 
(I773)>  La  Serva  innamorata  (1778),  La  bella 
pescatrice  (1779),  I  fratelli  Lappa  Mosca  (1783), 
La  pastorella  nobile  (17S3),  La  Didone  (1785), 
Enea  e  Lavinia  (1785),  /  due  gevielli  (1787). 
App.  maestro  at  the  Vatican  in  1793,  he  turned 
to  church-music,  composing  the  oratorios  La 
morte  d'Abele,  Betulia  liber  ata,  La  distrtizione 
di  Gerusalemme,  Debora  e  Sisara  (1794,  consid- 
ered by  Zingarelli  to  be  his  masterpiece),  and 
Le  lagrime  di  S.  Pietro  ;  also  an  orchestral  mass 
a  5,  a  Miserere  a  5,  a   Psalm  a  8,  6  divertisse- 


23S 


GUGLIELMI— GUILMANT 


merits  for  clavichord,  vln. ,  and  'cello,  pieces  f. 
clavichord,  etc. — His  son  was 

Gugliel'mi,  Pietro  Carlo,  (called  Gugliel- 
mi'ni  to  distinguish  him  from  his  father,)  b. 
Naples,  abt.  1763  ;  d.  Massa  di  Carrara,  Feb. 
28,  1827.  A  pupil  of  the  Cons.  S.  Maria  di 
Loreto,  he  likewise  became  a  noted  opera  com- 
poser, producing  25  operas  in  Naples  and  Mi- 
lan ;  lived  several  years  as  a  vocal  teacher  in 
London  ;  and  abt.  18 10  became  111.  di  capp.  to 
the  Duchess  of  Massa  di  Carrara. 

Gui  de  Chalis,  (Guido,  abbot  of  the  Cister- 
cian monastery  at  Chalis,  Burgundy,)  wrote, 
towards  the  end  of  the  12th  century,  a  treatise 
on  "  Cantus  planus"  ("  De  cantu  ecclesias- 
tico  ")  ;  also  "  Discantus  ascendit  duas  voces"; 
printed  by  Coussemaker  in  his  "  Scriptores " 
(vol.  ii,  163)  and  "  Ilistoire  de  l'harmonie  an 
moyen  age  "  (p.  225),  respectively. 

Guidet'ti,  Giovanni,  b.  Bologna,  1532  ;  d. 
Rome,  Nov.  30,  1592.  After  taking  holy 
orders,  he  became  Palestrina's  pupil,  and  in 
1575  was  app.  cappellano  (a  clerical  beneficiary) 
and  chorister  in  the  Papal  choir.  For  several 
years  he.  worked  with  Palestrina  on  a  revised 
edition  of  the  Gradual  and  Antiphonary  ;  but 
this  work  being  forestalled  by  the  publication  of 
Leichtenstein's  edition  (Venice,  1580),  he  turned 
his  attention  to  other  fields,  and  publ.  "  Di- 
rectorium  chori  ad  usum  sacro-sanctae  basi- 
licae  Vaticanae  .  .  ."  (Rome,  1582,  and  other 
ed.s)  ;  "  Cantus  eccl.  passionis  Domini  Nostri 
Jesu  Christi,  secundum  Matthaeum,  Marcum, 
Lucam  et  Joannem "  (Rome,  1586);  "Cantus 
eccles.  officii  majoris  hebdomadae  .  .  ."(Rome, 
15S7  ;  new  ed.  1619)  ;  and  "  Praefationes  in 
cantu  firmo  .   .    ."  (Rome,  15S8). 

Gui'do  d'Arez'zo  [Guido  Areti'nus],  fa- 
mous reformer  of  mus.  notation  and  vocal 
instruction  ;  b.  Arezzo,  Italy,  abt.  995  ;  d.  (prob- 
ably) at  Avellano,  May  17  (?),  1050  (?).  Con- 
cerning his  parentage  and  early  life  there  is  no 
authentic  information.  He  became  a  monk  in 
the  Benedictine  monastery  of  Pomposa,  near 
Ferrara  ;  here  his  superior  musical  ability,  and 
especially  his  method  of  vocal  teaching,  aroused 
the  envy  of  his  fellow-monks,  and  even  of  the 
abbot  ;  so  that  G.  left  the  monastery  and  (ace. 
to  some  authorities)  wandered  from  place  to 
place,  disseminating  his  new  ideas,  or  (ace.  to 
others)  repaired  to  the  Benedictine  monastery  of 
Arezzo.  However  this  may  be,  his  fame  spread, 
and  reached  the  ears  of  Pope  John  XIX.,  who 
called  him  to  Rome,  in  order  to  learn  his  novel 
system  of  teaching.  After  this,  it  is  probable 
that  G.  became  (1029?)  Prior  of  the  Camaldolite 
fraternity  at  Avellano,  where  he  died. — After 
the  ascription  of  all  possible  reforms,  and  even 
the  invention  of  music  itself,  to  Guido,  by  ear- 
lier historians,  some  later  writers,  with  an  excess 
of  caution,  have  gone  to  the  opposite  extreme  of 
denying  him  all  originality.  But  it  is  certain 
that  he  introduced  the  staff  oj four  lines,  retain- 


ing the  red  /-line  and  the  yellow  c-line  of  his 
predecessors,  and  drawing  between  them  a  black 
«-line,  above  them  a  black  6--line,  and  writing  the 
mensural  notes  (which  he  did  not  invent)  in  reg- 
ular order  on  these  lines  and  in  the  spaces  : 

New  black  line  e 

Old  yellow  line  c 

New  black  line  a 

Old  red  line  f 

He  also  added  new  lines  above  or  below  these, 
as  occasion  required  ;  thus,  wherever  his  inven- 
tion was  adopted,  it  finally  did  away  with  all  un- 
certainty of  pitch.  It  is  likewise  highly  prob- 
able, that  he  invented  the  system  of  Solmisation, 
the  syllables  being  derived  from  the  song  to  St. 
John  : 

Ut  queant  laxis  ivesonare  fibris, 
Mira.  gestorum  /"'amuli  tuorum, 
Sotve  polluti  Xabii  reatum, 
Sancte  Joannes. 

Whether  he  practically  applied  this  invention  in 
the  hexachordal  system  of  Mutation  is  disputed. 
Fe'tis  considers  his  chief  merit  to  have  been  his 
method  of  teaching  vocal  intervals  by  the  aid  of 
a  sliding  graduated  scale  adapted  to  the  ancient 
monochord. 

Guido  de  Chalis.     See  Gui  de  Chalis. 

Guignon,  Jean-Pierre,  b.  Turin,  Feb.  10, 
1702  ;  d.  Versailles,  Jan.  30,  1775  ;  was  the  last 
to  bear  the  title  of  "  roi  des  violons  et  maitre 
des  menetriers  "  (relinquished  by  the  younger 
Dumanoir  in  1695).  G.  came  to  Paris,  studied 
the  violin,  entered  the  King's  service  in  1733, 
and  by  ingratiating  himself  with  the  monarch, 
persuaded  him  to  issue  letters  patent  reviving 
the  absurd  and  obnoxious  office  [the  prerogative 
of  which,  as  claimed  by  the  elder  Dumanoir, 
was  to  require  all  musicians,  even  organists,  to 
obtain  diplomas  as  dancing-masters — a  fee  to  be 
paid  for  the  privilege,  of  course].  But  the  par- 
liament was  stormed  with  petitions  and  memori- 
als innumerable,  and  G.  was  forced  to  "abdi- 
cate "  in  1773. — He  comp.  several  books  of 
concertos,  sonatas,  and  duos  f.  vln. 

Guilmant,  Alexandre-Felix,  eminent  or- 
ganist and  composer;  b.  Boulogne,  Mar.  12, 
1837.  Org.-pupil  of 
his  father  [Jean- 
Baptiste  G.,  b. 
Boulogne,  1793  ;  d. 
there  1890] ;  later  of 
Lemmens;  st.  harm, 
with  G.  Carulli. 
Eager  student  of 
mus.  literature  and 
organ,  practising  8- 
10  hours  at  a  time  ; 
at  12,  often  substi- 
tute for  his  father  at 
the  church  of  St.- 
Nicholas  ;  at  16, 
org.  at  St. -Joseph  ; 
at  iS,  his  first  comp. ,  a  solemn  mass,  was  prod. ; 
at  20,  choirmaster  at  St. -Nicholas,  teacher  in 
Boulogne  Cons.,  and  cond.  of  a  mus,  soc.     His 


239 


GUINDANI— GUNGL 


fine  playing  at  the  inaugurations  of  the  organs 
at  St.-Sulpice  and  Notre-Dame,  Paris,  caused 
his  app.  as  org.  of  Ste.  Trinite  in  1871,  suc- 
ceeding Chauvet.  1893,  chev.  of  Legion  of 
Honor.  1S96,  organ-professor  at  Paris  Cons. 
His  concert-tours  in  England,  Italy,  Russia, 
and  (1893,  1897-8)  the  United  States  have  been 
extremely  successful.  His  comp.s  are  modern 
and  highly  original:  Belsazar,  "lyric  scene" 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  symphony  f.  org.  and 
orch.;  4  org. -sonatas  ;  Christ  us  vincit,  hymn  f. 
ch.,  orch.,  harps,  and  org.;  Marche  funebre  et 
chant  seraphique  ;  many  concert-pieces  f.  org.; 
also  motets,  masses,  and  choruses. 

Guinda'ni,  Eduardo,  composer;  b.  Valli 
Rocca  (Cremona),  1854 ;  d.  Cremona,  July, 
1897.  Pupil  of  Milan  Cons. — Opera  Agnese 
(Piacenza,  Feb.  27,  187S  ;  succ). 

Guiraud,  Ernest,  b.  New  Orleans,  June  23, 
1837 ;  d.  Paris,  May  6,  1892.  A  precocious 
composer,  pupil  of  his  father  [Jean-Baptiste 
G.,  Prix  de,  Koine  at  Paris  Cons.,  1827],  a  music- 
teacher.  He  visited  Paris  at  12  ;  at  15  he  pro- 
duced the  opera  Le  roi  David  in  New  Orleans. 
Returning  to  Paris,  he  st.  in  the  Cons,  under 
Marmontel  (pf.),  Barbereau  (harm.),  and  Halevy 
(comp.),  taking  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome,  1859, 
for  his  cantata  Bajazet  et  le  joueur  de  Jlute. 
Studied  in  Rome  1860-3  ;  served  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1S70-1  ;  later  played  at  the  Concerts 
Populaires,  and  brought  out  an  orch.  suite  in 
1372  which  secured  him  a  high  position  as  a 
comp.;  in  1876  he  was  app.  prof,  of  harm,  and 
accomp.  at  the  Cons. — Operas  :  Sylvie  (Paris, 
Op. -Com.,  1864)  ;  En  prison  (Th.-Lyr.,  1S69)  ; 
Le  Kobold  (Op. -Com.,  1S70)  ;  Rime.  Tur lupin 
(Th.  de  l'Athenee,  1872)  ,  Gretna  Green  [ballet] 
(Gr.  Opera,  1S73)  ;  Piccolino  (Op. -Com.,  1876)  ; 
Zrt  galanle  aventure  (ib.,  1882);  Gli  avventu- 
rieri  (?)  ;  and  the  posthumous  opera  Brunhilde 
(edited  by  Saint-Saens,  and  prod.,  as  FrJdigonde, 
at  Paris,  1895)  ;  also  a  solemn  mass,  an  over- 
ture, etc. 

Gum'bert,  Ferdinand,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  21, 
1818  ;  d.  there  Apr.  11  (6?),  1896.  Pupil  of  E. 
Fischer  and  Clapius.  Began  his  artistic  career 
as  tenor  singer  at  Sondershausen  Th. ;  1840-42, 
baritone  singer  at  Cologne  Th.  St.  comp.  under 
Constantin  Kreutzer,  on  whose  advice  he  left 
the  stage,  and  settled  in  Berlin  as  comp.,  vocal 
teacher,  and,  later,  mus.  critic. — Works  :  About 
500  songs,  some  eminently  popular  ;  his  ope- 
rettas, prod,  in  Berlin  :  Die  schone  Schusterin 
(1844),  Die  JCunst,  geliebt  zu  werden  (1850),  Der 
Heine  Ziegenhirt  (1854),  Bis  der  Rechte  kommt 
(1S5G),  Karolina,  etc.,  were  not  so  successful. 
Transl.  libretti  of  numerous  modern  Fr.  and  It. 
operas  ;  also  songs.  Wrote  "  Musik,  Gelesenes 
and  Gesammeltes"  (i860). 

Gum'peltzhaimer,  Adam,  b.  Trostberg,  Ba- 
varia, 1559  I  ch  1625  at  Augsburg,  where  he  had 
been  cantor  since  1581.  A  pupil  of  the  monk 
Jodocus    Enzmuller,    lie    became    a    famous 


church-composer  and  theorist. —  Comp.s:  "  Er- 
ster "  and  "  Zweiter  Theil  des  Lustgartleins 
teutsch  und  lateinischer  Lieder  von  3  Stimmen  " 
(1591  ;  1611  ;  often  republished);  "Erster" 
and  "Zweiter  Theil  des  Wiirtzgartleins  4-stim- 
miger  geistlicher  Lieder"  (1594;  1619  ;  etc.); 
"  Psalmus  L  octo  vocum "  (1604);  "  Partitio 
sacrorum  concentuum  ..."  (1614  and  1619,  2 
parts)  ;  "  10  geistliche  Lieder  mit  4  Stimmen  "; 
"  2  ditto";  "  5  geistl.  L.  m.  4  St.  von  der  Him- 
melfahrt  Jesu  Christi  ";  "  Newe  teutsche  geistl. 
Lieder  m.  3  u.  4  St."  (1591,  1592)  ;  numerous 
motets. — He  revised  and  edited  II.  Faber's 
"Compendium  musicae "  under  the  title  of 
"  Comp.  mus.,  pro  illius  tironibus  a  M.  Heinrico 
Fabro  latine  conscriptum  et  a  Christophoro  Rid 
in  vernaculum  sermonem  conservum  .  .  ." 
(Augsburg,  1591,  and  11  other  editions). 

Gum'pert,  Friedrich  Adolf,  horn-player ;  b. 
Lichtenau,  Thuringia,  Apr.  27,  1841.  Pupil  of 
Hammann  in  Jena  ;  from  1864,  first  horn  in  the 
Gewandhaus  Orch.,  Leipzig. — Works:  "  Prak- 
tische  Hornschule";  a  "  Solobuch "  f.  horn 
(difficult  passages  from  operas,  symphonies, 
etc.)  ;  "  Hornquartette  "  (2  books)  ;  "  Hornstu- 
dien";  and  orchestral  studies  f.  clar. ,.oboe,  bas- 
soon, trumpet,  and  'cello. 

Gum'precht,  Otto,  b.  Erfurt,  Apr.  4,  1S23. 
Law-student  in  Breslau,  Halle,  and  Berlin  ;  took 
degree  of  Dr.  juris ;  but  in  1S49  accepted  the 
editorship  of  the  mus.  feuilleton  in  the  "  Na- 
tionalzeitung,"  and  became  an  eminent  critic  and 
writer. — Works  :  "  Musikalische  Charakterbil- 
der"  (1869);  "  Neue  Charakterbilder  "  (1S76)  ; 
"  Richard  Wagner  und  der  Ring  des  Nibe- 
lungen  "  (1S73);  "  Unsere  klassischen  Meister" 
(2  vol.s,  1883-S5)  ;  and  "  Neuere  Meister"  (2 
vol.s,  18S3) ;  the  last  two  are  continuations  of 
the  "Charakterbilder." 

Griin'berg,  Eugen.     See  Gruenberg. 

Gungl  (or  Gung'l)  [g66ng'-gl],  Joseph,  b. 
Zsambek,  Hungary,  Dec.  1,  1S10  ;  d.  Weimar, 
Jan.  31,  1889.  At  first  oboist  in,  then  band- 
master of,  the  4th  Austrian  Artillery  ;  made  long 
tours  with  his  band,  playing  chiefly  his  own 
dances  and  marches.  In  1843  he  establ.  an  orch. 
of  his  own  in  Berlin  ;  made  a  moderately  suc- 
cessful trip  to  America  in  1S49  ;  was  created 
Royal  Mus.  Director  in  1S50  ;  in  1S5S  was  app. 
bandmaster  to  the  23rd  Austrian  Infantry  at 
Briinn  ;  lived  in  Munich  1S64-76,  and  then  set- 
tled in  Frankfort. — Works  :  Over  300  numbers 
of  marches  and  dances,  the  latter  vying  in  popu- 
larity with  those  by  Strauss. 

Gungl,  Virginia,  daughter  of  Joseph  ;  opera- 
singer  ;  debut  Court  Opera,  Berlin,  1871  ;  now 
eng.  at  Frankfort. 

Gungl,  Johann,  nephew  of  Joseph  ;  b.  Zsam- 
bek, Mar.  5,  1828  ;  d.  Pecs,  Hungary,  Nov.  27. 
1883.  Also  a  favorite  comp.  of  dance-music  ; 
gave  concerts  in  Berlin  1S43-5,  and  at  St.  Peters- 


240 


GUNN— HABENECK 


burg  1S45-54  ;   retired    in  1862   to  Fi'infkirchen, 
Hungary. 

Gunn,  John,  writer  and  'cellist ;  b.  Edinburgh 
(?),  1765  (?)  ;  d.  there  abt.  1824.  From  17S9, 
teacher  of  'cello  at  Cambridge  and  London  ;  re- 
turned to  Edinburgh  1795. — Works:  Pf. -method; 
"40  favorite  Scotch  Airs,  adapted  for  vln.,  Ger. 
flute,  or 'cello  .  .  .";  "Theory  and  Practice  of 
Fingering  the  V. cello  ..."  (1793);  "Art  of 
Playing  the  German  Flute  on  new  principles"; 
"  School  for  the  Ger.  Flute";  "  An  Essay,  theor. 
and  pract.,  on  the  Application  of  Harmony, 
Thorough-bass  and  Modulation  to  the  V. cello  " 
(Edinb.,  1S01);  "  An  Historical  Enquiry  respect- 
ing the  Performance  of  the  Harp  in  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland,  from  the  Earliest  Times  until 
it  was  discontinued  about  the  year  1734  ..." 
(Edinb.,  1S07). 

Gun'ther  [-ter],  Hermann.     See  Herther. 

Giin'ther,  Otto,  b.  Leipzig,  Nov.  4,  1S22  ;  d. 
there  Sept.  12,  1897.  A  lawyer  by  profession, 
from  1867-72  he  was  a  salaried  member  of  the 
Leipzig  Town  Council,  became  a  member  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Gewandhaus,  and 
Director  of  the  Cons.,  and  succeeded  Schleinitz 
in  1S81  as  president  of  both.  He  resigned  the 
presidency  of  the  Gewandhaus  a  few  years  ago, 
and  devoted  himself  wholly  to  the  Cons. ;  during 
his  administration  the  new  Cons. -building  was 
erected  (1887),  and  to  his  efforts  are  due  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  students'  orch.  and  the  opera- 
school. 

Gun'ther-  Bach'mann,  Karoline,  actress 
and  stage-singer;  b.  Dusseldorf,  Feb.  13,1816  ; 
d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  17,  1S74.  Member  of  the  Leip- 
zig Th.  from  1834  till  her  decease  ;  at  first  as 
soubrette  and  in  comedy,  from  1859  in  comic 
elderly  roles. 

Gunz,  Gustav,  b.  Gaunersdorf,  Lower  Aus- 
tria, Jan.  26,  1831  ;  d.  Frankfort,  Dec.  12,  1S94. 
Stage-tenor,  and  a  distinguished  oratorio-  and 
concert-singer  ;  pupil  of  Hollub  in  Vienna,  also 
of  Delsarte  and  Jenny  Lind  ;  long  a  member  of 
the  Hanover  Opera  ;  from  1S64-70,  of  the  Ital. 
opera,  London,  and,  from  1880,  teacher  of  sing- 
ing at  the  Hoch.  Cons.,  Frankfort.  In  1894  he 
received  the  title  of  "  Professor." 

Gu'ra,  Eugen,  eminent  dramatic  baritone;  b. 
Pressern,  n.  Saatz,  Bohemia,  Nov.  8,  1S42.  He 
first  st.  at  the  Polytechnic  and  the  Akademie, 
Vienna  ;  then  in  the  Munich  Cons.,  making  his 
debut  in  1865  at  Munich  as  Count  Liebenau 
( Waffenschmied),  which  led  to  an  immediate 
engagement  there.  Afterwards  he  sang  in  Bres- 
lau  (1867-70),  Leipzig  (1870-6),  where  he  became 
a  popular  idol,  and  received  a  tremendous  ova- 
tion at  his  farewell  performance  as  Hans  Sachs 
in  Die  Meistersinger  j  Hamburg  (1S76-83),  and 
Munich  (1SS3-95),  then  retiring  from  the  stage. 
— His  son,  Hermann,  is  also  a  fine  baritone. 

GurTitt,  Cornelius,  b.  Altona,  n.  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  10,  1820.      Dramatic  comp.,  a  pupil 


of  Reinecke  the  elder,  and  of  Weyse  at  Copen- 
hagen. Org.  of  the  Altona  Hauptkirche  in  1S64  ; 
army  musical  director  in  the  Schleswig-Holstein 
campaign  ;  prof,  in  Hamburg  Cons.,  and  Royal 
Mus.  Director  in  1874. — Works  :  Scheik  Hassan, 
4-act  opera  (not  perf.)  ;  Die  romische  Matter 
(Altona,  i860)  ;  Rafael  Saiizio,  operetta  ;  a 
string-quartet  ;  3  vln. -sonatas,  1  'cello-sonata, 
and  2  sonatinas  f .  'cello ;  pf .  sonatas,  and  many 
instructive  pieces  f.  pf.  ;  duets  and  songs. 

GiirrTich,  Joseph  Augustin,  b.  Miinster- 
berg,  Silesia,  1761  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  27,  1817. 
He  studied  theology  in  the  Jesuit  Latin  School, 
Breslau  ;  became  org.  of  the  Catholic  Hedwigs- 
kirche,  Berlin,  in  17S1  ;  in  1790,  double-bass 
player  in  the  court  orch. ;  in  1S11,  asst.-cond., 
in  1S16,  court  Kapellm. — Works  :  4  operas,  13 
ballets,  incidental  music  to  several  plays,  an  ora- 
torio, 4  cantatas,  pf. -music,  songs,  etc. 

Gut'mann  [goot'-],  Adolf,  b.  Heidelberg, 
Jan.  12,  1S19  ;  d.  Spezia,  Oct.  27,  1882.  Pupil 
and  friend  of  Chopin  ;  von  Lenz  considered  his 
playing  bad,  but  other  critics  praised  him.  He 
was  a  prolific  comp.  of  pf. -music. 

Gy'rowetz  [ghe'-ro-vets],  Adalbert,  b.  Bud- 
weis,  Bohemia,  Feb.  19,  1763  ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar. 
19,  1850.  Originally  a  law-student,  he  studied 
music  with  his  father,  a  choirmaster  ;  became 
secretary  to  Count  Fi'infkirchen,  with  whom  he 
went  to  Vienna,  where  his  symphonies  won  favor 
through  Mozart's  aid.  He  studied  for  2  years 
under  Sala,  at  Naples  ;  went  to  Paris  and  Lon- 
don, where  he  prod,  an  opera,  Se///ira//ti(/e(i']g2), 
and  returned  to  Vienna  in  1793.  As  a  lawyer 
speaking  six  languages,  he  acted  as  secretary  of 
legation  in  various  German  cities.  From  1S04-31, 
Kapellm.  of  the  Court  Opera  at  Vienna,  retiring 
on  a  small  pension.  He  was  an  extraordinarily 
productive  composer  ;  one  of  his  operas,  Der 
Augenarst  (Vienna,  1811),  enjoyed  long-con- 
tinued popularity  ;  but  his  comp.s  are  now  gen- 
erally forgotten. — Works  :  30  operas  and  ope- 
rettas ;  40  ballets  ;  60  symphonies  ;  12  serenades; 
3  quintets;  44  quartets;  24  trios  ;  36  pf.-sonatas  ; 
12  nocturnes  ;  19  masses  ;  also  cantatas,  part- 
songs,  songs  ;  overtures,  marches,  dances,  etc. 


H 


Haan.     See  Dehanx. 

Ha'beneck,  Francois-Antoine,  b.  Mezieres 
(Ardennes),  France,  June  1  (Jan.  23  ?),  17S1  ;  d. 
Paris,  Feb.  8,  1S49.  His  father,  a  native  of 
Mannheim,  and  member  of  a  French  regimental 
band,  taught  him  the  violin,  and  H.  composed 
quite  extensive  works  without  theoretical  teach- 
ing. Entering  Baillot's  class  in  the  Paris  Cons, 
in  1S01,  he  won  the  first  prize,  in  1804,  for  vio- 
lin-playing ;  then  joined  the  Ope'ra-Comique 
orch. ,  but  soon  entered  the  Opera  orch. ,  and  be- 
came leader  under  Kreutzer.  From  1S06  until 
the  (temporary)  suspension  of  the  Cons.,  H.  con- 


16 


241 


HABERBIER— HAFFNER 


ducted  most  of  the  concerts  ;  in  1828  he  became 
the  permanent  concert-director,  and  made  the 
concerts  famous.  He  was  Director  of  the  Grand 
Opera  1821-4,  and  succeeded  Kreutzer  in  1826 
as  conductor,  holding'  this  position  20  years.  He 
was  also  app.  prof,  of  vln.  at,  and  Inspector- 
General  of,  the  Cons.;  among  his  pupils  were 
Alard  and  Leonard.  By  introducing  Beethoven's 
symphonies  to  the  French  public,  he  did  inesti- 
mable service  to  the  cause  of  good  music. — Publ. 
works  :  2  vln. -concertos  ;  3  duos  concertants  f. 
2  vlns. ;  one  set  of  orch.l  variations;  a  set  of 
variations  f.  string-quartet  ;  a  nocturne  f.  2  vlns. 
on  motives  from  La  Gazza  ladra  ;  3  caprices  f . 
vln.  solo  w.  bass;  polonaises  f.  vln.  and  orch.  ; 
and  fantasias  f.  vln.  and  pf. 

Ha'berbier,  Ernst,  accomplished  pianist  ;  b. 
Konigsberg,  Oct.  5,  1813  ;  d.  Bergen,  Norway, 
Mar.  12,  1S69,  while  playing  at  a  concert.  A 
pupil  of  his  father,  an  organist,  he  left  home  in 
1832,  a  well-equipped  pianist,  and  went  to  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  had  good  fortune  as  a  con- 
cert-giver and  teacher,  becoming  court  pianist 
in  1847.  Gave  concerts  in  London  in  1850 ; 
then  retired  to  Christiania,  and  perfected  what 
he  considered  a  novel  system  of  pf. -technique — 
the  division  of  difficult  passages  between  the  two 
hands  (Scarlatti  and  Bach  had  done  the  same 
thing).  After  brilliant  concerts  in  Copenhagen, 
Kiel,  and  Hamburg,  he  appeared  at  Paris  in 
1S52,  and  created  a  sensation.  Thereafter  he 
made  tours  through  Germany,  Russia,  and  Den- 
mark, and  in  1866  settled  in  Bergen  as  a  teacher. 
— Brilliant  pf. -music  (Etudes-Poesies,  op.  53). 

Ha'berl,  Franz  Xaver,  eminent  theorist, 
mus.  editor,  and  historiographer  ;  b.  Oberellen- 
bach,  Lower  Bavaria,  Apr.  12,  1S40.  St.  in  the 
Boys'  Seminarv  at  Passau,  and  took  holy  orders 
in  1862  ;  1862-7,  cathedral- Kapellm.  and  mus. 
dir.  at  the  Seminary  ;  1S67-70,  org.  at  Sta.  Ma- 
ria dell'  Anima,  Rome  ;  1871-82,  cathedral- A'a- 
pellm.  at  Ratisbon,  where  he  founded,  in  1875, 
a  world-renowned  school  f.  church-music.  He 
is  an  authority  on  Catholic  church-music,  past 
and  present.  In  1872  he  assumed  the  editorship 
(vacated  by  Schrems'  death)  of  the  collection 
"  Musica  divina";  and  has  edited  the  periodical 
"  Musica  sacra"  since  Witt's  death  in  18SS.  He 
founded  a  Palestrina  Society  in  1879,  and  (since 
vol.  ix)  was  editor-in-chief  of  Breitkopf  and  Har- 
tel's  complete  edition  of  Palestrina's  composi- 
tions (32  vol.s  finished  in  1894),  which  he  aided 
not  only  by  his  experience  and  learning,  but  also 
by  rare  MSS.  from  his  personal  collection.  In 
1889  II.  received  the  title  of  Dr.  theol.  lion, 
causa  from  the  Univ.  of  Wi'irzburg. — Works  : 
"  Anweisung  zum  harmonischen  Kirchenge- 
sang"  (1864) ;  "  Magister  choralis  "  (1S65,  and 
8  subsequent  editions  ;  also  transl.  into  Eng- 
lish, French,  Italian,  and  Spanish)  ;  "  Lieder- 
Rosenkranz  "  (1866);  "  Caecilien  -  Kalender  " 
(1876-85  ;  also  in  enlarged  form  as  "  Kirchen- 
musikalisches  Tahrbuch");  "  Bertalotti's  Solfeg- 
gien"  (1SS0);*"  Wilhelm  Dufay  "  (1885);  "  Of- 


ficium  hebdomadae  sanctae  "  (1887,  in  German) 
"  Die  romische  schola  cantorum  und  die  papst 
lichen  Kapellsanger  bis  zur  Mitte  des  16.  Jahrh.' 
(1887);  "  Psalterium  vespertinum "  (1888) 
"Bibliographischer  und  thematischer  Musikka- 
talog  des  papstlichen  Kapellarchivs  im  Vatikan 
zu  Rom  "  (1S88). 

Ha'bermann,  Franz  Johann,  b.  Konigs- 
warth,  Bohemia,  1706  ;  d.  Eger,  Apr.  7,  1783. 
He  st.  in  Italy  ;  became  viaitre  de  chap,  to  the 
Prince  of  Conde  in  Paris,  1731  ;  then  maestro  di 
capp.  to  the  Grand  Duke  at  Florence  ;  going  to 
Prague,  he  wrote  an  opera  for  Maria  Theresa's 
coronation,  was  Kapellm.  of  two  churches,  and 
gave  many  lessons  ;  in  1773  he  became  mus.  dir. 
in  the  Dekanatkirche  at  Eger.  He  publ.  12 
masses  and  6  litanies,  and  left  in  MS.  2  oratorios, 
also  symphonies,  sonatas,  and  church-music. 

Ha'bert,  Johannes  Evangelista,  b.  Ober- 

plan,  Bohemia,  Oct.  iS,  1833  ;  d.  Gmunden, 
Sept.  1,  1S96.  From  1861  he  was  org.  at  Gmun- 
den, and  comp.  masses,  offertories,  organ-pes., 
pf. -music,  and  songs.  He  was  a  writer  on 
music,  and  the  editor  of  "  Denkmaler  der  Ton- 
kunst  in  Oesterreich  "  (Vienna  ;  vol.  i,  1894),  a 
collection  containing  comp.s  from  the  15th  to 
the  end  of  the  18th  century. 

Ha'ckel,  Anton,  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  17,  1779  ; 
d.  there  July  1,  1846.  Amateur  composer, 
government  official  in  the  dept.  of  buildings. 
Comp.  church-  and  military  music,  and  many 
songs  (the  ballad  "Die  nachtliche  Heerschau  " 
had  great  vogue). 

Hackh,  Otto  (Christoph),  b.  Stuttgart, 
Sept.  30,  1S52.  Pupil  1871-5,  at  Stuttgart 
Cons.,  of  Pruckner  and  Speidel  (pf.),  and  Sei- 
friz  (harm,  and  comp.)  ;  also  1887-8  of  A.  de 
Kontski  (pf.)  at  New  York.  P'rom  1S72-5  H. 
was  Speidel's  first  asst. -teacher  ;  1877-8,  con- 
cert-tours in  S.  Germany,  Tyrol,  and  Switzer- 
land ;  taught  and  concertized  in  London  during 
1878  ;  tours  in  1879  ;  went  to  New  York  in  1880, 
where,  until  1889,  he  was  head  of  pf.-dept.  in 
the  Grand  Cons.  Then,  after  private  teaching 
for  2  years,  he  spent  3  years  in  Europe  to  recover 
from  nervous  exhaustion.  Since  1895,  teacher 
in  New  York  and  Brooklyn. — One  of  the  most 
fecund  of  contemporary  pf. -composers,  H.  has 
publ.  some  200  pieces  for  solo  pf. ,  pf.  4  hands, 
and  pf.  w.  orch.,  inch  .«z/<9«-works  in  modern 
brilliant  style,  instructive  comp.s,  dance-music, 
etc.;  many  of  these,  and  also  many  of  his  very 
numerous  songs,  are  extremely  popular. 

Hadria'nus.     See  Adkiansen. 

HafTner,  Johann  Christian    Friedrich,  b. 

Oberschonau,  n.  Suhl,  Mar.  2,  1759;  d.  Upsala, 
Sweden,  May  28,  1833.  Organist,  pupil  of 
Vierling  at  Schmalkalden  ;  student  at  Leipzig 
Univ.  1776,  and  proof-reader  for  Breitkopf ;  then 
cond.  of  a  travelling  opera-troupe,  and  (1780) 
org.  at  Stockholm  in    the  German  church,  also 


242 


HAGEMANN— HAIZINGER 


accompanist  at  the  opera,  receiving  1787  the 
title,  and  1793  the  office,  of  court  Kapellm.  (due 
to  the  success  of  his  operas  Elektra,  Alkides,  and 
Rinaldo,  written  in  Gluck's  style).  From  1S0S- 
20,  cath.org.  at  Upsala,  and  from  1820  mus. 
dir.  of  the  Univ.  He  took  great  interest  in 
Swedish  national  music  ;  publ.  Swedish  Folk- 
songs with  accomp.,  and  revised  the  melodies  of 
the  Geijer-Afzelius  coll.;  edited  a  "  Svensk 
Choralbok  "  (2  parts,  1S19-21),  in  which  he  re- 
stored the  choral  melodies  of  the  17th  century, 
and  added  preludes  (1822)  ;  also  arr.  a  coll.  of  old 
Swedish  songs  in  4  parts  (1832-3  ;  he  finished 
only  two  books). 

Ha'gemann,  Francois  Willem,  b.  Zutphen, 
Holland,  Sept.  10,  1827.  In  1S46,  royal  org. 
at  Appeldoorn  ;  in  1848,  cond.  at  Nijkerk.  St. 
for  a  while  (1S52)  at  the  Brussels  Cons.,  lived  at 
Wageningen  as  a  teacher,  became  org.  at  Leeu- 
warden  in  1859,  town  mus.  dir.  at  Leyden  in 
i860,  and  is  now  org.  of  the  Willemskerk  at 
Batavia. — Pf. -music. 

Ha'geraann,  Maurits  Leonard,  brother  of 
preceding  ;  b.  Zutphen,  Sept.  25,  1829.  Violinist 
and  pianist;  pupil,  at  Brussels  Cons.,  of  Fe'tis, 
Michelot,  and  de  Be'riot,  graduating  in  1S52. 
After  playing  first  vln.  in  the  Ital.  opera  orch. 
at  Brussels,  he  became  mus.  dir.  at  Groningen 
(1853-65),  and  from  1S65-75  director  of  the 
Cons,  and  the  Philh.  Soc.  at  Batavia;  since  1875, 
mus.  dir.  at  Leeu warden,  where  he  founded  a 
Cons,  of  which  he  is  the  director. — Works  : 
Oratorio  Daniel  (MS.)  ;  a  festival  cantata  f. 
female  ch. ;  several  vocal  works  w.  orch.  ("  Com- 
fort of  Night,"  "Bird  of  passage,"  "Even- 
song"); pf.-pcs.  and  songs. 

Ha'gen,  Friedrich  Heinrich  von  der,  b. 
Schmiedeberg,  Ukraine,  Feb.  19,  17S0  ;  d.  Ber- 
lin, June  11,  1856,  as  prof,  of  German  literature 
at  the  Univ. — Publ.  "Minnesinger"  (1838-56, 
in  5  vol.s  ;  in  vol.  iii.  are  Minnegesange  in 
notation  according  to  the  Jena  Codex  and  other 
sources,  with  a  treatise  on  the  music  of  the 
Minnesinger)  ;  "  Melodien  zu  der  Sammlung 
deutscher,  vlamischer  und  franzosischer  Yolks- 
lieder"  (1S07  ;  with  Btisching). 

Ha'gen,  Johann  Baptist,  b.  Mayence,  1818  ; 
d.  Wiesbaden,  1870;  was  successively  Kapellm. 
at  the  theatres  in  Detmold  (1836),  Bremen  (1841), 
Wiesbaden  (1856),  Riga  (1865),  and  again  at 
Wiesbaden  (1S67). 

Ha'gen,  Adolf,  son  of  Joh.  Bapt. ;  b.  Bremen, 
Sept.  4,  185 1  ;  joined  the  royal  theatre-orch.  in 
Wiesbaden  as  violinist  in  1866  ;  was  mus.  dir. 
at  Danzig  and  Bremen  (1871-6)  ;  Kapellm.  at 
Freiburg,  Baden,  1877-9;  witn  Sucher  at  the 
Hamburg  Th.  (1879-82)  ;  court  Kapellm.  in 
Dresden  (1883),  and  succeeded  Wullner  as  artis- 
tic manager  of  the  Cons,  there  in  1884. — Works  : 
The  2-act  comic  opera  Zwei  Komponisten  oiler 
ein  Schaferspiel  in  Versailles  (Hamburg,  1SS2)  ; 
and  a  i-act  operetta  Schwarzna.se lien. 


Ha'gen,  Theodor,  b.  Hamburg,  Apr.  15, 
1823  ;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  21,  1871.  He  lived 
in  X.  V.  from  1854  as  a  teacher  and  critic; 
edited  the  "  N.  V.  Weekly  Review."— Publ. 
"  Civilisation  und  Musik"  (1S45,  under  the  pen- 
name  "  Joachim  Fels")  ;  "  Musikalische  Novel- 
len  "  (1848)  ;  also  pf. -music  and  songs. 

Ha'ger,  Johannes  (pen-name  of  "Hofrath' 
Johannes,  Freiherr  von  Hasslinger-Has- 
singen),  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  24,  1822  ;  d.  there 
Jan.  9,  1898.  Pupil  of  Mendelssohn  and  Haupt- 
mann.  Besides  several  successful  essays  in 
chamber-music,  he  prod.  2  operas,  Iolanthe 
(1S49)  antl  Mar/a  (1SS6),  at  the  Vienna  Court 
Th. ;  also  an  oratorio,  Johannes  der  Tailfer. 

Hahn,  Bernhard,  b.  Leubus,  Silesia,  Dec.  17, 
17S0  ;  d.  Breslau,  1852,  as  cathedral-Aa/V/////. — 
Publ.  "  Gesange  zum  Gebrauch  bei  sonn-  und 
wochentagigen  Gottesdienst  auf  katholischen 
Gymnasien  "  (1820)  ;  and  "  Handbuch  zum  Un- 
terricht  in  Gesang  fur  Schiller  auf  Gymnasien 
und  Burgerschulen "  (1829).  Pie  composed 
vocal  church-music  and  school-songs. 

Hahn,  Albert,  b.  Thorn,  West  Prussia, 
Sept.  29,  1828  ;  d.  Lindenau,  n.  Leipzig,  July 
14,  1880.  Teacher  in  Berlin  (1S56),  mus.  dir. 
in  Bielefeld  (1867-70),  lived  in  Konigsberg,  and 
returned  to  Berlin  (1875)  ;  in  1S76  he  started  a 
music  paper,  "  Die  Tonkunst,"  advocating  the 
"chromatic"  reform  (scale  of  12  equal  semi- 
tones). 

Hahn,  Reynaldo,  b.  Caracas,  Venezuela, 
Aug.  9,  1874.  Pupil  of  Massenet  at  Paris 
Cons.  Residing  (1898)  in  Paris. — Works  :  A  3- 
act  "  idylle  polynesienne,"  L'ile  du  Rive  (Paris, 
Op.-Comique,  Mar.  23,  1S98)  ;  incidental  music 
to  l' Obstacle  (by  Daudet),  and  other  stage-pes. ; 
numerous  songs  ;  pf.-pcs.  f.  2  and  4  hands. 

Hah'nel.     See  Gallus,  Jacobus. 

Hainl,  Georges-Francois,  noted  'cellist ; 
b.  Issoire,  Puy-de-P)6me,  Nov.  19,  1S07  ;  d. 
Paris,  June  2,  1S73.  Pupil  of  Norblin  in  Paris 
Cons.  (1829)  ;  took  1st  'cello-prize  in  1830.  He 
then  travelled  ;  in  1S40  accepted  the  post  of  1st 
chef  d'orckestre  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Lyons, 
and  in  1863  a  similar  position  at  the  Grand 
Opera,  Paris  (Gevaert  being  his  assistant).  He 
also  cond.  the  Cons,  concerts  for  some  years, 
and  the  court  concerts  (with  the  title  of  Maitre 
de  chapelle  imperials). — Works  :  An  essay  "  De 
la  musique  a  Lyon  depuis  1712  jusqu'a  1S52  " 
(1852)  ;   'cello-music. 

Hai'zinger,  Anton,  tenor  opera-singer,  b. 
Wilfersdorf,  Lichtenstein,  Mar.  14,  1796  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Dec.  31,  1869.  At  first  a  singing- 
master  in  Vienna,  where  he  was  taught  by  Sa- 
lieri,  he  was  eng.  for  the  Th.  an  der  Wien  by 
Count  Palffy  in  1821.  Some  years  later,  after  a 
succession  of  starring-tours  to  principal  German 
cities,  he  was  eng.  at  Karlsruhe  for  life,  at  the 
court  theatre.  His  subsequent  excursions  to 
Paris  and  London  were  very  successful.  He 
returned  to  Vienna  in  1S50. 


243 


HALE— HALEVY 


Hale,  Philip,  b.  Norwich,  Vt.,  Mar.  5,  1854. 
Took  music-lessons  from  early  youth,  and  as  a 
boy  played  the  organ  in  the  Unit,  ch.,  North- 
ampton, Mass.  Graduate  of  Yale  Univ.,  1876  ; 
admitted  to  the  Albany  bar,  1880.  First  studied 
music  seriously  with  D.  Buck  in  1S76  ;  st.  in 
Europe  1882-7  (organ  with  Haupt,  Faiszt, 
Rheinberger, and  Guilmant, — comp.  with  Urban, 
Bargiel,  Rheinberger,  and  Guilmant, — pf.  with 
Raif  and  Scholz).  Was  organist  1879-82  at 
St.  Peter's,  Albany  ;  1887-9  at  St.  John's,  Troy  ; 
since  1SS9,  of  First  Religious  Soc,  Roxbury, 
Mass.  From  1887-9,  also  cond.  of  the  Schu- 
bert Club,  male  chorus,  at  Albany.  Critic  for 
the  "  Boston  Home  Journal,"  1889-91  ;  "Bos- 
ton Post,"  1890-91  ;  "  Boston  Journal,"  since 
1 891  ;  is,  since  1897,  ed.  of  the  Boston  "  Mus. 
Record,"  and  1892-1898,  Boston  correspondent 
of  the  "  Mus.  Courier,"  N.  Y.  Has  given  lec- 
tures on  mus.  subjects  at  Columbia  Univ.  (N. 
Y.),  and  in  various  other  cities.  H.  is  known 
as  one  of  the  most  forceful  and  brilliant  writers 
for  the  Amer.  mus.  press  ;  his  articles  in  the 
"  Looker-on,"  "  Music  Review,"  "  Mus.  Her- 
ald," "  Mus.  Courier,"  etc.,  are  valuable  contri- 
butions to  mus.  literature,  and  often  tinged 
with  unique  humor. 

Hale  (or  Halle).  See  Adam  de  la  Hale. 
^  Halevy,  Jacques  -  Francois  -  Fromental  - 
Elie,  gifted  dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Paris 
27>  x799  ;  d.  Nice, 
March  17,  1862. 
His  parents  were 
Jews.  At  ten  he 
entered  the  Paris 
Cons,  as  an  ele- 
mentary pupil  of 
Cazot.  In  iSiohe 
studied  piano  with 
Lambert  ;•  in  181 1, 
harmony  with  Ber- 
ton  ;  and  counter- 
point for  five  years 
with  Cherubini.  At 
seventeen  he  was 
allowed  to  compete 
for  the  Prix  de  Rome 
his  cantata  Herminie. 


he  won  it  in  1819  with 
He  had  previously  com- 
posed an  opera,  Les  Bohemicniics  (never  perf.), 
published  a  pf. -sonata  for  4  hands,  and  set  to 
music  the  130th  Psalm  in  Hebrew,  the  De  Pro- 
fundis.  During  his  three  years'  stay  in  Italy 
he  made  great  progress,  writing  another  opera, 
etc.  In  i822,  on  his  return  to  Paris,  he  made 
vain  attempts  to  get  his  grand  opera  Pyg- 
malion and  Les  deux  pavilions  (comic)  pro- 
duced. It  was  not  until  1827  that  he  brought 
out  a  one-act  comic  opera,  V Artisan,  at  the  Th. 
Feydeau  ;  though  with  little  success.  The  same 
year  he  succeeded  Daussoigne  as  prof,  of  har- 
mony and  accomp.  at  the  Cons. ;  following  Fetis 
as  prof,  of  cpt.  and  fugue  in  1833,  and  taking  a 
class  of  advanced  composition  in  1840.  In  1S27 
he   was   engaged   as   cembalist    at    the    Italian 


Opera.  In  1828,  with  Rifaut,  he  composed  Le 
Roi  el  le  Bdtelier  in  honor  of  Charles  X.  In 
1829,  Clari  (with  Malibran  as  prima  donna)  was 
a  success  at  the  Th.  Italien  ;  Le  dilettante 
a" Avignon  was  produced  the  same  year,  and  in 
1S30  the  grand  ballet  A/anon  Lescaut.  II.  was 
now  app.  chef  de  el/ant  at  the  Opera,  a  post  re- 
tained during  16  years.  In  1S31  L.a  langue 
musicale  was  prod,  at  the  Op. -Com.;  La  tenta- 
tion  (1832  ;  ballet-opera,  with  Gide),  at  the 
Opera  ;  Les  Souvenirs  de  Lafleur  (1S32)  ;  and 
the  same  year  a  completion  of  Herald's  unfin- 
ished Ludovic,  which  proved  very  successful. 
In  1835  La  Juive  (grand  opera  in  5  acts,  H.'s 
masterpiece)  was  prod,  at  the  Opera  on  Feb. 
23,  and  soon  obtained  great  vogue  throughout 
Europe.  Six  months  later  appeared  V Eclair,  a 
sparkling  comic  opera.  To  add  to  his  growing 
reputation,  II .  was  created  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  On  the  death  of  Reicha 
(1S36)  H.  succeeded  him  as  one  of  the  three 
musical  members  of  the  Academie  ;  and  in  1854 
was  appointed  secretary  for  life.  With  La 
Juive  II.  attained  not  only  the  zenith  of  his 
powers,  but  also  of  his  triumphs.  In  1836  the 
blazing  apparition  of  Les  L/ugttenots  paled  the 
milder  fires  of  the  French  composer,  and  Meyer- 
beer became  the  idol  of  the  hour.  La  Juive  was 
followed  by  Guido  et  Ginevra  (183S)  ;  Les  Treize 
(1S39) ;  Le  Drapier  (1840) ;  La  Reiue  de  Chypre, 
a  brilliant  success,  and  Le  Guitarero  (1841) ; 
Charles  VL  (1843);  Le  Lazzarone  (1S44);  Les 
mousquetaires  de  la  reine  (1S46).  He  collabo- 
rated with  Adam,  Auber,  and  Carafa  in  Les 
premiers  pas  for  the  inauguration  of  the  National 
Opera  (1S47).  Le  1'al  d'Andorre  was  given  in 
1848  (adapted  for  the  English  stage  in  London, 
1S50) ;  La  Fee  anx  roses,  in  1S49;  La  Dame  de 
pique,  1S50.  In  1850  II.  conducted  in  London 
an  Italian  opera,  La  Tempesta.  Le  fuif  errant 
was  produced  in  1S52 ;  Le  Nabab,  1S53 ; 
Jaquarita,  1855  ;  V Inconsolable  [under  nom-de- 
plume  "  Albert"],  1S55  ;  Valentine  d'Aubignj/, 
1S56  ;  and  La  Magicienne,  1S57.  —  H.  was  more 
inclined  to  aim  at  a  high  ideal  than  to  please 
the  popular  taste.  His  music  possesses  true 
emotional  and  dramatic  power,  and  is  "melodi- 
ous, but  combined  with  so  many  details  and 
refinements  of  harmony  and  instrumentation" 
that  it  could  not  be  appreciated  by  the  general 
public  ;  though  he  held  a  high  rank  among 
artists. — Besides  his  operas,  he  wrote  a  pf.- 
sonata  for  4  hands,  romances,  nocturnes,  part- 
songs  for  male  voices  ;  scenes  from  Prometheus 
Unbound  (1S49)  ;  the  cantatas  Les  plages  du 
Nil  and  Ltalie  (1S59)  I  and  le^  the  almost  finished 
scores  of  two  operas,  Vanina  d'Omano  (com- 
pleted by  Bizet)  and  I,c  D/luge.  In  the  Paris 
schools  his  "  Lecons  de  lecture  musicale"  was 
adopted  as  the  text-book  for  singing.  "  Souve- 
nirs et  portraits"  (1S61)  and  "  Derniers  souve- 
nirs et  portraits"  (1863)  were  collections  of  the 
funeral  orations  that,  as  Secretary  of  the  Acade- 
mie, he  had  delivered  at  the  obsequies  of  de- 
ceased members. — Short  biographies  of  H.  were 


244 


IIALIR— IIALLSTROM 


published  by  his  brother  Leon  (1S62),  E.  Mon- 
nais  (1S63),  and  A.  Pougin  (1865). 

Halir'  [-leer],  Karl,  distinguished  violinist  ; 
b.  Hohenelbe,  Bohemia,  Feb.  1,  1S59.  A 
pupil  of  Bennewitz  at  Prague  Cons. ;  later  of 
Joachim  in  Berlin  (1874-6).  After  playing  as 
1st  violinist  in  Bilse's  orch.,  and  short  engage- 
ments at  Konigsberg  and  Mannheim,  he  was 
app.  in  1884  leader  of  the  court  orch.  at  Wei- 
mar, where  he  still  (1S99)  resides.  His  first 
tournee  in  the  United  States  (1S96-7)  was  very 
successful. — His  wife  Theresa  {ne'e  Zerbst),  b. 
Berlin,  Nov.  6,  1859,  married  in  iSSS,  is  a  fine 
soprano  (pupil  of  Otto  Eichberg). 

Hall,  Charles  King,  b.  London,  1S45  (?) ; 
d.  there,  Sept.  1,  1895.  English  composer  and 
theoretical  writer  ;  org.  successively  at  St.  Paul's 
(Camden  Sq.),  St.  Luke's,  and  Christ  Ch. — 
Wrote  "School  for  the  Harmonium";  "Har- 
monium Primer"  (Xovello).  — Compositions: 
Much  church-music,  many  songs,  and  pf.-pcs.; 
also  numerous  operettas  for  German  Reed's  en- 
tertainments at  St.  George's  Hall,  among  them 
being  Foster-brothers,  Doubleday's  Will,  and 
A  Tremendous  Mystery  (books  by  F.  C.  Bur- 
nand)  ;  The  Artful  Automaton,  and  A  Strange 
Host  (books  by  A.  Law)  ;  Grimstone  Grange 
and  .-/  Christmas  Stoeking(hooVs  b.  G.  a  Becket)  ; 
The  Naturalist  (book  by  C.  Carr).  These  were 
his  most  popular  works. 

Halle.     See  Adam  de  la  II. 

Hal'le,  Johann  Samuel,  b.  Bartenstein, 
Prussia,  1730  ;  d.  Jan.  9,  1S10.  Professor  of 
history  at  the  Berlin  military  school.  Author  of 
"  Theoretische  und  praktische  Kunst  des  Orgel- 
baus"  (1779;  also  in  vol.  vi  of  his  "  Werk- 
statte  der  Kttnste  ";   Brandenburg,  1799). 

Halle,  (Sir)  Charles  (real  name  Karl  Halle), 
renowned  pianist  and  conductor  :  b.  Hagen, 
Westphalia,  Apr. 
11,  1819  ;  d.  Man- 
chester, Engl., 
Oct.  25,  1S95. 
Son  of  the  town 
Kapellm.,  he  was 
an  infant  prodigy. 
S  t .  w  .  R  i  n  k  a  t 
Darmstadt,  1835. 
In  1S36,  went  to 
Paris,  where  he 
made  a  brilliant 
reputation,  ami  lor 
twelve  years  was 
in  friendly  asso- 
ciation with  Che- 
rubini,     Chopin, 

Liszt,  Kalkbrenner,  etc.  The  Revolution  of 
1848  drove  him  to  London,  where  he  repeated 
his  Parisian  success,  and  became  a  fashionable 
teacher.  In  1853,  was  dir.  of  the  "  Gentlemen's 
Concerts,"  Manchester  ;  in  1857,  est.  there  the 
subscription-concerts,  with  the  famous  "Charles 
Plalle's    Orchestra."     His  chief   activity  lay  in 


Manchester,  but  he  was  closely  connected  with 
the  London  Popular  Concerts,  gave  Beethoven 
recitals  as  early  as  1861,  performing  all  B.'s  so- 
natas in  eight  matinees,  and  in  1S80  gave  orch. 
concerts  in  London,  producing  Berlioz's  Faust. 
In  1876  he  cond.  the  2nd  grand  triennial  festival 
at  Bristol.  In  1890  and  1S91  he  visited  Aus- 
tralia with  his  wife  (ne'e  Neruda),  whom  he  mar- 
ried in  the  year  of  his  knighthood,  18SS.  In 
1S84  Edinburgh  University  conferred  on  him 
the  hon.  degree  of  Mus.  Doc. — Works  :  Several 
comp.s,  and  a  method,  f.  pf. — Autobiography, 
London,  1S97. 

Hallen',  Anders,  notable  Swedish  dram, 
comp.,  b.  Gotenburg,  Dec.  22,  1S46.  Pupil  of 
Reinecke  (Leipzig,  1S66-6S),  Rheinberger  (Mu- 
nich, 1S69),  Rietz  (Dresden,  1S70-1).  Cond.  of 
the  Musical  Union,  Gotenburg,  1872-8,  also  from 
1SS3  ;  in  the  interim  living  principally  at  Berlin  ; 
1892,  cond.  of  Royal  Opera  at  Stockholm. — 
Works:  2  operas,  Harald  der  Viking  (Leipzig, 
1SS1  ;  Stockholm,  1SS3)  ;  Hexf alien  {Der  Hex- 
enfang]  (Stockholm,  1S96  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  2  Swedish 
Rhapsodies,  op.  17  and  23  ;  Vom  Pagen  und  der 
Konigstochter ,  ballad-cycle  f.  chorus,  solo,  and 
orch.;  Traumkonig  und  sein  Lieb,  do.;  Das 
Aehrenfeld,  f.  female  ch.  w.  pf. ;  Vineta,  choral 
rhapsody  w.  pf. ;  Symph.  poem  "  Ein  Sommer- 
marchen "  (1889);  Romance  f.  vln.  w.  orch.; 
German  and  Swedish  songs. 

HalTer,  Michael,  church-comp. ;  b.  Neusaat 
(Upper  Palatinate),  Jan.  13,  1840.  Educated  at 
Matten  monastery,  and  at  the  Ratisbon  semi- 
nary for  priests.  Took  holy  orders  in  1864,  st. 
sacred  mus.  under  Schrems,  and  was  app.  pre- 
fect of  the  Ratisbon  Cathedral  Choristers'  Insti- 
tution. Kapellm.,  in  succession  to  Wesselack,  at 
the  "  Realinstitut "  in  1866,  and  teacher  of  vocal 
comp.  and  cpt.  at  the  school  of  church-music. — 
Works  :  14  masses,  motets  a  3-8,  psalms,  lita- 
nies, a  Te  Deum  ;  melodramas,  string-quartets, 
etc.  Completed  the  third-choir  parts  of  six 
comp.s  a  12  of  Palestrina,  which  had  been  lost 
(vol.  xxvi  of  the  complete  edition).  Peda- 
gogic writings  :  "  Eompositionslehre  fiir  den 
polyphonen  Kirchensang";  "  Modulation  in  den 
Rirchentonarten ";  also  contributed  historical 
articles  to  Haberl's  "  Kirchenmusikalische  Jahr- 
bi'icher. " 

HalTstrom,  Ivar,  Swedish  dram.  comp. ;  b. 
Stockholm,  June  5,  1S26.  St.  law  ;  became  pri- 
vate librarian  to  the  Crown  Prince,  the  present 
King  of  Sweden.  In  1S61,  succeeded  Lindblad 
as  dir.  of  the  school  of  music.  Works  exhibit 
strong  national  characteristics;  Hertig  Magnus 
(Stockholm,  1867),  his  1st  opera,  w.  20  nos.  in 
minor  keys,  and  The  Enchanted  Cat  (1869)  were 
coldly  received,  but  success  was  achieved  with 
Mountain  King  (1S74),  Bride  of  the  Gnome 
(1875),  Vikings'  Forage  (1877),  Nyaga  (1S85  ; 
book  by  "Carmen  Sylva "),  Per  Swinaherde 
(1SS7),  and  the  romantic  opera  Granada's  Daugh- 
ter (Stockholm,  1S92)  ;   "The  Flowers,"  idyl  f. 


245 


HALM— HAMMERSCHMIDT 


soli,  ch. ,  and  orch.   (i860,  prize  of  Stockholm 
Musical  Union). 

Halm,  Anton,  pianist,  teacher,  and  comp. ;  b. 
Altenmarkt,  Styria,  June  4,  1789  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Apr.  6,  1S72.  Until  1S1 1,  lieutenant  in  the  Aus- 
trian army.  Settled  in  Vienna  as  pf. -teacher 
and  comp. ;  was  one  of  Beethoven's  intimate 
friends. — Publ.  works  :  Mass  ;  3  string-quartets  ; 
6  pf. -trios  ;  3  'cello-sonatas  ;  pf. -sonatas,  rondos, 
and  many  fine  etudes  ;  etc. 

Ha'mel,  Marie-Pierre,  organ-expert ;  b. 
Auneuil  (Oise),  France,  Feb.  24,  17S6  ;  d.  Beau- 
vais,  after  1870.  St.  music  and  vln.  from  an 
early  age,  but  was  self-taught  in  the  art  of 
organ-building.  In  his  13th  year,  with  school- 
boy implements,  he  manufactured  a  small  organ 
of  three  octaves,  and  at  14  years  of  age  restored 
the  i6th-cent.  organ  of  Clermont  village  ch.  so 
satisfactorily  that  he  was  specially  compli- 
mented and  thanked  by  the  churchwardens. 
Did  not  follow  the  profession  of  organ-building, 
but  later  rebuilt  the  grand  organ  of  Beauvais 
cath.  (5  claviers,  84  stops).  He  was  made 
Membre  de  la  Commission  Jos  Arts  et  des  Monu- 
ments, and  prepared  reports  on  the  state  of 
nearly  all  the  principal  organs  in  France  for  the 
Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  and  Worship. 
Founded  the  Beauvais  Philharmonic  Society,  one 
of  the  first  to  introduce  Beethoven's  symphonies 
in  France.  Author  of  a  valuable  work,  "  Nou- 
veau  Manuel  complet  du  facteur  d'orgues,  ou 
traite  theorique  et  pratique  de  l'art  de  construire 
les  orgues,  contenant  l'orgue  de  Dom  Bedos  et 
tous  les  progres  et  perfectionnements  de  la  fac- 
ture  jusqu'a  ce  jour,  precede  d'une  notice  his- 
torique  sur  l'orgue,  et  suivi  d'une  Biographie  des 
principaux  facteurs  d'orgues  francais  ou  Gran- 
gers "  (Roret  :   Paris,  1849). 

Ha'mel,  Eduard,  violinist,  pianist,  and  comp. ; 
b.  Hamburg,  181 1.  Violinist  f.  many  years  in 
the  orch.  of  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris.  Returned 
to  Hamburg  in  1S46  as  teacher  of  vln.  and  pf. 
— Works  :  Malvina,  opera ;  pf. -quartets,  pf.- 
pcs. ;  ballads,  songs,  etc. 

Ha'mel,  Margarethe.     See  Schick. 

Ha'merik,  Asger,  b.  Copenhagen,  Apr.  8, 
1843.  Son  of  a  prof,  of  divinity,  who  dis- 
couraged his  musical  leanings,  he  instructed 
himself  in  the  art,  and  at  15  became  the  pupil 
of  Gade,  Matthison-Hansen,  and  Haberbier.  In 
1862,  pf. -pupil  of  Biilow  at  Berlin,  and  at  Paris 
in  1S64  met  Berlioz,  who  went  with  him  to 
Vienna  in  1866-7.  H.  was  a  member  of  the 
musical  jury  of  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  received 
a  gold  medal  for  his  richly  orchestrated  Hymne 
dc  la  Paix.  He  wrote  two  operas,  Tovelille  and 
Hjalmar  and  Ingeborg,  fragments  of  which  were 
perf.  in  Paris  and  Copenhagen.  II.  visited 
Italy  in  1869,  and  at  Milan  (1870)  prod,  an 
Ital.  opera,  La  Vendetta.  In  1871,  app.  di- 
rector of  the  Conservatory  of  the  Peabody  Insti- 
tute, and  of  the  Peabody  symphony  concerts, 
Baltimore.      In    1S90   II.  was  knighted  by  the 


King  of  Denmark. — Works  (besides  the  operas 
mentioned)  :  Dor  Wanderer  (1872),  a  festival 
cantata  to  commemorate  the  new  Swedish 
constitution  (1866);  an  "  Oper  ohne  Worte " 
(1883);  choral  work,  "  Christliche  Trilogie  "  (a 
pendant  to  a  "Trilogie  judaique  "  brought  out 
in  Paris);  five  symphonies  (1880-91)  ;  five  "Nor- 
dische  Suiten  "  f.  orch.;  'cello  and  pf.  fantasia; 
concert  romance  f.  'cello  and  orch.;  pf. -quartet 
(op.  61)  ;  several  cantatas,  vocal  pes.,  etc. 

Hamilton,  James  Alexander,  theorist  and 
prolific  writer;  b.  London,  1785  ;  d.  there  Aug. 
2,  1845.  .Son  of  a  dealer  in  second-hand  books, 
his  education  was  neglected  ;  but  naturally  intel- 
ligent, voluminous  reading  from  his  father's  stock 
supplied  the  lack  of  instruction.  Unfortunately 
of  intemperate  habits,  he  was  always  in  want, 
selling  for  a  few  pounds  the  copyright  of  ele- 
mentary works  which  passed  through  numerous 
editions.  He  died  in  utter  misery. — Writings  : 
"  Modern  Instruction  for  the  Pf."  (still  pub- 
lished) ;  "Catechism  of  Singing";  "Catechism  of 
the  Rudimentsof  Harmony  and  Thoroughbass"; 
"  Catechism  of  Counterpoint,  Melody,  and  Com- 
position," "Catechism  of  Double  Counterpoint 
and  Fugue";  Catechism  on  Art  of  Writing  for 
an  Orchestra  and  of  Playing  from  Score"; 
"Catechism  of  the  Invention,  Exposition,  De- 
velopment, and  Concatenation  of  Musical  Ideas"; 
"  A  New  Theoretical  Musical  Grammar";  "Dic- 
tionary comprising  an  Explication  of  3,500  Ital- 
ian, French,  etc.  Terms  "  (3rd  ed.,  1848).  Also 
translated  Cherubini's  "  Counterpoint  and 
Fugue,"  Baillot's  "  Methode  de  Violon,"  Fro- 
lich's  "  Kontrabassschule,"  Vierling's  "  Anlei- 
tung  zum  Praludieren,"  etc. 

Ham'ma,  Benjamin,  comp.,  cond.,  and 
teacher  ;  b.  Friedingen,  Wiirttemberg,  Oct.  10, 
1831.  St.  com.  w.  Lindpaintner  at  Stuttgart  ; 
went  to  Paris,  thence  to  Rome.  Till  1S70, 
cond.  and  teacher  at  Konigsberg,  now  director  of 
the  new  school  of  music  at  Stuttgart. — Works  : 
Opera,  Zotrrisko ;  pf.-pes. ,  part-songs,  songs, 
etc. — His  brother, 

Ham'ma,  Franz  Xaver,  pianist,  comp.,  and 
org.,  b.  Wehingen,  Wiirttemberg,  Dec.  3,  1835  ; 
was  org.  of  the  St.  Anna  Ch.,  Basel,  and  dir.  of 
the  Cacilienverein  there,  later  org.  at  Obersta- 
dion,  Wiirttemberg  ;  now  mus. -teacher  at  Metz. 
— Works:  A  vocal  method,  org. -music,  songs,  etc. 

Ham'merschmidt,  Andreas,  org.  and  comp. ; 
b.  Briix,  Bohemia,  161 1  ;  d.  Zittau,  Oct.  29,  1675. 
St.  cpt.  at  Schandau  w.  cantor  Stephan  Otto. 
Org.  of  St.  Peter's,  Freiberg,  1635,  and  from 
1639,  at  Zittau,  where  a  statue  was  erected  to 
his  memory.  Of  marked  originality,  his  numer- 
ous works  are  of  importance  in  the  mus.  history 
of  the  17th  century.  They  are  :  "  Instrumen- 
talischer  erster  Fleiss"  (1636)  ;  "  Musikalischer 
Andachten  1.  Theil,  das  ist  :  Geistliche  Con- 
certen,  mit  2,  3  und  4  Stimmen  mit  Generalbass  " 
(1638)  ;  ditto,  part  2,  "  Geistliche  Madrigalien, 
mit    4,    5     und    6    Stimmen   mit   Generalbass " 


246 


HAMPEL— HANDEL 


(1641)  ;  ditto,  part  3,  "  Geistliche  Symphonien," 
f.  two  voices  w.  instr.s  (1642)  ;  ditto,  part  4, 
"Geistliche  Motetten  und  Concerte,  von  5,  12 
und  mehr  Stimmen  mit  doppeltem  Generalbass  " 
(1646)  ;  "  Dialogi  oder  Gesprache  zwischen  Gott 
und  einer  glaubigen  Seele "  (vol.  i,  a  2-4,  w. 
continuo,  1645  [1652J  ;  vol.  ii,  Opitz's  transla- 
tion of  "  The  Song  of  Solomon,"  a  1-2,  w.  2 
vlns.  and  continuo,  1645  [1658])  ;  "XVII  Mis- 
sae  sacrae,"  a  5-12  (1633);  "  Paduanen,  Gail- 
larden,  Balletten,  etc."  (1648  and  1650,  two 
parts);  "  Weltliche  Oden  "  (1650,  two  parts); 
"  Lob-  und  Danklied  aus  dem  S4.  Psalm,"  a  9 
(1652);  "  Chormusik,  fi'mfter  Theil "  (1652); 
"  Motettae  unius  et  duarum  vocum "  (1646); 
Musikalisches  Bethaus";  "  Musikalische"  (part 
2,  "Geistliche")  "Gesprache  uber  die  Evange- 
lia,"  a  4-7,  w.  continuo  (1655-56,  two  parts)  ; 
"  Fest-,  Buss-  und  Danklieder"  (5  vocal  and  5 
instr.l  parts  and  continuo,  1659);  "Kirchen-  und 
Tafelmusik"  (sacred  concertos,  1662)  ;  and 
"  Fest-  und  Zeitandachten  "  (a  6,  1671). 

Ham'pel,  Hans,  pianist  and  comp. ,  b.  Prague, 
Oct.  5,  1822  ;  d.  there  Mar.  30,  1S84.  St.  under 
Wenzel  Tomaschek,  and  became  org.  at  Prague. 
Comp.s  :  A  Requiem:  pf. -works  ("Das  Ent- 
zlicken,"  op.  8;  "Lieb  Aennchen,"  op.  10;  three 
rhapsodies,  op.  16  ;  Clavierfuge,  op.  21  ;  varia- 
tions f.  left  hand,  op.  26  ;  concert-waltzes);  etc. 

Hanboys  (or  Hamboys),  John,  English  mus. 
theorist  of  the  15th  century.  Mus.  Doc,  one 
of  the  first  Englishmen  on  whom  the  degree  was 
conferred.  Coussemaker  printed  his  Latin  trea- 
tise, "  Summa  super  musicam  continuam  et  dis- 
cretum,"  in  his  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  i,  p.  416. 

Hand,  Ferdinand  Gotthelf,  b.  Plauen, 
Saxony,  Feb.  15,  1786  ;  d.  Jena,  Mar.  14,  1851. 
St.  at  Leipzig  Univ.  under  the  celebrated  Greek 
scholar  G.  Hermann.  In  1817,  app.  prof,  of 
Greek,  etc. ,  at  Jena. — Publ.  ' '  Aesthetik  der  Ton- 
kunst  "  (Jena,  2  vols.,  1837-41  ;  2nd  ed.  Leipzig, 
1846). 

Han'del  (or  Handel,  Handl).     See  Gai.lus. 

Han'del  (also  spelt  Hendel,  Hendeler,  Han- 
deler,  or  Hendtler,  by  various  branches  of  the 
family),  Georg 
F  r  i  e  d  r  i  c  h  [at 
first  spelt  Hen- 
del,  in  England  ; 
inhislaterperiod, 
he  himself  adopt- 
ed the  quasi  an- 
glicized form  of 
George  Fride- 
ric  Handel]; 
b.  Halle,  Feb.  23, 
1685  ;  d.  London, 
April  14,  1759. 
His  father,  a  bar- 
ber, afterwards 
surgeon  and  valet 
to  the  Prince  of 
Saxe-Magdeburg,  at  the  age  of  62  [Spitta]  mar- 
ried a  second  wife,  Dorothea  Taust,  daughter  of 


the  pastor  at  Giebichenstein,  n.  Halle.  Their 
second  son  was  the  composer.  Handel  was  in- 
tended for  a  lawyer  ;  but,  in  spite  of  his  father's 
strenuous  opposition,  he  secretly  taught  himself 
to  play  the  harpsichord.  In  1692,  at  7  years  of 
age,  his  father  took  him  on  a  visit  to  an  elder 
step-brother,  valet  at  the  court  of  Saxe-Weissen- 
fels  ;  here  the  boy  gained  access  to  the  chapel- 
organ,  and  was  heard  by  the  Duke,  who  insisted 
on  his  receiving  a  good  musical  education.  Un- 
der Zachau,  org.  of  Halle  cathedral,  he  studied 
cpt.,  canon,  and  fugue,  and  practised  the  oboe, 
spinet,  harpsichord,  and  organ  ;  he  comp.  6 
sonatas  f.  2  oboes  and  bass,  became  asst. -organ- 
ist to  his  teacher,  and  for  three  years  wrote  a 
motet  for  every  Sunday.  In  1696  his  father 
took  him  to  Berlin,  where  his  remarkable  skill  in 
playing  and  improvising  on  the  organ  and  harp- 
sichord excited  the  admiration  of  Ariosti  and 
the  jealousy  of  Bononcini.  The  Elector  Fried- 
rich  offered  to  defray  the  expenses  of  his  musical 
education  in  Italy  ;  but  Handel's  father  declined, 
and  returned  with  the  boy  to  Halle.  The  fol- 
lowing year  (1697)  the  father  died,  and  H.,  after 
completing  his  studies  at  the  gymnasium,  entered 
Halle  Univ.  (1702-3)  as  stud.  jur.  (in  pious 
fulfilment  of  his  father's  desire),  occupying,  at 
the  same  time,  the  position  of  organist  at  the 
Moritzburg  Calvinistic  cathedral,  with  a  salary 
of  $50  a  year.  In  1703,  however,  he  went  to 
Hamburg,  where  he  was  engaged  as  violino  di 
ripieno  by  Reiser,  the  director  of  the  German 
opera.  When  Reiser  was  temporarily  obliged 
to  hide  from  his  creditors,  H.  took  his  place  at 
the  harpsichord  with  such  skill  that  he  was  eng. 
permanently  as  clavecinist.  His  friendship  with 
Telemann,  the  composer,  and  Mattheson,  sub- 
sequently his  biographer,  was  begun  here.  He 
wrote  a  Passion  to  words  by  Postel,  and  brought 
out  two  operas,  Almira  and  Nero  (1705)  ;  he 
was  also  commissioned  by  Reiser's  successor, 
Saurbrey,  to  write  Florindo  und  Daphne  (1708), 
an  opera  filling  two  evenings.  In  1706,  with 
200  ducats  saved  from  music-teaching,  H.  went 
to  Italy,  visiting  Florence,  Venice,  Rome,  and 
Naples.  In  Florence  (1707)  he  brought  out  his 
first  Italian  opera,  Rodrigo,  with  Tesi,  the  after- 
wards famous  singer,  in  the  leading  role.  In 
Venice  (1708),  Agrippina  created  a  furore  and 
spread  his  fame  throughout  Italy.  In  Rome  he 
prod,  two  oratorios,  La  Riswrezione  and  77 
Trionjo  del  Tempo  e  del  Disinganno,  with  the 
famous  violin-virtuoso  Corelli  as  leader  ;  and  in 
Naples  the  serenata  Act,  Galatea  e  Polifemo,  re- 
markable for  its  bass  solo  for  a  voice  of  2  octaves 
and  a  fifth  in  compass.  He  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Lotti,  and  Domenico  Scarlatti,  with 
whom  he  vied  at  the  harpsichord  and  organ,  S. 
admitting  his  supremacy  at  the  latter.  In  Naples 
he  met  Alessandro  Scarlatti,  whose  works  exer- 
cised a  strong  influence  on  H.  It  was  with  re- 
gret that,  in  1709,  he  returned  to  Germany.  He 
accepted  the  post  of  Kapellm.  to  the  Elector  of 
Hanover,  replacing  Steffani,  who  had  recom- 
mended him  as  his  successor.      In  17 10  he  visited 


247 


HANDEL 


England.  His  opera  Rinaldo,  "composed"  in 
2  weeks  by  piecing  together  a  number  of  arias, 
etc.,  of  earlier  date,  was  prod,  at  the  Haymarket 
Th.  with  such  success  that  he  was  pressed  to 
remain  in  England,  but  had  to  return  to  his 
duties.  In  1712  he  again  obtained  leave  of  ab- 
sence, with  the  proviso  "  that  he  should  engage 
to  return  in  a  reasonable  time,"  and  travelled  to 
London.  Two  new  operas,  II  Pastor  fido  and 
Teseo,  were  not  specially  successful  ;  but  an  ode 
for  the  Queen's  birthday,  and  a  Te  Deum  and 
Jubilate  in  celebration  of  the  Peace  of  Utrecht, 
won  him  public  and  royal  favor,  with  an  annuity 
of  ^200  ;  and  H.  conveniently  forgot  his  Hano- 
verian position.  On  Queen  Anne's  sudden  death 
in  1 7 14,  however,  the  Elector  of  Hanover  became 
George  I.  of  England,  and  was  not  inclined  to 
regard  his  absentee  Kapellm.  with  favor.  The 
intercession  of  Baron  Kilmanseck,  and  the  pro- 
duction of  the  "  Water-Musick  "  by  an  orch.  at 
a  royal  aquatic  fete,  procured  him  regal  grace, 
with  a  confirmation  of  his  annuity.  In  I7i6he 
went  to  Hanover  in  the  suite  of  the  King,  and 
remained  till  1718.  He  there  comp.  his  one 
German  oratorio,  the  Passion,  to  the  words  of 
Heinrich  Brockes' poem.  In  1718  he  returned 
to  England ,  and  succeeded  Dr.  Pepusch  as  chapel- 
master  to  the  Duke  of  Chandos,  in  whose  service 
he  composed  his  first  great  English  oratorio, 
Esther,  the  secular  oratorio  Acis  and  Galatea, 
and  the  Chandos  Te  Deums  and  Anthems.  He 
was  also  music-master  to  the  Prince  of  Wales' 
daughters,  and  wrote  for  Princess  Anne  his  1st 
coll.  of  "Suites  de  Pieces"  for  harpsichord 
[The  Lessons],  which  include  the  air  w.  varia- 
tions, "  The  Harmonious  Blacksmith."  He  was 
app.  dir.  of  the  new  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
established  chiefly  for  the  prod,  of  Italian  opera, 
and  in  1720  successfully  brought  out  Radamisto, 
with  Senesino  and  the  celebrated  Margherita 
Durantasti  in  the  chief  roles  (prod,  in  Hamburg, 
1721,  as  Zenobid).  His  success  excited  the  envy 
of  Bononcini  and  Ariosti,  who  had  also  been 
invited  to  London,  and  who  each  had  a  follow- 
ing among  the  supporters  of  the  R.  Academy. 
Matters  were  not  improved  by  H.'s  independent 
spirit,  blunt  manners,  and  sharp  tongue.  Two 
factions  arose,  one  supporting  Bononcini  and 
the  other  H.,  the  rivalry  extending  to  the  singers 
on  either  side.  This  went  on  for  several  years  ; 
although  PL's  work  was  the  better,  B.  was  more  in 
popular  favor,  and  might  have  continued  so,  but 
he  was  caught  in  an  act  of  plagiarism  (?'.  Lotti) 
which  compelled  him  to  leave  England  in  humili- 
ation (1731).  During  this  period,  H.  produced 
the  operas  Floridante  (1721),  Ottone,  Giulio 
Cesare,  Flavio  (1723),  Tamerlano  (1724),  Rode- 
linda  (1725),  Scipione,Alessandro(ij2b),Admeto, 
Riccardo Printo(i727),  Siroe and  Tole»ieo(i"]2'S). 
In  1726  he  received  letters  of  naturalization, 
and  in  1727  comp.  the  4  grand  anthems  for  the 
coronation  of  George  II.  and  Queen  Caroline. 
In  1729,  after  a  visit  to  Germany  and  Italy,  H. 
associated  himself  with  Heidegger,  the  propri- 
etor of  the  King's  Theatre,  and  inaugurated  the 


season  with  Lotario,  followed  by  Partenope 
(I73°).  Poro  and  Ezio  (1731),  Sosarme  and  Or- 
lando (1732),  when  the  partnership  ended.  In 
1732  H.  gave  a  special  production  of  his  revised 
oratorio  Esther,  with  success,  followed  by  Acis 
and  Galatea.  In  1733  he  brought  out,  besides 
the  above,  the  oratorios  Deborah  and  Athatiah, 
at  Oxford,  where  he  publicly  played  the  organ, 
and  excited  as  much  admiration  by  his  perform- 
ance as  by  his  comp.s  ;  he  received  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  /ion.  eansa.  The  same  year,  H. 
undertook  the  sole  management  of  opera,  but 
his  manners  and  methods,  a  quarrel  with  his 
principal  singer,  Senesino,  and  a  raising  of 
prices,  caused  many  of  his  chief  subscribers  to 
suspend  their  support  and  start  a  rival  troupe, 
"  The  Opera  of  the  Nobility,"  with  Porpora,  and 
afterwards  Hasse,  as  comp.  and  cond.  They 
took  possession  of  the  King's  Theatre,  and  Han- 
del first  went  to  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  and  then 
to  Covent  Garden,  but  in  1737  failed,  the  rival 
house  also  having  to  close  for  want  of  support. 
The  operas  of  this  period  were  Terpsichore 
(1734),  Ariodante  and  Alcina  (1735),  Atalanta 
(1736),  Arminio,  Ginstino,  and  Berenice  (1737); 
the  ode  Alexander's  Feast  [Dryden]  was  also 
prod,  at  Covent  Garden  in  1736,  and  the  revised 
Trionfo  del  tempo  e  delta  verila  in  1737.  H.'s 
superhuman  efforts  to  hold  his  own,  and  his 
many  difficulties  during  this  period,  caused  a 
failing  of  his  strength  ;  a  stroke  of  paralysis  in- 
capacitated one  of  his  hands,  his  brain  was  over- 
taxed, and,  by  the  urgent  advice  of  his  friends, 
he  went  to  Aix-la-Chapelle,  whence  he  returned 
to  London  in  November,  1737,  with  improved 
health.  Heidegger  had  meantime  formed  a  new 
company  from  the  ruins  of  the  two,  and  for 
this  venture  II.  wrote  several  operas:  Fara- 
mondo,  Serse  (1738),  Jupiter  in  Argos  (notperf.), 
Imeneo  (1740),  and  Deidamia  (1741).  This  last 
date  marks  a  decisive  turning-point  ;  he  now 
abandoned  stage-composition  for  the  work  to 
which  he  owes  enduring  fame — oratorio.  The 
oratorios  Saul  and  Israel  in  Egypt  had  been 
performed  in  1739,  also  another  important  work, 
the  Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  and,  in  1740,  the 
ode  "  L'allegro,  il  penseroso,  ed  il  moderato." 
In  1 741,  at  the  invitation  of  the  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land, II.  visited  Dublin,  and  there  produced  his 
immortal  Messiah  on  the  13th  April,  1742.  His 
cordial  reception  in  Ireland  greatly  compensated 
for  previous  disasters.  On  his  return  to  London, 
he  again  became  the  popular  favorite.  I'he 
Messiah  was  followed  by  Samson,  the  Dettingen 
Te  Deum,  Semcle,  Joseph  (1743)  ;  Belshazzar, 
and  Heracles  (1744).  This  year  he  was  again 
involved  in  monetary  troubles,  and  a  year  and  a 
half  elapsed  before  his  Occasional  Oratorio  and 
Judas  Maccabaus  were  brought  out  (1746)  ; 
then  appeared  Joshua  (1747),  Solomon  (1748), 
Susannah  (174S),  Theodora  (1749),  The  Choice 
of  Hercules  (1750),  and  Jephthah  (1752  ;  his  last). 
In  1750,  for  the  third  time,  H.  had  retrieved  his 
fortunes,  and  revisited  his  native  country.  In 
1752,  during  the  composition  of  Jephthah,  he  was 


24S 


HANDL—  IIANISCII 


afflicted  with  failing  eyesight,  and  underwent 
three  unsuccessful  operations  for  cataract,  total 
blindness  being  the  result.  lie  continued  his 
musical  performances  under  the  direction  of  his 
pupil  John  Christian  Smith,  and  accompanied 
his  oratorios,  on  the  organ,  up  to  1759.  On 
April  6,  The  Messiah  was  given  as  the  final  per- 
formance of  the  season,  H.  presiding  at  the  or- 
gan ;  on  the  14th,  the  Saturday  between  Good 
Friday  and  Easter,  he  died.  He  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  where  a  monument  by  Rou- 
billac  marks  his  grave.  K.  had  a  commanding 
presence,  and  his  features  were  animated  and  dig- 
nified. His  health  was  usually  robust.  Of  fear- 
less independence,  he  was  of  a  choleric  tempera- 
ment, and  prone  to  forcible  outbreaks,  but  he 
was  easily  restored  to  good  humor,  and  possessed 
a  fund  of  humor,  and  a  ready  wit.  His  liberality 
and  chaVitableness  were  renowned.  He  remained 
unmarried,  and  was  never  known  to  have  fallen 
in  love. 

The  grandeur  and  sustained  power  of  H.'s 
oratorio-style,  the  expressive  simplicity  of  his 
melody  and  the  breadth  and  clarity  of  the  har- 
monic structure,  form  a  wonderful  and  (at  his 
time)  unexampled  artistic  whole.  He  is  unques- 
tionably one  of  the  "  great  masters."  His  Mes- 
siah took  England,  and  after  her  the  rest  of  the 
musical  world,  by  storm.  At  the  first  London 
performance,  when  the  grand  "  Hallelujah 
Chorus"  rang  out,  the  entire  audience  rose  like 
one  man,  carried  away  by  lofty  enthusiasm  : — 
thus  originated  the  custom  of  standing  during 
this  chorus.  Many  of  the  treasures  of  Handel 
are  locked  to  the  general  public  on  account  of 
the  incomplete  instrumentation  of  the  original 
scores  ;  Mozart,  Mendelssohn,  Franz,  Brahms, 
and  others,  have  provided  additional  accompani- 
ments to  several  of  these  works,  thus  rendering 
possible  their  adequate  performance. — Handel 
was  peculiarly  fortunate  in  coming  to  England 
just  as  the  ebb  of  English  national  stage-music 
after  the  death  of  Purcell  (from  whom  H.  learned 
much)  was  turning  toward  the  flood  tide  of 
Italian  opera.  His  own  dramatic  works,  also 
strongly  influenced  by  Keiser  in  Hamburg  and 
the  two  Scarlattis  in  Italy,  vie  with  the  finest  of 
the  period,  and  the  best  of  them  bear  comparison 
with  his  oratorios.  Precisely  contemporary  with 
J.  S.  Bach,  he  was  quite  outside  the  latter's 
sphere  of  influence,  and  no  communication  ex- 
isted between  them. — Of  purely  instrumental 
comp.s,  II.  wrote  a  considerable  number;  for 
harpsichord  :  "  The  Lessons,"  in  3  sets  ;  6 
fugues  ;  4  minuets  and  a  march;  the  "Forest 
Musick"  (Dublin,  1742);  short  pieces; — for 
strings,  etc.:  The  "Water  Musick "  (1715)  ; 
the  "  Fireworks  Musick"  (1749)  ;  4  sets  of  6 
organ-concertos  (1738,  '40,  '60,  '61)  ;  3  organ- 
concertos  (1797) ;  numerous  string-trios  (sonatas); 
concertone  in  9  parts,  f.  2  solo  vlns. ,  'cello,  oboe, 
and  string-orch.  (1741)  ;  concerto  f.  trumpets 
and  horns  ;  do.  f.  horns  and  side-drums  (MS.); 
sonata  f.  2  vlns.;  sonatas  f.  vln. ,  via.,  and  oboe; 
etc. — Many  original  MSS.  of  his  works  he  be- 


queathed to  his  amanuensis,  Joh.  Chr.  Schmidt; 
the  latter's  son,  H.'s  pupil,  presented  them  to 
George  III.  They  are  still  in  Buckingham 
Palace  library,  and  comprise  32  vol.s  of  operas, 
21  of  oratorios,  7  of  odes  and  serenatas,  12  of 
sacred  music,  11  of  cantatas  and  sketches,  and  5 
vol.s  of  instrumental  music. — In  the  Fitzwilliam 
Collection  at  Cambridge  are  7  vol.s  containing 
rough  draughts,  notes  and  sketches  for  various 
works;  also  a  complete  Chandos  anthem,  "O 
praise  the  Lord  with  one  consent." 

An  edition  of  H.'s  works  in  36  volumes,  by 
Arnold,  was  publ.  by  command  of  George  III., 
in  1786,  but  is  incomplete  and  incorrect.  A 
monumental  edition  of  his  works,  completed  in 
100  vol.s,  was  undertaken  in  1856  by  the  German 
Handel  Society,  under  the  editorship  of  Dr. 
Chrysander.  —  Biographical  :  Mattheson  (1740, 
in  the  "  Ehrenpforte  ")  ;  "  Memoirs  of  the  Life 
of  the  late  G.  F.  Haendel,"  Mainwaring  (1760  ; 
German,  with  notes  by  Mattheson,  1761  ;  French, 
by  Arnauld  and  Suard,  177S)  ;  "  G.  F.  Handel's 
Stammbaum,"  Forstemann  (1844);  "The  Life 
of  Handel,"  Scholcher  (1857)  ;  "  G.  F.  IT," 
Chrysander  (incomplete,  1858-67,  when  the  first 
half  of  vol.  iii  appeared,  extending  to  1740) ; 
"  Handel  und  Shakespeare,"  Gervinus  (1868)  ; 
"  Life  of  G.  F.  H.,"  Rockstro  (18S3). 

Handl.     See  Gallus. 

Hand'lo,  Robert  de,  English  musician  of 
the  14th  century  ;  wrote  a  commentary  on 
Franco  of  Cologne's  treatise  on  measured  music, 
entitled  "  Regulae  cum  maximis  magistri  Fran- 
conis  cum  additionibus  aliorum  musicorum." 
(Printed  in  Coussemaker's  "  Scriptores,"  i  ) 

Hand'rock,  Julius,  teacher  and  comp.;  b. 
Naumburg,  June  22,  1830  ;  d.  Halle,  Jan.  5, 
1894.      Wrote  instructive  pf.  -works. 

Ha'nel  von  Cro'nenthal,  Julia,  noteworthy 
composer ;  b.  Graz,  1839.  Wife  of  the  Mar- 
quis d'Hericourt  de  Valincourt.  St.  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  4  symphonies,  22  pf. -sonatas,  string- 
quartet,  nocturnes,  songs  without  words,  dances, 
marches,  etc.  At  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867, 
she  was  awarded  a  medal  for  her  orchestral  ar- 
rangements of  Chinese  melodies. 

Hanf'stangel,  Marie  {ne'e  Schroder),  cele- 
brated dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Breslau,  Apr.  30, 
1848.  St.  at  Baden-Baden  w.  Mme.  Viardot- 
Garcia.  In  1866,  eng.  at  the  Th.-Lyrique, 
Paris  ;  debut  as  Agathe  in  Der  Freischutz,  Feb. 
27,  1867.  On  the  declaration  of  the  Franco- 
German  war,  returned  to  Germany,  and  was 
eng.  at  the  court  opera,  Stuttgart  (1S71).  Mar- 
ried in  1S73.  St.  again  in  1878,  at  Florence, 
w.  Vannucini.  In  1S82,  eng.  at  the  Staditkeater, 
Frankfort ;  retired  1S97. 

Ha'nisch,  Joseph,  org.  and  comp.;  b.  Rat- 
isbon,  1812  ;  d.  there  Oct.  9,  1S92.  St.  w.  his 
father,  and  Proske,  with  whom  he  went  to  Italy 
as  assistant  (1834-6).  From  1839,  org.  of  Rat- 
isbon  cath.,  being  also  org.  and  choirmaster  of 
the  NiedermiLustcrkLrche ;  and  app.  teacher  at 


249 


IIANKE— d'HARDELOT 


the  School  of  Sacred  Music  in  1875. — Works  : 
Missa  auxilium  Christianorum  ;  Ouatuor  hymni 
profesto  corporis  Christi  ;  Fiinf  lateinische  Pre- 
digtgesange  ;  org.-accomp.  to  the  Graduate  and 
Vesperale  Romanian  ;  org. -pes. ,  etc. 

Han'ke,  Karl,  dram.  comp. ;  b.  Rosswalde, 
Schlesvvig,  1754  ;  d.  Hamburg,  1835.  Self- 
taught,  at  22  yrs.  of  age  he  was  app.  Kapellm. 
to  Count  Haditz,  at  Rosswalde.  Married  his 
pupil,  the  distinguished  singer  Stormkin.  In 
1786,  court  Kapellm.  at  Schleswig.  In  1789, 
his  wife  died  ;  in  1791,  he  married  Bervvald,  an- 
other line  singer,  and  founded  a  music-school  at 
Flensburg,  where  he  became  cantor  and  direc- 
tor. Finally  city  mus.  director  in  Hamburg. — 
Comp.s  :  Operas,  ballets,  prologues,  epilogues, 
and  incid.  mus.  to  plays  ;  orch.l  symphonies, 
concertos,  instr.l  sextets,  quartets,  trios,  duets 
(abt.  300  f.  2  horns),  vln.  and  flute  solos,  church- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Hans'lick,  Eduard,  influential  writer  and 
mus.  critic  ;  b.  Prague,  Sept.  11,  1825.  St.  law 
at  Prague  and  Vi- 
enna ;  took  degree 
of  Dr.  jar.  in  1849, 
qualifying  himself 
for  an  official  posi- 
tion. But  he  had 
already  studied  mu- 
sic under  Toma- 
s  c  h  e  k  at  Prague  ; 
from  1 848-9  was 
mus.  critic  for  the 
"  Wiener  Zeitung," 
and  soon  adopted  a 
literary  career.  1 1  is 
first  work,  "  Vom 
Musikalisch  -  Scho- 
nen  ;  ein  Beitrag  zlir  Revision  der  Aesthetik  der 
Tonkunst  "  (Leipzig,  1854  ;  gth  ed.  1896),  has 
done  more  to  discredit  silly  sentimentalism  in 
mus.  criticism  than  any  other  book.  Its  leading 
idea  is,  that  the  beauty  of  a  mus.  comp.  lies 
wholly  and  specifically  in  the  music  itself  ;  i.  e., 
it  is  immanent  to  the  relations  of  the  tones, 
without  any  reference  whatever  to  extraneous 
(non-musical)  ideas  :  Briefly,  music  expresses,  in 
itself,  musical  ideas,  and  can  express  no  others. 
This  work  has  been  transl.  into  French  (1877), 
Spanish  (1S79),  English  (1S91),  Italian  (Milan, 
1894),  and  Russian  (1895)  From  1855-64,  H. 
was  musical  editor  of  the  "  Presse  ";  since  then 
of  the  "  Neue  freie  Presse  ";  he  became  lecturer 
on  mus.  hist,  and  aesthetics  at  Vienna  Univ., 
prof,  extraordinary  in  1861,  and,  in  1870,  full 
professor,  retiring  in  1895,  and  succeeded  by  G. 
Adler.  At  the  Paris  Expositions  of  1S67  and 
1878,  and  the  Vienna  Exp.  of  1873,  H.  was  a 
juror  in  the  department  of  music.  - —  Other 
writings:  "  Geschichte  des  Concertwesens  in 
Wien  "  (1869)  ;  "  Aus  dem  Concertsaal  "  (1870  ; 
2nd  ed.  1896)  ;  "  Die  moderne  Oper"  (1875  ; 
vol.  vii  publ.  1S96)  ;  "  Musikalische  Sta- 
tionen"    (1880);    "Aus  dem    Opernleben    der 


Gegenwart "  (1S84)  ;  "Suite:  Aufsatze  uber 
Musik  und  Musiker"  (18S5  ;  2nd  ed.  1S9S)  ; 
"  Concerte,  Componisten  u.  Virtuosen  "  (1S86)  ; 
"  Musikalisches  Skizzenbuch  "  (iSSS);  "Musi- 
kalisches  u.  Litterarisches  "  (1S89)  ;  "  Aus  dem 
Tagebuch  eines  Musikers  "  (1892);  "Aus  meinem 
Leben  "  (1894,  2  vol.s)  ;  "  Fiinf  Jahre  Musik  " 
(1896).  He  also  edited  Th.  Billroth's  posth. 
essay,  "  Wer  ist  musikalisch  ?"  (1S95  ;  2nd  ed. 
1896)  ;  and  wrote  the  letterpress  for  the  illus- 
trated "  Galerie  deutscher  Tondichter  "  (1873), 
and  "  Galerie  franz.  u.  ital.  Tondichter"  (1S74). 

Hanssens,   Charles-Louis-Joseph   (am/), 

dram,  comp.;  b.  Ghent,  May  4,  1777  ;  d.  Brus- 
sels, May  6,  1852.  St.  w.  Vauthier,  Verheym, 
and  Ferny  (Ghent)  ;  in  Paris  w.  Berton.  App. 
chef  '  d'orchestre  of  an  amateur  theatre  at  Ghent, 
afterwards  of  a  company  giving  operatic  per- 
formances in  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  and 
Utrecht.  In  1804,  went  to  Antwerp  and  Ghent 
in  the  same  capacity.  In  1825,  invited  to 
Brussels  as  orch.l  dir.  of  the  Th.  de  la  Mon- 
naie  ;  in  1827,  dir.  of  the  Royal  orch. ;  in  1828, 
app.  Inspector  of  the  Cons.  He  lost  both  posi- 
tions through  the  political  events  of  1S30,  but  in 
1S35— 38  was  again  opera-conductor,  and  also  in 
1840,  when  he  was  ruined  through  the  failure  of 
the  enterprise. — Works  :  Operas,  masses,  and 
sacred  vocal  music. 

Hanssens,  Charles-Louis  (cadet),  violoncel- 
list, and  distinguished  Belgian  comp.;  b.  Ghent, 
July  12,  1802  ;  d.  Brussels,  Apr.  8,  1871.  At 
ten,  member  of  the  orch.  of  the  National  Th., 
Amsterdam,  and  at  twenty  was  app.  xxce-kapel- 
ineester.  In  1824,  'cellist,  later  asst.-cond.,  of 
the  orch.  in  the  Brussels  Th.  In  1827,  app. 
prof,  of  harm,  at  the  Cons.  The  political  events 
of  1S30  also  caused  his  retreat  to  Holland.  In 
1834,  solo  'cellist  at  the  Theatre  Ventadour, 
Paris,  later  becoming  comp.  and  asst.-cond. 
In  1835,  directed  French  opera  at  The  Hague, 
again  in  Paris,  then  at  Ghent.  P'rom  184S-69, 
cond.  Th.  de  la  Monnaie,  Brussels,  also(i85i-4) 
dir.  of  the  Opera,  and  prof,  at  the  Conservatory. 
Prolific  composer. — Works  :  S  operas,  ballets, 
symphonies,  overtures,  orch.l  fantasias,  'cello-, 
vln.-,  clarinet-,  and  pf. -concertos,  string-quar- 
tets, "  Symphonie  concertante  "  f.  clar.  and  vln., 
masses,  cantatas,  a  capp.  choruses,  etc. 

Harcadelt.     See  Arcadelt. 

d'Hardelot,  Guy  [Mrs.  Rhodes],  contempo- 
rary composer  of  charming  songs  (chiefly  French  ; 
a  few  to  Engl,  texts,  and  all  w.  Engl,  transla- 
tions), was  born  at  the  Chateau  d'Hardelot, 
about  7  miles  from  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France. 
With  her  first  publication,  the  melancholy  and 
dramatic  "  Sans  toi,"  her  artistic  reputation 
was  established.  The  long  list  of  her  lyrics, 
ranging  from  gayest  humor  to  pathetic  senti- 
ment, includes  "  Sous  les  branches,"  "  A  vous  !  " 
"  Chanson  de  la  mie,"  "  The  Bee's  Courtship," 
"  Avec  toi!"  "  Valse  des  libellules,"  "  Nuit 
d'ete,"  "La   nuit   aux  bois,"   "La  Fermiere," 


250 


HARKNES— HART 


"Little  Boy  Blue,"  "  Vos  yeux,"  "  Mignon," 
"Say  yes!"  "  Tristesse,"  "True-love  Land," 
"  Almond-blos- 
soms," "  Quand 
on  aime,"and  "A 
Bunchof  Violets." 
Calve,  Melba, 
Plancon,  and 
others,  have  made 
striking  concert- 
success  with  these 
songs.  Mme. 
d'Hardelot  residts 
in  London  ;  she 
has  visited  Ameri- 
ca     once,    with 

Mme.  Calve.  Her  sole  attempt  in  larger  forms 
is  the  operette  Elle  et  Lit/. 

Hark'nes.     See  Senkrah. 

Harm'ston,  John  William,  b.  London, 
1823  ;  d.  Li'ibeck,  Aug.  26,  18S1.  St.  w.  Stern- 
dale  Bennett,  and  in  1848  settled  as  mus. -teacher 
in  Li'ibeck. — Much  pf. -music  (op.  193,  "  Le  jet 
d'eau";  op.  211,  "  Les  Naiades  ";  etc.);  pieces 
for  vln.  and  'cello  ;  songs,  etc. 

Harper,  Thomas,  trumpet-virtuoso ;  b. 
Worcester,  Engl.,  May  3,  1787;  d.  London, 
Jan.  20,  1853.  St.  w.  Elvey  ;  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  the  East  Indian  Company  for  iS  yrs., 
and  was  app.  their  mus.  inspector  for  life. 
From  1821,  principal  soloist  at  Drury  Lane  Th., 
the  King's  Th.,  Ital.  Opera,  Philharmonic,  and 
Ancient  Concerts,  etc.  —  Left  3  sons  :  Thomas, 
who  succeeded  him  ;  Charles,  distinguished 
horn-player  ;  and  Edward,  pianist. 

Har'raden,  Samuel,  b.  Cambridge,  Engl., 
1S21  (?)  ;  d.  Hampstead,  July  17,  1897.  Pupil 
of  Walmisley  ;  1841,  org.  of  St.  Luke's,  Man- 
chester ;  in  1S46,  at  the  "Old  Mission  Ch.", 
Calcutta.  His  influence  was  great  on  the  mus. 
life  of  the  town  ;  he  founded  the  first  Glee  Club, 
became  an  enthusiastic  student  of  Hindoo  music, 
prof,  at  the  Hindoo  Coll.  of  Mus.,  and  at  the 
Free  School.  For  his  attainments  in  Hindoo 
music  he  was  made  "  Mus.  Doc."  by  the  Bengal 
R.  Acad,  of  Mus. 

Harriers- Wippern,  Luise  [nde  Wippern), 

operatic  singer  ;  b.  Hildesheim,  1S37  ;  d.  Gro- 
bersdorf,  Silesia,  Oct.  5,  1S78.  Debut  1857, 
Royal  Opera,  Berlin,  as  "Agathe  "  in  Der  Frei- 
schiitz.  Also  sang  in  Vienna,  and  London,  but 
permanently  engaged  for  Berlin.  Her  superb 
voice  was  heard  to  advantage  both  in  dramatic 
and  lyrical  parts.  In  1868,  after  long  illness, 
she  retired  with  a  pension. 

Harris,  (Sir)  Augustus,  b.  Paris,  1852  ;  d. 
Folkestone,  Engl.,  June  22,  1896.  One  of  the 
most  celebrated  and  successful  impresarii  of  the 
19th  century.  An  actor  by  profession,  he  was 
engaged,  soon  after  his  debut  as  Macbeth,  at 
Manchester,  1S73,  by  Col.  Mapleson  as  stage- 
manager.  In  1879  he  leased  Drury  Lane  Th., 
where  he  won  brilliant  success  with  spectacular 


plays  and  pantomimes  ;  in  1SS7,  he  took  up 
Italian  opera,  and  secured  control  successive!  v 
of  II.  M.'s  Th.,  the  Olympia,  and  various  provin- 
cial stages.  He  also  cultivated  French  and  Eng- 
lish opera  with  almost  uniform  success. 

Harris,  William  Victor,  song-composer  ;  b. 
New  York,  Apr.  27,  1S69.  Pupil  of  Charles 
Blum  (pf.),  1S79-86  ;  of  Wm.  Courtney  (voice), 
1S87-91  ;  of  Fred.k  Schilling  (harm,  andcomp.), 
1890-92  ;  and  of  Anton  Seidl  (conducting),  1S95- 
96.  From  1S89-95,  org.  at  various  churches  in 
Tuxedo  Park,  Brooklyn,  and  New  York  ;  1893-4, 
cond.  Utica  Choral  Union  ;  1S92-5  repe'lilei/r 
and  coach  at  Metropolitan  Opera,  X.  Y. ;  1893-4, 
cond.  Utica  Choral  Union  ;  1S95-6,  asst.-cond. 
to  Seidl  at  the  Brighton  Beach  Summer  Con- 
certs. Now  (1899)  living  in  N.  Y.  as  a  vocal 
instructor,  accompanist,  and  composer.  In  MS. 
he  has  a  pf. -suite  ;  several  songs  ;  a  cantata  f. 
soli,  ch. ,  and  org. ;  and  an  operetta,  Mile.  Male  el 
M.  de  Sembre  ;  has  publ.  4  quartets  f.  women's 
voices,  2  f.  men's  voices,  and  a  score  of  songs 
which  are  well-known  and  well-liked. 

Harrison,  Annie  Fortescue  (wife  of  Lord 
Arthur  William  Hill),  English  contemporary 
composer. — Works  :  The  lost  Husband,  operetta 
(London,  1884)  ;  a  cantata,  The  Ferry-girl  (St. 
George's  Hall,  18S3)  ;  many  patriotic  songs,  and 
others  ;  pf. -music. 

Harriss,  Charles  Albert  Edwin,  comp.  and 
organist  ;  b.  London,  Dec.  15,  1862.  At  eight 
he  was  chorister  at  St.  Mark's,  Wrexham,  where 
his  father  (Edwin  H.)  was  organist.  Ouseley 
scholar  at  St.  Michael's  Coll.,  Tenbury,  in  1875  ; 
asst.-org.  at  St.  Giles',  Reading,  in  1880  ;  org. 
at  Welshpool,  and  private  org.  to  the  Earl  of 
Powis,  in  1SS1.  Since  1SS3  he  has  lived  with 
his  father  at  Montreal,  Canada  ;  at  first  as  org. 
and  regens  chori  at  Christ  Ch.  Cathedral,  later 
at  the  Ch.  of  St.  James  the  Apostle,  now 
famed  for  excellent  music.  Also  founded  a  glee 
and  madrigal  society.  —Works  :  Opera  Torquil 
(Montreal,  1S96)  ;  cantata  Daniel  before  the 
King  (1890)  ;  many  anthems  ;  pf.-  and  org.- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Hart,  James,  bass  singer  and  comp.;  d.  May 
8,  171S.  To  1670,  singer  at  York  Minster, 
then  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  lay 
vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey.  Comp.  several 
songs  publ.  in  "Choice  Ayres,  Songs,  and  Dia- 
logues," 1676-S4  ;  "The  Theater  of  Musik," 
16S5-87  ;  "Banquet  of  Music,"  16SS-92.  — His 
son  (presumably), 

Hart,  Philip,  organist  of  various  London 
churches  ;  d.  abt.  1749  ;  comp.  anthems,  org.- 
fugues,  mus.  f.  Hughes'  "  Ode  in  Praise  of 
Musick  "  (1703),  and  for  "  The  Morning  Hymn" 
from  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost,"  Book  V  (1729). 

Hart,  John  Thomas,  English  violin-maker  ; 
b.  Dec.  17,  1805  ;  d.  London,  Jan.  1,  1S74. 
Pupil  of  Gilkes,  he  made  a  complete  study  of 
Italian  violins,  became  a  famous  expert,  and  car- 


251 


HART— HARTVIGSON 


ried  on  an  extensive  commerce  in  old  instr.s. — 
His  son, 

Hart,  George,  b.  London,  Mar.  2S,  1839  ;  d. 
there  Apr.  25,  1S91;  wrote  the  valuable  works 
"  The  Violin,  its  famous  Makers  and  their  Imi- 
tators "  (London  ;  Dulau,  1S75,  and  other  edi- 
tions ;  French,  18S6),  and  "  The  Violin  and  its 
Music"  (London;  Novello,  1SS1). 

Har'tel.    [Music-publisher.]    See  Breitkopf 

UND    H ARTEL. 

Har'tel,  Gustav  Adolf,  violinist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Leipzig,  Dec.  7,  1836  ;  d.  Homburg, 
Aug.  28,  1S76.  In  1857,  Kapellm.  at  Bremen, 
in  1863  at  Rostock,  in  1873  at  Homburg. — 
Works:  Opera,  Die  Carabiners ;  3  operettas; 
variations  and  fantasias  f.  vln.;  "Trio  burlesque  " 
f .  3  vlns.  w.  pf. ;  etc. 

Har'tel,  Benno,  pianist  and  comp. ;  b.  Jauer, 
Silesia,  May  1,  1846.  Pupil  of  Hoppe  (pf.), 
Jappsen  (vln.),  Riel  (comp.).  1S70,  app.  teacher 
of  theory  in  the  Berlin  Royal  High  School  for 
music. — Publ.  works  :  pf.-pcs.,  songs.  In  MS.: 
An  opera,  over  300  canons,  and  other  vocal  mus., 
orch.l  music,  etc. 

Har'tel,  Luise  {ne'e  Hauffe),  pianist  ;  b.  Di'i- 
ben,  Jan.  2,  1S37  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  20,  1882. 
Wife  of  Dr.  Hermann  Ilartel  of  Breitkopf  und 
Ilartel  {q.  v.). 

Hart'mann,  Johan  Peder  Emilius,  cele- 
brated Danish  dramatic  comp.;  b.  Copenhagen, 
May  14,  1805.  Of  German  descent,  his  grand- 
father (d.  1763)  was  royal  chamber-mus.  at  Co- 
penhagen. His  father,  org.  at  Copenhagen 
(1S00-50),  gave  him  early  instruction  in  music, 
although  he  was  destined  for  and  studied  law. 
He  held  a  public  position,  was  also  asst.-org.  to 
his  father,  and  taught  in  the  Copenhagen  Cons. 
Weyse  noticed  the  young  man's  ability,  and  en- 
couraged him  with  his  advice.  In  1832  he  prod, 
his  1st  opera,  Ravnen  eller  Broderproven ;  then 
followed  The  golden  II oms  (1834),  The  Corsairs 
(1835),  and  Liden  Kirsten  (1S46).  In  1836,  he 
visited  Germany,  France,  and  Switzerland.  In 
1840,  he  was  app.  dir.  of  the  Copenhagen  Cons., 
and  in  1S49,  was  made  Royal  Capelmester.  To 
celebrate  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  musical 
career,  in  1874,  a  grand  concert  was  given,  a 
Hartmann  scholarship  founded,  and  he  received 
the  "  Danebrog"  order.  On  the  jubilee  of  the 
Copenhagen  Univ.,  the  honorary  degree  of  Ph.  D. 
was  conferred  on  him.  Gade  was  his  son-in-law. 
One  of  his  latest  works  is  op.  71,  "  Weissagung 
der  Wala,"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.  (1S94).  He 
has  also  comp.  overtures,  symphonies,  cantatas, 
incid.  mus.  to  plays,  a  vln. -concerto,  pf.-pcs., 
song-cycles,  etc. — His  son, 

Hart'mann,  Emil  (Jr.),  also  a  talented  comp., 
was  b.  Copenhagen,  Feb.  21,  1836  ;  d.  Copen- 
hagen, July  19,  1898.  Instructed  by  his  father, 
also  by  Gade,  his  brother-in-law.  In  i86i,org. 
at  Copenhagen  ;  in  1871,  app.  court-org.  His 
health  compelled  him  to  retire  in  1873.     Resided 


at  Sollerod,  n.  Copenhagen. — Works  :  Several 
operas,  Elverpigen  (1S67),  The  Nixie,  'The  Cor- 
sicans  (comic)  ;  Bagahijol (Copenhagen,  1893?) ; 
Runenzauber,  1  act  (Hamburg,  1896  ;  succ.)  ;  a 
choral  work,  "Winter  unci  Lenz "  ;  a  ballet, 
Fjeldstuen  ;  overture,  orchestral  suite,  three  sym- 
phonies, vln. -concerto,  a  'cello-concerto,  pf.-trio, 
serenade  f.  pf.,  'cello,  and  clarinet,  etc. 

Hart'mann,  Ludwig,  pianist,  composer,  and 
mus. -critic  ;  b.  Neuss-on-Rhine,  1836.  Son  and 
pupil  of  Friedrich  Hartmann  (song-comp.,  b. 
1805).  Also  st.  at  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles 
and  Hauptmann),  and  in  Weimar,  1856-7  (Liszt). 
Settled  in  Dresden.  Prominent  Wagnerian  cham- 
pion.— Works:  Tf. -music  and  songs.  In  MS. 
an  opera,  Konig  Ilelge. 

Hart'mann,  Arthur,  b.  Philadelphia,  July 
23,  1S82.  Violinist,  lias  played  with  success 
in  London,  Paris,  Vienna,  etc. 

Har'tog,  Edouard  de,  b.  Amsterdam,  Aug. 
15,  1826.  St.  w.  Hoch,  Mme.  Dulcken,  Dohler, 
and  Bartelmann  ;  then  in  Paris  w.  Elwart  and 
Litolff,  and  from  1849-52  w.  Heinze  and  Damcke. 
Settled  in  Paris  in  1852,  as  a  teacher  of  pf., 
comp., .and  harmony.  The  same  year,  and  also 
in  1857  and  1859,  made  himself  known  by  his 
orch.l  comp.s.  Prod,  his  first  comic  opera  (in 
MS.  since  1853),  Le  mariage  de  Don  lope  (Th. 
Lyrique,  1865).  He  is  a  member  of  the  Nether- 
land  Mus.  Soc,  and  is  decorated  with  the  orders 
of  Leopold,  and  the  Oaken  Crown.  Was  a  con- 
tributor to  Pougin's  Supplement  to  Fetis'  "  Bio- 
graphie  universelle." — Works  :  Opera,  V Amour 
et  son  Hole  (Brussels,  1S73);  the  43rd  psalm,  f. 
soli,  ch.,and  orch.;  2  string-quartets;  suite  f. 
strings;  Meditations  f.  vln.,  'cello,  organ,  harp, 
and  pf. ;  songs,  pf.-pcs.,  etc.  In  MS.,  operas, 
symphonic  preludes,  orch.l  sketches,  etc. 

Har'tog,  Jacques,  comp.  and  writer  ;  b.  Zalt- 
Bommel,  Holland,  Oct.  24,  1837.  St.  w.  Carl 
Wilhelm  at  Crefeld,  and  Ferd.  Hiller  at  Cologne. 
Trof.  of  mus.  history  at  the  Amsterdam  School 
of  Music.  Contributes  to  the  "  Centralblatt " 
(Leipzig),  the  "  Musikwelt,"  and  the  "  Neue 
Zeitschrift  fur  Musik"  (Bonn).  Transl.  into 
Dutch  Lebert  and  Stark's  "  Klavierschule," 
Langhans'  "  History  of  Music,"  and  Breslauer's 
"  Methodik  des  Klavierunterrichts." — Comp.s  : 
Operetta,  mass,  concert-overture,  vln. -concer- 
tino, etc. 

Hart'vigson,  Frits,  pianist  ;  b.  Grenaa,  Jut- 
land, May  31,  1841.  St.  w.  Gade,  Gebauer,  and 
Ree  ;  from  1859-61,  w.  Biilow  at  Berlin.  Settled 
in  London  in  1S64,  where  he  has  since  resided, 
with  the  exception  of  two  years  passed  in  St. 
Petersburg  (1873-5).  In  1S73,  app.  pianist  to 
the  Princess  of  Wales  ;  in  1875,  mus. -prof,  at  the 
Norwood  College  for  the  Blind.  From  1S79-88, 
he  was  incapacitated  from  public  recitals,  by  a 
slight  failure  in  the  nerve-power  of  the  left  arm. 
In  18S7,  became  pf.-prof.  at  the  Crystal  Palace. 
— Anton,  his  brother,  b.  Aarhus,  Oct.  16,  1845, 


252 


HASE— HASSE 


a  pupil  of  Tausig  and  Edmund  Neupert,  also 
resides  in  London  as  pianist  and  teacher. 

Ha'se,  (Dr.)  Oskar  von.  See  Breitkopf 
und  HArtel. 

Ha'ser,  August  Ferdinand,  b.  Leipzig-, 
Oct.  15,  1779  ;  d.  Weimar,  Nov.  1,  1S44.  Edu- 
cated at  the  Thomasschule,  and  student  of  di- 
vinity at  the  Univ.,  Leipzig.  In  1S17,  mus.- 
teacher  to  the  Duke  of  Weimar's  family,  and 
became  church  musical  director,  teacher  of  music 
in  the  Weimar  Training-School,  chorusmaster 
of  the  Court  Opera,  and  finally  theatre- Kapellm. 
— Works  :  Oratorio,  Der  Triumph  des  Glaubens 
(Weimar,  1S28  ;  Birmingham,  1S37  ;  words  by 
Klopstock)  ;  masses,  Te  Deums,  Paternosters, 
requiems,  misereres,  etc.;  also  orch.l  music, 
overtures,  etc.;  3  operas,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 
— Writings:  "  Versuch  einer  systematischen 
Uebersicht  der  Gesanglehre  "  (1820);  "  Chor- 
gesangschule  "  (1S31). — His  sister, 

Ha/ser,  Charlotte  Henriette,  celebrated 
singer  ;  b.  Leipzig,  Jan.  24,  17S4  ;  d.  (?);  made 
her  debut  at  the  Dresden  Opera,  and  afterwards 
sang  at  Vienna  and  in  Italy.  In  1S13,  married 
a  lawyer  named  Vera,  at  Rome.  Her  youngest 
brother, 

Ha'ser,  Heinrich,  prof,  of  medicine  at  Jena  ; 
b.  Rome,  Oct.  15,  181 1  ;  wrote  "  Die  mensch- 
liche  Stimme,  ihre  Organe,  ihre  Ausbildung, 
Pflege  und  Erhaltung  "  (1839). 

Ha'sert,  Rudolf,  pianist  and  doctor  of  the- 
ology ;  b.  Greifswald,  Feb.  4,  1S26.  Intended 
for  a  lawyer,  he  turned  to  music  through  Robt. 
Franz's  influence,  and  from  1S48-50  st.  pf.  w. 
Kullak,  and  comp.  w.  Dehn,  at  Berlin.  He 
made  successful  artistic  tours,  visiting  Stock- 
holm, Gothenburg,  Christiania,  Copenhagen, 
Paris  (1S55),  and  Weimar,  where  he  met  Liszt  ; 
settled  in  Berlin  in  i860  as  teacher,  virtuoso,  and 
composer.  In  1870,  he  passed  the  gov.t  exam, 
in  theology,  and  became  minister  in  the  Straus- 
berg  penitentiary.  In  1S73,  ne  came  into  the 
familv-living  at  Gristow,  n.  his  birth-place,  and 
has  resided  there  since,  as  pastor. 

HasTer  (or  Hassler),  Hans  Leo  von,  cele- 
brated org.  and  comp.;  b.  Nuremberg,  1564; 
d.  Frankfort,  June  5,  1612.  The  eldest  of  3 
sons  of  Isaac  Hassler,  town-musician  of  Nurem- 
berg. St.  w.  his  father,  and  was  a  fellow-pupil 
of  G.  Gabrieli  under  Andrea  Gabrieli  in  Venice 
(15S4).  Was  the  first  notable  German  comp. 
who  went  to  Italy  for  study.  15S5-1601,  org. 
to  Count  Octavianus  Fugger  at  Augsburg. 
1601-S,  court-mus.  in  Prague  to  Emperor  Ru- 
dolf II.,  who  ennobled  him.  In  160S,  received 
an  appointment  at  the  court  of  the  Elector  of 
Saxony  ;  he  died  of  phthisis  while  travelling. — 
One  of  the  most  famous  composers  of  his  epoch, 
with  Gumpeltzhaimer,  Erbach,  Melchior,  and 
Franck,  II.  is  considered  one  of  the  founders 
of  German  music  ;  the  style  of  his  works  is 
strongly  influenced  by  the  two  Gabrieiis. — 
Comp.s  :   "  Canzonette  a  4  voci"  (1590)  ;  "  Can- 


tiones  sacrae  .  .  .  4,  8  et  plur.  voc."  (1591, 
1597,  1607);  "  Madrigali  a  5-8  voci"  (1596); 
"  Newe  teutsche  Gesang  nach  Art  der  welschen 
Madrigalien  und  Canzonetten "  (a  4-8;  1596, 
1004,  1609);  "  Missae  4-S  vocum "  (1599); 
"  Lustgarten  newer  deutscher  Gesang,  Balletti, 
Galliarden  und  Intraden  mit  4-S  Stimmen " 
(1601,  1605,  1610) ;  "  Sacri  concentus,  5-12 
voc."  (1601,  1612)  ;  "  Psalmen  und  christliche 
Gesange "  (n  4,  "  fugweis,"  1607;  new  ed.  in 
score,  1777)  ;  "  Kirchengesange,  Psalmen  und 
geistliche  Lieder "  (a  4,  "  simpliciter,"  1608, 
1637)  ;  "Litaney  deutsch  Herrn  Dr.  Martini 
Lutheri  "  (u  7,  f.  double  chorus,  1619)  ;  "  Venus- 
garten  oder  neue  lustige  liebliche  Tantze  teut- 
scher  und  polnischer  Art"  (1615).  Motets  of 
his  are  in  collections  of  the  period.  Also  see 
Eitner's  "  Chronol.  Verzeichniss "  of  H.'s 
printed  works. — Plis  brother  Jakob,  b.  Nurem- 
berg, 1566  ;  d.  Hechingen  (?),  1601,  was  org. 
to  Graf  Eytel  Friedrich  von  Hohenzollern-Her- 
bingen.  A  famous  virtuoso,  he  also  comp. 
much  sacred  music. — The  third  brother,  Kas- 
par,  b.  Nuremberg,  1570  ;  d.  there  161S  as 
org.,  e'dited  a  collection  of  church-mus. ,  "  Sym- 
phoniae  sacrae"  (Nuremberg,  1598-1600). 

Has'linger,  Tobias,  Viennese  mus.-publ.; 
b.  Zell,  Upper  Austria,  Mar.  1,  1787  ;  d.  Vienna; 
June  18,  1842.  St.  mus.  w.  Gloeggl,  Kapcllm. 
at  Linz  ;  in  18 10  went  to  Vienna  as  bookkeeper 
in  Steiner's  music-establishment,  later  became 
partner,  and,  on  Steiner's  retirement  in  1S26, 
sole  proprietor.  Cond.  the  business  thenceforth 
under  his  own  name  ;  was  on  intimate  terms  with 
the  most  famous  musicians  of  Vienna,  especially 
Beethoven,  whose  musically-addressed  letters  to 
PI.  (such  as  "  O  Tobias  Dominus  Ilaslinger,"  in 
canon-form)  are  still  extant. — Pie  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  June  11,  1S16  ;  d. 
there  Dec.  26,  iS6S,a  brilliant  pianist  and  indus- 
trious comp. — Works  :  Wanda,  opera,  and  over 
100  comp.s  of  various  kinds.  Carried  on  the 
business  as  "  Karl  II.,  late  Tobias";  the  present 
proprietor  is  Schlesinger  (Lienau)  of  Berlin,  who 
bought  it  from  the  widow  in   1875. 

Has'se,  Nikolaus,  abt.  1650,  org.  of  the 
Marienkirche,  Rostock.  Under  the  title  "  De- 
liciae  Musicae "  (1656),  publ.  his  own  comp.s, 
consisting  of  Allemandes,  Courantes,  Sarabandes, 
f.  stringed  instr.s,  clavecin  or  theorbo  (2nd  part, 
and  "Appendix,"  1658). 

Has'se,  Johann  Adolph,  dram,  comp.;  b. 
Bergedorf,  n.  Hamburg,  Mar.  25,  1699;  d. 
Venice,  Dec.  16,  1783.  His  father,  a  school- 
master and  org.,  first  instructed  him.  In  1717, 
at  18  yrs.  of  age,  he  went  to  Hamburg,  where 
Ulrich  Konig,  the  poet,  recommended  him  to 
Reiser,  dir.  of  the  Hamburg  Opera,  as  tenor,  a 
position  he  held  for  4  years.  Riinig's  good  of- 
fices again,  in  1722,  secured  him  an  appointment 
at  the  Brunswick  theatre,  where  II.  successfully 
prod,  his  1st  opera,  Antigonus  (1723).  In  1724, 
he  went  to  Italy  for  study  with  Porpora,  whom 
he  soon  left  for  A.  Scarlatti.      He  secured  Italian 


253 


HASSE— HASTREITER 


fame  with  II  Sesostrafe  (Naples,  1726),  written 
after  the  success  (1725)  of  a  serenade  for  two 
voices,  sung  by  Farinelli  and  Signora  Tesi.  He 
was  app.  (1727)  prof,  at  the  Scuola  degl'  Incu- 
rabili,  Venice,  for  which  he  wrote  a  celebrated 
Miserere.  His  talents,  vocal  and  instrumental, 
and  his  handsome  appearance,  made  him  a  society 
favorite,  and  he  became  known  as  "  il  caro  Sas- 
sone  "  (the  amiable  Saxon).  Attalo,  re  di  Bitinia 
(Naples,  1728),  was  also  a  success.  In  1730,  at 
Venice,  he  married  the  celebrated  cantatrice 
Faustina  Bordoni,  for  whom  he  comp.  the  operas 
Dalisa  and  Artaserse.  In  1731,  August  II. 
app.  him  Kapellm.  and  opera-dir.  at  Dresden, 
his  wife  being  eng.  as  prima  donna.  Their 
rivalry  with  Porpora  and  his  pupil  Regina  Min- 
gotti  ensued,  and  H.  did  not  altogether  shine  in 
his  efforts  to  place  them  at  a  disadvantage.  He 
frequently  obtained  leave  of  absence,  and  visited 
Venice,  Milan,  and  Naples,  where  he  prod. 
several  operas,  also  going  to  London,  where 
Handel  reigned  supreme.  Recognizing  Han- 
del's superiority,  he  did  not  contest  the  position, 
but  returned  to  Dresden  in  1739,  when  Por- 
pora and  the  Mingotti  had  left,  and  remained 
there  with  his  wife,  popular  favorites,  till  1763. 
By  the  siege  of  Dresden,  in  1760,  H.  suffered 
great  losses  ;  his  MSS.,  prepared  for  a  complete 
ed.  of  his  works  by  command  of  the  King  of 
Poland,  being  destroyed.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  from  economy,  opera  was  suppressed, 
and  PI.  and  his  wife  were  dismissed  without 
pension,  retiring  to  Vienna.  Here  he  comp. 
several  new  operas  to  Metastasio's  libretti,  in 
successful  rivalry  with  Gluck,  and  in  his  75th 
year  prod,  at  Milan  (1744)  his  last  opera,  Rug- 
giero,  for  the  marriage  of  Archduke  Ferdinand. 
A  dramatic  serenade,  Ascanio  in  Alba,  by  Mo- 
zart (then  13  yrs.  of  age),  being  performed  at  the 
same  time,  "  This  boy  will  throw  us  all  into  the 
shade,"  was  the  elder's  truthful  prediction.  The 
last  ten  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  Venice. 
His  facility  and  fertility  of  composition  were 
astounding,  and  he  possessed  a  ceaseless  flow 
of  delightful  melody.  "  Pallido  e  il  sole,"  and 
"  Per  questo  dolce  amplesso,"  from  his  Artaserse, 
were  the  two  airs  which  Farinelli  sang  ever}' 
evening  for  10  years,  to  soothe  Philip  of  Spain's 
melancholy.  Hasse's  works  include  over  100 
operas  ;  10  oratorios  ;  5  Te  Deums  w.  orch. ;  a 
requiem,  masses,  magnificats,  misereres,  litanies, 
motets,  psalms,  cantatas,  clavier-sonatas,  flute- 
concertos,  clavier-concertos,  etc.  A  valuable 
collection  of  his  MSS.  is  in  the  Dresden  Library. 

Has'se,  Faustina  {nee  Bordoni),  wife  of  the 
preceding,  and  a  famous  dram,  mezzo-soprano 
of  noble  birth  ;  b.  Venice,  1693  (1700)  ;  d.  there 
1783.  St.  w.  Gasparini  and  B.  Marcello  ;  in 
1716,  achieved  fame  by  her  debut  in  Pollarolo's 
Ariodante,  and  became  widely-known  as  the 
"  New  Syren."  In  1719  sang  at  Venice  with 
Cuzzoni  and  Bernacchi  ;  in  1722  at  Naples  and 
Florence,  where  a  medal  was  struck  in  her 
honor.      J 11     1724,     while     singing    at     Vienna, 


Handel  eng.  her  for  his  London  opera  (1726-8), 
where  she  outrivalled  Cuzzoni.  In  1729  she  re- 
turned to  Venice,  and  married  Hasse,  her  life 
thenceforward  being  bound  up  in  his,  and  both 
dying  in  the  same  year.  In  her  zenith,  she  was 
unrivalled  in  the  brilliance  and  finish  of  her 
vocalization. 

Has'se,  Gustav,  popular  song-composer ;  b. 
Peitz,  Brandenburg,  Sept.  4,  1834.  St.  at  Leip- 
zig Cons.;  afterwards  in  Berlin  w.  Kiel  and  F. 
Kroll.     Settled  in  Berlin  as  music-teacher. 

Has'selbeck,  Rosa.     See  Sucher. 

Has'selt-Barth,  Anna  Maria  Wilhelmine 
{ne'e  van  Hasselt),  renowned  soprano,  b.  Am- 
sterdam, July  15,  1S13.  St.  at  Frankfort,  at 
Carlsruhe  w.  J.  Fischer,  and  in  Florence  (1829) 
w.  Romani.  Debut  at  Trieste  (1S31).  Sang  on 
various  Italian  stages,  and  at  Munich,  1833-3S. 
In  1838,  eng.  at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  Vienna, 
until  her  retirement  with  pension. 

Hass'ler.     See  Hasler. 

Hass'ler,  Johann  Wilhelm,  notable  pf.- 
comp. ;  b.  Erfurt,  Mar.  29,  1747;  d.  Moscow, 
Mar.  25  (29?),  1S22.  Son  of  a  cap-maker,  he 
followed  his  father's  trade,  while  studying  the 
pf.  and  organ  with  his  uncle,  Kittel,  and  became 
org.  of  the  Barfusserkirche,  Erfurt,  at  the  age 
of  14.  During  his  apprenticeship  wanderings, 
he  gave  concerts  in  the  leading  German  towns. 
At  Erfurt,  in  1780,  he  founded  winter  concerts, 
and  established  a  mus. -business.  His  wife 
Sophie,  an  esteemed  singer,  took  part  in  these 
concerts,  and  after  his  departure  to  England, 
and  to  Russia,  where,  in  1792,  he  was  app.  Imp. 
Kapellm.  at  St.  Petersburg,  dir.  the  concerts, 
and  also  the  mus.  business,  till  1797,  when  these 
enterprises  failed,  and  she  started  to  rejoin  her 
husband,  but  returned,  and  remained  in  Erfurt 
the  remainder  of  her  life.  In  1794,  IL  went  to 
Moscow,  and  remained  there  much  sought  after 
as  a  teacher.  His  works  form  an  interesting 
link  in  pf.-comp.  betw.  Bach  and  Beethoven, 
and  consist  of  the  well-known  I)  min.  gigue, 
sonatas,  concertos,  fantasias,  variations,  org. - 
pes.,  songs,  etc. 

Hass'linger-Hass'ingen.     See  Hager. 

Hastings,  Thomas,  b.  Washington,  Litch- 
field Co.,  Conn.,  Oct.  15,  1787  ;  d.  New  York, 
May  2,  1S72.  A  self-taught  musician,  teacher, 
and  writer  ;  1823-32,  editor  of  the  Utica,  N.  Y., 
"Recorder";  then  settled  in  New  York  as  an 
organizer  of  church-choirs  and  teacher  of  psalm- 
ody. His  writings,  "The  History  of  Forty 
Choirs"  (1S54),  and  "Dissertation  on  Musical 
Taste"  (1822;  2nd  enlarged  ed.  1853),  throw 
light  on  mus.  development  in  the  United  States. 
lie  composed  simple  hymn-tunes  and  anthems. 

Hast'reiter,  Helene,  fine  dramatic  contralto  ; 
b.  Louisville,  Ky.,  Nov.  14,  1S5S.  St.  under 
Lamperti,  Milan.  Married  Dr.  Burgunzio,  an 
Italian  physician.      Home  is  now  (1S96)  Genoa. 


254 


HATTON-    HAUPTMANN 


She  is  a  great  favorite  in  Italy  ;  some  of  her 
leading  roles  are  Orfeo,  Euridice,  Dalilah,  Senta, 
and  Ortrud. 

Hatton,  John  Liphot,  cond.  and  comp. ,  b. 
Liverpool,  Oct.  20,  1S09  ;  d.  Margate,  Sept.  20, 
1S86.  Excepting  rudimentary  instruction,  was 
self-taught.  Went  to  London  in  1832  ;  app. 
cond.  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  1842,  and  prod. 
The  Queen  of  the  Thames,  his  first  operetta. 
The  same  year  went  to  Vienna,  and  in  1844 
prod,  there  the  opera  Pascal  Bruno.  Visited 
America  in  1S48.  Mus.  Dir.  at  the  Princess' 
Th.,  Lond.,  1853-8.  Comp.  much  incid.  mus. 
to  stage-plays,  publ.  a  number  of  successful 
songs  under  the  pen-name  of  "  Czapek,"  a  can- 
tata Robin  Hood  (1S56),  another  opera,  Rose,  or 
Love's  Ransom  (1S64),  and  a  sacred  drama, 
Hezekiah  (1877). 

Hatt'staedt,  John  J.,  b.  Monroe,  Mich., 
Dec.  29,  1851.  After  study  with  several  Amer. 
and  Ger.  teachers,  he  taught  pf. -playing  at 
Detroit,  St.  Louis,  and  for  n  years  at  the 
Chicago  Coll.  of  Mus.,  where  he  also  lectured 
on  mus.  history.  Since  18S6,  Director  of  the 
Amer.  Cons.,  Chicago,  teaching  pf.,  and  con- 
ducting a  Teachers'  Normal  Dep.t.  lie  is  an 
occasional  contributor  to  the  press,  and  has 
publ.  a  "  Manual  of  Musical  History." 

Hauck,  Minnie,  b.  New  Vork,  Nov.  16, 
1852.  Dramatic  soprano;  debut  as  "Norma" 
in  N.  Y. ,  iS6g  ;  enthusiastically  received  in 
London,  the  same  year,  in  Ital.  opera  ;  eng. 
1S70  as  prima  donna  of  Vienna  Court  Opera  ; 
1873-5,  Berlin  ;  has  sung  repeatedly  in  all  Euro- 
pean capitals,  and  in  America.  Principal  roles  : 
Zerlina,  Mignon,  Rosine,  Margaretha,  Aula, 
Eille  du  Regiment,  Carmen,  Katherine  (in 
Goet/.'s   Wider spenstigen),  etc. 

Hau'er,  Karl  Heinrich  Ernst,  b.  Halber- 
stadt,  Oct.  2S,  1S2S  ;  d.  Berlin,  Mar.  16,  1S92. 
Son  of  the  cantor  and  teacher,  from  1844  he 
attended  the  Halberstadt  Gymnasium.  For  two 
years  he  studied  with  Marx  (Berlin),  and  for 
three  years  (distinguishing  himself  in  comp.)  at 
the  Royal  Akademie  (Bach,  Rungenhagen,  and 
Grell).  In  1853,  won  a  silver  medal  with  an 
orchestrated  Psalm  a  8.  App.  mus. -teacher  at 
the  Andreas  Gymnasium,  1856  ;  organist  of  the 
Markuskirche,  1866. — Comp.s  :  Ave  Maria  a  6 
a  cappella ;  Paternoster  f.  solo  and  chorus  ; 
"  Luther  Hymns,"  motets,  sacred  songs;  quar- 
tets f.  male  and  mixed  voices,  secular  songs,  etc. 

Hauff,  Johann  Christian,  theorist  and  comp. ; 
b.  Frankfort,  Sept.  8,  1S11  ;  d.  there  Apr.  30, 
1891.  One  of  the  founders  and  first  professors 
of  the  Frankfort  School  of  Music.  Wrote  a 
"  Theorie  der  Tonsetzkunst  "  (1S63-9  ;  3  vol.s 
in  5  parts).      Orchestral  and  chamber-music. 

Hauf'fe,  Luise.     See  IIaktei.,  Luise. 

Haupt,  Karl  August,  organ-virtuoso ;  b. 
Kunern,  Silesia,  Aug.  25,  1S10  ;  d.  Berlin,  July 
4,  1S91.  Pupil  of  A.  W.  Bach,  Klein,  ami 
Dehn  (Berlin),  1827-30.     Org.  in  succession  of 


various  Berlin  churches  ;  app.  1S49  t°  the  Pa- 
rochialkirche,  and  became  famous  for  his  fine 
improvisations  in  the  style  of  J.  S.  Bach.  Was 
one  of  the  experts  consulted  for  the  specification 
of  the  Crystal  Palace  grand  organ.  Teacher  of 
theory  and  organ-playing  for  some  years  at  the 
"  Konigliches  Kirchenmusik-Institut,"  Berlin, 
and  on  A.  W.  Bach's  death  (1869)  he  was  app. 
director  of  the  musical  section  of  the  senate  of 
the  Akademie,  at  the  same  time  receiving  the 
title  of  Professor.  Taught  many  distinguished 
pupils,  including  over  35  contemporary  Amer- 
ican organists. — In  MS.,  numerous  org. -comp.s. 
Publ.  part-songs,  songs,  and  a  valuable  "  Cho- 
ralbuch  "  (1S69).        t 

Haupt'mann,  Moritz,  eminent  theorist  and 
comp.;  b.  Dresden,  Oct.  13,  1792;  d.  Leipzig, 
Jan.  3,  1S68.  His 
father  was  State- 
architect,  and  hoped 
to  bring  up  his  son 
to  that  profession. 
But  the  results  of 
his  musical  studies, 
pf.  and  harm. 
(Grosse),  vln. 
(Scholz),  comp. 
(Morlacchi),  evinced 
such  talent  that  no 
obstacle  was  allowed 
to  interfere  with  its 
development.  In 

18 1 1     he     went    to 

Gotha  to  study  vln.  and  comp.  under  Spohr,  and 
became  his  life-long  friend.  In  1812  he  was 
violinist  in  the  Dresden  court  orch.,  became 
mus. -teacher  to  the  family  of  the  Russian  gov- 
ernor of  Dresden,  Prince  Repnin,  and  in  1815 
went  with  them  to  Russia,  where  he  stayed  five 
years.  Returning  to  Germany,  he  was  admitted 
into  Spohr's  court,  orch.  at  Kassel,  in  1S22. 
He  exhibited  remarkable  ability  as  instructor  in 
cpt.  and  comp.,  and  in  1842,  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  Mendelssohn  and  Spohr,  was  app.  can- 
tor and  Musikdirector  at  the  Thomasschule,  as 
Weinlig's  successor,  and  prof,  of  cpt.  and  comp. 
at  Leipzig  Cons.,  retaining  these  posts  until  his 
death.  A  master  of  classic  musical  form,  he 
followed  a  fundamental  rule,  that  "  unity  of  idea 
and  perfection  of  form  "  were  indispensable  in 
all  comp.s,  and  exemplified  it  in  his  own  music, 
which  is  remarkable  for  architectonic  symmetry 
of  form  and  purity  of  part-leading  ;  his  vocal 
music,  especially  the  motets,  is  particularly 
beautiful.  Still,  although  a  finished  composer, 
he  is  more  famous  as  a  theorist  and  teacher  ; 
among  his  numerous  distinguished  pupils  were 
Ferd.  David,  Burgmuller,  Kiel,  the  Baches,  Jo- 
achim, Sullivan,  von  Blilow,  Cowen,  etc.  The 
scientific  foundation  of  modern  musical  theory, 
amplified  by  A.  v.  Oettingen  ("  Harmoniesys- 
tem  in  dualer  Entwickelung,"  1866),  Riemann 
("  Handbuch  der  Harmonielehre,"  etc.),  anil 
others,  is   laid   by  II.  in  "  Die   Natur  der  Ilar- 


255 


HAUPTNER— HAUSMANN 


monik  unci  Metrik  "  (1853,  2r>d  ed.  1S73  ;  Engl. 
1S88).  His  other  writings  are  :  "  Erlauterungen 
zu  J.  S.  Bach's  Kunst  der  Fuge "  (Peters); 
"  Ueber  die  Beantwortung  des  Eugenthemas  " 
(printed  in  the  "Wiener  Recensionen  ")  ;  also 
short  essays  in  various  mus.  periodicals,  many  of 
which  were  collected  and  publ.  by  H.'s  son  as 
"  Opuscula  "  (1874).  In  186S  a  posthumous 
work,  "  Die  Lehre  von  der  Harmonik,"  ap- 
peared (edited  by  Oscar  Paul).  H.'s  "  Brief e 
an  Franz  Hauser"  (ed.  by  A.  Schone  ;  1871,  2 
vol.s)  and  "  Briefe  an  L.  Spohr,  und  andere " 
(ed.  by  F.  Miller,  1876)  have  also  been  publ. — 
Comp.s.:  Opera  Mathilde  (Kassel,  1826); 
string-quartets,  vln. -duets, »vln. -sonatas  ;  also  2 
masses,  motets,  part-songs  f.  mixed  voices, 
canons  a  3  f.  sopr.  voices,  duets,  and  songs  f. 
solo  voice. 

Haupt'ner,  Thuiskon,  b.  Berlin,  1825  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  9,  1889.  St.  at  the  Berlin  Royal 
Academy,  and  in  1850  became  Kapellm.  at  the 
Vorstadtisches  Th. ;  1854-8,  st.  at  the  Paris 
Cons.  Was  a  teacher  in  Berlin  (1861),  at  the 
Basel  school  of  music  (1863),  and  for  some  years 
directed  the  Singakademie,  Potsdam.  Publ.  a 
"Deutsche  Gesangschule"  (1861). — Comp.s: 
Operettas,  farces,  vaudevilles. 

Hausch'ka,  Vincenz,  gifted  'cellist  and  bary- 
tone-player ;  b.  Mies,  Bohemia,  Jan.  21,  1766  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Sept.  13,  1840.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
a  school-teacher ;  became  chorister  in  Prague 
cath.  St.  theory  with  Zoger,  'cello  with  Christ. 
App.  'cellist  to  Count  Joseph  von  Thun  in 
Prague  (1782)  ;  made  successful  concert-tours 
through  Germany. — Works  :  In  MS.,  numerous 
comp.s  f .  'cello,  barytone,  etc. ;  publ.  9  sonatas 
f.  'cello  and  bass,  and  a  book  of  vocal  canons 
a  3- 

Hau'se,  Wenzel,  prof,  of  double-bass  at 
Prague  Cons.;  b.  in  Bohemia,  abt.  1796.  Publ. 
an  excellent  "  Contrabassschule "  (Ililscher, 
Dresden,  1828  ;  in  French  and  German,  Mainz, 
1829)  ;  also  3  collections  of  noteworthy  studies 
for  the  instr. 

Haus'egger,  Friedrich  von,  b.  Vienna,  Apr. 
26,  1837.  Pupil  of  Salzmann  and  Otto  Dessoff  ; 
also  std.  law,  and  became  a  barrister  at  Graz. 
In  1872,  qualified  as  teacher  of  history  and 
theory  of  mus.  at  the  Univ.  of  Graz.  A  con- 
tributor to  mus.  periodicals,  his  "  Musik  als 
Ausdruck  "  (Vienna,  1885)  is  a  valuable  addition 
to  mus.  aesthetics.  Other  writings  :  "  Richard 
Wagner  und  Schopenhauer";  "  Vom  Jenseits 
des  Ktinstlers"  (1893). 

Hau'ser,  Franz,  bass-baritone  opera-singer; 
b.  Crasowitz,  n.  Prague,  Jan.  12,  1794  ;  d. 
Freiburg,  Baden,  Aug.  14,  1870.  Pupil  of 
Tomaczek.  Sang  with  conspicuous  success  at 
Prague  (1817),  Kassel,  Dresden,  Vienna  (1828), 
London  (1832),  Berlin  (1835),  Breslau  (1836), 
and  retired  from  the  stage  the  following  year. 
Travelled  in  Italy,  was  vocal-teacher  at  Vienna, 
and  from   1846-64  dir.   and    singing-teacher   at 


Munich    Cons.,    retiring    at    its    reorganization 

(1865)  with  a  pension.  From  1867,  lived  at 
Freiburg.  A  man  of  culture  and  an  enthusi- 
astic admirer  of  J.  S.  Bach,  he  formed  a  re- 
markable collection  of  that  master's  works, 
which  included  some  valuable  autographs.  His 
"  Gesanglehre    fi'ir    Lehrende    und     Lernende " 

(1866)  is  a  recital  of  his  personal  experiences  as 
a  singing-teacher.  Correspondence  with  Men- 
delssohn and  Hauptmann  has  been  publ. 

Hau'ser,  Miska  [Michael],  violin-virtuoso  ; 
b.  Pressburg,  Hungary,  1822  ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec. 
9,  1887.  Pupil  of  Josef  Matalay  and  Kreutzer  ; 
also  st.  at  Vienna  Cons.,  under  Mayseder  and 
Sechter.  From  1S40-61,  made  concert-tours 
through  Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Norway, 
Russia,  France,  England,  North  and  South 
America,  Australia,  India,  Egypt,  Turkey,  etc., 
being  well  received  everywhere.  Made  his  last 
public  appearance  in  Cologne  (1874). — Works  : 
Operetta,  Der  blinde Leiermann{abt.  i860)  ;  fan- 
tasias, rondos,  variations,  and  many  other  vln.- 
comp.s.  His  book  "  Aus  dem  Wanderbuch 
eines  osterreichischen  Virtuosen  "  (Leipzig, 
1858-9,  2  vol.s)  was  a  reprint  of  his  letters  to 
the  "  Ostdeutsche  Post"  (Vienna)  on  his  great 
American  journey. 

Hau'ser,  Johann  Ernst,  b.  Dittchenroda, 
n.  Quedlinburg,  1803.  Teacher  at  Quedlinburg 
Gymnasium. — Works:  "  Musikalisches  Lexi- 
kon  "  (1828,  2  vol.s  ;  2nd  ed.  1833  ;  only  Ter- 
minology) ;  "  Der  Musikalische  Gesellschafter  " 
(1830,  Anecdotes)  ;  "  Elementarbuch  fiir  die  al- 
leresten  Anfange  des  Pianofortespiels  "  (1832  ; 
1836  as  "  Neue  Pianoforteschule  ")  ;  "Musi- 
kalisches Jahrblichlein  (1833) ;  "  Geschichte  des 
christlichen,  inbesondere  des  evangelischen  Kir- 
chengesangs  "  (1834). 

Haus'mann,  Valentin.  Five  musicians  in 
direct  lineal  descent  bore  this  name  :  V.  i,  the 
eldest  ;  b.  Nuremberg,  1484,  comp.  chorales, 
and  was  a  friend  of  Luther  and  of  Kapellm. 
Joh.  Walter.  His  son,  V.  ii,  was  org.  and 
councillor  at  Gerbstadt,  and  an  industrious 
comp.  of  motets,  canzonets,  and  dances  (intrade, 
paduane,  etc.).  V.  iii,  son  of  preceding,  org. 
at  Lobejiin,  was  an  expert  in  org. -construction. 
His  son,  V.  iv,  occupied  the  posts  of  chapel- 
mus.  to  the  Kothen  court  ;  org.  of  Alsleben  Ch., 
and  wrote  a  treatise  on  solmisation.  V.  v,  Bar- 
tholomaus,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Lobejiin,  1678, 
became  cath. -org.  at  Merseburg  and  Halle,  and 
d.  as  org.  and  burgomaster  at  Lauchstadt  after 
1740.      In  MS.  several  theoretical  works. 

Haus'mann,  Robert,  'cellist  ;  b.  Rottlebe- 
rode,  Harz  Mts.,  Aug.  13,  1852.  To  1869,  st. 
at  the  Brunswick  Gymnasium.  1869-71,  pupil 
of  Theodor  Miillerat  the  Berlin  "  Hochschule," 
and  finished  studies  with  Piatti  in  London.  1872- 
6,  at  Dresden,  'cellist  of  the  "  Hochberg"  quar- 
tet ;  became  teacher  at  the  Berlin  Royal  "  Hoch- 
schule." Since  1879,  member  of  the  Joachim 
quartet. 


256 


HAUTIN— HAYDN 


Hautin  (or  Haultin),  Pierre,  b.  La  Rochelle, 
abt.  1500  ;  d.  Paris,  1580,  was  the  earliest  French 
founder  of  musical  types.  He  made  his  first 
dies,  for  the  printing  of  x\ttaignant's  20  books 
of  motets,  in  1525. 

Hawes,  William,  Engl.  comp.  and  cond. ; 
b.  London,  June  21,  1785  ;  d  there,  Feb.  18, 
1846.  1793-1801,  Chapel  Royal  chorister  ;  1802, 
violinist  at  Covent  Garden  ;  became  Gentleman 
of  the  Chapel  Royal  in  1805  ;  vicar-choral  and 
Master  of  Choristers  at  St.  Paul's,  1S14  ;  Mas- 
ter of  the  Children  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  181 7  ; 
and  lay-vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1S17-20. 
From  1824-36,  director  of  English  opera  at  the 
Lyceum.  He  adapted  and  prod,  many  operas 
for  the  English  stage,  and  also  comp.  comic 
operas,  glees,  madrigals,  etc. 

Hawkins,  (Sir)  John,  Engl,  writer  and 
musicograph  ;  b.  London,  Mar.  30,  1719  ;  d. 
at  Spa,  May  14,  1789.  By  profession  an  attor- 
ney, he  was  also  an  ardent  mus.  dilettante  ;  he 
became  a  member  of  various  societies,  and  wrote 
cantatas  set  to  music  by  John  Stanley.  A 
wealthy  marriage  (1753)  rendered  him  independ- 
ent, and  he  devoted  his  leisure  to  literature, 
more  especially  that  of  music.  In  1770  he 
publ.  anonymously  "  An  Account  of  the  Institu- 
tion and  Progress  of  the  Acad,  of  Ancient 
Music."  He  was  knighted  in  1772.  The  re- 
sult of  16  years'  labor  was  his  "  General  History 
of  the  Science  and  Practice  of  Music  "  (1776  ; 
5vol.s  4to,  containing  58  portraits  of  musicians  ; 
republ.  by  Novello,  1S75,  2  vol.s  Svo.).  The 
1st  vol.  of  Burney's  "  General  History  of  Music" 
appeared  at  the  same  time  as  H.'s  complete 
work,  and  was  then  considered  superior.  For 
the  other  three  vol.s  of  his  work,  Burney  drew 
on  H.,  who  was  indebted  to  Cooke  for  the  tran- 
scription of  the  old  notation,  etc.,  and  to  Boyce 
for  the  selection  of  the  musical  illustrations. 
Burney  was  brilliant,  and  the  better  musician, 
but  frequently  careless  and  inaccurate  ;  while 
II.,  more  painstaking  and  conscientious,  made 
his  compilation  more  reliable  as  a  work  of  refer- 
ence ;  Burney's  never  reached  a  2nd  edition. 
H.  died  of  paralysis,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  The  monograph  on  Corelli 
("  Universal  Magazine  of  Knowledge  and  Pleas- 
ure," Apr.,  1777)  was  not  new,  but  a  reprint  from 
H.'s  principal  work. 

Hay'dn,  (Franz)  Josef,  renowned  comp.; 
b.  Rohrau-on-the-Peitha,  Lower  Austria,  Mar. 
31  (bapt.  April  1),  1732  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  31, 
1809.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Matthias 
Haydn,  a  wheelwright,  the  sexton  and  organ- 
ist of  the  village  church,  and  a  fine  tenor 
singer.  His  mother,  Maria  Roller,  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  market-inspector,  sang  in  the  village 
choir,  and  had  been  cook  in  the  household  of 
Count  Plarrach,  the  lord  of  the  village.  Of 
their  twelve  children,  three  became  musicians. 
On  Sundays  and  holidays  there  was  music  at 
home,  the    father  accompanying   the  voices   on 

17  257 


the  harp,  which  he  played  by  ear.  At  5  years 
of  age,  Josef's  musical  aptitude  was  noticed  by 
a  paternal  cousin,  Johann  Matthias  Frankh,  a 
good  musician,  Chor7-egent  and  Schulrector  at 
Hamburg.  He  took  the  boy  home  with  him 
and  gave  him  elementary  instruction,  taught  him 
Latin,  singing,  and  to  play  the  violin  and  other 
instr.s.  George  Reutter,  Hofcompositear  and 
Kapellm,  at  St.  Stephen's,  Vienna,  had  his  at- 
tention drawn  to  the  boy's  talent,  and  engaged 
him  as  chorister  for  St.  Stephen's,  undertaking 
his  further  education.  H.  was  8  years  of  age 
when  he  went  to  Vienna.  Besides  the  daily 
service,  and  2  hours'  choir-practice,  he  studied 
religion,  Latin,  writing,  and  arithmetic.  He 
also  received  instruction  in  singing,  and  on  the 
violin  and  clavier,  from  Finsterbusch  and  Gegen- 
bauer.  Harmony  and  comp.  were  supposed  to 
be  taught  by  Reutter,  who  did  not  trouble  him- 
self about  the  mat- 
ter. Still,  unaided, 
H.  applied  himself 
assiduously  to 
comp.,  and  at  13 
wrote  a  mass; 
though  ridiculed,  in- 
stead of  encouraged, 
by  Reutter,  he  per- 
sisted, and  spent  a 
little  money,  begged 
from  his  father  for 
the  renewal  of  his 
clothing,  in  the  pur- 
chase  of  Fux's 
"  Gradus  ad  Par- 
nassum  "   and   Mat- 

theson's  "  Volkommener  Kapellm.,"  the  princi- 
ples of  which  he  labored  to  master.  In  174S  his 
voice  began  to  break,  and  he  was  supplanted  by 
his  brother  Michael,  who  had  joined  him  in  1745. 
Reutter  made  a  practical  joke  which  H.  played 
on  a  fellow-student  a  pretext  for  punishment 
and  dismissal.  Some  poor  but  kindhearted 
friends  gave  him  shelter  ;  he  also  obtained  a  few 
pupils,  and  a  sympathetic  Viennese  tradesman 
lent  him  150  florins  ;  he  was  thus  enabled  to 
rent  an  attic-room  for  himself,  together  with  a 
rickety  harpsichord.  Here  he  could  practise  un- 
interruptedly, and  Emanuel  Bach's  first  6  so- 
natas became  his  chief  source  of  study.  He 
also  assiduously  practised  the  violin,  but  was  (in 
his  own  words)  "no  conjuror  on  any  instru- 
ment, though  able  to  play  a  concerto."  In  the 
same  house  lived  Metastasio,  the  poet,  who 
taught  him  Italian,  and  recommended  him  as 
musical  instructor  to  -a  Spanish  family,  the  de 
Martines,  for  their  daughter  Marianne.  Through 
playing  her  accompaniments  at  the  house  of 
Porpora,  her  singing-teacher,  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  that  surly  old  master,  and  in  the 
performance  of  various  menial  services  gained 
his  good-will  sufficiently  to  receive  some  valuable 
instruction  in  comp.  from  him,  and  a  recommen- 
dation to  the  Venetian  ambassador  for  a  stipend, 
which  was  granted,  of  50  francs  a  month.      H, 


HAYDN 


went  with  Porpora  to  the  baths  of  M.annersdorf, 
and  made  the  acquaintance  of  Bonno,  Wagen- 
seil,  Dittersdorf,  and  Gluck.  He  was  now  20 
years  of  age,  and  had  composed  6  trios,  sonatas, 
and  other  instr.l  music,  his  1st  Mass  in  F,  and 
a  comic  opera,  Der  neue  krutnme  Tcitfel,  prod, 
at  the  Stadttheater,  1752  (a  satire  on  the  lame 
baron  Affligio,  official  director  of  the  court  opera, 
and  suppressed  after  the  3rd  representation,  but 
afterwards  given  in  Prague,  Berlin,  and  other 
cities).  H.  received  24  ducats  for  this  work,  of 
which  the  libretto  alone  has  been  preserved. 
One  of  his  sonatas  earned  the  good  graces  of 
Countess  Thun,  who  engaged  him  as  harpsi- 
chordist and  singing-master.  He  also  met  Baron 
Karl  Josef  Furnberg,  for  whom  he  comp.  his 
1st  quartet  (1753),  which  was  followed  by  seven- 
teen others  within  a  year.  These  two  wealthy 
friends  introduced  him  to  Count  Ferdinand 
Maximilian  Morzin,  who,  in  1758,  app.  H.  J\Iu- 
sikdirector  and  Kammei  compositeur  at  Lukavec, 
n.  Pilsen.  In  1759  Prince  Paul  Anton  Ester- 
hazy  heard  his  1st  symph.  in  D,  and  asked  the 
count  to  give  him  his  composer  ;  in  1760  H. 
entered  his  service  as  2nd  Kapellm.  at  Eisen- 
stadt,  after  the  death  of  Werner  becoming  1st 
Kapellm.  The  same  year,  H.  married  Maria 
Anna,  the  eldest  daughter  of  an  early  benefactor, 
Keller,  a  wig-maker.  He  was  in  love  with  the 
second  daughter,  but  she  entered  a  convent, 
and  H.  was  induced  to  marry  the  sister.  Of  an 
extravagant,  vixenish,  incompatible  tempera- 
ment, she  made  their  married  life  miserable. 
In  1762  the  "great"  Esterhazy,  Prince  Niko- 
laus,  succeeded  his  deceased  brother,  and  under 
his  re'gime  the  status  of  music  and  musicians  was 
much  improved.  For  the  Prince's  new  palace  at 
Esterhaz,  besides  the  daily  music,  H.  had  to 
provide  two  weekly  operatic  performances  and 
two  formal  concerts  ;  while  in  his  service,  H. 
comp.  some  30  symphonies,  40  quartets,  diverti- 
menti,  6  string-trios,  a  concerto  f.  French  horn, 
12  orch.l  minuets,  clavier-works  of  all  descrip- 
tions, and  nearly  all  his  operas,  besides  other 
vocal  comp.s.  His  music  became  known 
throughout  Europe  ;  the  official  gazette  alluded 
to  him  as  "our  national  favorite."  In  1780  he 
was  elected  member  of  the  Modena  Philhar- 
monic Society  ;  in  17S4  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia 
sent  him  a  gold  medal  and  his  portrait  ;  in  17S5 
he  was  commissioned  to  write  a  mass,  The  Sere  11 
Words  on  the  Cross,  for  the  Cathedral  of  Cadiz  ; 
in  1787  King  Friedrich  Wilhelm  II.  gave  him 
a  diamond  ring  ;  and  many  other  distinctions 
were  conferred  upon  him.  During  his  stay  at 
Esterhaz,  his  friendship  for  Mozart  developed. 
In  1790  Prince  Nikolaus  died,  and  his  son 
Anton  curtailed  the  chapel-music,  retaining  H., 
however,  as  Kapellm.,  and  increasing  his  stipend 
of  1,000  florins  by  an  additional  400.  He  was 
virtually  independent  ;  his  time  was  his  own, 
and  he  added  to  his  income  by  the  sale  of  his 
works.  For  some  time  he  had  received  pressing 
invitations  to  visit  Eondon.  He  had  settled  in 
Vienna,  when  Salomon  appeared  with  a  tempt- 


ing offer,  and  induced  him  to  accompany  him, 
although  his  friends,  especially  Mozart,  tried  to 
dissuade  him.  In  1791  he  arrived  in  England, 
and  remained  there  eighteen  months,  feted  and 
petted  by  royalty  and  the  nobility,  the  artistic 
"lion"  of  a  brilliant  and  successful  season.  In 
July,  Oxford  conferred  on  him  the  inevitable 
hon.  degree  of  Mus.  Doc;  and  his  best  orch.l 
works,  the  "  Salomon  symphonies,"  were  written 
during  this  visit.  During  his  absence,  Mozart 
had  died  (Dec.  5,  1791).  In  1792  H.  returned 
via  Bonn  to  Frankfort,  for  the  coronation  of 
Emperor  Franz  II.,  and  went  thence  to  Vienna, 
also  visiting  his  native  place  to  witness  the  un- 
veiling of  a  monument  erected  in  his  honor  by 
Count  Harrach,  his  mother's  former  employer. 
In  this  year  he  gave  Beethoven  the  lessons  with 
which  the  latter  was  so  dissatisfied.  In  1794  he 
revisited  London  ;  his  former  triumphs  were  re- 
peated, and  though  pressed  by  the  King  to  make 
England  his  home,  he  returned  to  his  native  land 
in  affluence,  at  the  invitation  of  a  new  Prince, 
to  reorganize  the  Esterhazy  chapel,  as  Kapellm. 
But  his  fame,  though  great,  was  not  yet  in  its 
zenith.  In  1797  he  comp.  the  Austrian  Na- 
tional Anthem,  "The  Emperor's  Hymn."  In 
1798,  in  his  sixty-fifth  year,  was  prod,  his  im- 
mortal oratorio  Die  Schopfung  ( The  Creation), 
and  in  1S01,  Die  Jahreszeiten  {The  Seasons). 
But  his  health  began  to  fail,  and  thenceforward 
he  lived  in  retirement.  Only  once  did  he  again 
appear  in  public,  in  1S08,  at  a  special  perform- 
ance of  the  Creation;  but  he  had  to  be  carried 
out  before  the  finish,  friends  and  pupils,  among 
whom  was  Beethoven,  surrounding  him  to  take 
leave,  B.  bending  to  kiss  the  old  man's  hands 
and  forehead.  He  lingered  until  1S09,  when  his 
end  was  hastened  by  the  shock  of  the  bombard- 
ment of  Vienna  by  the  French.  He  was  buried 
in  the  Hundsthurm  churchyard  ;  eleven  years 
later  he  was  reinterred  at  Eisenstadt.  In  1887 
a  splendid  monument  was  erected  to  H.  in 
Vienna. 

Although  of  unprepossessing  personal  appear- 
ance, stern,  dignified  in  aspect,  and  laconic  in 
speech,  he  was  of  a  humorous,  agreeable,  and 
amiable  temperament,  and  artistically  liberal- 
minded.  The  religious  side  of  his  character  is 
shown  in  the  inscriptions  of  all  his  scores,  with 
the  motto  "  In  Nomine  Domini"  or  "  Soli  Deo 
Gloria, "  and  all  ending  with  "  Laus  Deo." 

Haydn  is  justly  called  the  father  of  modern 
orchestral  music  ;  he  taught  each  instr.  to  speak 
with  an  individuality  of  expression  unknown  to 
previous  eras  ;  his  melodic  vein  is  original  and 
inexhaustible  ;  the  frank  gayety  and  extravagant 
fun  of  "Papa  Haydn's"  lighter  music  went 
straight  to  the  hearts  of  the  impressionable  Vi- 
ennese, and  lent  new  vivacity  to  European  con- 
cert-halls ;  in  his  moods  of  tenderness  or  of 
passion  he  is  a  worthy  forerunner  of  Beethoven. 
His  genius  expanded  the  "sonata-form"  into 
the  modern  symphony  and  quartet  (though  in 
the  latter  Bononcini  appears  to  have  an  equal 
claim  to  independence  of  invention)  ;  in  oratorio 


258 


HAYDN— HAYES 


he  rivals  Handel  in  majesty  and  power.  And  to 
all  this,  which  in  itself  stamps  him  as  one  of  the 
greatest  composers  of  all  times,  must  be  added 
the  marvellous  fertility — prodigality — of  his  crea- 
tive resources.  The  list  of  his  comp.s  is  enor- 
mous. It  comprises  125  Symphonies  (inch 
overtures  ;  H.  himself  reckoned  his  66  diverti- 
menti,  cassations,  sextets,  etc.,  as  symphonies), 
the  meagre  instrumentation  of  the  earliest 
(strings,  2  oboes,  2  horns)  contrasting  strongly 
with  that  of  the  12  "English"  symphonies 
(strings,  flute,  2  oboes,  2  clarinets,  2  bassoons,  2 
horns,  2  trumpets,  2  kettle-drums)  and  others  of 
his  maturity.  Some  having  distinctive  titles  are 
the  "Farewell"  {Abschiedssymphonie,  1772), 
the  "Fire  S."  {Feuersympk.,  1774),  the  "Toy 
Symph."  {Kinder sympA.),  "  Ea  Chasse  "  (1780), 
the  "  Oxford  "  (1788  ;  perf.  at  Oxford  in  1791), 
the  "  Surprise  "  {Symph.  mil  dem  Paukensohlag, 
1791),  "  S.  with  the  drum-roll"  (S.  mil  dem 
Paukenwirbel,  1795),  "  The  7  Words  on  the 
Cross"  {Die  7  Worte  am  Kreuz,  1785  ;  written 
for  Cadiz  Cathedral  as  a  "  passione  instrumen- 
tale "  for  Good  Friday  ;  rearranged  later  as  a 
quartet,  and  again  [by  M.  Haydn]  as  an  ora- 
torio).—Other  instr.l  works:  9  vln. -con- 
certos, 6  'cello-concertos,  16  concertos  for  other 
instr.s  (lyre,  barytone,  double-bass,  flute,  horn), 
77  string-quartets,  32  trios  for  strings  and  other 
instr.l  combinations  {cxcl.  pf.),  175  numbers  f. 
barytone,  4  vln. -sonatas,  6  duets  f.  vln.  and  via., 
7  nocturnes  f.  lyre;  numerous  minor  pes.; — f. 
harpsichord  or  pf.:  20  concertos,  38  pf. -trios  (35 
w.  vln.  and  'cello,  3  w.  flute  and  'cello),  53  so- 
natas and  divertimenti  ;  4  sonatas  w.  vln. ;  9 
minor  pes. — Vocal:  3  oratorios  {Creation; 
Seasons;  II ritorno  di  Tobia),  several  cantatas, 
14  masses,  2  Te  Deums,  a  Stabat  Mater,  13 
offertories,  motets,  arias,  etc. ;  Operas  :  Der 
in- uc  krumme  Tenfel  [as  above]  ;  La  vera  co- 
stanza  (written  1776  for  the  Vienna  Court  Th., 
but  not  perf.  there  ;  prod,  as  Laitrette  in  Paris, 
1791)  ;  LoSpeciate,  i-act  comic  opera  (Esterhaz, 
1768;  Vienna,  private  perf.,  1770;  revived,  as 
Der  Apotheker,  at  Dresden  Court  Th.,  1895); 
4  Italian  comedies,  14  Ital.  opere  buffe  (inch 
Lo  Speciale),  and  5  marionette-operas  (all  prob- 
ably prod,  at  Eisenstadt  and  Esterhaz)  ;  Orfeo 
(written  in  London  ;  unfinished)  ;  music  to  sev- 
eral plays  ;  22  detached  arias  ;  a  cantata  f.  solo 
voice  and  pf.,  "Ariana  a  Naxos";  a  cantata  f. 
vocal  solo  and  barytone,  "  Deutschlands  Klage 
auf  den  Tod  Friedrichs  des  Grossen";  "  The  10 
Commandments"  in  canon-form  (later,  with  dif- 
ferent words,  as  "  Die  10  Gesetze  der  Kunst  ") ; 
36  German  songs  ;  12  canzonets  ;  the  Austrian 
National  Hymn;  other  songs;  collections  of 
Scotch  and  Welsh  folk-songs  ;  vocal  duets,  trios, 
etc. 

Biographical  :  "  Brevi  notizie  storiche  della 
vita  e  delle  opere  di  Giuseppe  H.,"  by  S. 
Mayr,  1S09  ;  "  Biographische  Nachrichten  von 
T.  H.,"  A.  K.  Dies,  1810;  "  Biographische  No- 
tizen  fiber  Josef  H.,"  G.  A.  Griesinger,  1810  ; 
"  Le   Haydine,"  G.  Carpani,  1S12  and  (enlarged) 


1823;  "J.  H.  in  London  1791  and  1792,"  Th. 
G.  Karajan,  1S61  ;  "  Mozart  and  II.  in  Lon- 
don," K.  F.  Pohl,  1867  ;  the  only  really  com- 
prehensive work  is  "Josef  H.,"  K.  F.  Pohl; 
vol.  i.,  1st  half,  Leipzig,  1875  ;  2nd  half,  18S2  ; 
(completed,  on  the  death  of  Pohl  in  18S7,  by 
E.  v.  Mandyczewski).  Haydn's  London  Note 
Book  is  given  in  extenso  in  Krehbiel's  "  Music 
and  Manners"  (New  York,  189S). 

Hay'dn,  Johann  Michael,  organist  and  sa- 
cred composer,  brother  of  preceding;  b.  Rohrau, 
Sept.  14,  1737;  d.  Salzburg,  Aug.  10,  1806. 
Soprano  chorister,  with  remarkable  voice  three 
octaves  in  compass,  at  St.  Stephen's,  Vienna, 
1745—55,  replacing  his  brother  Josef.  St.  vln. 
and  organ,  and  became  asst.-org. ;  in  1757, 
Kapellm.  at  Grosswardein  ;  in  1762,  Concert- 
meister  and  director  at  Salzburg  to  Archbishop 
Sigismund,  and,  in  1777,  organist  of  the  Cathe- 
dral and  St.  Peter's  church  there.  He  married 
the  daughter  of  Kapellm.  Lipp,  Maria  Magda- 
lena,  an  excellent  soprano-singer,  extolled  by 
Mozart  for  her  virtues.  By  the  French  occupa- 
tion of  Salzburg  in  1S00  he  lost  his  property, 
but  his  brother  and  friends  liberally  assisted  him, 
and  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa  rewarded  him 
handsomely  for  a  mass  composed  at  her  com- 
mand, in  which  she  sang  the  soprano  solos. 
He  opened  a  school  of  composition,  and  edu- 
cated many  distinguished  pupils,  inch  Reicha 
and  Carl  M.  v.  Weber.  In  1S33  Martin  Bi- 
schofsreiter,  a  Benedictine  monk,  published 
"  Partitur-Fundamente,"  a  coll.  of  thorough- 
bass exercises  written  by  M.  H.  for  his  scholars. 
He  comp.  a  mass  and  vespers  for  Prince  Ester- 
hazy,  who  twice  offered  to  make  him  vice-A"<7- 
pellm.  of  his  chapel  ;  but  II.  refused,  hoping 
the  Salzburg  chapel  would  be  reorganized.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Stockholm  Acad- 
emy. A  prolific  composer,  his  best  works  were 
his  sacred  comp.s,  which  his  brother  held  in 
high  estimation,  ranking  them  above  his  own. 
He  was  chary  of  publication,  and  declined 
Breitkopf  und  Hartel's  frequent  advances. — 
Works  :  Vocal  :  About  360  church-comp.s,  in- 
cluding oratorios,  masses,  cantatas,  2  requiems, 
graduals,  etc. ;  also  operas,  operettas,  4-part 
songs,  songs,  and  canons  in  4  and  5  parts. 
Ixstr.l:  30  symphonies,  1  sextet,  3  quintets, 
serenades,  marches,  12  orch.l  minuets,  a  vln.- 
concerto,  50  short  organ-pes.,  etc. — A  "Bio- 
graphische Skizze,"  by  Schinn  and  Otter,  was 
publ.  at  Salzburg  (1S0S). 

Hayes,  William,  Engl.  org.  and  comp.;  b. 
Hanbury,  Worcestershire,  in  Dec,  1706  ;  d. 
Oxford,  July  27,  1777.  Chorister  at  Gloucester 
cath.;  org.  of  St.  Mary's,  Shrewsbury,  1729-31  ; 
then  of  Worcester  cath.,  173 1-4.  Became  org. 
of  Magdalen  Coll.,  Oxford,  in  1734  ;  Mus.  Bac. 
1735  ;  Univ.  prof,  of  mus.,  1742  ;  Mus.  Doc. 
1749.  In  1763,  cond.  the  Gloucester  Mus.  Fes- 
tival.— Comp.s  :  Psalms,  odes,  glees,  canons, 
catches,  ballads,  cantatas  ;  a  masque,  Circe  • 
etc.     Wrote  "  Remarks  on  Mr.  Avison's  Essay 


259 


HAYES— HEDOUIN 


on  Mus.  Expression"  (1758);  "Anecdotes  of 
the  Five  Music  Meetings"  (176S)  ;  and  was  co- 
editor  of  Boyce's  "  Cath.  Mus." — His  son  and 
pupil, 

Hayes,  Philip,  b.  Oxford,  Apr.,  1738  ;  d. 
London,  Mar.  19,  1797.  Chorister  at  Magdalen 
Coll.,  1749-51  ;  became  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon.,  1763  ; 
Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1767  ;  org.  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  1776  ;  org.  of  Magdalen 
Coll.  and  Univ.  Prof,  of  Mus.  in  succession  to 
his  father,  1777,  the  same  year  becoming  Mus. 
Doc.  Org.  of  St.  John's  Coll.,  1790. — Comp.s  : 
Oratorio  Prophecy  (Oxford,  1781)  ;  a  masque 
Telemachus  ;  odes,  anthems,  services,  psalms, 
glees  ;  6  concertos  f.  org.,  harpsich.,  or  pf. 
(1769);  and  edited  "  Harmonia  Wiccamica" 
(London,  1780). 

Haym  (or  Hennius),  Gilles,  Belgian  comp. 
of  the  1 6th  century.  Singer  and  canon  of  the 
St.  John's  Collegiate  Church,  Liege  ;  then  Ka- 
pellm.  to  the  Elector  Prince-Bishop  of  Cologne, 
later  to  the  Duke  of  Pfalz-Neuburg.  Publ. 
masses,  motets,  hymns,  etc.  (Cologne  and  Ant- 
werp, 1620-51). 

Haym    (Ital.   Aimo),   Niccold   Francesco, 

of  German  parentage  ;  b.  Rome,  abt.  1679  ;  d. 
London,  Aug.  11,  1729.  Received  a  brilliant 
education  ;  distinguished  himself  in  music  and 
poetry,  and  became  a  fine  'cellist.  In  1704,  set- 
tled in  London,  rearranged  operas,  and  wrote  li- 
bretti for  Clayton,  Dieupart,  Bononcini,  Ariosti, 
and  Handel. — Publ.  comp.s  :  2  books  of  sona- 
tas f.  2  violins  and  bass. 

Hays,  William  Shakspeare,  Amer.  song- 
comp. ;  b.  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  19,  1S37.  Wrote 
his  hrst  song  at  16  years  of  age,  and  has  publ. 
nearly  300,  which  have  had  an  enormous  total 
sale  of  several  millions.  The  most  widely- 
known  are  :  Evangeline,  My  Southern  Sunny 
Home,  Write  me  a  Letter  from  Home,  Driven 
from  Home,  Mollie  Darling,  etc. 

Heap,  Charles  Swinnerton,  pianist  and 
cond.;  b.  Birmingham,  Engl.,  Apr.  10,  1847. 
As  winner  of  the  Mendelssohn  scholarship,  from 
1865-7  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Moscheles, 
Hauptmann,  Richter,  and  Reinecke  ;  1867,  org.- 
pupil  of  Best,  at  Liverpool.  Mus.  Bac,  Cam- 
bridge, 1871  ;  Mus.  Doc,  1872.  Cond.  of 
Birmingham  Philharmonic  (1S70-S6),  Stafford, 
and  other  Societies,  and  of  Wolverhampton 
Musical  Festival.  Since  1S88,  cond.  of  the  N. 
Staffordshire  Festivals  ;  from  1895,  also  con- 
ducted the  Birm.  Fest.  Choral  Soc,  and  since 
1897  has  been.chorusmaster  of  Birm.  Festival. 
He  is  well  known, as  an  organist,  concert-giver, 
and  teacher,  and  in  1884  was  app.  Examiner  for 
Mus.  Degrees  at  Cambridge. — Comp.s:  Oratorio 
The  Captivity ;  cantatas  The  Voice  of  Spring 
(1882),  The  Maid  of  Astolat  (1886),  and  Fair 
Rosamond  (1890)  ;  2  overtures  ;  a  quintet  f.  pf. 
and  wind  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.,  f.  pf.   and 


vln.,  and  f.  pf.  and  clar. ;  anthems,  pf. -music, 
organ-pes.,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

He'benstreit,  Pantaleon,  violinist ;  b.  Eisle- 
ben,  1660  (9?);  d.  Dresden,  Nov.  15,  1750. 
Was  a  dancing-master  at  Leipzig,  but  fled  from 
his  creditors  to  Merseburg,  where  the  idea  of 
improving  the  dulcimer  was  suggested  to  him, 
and  he  invented  the  instr.  with  which  he  made 
long  and  brilliant  concert-tours  and  which  Louis 
XIV.  named  the  "  Pantalon,"  after  its  originator's 
Christian  name.  As  a  precursor  of  the  pf.,  it  has 
disappeared  in  the  process  of  evolution.  In 
1706  H.  was  app.  Kapellm.  and  dancing-master 
to  the  court  at  Eisenach;  in  1714,  "pantalon" 
chamber-musician  at  the  Dresden  court. 

Hecht,  Eduard,  pianist  and  comp.;  b.  Diirk- 
heim  (Rhine  Palatinate),  Nov.  28,  1832  ;  d. 
Didsbury,  n.  Manchester,  Mar.  7,  1887.  Pupil 
of  his  father,  prof,  of  singing  at  Frankfort  ;  also 
of  J.  Rosenhain.  In  1S51,  went  to  Paris,  and 
publ.  his  first  comp.s.  Settled  in  England 
(1854)  as  choral  cond.  at  Manchester.  From 
1S75,  prof,  of  harm,  at  Owens  College,  Man- 
chester.— Chamber-music;  sa/on-music,  marches, 
caprices,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Heck'el,  Wolf,  lutenist,  living  at  Strassburg 
in  the  16th  century.  Publ.  a  "  Lautenbuch  " 
(Strassburg,  1562),  a  valuable  and  interesting 
coll.  of  old  German,  French,  and  Italian  songs, 
dances,  fantasias,  ricercari,  pavanes,  and  salte- 
relles,  arr.  f.  2  lutes.  A  copy  of  this  rare  work  is 
in  the  Hamburg  town-library. 

Heck'mann,  Georg  Julius  Robert,  gifted 
violinist  ;  b.  Mannheim,  Nov.  3,  1S48  ;  d.  Glas- 
gow, Nov.  29,  1891,  during  a  concert-tour.  St. 
at  Leipzig  Cons,  under  David,  1S65-7.  Cond. 
of  the  "  Euterpe,"  Leipzig,  1S67-70.  Made 
artistic  tours,  1S72-5  ;  and  in  1S81,  leader  of  a 
renowned  string-quartet  in  Cologne. —  His  wife 
Marie  (nee  HARTWIG)  was  an  excellent  pianist ; 
b.  Greiz,  1S43  ;  d.  Cologne,  July  23,  1890. 

Hedouin,  Pierre,  lawyer  and  litterateur  ;  b. 
Boulogne,  July  28,  1789;  d.  Paris,  Lee,  1S6S. 
In  1809  st.  law  in  Paris,  became  an  advocate, 
and  for  30  years  practised  in  Boulogne.  In 
1S42,  app.  chef  du  bureau  at  the  Ministry  of 
Public  Works,  and  settled  in  Paris.  A  predi- 
lection for  music  and  the  arts  was  fostered  by 
his  relationship  with  Monsigny  the  composer, 
and  he  occupied  his  leisure  moments  with  litera- 
ture, especially  that  of  music,  and  in  composi- 
tion. He  wrote  novels,  contributed  to  the  "  An- 
nales  arche'ologiques,"  "  Annales  romantiques," 
and  to  several  mus.  periodicals  ;  comp.  nocturnes, 
romances,  and  songs,  also  writing  the  words, 
and  furnished  the  libretti  of  several  operas. — 
Mus.  writings:  "  Eloge  historique  de  Mon- 
signy" (1821),  "Gossec,  sa  vie  et  ses  ouvrages" 
(1852),  "  De  1' Abandon  des  anciens  composi- 
teurs," "Ma  premiere  visite  a  Gretry,"  "  Richard 
Cceur  de  Lion  de  Gretry,"  "Lesueur,"  "Meyer- 
beer a  Boulogne-sur-Mer,"  "Paganini,"  "Joseph 


260 


HEERINCxEN— HEINICHEN 


Dessauer  "  (publ.  in  the  "  Menestrel  "),  "  Trois 
anecdotes  musicales  "  (on  Lesueur,  Mile.  Duga- 
zon,  and  Gluck)  in  his  "  Mosaique "  (1856;  a 
publ.  coll.  of  his  miscellaneous  articles) ;  "Gluck, 
son  arrivee  en  France"  (1859)  ;  etc. 

Hee'ringen,  Ernst  von,  b.  Grossmehlza,  n. 
Sondershausen,  iSro  ;  d.  Washington,  Dec.  24, 
1855.  In  1S50  he  tried  to  introduce  a  new  no- 
tation, which  abolished  the  \y  and  jj,  gave  white 
notes  for  the  7  fundamental  tones,  black  for  the 
5  intermediate,  and  simplified  time-signatures, 
clefs,  etc.  Mortified  at  his  want  of  success,  he 
emigrated  to  America. 

He'gar,  Friedrich,  b.  Basel,  Oct.  11,  1841. 
Pupil  (1857-60)  of  Hauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz, 
David,  and  Plaidy,  at  Leipzig  Cons.  In  1S60, 
leader  of  the  Bilse  Orch.  in  Warsaw  ;  lived 
awhile  in  Paris  and  London;  then  (1S61)  became 
mus.  dir.  in  Gebweiler,  Alsatia  ;  and  in  1863 
settled  in  Zurich,  where  he  is  still  (1S99)  active  as 
cond.  of  orch.  and  chorus.  He  became  cond.  of 
the  Subscription  Concerts,  and  also  of  the  Choral 
Soc.  ("  Gemischter  Chor  Zurich  ")  in  1865,  and 
raised  both  to  a  high  artistic  level.  In  1875  he 
founded  a  Cons.  ("  Musikschule ")  at  Zurich; 
among  its  famous  alumni  are  Frau  Herzog- 
Welti,  now  of  the  Berlin  Court  Opera,  and 
Willy  Rehberg. — Works:  Op.  1,  3  pf.-pcs.; 
op.  2,  Hymne  an  die  Musik,  f.  ch.  and  orch.; 
op.  3,  vln. -concerto  in  D  ;  op.  4,  "  Morgen  in 
YYalde,"  f.  male  ch.;  op.  5,  "  Das  Abendmahl," 
f.  male  ch.;  op.  7,  4  songs  ;  op.  8,  3  songs  f. 
male  ch.;  op.  g,  "Die  beiden  Sarge,"  f.  male 
ch.;  op.  10,  3  songs  ;  op.  11,  "  In  den  Alpen," 
f.  male  ch. ;  op.  12,  3  mixed  ch.s  ;  op.  13, 
"  Waldlied,"  f.  male  ch.;  op.  14,  Waltz  f.  vln. 
w.  pf. ;  op.  15,  "Rudolf  v.  Werdenberg,"  f. 
male  ch. ;  op.  16,  Manasse,  dram,  poem  f.  soli, 
ch.  and  orch.  [v.  succ]  ;  op.  17,  "  Todtenvolk," 
f.  male  ch. ;  op.  18,  male  ch.;  op.  19,  5  songs  f. 
solo  voice  ;  op.  20,  "  Hymne  an  den  Gesang,"  f. 
male  ch.;  op.  21,  2  songs  f.  male  ch.;  op.  22, 
"  Weihe  des  Liedes,"  f.  male  ch. ;  op.  23,  male 
ch.;  op.  24,  "Die  Trompete  v.  Gravelotte,"  f. 
male  ch. ;  op.  25,  Festouverture  f.  orch.,  in  F  ; 
op.  26,  4  songs  f.  solo  voice. 

He'gar,  Emil,  brother  of  preceding ;  b. 
Basel,  Jan.  3,  1S43.  St.  at  Leipzig  Cons.  In 
1S66,  'cello-teacher  at  the  Cons.,  and  1st  'cello 
in  the  Gewandhaus  Orch.  An  excellent  player, 
nervousness  compelled  him  to  abandon  the  instr. 
He  then  studied  singing,  and  is  now  vocal-teacher 
at  the  Basel  School  of  Music,  and  a  concert- 
singer. — Julius,  another  brother,  is  1st  'cello  in 
the  Zurich  "  Tonhalle  "  orch. 

Heg'ner,  Anton,  fine  'cellist  ;  b.  Copen- 
hagen, Mar.  2,  1S61  ;  st.  in  Copenh.  Cons.; 
played  with  great  success  in  Copenh.  (1S75), 
etc.,  Berlin  (1892),  N.  Y.  (1894),  etc.  Now 
(1899)  teaching  in  N.  Y. — Works  :  4  quartets  ; 
1  pf.-trio  ;  many  soli  f.  'cello,  violin  ;  abt.  60 
songs  ;  also  2  concertos  f.  'cello  (op.  17,  in  A  ; 
op.  23,  in  D  min.). 


Heg'ner,  Otto,  b.  Basel,  Nov.  18,  1876.  St. 
there  with  Fricker,  Huber,  and  Glaus.  Made 
his  pianistic  debut  as  a  youthful  prodigy  at 
Basel,  Baden-Baden,  etc.  Appeared  in  England 
and  America  in  1S8S,  and  at  the  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig,  1S90.      Has  comp.  pf.-pcs. 

Hei'de,  von  der.     See  von  der  Heide. 
Hei'den.     See  Heyden. 

Hei'dingsfeld,  Ludwig,  talented  comp.;  b. 
Jauer,  Prussia,  Mar.  24,  1854.  Pupil  of  Stern 
Cons.,  Berlin,  where  he  is  now  teacher.  Mus. 
dir.  at  Glogau,  187S  ;  at  Liegnitz,  1S84. — 
Works:   Orch.  comp.s,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Hei'nefetter,  Sabine,  celebrated  soprano 
opera-singer  ;  b.  Mayence,  Aug.  19,  1805 
(1S09?)  ;  d.  Ulenau,  Nov.  iS,  1S72.  Of  humble 
parentage,  she  was  noticed,  as  a  strolling  harpist, 
by  a  Frankfort  musician,  who  gave  her  lessons. 
Her  debut  was  successful,  and  in  1S25  she  went 
to  Spohr  at  Cassel,  who  further  instructed  her. 
Sang  in  Berlin  and  Paris,  where  she  st.  with 
Tadolini.  Achieved  brilliant  success  in  Vienna, 
Milan,  and  other  cities.  Her  last  appearance 
was  at  Frankfort  in  1S44.  Among  her  chief 
roles  were  Donna  Anna  {Don  Giovanni)  and 
Zelmira.  In  1853  she  married  a  Mons.  Mar- 
quet  of  Marseilles.  She  died  insane.  Her  five 
sisters  also  sang  with  success  on  various  stages  : 
Clara  (Mme.  Stockel),  b.  Mayence,  Feb.  17, 
1816  ;  d.  (also  insane)  Vienna,  Feb.  23,  1S57  ; 
Kathinka,  b.  1820  ;  d.  Dec.  20,  185S  ;  Fatima 
(married  to  the  nobleman  Miklowitz);  Eva,  and 
Nanette. 

Hei'nemeyer,  Ernst  Wilhelm,  celebrated 
flutist  ;  b.  Hanover,  Feb.  25,  1827  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Feb.  12,  1869.  Son  and  pupil  of  the  distin- 
guished flutist  and  Hanoverian  royal  chamber- 
mus..  Christian  H.  [1796-1S72].  From  1S45- 
7,  he  was  a  member,  with  his  father,  of  the  royal 
orch.,  Hanover.  In  1847,  went  to  St.  Peters- 
burg as  rst  flute  in  the  Imp.  orch.  and  instruc- 
tor at  the  Theatre-school.  Pensioned  in  1S59, 
he  returned  to  Hanover,  but  settled  in  Vienna  in 
1866.  —  Works  :  Concertos  and  other  flute- 
comp.s,  much  esteemed. 

Hei'nichen,  Johann  David,  b.  Krossuln,  n. 
Weissenfels,  Apr.  17,  16S3  ;  d.  Dresden,  July 
16,  1729.  Pupil  of  Schelle  and  Kuhnau  at  the 
Thomasschule,  Leipzig  ;  also  st.  law,  and  prac- 
tised as  a  lawyer  at  Weissenfels.  Returning  to 
Leipzig,  he  comp.  operas,  and  publ.  a  work  on 
thorough-bass  :  "  Neu  erfundene  und  griindliche 
Anweisung  .  .  ."  (1711);  2nd  ed.  as  "Der 
Generalbass  in  der  Composition,  oder  Neu  er- 
fundene," etc.  (1728).  Councillor  Buchta,  of 
Zeitz,  supplying  the  funds,  H.  accompanied 
him  to  Italy,  where  (1713-18)  he  studied,  and 
prod,  several  operas,  mostly  in  Venice  ;  also  for 
a  time  was  eng.  by  and  travelled  with  the  Prince 
of  Anhalt-Kothen  ;  was  app.  (1718)  Court 
Kapcllm.  to  Augustus  the  Strong,  at  Dresden. — 
Comp.s  (in  the  Royal  Library,  Berlin)  :  Re- 
quiem  masses,    Kyrie    and    Gloria,  Te   Deum, 


261 


HEINRICH— HELLER 


cantatas,  etc. ;  (in  the  Royal  Library,  Dresden) : 
3  operas,  57  cantatas,  11  concertos,  7  masses,  2 
requiems,  and  6  serenades. 

Hein'rich  XXIV.,  Prince  Reuss  j.  L.,  b. 
Dec.  8,  1855,  has  written  a  symphony,  a  so- 
nata f.  pf.  and  vln.,  a  string-quintet,  an  octet  f. 
strings,  clar.,  horn,  and  bassoon  ;  etc.  Is  a  good 
pianist. 

Hein'rich,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Steinsdorf, 
n.  Hainau  (Silesia),  Dec.  15,  1807  ;  d.  Sorau, 
Jan.  20,  1S82.  Org.  at  Schwiebus,  and  in  1S46 
at  Sorau.  App.  royal  mus.  dir. ,  1S72. — Comp. 
cantatas,  psalms,  chorals,  and  org. -pes.  Writ- 
ings :  An  "  Orgellehre  "  (1861),  and  "  Der  Or- 
gelbau-Revisor." 

Hein'richs,  Johann  Christian,  b.  Hamburg, 
1760.  St.  at  Li'ibeck  and  Riga,  and  settled  in 
St.  Petersburg.  Wrote  "  Entstehung,  Fort- 
gang  und  jetzige  Beschaffenheit  der  russichen 
Jagdmusik  "  (1796). 

Hein'richs,  Anton  Philipp,  b.  Schonbiichel, 
Bohemia,  Mar.  n,  17S1  ;  d.  New  York,  May  3 
(Nov.  23?),  1861.  Spent  a  life  of  remarkable 
vicissitudes,  and  was  known  as  "  Father  H." 
Publ.  songs,  pf.-pes. ,  and  instr.l  works  of  merit. 

Hein'roth,    Johann  August    Giinther,    b. 

Nordhausen,  June  19,  1780  ;  d.  Gottingen,  June 
2,  1846.  Son  and  pupil  of  Christoph  Gottlieb 
Heinroth,  for  62  years  org.  at  Nordhausen.  In 
1818,  app.  mus.  dir.  of  Gottingen  Univ.,  in 
succession  to  Forkel,  and  instituted  academical 
concerts.  With  Jacobson,  he  reorganized  the  Is- 
raelitish  liturgy,  and  comp.  several  melodies 
still  sung  in  the  synagogues.  He  also  attempted 
the  introduction  of  a  simplified  notation  by  fig- 
ures.— Comp.s:  169  choral  melodies  f.  4  voices 
(1829)  ;  6  3-part  songs  ;  6  male  choruses. 
Writings:  "  Gesangunterrichts- Methode  fxir 
hohere  und  niedere  Schulen  "  (1821-23,  3  parts); 
"  Volksnoten  oder  vereinfachte  Tonschrift  ..." 
(1828),  "  Kurze  Anleitung,  das  Clavierspiel  zu 
lehren  "  (1S28),  "  Musikalisches  Hilfsbuch  ftir 
Prediger,  Cantoren  und  Organisten  "  (1833)  ; 
contributions  to  G.Weber's  "  Cacilia,"  Schil- 
ling's "  Universallexikon,"  etc. 

Heintz,  Albert,  b.  Eberswalde,  Prussia,  Mar. 
21,  1S22.  Org.  of  the  "  Petrikirche,"  Berlin. — 
Works  :  Articles  on  the  themes  in  Wagner's  op- 
eras ;  paraphrases  of  Wagnerian  themes  f.  pf.  2 
and  4  hands. 

Hein'ze,  Gustav  Adolf,  composer  ;  b.  Leip- 
zig, Oct.  1,  1820.  Son  and  pupil  of  Wilhelm 
Heinrich  H.  [b.  1790],  clarinet-player  in  the 
Gewandhaus  orch.  St.  pf.  withW.  Haake.  At 
15  was  clarinettist  in  the  Gewandhaus.  In  1840, 
st.  comp.  with  Kotte  (Dresden),  and  made  con- 
cert-tours. In  1844,  became  2nd  Kapellm.  at 
the  Breslau  Th.  and  prod,  operas  on  his  wife's 
libretti,  Lore lei  (1846),  and  Die  Ruinen  von  Tha- 
randt  (1847)  (Fetis  ascribes  these  to  the  father). 
In  1850,  app.  Kapellm.  of  German  Opera,  Am- 


sterdam ;  in  1853,  dir.  of  the  Euterpe  LiedertaJ relj 
in  1857,  of  the  Vincentius  Concerts,  and  in  1868 
of  the  Excelsior  church-mus.  singing-society. — 
Works  :  The  oratorios  Auferstehung,  Sank/a 
Cacilia,  Der  Feenschleier,  and  Vincentius  von 
Paula  ;  3  masses,  3  overtures,  numerous  canta- 
tas, hymns,  songs,  and  male  choruses. 

Hein'ze,  Sarah  (ne'e  Magnus),  talented  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Stockholm,  1839.  St.  with  Kullak,  Al. 
Dreyschock,  and  Liszt.  Lived  in  Dresden,  then 
Hamburg  ;  from  1S90,  again  in  Dresden. 

Hei'se,  Peder  Arnold,  b.  Copenhagen,  Feb. 
11,  1S30  ;  d.  there,  July  5  (Sept.  16?),  1S79. 
Student  at  Copenhagen  Univ. ;  also  pupil  of  Lund 
(pf.),  Gade,  and  Berggreen  ;  1852-3  pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons.;  1857-65  mus. -teacher  at  Soro 
Acad.  Returned  to  Copenhagen,  and  after  5 
years'  unsuccessful  endeavors  prod,  his  first 
opera,  The  Pasha's  Daughter  (1869).  It  met 
with  success,  as  also  King  and  Marshal  (1878). 
Other  comp.s:  Ballad  "Dornroschen,"  and  many 
songs.  Posthumous  work,  "  Medieval  Romances 
and  Songs"  (Leipzig,  1893). 

Hei'ser,  Wilhelm,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  15,  1816  ; 
d.  Friedenau,  n.  Berlin,  Sept.  9,  1S97.  Opera- 
singer  at  Stralsund,  Rostock,  Berlin  ;  1853-66, 
bandmaster  of  the  Fusilier  Guards  at  Berlin  ; 
later  singing-teacher.  Best  known  as  a  composer 
of  songs  (over  500  are  publ.)  ;  "  Zieht  im  Herbst 
die  Lerche  fort,"  "  Zerdriick'  die  Thrane  nicht 
in  deinem  Auge,"  and  others  are  remarkably 
popular. 

Hell'er,  Stephen,  pianist,  teacher,  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Pesth,  May  15,  1S15  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan. 
14,  1888.  His  fa- 
ther intended  him 
for  a  lawyer,  and 
he  was  educated 
at  the  College  of 
the  Piaristes.  His 
first  instructor  in 
piano-playing  was 
Y .  Brauer.  At  nine 
years  of  age  he 
performed  in  pub- 
lic with  such  suc- 
cess that  he  was 
sent  to  Vienna  to 
study  under  Czer- 
ny  ;  but  it  was  An- 
ton Halm  who  continued  his  tuition.  As  early 
as  1827  he  gave  concerts  in  Vienna,  and  from 
1829-32  made  a  concert-tour  with  his  father 
through  Hungary,  Poland,  and  Germany.  At 
Pesth  he  received  a  few  elementary  harmony-les- 
sons from  Czibulka.  At  Augsburg  he  was  taken 
ill,  and  was  adopted  by  a  wealthy  family,  who 
furthered  his  musical  instruction  and  with  whom 
he  remained,  perfecting  himself  in  composition, 
until  1838,  when  he  went  to  Paris.  He  became 
the  friend  of  Liszt,  Chopin,  Berlioz,  and  others, 
and  as  a  concert-player  and  teacher  was  in  high 
repute.     His  first  compositions,  written  in  Augs- 


262 


HELLMESBERGER— HELM 


burg,  and  published  at  Leipzig  and  Hamburg, 
had  received  the  praise  of  Schumann,  and  slowly 
but  surely  began  to  gain  favor.  In  1S49  he  vis- 
ited London,  where  his  thoughtful  and  refined 
playing  charmed  a  large  circle,  though  nervous- 
ness prevented  frequent  appearances  in  public. 
Again  in  1862  he  played  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
with  Halle.  The  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in 
Paris.  His  music,  solely  for  pf.,  is  distinguished 
for  elegance  and  refinement,  varied  and  forceful 
rhythms,  exquisite  melody,  bold  and  original 
thematic  treatment,  and,  above  all,  for  a  poetic 
sentiment  to  which  distinctive  titles  in  many 
cases  give  the  key.  In  pianistic  style  he  far  out- 
shines Mendelssohn,  though  he  does  not  reach 
the  rugged  intensity  of  Schumann  or  the  pa- 
thetic charm  of  Chopin.  There  are  several  hun- 
dred (generally  short)  pf. -pieces  comprised  in 
over  150  opus-numbers  : — Characteristic  pieces 
(''  Traumbilder,"  op.  79;  "Promenades  d'un 
solitaire,"  op.  78,  80,  89  ;  "  Nuits  blanches"  [or 
"Blumen-,  Frucht-,  und  Dornenstucke"],  op.  S2  ; 
"  Dans  les  bois,"  op.  86,  128,  136  ;  "  Eglogues," 
op.  92  ;  "  3  Bergeries,"  op.  106  ;  "Voyage  au- 
tour  de  ma  chambre,"  op.  140  ;  "  Tablettes  d'un 
solitaire,"  op.  153  ;  "  Herbstblatter,"  op.  109  ; 
"  Balletstiicke,"op.  ill  ;"3  Ballades,"  op.  115; 
"3  Preludes,"  op.  117;  "  Tarentelles,"  op.  53, 
61,  85,  137  ;  etc.)  ;  admirable  etudes  (op.  125,  47, 
46,  45,  90,  16 — here  progressively  enumerated)  ; 
other  ballades,  notably  "  La  Chasse,"  op.  29  ;  4 
sonatas,  3  sonatinas,  waltzes,  "  Landler,"  ma- 
zurkas, scherzi,  caprices,  nocturnes,  Songs  with- 
out Words,  variations,  etc.,  etc. — A  biograph- 
ical sketch  of  H.  appeared  in  Westermann's 
"  Monatshefte,"  1S59,  by  L.  Hartmann.  IT. 
Barbadette  also  published  a  sketch  (1876  ;  Eng- 
lish, 1877). 

Hell'mesberger,  Georg,  Sr.,  renowned  vio- 
lin-teacher ;  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  24,  1S00  ;  d.  Neu- 
waldegg,  n.  Vienna,  Aug.  16,  1873.  His  father, 
a  country  school-master,  gave  him  his  first  mus. 
instruction  ;  he  succeeded  F.  Schubert  as  soprano 
chorister  in  the  Imperial  chapel ;  in  1S20,  became 
a  pupil  of  the  Conservatory,  under  Bohm  (vln.) 
and  E.  Forster  (comp.)  ;  in  1821,  became  asst.- 
teacher  ;  in  1825,  titular  prof.  ;  in  1833,  prof. 
Made  successful  concert-tours  through  Austria, 
Hungary,  and  Bohemia.  In  1S29,  succeeded 
Schuppanzigh  as  cond.  of  the  Imperial  Opera  ; 
in  1830,  member  of  the  court  chapel  ;  in  1S67, 
was  pensioned.  He  formed  many  distinguished 
pupils,  including  Ernst,  Hauser,  Joachim,  and 
his  own  sons,  Georg  and  Joseph. — Comp.s  : 
String-quartet,  2  concertos,  variations,  and  so- 
los f.  vln. — His  son  and  pupil, 

Hell'mesberger,  Georg,  Jr.,  b.  Vienna, 
Jan.  27,  1S30  ;  d.  Hanover,  Nov.  12,  1852. 
St.  comp.  with  Rotter.  Made  successful  con- 
cert-tour through  Germany  and  England.  At 
21,  app.  Concertwcister  of  the  Hanover  Royal 
orch.,  and  prod.  2  operas,  Die  Bilrgschaft  and 
Die  beiden  Koniginnen. — In  MS.,  symphonies, 


etc. — His   daughter   Rosa,    in    18S3,  made  her 
debut  as  a  singer  at  the  Court  Opera,  Vienna. 

Hell'mesberger,  Joseph,  Sr.,  distinguished 
violin-virtuoso,  another  son  of  Georg  H.,  Sr. ; 
b.  Vienna,  Nov.  23,  1829  ;  d.  there  Oct.  24, 
1893.  From  1849-S7  he  was  1st  violin  of  the 
celebrated  "  Hellmesberger  Quartett."  In  1851, 
was  app.  artistic  cond.  of  the  "  Gesellschaft  der 
Musikfreunde "  (till  1S59,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Herbeck),  and  Dir.  of  the  Cons,  till 
1893,  where  he  was  violin-prof.  1851-77;  Con- 
certnieister  at  the  Imperial  Opera,  i860  ;  solo 
violinist  in  the  court  orch.  1863  ;  Hofkapellm., 
1877.  From  1S49-87  he  led  a  famous  string- 
quartet,  which  opened  a  new  era  for  chamber- 
music  in  Vienna.  Decorated  with  the  Legion 
of  Honor,  as  president  of  the  jury  for  mus. 
instr.s,  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1S55.  On  his 
25th  anniversary  as  Dir.  of  the  Cons,  he  re- 
ceived the  freedom  of  the  city  of  Vienna. 
Comp.s  of  an  educational  character. — His  son, 

Hell'mesberger,  Joseph,  Jr.,  violinist  and 
dram,  comp.;  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  9,  1S55  ;  was 
2nd  vln.  in  his  father's  quartet,  1875  ;  solo  vio- 
linist in  the  Imperial  and  the  Opera  orch.s,  and 
prof,  at  the  Cons.,  in  1S78.  Kapellm.  at  the 
Opera  Comique  and  at  the  "  Karltheater  ";  cond. 
of  the  ballet-mus.,  and  leader,  at  the  Court 
Opera,  1S84  ;  Court  Opera  Kapellm.,  1SS6  ;  in 
1887  he  succeeded  his  father  as  leader  of  the 
quartet. — Works  :  6  operettas,  prod.  (18S0-90) 
at  Vienna,  Munich,  and  Hamburg  ;  Kapitan 
Ahlstrom,  Der  Graf  von  Gleicken,  Der  schone 
Kurfurst  Rikiki,  oder  ATelly,  das  Blumenmad- 
chen  (1887)  ;  Das  Oral-el  (3  acts  ;  Vienna,  1889) 
and  Der  bleiche  Cast ;  the  ballet  Fata  Morgana  ; 
a  2-act  ballet,  Die  verwandelte  Katze  (18S8); 
the  i-act  pant. -ballet  Meissner  Porcellan  (Leip- 
zig, 1890)  ;  the  i-act  ballet  Das  Licht  (Leipzig, 
1891)  ;  the  ballet  Die  fiinf  Sinne  (Vienna, 
(1893)  ;  etc. — His  brother, 

Hell'mesberger,  Ferdinand,  b.  Vienna, 
Jan.  24,  1S63.  'Cellist  in  the  court  orch.  from 
1S79  ;  in  his  father's  quartet  from  1883.  App. 
teacher  at  the  Cons.,  1885  ;  solo  'cellist  at  the 
Court  Opera,  1S86. 

Hell'wig,  Karl  Friedrich  Ludwig,  org. 
and  comp.;  b.  Kunersdorf,  n.  Wrietzen,  July 
23.  t 733  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  24,  1S38.  Learned  to 
play  several  instr.s  without  a  teacher  ;  st.  theory 
and  comp.  with  Schneider,  Giirrlich,  and  Zelter. 
From  1793,  member  of  the  Berlin  Singakade- 
mic  ;  in  1803,  vice-cond.;  in  1813,  org.  of  Ber- 
lin cath.  Became  mus. -teacher  in  several  pub- 
lic institutions. — Works  :  Operas,  Die  Berg- 
knappen,  Don  Sylvio  (Berlin,  1822) ;  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  chorals  ;  songs,  and  male  cho- 
ruses. 

Helm,  Theodor,  musical  critic  ;  b.  Vienna, 
Apr.  9,  1843.  Son  of  a  physician,  he  studied 
law,  and  entered  the  government  service,  but 
abandoned  this  in  1867  for  mus.  criticism.  Con- 
tributed   to    the    "Tonhalle,"    1S68  ;  and    since 


263 


HELMHOLTZ— HENNEN 


1870  to  the  "  MusikalischesWochenblatt."  Mus. 
critic  to  the  "Wiener  Fremdenblatt "  (1867), 
"Pester  Lloyd"  (since  1868),  the  "Deutsche 
Zeitung  "  (since  1885).  His  criticisms  are  highly 
esteemed.  In  1874,  app.  teacher  of  mus.  his- 
tory and  esthetics  at  Horak's  School  of  Music. — 
Publ.  "  Beethovens  Streichquartette  :  Versuch 
einer  technischen  Analyse  im  Zusammenhang 
mit  ihrem  geistigen  Gehalt  "  (1885  ;  a  reprint 
from  the  "  Musikal.  Wochenblatt,"  1873). 

Helm'holtz,  Hermann  Ludwig  Ferdi- 
nand, distinguished  physician,  physiologist,  and 
physicist  ;  b.  Potsdam,  Aug.  31,  1821  ;  d.  Char- 
lottenburg,  Sept.  S,  1894.  His  father  was  a 
professor  in  the  Potsdam  Gymnasium,  and  there 
H.  received  his  education.  His  mother,  Caro- 
line Penn,was  of  English  extraction.  He  stud- 
ied medicine  in  the  Military  Institute  of  Berlin, 
graduated  M.D.,  and  was  attached  to  the  staff 
of  La  Charite  hospital  (1842).  In  1843  he  was 
appointed  military  surgeon  at  Potsdam  ;  was  re- 
called to  Berlin  as  teacher  of  Anatomy  (for  artists) 
at  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  (1848)  ;  1849,  Prof- 
of  Physiology  at  the  University  of  Konigsberg  ; 
1855,  Prof,  of  Anat.  and  Physiology  at  Bonn  ; 
1858,  Prof,  of  Physiol,  at  Heidelberg  ;  elected 
correspondent  of  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences (Physical  section)  in  1870  ;  and  app.  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics  at  Berlin  in  1871.  His  prin- 
cipal publications,  which  enjoy  a  world-wide 
reputation,  have  been  translated  into  various 
languages  ("  The  Conservation  of  Force,"  1847  ; 
"  Manual  of  Physiological  Operations,"  1856-66  ; 
"  Popular  Scientific  Lectures,"  1865-76).  The 
work  of  most  interest  to  musicians,  and  indis- 
pensable for  students  of  musical  science,  is  his 
"  Sensations  of  Tone  as  a  Physiological  Basis 
for  the  Theory  of  Music  "  [Lehre  von  den  To- 
nempfindungen  als  physiologische  Grundlage 
fur  die  Theorie  der  Musik]  (Brunswick,  1863  ; 
4th  ed.  1877  ;  translated  into  English,  by  Ellis, 
1875).  By  a  long  series  of  careful  experiments, 
II.  established  a  sure  physical  foundation  for 
the  phenomena  manifested  by  musical  tones, 
either  single  or  combined.  He  supplements 
and  completes  the  theories  of  Rameau,  Tartini, 
Wheatstone,  Corti,  and  others,  furnishing  im- 
pregnable formulae  for  all  classes  of  consonant 
and  dissonant  tone-effects,  and  proving  with 
scientific  precision  what  Hauptmann  and  his 
school  sought  to  establish  by  laborious  dialectic 
processes.  The  laws  governing  the  differences 
in  quality  of  tone  (tivibre,  tone-color)  in  differ- 
ent instr.s  and  voices,  covering  the  whole  field 
of  harmonic,  differential,  and  summational  tones  ; 
the  physiology  of  the  major  triad  ;  the  nature 
and  limits  of  musical  perception  by  the  human 
ear — these  are  the  chief  results  at  which  H. 
has  arrived.  His  explanation  of  the  nature  of 
the  minor  triad,  and  of  dissonances,  has  been 
supplemented  by  the  works  of  von  Oettingen 
and  H.  Lotze  (in  theory)  and  Hugo  Riemann 
(in  practice).  H.'s  magnum  opus  likewise  re- 
views at  length,  from  a  scientific  standpoint,  the 


scales  of  the  Arabians,  Persians,  Greeks,  etc. ; 
develops  a  theory  of  the  pitch  of  vowel-sounds 
(important  for  vocalists)  ;  deduces  a  series  of 
"sound-colors"  (Klangfarben)  corresponding 
to  the  arrangement  of  the  solar  spectrum  ;  etc. 

Henderson,  William  James,  b.  Newark, 
N.  J.,  Dec.  4,  1855. 
Graduate,  1876,  of 
Princeton.  Chiefly 
self-taught  in  music  ; 
wrote  scores  of  nu- 
merous light  operas. 
1883  reporter,  1887 
mus.  critic,  on  "  N. 
Y.  Times";  lecturer 
on  mus.  hist,  in  N. 
V.  Coll.  of  Music. 
Has  written  a  ' '  Story 
of  Music,"  "  Prel- 
udes and  Studies," 
"  What  is  Good 
Music?"  (1S98), 
"  How  Music  Devel- 
oped "(New  York,  1S99),  and  numerous  tales  and 
stories  ;  contributor  to  most  leading  magazines. 

Hen'kel,  Michael,  sacred  comp. ;  b.  Fulda, 
June  18,  1780;  d.  there  Mar.  4,  1851.  Pupil 
of  Vierling  ;  became  town-cantor,  chamber-mus. 
to  the  Prince-Bishop,  and  mus. -teacher  at  the 
Gymnasium  of  his  native  place. — Works  :  Nu- 
merous masses,  chorals,  etc.;  pieces  for  org., 
pf.,  strings,  and  other  instr.s. — His  son  and 
pupil, 

Hen'kel,  Georg  Andreas,  {Dr.  /////.,)  b. 
Fulda,  Feb.  4,  1805  ;  d.  there  Apr.  5,  1871. 
St.  law  at  Marburg  Univ.;  1830-7,  org.  at  Ko- 
burg  ;  in  1S37,  app.  mus. -teacher  in  the  Fulda 
seminary. — Works  :  Masses,  motets,  male  cho- 
ruses ;  pf.-  and  org. -mus.;  symphonies,  over- 
tures, etc. — His  brother, 

Hen'kel,  Heinrich,  pianist  ;  b.  Fulda, 
Feb.  14,  1822.  Pupil  of  his  father,  also  st. 
with  Aloys  Schmitt,  and  theory  with  Kessler 
and  Anton  Andre.  Lived  in  Fulda  and  Leip- 
zig, then  settled  in  Frankfort  in  1849,  as  teacher 
in  the  Musikscliulc.  In  1883  was  named  Royal 
Musikdirector. — Comp.s  :  Songs  and  choruses  ; 
pf.-  and  vln.-pcs. ;  etudes,  etc.,  f.  vln. — Also 
publ.  a  pf.-  Method,  "  Vorschule  des  Klavier- 
spiels  "  (technical  studies),  a  biography  of  Aloys 
Schmitt,  an  abridged  ed.  of  A.  Andre's  "  Lehr- 
buch  der  Tonsetzkunst "  (1875),  "  Mittheil- 
ungen  aus  der  musikal.  Vergangenheit  Fuldas." 
— His  son, 

Hen'kel,  Karl,  studied  at  the  Berlin  Hoch- 
schule,  and  settled  in  London  as  a  vln. -teacher  ; 
is  a  specialist  in  finger-exercises. 

Hen'nen,  Arnold,  pianist  and  comp.,  b. 
Heerlen,  Holland,  1820.  First  pf. -prize,  Liege 
Cons.,  1845.  Went  to  Paris,  1847  ;  settled  in 
London,  1850  ;  now  lives  at  Fleerlen. — Comp.s  : 
Concertos,  and  other  pf. -music. — His  brother, 


264 


ITENNEN—  HENSELT 


Hen'nen,  Frederik,  violinist,  b.  Ileerlcn, 
Jan.  25,  1830.  First  vln.-prize,  Liege  Cons., 
1S46  ;  medal,  1847.  1S50-71,  soloist  in  various 
prominent  London  orchestras.  Retired  to  Stryt- 
hagen,  n.  Heerlen. — Comp.s :  Vln.-pcs. — His  son 
Charles,  b.  Dec.  3,  1861,  is  a  violinist  at  Ant- 
werp. 

Hen'nen,  Mathias  (brother  of  Arnold),  pian- 
ist, b.  Heerlen, 1S28.  First  pf. -prize,  Liege  Cons., 
1S52  ;  since  1S60,  is  teacher  at  Antwerp,  and 
prof,  at  the  Cons. — Works:  Church  and  orch.l 
music  ;  comp.s  for  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello. 

Hen'nes,  Aloys,  b.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Sept.  8, 
1827  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  8,  1SS9.  A  post-office 
official  for  S  years,  from  his  17th  year  he  st.  for 
some  time  with  I  Idler  and  Reinecke  at  the  Rhen- 
ish School  of  Music,  Cologne.  Lived  as  pf.- 
teacher  at  Kreuznach,  Alzey,  Mayence,  Wies- 
baden, and  from  1S72  at  Berlin.  In  1SS1,  app. 
teacher  at  X.  Scharwenka's  Cons. — Works  : 
"  Klavierunterrichtsbriefe,"  containing  clever 
educational  pes. — His  daughter,  Therese,  b. 
Dec.  21,  1S61,  was  a  "  youthful  prodigy  ";  in 
1873  she  st.  with  Kullak.  From  1877-8,  met 
with  great  success  as  a  pianist  in  London. 

Hen'nig,  Karl,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  23,  1819  ;  d. 
there,  Apr.  iS,  1S73.  In  1S47,  org.  of  St.Paul's; 
from  185 1,  of  the  Sophienkirche.  Also  dir.  of 
the  Lyra  male  chorus.  In  1S63,  named  royal 
mus. -dir. — Comp.s  :  Cantatas,  psalms,  Lieder, 
male  choruses. — His  son, 

Hen'nig,  Karl  Rafael,  b.  Jan.  4,  1S45  ;  a 
law-student  of  mus.  tendencies,  he  became  a  pupil 
of  Richter  (Leipzig)  and  Kiel  (Berlin).  In  1S6S, 
app. teacher  of  the  "  Wandelt"  Institute  of  Mus., 
Berlin  ;  from  1S69-75,  org.  of  St.  Paul's  ch., 
Posen,  where  he  founded  the  successful  "  Hen- 
nig  "  Vocal  Soc.  in  1873.  I'1  J877,  app.  mus.- 
teacher  to  the  Institute  f.  Female  Teachers  ;  in 
18S3,  app.  Royal  mus.  dir.  ;  in  1892,  R.  Profes- 
sor.— Comp. :  Cantata  (190th  Psalm),  pf. -sonata, 
songs,  male  and  female  choruses,  etc. — Writ- 
ings :  "  Methodik  des  Schulgesangunterrichts," 
"DieGesangsregisterauf  physioIogischerGrund- 
lage,"  and  profound  analyses  of  Beethoven's  oth 
Symphony  and  Missa  Solemnis. 

Hen'nius.     See  FIaym,  Gilles. 

Hen'schel,  (Isidor)  Georg,  comp.  and  bari- 
tone singer,  b.  Breslau,  Feb.  18,  1850.  Pupil  of 
Wandelt  and  Schaeffer  at  Breslau,  Moscheles 
and  Wenzel  (pf),  Gotze  (singing),  and  Reinecke 
(theory  and  comp.),  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1S67-70. 
In  1870,  st.  in  Berlin  with  Kiel  (comp.)  and 
Adolf  Schulze  (singing).  Undertook  concert- 
tours  through  Europe ;  1877-80,  lived  in  London  ; 
1881-4,  cond.  of  the  Boston  Symp.  Orch.  ;  since 
1885,  settled  in  London  ;  founded  the  "  London 
Symphony  Concerts";  1886-8,  prof,  of  singing 
at  the  Royal  Coll.  of  Mus. — Comp.s:  Opera, 
Friedrich  der  Schone  ;  comic  operetta,  A  Sea 
Change,  or  Love's  Castaway  ;  an  oratorio  ;  "  Zi- 


geuner  "  serenade  f.  orch. ;  Canon-Suite  f . 
orch. ;  psalms,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. — 
Lillian  H.  (ntfe  Bai- 
ley), b.  State  of  Ohio, 
Jan.,  i860,  an  excel- 
lent soprano-singer 
{Lieder),  was  a  pupil 
of  her  uncle,  C. 
1 1  a  v  d  e  n  ,  M  m  e  . 
Viardot,  and  of  G. 
Henschel,  whom  she 
married  in  1  S S  1 . 
She  has  since  been 
associated  with 
him  in  vocal  recitals 
and  on  concert- 
tours. 

Hen'sel,  Fanny  Cacilia,  b.  Hamburg,  Nov. 
14,  1S05  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  14,  1847.  Eldest  sister 
of  Mendelssohn,  she  married  the  Prussian  court 
painter  II.  in  1829.  A  brilliant  pianist  and 
composer.  Brother  and  sister  were  devotedly 
attached,  and  the  shock  of  her  sudden  death  was 
so  overwhelming  that  M.'s  health  declined,  ami 
he  died  six  months  after. — Comp.s  :  "  Garten- 
lieder";  part-songs,  songs;  pf.-trio. 

Hen'sel,  Octavia,  (pseudonym  of  Mrs.  G.  A. 
Fonda,)  writer  on  music  ;  d.  May  12,  1897,  n. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  aged  60.  Wrote  "  Life  and 
Letters  of  Louis  Moreau  Gottschalk  "  (Boston, 
1S70)  ;   "  The  Story  of  Rheingold  ";  etc. 

Hen'selt,  Adolf  von,  distinguished  pianist 
and  comp. ;  b.  Schwabach,  Bavaria, May  12,1814; 
d.  Warmbrunn, 
Silesia,  Oct.  10, 
1889.  First  st.  pf. 
and  harm,  with 
Geheimrathin  von 
Fladt  at  Munich. 
In  1831,  an  allow- 
ance from  King 
Ludwig  I.  enabled 
him  to  continue 
pf. -study  with 
Hummel  at  Wei- 
mar, whence  he 
went  to  Vienna, 
and  learned theory 
for  2  years,  under 
Sechter.  Assidu- 
ous study  and  practice  injured  his  health,  and  in 
1836  he  was  ordered  to  Carlsbad.  In  1837  he 
made  a  short  tour  through  Germany,  and  aroused 
the  greatest  enthusiasm.  He  married  at  Breslau 
the  same  year,  and  went  to  St.  Petersburg  in 
183S.  He  was  appointed  chamber-pianist  to  the 
Empress,  and  mus. -teacher  to  the  princes.  Later 
he  was  app.  inspector  of  mus.  instruction  of  the 
Imperial  educational  institutions  for  girls,  and 
received  the  Order  of  Vladimir.  His  playing 
was  of  the  most  poetically  inspired  character, 
and  highly  individualized,  his  technical  specialty 
being    the  legato  execution   of   widely-extended 


265 


HENTSCHEL— HERINCx 


chords  and  arpeggios,  for  the  practice  of  which 
he  composed  extremelydifficult  extension-studies. 
His  principal  works  are  :  The  celebrated  F  min. 
pf. -concerto  ;  Etudes,  op.  2  and  op.  13  ;  "  Poeme 
d'Amour,"  op.  3  ;  "  Friihlingslied,"  op.  15  ;  Im- 
promptu, op.  17  ;  Ballade,  op.  31  ;  Paraphrases 
de  Concert  (39  works  with  opus-no.,  and  15 
without)  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  a  2nd  pf.-part  to  a  selec- 
tion from  J.  B.  Cramer's  Etudes,  etc. — A  very- 
sympathetic  character- sketch  is  that  by  von 
Lenzin  "Diegrossen  Pf.-Virtuosen  unsrerZeit  " 
(Engl.  ed.  N.  Y.,  1899.) 

Hent'schel,  Ernst  Julius,  b.  Langenwaldau, 
n.  Liegnitz,  July  26,  1S04  ;  d.  Weissenfels,  Aug. 
4,  1S75.  Principal  of  the  Weissenfels  training- 
school.  Editor  and  co-founder  of  the  mus.- 
journal  "Euterpe."  Publ.  school  song-books, 
and  a  book  of  chorales. 

Hent'schel,  Franz,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  6,  1S14  ; 
d.  there,  May  II,  1889.  St.  with  Grell,  A.  W. 
Bach,  and  Marx.  Theatre  mus.  dir.  at  Erfurt 
(1843),  Altenburg  (1845),  Berlin  (the  "  Urania," 
private  theatre,  184S-51).  Resided  in  Berlin  as 
a  mus. -teacher. — Works  :  ( )pera,  Die  Hexen- 
rcisc ;  operettas;  marches,  etc.,  f.  orch.  and 
military  band  ;  concertos  f.  wind-instr.s ;  pf.- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Hent'schel,  Theodor,  b.  Schirgiswalde, 
Upper  l.usatia,  Mar.  28,  1830  ;  d.  Hamburg, 
Dec.  19,  1892.  Chorister  in  Dresden  ;  st.  with 
Reissiger  and  Ciccarelli,  then  in  Prague  Cons. 
Concert-pianist  at  Leipzig,  and  became  theatre 
Kapellm.  there  ;  1860-90  at  Bremen,  since  1890 
at  Hamburg. — Works:  Operas,  Mat  rose  und  San- 
ger (Leipzig,  1S57)  ;  Der  Konigspage  (Bremen, 
1874)  ;  Die  Brant  von  Lusignan,  oder  die  schone 
Melusine  (Bremen,  1875)  ;  Lancelot  (Bremen, 
1878) ;  Des  Konigs  Schwerdt  (Hamburg,  1891)  ; 
overtures  and  symphonic  marches  f.  orch.;  pf.- 
music,  songs  ;  mass  f.  double  chorus  ;  etc. 

Her'bart,  Johann  Friedrich,  eminent  prof, 
of  philosophy;  b.  Oldenburg,  May  4,  1776;  d. 
Gottingen,  Aug.  14,  1841.  St.  at  Jena  under 
Fichte  ;  became  preceptor  at  Bern.  In  1805, 
app.  prof,  of  philosophy  at  Gottingen,  1809-35 
at  Konigsberg  ;  1S35  (to  his  death)  again  at 
Gottingen.  He  st.  music  from  a  mathematical 
standpoint,  and  the  determination  of  the  propor- 
tions of  intervals  is  treated  of  in  his  "  Psycholo- 
gische  Bemerkungen  zur  Tonlehre  "  (181 1),  and 
the  aesthetics  of  music  in  the  gth  chap,  of  his 
"Encyclopaedia  of  Philosophy."  While  of  in- 
terest to  advanced  musicians,  they  contribute 
but  little  to  the  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  of 
creative  music. 

Her'beck,  Johann  Franz  von,  b.  Vienna, 
Dec.  25,  1831  ;  d.  there  Oct.  28,  1877.  Son  of 
a  poor  tailor,  he  became  soprano  chorister  at  the 
"  Heiligenkreuz "  monastery.  St.  harm,  with 
Rotter  a  few  months,  but  virtually  educated 
himself.  A  man  of  high  ambition,  he  became 
choir-director   of    the    Piaristenkirche,    Vienna, 


1S53;  chorusmaster  to  the  Vienna  Mannerge- 
sangverein,  1856  ;  prof,  at  the  Cons.,  and  chorus- 
master  of  the  Singverein,  185S  ;  cond.  to  the 
"  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde,"  1859  ;  chief 
court  Kapellm.,  1866  ;  director  of  the  Imperial 
opera,  1871,  but  resigned  this  position  on  account 
of  intrigues  and  various  annoyances,  and  re- 
sumed conductorship  of  the  "  Gesellschaft,"  two 
years  before  his  death.  As  a  conductor  he  was 
held  in  high  esteem,  and  left  an  indelible  im- 
press of  his  individuality  on  music  in  Vienna. 
— Works  :  Part-songs,  some  for  male  voices  with 
horn-quartet,  and  some  with  orchestra,  also 
several  sets  for  mixed  chorus  ;  graduals,  a  mass 
f.  male  voices,  and  a  grand  mass  ;  symphonies, 
Symphonic  Variations,  "Tanzmomente"  f.  orch., 
and  a  string-quartet. — Biographical:  "Johann 
Herbeck,  em  Lebensbild,"  by  his  son,  Ludwig 
H.  (1885),  contains  portrait,  and  catalogue  of 
his  works. 

Herbert,  Victor,  b.  Dublin,  Ireland,  Feb.  1, 
1859,  is  a  grandson  of  Samuel  Lover,  the  famous 
Irish  novelist.  At  seven  he  was  sent  to  Germany 
to  begin  his  musical  education.  His  first  posi- 
tion of  prominence  was  that  of  principal  violon- 
cello-player in  the  Court  Orch.  at  Stuttgart,  and 
he  was  heard  in  many  important  concerts 
throughout  Europe  before  accepting  in  18S6  an 
engagement  as  solo  'cellist  in  the  Metropolitan 
Orch.  in  New  York.  Here  H.  has  been  pro- 
minently connected  with  the  best  orchestral  or- 
ganizations, and  as  soloist  and  conductor  has 
become  favorably  known  in  the  principal  cities 
of  the  United  States.  For  a  number  of  years 
he  was  1st  'cello  in  the  Theodore  Thomas  Orch., 
and  more  recently  in  Anton  Seidl's  orch. ,  where 
he  was  also  associate-conductor  ;  in  1894  he  was 
app.  bandmaster  of  the  famous  22nd  Regt.  band, 
succeeding  P.  S.  Gilmore  ;  he  was  chosen  con- 
ductor of  the  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Orch.  (70  per- 
formers) in  1S9S,  a  position  he  now  (1S99)  holds. 
As  a  composer  he  has  written  several  works  for 
orch. ;  a  'cello-concerto  ;  and  songs  ;  also  an  ora- 
torio, The  Captive,  written  for  and  perf.  at  the 
Worcester,  Mass.,  Festival  ;  and  the  comic 
operas  Prince  Ananias,  The  Wizard  of  the  Nile, 
The  Serenade,  The  Idol's  Eye,  and  The  Fortune- 
teller, all  perf.  with  success. 

He'ring,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Schandau,  Sax- 
ony, Oct.  25,  1765  ;  d.  Zittau,  Jan.,  1S53.  Pupil 
of  Meissen  Coll.  ;  became  student  of  theology 
and  pedagogy  at  Leipzig  Univ.  From  1811  to 
his  death,  principal  of  Zittau  seminary,  and  chief 
teacher  of  harmony. — Writings  :  "  Praktisches 
Handbuch  zur  Erlernung  des  Clavierspielens  " 
(1796),  "  Neue  praktische  Clavierschule  fur 
Kinder  "  (1S05),  "  Neue  sehr  erleichterte  Gene- 
ralbass-Schule  fur  junge  Musiker"  (1805),  "Neue 
praktische  Singschule  fur  Kinder "  (1807-1809, 
4  small  books),  "Praktische  Violinschule " 
(1S10),  "Praktische  Praludienschule "  (1810), 
"  Kunst,  das  Pedal  fertig  zu  spielen"  (1816), 
"  Gesanglehre  fur  Yolksschulen  "  (1820);  and 
several    choral-books. — Comp.    instructive    pf.- 


266 


HERING— HERMANN 


pes.,  variations,  exercises,  etc.  In  1830  he 
founded  a  "  Musikalisches  Jugendblatt  fiir  Ge- 
sang,  Clavier  und  Flote,"  continued  by  his  son, 

He'ring,  Karl  Eduard,  b.  Oschatz,  Saxony, 
May  13,  1809  ;  d.  Bautzen,  Nov.  25,  1879.  St. 
with  his  father  at  Zittau,  and  at  Leipzig  Univ. 
with  Weinlig  and  Pohlenz.  In  1S39,  app.  org.  at 
Bautzen.  Publ.  pf.-pes.,  part-songs,  songs,  a  coll. 
of  school-chorales,  and  a  "  Buch  der  Harmonie  " 
(1861).  In  MS.:  Oratorios,  Der  Erloser  (Leip- 
zig, 1834),  Die  heilige  jVaeht,  David,  Salotno, 
Christi  Leid  und  Herrlichkeit  :  a  mass  (prod,  at 
Prague)  ;  two  operas  ;  masses,  cantatas,  hymns, 
etc. 

He'ring,  Karl  Friedrich  August,  violinist  ; 
b.  Berlin,  Sept.  2,  iSig  ;  d.  Burg,  near  Mag- 
deburg, Feb.  2,  1889.  St.  with  H.  Ries  and 
Rungenhagen  (Uerlin),  Lipinski  (Dresden),  and 
Tomaschek  (Prague).  Made  concert-tours,  be- 
came violinist  in  the  Berlin  royal  chapel,  founded 
the  Sonatenverein  in  1848,  and  a  music-school  in 
1851.  App.  royal  mus.  dir. — Comp.s  :  Sym- 
phonies, overtures,  masses, chamber-mus., songs. 
— Author  of  educational  works  :  "  Methodischer 
Leitfaden  fiir  Violinlehrer  "  (1857),  "  Ueber  R. 
Kreutzers  Etiiden  "  (1S5S),  and  an  elementary 
Violin-Method. 

He'rion,  Abraham  Adam,  b.  Schonau  in  the 
Odenwald,  Jan.  31,  1807;  d.  Dresden,  Aug.  12, 
1893.  Pupil  of  M.  Hauptmann  in  Kassel  ;  set- 
tled in  Dresden  as  pf. -teacher  and  comp.  His 
pf.-pes.  are  now  generally  forgotten. 

Heritte-Viardot,  Louise-Pauline-Marie,  b. 

Paris,  Dec.  14,1841.  Daughter  of  Louis  Viardot 
and  Pauline  Garcia.  Vocal-teacher  at  St.  Peters- 
burg Cons.;  later  at  Dr.  Hoch's  Cons.,  Frank- 
fort ;  then  lived  in  Berlin  as  a  singing-teacher. 
She  married  Consul-General  Heritte. — Comp.s  : 
Opera  Lindora  (Weimar,  1S79),  cantatas,  2  pf.- 
quartets,  vocal  exercises,  etc. 

Her'mann,  Matthias,  surnamed  Verrecoi- 
ensis  {Verrecorensis)  from  his  presumed  birth- 
place Warkenz  or  Warkoing,  Holland.  One  of 
the  Netherland  contrapuntists  of  the  16th  cent, 
not  to  be  confounded  with  Matthias  Le  Maistre. 
— Works:  "  Cantuum  5voc,  quos  motetta  vo- 
cant"  (1  vol.,  1555);  detached  motets;  "Die 
Schlacht  vor  Pavia  "  ("  Battaglia  [IjTaliana") 
a  musical  battle -sketch,  reprinted  in  several 
coll.s  ;  etc. 

Her'mann,  Johann  David,  brilliant  pianist, 
b.  in  Germany  abt.  1760  ;  d.  Paris,  1846.  In 
1785,  settled  in  Paris,  and  became  mus. -teacher 
to  Marie  Antoinette. — Comp.s  :  Pf. -concertos, 
sonatas,  potpourris,  etc. 

Her'mann,  Johann  Gottfried  Jakob,  b. 
Leipzig,  Nov.  28,  1772  ;  d.  there  Dec.  31,  184S. 
Celebrated  philologist  and  Hellenic  scholar.  Pu- 
pil of  Leipzig  and  Jena  Univ.Sf  In  179S,  app. 
prof,  of  philosophy  at  Leipzig  Univ.;  in  1805, 
prof,  of  elocution  ;  in  1809,  prof,  of  poetry. 
Wrote  valuable  works  on   metre  :    "  De    metris 


poetarum  Graecorum  et  Romanorum "  (1796), 
"  Handbuch  der  Metrik  "  (1798),  "  Elementa 
doctrinae  metricae  "  (1816),  "  Epitome  doctrinae 
metricae  "  (1S16  and  '44),  and  "  De  metris  Pin- 
dari  "  (1817). 

Her'mann,  Friedrich,  violinist,  comp.,  and 
distinguished  teacher  ;  b.  Frankfort,  Feb.  1, 
1S2S.  In  1843  pupil,  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  of 
David  (vln.),  Hauptmann  and  Mendelssohn 
(comp.).  From  1S46-75,  viola-player  in  the 
Gewandhaus  and  theatre-orchestras.  In  May, 
1S48,  vln. -teacher  at  the  Cons.  In  1883  was  app. 
Royal  Saxon  prof.- — Comp.s  :  Symphony  (Ge- 
wandhaus, 1852)  ;  quartet  f.  wind  instr.s,  terzet 
f.  3  vlns.,  duo  f.  vln.  and  'cello,  etc.  He  edited 
Peters'  and  Augener's  valuable  publications  of 
classical  works  f.  stringed  instr.s. 

Her'mann,  Reinhold  Ludwig,  violinist  and 
dram,  comp.;  b.  Prenzlau,  Brandenburg,  Sept. 
21,  1S49.  Pupil,  at  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  of 
Ehrlich  (pf.),  Kiel  (comp.),  and  Stern  (singing). 
From  1S71-7S,  singing-teacher  and  cond.  in 
New  Vork  ;  1878—81,  dir.  of  Stern  Cons.,  Ber- 
lin ;  then  returned  to  N.  Y.;  18S4,  cond.  of 
"  Liederkranz  "•;  1887,  prof,  of  sacred  history  at 
the  Theol.  Seminary;  1S98,  cond.  of  Handel  and 
Haydn  Soc,  Boston. — Works:  Romantic  opera 
Vineta  (1872  ;  Breslau,  1895,  mod.  succ.)  ; 
heroic  opera  Lancelot ;  3-act  opera  Spielmanns- 
gliick  (Kassel,  1894)  ;  4-act  grand  opera  Wulfrin 
(Cologne,  1S96,  mod.  succ.)  ;  cantatas  {Bran' 
von  Messina,  The  Bridge  of  Sighs  [Hood],  TJu 
Spirits  of  the  Thay,  Sancta  Cacilia,  The  Buried 
Song);  overtures  ;  pf. -concerto  ;  suites,  sonatas; 
vocal  sextets,  quintets,  quartets,  etc.;  songs. 

Her'mann,  Robert,  b.  Bern,  Switzerland, 
Apr.  29,  1S69.  Gifted  composer.  Destined 
for  a  medical  career,  he  st.  at  Geneva  Univ. 
1SS7-90,  but  finally  obtained  his  father's  per- 
mission to  become  a  musician,  and  entered 
Frankfort  Cons,  in  1891.  Until  then,  he  had 
been  wholly  self-taught  (zither,  pf.,  comp.), 
and  had  already  developed  an  obstinate  origi- 
nality (noticed  and  encouraged  by  Grieg),  who 
made  him  burst  the  irksome  bonds  of  conserva- 
tory-teaching in  a  few  months.  He  applied  him- 
self (on  Grieg's  advice)  to  the  study  of  master- 
works  ;  st.  with  Humperdinck  one  year  (1S93- 
4),  and  then  went  to  Leipzig  (where  some  of  his 
scores  were  publ.),  and  thence  to  Berlin,  where, 
on  Nov.  7,  1895,  his  Symphony  in  C,  and  a 
Concert-overture  in  D  were  brought  out  by  the 
Philh.  Orch.  The  division  of  opinion  among 
the  Berlin  critics  sufficiently  proves  that  H.'s 
music  has  remarkable  features.  He  is  now 
(1S99)  living  as  a  composer  in  Leipzig. — Works  : 
Petites  Variations  pour  lire,  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (no 
opus-no.)  ;  op.  1,  12  Kleine  Lieder  f.  mezzo- 
sopr. ;  op.  2,  5  pf.-pes.;  op.  3,  Romanza  and 
Scherzino  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  op.  4,  Concert-over- 
ture (D  min.)  f.  orch.;  op.  5,  6  Lieder  ;  op.  6, 
Pf.-trio  (D  min.)  ;  op.  7,  Symphony  No.  1  (C), 
f.  orch.;  op.  8,  pf. -quintet  ;  op.  9,  6  songs. 


267 


HERMANNUS— IIEROLD 


Herman'nus  (surnamed)  Contractus  on 
account  of  his  paralyzed  limbs  ;  b.  Sulgau,  Swa- 
bia,  July  iS,  1013  ;  d.  Alleshausen,  n.  Biberach, 
Sept.  24,  1054.  Son  of  Hermann,  Graf  von 
Vohringen.  Distinguished  pupil  of  St.  Gallen 
Abbey;  became  a  monk  in  Reichenau  monas- 
tery. His  best-known  work  (containing  valuable 
historical  notices  on  music)  is  a  chronology  from 
the  foundation  of  Rome  to  1054.  It  has  been 
republ.  several  times,  and  is  to  be  found  in 
Peres'  (Pertz's)  "  Monumenta  "  (vol.  v).  Two 
small  treatises,  supposed  to  have  been  lost,  were 
found  in  the  Imperial  Library,  Vienna,  by  Ger- 
bert,  and  publ.  in  his  "  Scriptores  "  (ii).  The 
1st,  "  Musical,"  is  an  exposition  of  the  Greek 
modes,  and  gives  an  example  of  Hucbald's  no- 
tation of  the  preceding  cent.  The  2nd,  "  Versus 
Hermanni  ad  discernendum,"  contains  the  key 
of  an  original  notation  by  Greek  and  Latin  letters. 
In  the  indication  of  a  change  in  pitch,  it  had 
an  advantage  over  neume-notation.  H.'s  nota- 
tion is  written  above  the  neume-notation  in  some 
MSS.  of  the  nth  and  12th  centuries  in  the 
Munich  Library. 

Her'mes,  Eduard,  b.  Memel,  May  15  (?), 
1818.  A  merchant-composer  in  Konigsberg 
(Prussia)  ;  has  written  songs  and  part-songs  f. 
male  ch. 

Her'mesdorff,  Michael,  b.  Trier  (Treves), 
Mar.  4,  1833;  d.  there  Jan.  17,  1885.  Entered 
the  priesthood,  and  was  app.  org.  of  Trier  cath. 
Founded  the  Choral  Society,  chiefly  for  the  ex- 
position of  Gregorian  Church-Song,  on  which  he 
was  an  authority  by  virtue  of  his  study  of  origi- 
nal sources.  He  edited  the  "  Gradual  ad  usum 
Romanum  cantus  S.  Gregorii"  publ.  (Leipzig, 
1876-82,  10  nos.)  in  the  monthly  supplements  of 
the  "  Cacilia  "  journal  (II.  and  Bockeler,  Aix), 
but  died  before  its  completion.  Revised  the  2nd 
ed.  of  Luck's  coll.  of  sacred  comp.s  (4  vol.s)  ; 
publ.  a  German  transl.  of  the  "  Micrologus"  of 
Guido  d'Arezzo  ;  a  "  Kyriale,"  and  "  Harmonica 
cantus  choralis  "  a  4  ;  a  graduale,  anthems,  and 
"  Praefatio"  (prayers  used  in  the  Trier  diocese); 
and  3  masses  of  his  own  com  p. 

Herm'stedt,  Johann  Simon,  celebrated 
clarinettist  ;  b.  Langensalza,  n.  Dresden,  Dec. 
29,  1778  ;  d.  Sondershausen,  Aug.  10,  1846. 
Pupil  in  the  Annaberg  school  for  soldiers' 
children.  St.  with  Knoblauch  and  Baer.  1st 
clarinet  in  the  regiment  at  Langensalza.  In 
1S00,  app.  Kapellm.  at  Sondershausen.  Made 
improvements  in  his  instr. ;  comp.  concertos, 
variations,  etc.,  f.  clar.  Spohr  wrote  a  clarinet- 
concerto  for  him. 

Hernan'dez,  Pablo,  Spanish  comp.;  b.  Sara- 
gossa,  Jan.  25,  1834.  Chorister  at  Nuestra  Dama 
del  Pilar,  and  pupil  of  Valentin  Meton  (org.,  pf., 
and  harm.)  and  Rabanals  (vln.).  In  1856,  en- 
tered the  Madrid  Cons,  under  Eslava  ;  became 
org.  of  the  Royal  Basilica  of  Nuestra  Dama 
d'Atocha,  and  was  app.  (18C3)  auxiliary  prof .  at 
the  Cons. — Works:  Zarzuelas;  a  Mass,   Mise- 


rere and  Ave,  Te  Deum,  Lamentations,  motets  ; 
symphony,  overture,  6  organ-fugues  ;  and  a 
Method  for  Organ. 

Hernan'do,  Rafael  Jose  Maria,  b.  Madrid, 
May  31,  1822.  1837-43,  pupil  of  R.  Carnicer 
at  Madrid  Cons.  In  1843,  went  to  Paris,  comp. 
a  Stabat  Mater  and  other  works  which  were  perf. 
by  the  Socie'te  de  Ste.-Ce'cile,  but  was  unsuccess- 
ful in  his  endeavors  to  prod,  a  4-act  Italian  op- 
era at  the  Theatre  Italien.  After  his  return  to 
Madrid,  from  1848-53,  he  successfully  prod,  the 
zarzuelas  Las  sacerdotisas  del  sol,  Palo  de  ciego, 
Colegiales  y  soldados,  El  duende,  Bertoldo  y  Com- 
parsa,  etc.;  also  collaborated  with  Barbieri,  Ou- 
drid,  and  Gaztambide  in  Escenas  de  Ckamberi, 
and  Don  Simplicio  Bobadilla.  An  enterprise 
was  formed  for  the  exploitation  of  comic  operet- 
tas, the  Theatre  des  Varietes  taken,  and  H.  was 
app.  dir.  and  comp.  In  1852  he  was  app.  sec. 
of  Madrid  Cons.,  later  prof,  of  harmony,  and 
founded  a  Mutual  Aid  Mus.  Soc.  of  which  he 
was  elected  secretary. — Other  comp.s  :  Grand 
mass,  cantatas,  hymns,  etc. 

Herold,  Louis-Joseph-Ferdinand,  dramatic 
composer  and  pianist;  b.  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1791  ; 
d.at  Themes,  n.  Paris, 
Jan.  19,  1833.  His 
father,  Francois-Jo- 
seph II .  [pupil  of  Ph. 
E.Bach], a  pianoforte- 
teacher  and  composer 
of  merit,  did  not  desire 
his  son  to  become  a 
musician,  and  sent 
him  to  the  Hix  school, 
where  his  aptitude  for 
music  was  noticed  by 
Fetis,  then  assistant- 
teacher  there.  But 
after  his  father's  death 

(1802),  II.  could  follow  his  natural  bent  ;  in  1806 
he  entered  the  Conservatoire,  studying  the  piano 
under  Louis  Adam,  and  winning  first  prize  for 
pf.-playing  in  1810.  He  studied  harmony  under 
Catel,  and  (from  1S11)  composition  under  Mehul  ; 
in  1S12  his  cantata  Mile,  de  la  Valliere  gained 
the  Prix  de  Pome  (the  MS.  score  is  in  the  Con- 
servatory Library  with  works  composed  during 
his  three  years'  study  in  Rome).  From  Rome 
he  went  to  Naples,  where  he  became  pianist  to 
Queen  Caroline  ;  here  he  produced  his  first  opera, 
La gioventii  di  Eurico  Quinto  (1815),  which  was 
well  received.  From  Naples  he  went  to  Vienna, 
and  after  a  few  months'  stay  returned  to  Paris  in 
1815,  where  he  finished  the  score  of  Boieldieu's 
Charles  de  France,  an  ope'ra  d' occasion,  produced 
at  the  Opera-Comique,  1816.  Its  flattering  re- 
ception led  to  the  production  of  Les  Rosieres 
(1S17),  which,  as  well  as  La  Clochette,  which 
followed  in  the  same  year,  was  very  successful. 
Unable  for  a  time  to  obtain  good  original  libretti, 
he  now  wrote  pf. -fantasias  and  minor  pieces,  and 
produced  a  few  operas  (Le  premier  venu,  1818  ; 
Les  Troquetirs,  1819  ;  l' Amour  platonique,  1819 


26S 


HERRMANN— HERVE 


[only  rehearsed]  ;  and  V Auteur  mort  et  vivant, 
1S20),  the  ill-success  of  which  caused  him  to  dis- 
trust his  natural  talent,  and  to  imitate,  in  several 
succeeding  stage-works,  the  style  then  in  vogue 
— that  of  Rossini.  With  the  3-act  comic  opera 
Marie  (1S26)  H.  returned,  however,  to  his  true 
element,  and  won  instant  and  brilliant  success. 
Meantime  (1824)  he  had  obtained  the  post  of 
pianist  at  the  Italian  Opera,  but  soon  reliquished 
it  for  that  of  chorusmaster  (1824-6)  ;  during  this 
period  he  brought  out  Les  Muletiers,  l ' Asthe'nie, 
Venddme  en  Espagne,  Le  A'oi  /den/,  and  Le  Lapin 
blanc.  In  1827  he  was  appointed  chef  du  chant 
at  the  Grand  Opera,  for  which  he  wrote  several 
poetic  and  graceful  ballets  (Astolphe  et  Joconde, 
La  Somnambule ,  Lydie,  La  Belle  au  Bois  dor- 
mant, and  La  file  mal  gardJe)  ;  La  Somnam- 
bule furnished  Bellini  with  the  subject  of  his 
popular  opera.  In  1828  H.  was  received  into 
the  Legion  of  Honor.  In  1829  appeared  V Illu- 
sion, a  one-act  opera,  full  of  charming  numbers. 
Emmeline  (1830)  was  a  failure,  but  the  brilliant 
success  of  Zampa  (1831)  placed  II.  in  the  first 
rank  of  French  composers.  He  wrote  I'Auberge 
d'Atcrey  (1830)  jointly  with  Carafa  ;  La  Mar- 
quise de  Brinvilliers  (1831)  in  collaboration  with 
Auber,  Batton,  Berton,  Blangini,  Boieldieu, 
Carafa,  Cherubini,  and  Paer  ;  and  also  produced 
La  me'dicine  sans  mc'dccin  (1832),  a  one-act  opera. 
His  last  work,  Le  Pre  aux  clercs  (1832),  has  had 
remarkable  vogue  in  France.  Shortly  after  the 
production  of  Zampa  his  health  had  begun  to 
decline,  and  he  died  of  consumption  in  his  forty- 
second  year.  His  unfinished  opera  Ludovic  was 
successfully  completed  by  Hale'vy. — Herold's 
pf. -music,  comprising  55  opus-numbers,  con- 
sists of  sonatas,  caprices,  rondos,  divertisse- 
ments, fantaisies,  variations,  and  potpourris. — 
Busts  of  H.  by  Danton  and  Demesnay  are  in 
the  foyer  of  the  New  Opera  house  ;  one  by  Charles 
Gauthier  is  in  the  library  of  the  Conservatoire. 
"  Herold,  sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres,"  by  Jouvin 
(Paris,  Heugel,  1868,  8vo),  is  the  best  of  the  many 
biographical  notices  that  have  appeared. 

Herrmann,  Gottfried,  violinist  and  pianist, 
b.  Sondershausen,  May  15,  1808  ;  d.  Liibeck, 
June  6,  1878.  Vln. -pupil  of  Spohr  at  Kassel, 
and  st.  comp.  with  Hauptmann.  He  became 
first  violin  at  Hanover  ;  and,  under  Aloys  Schmitt, 
developed  into  a  talented  pianist.  Organized  a 
quartet-party,  with  his  brother  Karl,  at  Frank- 
fort ;  in  1831,  was  app.  org.  and  dir.  of  the 
Marienkirche,  Liibeck  ;  in  1844,  L'apcllm.  to  the 
Sondershausen  court  ;  in  1852,  city- A'apell/u.  of 
Liibeck,  also  directing  the  Liibeck  theatre  and 
the  Hamburg  Bach-  I'ercin. — Works:  Operas, 
orch.l  and  chamber-music,  songs, etc. — His  niece 
and  pupil,  Klara  H.,  gifted  pianist,  residing 
at  Liibeck,  also  a  student  of  Leipzig  Cons.,  is 
the  daughter  of  his  brother  Karl  ['cellist,  d. 
Stuttgart,  Nov.  12,  1894]. 

Her'schel,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  eminent 
astronomer  (auglice'  Sir  William  Herschel,  K. 
C.  H.,  D.  C.  L.) ;  b.  Hanover,  Nov.  15,  1738  ; 


d.  Slough,  n.  Windsor,  Aug.  23,  1822.  Son  of  a 
military  musician,  at  14  years  of  age  he  entered 
the  band  of  the  Hanoverian  guards  as  oboist, 
and  was  stationed  at  Durham  when  that  regiment 
came  to  England.  Became  org.  of  Halifax 
parish  ch. ;  in  1766,  of  the  Octagon  Chapel,  Bath. 
Devoted  his  leisure  to  astronomy,  constructed 
the  great  "  Herschel"  telescope,  discovered  the 
planet  Uranus,  was  app.  "Astronomer  Royal" 
(1781),  and  abandoned  the  musical  profession. 
Received  the  honor  of  knighthood  and  an  Oxford 
degree.  Comp.s  :  A  symphony,  and  2  concertos 
f.  wind-instr.s. 

Her'tel,  Johann  Christian,  viola-da-gamba 
virtuoso  ;  b.  Oettingen,  Swabia,  1699  ;  d.  Stre- 
litz,  Oct.,  1754.  St.  singing  and  the  gamba  ; 
pf.,  vln.,  and  comp.  with  Kaufmann  at  Merse- 
burg,  later  with  Hess  at  Darmstadt.  Became 
1st  violin  of  Eisenach  court-chapel ;  from  1742- 
53,  ducal  Concertmeister  at  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz. — In  MS.,  symphonies,  overtures,  vln.  and 
bass  concertos,  sonatas,  trios,  etc.;  only  6  sona- 
tas were  publ. 

Her'tel,  Johann  Wilhelm,  violinist,  pianist, 
and  comp. ;  b.  Eisenach,  Oct.  9,  1727  ;  d.  Schwe- 
rin,  June  14,  1789  ;  son  and  pupil  of  Joh.  Chr. ; 
also  st.  vln.  with  Benda.  In  1757,  Concertmeister 
and  comp.  to  the  Duke  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 
subsequently  Kapellm.  In  1770,  private  secretary 
to  Princess  Ulrike,  and  councillor  at  Schwerin. 
— Works  :  8  oratorios,  descriptive  of  the  princi- 
pal events  in  the  life  of  Christ  ;  12  symphonies  ; 
6  pf. -sonatas  ;  1  pf. -concerto  ;  songs.  Also 
compiled,  with  translations  and  notes,  "  Samm- 
lung  musikalischer  Schriften,  grosstentheils  aus 
den  Werken  der  Italiener  und  Franzosen  ..." 
(1757-8,  2  parts). 

Her'tel,  Peter  Ludwig,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  21, 
1S17.  Son  of  Karl  H.,  violinist  [1784-1S68], 
and  pupil  of  Greulich(pf.),  Rietz  (vln.),  Schneider 
and  Marx  (comp.).  In  1858,  app.  court  comp., 
in  i860  dir.  of  ballet,  at  the  Berlin  Royal  Opera. 
— Works:  Symphonies,  overtures,  but  principally 
ballet-mus.  {Die  lustigen  Musketiere  ( 1S52),  Flick 
und  Flock  (1858),  Sardanapal  (1865),  Ellinor 
(1869),  Fantaska,  Die  4  Jahreszeiteu,  etc.) 

Her'ther,  F.,  pen-name  of  Hermann  Giin- 
ther,  M.D.  (brother  of  Dr.  Otto  Gunther)  ;  b. 
Leipzig,  Feb.  18,  1834  ;  d.  there  Feb.  13,  1871. 
— Opera,  Der  Abtvon  St.  Gallen  (Berlin,  1864). 

Hertz'berg,  Rudolph  von,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  6, 
1818  ;  d.  there  Nov.  24,  1893.  Pupil  of  L.  Ber- 
ger  and  S.  Dehn  ;  1847,  singing-teacher;  1858, 
"  Konigl.  Musikdirektor "  ;  1861-89,  cond.  of 
Domchor  (cathedral  choir),  with  title  "  Pro- 
fessor," succeeding  Neithardt.  Editor  (as  Franz 
Commer's  successor)  of  the  valuable  coll.  work 
"  Musica  Sacra." 

Herve(properlyFlorimondRonger),  a  dram, 
comp.,  the  creator  of  French  operetta  ;  b.  Hou- 
dain,  n.  Arras,  June  30,  1825  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  4, 


269 


HERVEY— HERZOG 


1892.  Chorister  and  scholar  of  St.-Roch,  he  be- 
came org.  at  various  churches  in  Paris.  With 
his  friend  Kelm,  in  1848,  he  sang  in  Don  Qui- 
chotte  et  Sancho  Panca,  an  interlude  of  his  own 
comp. ,  at  the  Opera  National.  In  1859,  chef 
d'orcheslre  at  the  Palais  Royal  Th.  In  1S55 
he  opened  the  "  Folies-Concertantes,"  a  small 
theatre  for  the  production  of  pantomimes,  say- 
netes (musical  comediettas  for  two  persons),  etc., 
and,  with  phenominal  activity,  developed  the 
light  French  operetta  from  these  diminutive  and 
frivolous  dramatic  comp.s,  writing  both  libretti 
and  music,  and  frequently  appearing  in  the  dual 
capacity  of  actor  and  orch.-cond.  In  1856  he 
resigned,  and  (1856-69)  was  connected  with 
theatres  in  Paris,  Marseilles,  Montpellier,  and 
Cairo;  1870-1,  cond.  of  Covent  Garden  Prom- 
enade Concerts,  London  ;  1871-4,  mus.-dir.  of 
The  Empire  Th.  He  wrote  over  50  operettas, 
which,  however,  were  eclipsed  by  those  of  Of- 
fenbach. Some  of  the  best-known  are:  Fade 
au  Cabaret,  Le  composileicr  toque",  Fiji  et  Nim 
(these  3  at  the  Fol.-Conc,  1855-6)  ;  Femme  a 
vendre  (1858) ;  V (Eil  creve"  (1867)  ;  Le  petit 
/■;?;/ 1/(1869)  ;  Fla-Fla(i8S6);  La  noce  a  A'ini: 
La  Roussotte  (collab.  with  Lecocq)  ;  Le  roi  Chil- 
piric,  and  Les  Bagatelles.  One  of  his  latest, 
Bacchanale  (Paris,  '92),  was  a  fiasco.  Other 
works  are  the  3-act  operetta  Mi  mi ;  two  3-act 
operas-bouffes,  Le  Rubicon  and  Frivoii;  and  the 
i-act  opera-comique  I'Flixir. — He  also  publ. 
pf.-pcs.,  songs,  and  dances. 

Hervey,  Arthur,  composer  and  writer  ;  b.  of 
Irish  parentage  at  Paris,  Jan.  26,  1855.  Pupil 
of  Berthold  Tours 
(harm.)andEdouard 
Marlois  (instrumen- 
tation). At  first  in- 
tended for  the  dip- 
lomatic service,  he 
embraced  a  musical 
career  in  1880  ;  was 
for  a  time  critic 
for  "  Vanity  Fair"  ; 
since  1892  on  the 
staff  of  the  London 
"  Morning  Post." — 
Works  :  A  i-act 
opera,     The  Fairy's 

Post-box  (London,  1885) ;  dram,  overture  "  Love 
and  Fate"  (1890);  Suite  f.  orch.  (MS.);  Ro- 
mance f.  vln.  and  orch. ;  pf. -music  ;  he  is  also  a 
song-writer  of  repute:  "  6  Liebeslieder,"  S  "Neue 
Liebeslieder,"  and  6  other  songs,  "  Herzens- 
stimmen,"  all  by  Heine;  "Love  of  my  life," 
"  May  Song,"  "  Once,"  "  Mine  all,"  etc. — Au- 
thor of  "Masters  of  French  Music"  (London, 
1894). 

Herz,  Jacques  Simon,  b.  Frankfort,  Dec. 
31,  1794  ;  d.  Nice,  Jan.  27,  1880.  Of  Jewish 
parentage  ;  went  to  Paris  when  young  ;  in  1807 
ent.  the  Cons.,  studying  the  pf.  with  Pradher. 
Became  a  distinguished  pianist   and  teacher  in 


Paris  ;  taught  for  some  years  in  London  ;  re- 
turned to  Paris  in  1857,  as  acting-prof,  for  his 
brother  Henri,  at  the  Cons. — Comps. :  Much  pf.- 
mus. ;  vln. -sonatas,  and  a  horn -sonata. — His 
brother, 

Herz,  Henri,  brilliant  pianist;  b. Vienna,  Jan. 
6,  1806  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  5,  188S.  Taught  by  his 
father,  and  by  Hiin- 
ten  at  Koblenz  ; 
later  (1816)  by  Pra- 
dher, Reicha,  and 
Dourlen  at  the 
Paris  Cons.,  and 
won  1st  pf. -prize  ; 
improved  himself 
in  Moscheles'  style 
after  that  virtuoso's 
visit  in  1S21  ;  was 
in  high  repute  as  a 
fashionable  teacher 
and  composer,  his 
comp.s  realizing  3 
and  4  times  the 
price  of  those  of  the 
best  musicians.  In  1831  he  made  a  brilliant  tour 
of  Germany  with  the  violinist  Lafont ;  visited 
London  in  1834  ;  and  at  his  first  concert  Mo- 
scheles and  Cramer  played  duets  with  him.  In 
1842,  was  app.  pf.-prof.  at  the  Paris  Cons.  Lost 
considerably  by  partnership  with  a  pf. -manufac- 
turer Klepfer,  and  thereupon  undertook  a  con- 
cert-tour through  the  United  States,  Mexico,  and 
the  W.  Indies  (1845-51).  Returning,  he  estab- 
lished a  successful  pf. -manufactory,  his  instr.s  re- 
ceiving 1st  prize  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855. 
Resigned  professorship  at  the  Cons,  in  1874.  H. 
acknowledged  that  he  catered  to  the  popular 
taste  ;  of  his  numerous  works  (over  200),  at 
which  Schumann  frequently  poked  fun,  only  his 
Etudes,  and  a  Pf. -Method,  are  likely  to  survive. 
They  include  pf. -concertos,  variations,  sonatas, 
rondos, vln. -sonatas,  nocturnes,  dances,  marches, 
fantasias,  etc.  "  Mes  voyages  en  Amerique  " 
(1866)  is  a  reprint  of  his  letters  to  the  Moniteur 
Universel,  describing  his  American  tour. 

Herz'berg,  Anton,  pianist,  b.  Tarnow,  Gali- 
cia,  June  4,  1825.  St.  with  Bocklet  and  Preyer 
in  Vienna.  Made  concert-tours  through  Hun- 
gary, Prussia,  Turkey,  Greece,  Italy,  France, 
Holland,  and  England,'  and  received  various  dec- 
orations. In  1866,  settled  in  Moscow  as  pf.- 
teacher. — Works:  About  130  pes.  of  salon- 
music. 

Her'zog,  Johann  Georg,  organ-virtuoso,  b. 
Schmolz,  Bavaria,  Sept.  6,  1822.  Pupil  of  Boden- 
schatz,  and  of  the  Seminary  at  Altdorf ,  Bavaria. 
1841-2,  teacher  at  Bruck,  n.  Hof  ;  1842,  org.  of 
Munich  Protestant  ch.,  cantor  in  1848;  org.- 
prof.  at  the  Cons.,  1850;  mus.  director  at  Er- 
langen  Univ.,  1854;  in  1866,  Dr.  phil.j  later, 
professor,  retiring  in  18S8.  Resides  at  Munich. 
— Organ-works  :  "  rraludienbuch,"  "  Kirch- 
liches  Orgelspiel  "  (3  parts),  "  Chorale  mit  Vor-, 


270 


HERZOG— HEUBERGER 


Zwischen-  und  Nachspielen,"  "  Evangelisches 
Choralbuch  "  (3  books),  "  Chorgesange  flir  den 
kirchlichen  Gebrauch  "  (5  books),  "  Geistliches 
und  Weltliches "  (collections),  "  Orgelschule," 
fantasias,  etc. 

Her'zog,  Emilie,  brilliant  eo/orati/rn-singer 
and  soubrette  ;  b.  Diessenhofen,  Thurgau,  abt. 
i860.  Pupil  of  the  Zurich  School  of  Music 
under  K.  Gloggner,  1876-8  ;  at  Munich,  under 
Ad.  Schimon,  1878-80.  Made  her  theatrical 
debut  as  the  Page  in  Les  Huguenots,  at  Munich, 
(1879?).  Ln  IS8g,  eng.  for  the  Berlin  Court 
Opera. 

Her'zogenberg,  Heinrich  von,  pianist  and 
comp.,  b.  Graz,  Styria,  June  10,  1843.  Pupil  of 
Dessoff  at  Vienna  Cons.,  1862-4.  Lived  at  Graz 
until  1872,  then  removed  to  Leipzig,  and  with 
P.  Spitta,  F.  v.  Holstein,  and  A.  Volkland 
founded  the  Bach-Verein  in  1874  ;  in  1875  ne 
succeeded  Volkland  as  its  dir.  In  1885,  app. 
prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Berlin  "  Hochschule  fur 
Musik,"  as  successor  to  F.  Kiel  ;  he  retired  in 
1892,  and  was  succeeded  by  M.  Bruch.  Is 
president  of  the  "  Meisterschule  "  for  comp.,  and 
a  member-  of  the  Akademie. — Works  :  Oratorio 
Die  Geburt  Christi ;  symphonic  poem,  "  Odys- 
seus"; 2  symphonies  (C  min.  and  B|">) ;  "  Deut- 
sches  Liederspiel  "  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  pf.  4  hands  ; 
"  Der  Stern  des  Liedes,"  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  "  Die 
YVeihe  der  Nacht,"  f.  alto  solo,  ch. ,  and  orch.; 
96th  Psalm,  op.  34  ;  116th  Psalm,  f.  double  ch. 
and  orch.;  94th  Psalm,  op.  60,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  "  Nannas  Klage,"  op.  59  ;  a  cantata,  Cc- 
lumbus  ;  2  pf. -trios  and  two  string-trios,  op.  27  ; 
3  string-quartets  ;  a  quintet  for  wind-instr.s  ; 
pf. -works  f.  2  and  4  hands  ;  Variations  for  2  pf.s, 
on  a  theme  from  Brahms  ;  3  songs,  2  duets,  1 
part-song. — His  wife,  Elizabeth,  ne'e  von 
Stockhausen,  talented  pianist,  b.  1848,  d.  San 
Remo,  Jan.  7,  1892. 

Hess,  Joachim,  organist  and  carillonneur  of 
St.  John's  Ch.,  Gouda,  Holland,  for  44  years, 
1 766-1 8 10.  An  erudite  and  industrious  musician. 
Writings  :  "  Korte  en  eenvoudige  handleiding 
tot  het  leeren  van  clavecimbel  of  orgelspel" 
(1766,  etc.);  "  Luister  van  het  orgel"  (1772); 
"  Korte  schets  van  de  allereerste  uitvinding  en 
verdere  voortgang  in  het  vervaardigen  der 
orgeln "  (1S10)  ;  "  Dispositien  der  merkwaar- 
digste  kerk-orgeln  "  (1774);  and  "  Vereischten 
in  eenen  organist"  (1779). — His  brother,  A.  H. 
H.,  was  a  distinguished  org. -builder  at  Gouda. 

Hes'se,  Ernst  Christian,  viola-da-gamba 
virtuoso  ;  b.  Grossen-Gottern,  Thuringia,  Apr. 
14,  1676  ;  d.  Darmstadt,  May  16,  1762.  Court 
secretary  for  Hesse-Darmstadt  ;  then,  at  the 
Prince's  expense,  he  st.  in  Paris  with  Marin 
Marais  and  Forqueray  ;  made  concert-tours  and 
played  at  the  Viennese  and  Dresden  courts. 
1713-19,  Kapellm.  at  Vienna.  —  In  MS.:  Sona- 
tas and  suites  f.  gamba,  and  other  instr.l  mus. ; 
much  church-music. 


Hes'se,  Adolf  (Friedrich),  organ-virtuoso  ; 
b.  Breslau,  Aug.  30,  1809  ;  d.  there  Aug.  5,  1863. 
Son  of  an  organ-builder  ;  pupil  of  Berner  and  E. 
Kohler.  The  Breslau  authorities  granted  him  a 
sum  which  enabled  him  to  visit  Leipzig,  Kassel, 
Hamburg,  Berlin,  and  Weimar,  his  talents  gain- 
ing him  the  acquaintance  and  instruction  of 
Hummel,  Rinck,  and  Spohr.  In  1S27,  app.  as- 
sist.-org.  at  St.  Elizabeth's  ch.,  Breslau,  and  in 
1831,  org.  of  St.  Bernard's.  Visited  Paris  in 
1844,  for  the  inauguration  of  the  new  org.  of  St.- 
Eustache,  and  astonished  the  Parisians  by  his 
pedal-playing.  In  1846  visited  Italy,  and  Eng- 
land in  1S52,  performing  on  the  organs  in  the 
Crystal  Palace,  and  protesting  against  their  un- 
equal temperament.  For  many  years  dir.  of  the 
Breslau  symphony  concerts. — Works  :  Oratorio 
Tobias;  dram,  cantata Herzog E rnst v .  Schwaben, 
f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  21  ;  other  canta- 
tas ;  6  symphonies,  4  overtures,  motets,  pf. -con- 
certo, string-quintet,  2  strg. -quartets,  and  pf.- 
pcs.;  organ-comp.s  (preludes,  fugues,  fantasias, 
etc.),  and  an  "Orgelschule"  (Practical  Organ- 
ist). 

Hes'se,  Julius,  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  2,  1S23  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Apr.  5,  1SS1,  He  originated  and  suc- 
cessfully introduced  a  new  measurement  for  pf.- 
keys,  and  publ.  "System  des  Klavierspiels." 

Hes'se,  Max,  mus. -publ.;  b.  Sondershausen, 
Feb.  18,  1S58.  In  1SS0,  founded  a  publishing- 
house  at  Leipzig,  and  in  1S83,  the  printing  estab- 
lishment Hesse  u.  Becker,  for  music  and  books. 

Hetsch,  (Karl  Friedrich)  Ludwig,  pianist 
and  violinist  ;  b.  Stuttgart,  Apr.  26,  1806  ;  d. 
Mannheim,  June  26,  1S72.  Pupil  of  Abeille  and 
Weiss,  and  protege  of  the  King  of  Wurttemberg. 
In  1835,  mus.  dir.  at  Heidelberg  ;  in  1846,  2nd 
Kapellm.  of  Munich  Court  Th. — Works  :  Opera 
Ryno  (Stuttgart,  1833)  I  oratorios,  symphonies, 
chamber  and  vocal  music,  Lieder  j  his  130th 
Psalm  and  a  duet  f.  pf.  and  vln.  won  prizes. 

Heu'berger,  Richard  Franz  Joseph,  dram, 
comp.;  b.  Graz,  Styria,  June  18,  1850.  St.  mu- 
sic under  good  masters  ;  he  was  by  profession  a 
civil  engineer,  and  obtained  the  Government  cer- 
tificate in  1875.  In  1876  devoted  himself  to  mu- 
sic. App.  Chormeister  of  the  Vienna  academical 
Gesangverein,  and  in  1878  cond.  of  the  Sing- 
akademie. — Works:  Operas,  Abenteuer  einer 
Neujahrsnacht (Leipzig,  1S86)  ;  Manuel  Venegas 
(do.,  1889),  remodelled  as  the  3-act  grand  opera 
Mir  jam,  oder  Das  Ma  ij  'est  (Vienna,  '94  ;  succ); 
"  Tanzspiel"  (ballet)  in  3  acts,  Die  Lautenschla- 
gerin (Prague, '96  ;  succ);  cantata,  "Gehtesdir 
vvohl,  so  denk'  an  mich,"  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and 
orch.,  from  "  Des  Knaben  Wunderhorn  "  ;  over- 
ture to  Byron's  "Cain"  ;  rhapsody  from  Ri'ick- 
ert's  "  Liebesfruhling,"  f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch. ; 
suite  in  D,  f.  orch.;  a  symphony  ;  orch.l  varia- 
tions on  a  theme  by  Schubert  ;  serenades  f.  orch., 
op.  7  ;  part-songs,  songs.  His  last  dram,  works 
are  2  operettas,  Der  Opernball  (Munich,  1898  ; 
succ.)  and  Ihre  Excellenz,  Vienna,  1899). 


271 


HEUBNER— HEYMANN 


Heub'ner,  Konrad,  talented  comp. ;  b.  Dres- 
den, 1S60.  Pupil  of  the  "  Kreuzschule  "  there  ; 
also  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (187S-9),  and,  at  the  Univ., 
of  Riemann.  St.  under  Nottebohm  at  Vienna, 
and  in  1881  under  Wullner,  Nicode,  and  Blass- 
mann  at  Dresden.  In  1882,  cond.  of  the  Lieg- 
nitz  Singakademie  j  in  1S84,  assist. -cond.  of  the 
Berlin  Singakademie.  In  1890,  succeeded  R. 
Maszkowski  as  dir.  of  the  Koblenz  Cons,  and 
Mus.  Soc. — Works  :  Overtures,  symphony  in  A 
(1892),  quintet  f.  pf.,  2  vlns.,  via.,  and  'cello  ;  pf. 
and  vln. -sonata  ;  pf.-trio  (op.  9)  ;  songs,  etc. 

Heu'gel,  Jacques-Leopold,  b.  La  Rochelle, 
1815  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  12,  1883.  Ed.  and  publ. 
from  1834  of  "  Le  Menestrel."  Founder  and 
dir.  of  the  Paris  mus. -publ.  establ.  "  H.  et 
Cie.."  well  known  for  its  excellent  publications, 
which  include  the  famous  "  Methodes  du  Con- 
servatoire "  in  all  branches. 

Heu'mann,  Hans,  song-comp. ;  b.  Leipzig, 
Aug.  17,  1870.  From  his  iSth  year  he  filled 
temporary  engagements  as  a  double-bass  player 
or  tuba-player  in  orch.s  at  Kassel,  Geneva,  St. 
Petersburg,  Vienna,  and  London  ;  studying  when 
his  means  permitted  with  W.  Rust  at  Leipzig 
Cons.,  and  Kretschmer  at  Dresden  ;  later  (on 
Brahms'  recommendation)  with  von  Herzogen- 
berg  at  Berlin.  He  has  publ.  over  100  songs, 
and  is  equally  at  home  in  the  simple  "  folk- 
song," the  powerful,  dramatic  "ballade,"  and 
the  playful  or  passionate  love-song.  lias  also 
publ.  a  suite  in  sonata-form  f.  violin  and  pf. ; 
psalms  f.  alto  w.  organ  ;  etc.     Resides  in  Berlin. 

Hewitt,  John  H.,  b.  New  York,  1801. 
From  1845,  resided  at  Baltimore. — Works  :  Ora- 
torios, among  which  Jephtha  is  especially  note- 
worthy ;  operas,  ballads,  songs,  etc. 

Hey,  Julius,  singing-teacher  ;  b.  Irmelshau- 
sen,  Lower  Franconia,  Apr.  29,  1832.  First  st. 
painting,  but  turned  to  music,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Franz  Lachner  (harm,  and  cpt.)  and  F.  Schmitt 
(singing).  He  became  an  ardent  Wagnerian 
after  his  introduction  to  the  master  by  King  Lud- 
wig  II.,  and  worked  under  the  direction  of  Bulow 
at  the  Munich  School  of  Music  (estab.  by  the 
K  ing  in  accordance  with  Wagner's  plans).  After 
Billow's  departure  (1869),  he  vainly  essayed,  from 
a  German  national  standpoint,  a  reform  in  the 
cultivation  of  singing,  but  met  with  so  many  ob- 
stacles that  he  resigned  when  Wagner  died 
(1883),  and  devoted  himself  to  finishing  the  im- 
portant method  of  singing  "  Deutscher  Gesangs- 
unterricht"  (4  parts  ;  1886).  It  contains  a  com- 
plete and  logical  exposition  of  Wagner's  views 
on  vocal  training.  Part  I  relates  to  Speech  ; 
Part  II,  to  the  Development  of  Tone  in,  and  the 
Formation  of,  Women's  Voices;  Part  III,  do. 
do.  of  Men's  Voices  ;  Part  IV,  letterpress  ex- 
planations. This  work  was  written  with  the  ul- 
terior motive  of  forming  a  "  Stilbildungschule  " 
(school  for  the  formation  of  style),  which  Wag- 
ner anil  II.  were  convinced  could  alone  bring 
about  the  needed   reform.     Many  pupils  of  II. 


are  to  be  found  in  the  principal  German  theatres. 
Wagner  considered  him  "the  chief  of  all  sing- 
ing-teachers." Settled  1887  in  Berlin. — Comp.s  : 
Songs,  duets,  16  easy  songs  f.  children,  etc. 

Hey'berger,  Joseph,  b.  Hettstadt,  Alsatia, 
June  18,  1831  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.,  1892.  Till 
1871,  teacher,  org.,  and  cond.  at  Mtihlhausen  ; 
then  chorusmaster  at  the  Opera-Corn.,  Paris. 
Prof,  of  solfeggio  in  Paris  Cons. ;  composer. 

Hey'den,  Sebald,  b.  Nuremberg,  1498 
(1494?);  d.  there  July  9,  1561.  In  1519  app. 
cantor  of  the  Hospital  school,  in  1537  rector 
of  the  ch.  of  St.  Sebald. — Works  :  "  Musicae, 
i.e.  artis  canendi  libri  duo"  (1527  ;  3rd  ed.,  as 
"  De  arte  canendi,"  etc.,  1540),  an  important 
treatise  on  measured  music  ;  similar  to  it  are 
"  Stichiosie  musicae,  seu  rudimenta  musicae" 
(1529),  "  Musicae  stichiosi';,  worin  vom  Ur- 
sprung  und  Nutzen  der  Musik  .  .  .  ,"  or  "  In- 
stitutiones  musicae"  (1535). — His  son  Hans, 
b.  Nuremberg,  1540;  d.  there  1613,  org.  of  the 
ch.  of  St.  Sebald,  invented  the  "  Geigenclavi- 
cimbal  "  ("  Nlirnbergisch  Geigenwerk  "),  which 
he  described  in  "  Musicale  instrumentum  refor- 
matum  "  (1610). 

Hey'drich,  Bruno,  b.  Leuben,  n.  Lommatzsch, 
Saxony,  in  1S65.  Pupil  of  Dresden  Cons. 
1879-82,  taking  prizes  as  a  double-bass  player, 
pianist,  and  comp. ;  was  for  one  year  double- 
bass  in  Biilow's  Weimar  orch.,and  for  4  years  in 
Dresden  court  orch.;  also  pursued  vocal  studies, 
at  first  under  Prof.  Scharfe,  then  Hey  (Berlin) 
and  v.  Milde  (Sondershausen)  ;  his  debut  at  the 
Sondershausen  th.  as  "  Lyonel  "  was  successful  ; 
after  short  engagements  at  Weimar  (1888), 
.Stettin  ('89),  Magdeburg  ('90),  and  Aachen  ('91), 
he  succeeded  Emil  Gotze  as  dramatic  tenor  in 
Cologne  (1892-6);  now  (1899)  dram,  tenor  at 
Brunswick.  Wagner  roles  are  his  forte,- — Works  : 
"Amen:  Opern-Drama  in  einem  Akte  und 
einem  musikalisch-pantomimischen  Vorspiele 
Reinhards  Verbrechen "  (Cologne,  1895  ;  v. 
succ.)  ;  over  30  songs  ("  Kusslieder,"  Schwar- 
mereien,"  "  Liebeslieder,"  etc.). 

Hey'mann-Rheineck  [Karl  August  Hey- 
mann],  pianist  and  comp. ;  b.  Burg-Rheineck  on 
the  Rhine,  Nov.  24,  1852.  St.  at  Cologne 
Cons.,  and  at  the  R.  Hochschule,  Berlin,  under 
Rudorff  (pf.)  and  Kiel  (comp.)  ;  since  1875, 
teacher  at  the  Hochschule. — Comp.s  :  Pf.-pcs. 
(Novelletten,  op.  5  ;  Fantasiestticke,  op.  3)  and 
songs  ("  Einen  Brief  soil  ich  schreiben"). 

Hey'mann,  Karl,  pianist  ;  b.  Filehne,  Posen, 
Oct.  6,  1854.  [His  father,  Isaac  H.,  was  can- 
tor successively  at  Filehne,  Graudenz,  Gnesen, 
and  now  at  Amsterdam.]  Pupil  of  Hiller, 
Gernsheim,  Breunung,  at  Cologne  Cons.,  and 
of  Kiel  at  Berlin.  Ill-health  compelled  him  to 
abandon  the  career  of  a  virtuoso,  on  which  he 
had  successfully  entered  ;  but  in  1S72  he  re- 
appeared with  Wilhelmj,  and  became  mus.  dir. 
at  Bingeu.      He  was  app.  court  pianist  to  the 


272 


HEYNE— HILES 


Landgrave  of  Hesse,  and  from  1877-80,  was 
teacher  at  the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort. — Comp.s  : 
Pf. -concerto  ;  also  "  Elfenspiel,"  "  Mummen- 
schanz,"  "  Phantasiestiicke,"  and  other  brilliant 
and  effective  pieces  for  piano. 

Heyne  van  Ghizeghem  (also  Hayne,  or 
Ayne,  "  Henry  "),  a  chapel-singer  at  the  court 
of  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  about  1468  ; 
composed  motets  in  Netherland  contrapuntal 
style,  some  of  which  are  printed  in  Petrucci's 
"  Odhecaton  "  (1501). 

Hiebsch,  Josef,  violinist  and  teacher ;  b. 
Tyssa,  Bohemia,  Oct.  7,  1S54  ;  d.  Karlsbad, 
May  10,  1897.  Chorister  of  the  Dresden  Royal 
Chapel,  1S66,  and  at  the  Leitmeritz  Seminary, 
1869.  Vln. -pupil  of  Dont,  Vienna.  Settled  as 
a  music-teacher  in  Vienna. — Writings  :  "  Leit- 
faden  fiir  den  elementaren  Violinunterricht " 
(1880;  enlarged  ed.,  1884);  12  books  of  vocal 
duets  of  like  character,  "  Methodik  des  Gesang- 
unterrichts"  (1882;  1893);  "Methodik  des 
Violinunterrichts"  (1887) ;  "  Allgemeine  Musik- 
lehre  "  (1890) ;  and  "  Lehrbuch  der  Harmonie  " 
(1893). 

Hientzsch,  Johann  Gottfried, b.  Mokrehna, 
n.  Torgau,  Aug.  25,  17S7  ;  d.  Berlin,  July  1, 
1S56.  Pupil  of  the  Thomasschule,  and  the 
Univ.,  at  Leipzig.  As  a  teacher,  he  lived  for 
some  years  in  Switzerland,  with  Pestalozzi,  to 
learn  that  master's  method.  In  1S17,  app. 
mus. -teacher  at  the  Neuzelle  Seminary ;  in 
1S22,  director  of  the  Breslau  Seminary  ;  in 
1S33,  at  Potsdam  ;  1852-4,  dir.  of  the  Berlin 
Institute  for  the  Blind.  From  182S— 37  he  ed- 
ited the  Eutonia,  an  educational  mus.  journal 
and  in  1856  commenced  a  new  paper,  Das  mn- 
sikalische  Deutsehla/id,  which  reached  only  3 
numbers.  He  publ.  collections  of  church-melo- 
dies for  school  use  ;  also  treatises  on  singing. 

Hieronymus  de  Moravia,  abt.  1260  Domin- 
ican friar  of  the  Rue  St. -Jacques  monastery, 
Paris.  One  of  the  earliest  writers  on  measured 
music.  Coussemaker  printed  his  treatise  "  De 
musica  "  in  the  "  Scriptores,"  i. 

Hignard,  (Jean-Louis-) Aristide,  b.  Nantes, 
May  20,  1S22  ;  d.  Vernon,  Mar.  20  (?),  189S. 
Pupil  of  Halevy  in  Paris  Cons.,  1S45-50,  taking 
the  2nd  Gr.  Prix  de  Rome.  He  was  an  earnest 
composer  of  lofty  aims;  but  was  able  to  bring  out 
only  works  of  secondary  importance,  with  the 
exception  of  Hamlet,  a  "  tragedie  lyrique"  prod. 
at  Nantes,  1888.  His  other  stage -works  were 
the  comic  operas,  Le  Visionnaire  (1  act ;  Nantes, 
185 1)  ;  Le  Colin-Maillard  (1  act  ;  Paris,  Th.- 
Lyr. ,  1853);  Les  compagnons  de  la  Marjolaine 
(1  act  ;  ibid.,  1855)  ;  J\I.  de  Chimpanze  (1  act  ; 
Bouffes-Par.,  1S58);  Le  nouveau  Pourceaiignae 
(1  act  ;  ibid.,  i860)  ;  VAuberge  des  Ardennes 
(2  acts  ;  Th.-Lyr.,  i860);  and  Les  Musiciens  de 
Vorchestre  (2  acts  ;  Bouffes-Par.,  1861).  2  "ope- 
rettes  de  salon,"  Le  Joueur  d'orgue  and  A  la 
porte,  and  2  more  comic  operas  never  perf . ,  Les 
Mules  de  Fleurelte  and  La  mille  et  unieme  Nuit, 


complete  the  list.  He  also  publ.  "  Valses  ro- 
mantiques  "  and  "  Valses  concertantes  "  f.  pf.  4 
hands  ;  choruses  f.  men's  and  women's  voices  ; 
songs,  etc. 

Hil'dach,  Eugen,  b.  Wittenberge-on-the- 
Elbe,  Nov.  20,  1849. — A  fine  baritone  singer, 
he  was  twenty-four  years  of  age  before  he  began 
vocal  lessons.  Pupil  at  Berlin  of  Frau  Prof.  El. 
Dreyschock,  he  met  and  married  another  pupil, 

HiPdach,  Anna,  nee  Schubert,  a  powerful 
mezzo-soprano  ;  b.  KOnigsberg,  Prussia,  Oct.  5, 
1S52.  From  1SS0-6,  both  were  teachers  with 
Fr.  Wullner  at  the  Dresden  Cons.  Now  devote 
themselves  to  concert-singing. 

Hil'debrand,  Zacharias,  b.  Saxony,  1680  ; 
d.  1743  ;  a  clever  organ-builder,  and  G.  Silber- 
mann's  best  pupil.  He  built  the  organs  of  the 
Dresden  Catholic  ch.,  and  of  St.  Wenceslaus, 
Naumburg.  His  equally  eminent  son,  Johann 
Gottfried  H.,  built  the  great  organ  of  St. 
Michael's  ch.,  Hamburg. 

Hiles,  John,  English  organist,  b.  Shrews- 
bury, 1S10;  d.  London,  Feb.  4,  1882.  Org.  at 
Shrewsbury,  Portsmouth,  Brighton,  and  London. 
Comp.  pf.-pes.  and  songs  ;  also  wrote  didactic 
works,  catechisms  of  the  pf.,  org.,  harm.,  thor- 
ough-bass, part-singing,  and  a  Dictionary  of 
Musical  Terms  (1871). 

Hiles,  Henry,  b. 
Brother  and  pupil 
various  positions  as 
organist.  1S52-9, 
owing  to  ill-health, 
he  spent  in  travel- 
ling. In  1862,  Mus. 
Bac.,Oxon;  1864-7, 
org.  of  St.  Paul's, 
Manchester;  Mus. 
Doc.  in  1867.  In 
1S76,  app.  lecturer 
on  harm,  and  comp. 
at  Owens  College, 
M  a  n  c  h  es  t  e  r  ;  in 
1879,  at  Victoria 
University.  In  1882 
was  co-founder  of 
the  National  Society 
of  Professional  Mu- 
sicians; later,  prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  R.  Man- 
chester Coll.  of  Music.  FromiSSs,  editor  of  the 
Quarterly  Musical  Review.  Writings  :  "  Gram- 
mar of  Music"  (2  vol.s  ;  1879);  "  Harmony  of 
Sounds  "(3  editions,  1871,  '72,  '7S);  "  First  Les- 
sons in  Singing  (1881) ;  "  Part  Writing,  or  Mod- 
ern Counterpoint  "  (1884);  "  Harmony  versus 
Counterpoint"  (1894).  Comp.s:  2  oratorios, 
David  (i860)  and  The  Patriarchs  (1S72)  ;  the 
cantatas  Fayre  Pastoral,  The  Crusaders,  and 
Watchfulness ;  psalms,  anthems,  services,  part- 
songs;  an  operetta,  War  in  the  Household '(18S5); 
and  an  historic  opera,  Harold (1S93  ;  not  perf.)  ; 
also  odes,  and  music  f.  org.  and  pf. 


Shrewsbury,  Dec.  31,  1826. 
of    the    preceding.      Filled 


273 


HILF— HILLER 


Hilf,  Arno,  celebrated  violin-virtuoso  ;  b.  Bad 
Elster,  Saxony,  Mar.  14,  1858.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  Wilhelm  Christoph  H.,  and  from  1872 
of  the  Leipzig  Cons,  under  David,  Rontgen, 
and  Schradieck.  Second  Concertmeisler  and 
teacher  at  Moscow  Cons,  in  1878,  and  at  Sonders- 
hausen  in  1888.  The  same  year,  he  succeeded 
Petri  as  leader  of  the  Gewandhaus  orch. ,  Leipzig. 
Also  leader  of  an  excellent  quartet. 

Hill,  William,  English  organ-builder ;  b. 
London,  1S00;  d.  there  Dec.  18,  1870.  With  Dr. 
Gauntlett,  introduced  the  CC  compass.  Men- 
delssohn frequently  said  that  the  organ  of  St. 
Peter's,  London,  built  by  H.,  was  the  finest  in 
the  world. 

Hill,  William  Ebsworth,  b.  London,  1817  ; 
d.  Hanley,  Apr.  2,  1895.  Celebrated  violin- 
maker,  grandson  of  Joseph  Hill.  Took  gold 
medals  at  World's  Fairs  in  Paris  and  London. 

Hill,  Thomas  Henry  Weist,  violinist  and 
conductor  ;  b.  London,  Jan.  3,  1S28  ;  d.  there 
Dec.  26,  1891.  Pupil  of  Sainton  at  R.  A.  M. 
Made  concert-tours  in  America  and  Europe. 
Member  of  the  orchestras  of  the  Opera,  Philh., 
and  Sacred  Harmonic.  In  1879,  cond.  at  Alex- 
andra Palace  ;  18S0,  Principal  of  the  Guildhall 
School  of  Music. — Pieces  for  vln.  and  f.  'cello; 
and  a  "  Civic  Anthem." 

Hill,  Ureli  C,  b.  New  York,  1802  (?)  ;  d. 
Sept.,  1875.  Violinist,  a  pupil  of  Spohrat  Kas- 
sel  (1836).  Founder  and  first  President  of  the 
N.  Y.  Philh.  Soc.  (1842),  playing  with  the  first 
violins. 

Hill,  Junius  Welch,  b.  Hingham,  Mass., 
Nov.  iS,  1840.  Pupil,  in  Boston,  of  J.  C.  D. 
Parker.  Entered  Leipzig  Cons,  i860  (Moscheles, 
Plaidy,  Richter,  Reinecke,  Hauptmann),  study- 
ing (also  privately)  until  1863.  After  occupy- 
ing, since  i860,  important  positions  as  organist 
and  director  at  Tremont  Temple,  ShawmutCh., 
Tremont  St.  Methodist  Ch.,  and  Harvard  Ch. 
(Brookline),  in  Boston,  he  was  app.  Prof,  of 
Music  at  Wellesley  College,  where  he  raised  the 
standard  of  music  to  a  very  high  degree  of  excel- 
lence, giving  (during  13  years)  more  than  200 
concerts  of  real  artistic  merit  (with  fine  soloists, 
quartets,  and  orchestras).  H.  resigned  his  posi- 
tion in  1S97,  and  now  devotes  himself  to  teach- 
ing, with  marked  success.  He  haspubl.  numer- 
ous female  choruses,  and  edited  several  valuable 
instructive  coll.s  f.  pf. ;  among  them  being 
"Treasures  of  Lyric  Art,"  "Arabesques," 
"  Mosai'ques,"  "Characteristic  Piano-pieces," 
etc. 

Hill,  Karl,  baritone  stage- and  concert-singer; 
b.  Idstein,  Nassau,  1840  ;  d.  insane  in  an  asylum 
at  Sachsenberg,  Mecklenburg,  Jan.  21,  1893.  A 
post-office  official,  he  occasionally  appeared  as  a 
concert-singer,  but  in  1868  went  on  the  stage, 
was  attached  to  the  Schwerin  court  th.,  and  also 
sang  at  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  and  the  Giir- 
zenich  Concerts,  Cologne.     Held  in  high  esteem 


by  Wagner,  he  sang  the  role  of  Alberich  at  Bay- 
reuth  in  1876. 

Hill,  Wilhelm,  pianist ;  b.  Fulda,  Mar.  28, 
1838.  Pupil  of  H.  Ilenkel  and  Hauff.  In  1854 
he  settled  in  Frankfort,  where  his  opera  Alona 
was  awarded  the  2nd  prize  in  the  comoetition 
for  the  inauguration  of  the  new  opera-house. 
Has  publ.  vln. -sonatas,  op.  20  and  28  ;  trios, 
op.  12  and  43  ;  pf. -quartet,  op.  44  ;  songs,  pf.- 
pcs.,  etc. 

Hil'le,  Eduard,  b.  Wahlhausen,  Hanover, 
May  16,  1S22 ;  d.  Gottingen,  Dec.  18,  1891. 
From  1S40-2,  student  of  philosophy  at  Gottingen; 
also  learned  music  under  Heinroth.  For  several 
years  lived  as  mus. -teacher  at  Hanover,  was 
cond.  of  a  male  choral  society,  and  founded  the 
"  Neue  Singakademie."  Visited  Berlin,  Leip- 
zig, Prague,  Vienna,  etc.,  for  study,  and  founded 
the  "Singakademie"  at  Gottingen,  where,  in 
1855,  he  had  been  app.  academical  mus.  dir. 
He  revived  the  academical  concerts. — Comp.s  : 
Songs  and  part-songs. 

Hil'le,  Gustav,  excellent  violinist,  b.  Jeri- 
chow-on-Elbe,  n.  Berlin,  May  31,  1851.  Studied 
1S64-S  at  Kullak's  Acad.,  Berlin,  under  R. 
Wuerst  (theory)  ;  1S69-74  at  the  Hochschule  f. 
M.,  under  Joachim  (vln.).  Lived  in  Berlin,  as 
a  solo-player  and  comp.,  till  1879,  when  he  was 
invited  to  join  the  Mendelssohn  Quintet  Club 
of  Boston,  Mass.;  after  9  months'  touring,  he 
accepted  an  engagement  at  the  Mus.  Acad,  in 
Phila. ,  a  position  still  (1898)  held. — Works:  5 
vln. -concertos  w.  orch.;  1  Doppelconcert  f.  2 
vlns. ;  1  canonic  vln. -suite  ;  2  suites  f.  solo  vln.; 
2  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  many  pes.  f.  solo  pf . ; 
songs,  etc.      Last  opus-number  (1898)  is  63. 

Hil'lemacher,  two  brothers  ;  Paul-Joseph- 
William^(b.  Paris,  Nov.  25,  1852)  and  Lucien- 
Joseph-Edouard  (b.  Paris,  June  10,  i860) ; 
both  studied  at  the  Cons.,  and  took  the  1st  Grand 
prix  de  Rome,  the  elder  in  1876,  the  younger  in 
18S0.  Well-known  composers,  they  are  remark- 
able for  writing  all  their  scores  in  collaboration. 
— Works  :  Symphonic  legend  Loreley  (1882  ;  won 
City  of  Paris  prize)  ;  4-act  opera  St.  Mdgrin 
(Brussels,  1886;  succ);  i-act  com.  op.  Uneaven- 
ture  d'Arlequin  (Brussels,  188S) ;  orch.  suite 
"La  Cinquantaine ";  i-act  com.  op.  Le  Regi- 
ment qui  passe  (Royan,  1894);  music  to  Haran- 
court's  Hero  et  Ldandre  (1S93)  ;  3-act  lyr.  drama 
Le  Drac  (prod.  Karlsruhe,  1896,  as  Der  Fluth- 
geist), — Also  songs,  etc. 

Hil'ler  (Hiiller),  Johann  Adam,  dram, 
comp.;  b.  Wendisch-Ossig,  n.  Gorlitz,  Dec.  25, 
1728  ;  d.  Leipzig,  June  16,  1804.  His  father,  a 
schoolmaster,  cantor,  and  parish-clerk,  d.  when 
the  boy  was  6  years  of  age.  His  fine  soprano 
voice  obtained  him  free  instruction  at  the  Gorlitz 
Gymnasium,  whence  he  proceeded  to  the  Kreuz- 
schule,  Dresden,  as  a  pupil  of  Homilius  (pf.  and 
thorough-bass),  and  later  (1751)  to  the  Univ.  at 
Leipzig.  While  in  Leipzig,  he  earned  a  meagre 
subsistence  as  flutist  and  singer  in  Doles'  grand 


274 


HILLER 


concerts,  and  as  a  music-teacher.  In  1754  he 
became  tutor  to  the  son  of  Count  Briihl  at  Dres- 
den, whom  he  accompanied  in  1758  to  Leipzig. 
Here  he  finally  settled,  and  devoted  himself  to  a 
revival  of  the  Subscription  Concerts  in  1763. 
These  developed  into  the  famous  "  Gewand- 
haus  "  concerts,  of  which  he  was  app.  cond.  In 
1771  he  founded  a  singing-school,  and  from 
17S9-1801  was  Cantor  and  Musikdirector  of  the 
Thomasschule  as  successor  of  Doles.  As  com- 
poser, cond.,  teacher,  and  author  his  industry 
was  astonishing. — H.  was  the  originator  of  the 
"  Singspiel,"  the  precursor  of  German  "  comedy- 
opera,"  which  had  a  distinct  development,  con- 
temporaneously with  Italian  opera  buffa  and 
French  op. -com.  A  pecular  (and  not  wholly  un- 
justifiable) notion  of  his  was,  to  let  the  "gentry"  in 
his  dramatic  works  sing  arias  and  the  like,  while 
to  persons  of  low  degree  were  given  simple 
songs,  etc.  His  Singspiele,  all  prod,  at  Leipzig, 
were  the  following  :  Lot tc he  11  am  Hofe  (1760)  ; 
Der  Tenfelist  los  ( 1st  part,  Der  lustige  Schuster, 
1768 ;  2nd  part,  Die  nerwandelten  Weiber, 
1766);  Lisuart  und  Dariolette  (1767);  Die 
Liebe  auf  dent  Lande ;  Der  Dorfbarbier,  Die 
[agd,  Die  Musen  (1772);  Der  Erntekranz,  Der 
Krieg  (1773)  ;  Die  Jubelkockzeit,  Das  Grab  des 
Mufti  (1779);  Pottis,  oder  Das  gerettete  Troja 
(17S2).  The  songs  of  these  operettas  became, 
and  many  of  them  are  still,  exceedingly  popular. 
Among  his  other  comp.s  may  be  mentioned  :  A 
Passion  cantata,  funeral  music  in  honor  of  Hasse, 
the  100th  Psalm,  symphonies  and  partitas.  He 
edited  Ch.  Felix  Weisse's  "  Lieder  fiir  Kinder," 
also  "  50  geistliche  Lieder  fur  Kinder,"  "Choral- 
Melodien  zu  Gellerts  geistlichen  Oden,"  "  Vier- 
stimmige  Chorarien,"  a  "  Choralbuch,"  cantatas, 
etc.  His  writings  include  :  "  Wochentliche 
Nachrichten  und  Anmerkungen,  die  Musik 
betreffend  "  (1766-70,  the  earliest  musical  paper) ; 
"  Lebensbeschreibungen  berilhmter  Musikge- 
lehrten  und  Tonktinstler"  (1784);  "  Nachricht 
von  der  Auffuhrung  des  Handel'schen  Messias 
in  der  Domkirche  zu  Berlin,  19.  Mai  17S6"; 
"  Ueber  Metastasio  und  seine  Werke  "  (1786); 
"  Anweisung  zum  musikalisch  richtigen  Ge- 
sang "  (1774);  "Anweisung  zum  musikalisch 
zierlichen  Gesang "  (17S0)  ;  "Anweisung  zum 
Violinspiel  "  (1792).  He  prepared  the  2nd  ed. 
of  Adlung's  "  Anleitung  zur  musikalischen  Ge- 
lahrtheit "  (with  comments,  1783),  arranged  Per- 
golesi's  Stabat  Mater  for  four-part  chorus,  and 
publ.  Handel's  Jubilate,  Haydn's  Stabat  Mater, 
Graun's  "  Tod  Jesu,"  and  Hasse's  "  Pilgrime 
auf  Golgatha." — Biography  by  Carl  Peiser  (Leip- 
zig, 1895). — -His  son  and  pupil, 

HilTer,  Friedrich  Adam,  violinist  and  tenor 
singer;  b.  Leipzig,  1768  ;  d.  Konigsberg,  Nov. 
23,  1812.  App.  mus.  dir.  of  Schwerin  th., 
1790  ;  of  Altona  th.  1796  ;  in  1S03  became 
Kapellm.  of  Konigsberg  th. — Works:  4  operet- 
tas, 6  string-quartets,  grand  pf. -sonata,  and 
other  instr.l  and  vocal  works. 

HilTer,  Ferdinand  von,  distinguished  com- 


poser, conductor,  pianist  and  writer  ;  b.  Frank- 
fort, Oct.  24,  1811  ;  d.  Cologne,  May  12,  1885. 
Scion  of  a  wealthy  Jewish  family,  he  early  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Hofmann  (vln.),  Aloys  Schmitt 
(pf.),  and  Vollweiler  (harm,  and  cpt.)  ;  at  10 
he  played  a  Mozart  concerto  in  public,  and  at  12 
began  composition.  From  1825  he  was  a  pupil 
of  Hummel  at  Weimar ;  accompanied  him  to 
Vienna  in  1827  (where  his  op.  4,  a  string-quartet, 
was  publ.),  and,  as  a 
boy  of  15,  saw  Bee- 
thoven on  his  death- 
bed. From 1S2S-35 
he  lived  in  Paris, 
teaching  for  a  time 
in  Choron's  School 
of  Music,  but  after- 
wards living  inde- 
pendently, perfect- 
ing himself  as  a 
pianist  and  com- 
poser, and  on  inti- 
mate terms  with  cele- 
brated musicians.  He  gave  conceits  with  Fe'tis 
and  Baillot,  and  shone  as  an  interpreter  of  Bee- 
thoven. In  1S36,  on  hisfather's  death,  he  returned 
to  Frankfort,  and  during  Schelble's  illness  cond. 
the  Cacilien-Verein.  Aided  by  Rossini,  in  1839 
he  (unsuccessfully)  prod,  his  opera  Romilda  at 
Milan,  and  commenced  an  oratorio,  Die  Zerstd- 
rung  yerusa /ems,  which  impressed  Mendelssohn, 
who  invited  him  to  Leipzig  to  superintend  its 
production  at  the  Gewandhaus(iS4o).  In  1S41, 
at  Rome,  he  studied  church-music  under  Baini. 
During  one  winter  (1 843-4)  he  cond.  the  Gewand- 
haus  concerts  at  Leipzig.  At  Dresden  he  prod, 
the  operas  Traum  in  der  Christnacht  (1845) 
and  Conradin  (1847).  In  1847  he  was  app. 
municipal  Kapellm.  at  Dusseldorf,  in  1850  at 
Cologne,  and  organized  the  Cons.  As  cond.  of 
the  Gi'trzenich  Concerts,  and  of  the  Lower  Rhine 
festivals,  he  became  the  most  notable  musical 
figure  in  the  Rhenish  provinces.  During  the 
season  of  1852-3  he  cond.  the  Opera  Italien  at 
Paris.  In  1849  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Berlin  ;  in  1S68 
Bonn  Univ.  gave  him  the  hon.  title  of  Dr.  In 
1884  he  retired. — Although  he  freely  expressed 
his  antipathy  to  many  features  of  the  "  new 
school  "  of  German  music,  he  was  liberal-minded, 
and  placed  many  of  Wagner's  works  on  his  con- 
cert-programs. His  easy  circumstances,  classical 
training,  and  artistic  and  friendly  association 
with  Spohr,  Hauptmann,  and  especially  Men- 
delssohn, naturally  influenced  his  style,  which 
also  has  a  strong  leaning  toward  romanticism  ; 
his  compositions,  numbering  over  200,  are  not  so 
remarkable  for  originality  and  profundity  as  for 
their  elegant  form,  flowing  melody,  sparkling 
rhythm,  and  clarity  of  harmony.  They  include 
6  operas  (the  3  noted  above,  and  Der  Advokat, 
Cologne,  1854  ;  Die  Catacomben,  Wiesbaden, 
1862  ;  and  Der  Deserteur,  Cologne,  1865)  ;  2 
oratorios  (Saul,  1858,  was  the  second)  ;  6  can- 
tatas (Lorelei,  Nal  and  Damajanti,  Israels  Sie- 


HILLER— HIRN 


gesgesang,  Prometheus,  Rebecca,  Prinz Papagei); 
a  ballad  {Richard  Lowenherz,  1883)  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.;  psalms,  motets,  etc.  ;  quartets  for 
male  chorus,  mixed  chorus,  and  female  chorus  ; 
over  100  songs  f.  solo  voice  \v.  pf. ,  over  30  duets 
w.  pf. ,  24  3-part  songs  f.  female  voices  and  pf., 
29  4-part  songs  ;  pf. -music  (concertos  in  A[), 
Fit  min.  and  C  ;  sonatas  ;  suites,  "  Moderne," 
"  Serieuse  ";  about  30  numbers  of  smaller  pes.; 
etudes;  "  Operette  ohne  Text"  f.  4  hands); 
fine  chamber-music  (vln. -sonatas,  canonical  suite 
f.  pf.  and  vln.,  Concertstlick  in  A  min.  f.  pf. 
and  'cello,  'cello  sonatas,  five  pf.-trios,  3  pf.- 
quartets,  5  string-quartets)  ;  3  overtures,  3  sym- 
phonies, etc.  He  was  also  a  very  successful 
lecturer,  and  a  contributor  to  the  "  Kolnische 
Zeitung  ";  some  of  his  papers  were  publ.  in  col- 
lected form  as  "  Die  Musik  und  das  Publikum  " 
(1864)  ;  "  L.  van  Beethoven"  (1871);  "  Aus  dem 
Tonleben  unsrer  Zeit "  (1S68,  2  vols;  new 
series,  1871).  Other  writings  are  :  "  Musika- 
lisches  und  Personliches  "  (1876);  "  Briefe  von 
M.  Ilauptmann  an  Spohr  und  andre  Componis- 
ten "  (1876);  "Felix  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, 
Briefe  und  Erinnerungen"  (1876)  ;  "  Briefe  an 
eine  Ungennannte  "  (1877);  "  Kt'instlerleben  " 
(1880);  "Wie  horen  wir  Musik?"  (1880); 
"Goethe's  musikalisches  Leben  "  (1880);  and 
"  Erinnerungsblatter  "  (1S84). 

Hil'ler,  Paul,  b.  Seifersdorf,  n.  Liegnitz, 
Nov.,  1830.  In  1870,  assist. -org.,  and  since 
1SS1  org.  of  St.  Maria-Magdalena,  Breslau. — 
Works:   Pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Hill'mer,  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin,  abt.  1762  ;  d. 
there  May  15,  1S47.  Viola-player  in  the  court 
orch.  in  1811  ;  pensioned  in  1S31.  Occupied 
himself  in  improving  and  constructing  stringed 
and  keyed  instr.s.  Invented  the  "■  Alldrey," 
"  Tibia,"  and  an  improved  "  Tolychord." 

Hil'pert,  W.  Kasimir  Friedrich,  b.  Nurem- 
berg, Mar.  4,  1841  ;  d.  Munich,  Feb.  5,  1896. 
Fine  'cellist,  pupil  of  Friedr.  Grutzmacher  and 
Leipzig  Cons.;  co-founder  (with  Jean  Becker) 
and  (1867-75)  member  of  the  famous  "  Floren- 
tiner  Quartett."  Later  solo  'cellist  in  Imp. 
orch.  at  Vienna,  then  in  the  Meiningen  orch.  ; 
1884,  teacher  at  the  Royal  Music-school,  Munich. 

Hil'ton,  John,  English  comp.  of  the  17th 
century,  buried  at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster, 
Mar.  21,  1657.  Graduated  Mus.  Bac,  Cam- 
bridge, 1626.  App.  org.  and  parish-clerk  of  St. 
Margaret's,  Westminster  (1628).  Works  :  Faire 
Oriana,  beautie's  Queene,  5-part  madrigal  in 
the  "  Triumphes  of  Oriana"  (London,  1601)  ; 
"  Ayres,  or  Fa-las  for  3  voyces "  (1627;  re- 
printed by  the  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.) ;  "  Catch  that 
catch  can,  or,  a  Choice  collection  of  catches, 
rounds,  and  canons  for  3  or  4  voyces  "  (1652)  ; 
2  services  in  G  min. ;  Elegy  ;  anthems.  The 
British  Museum  has  other  MSS. 

Him'mel,  Friedrich  Heinrich,  pianist  and 
comp.,  b.  Treuenbrietzen,  Brandenburg,  Nov. 
20,  1765  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  8,   1814.     A  student 


of  divinity,  he  also  cultivated  music.  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  II.,  hearing  him  play  the  pf. ,  gave  him 
a  stipend  to  continue  his  mus.  studies  in  Dres- 
den, with  Naumann.  On  his  return,  the  excel- 
lence of  his  comp.s  gained  him  further  royal 
favor;  he  was  named  royal  chamber-comp. ; 
studied  in  Italy  for  two  years,  and  there  prod.  2 
operas,  //  prima  navigatore  (Venice,  1794)  and 
Semiramide  (Naples,  1795).  He  succeeded 
Reichardt  as  court  Kapellm.  at  Berlin  in  1795  ; 
in  1798  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he 
prod,  his  opera  Alessandro ;  lived  at  Riga 
in  1799  '<  m  !8oo  returned  to  Berlin  via  Sweden 
and  Denmark,  and  in  1801  visited  Paris,  Lon- 
don, and  Vienna.  After  the  battle  of  Jena,  he 
went  with  the  court  to  Pyrmont,  then  to  Kassel 
and  Vienna,  subsequently  returning  to  Berlin. 
His  operas  were  very  popular,  and  include 
Vasco  di  Gama,  Ital.  op.  (Berlin,  1801);  operetta 
Prohsiiin  mid Schwarmerei (1S01);  Fanchon,  das 
Leiermadchen,  his  most  successful  work  (1804); 
Die  Sylpken  (1806);  Der Kobold (Vienna,  1811). 
Many  of  his  songs  had  great  vogue  ("  An 
Alexis,"  "  Es  kann  ja  nicht  immer  so  bleiben," 
etc.).  He  also  comp.  :  Oratorio,  Isacco  Jigura 
del  Redentore  (1791);  cantata,  La  Dauza  (1792)  ; 
Paternoster,  a  mass,  vespers,  psalms ;  a  con- 
certo, sonatas,  fantasias,  rondos,  etc.,  f.  pf . ; 
quartet  f.  pf. ,  flute,  vln.,  and  'cello  ;  sextet  f.  pf., 
2  violas,  2  horns,  and  'cello. 

Hin'ke,  Gustav  Adolf,  b.  Dresden,  Aug. 
24,  1S44  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Aug.  4,  1893.  A  fine 
oboist,  son  of  Gottfried  H.  [d.  1851J.  Pupil 
of  Dresden  Cons.  (Hiebendahl,  oboe)  ;  in  1867, 
first  oboist  in  theatre-orch.  and  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig.  Said  to  have  introd.  the  bass  tuba 
into  the  Dresden  orch. 

Hin'richs,  Franz,  b.  Halle-on-the-Saale, 
abt.  1S20  ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  25,  1892,  as  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  (Obcr/itstizra/Ji).  Comp. 
songs  in  the  style  of  his  friend  and  brother-in- 
law,  Robert  Franz,  and  wrote  an  essay  on  "  R. 
Wagner  und  die  neue  Musik  "  (1854). — His  sis- 
ter, Marie  H.,  b.  1828  ;  d.  Halle,  May  5,  1S91  ; 
wife  of  R.  Franz,  was  also  a  song-composer. 

Hip'kins,  Alfred  James,  F.S.A.,  author- 
ity, lecturer,  and  expert  performer  on  ancient 
mus.  instr.s  ;  b.  Westminster,  June  17,  1S26. 
He  was  connected  in  business  with  the  Broad- 
woods  ;  to  his  indefatigable  researches  are  due 
many  valuable  contributions  to  the  "  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica  "  and  Grove's  "  Dictionary  of 
.Music."  He  wrote,  besides,  a  "Guide  to  the 
Loan  Collection  of  Mus.  Instr.s,  etc.,  at  the 
Albert  Hall"  (1885);  "Musical  Instr.s,  His- 
toric, Rare,  and  Unique"  (1S8S)  ;  "  The  Stand- 
ard of  Musical  Pitch"  (1896);  and  "  A  De- 
scription and  History  of  the  Pianoforte,  and  the 
Older  Keyboard  Stringed  Instr.s"  (1896). 

Hirn,  Gustav  Adolf,  distinguished  physicist ; 
b.  Logelbach,  n.  Colmar  (Alsatia),  Aug.  21, 
1815  ;  d.  Colmar,  Jan.  14,  1890,  as  dir.  of  the 
meteorological  institute.     A  voluminous   writer 


276 


HIRSCH— HODGES 


on  physics,  in  "La  musique  et  l'acoustique " 
(1S7S)  he  combats  the  idea  that  the  beautiful 
in  music  is  explicable  by  purely  physical  laws. 

Hirsch,  Carl,  b.  Wemding,  Bavaria,  Mar. 
17,  185S.  St.  in  Munich  ;  has  held  the  follow- 
ing positions  :  1876-8,  teacher  in  the  Violin- 
makers'  School  at  Mittenwald  ;  1878-80,  at  the 
King  Max  Music-school,  Tegernsee  ;  1880-2, 
regens  chori  at  Erding  ;  1882-4,  cantor,  mus. 
dir.,  etc.,  at  Sigmaringen ;  1SS4-5,  Kapellm. 
at  St.-Imier,  Switz. ;  1885-7,  church  mus. -dir. 
at  Munich  ;  1887-92,  Music-director  at  Mann- 
heim ;  1S92-3,  do.  at  Cologne  ;  since  1893,  do. 
at  Elberfeld  (Dir.  of  the  "  Gesangschule,"  the 
"  Liedertafel,"  the  Mixed  Chorus,  the  Instru- 
mental Soc.y,  and  the  Philharm.  concerts). — 
Works:  II.  is  one  of  the  most  prolific  among 
present-day  male-ch.  composers  ;  his  a-cctypella 
choruses,  numbering  several  hundred,  are  prime 
favorites  in  Germany.  His  cantatas  have  also 
received  the  stamp  of  popular  approval  :  Can- 
tata Die  Krone  im  Rkein,  f.  male  ch.  and  orch. 
(op.  45)  ;  cantata  Landsknechtsleben.  (op.  74)  ; 
"  Lieder-Cantate "  in  4  parts,  Jteiterleben,  f. 
soli,  male  ch.  and  orch.  (op.  106)  ;  "  Der  Rat- 
tenfanger  v.  Hameln,"  f.  solo  voices,  male  ch., 
boys'  voices,  orch.  and  org.  (op.  in)  ;  "  YYe- 
rinher,"  dram,  poem  f.  S.  A.  T.  B.  soli,  mixed 
ch.,  and  orch.  (op.  119)  ;  "  Bilder  aus  der  alten 
Reichsstadt,"  f.  soli,  male  and  boy-ch.,  orch. 
and  org.  (op.  120);  "  Vagantensang,"  song- 
cycle  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.;  "  Uer  Trom- 
peter  von  Sackingen,"  dram,  cantata  in  6  scenes, 
f.  soli,  male  ch.,  orch.,  and  org.  (op.  101)  ;  "  An 
das  Meer,"  Concertstiick  f.  male  ch.  and  orch. 
(op.  75);  "  Fahr'  wohl,"  ballade  f.  soli,  mixed 
ch.,  and  orch.  (op.  51). — Also  numerous  songs. 

Hirsch,  (Dr.)  Rudolf,  musical  critic,  comp., 
and  poet  ;  b.  Napagedl,  Moravia,  Feb.  1,  1S16  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Mar.  10,  1S72.  His  "  Galerie  der 
lebenden  Tondichter"  (1S36)  is  remarkable 
for  its  original  criticisms  ;  he  also  wrote  "  Mo- 
zart's Schauspieldirector "  (1S59),  an  apology 
for  Mozart.      Comp.  vocal  pes.,  etc. 

Hirsch'bach,  Hermann,  instrumental  com- 
poser ;  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  29,  1S12  ;  d.  Gohlis,  n. 
Leipzig,  May  19,  1888.  Pupil  of  Birnbach. 
Settled  in  Leipzig  (1842),  and  founded  and  ed- 
ited the  "  Musikalisch-kritisches  Repertorium  " 
(1S43-5).  His  caustic  and  intemperate  criti- 
cisms made  him  so  many  enemies  that  he  aban- 
doned the  musical  for  a  mercantile  career.  He 
was  an  original  and  prolific  composer  of  char- 
acteristic music. — Comp.s  :  13  string-quartets 
(Lebensbilder,  op.  1  ;  etc.)  ;  2  string-quintets  w. 
2  violas,  and  2  string-quintets  w.  2  'celli  ;  2  quin- 
tets w.  clarinet  and  horn  ;  septet,  octet,  14  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  and  2  operas,  Das  Leben  ein 
Trait  in  and  Othello. 

Hirsch'feld,  Robert,  b.  Moravia,  1858. 
Graduate  of  Breslau  and  Vienna  Universities, 
also  st.  at  the  Vienna  Cons.  From  1882,  was 
lecturer  at  the  Cons.;  in  1884,  app.  teacher  of 


mus.  aesthetics,  and  the  same  year  took  his  de- 
gree of  Dr.  phil.  (dissertation,  "Johannes  de 
Muris").  He  wrote  a  noteworthy  polemical 
pamphlet  against  Hanslick,  in  defence  of  old 
a-cappella  music,  and  founded  the  "  Renaissance- 
Abende  "  to  promote  its  cultivation. 

Hitz'ler,  Daniel,  b.  Haidenheim,  WUrttem- 
berg,  1576  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Sept.  4,  1635.  Magis- 
trate and  church-councillor  at  Stuttgart.  Author 
of  "  Newe  Musica  oder  Sing  Kunst "  (1628), 
combating  the  bocedisation  of  Calvisius,  and  fa- 
voring bebisation.  He  also  publ.  a  collection  of 
tigurate  chorales  (1634). 

Ho'brecht  [Obrecht,  Obreht.Obertus,  Ho- 
bertus],  Jakob,  distinguished  Netherland  con- 
trapuntist, and  one  of  the  most  famous  musicians 
of  the  15th  cent.;  b.  Utrecht,  abt.  1430;  d. 
Antwerp,  abt.  1506.  In  1465  he  was  app.  Cath. 
Kapellm.  at  Utrecht  ;  in  1492,  succeeded  Bar- 
bireau  as  Kapellm.  at  Notre-Dame,  Antwerp, 
and  received  a  chaplaincy  in  1494.  He  was  a 
prolific  and  facile  composer  ;  his  masses,  motets, 
hymns,  etc.,  are  to  be  found  in  various  collec- 
tions of  the  period,  in  MS.  in  the  Munich  Royal 
Library,  and  in  the  archives  of  the  Papal  chapel. 
Petrucci  printed  "  Missae  Obreht "  (1503),  con- 
taining the  masses  "  Je  ne  demande,"  "  Gre- 
corum,"  "  Fortuna  desparata,"  "  Malheur  me 
bat,"  "  Salve  diva  parens  ";  and  his  "  Missae  di- 
ve rsorum  "  (vol.  i)  contains  IL's  mass  "Si 
dedero." 

Hocb/berg,  Bolko  (Graf  von),  pseudonym  J. 
H.  Franz,  dram,  comp.;  b.  at  Ftirstenstein 
Castle,  Silesia,  Jan.  23,  1S43.  Instituted,  and 
for  several  years  maintained,  the  "  Hochberg" 
quartet,  at  Dresden  ;  in  1S76  founded  the  Silesian 
music-festivals.  In  1886  he  was  appointed 
general  intendant  of  the  Prussian  Court  Theatres. 
— Works  :  Operas,  Claudine  von  Villabella 
(Schwerin,  1864) ;  Der  Wahrwolf  (or  Die  Fal- 
kensteiner)  (Hanover,  1S76)  ;  symphonies,  songs, 
etc. 

Hodges,  Edward,  b.  Bristol,  Engl.,  July  20, 
1796  ;  d.  Clifton,  Sept.  1,  1S67.  Org.  of  Clifton 
ch. ,  and  later  of  St.  James,  and  St.  Nicholas, 
Bristol.  In  1S25,  Mus.  Doc,  Cantab.  Contrib- 
uted to  the  "  Quarterly  Musical  Magazine,"  and 
"The  Musical  World."  In  1S3S,  went  to  Can- 
ada as  org.  at  Toronto  ;  in  1839,  became  org. 
of  St.  John's  Episcopal  Chapel,  New  Vork  ;  in 
1846,  app.  org.  of  Trinity  Ch.,  inaugurating  the 
new  organ  built  after  his  specifications  ;  returned 
to  England  in  1863.  He  wrote  "An  Essay  on 
the  Cultivation  of  Church  Music  "  (N.  Y.,  1841), 
and  comp.  1  Morning  and  Evening  Service,  2 
anthems,  and  other  church-music. — His  daugh- 
ter, Faustina  Hasse  H.,  d.  New  York,  Feb., 
1896,  formerly  organist  in  Brooklyn,  and  (1878) 
of  two  churches  in  Philadelphia,  composed  songs 
and  instr.lpcs. — His  son,  Rev.  John  Sebastian 
Bach  H.,  D.D.,  rector  of  St.  Paul's  Ch.,  Balti- 
more, is  also  a  fine  organist. 


277 


HOFFMAN— HOFM  ANN 


Hoffman,  Richard,  b.  Manchester,  Engl., 
May  24,  1S31.  Pianist,  taught  by  his  father 
and  by  de  Meyer, 
Pleyel,  Moscheles, 
Rubinstein,  Doh- 
ler,  Thalberg,  and 
Liszt.  Has  lived 
in  New  York  since 
1847,  where  he  was 
foryears  at  the  head 
of  the  pianistic  fra- 
ternity. In  1848  he 
made  a  tour  in  the 
United  States,  with 
Burke,  the  violinist; 
he  accompanied 
Jenny  Lind  on  her 
tours,  as  solo  pian- 
ist, and  played  with  Gottschalk  ;  also  with  von 
Billow  at  the  latter's  first  concerts  in  N.  Y. 
(1875).  A  distinguished  pianist  and  remarkable 
sight-reader  ;  a  successful  and  popular  teacher  ; 
and  a  noteworthy  composer  (op.  124  has  been 
publ.),  chiefly  of  pf. -music,  part-songs,  songs, 
anthems,  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Eucharius,  b.  Heldburg,  Fran- 
conia  ;  cantor,  and  later  co-rector,  at  Stralsund. 
Composer  and  didactic  writer. — Works  :  "  Doc- 
trina  de  tonis  seu  modis  musicis,"  etc.  (1582)  ; 
"  Musicae  praecepta  adusum  juventutis  "  (1584); 
"Deutsche  Spriiche  aus  den  Psalmen  Davids 
mit  vier  Stimmen  "  (1577),  "  Geistliche  Epitha- 
lamia"  (1577),  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Ernst  Theodor  [Amadeus] 
Wilhelm  [he  added  Amadeus  to  his  Christian 
names  from  love  of  Mozart],  celebrated  writer, 
poet,  composer,  and  caricaturist  ;  b.  Konigs- 
berg,  Jan.  24,  1776  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  25,  1822. 
While  a  law-student,  he  studied  music  with  the 
organist  Podbielski  ;  was  app.  assessor  at  Posen, 
but  on  account  of  an  irrepressible  penchant  for 
offensive  caricaturing,  was  removed  to  Plozk  in 
1802  ;  in  1803,  obtained  a  position  at  Warsaw, 
but  in  1806  the  war  cut  off  his  resources,  and  he 
became  a  music-teacher.  He  was  app.  mus. 
dir.  of  the  Bamberg  th.  in  1808  ;  in  1810,  con- 
tributed piquant  articles  to  the  Leipzig  Allge- 
meine  musikalische  Zeitung  under  the  pen-name 
of  "  Kapellmeister  Johannes  Kreisler"  (republ. 
as  "  Phantasiestiicke  in  Callot"s  Manier,"  with 
preface  by  Jean  Paul  ;  2  vol.s,  1S14).  From 
1813-14,  he  cond.  the  orch.  of  Sekonda's 
"  Schauspielergesellschaft "  at  Leipzig  and 
Dresden.  From  1816  to  his  death,  he  occupied 
a  judicial  position  in  Berlin.  A  man  of  won- 
derful versatility,  he  was  admired  by  Beethoven, 
Weber,  Schumann,  and  Carlyle. — Comp.s  : 
Operas:  Scherz,  Lisiund  Rache  [Goethe]  (Posen, 
1S01)  ;  Der  Renegat  (Plozk,  1803)  ;  Faustine 
(ib.,  1804)  ;  Die  ungeladenen  Ga's/e,  oder  der  Ca- 
110 ni  1  us  von  Mailand  (Warsaw,  1805)  ;  Liebe  mid 
Eifersucht  (ib.,  1807)  ;  Der  Trunk  der  Uns'terb- 
lichkeit  (ISamberg.  1808)  ;  Aurora  (ib.,  1811)  ; 
Undine  [his  best]  (Berlin,  1816)  ;  Julius  Sabimts 


(MS.,  only  Act  1). — Also  a  ballet,  Harlekin ; 
music  to  plays,  etc.;  a  mass,  Miserere,  and  other 
vocal  works  ;  a  symphony,  an  overture,  a  quin- 
tet f.  harp  and  strings,  pf. -sonatas,  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Heinrich  August,  called  H.von 
Fallersleben,  distinguished  poet  and  philolo- 
gist; b.  Fallersleben,  Hanover,  Apr.  2,  1798; 
d.  at  Castle  Korvei,  Jan.  29,  1874.  In  1823, 
app.  librarian,  in  1830,  assist. -prof. ,  and,  in  1835, 
prof. -in-ordinary  of  German,    at   Breslau  Univ. 

I  lis  political  views  caused  his  dismissal  and  exile 
in  1842.  In  1848  he  returned  to  Prussia,  and 
afterwards  became  librarian  to  Prince  Lippe  at 
Korvei. — Works:  "  Geschichte  des  deutschen 
Kirchenlieds  "  (1832;  2nd  ed.  1S54)  ;  "  Schle- 
sische  Volkslieder  mit  Melodien"  (1842)  ;  "  Kin- 
derlieder"  (1843);  "  Deutsche  Gesellschaftslie- 
der  des  16. -17.  Jahrhunderts  "  (1844). 

Hoffmann,  Carl,  b.  Prague,  Dec.  12,  1872  ; 
st.  violin-playing  in  Prague  Cons.  1885-92  ; 
then  founded,  with  Suk,  Nedbal,  and  Wihan, 
the  "  Bohemian  String-quartet,"  now  (1899) 
famous  in  Germany,  Austria,  etc.,  in  which  he 
plays  1st  violin. 

Hoff  meister,  Franz  Anton,  composer  ;  b. 
Rotenburg-on-the-Neckar,  1754  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Feb.  10,  1S12.  St.  law  in  Vienna  ;  became  a 
church  Kapellm.,  and  founded  a  book,  art,  and 
music  business,  in  1784.  With  Ktthnel  he  es- 
tablished a  "  Bureau  de  Musique"  (now  C.  F. 
Peters)  at  Leipzig  in  1800.  In  1805  he  re- 
turned to  Vienna  and  devoted  himself  to  com- 
position.— Works  :  9  operas,  a  Paternoster, 
symphonies,  serenades,  and  other  orch.l  pes.; 
30  concertos,  18  quintets,  156  quartets,  44  trios, 
96  duos,  f.  flute  ;   12  pf. -sonatas,  5  pf.-quartets, 

II  pf. -trios  ;  42  string-quartets,  18  string-trios  ; 
variations,  nocturnes,  etc.,  f.  various  instr.s ; 
much  ch. -music  ;  and  songs. 

Hof haimer  [Hofheimer,  Hofhaimer,  Hoff- 
haymer],  Paulus  von,  b.  Radstadt,  Salzburg, 
1459  ;  d.  Salzburg,  1537.  Cuspinien  and  Lus- 
cinius  both  wrote  of  him  as  an  unrivalled  or- 
ganist and  lutenist,  and  the  best  composer  of 
the  age.  He  was  court  org.  and  comp.  at 
Vienna  ;  in  15 15  he  was  ennobled  by  Emperor 
Maximilian  I.,  at  the  same  time  being  made 
Knight  of  the  Golden  Spur  by  the  King  of 
Hungary,  and  in  1518  received  the  freedom  of 
the  town  of  Augsburg.  Among  his  distin- 
guished pupils  were  Johann  Buchner  of  Con- 
stance, Conrad  of  Speier,  Schachinger  of  Padua, 
Wolfgang  of  Vienna. — Works  :  "  Harmoniae 
poeticae  "  (odes  of  Horace  and  other  Latin  poets 
set  f.  4  voices  ;  33  by  H.,  and  11  by  L.  Senfl, 
1539  ;  republ.  by  Achtleitner,  1S68)  ;  German 
Lieder,  a  4,  in  various  collections  of  the  period  ; 
in  MS.  in  the  Vienna  Library,  chorals  and  lute- 
music  ;  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library,  org. -music, 
copied  by  Kleber  (1515). 

Hofmann,  Christian,  cantor  at  Krossen 
abt.  1668. — Publ.  "  Musica  synoptica,"  etc. 
(guide  to  the  art  of  singing,  1670),  which  went 


278 


HOFMANN— TIOHNSTOCK 


through    several    editions,    both    in    Latin    and 
German. 

Hof'mann,  Heinrich  (Karl  Johann),  dram, 
comp. ;  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  13,  1S42.  Pupil  of  Kul- 
lak's  Akademie  under 
Grell,  Dehn,  and 
Wi'ierst.  Became  fa- 
mous as  a  pf. -virtuoso 
and  teacher  ;  but  after 
the  success  of  his 
opera  Cartouche  (Ber- 
lin, 1869),  and  his 
orch.l  works,  "  Hun- 
garian Suite  "  (1S73) 
and  "  Frithjof"  sym- 
phony (1S74),  he  de- 
voted himself  to  com- 
position. He  has 
received  the  title  of 
"Professor,"  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Berlin 
R.  Acad,  of  Arts.- — Works  :  Operas  Cartouche; 
Der  Matador  (Berlin,  1S72);  Armin  (Dresden, 
1872);  Aennchen  von  Tharau (Hamburg,  187S)  ; 
Wilhelmvon  Oranien(ib.,  1882);  Donna  Diana 
(Berlin,  1S86);  and  the  comic  opera  Lully  (Stettin, 
1S89);  the  "secular  oratorio"  Prometheus (1896); 
the  cantata  "  Selig  sind  die  Todten  "  (op.  64)  f. 
alto  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  choral  works  f.  solo, 
female  (or  mixed)  ch.,  and  orch.  ("  Nonnenge- 
sang,"  op.  21  ;  "  Marchen  von  derschonen  Melu- 
sine,"  op.  30  ;  "  Aschenbrodel,"  op.  45  ;  "  Fest- 
gesang,"  op.  74  ;  the  Musikdrama  "  Editha," 
op.  100;  "  Nornengesang ")  ;  "Johanna  von 
Orleans,"  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  (1892)  ; 
"Champagnerlied"  f.  malech.  and  orch.  (op.  17) ; 
"  Lieder  Raouls  le  Preux  an  Iolanthe  von  Na- 
varre," f.  baritone  and  orch.;  "  Die  Verlassene," 
vocal  scene  f.  sopr.  and  orch.  (op.  118)  ;  part- 
songs  f.  mixed  and  male  ch.; — for  ORCHESTRA, 
3  Charakterstilcke,  the  suites  "  Hungarian"  and 
"In  Schlosshof,"  the  "  Schauspiel "  overture, 
"  Bilder  aus  Norwegen,"  a  scherzo  "  Irrlichter 
und  Kobolde,"  a  Serenade  (f.  strings,  op.  72),  a 
"  Trauermarsch"; — F.  pianoforte,  the  beauti- 
ful duets  "  Italienische  Liebesnovelle,"  "  Lie- 
besfriihling,"  "  Silhouetten  aus  Ungarn," 
"  Ekkehard,"  "  Steppenbilder,"  "Suite  hon- 
groise,"  "  Der  Trompeter  von  Sakkingen," 
"Aus  meinem  Tagebuche,"  and  many  more  ; 
numerous  charact.  pes.;  pf. -quartet  ;  pf.-trio  ; 
Concertstiick  f.  flute  (op.  98)  ;  an  octet  (op.  80), 
a  sextet  (op.  65),  a  string-quartet,  a  'cello-seren- 
ade, a  violin-sonata  ;  etc. — In  Hofmann's  music 
sensuous  charm  and  perfection  of  finish  prepon- 
derate over  individualism. 

Hof'mann,  Richard,  b.  Delitzsch,  Prussian 
Saxony,  April  30,  1844.  His  father  was  mu- 
nicipal mus.  dir.  Pupil  of  Dreyschock  and 
Jadassohn  ;  settled  in  Leipzig  as  a  mus. -teacher. 
Has  publ.  instructive  comp.s  f.  pf.,  strings, 
and  wind-instr.s ;  a  valuable  and  exhaustive 
"  Praktische  Instrumentationsschule"  (7  parts; 


Leipzig,  1893);  a  catechism  of  mus.  instr.s;  and 
Methods  for  the  various  orchestral  instr.s. 

Hof'mann,  Josef,  concert-pianist,  b.  Cracow, 
Jan.  20,  1S77.  Pupil  of  his  father  Casimir 
[prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  Warsaw  Cons., 
cond.  of  W.  opera]  till  1892  ;  1892-4  of  Rubin- 
stein. Played  in  public  at  6 ;  at  9  made  tour  of 
Germany,  Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden  ;  played 
also  in  Vienna,  Paris,  London,  and  1887-8  in 
America  (52  concerts  in  2j4  mos.).  Rested  then 
in  Berlin  till  debut  in  Dresden,  1S94  ;  after  which 
he  played  in  London,  Berlin,  Vienna,  etc. — 
Works  :   Pes.  f.  pf.  (Hainauer,  Breslau). 

Hof'meister,  Friedrich,  b.  17S1  ;  d.  Sept. 
30,  1S64.  Founded,  in  1807,  the  music-business 
at  Leipzig  which  bears  his  name.  From  1S38, 
publ.  the  Musikalisch  -  litterarischer  Monatsbe- 
rio/it,  a  monthly  classified  list  of  the  musical  works 
appearing  in  Germany.  His  son  and  successor, 
Adolf  H.,  b.  abt.  1818  ;  d.  Leipzig,  May  26, 
1870,  publ.  a  3rd  and  enlarged  ed.  of  Whistling's 
"  Handbuch  der  musikalischen  Litteratur " 
(1845),  and  supplementary  vol.s  (from  issues  of 
the  Monatsberichf).  These  excellent  works  are 
continued  by  the  firm,  under  the  proprietorship 
of  Albert  Rothing,  b.  Leipzig,  Jan.  4,  1845. 

Ho'garth,  George,  b.  Carfrae  Mill,  n.  Ox- 
ton,  Berwickshire,  17S3  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  12, 
1870.  St.  law  and  practised  in  Edinburgh.  Was 
an  amateur  musician,  'cellist  and  comp.,  and  be- 
came a  mus.  critic  and  historian.  From  1830 
contributed  to  the  "  Harmonicon."  In  1834 
settled  in  London  as  sub-editor  and  mus.  critic 
of  the  "Morning  Chronicle";  from  1S46-66 
mus.  critic  of  the  "  Daily  News."  In  1850  was 
app.  sec.  to  the  Philharmonic  Soc.y.  Comp. 
glees  and  songs.  Wrote  "  Musical  History, 
Biography,  and  Criticism"  (1835  ;  2nd  ed.  in  2 
vol.s,  1838)  ;  "  Memoirs  of  the  Musical  Drama" 
(1S38  ;  2nd  ed.  1S51  as  "  Memoirs  of  the  Opera 
.  .  .");  "How's  Book  of  British  Song  ..." 
(2  vol.s,  London,  1S45)  ;  "  The  Philharmonic 
Soc.y  of  London,  1813-62"  (1862).  He  was 
son-in-law  of  Thomson  (Beethoven's  Scotch  pub- 
lisher), and  father-in-law  of  Charles  Dickens. 

Hohl'feld,  Otto,  violin-virtuoso,  b.  Zeulen- 
roda,  Voigtland,  Mar.  10,  1S54  ;  d.  Darmstadt, 
May  10,  1895.  Was  a  pupil  of  cantor  Solle  ;  later 
at  the  Greiz  seminary  under  cantor  Urban  and 
dir.  Regener  ;  then  for  3  years  at  Dresden  Cons, 
under  Rietz,  Lauterbach,  and  Kretschmer.  Be- 
came member  of  the  Dresden  court  orch.,  and 
in  1S77  was  app.  Concertmeister  at  the  Darm- 
stadt court  th.  Made  several  successful  con- 
cert-tours.— Works:  String -quartet,  op.  1; 
"  Zigeunerklange  "  f.  pf. ,  op.  2  ;  Elegie  f.  trom- 
bone w.  org.,  op.  3  ;  Elegie  f.  vln.,  op.  4;  songs. 

Hohn'stock,  Carl,  violinist,  pianist,  and 
comp.;  b.  Brunswick,  182S;  d.  there  Aug.  5  (?), 
18S9.  He  came  of  a  musical  family,  with  whom 
he  made  a  professional  European  tour  in  1846. 
In  1848  he  went  to  America,  established  him- 
self at  Philadelphia  as  mus. -teacher,  and  gave 


279 


HOL— HOLMES 


concerts  ;  here  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  was  con- 
ferred upon  him.  In  i860  he  returned  to  Bruns- 
wick and  settled  in  Blankenburg. — Comp.s 
(mostly  unpubl.) :  Symphonies,  overtures,  pf.  and 
vln. -concertos,  and  vocal  music. 

Hol,  Richard,  pianist,  org.,  and  comp. ;  b. 
Amsterdam,  July  23,  1825.  Pupil  of  Martens 
(org.)  and  of  Bertelman  (harm,  and  cpt.).  After 
travelling  in  Germany  he  became  mus. -teacher 
at  Amsterdam,  was  app.  director  of  the  choral 
society  "  Amstels  Mannenchor"  in  1856,  and  of 
the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Music  in 
1857.  In  1862  he  succeeded  Kufferath  as  city 
mus.  dir.  at  Utrecht.  In  1869,  became  cath.-org., 
and  in  1875  dir.  of  the  School  of  Music.  He  is  also 
cond.  of  the  "Diligentia"  Concerts  at  The  Hague, 
and  of  the  Classical  Concerts  at  the  People's  Pal- 
ace, Amsterdam.  He  has  received  various  or- 
ders ;  was  elected  Officer  of  the  French  Academy 
(1878),  and  is  a  member  of  several  learned  socie- 
ties. His  compositions  belong  to  the  modern 
romantic  German  school,  and  include  an  oratorio 
David,  op.  Si;  an  opera  Floris  V.  (Amsterdam, 
18?);  the  i-act  opera  Wit  de  branding  (Amster- 
dam, 1894;  not  succ);  masses,  songs,  chamber- 
music,  2  symphonies  (in  C  min.  and  D  min.), 
overtures,  and  other  orch.l  mus.,  several  ballads 
f.  soli,  mixed  ch.  and  org.  (e.g.,  "  De  vliegende 
Hollander,"  op.  70);  fine  male  choruses  w.  orch., 
etc.,  also  a  cappella  ;  female  choruses  ;  etc.  H.  is 
also  a  contributor  to  the  Dutch  mus.  journal 
"Cicilia,"  and  is  the  author  of  a  monograph 
on  J.  P.  Sweelinck  ("  Swelingh,  jaarboekje  aan 
de  toonkunst  in  Nederland  gewijd  "  (1S59-60). 

Holden,  Oliver,  the  composer  of  the  hymn- 
tune  "  Coronation,"  was  a  resident  of  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  and  a  carpenter  by  trade.  Before 
1792  he  gave  up  this  occupation  to  become  a 
music-teacher,  music-seller,  and  publisher;  and 
comp.  many  other  psalm-tunes,  anthems,  and 
odes  of  a  commonplace  character.  He  died  in 
1834. 

Hol'lander,  Jans  (de  Hollandere),  or  Jean 
de  Holland,  Netherland  contrapuntist.  His 
chansons  a  4-6  are  printed  in  the  1st  and  12th 
books  of  Tylman  Susato's  collections,  publ. 
1543  and  1558. — His  son, 

Hol'lander,  Christian  Janszone,  b.  prob- 
ably at  Dordrecht,  Holland,  abt.  1520  ;  d.  prob- 
ably at  Munich,  abt.  1570.  From  1549-57  was 
Kapelmeester  at  St.  Walburg,  Oudenarde  ;  then 
entered  the  service  of  Ferdinand  I.,  remaining 
after  the  latter's  death  (1564)  with  Maximilian 
II. — Works  :  "  Cantiones  variae  "a  4-8  (Munich, 
1570)  ;  "  Neue  teutsch  geistliche  und  weltliche 
Liedlein"  a  4-8  (1570;  2nd  ed.  1575);  "  Tri- 
cinia"  (1573)  ;  motets  in  various  collections  ;  etc. 

Hol'lander,  Alexis,  pianist ;  b.  Katibor,  Si- 
lesia, Feb.  25,  1840.  Pupil  of  Schnabel  and 
Hesse  at  Breslau,  and  cond.  of  the  Gymnasium 
scholars'  singing-society.  From  1S5S-61,  st.  at 
the  Berlin  Royal  Akademie  under  Grell  and  A. 
W.  Bach  ;  privately  under  K.  Bohmer.     In  1S61, 


became  instructor  at  Kullak's  Academy  ;  in  1864, 
cond.  of  a  choral  society,  and  in  1870  of  the 
"  Cacilienverein."  In  1888  II.  was  named  Pro- 
fessor.— Works:  Sarabande  and  Gavotte  f.  pf., 
op.  23  ;  6  Intermezzi  f.  left  hand  alone,  op.  31  ; 
Introd.  and  Fugue,  op.  37  ;  op.  39  and  45,  pf.- 
pcs.;  "  Musik.  Bilderbuch,"  op.  41  ;  Suite  f.  vl. 
and  pf.,  op.  40;  Pf. -quintet  (<  '•  min.),  op.  24; 
songs  (op.  29,  op.  30,  op.  32,  op.  43)  ;  duets  (op. 
16,  20,  34)  ;  Songs  for  male  ch.  (op.  26,  42), 
mixed  ch.  (op.  17,  35,  36),  female  ch.  (op.  33, 
38). 

Hol'lander,  Gustav,  talented  violinist  ;  b. 
Leobschutz,  Upper  Silesia,  Feb.  15,  1855.  Taught 
by  his  father,  a  physician,  he  played  in  public 
when  very  young  ;  was  from  1867-9  a  pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons.  (David),  and  1869-74  of  the  Kgl. 
Hochschule,  Berlin,  under  Joachim  (vln.),  and 
Kiel  (theory).  In  1874,  principal  vln. -teacher  at 
Kullak's  Academy,  and  royal  chamber-musician  ; 
made  a  concert-tour  in  Austria  with  Carlotta 
Patti.  From  1S71-81  he  gave  subscription-con- 
certs of  chamber-music  with  X.  Scharwenka  and 
H.  Griinfeld  at  Berlin.  In  1SS1,  orch.  leader  of 
the  Giirzenich  concerts,  and  teacher  at  the  Cons., 
Cologne  ;  in  1884,  leader  at  the  Stadttheater  ; 
succeeded  Japha  as  leader  of  the  "  Professoren- 
Streichquartett,"  and  in  1894  was  app.  Dir.  of 
the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin  ;  in  1896,  eng.  as  Con- 
certmeister  of  a  new  orch.  in  Hamburg.  His 
concert-tours  in  Belgium,  Holland,  and  Germany 
have  been  very  successful. — Works  (for  vln.  and 
pf.)  :  Spinnerlied,  op.  3  ;  Am  Strande,  op.  8  ; 
Romanze,  op.  10;  Standchen,  op.  11  ;  Wiegen- 
lied,  op.  12;  "Robin  des  bois "  [Weber],  op. 
18;  Don  Juan  Fantasy  [Mozart],  op.  19;  Im- 
promptu, op.  32;  Spanische  Serenade,  op.  49; 
"  Waldmarchen,"  op.  50. 

Hol'lander,  Victor,  b.  Leobschutz,  Apr.  20, 
1866.  Pupil  of  Kullak. — Works  :  Pf.-pcs.  and 
the  i-act  comic  opera  Carmosinella  (Frankf.-on- 
M.,  1SS8,  succ);  i-act  operetta  The  Bey  of 
Morocco  (London,  1894,  succ). 

Hol'ly,  Franz  Andreas,  pianist,  org.,  and 
dram,  comp.;  b.  Luba,  Bohemia,  1747  ;  d.  Bres- 
lau, May  4,  17S3.  Mus.  dir.  of  the  Kotzen- 
theater,  Prague,  until  1769;  at  Koch's  Th., 
Berlin,  to  1775  ;  later  at  Waser's,  Breslau.  Comp. 
for  them  "  Singspiele  "  (German  operettas)  which 
became  very  popular :  Der  Bassa  von  Tunis 
(Berlin,  1774),  Die  Jagd,  Das  Gdrtnermddchen, 
Der  Zanberer,  Das  Gespcnst,  Der  Tempel  des 
Schicksals,  Der  lustige  Schuster,  etc. 

Holmes,  Edward,  b.  near  London,  1797  ;  d. 
United  States,  Aug.  28,  1859.  A  pupil  of  V. 
Novello,  he  became  a  pf. -teacher.  In  1S27  he 
visited  Germany,  and  publ.  "A  Ramble  among 
the  Musicians  of  Germany  .  .  ."  (1828  ;  3rd  ed. 
1838),  which  obtained  him  the  position  of  mus. 
critic  of  "The  Atlas."  Other  works:  "The 
Life  of  Mozart  "  (1845  ;  2nd  ed.  E.  Trout,  1878) ; 
"Life  of  Pureed,"  for  Novello's"  Sacred  Music"; 
"  Analytical  and  Thematic    Index  of    Mozart's 


280 


HOLMES— HOLZBAUER 


Ff. -works";  articles  for  the  "  Musical  Times " 
and  other  journals.  In  1849  he  settled  in  America 
as  editor  and  mus.  critic. 

Holmes,  William  Henry,  English  pianist; 
b.  Sudbury,  Derbyshire,  Jan.  S,  i3i2  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Apr.  23,  18S5.  Pupil  of  the  R.  A.  M.  from 
its  establishment  in  1822  ;  he  won  two  medals, 
became  assist,  pf. -professor  in  1826.  and  later 
principal  professor  for  piano.  Formed  many 
distinguished  pupils,  including  Sterndale  Ben- 
nett, the  two  Macfarrens,  and  Davison. — Works: 
The  Elfin  of  the  Lake,  opera  ;  symphonies  ;  a 
pf. -concerto,  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  pf.-sonatas, 
and  songs. 

Holmes,  Alfred,  violin-virtuoso  ;  b.  London, 
Nov.  g,  1837  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  4,  1876.  Pupil  of 
his  father,  a  self-taught  musician.  In  1846  was 
principal  soprano  chorister  at  the  Oratory  ;  made 
his  debut  with  his  brother  Henry  in  1847  ;  they 
visited  Brussels  in  1855  ;  Darmstadt,  Leipzig, 
Kassel,  Vienna,  etc.,  1S56-7  ;  Sweden,  1S58-9  ; 
played  in  Copenhagen  in  i860,  in  Amsterdam  in 
1861,  and  settled  in  Paris  in  1S64,  making  an- 
other tour  to  Russia,  Belgium,  Holland,  and 
Germany,  in  1S67. — Works  :  Opera  Inez  de  Cas- 
tro (Paris,  1875);  symphonies  "  Jeanne  d'Arc," 
"  The  Youth  of  Shakspere,"  "  Robin  Hood," 
"The  Siege  of  Paris,"  "Charles  XII.,"  and 
"  Romeo  and  Juliet  ";  overtures  "  The  Cid  "  and 
"  The  Muses  "  (London,  1S74). 

Holmes,  Henry,  b.  London,  Nov.  7,  1S39, 
the  equally  famous  and  talented  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  associated  with  him  until  1865. 
He  then  visited  Copenhagen,  Stockholm,  etc., 
and  returning  to  London,  became  vln. -prof,  at 
the  Royal  College  of  Music. — Comp. :  4  sym- 
phonies, 2  cantatas  {Praise  ye  the  Lord  and 
Christmas),  vln. -concerto,  concert -overture,  2 
string-quintets,  vln. -pes.,  and  songs. 

Holmes  (properly  Holmes),  Augusta  Mary 
Anne,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  16,  1S47,  of  Irish  parents. 
At  first  a  pianist, 
she  devoted  her- 
self to  the  study  of 
comp.  under  Lam- 
bert, Klose,  and 
Cesar  Franck; 
brought  out  a 
psalm,  "In  Exitu" 
(1873)  ;  a  1 -act 
"  symphony"  Hero 
et  Le'andre  ( 1874, 
Chatelet);  an  An- 
dante pastoral 
(1877)  ;  the  sym- 
phonies "  Lutece" 
(1879)    and    "  Les 

Argonautes"  (1880);  a  symph.  poem  "Les  7 
Ivresses"  (1SS3) ;  symph.  "  Irlande  "  (1S85);  an 
ode  triomphale  "  Patrie  "  (1889)  ;  and  in  1895  the 
4-act  lyric  drama  La  montagne  m>ire{Gr. -Opera), 
which  last  had  hardly  a  succes  d'eslime.  Besides 
over  100  songs,  Mme.  H.  has  also  prod,  an  alle- 
gorical cantata,  "  La  Vision  de  la  Reine  "  ;  and 


'A 


K 


the  symphonies  (f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.)  Lutiu, 
Hymne  a  la  I'ai.x ;  ami  symphonic  poems  Roland 
(Orlando  Furioso),  Pologne,  An  Pays  bleu.  In 
MS.  2  operas,  Astarte  and  Lancelot  du  Lac. 

Hoist,  Edvard,  b.  Copenhagen,  1843  ;  d. 
New  York,  Feb.  4(?),  1899.  He  settled  in  N.  Y. 
about  1874,  and  was  in  turn  an  actor,  stage- 
dancer,  dancing-master,  and  playwright ;  all  the 
time  being  also  a  diligent  composer  of  songs  and 
pf. -pieces  of  a  light  description,  pieces  for  mili- 
tary band  ("Marine  Band  March,"  "  Battle  of 
Manila,"  etc.),  and  a  comic  opera  Our  Flats 
(N.  Y.,  1897) — in  all  over  2,000  works.  One  of 
his  comedies  was  Hot  Water, 

Hol'stein,  Franz  (Friedrich)  von,  dram, 
comp.;  b.  Brunswick,  Feb.  16,  1826;  d.  Leip- 
zig, May  22,  1S78.  At  the  desire  of  his  father, 
an  officer  of  high  rank,  he  entered  the  army  after 
a  course  at  the  Brunswick  cadet  school,  where 
he  studied  mus.  theory  under  Richter.  While  a 
lieutenant,  he  privately  prod,  an  operetta,  Zwei 
Nachte  in  Venedig  (1845).  After  the  Schleswig- 
Holstein  campaign  he  wrote  the  5-act  grand 
opera  Waver  ley,  and  sent  it  to  Hauptmann  at 
Leipzig,  who  advised  him  to  adopt  a  musical 
career.  In  1853  he  resigned  his  position  in  the 
army,  and  became  a  pupil  of  Ilauptmann's  at 
Leipzig  Cons.  From  1S56-9  he  travelled  for  the 
purpose  of  study,  visiting  Rome,  Berlin,  and 
Paris,  finally  settling  in  Leipzig,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  composition.  He  was  also  a  poet 
and  artist,  and  wrote  his  own  libretti. — Works  : 
Operas  Der  Haideschacht  (Dresden,  186S);  Der 
Erie  von  Morley,  com.  opera  (Leipzig,  1872)  ; 
Die Hochlander  (Mannheim,  1S76)  ;  and  Marino 
Faliero  (unfinished  ;  a  few  numbers  publ.  sepa- 
rately) ;  overtures  Lorelei  and  Frau  Avenliure ; 
"  Beatrice,"  scene  f.  sopr.  solo  w.  orch.  ;  a  pf.- 
trio  ;  other  chamberTmusic  ;  part-songs  f.  mixed 
and  male  voices ;  songs.  He  left  a  valuable 
legacy  for  the  benefit  of  indigent  mus.  students. 
— His  "  Nachgelassene  Gedichte  "  were  publ. 
in  1S80. 

Hol'ten,  Karl  von,  pianist  and  comp.;  b. 
Hamburg,  July  26,  1S36.  Pupil  of  J.  Schmitt, 
Ave-Lallemant,  and  Gradener,  and  1854-6  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons.  Since  1S74,  instructor  at  the 
Hamburg  Cons. — Comp.s  :  A  Kinder  symphonie, 
vln. -sonata,  pf. -concerto,  trio,  pf. -pes. ,  songs. 

Hol'yoke  [hol'-yok],  Samuel,  composer  of 
church-music,  and  teacher  of  vocal  and  instr. 
music,  was  b.  at  Boxford,  Mass.,  1771  ;  d.  Con- 
cord, N.  PL,  1816.  His  hymn-tune  "  Arnheim  " 
still  survives. 

Holz'bauer,  Ignaz,  dram.  comp. ;  b.  Vienna, 
1711  ;  d.  Mannheim,  Apr.  7,  1783.  Destined 
for  the  law,  he  secretly  taught  himself  music 
with  the  aid  of  Fux's  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum." 
On  Fux's  advice  he  went  to  Italy,  but  owing  to 
illness  was  obliged  to  return.  Parental  opposi- 
tion overcome,  he  became  Kapellm.  to  Count 
Rottal  in  Moravia,  and  at  the  Vienna  Court  Th. 
in  1745.    In  1747  he  made  a  concert-tour  through 


281 


IIOLZEL— IIoI'KINS 


Italy  with  his  wife,  an  excellent  singer;  in  1750, 
became  court  Kapellm.  at  Stuttgart,  and  in  1753 
at  .Mannheim,  lie  again  visited  Rome  (1756), 
Turin  (1757),  and  Milan  (1759),  for  the  produc- 
tion of  various  operas.  An  erudite  musician, 
his  works  were  held  in  high  esteem,  and  highly 
eulogized  by  Mozart.  They  include  eleven 
Italian  operas  :  //  f'glio  delle  selve  (Schwet- 
zingen  court  th.,  1735),  Alessandro  nell'  Indie 
(Milan,  1759),  La  clemenza  di  Tito  (Mannheim, 
1780),  etc.  ;  a  German  opera,  Giinther  von 
Schwarzburg  (Mannheim,  1776);  5  oratorios,  26 
orch.l  masses  a  4  (1  German)  ;  37  motets;  196 
instrumental  symphonies,  18  string-quartets,  13 
concertos  f.  various  instr.s  ;  etc. 

Hol'zel,  Karl,  b.  Linz-on-Donau,  Apr.  8, 
1808  ;  d.  Testh,  Jan.  14,  1SS3.  A  singing- 
teacher  at  I'esth,  he  comp.  many  popular  songs. 

Hol'zel,  Gustav,  b.  Pesth,  Sept.  2,  1S13  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Mar.  3,  1883.  Filled  several  positions 
as  operatic  buffo-bass,  and  was  pensioned  in 
1869.  Visited  America  in  1S70.  Comp.  popu- 
lar songs,  pf.-pcs.,  etc. 

Holzl,  Franz  Severin,  b.  Malaczka,  Hun- 
gary, Mar.  14,  1S0S  ;  d.  Funfkirchen,  Aug.  iS, 
1S84.  Pupil  of  Kessler  and  Seyfried,  Vienna  ; 
in  1843,  app.  Cath.  Kapellm.  at  Funfkirchen. 
In  1S52  he  received  the  gold  medal  for  art  and 
science  for  his  grand  mass  in  D.  Comp.s:  An 
oratorio  Noah  (1844),  much  church-music  ;  Die 
Colonna,  rom.  op.  (1847)  ;  a  symphony,  over- 
tures, chamber-music,  etc. 

Ho'meyer,  Paul  Joseph  Maria,  famous  or- 
ganist ;  b.  Osterode,  Harz,  Oct.  26,  1853.  His 
grandfather,  Joh.  Just.  Adam  H.,  edited  a 
Roman  Catholic  choral-book,  "  Cantus  Gregori- 
anus";  his  father,  Heinrich  H.  [b.  1832;  d. 
Dec.  31,  1S91],  was  org.  at  Lamspringe.  He 
st.  at  the  Josephinum  Gymnasium,  Hildesheim  ; 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons,  and  Univ.;  and  was  also  a 
pupil  of  his  uncle  J.  M.  H.  [d.  Oct.  5,  1894], 
org.  at  Duderstadt.  Is  now  org.  at  the  Ge- 
wandhaus,  and  teacher  of  org.  and  theory  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons. 

HomiTius,  Gottfried  August,  eminent  org. 
and  ch.-comp. ;  b.  Rosenthal,  Saxony,  Feb.  2, 
1714  ;  d.  Dresden,  June  1,  17S5.  Pupil  of  J.  S. 
Bach.  App.  org.  of  the  Frauenkirche,  Dresden, 
in  1742  ;  cantor  at  the  Kreuzschule,  and  mus. 
dir.  of  the  three  principal  churches,  in  1755. — 
Publ.  works:  A  "Passion"  cantata  (1775);  a 
Christmas  oratorio,  Die  Freude  der  Hirten  fiber 
die  Gebnrt  Jesu  (1777)  ;  Seeks  deutsche  Arien 
(1786). — In"  MS.  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library, 
and  in  the  Dresden  Kreuzchor  archives  :  Passion 
ace.  to  St.  Mark  ;  ch.-mus.  f.  each  Sunday  and 
Feast-day  in  the  year  ;  motets,  cantatas,  fugued 
chorals,  a  Thorough-bass  Method,  2  choral- 
books,  etc. 

Hood,  Helen,  composer;  b.  Chelsea,  Mass., 
June  28,  1S63.  St.  with  B.  J.  Lang  (pf.)  and 
Chadwick  (comp.)  in  Boston  ;  and  in  Berlin  one 
year  with  Moszkowski  (pf.).     Resides  in  Boston. 


— Works  (publ.  if  not  marked  MS.)  :  Op.  1,  4 
songs;  op.  2,  2  songs;  op.  3,  "The  Robin," 
part-song;  op.  5,  2  part-songs  (MS.);  op.  6,  5 
pes.  f.  vln.  ami  pf. ;  op.  7,  "Song-Etchings" 
(6  songs)  ;  op.  8,  3  pf.-pcs.;  op.  9,  3  songs.-  op. 
10,  3  pes.  f.  vln.  and  pf.;  op.  11,  pf.-trio  (MS.) ; 
op.  12,  2  pes.  f.  2  vlns.  and  pf.;  op.  13,  2  songs  ; 
op.  14,  4  songs  ;  op.  15,  Te  Deum  in  E  \)  (MS.)  ; 
op.  16,  string-quartet  in  D;  op.  18,  Sacred  songs. 
Hook,  James,  Engl.  org.  and  comp.  ;  b. 
Norwich,  June  3,  1746  ;  d.  Boulogne,  1827.  Pu- 
pil of  Garland,  org.  of  Norwich  cath.,  he  became 
mus.  dir.  at  Marylebone  Gardens,  London,  1769- 
73,  and  at  Vauxhall  Gardens,  1774-1820.  lie 
was  org.  at  St.  John's,  Horsleydown,  for  many 
years.  An  industrious  composer  of  songs  (over 
2,000  songs,  catches,  and  cantatas) ;  the  songs 
"  Within  a  mile  of  Edinboro'  Town"  and  "Sweet 
Lass  of  Richmond  Hill  "  are  about  the  only  ones 
now  remembered.  His  other  works  include  an 
oratorio,  The  Aseension  (1776),  operas,  pf. -sona- 
tas, org. -concertos,  rondos,  and  transcriptions, 
and  an  instruction-book,  "  Guida  di  musica" 
(1796),  for  pf. 

Hope'kirk,  Helen,  Scotch  pianist  and  comp. ; 
b.  n.  Edinburgh,  where  she  st.  under  Lichten- 
stein  and  A.  C.  Mackenzie  ;  then  for  2  years  at 
Leipzig,  later  with  Leschetizki  at  Vienna.  Pian- 
istic  debut  at  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  Nov.  28, 
1878  ;  she  gave  many  concerts  in  Great  Britain 
and  (18S3-4)  in  the  U.  S.  She  resides  in  Edin- 
burgh.— Works  :  Concertstiick  f.  pf.  and  orch. 
(1S94)  ;  orchestral  pes.;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  sonata  f. 
pf.  and  vln. ;  serenade  f.  pf . ;  over  100  songs  (the 
serenade  and  some  songs  have  been  publ.). 

Hop'ffer,  Ludwig  Bernhard,  dram,  comp.; 
b.  Berlin,  Aug.7,  1840;  d.  Niederwald,n.  Rudes- 
heim,  Aug.  21,  1877.  St.  at  Kullak's  Akademie, 
1857-60.  1872-5  visited  Southern  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy. — Works  :  2  operas,  Fritjof 
(Berlin,  i87i)and  Sakuntala  ;  festival-play  Bar- 
barossa  (Berlin,  1S71) ;  Der  Student  ion  Prag, 
comic  opera  ;  the  choral  works  Pharao,  Dart  hu- 
las Grabgesang,  and  the  23rd  psalm  ;  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. 

Hopkins,  Edward  John,  b.  Westminster, 
June  30,  1S1S.  Chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
(under  Wm.  Hawes) 
1826-33  ;  then  pupil 
for  harm,  and  cpt. 
of  T.  F.  Walmisley. 
A  self-taught  organ- 
ist, his  first  appoint- 
ment was  at  Mit- 
chamch.  (1834-38); 
the  next,  St.  Peter's 
(Islington),  whence 
he  went  (1841)  to 
St.  Luke's  (Berwick 
St.),  and  finally 
(1S43)  to  the  Tem- 
ple Church,  London 

(retired   1898  ;  successor  Dr.  Walford  Davies), 
where  he  raised  the  mus.  services  to  a  very  high 


2S2 


HOPKINS— HORNSTEIN 


degree  of  excellence.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
chief  British  mus.  associations,  and  in  1SS2  re- 
ceived the  title  of  Mus.  Doc.  from  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  and  in  18S6  from  Trinity 
Coll.,  Univ.  of  Toronto,  Canada.  His  comp.s 
for  the  church  are  of  sterling  quality  ;  some  an- 
thems— "  Out  of  the  deep  "  (1S38),  "  God  is  gone 
up"  (1S40),  "  Thou  shalt  cause  the  trumpet  of 
the  jubilee  to  sound  "  (1887) — have  taken  prizes 
his  very  numerous  hymn-tunes  and  chants  have 
made  his  name  a  household  word  in  Great  Brit- 
ain ;  his  church-services  are  favorites.  His  book 
"The  Organ;  its  History  and  Construction,' 
written  in  cooperation  with  Rimbault,  is  a  stand' 
ard  work  (3  editions  :  1855,  1S70,  1877,  London) 
He  contributed  valuable  articles  to  Grove's  Diet 
of  Mus.,  and  has  edited  many  series  of  English 
compositions,  ancient  and  modern. 

Hopkins,  Edward  Jerome,  b.  Burlington, 
Vt.,  Apr.  4,  1S36  ;  d.  Athenia,  N.  J.,  Nov.  4, 
1898.  Excepting  6  lessons  in  harmony,  from 
T.  E.  Miguel,  he  was  a  wholly  self-taught  musi- 
cian. Had  a  regular  position  as  org.  at  10  ;  be- 
gan composing  at  4.  Studied  at  the  Univ.  of  \"t. , 
and  at  the  New  York  Medical  Coll.  (chemistry, 
for  3  years)  ;  from  his  20th  year  he  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  music.  Played  in  various  N.  Y. 
churches  down  to  1S69  ;  founded  (1S56)  "  The 
Amer.  Music  Assoc."  for  perf.  native  works  ; 
lounded  and  supported  (1865-87)  the  N.  Y. 
"  Orpheon  Free  Schools"  (over  30,000  pupils)  ; 
founded  and  edited  the  "  N.  Y.  Philh.  Journal  " 
(1868-85).  He  originated  the  popular  "  Lecture- 
Concerts  "  ;  made  many  concert-tours  in  the 
U.  S.,  also  to  England  (1S90)  ;  and  was  an 
indefatigable  composer.  —  Works  :  Symphony 
"  Life,"  f.  full  orch.  ;  "Child's  Symphony,"  f. 
string-orch.  ;  pf. -concerto  ;  pf. -trio  in  D  ;  2  org.- 
preludes  and  fugued  fantasias;  the  very  original 
works  "  Easter  Festival  Yespers "  (f.  3  choirs, 
echo-choir,  2  org.s  and  orch.,  harp  obbl.,  and 
Cantor  Priest),  "Bible  Opera"  (f.  2  troupes, 
one  singing,  one  speaking),  a  School-Opera 
Toffee  and  Old  Munch,  a  "Piano-Trio-Concerto" 
(or  "  Trio  w.  orch."),  a  Fantasia  on  an  original 
theme  (f.  5  pfs.)  ;  also  2  operas,  Samuel  (N.  Y., 
1877)  and  Dumb  Love ;  an  Andante  grazioso  in 
G,  Adagio  cantabile  in  D,  Allegro  moderato  in 
A,  Siciliano  in  G,  and  other  pf. -music  ;  etc.  (in 
all  over  700  works,  few  of  which  are  publ.). 
Also  2  coll.s  of  church-music,  and  an  "  Orpheon 
Class-book." 

Hoplit.     See  Pohl,  Richard. 

Ho'rak,    Wenzel    [Vaclav]    Emanuel,    b. 

Mscheno-Lobes,  Bohemia,  Jan.  1,  1800;  d. 
Prague,  Sept.  5,  1871.  Pupil  of  Josef  Schubert 
and  the  Prague  Gymnasium;  st.  comp.  and  theory 
from  the  works  of  Turk,  Vogler,  Albrechtsber- 
ger,  and  Cherubini.  Org.  and  choirmaster,  in 
succession,  of  various  churches  in  Prague  ;  as  a 
teacher  and  ch.-comp.  he  was  highly  esteemed. 

Ho'rak,  Eduard,  b.  Holitz,  Bohemia,  1839 ; 
d.  Riva,  Lake  of  Garda,  Dec.  6,  1892.   Co-founder 


of,  and  teacher  at,  the  "Horak"  Tianoforte- 
School,  Vienna.  In  collaboration  with  Fr.  Spigl, 
he  publ.  "  Der  Klavierunterricht  in  neue,  natiir- 
liche  Bahnen  gebracht  "  (1892,  2  vol.s.). 

Ho'rak,  Adolf,  b.  Jankovic,  Bohemia,  Feb. 
15,  1S50.  With  his  brother,  the  preceding, 
he  founded,  and  taught  at,  the  "Horak"  Pf.- 
School,  Vienna. — Publ.  :  "  Die  technische 
Grundlage  des  Klavierspiels,"  and  (with  his 
brother)  a  "  Klavierschule  "  (2  vol.s). 

Horn,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Nordhausen,  Sax- 
ony, Apr.  13,  1762;  d.  Windsor,  Engl.,  Aug.  5, 
1830.  Pupil  of  Schroter;  at  20  years  of  age  he 
went  to  London,  and  with  the  patronage  of 
Count  Bruhl,  Saxon  Ambassador,  became  a  fash- 
ionable teacher.  To  1S11  he  was  music-master 
to  Queen  Charlotte  and  the  Princesses.  In  1823 
he  succeeded  Sexton  as  org.  of  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor.  With  Wesley  he  prepared  an 
English  ed.  of  Bach's  "  Wohltemperirtes  Cla- 
vier"; also  wrote  a  treatise  on  thorough-bass; 
comp.  pf.-sonatas,  12  sets  of  pf. -variations  w. 
accomp.  of  flute  or  violin,  and  "  Military  Diverti- 
mentos."— His  son  and  pupil, 

Horn,  Charles  Edward,  b.  London,  June 
21,  17S6  ;  d.  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  21,  1S49.  In 
1809  made  his  debut,  and  for  several  years  lived 
in  London  as  opera-singer  and  composer.  In 
1833  he  went  to  America  and  prod,  several 
operas  at  the  Park  Th.,  New  York.  His  voice 
failing,  he  became  a  music-teacher,  and  later  an 
importer  and  publisher  of  music.  He  prod,  an 
oratorio,  The  Remission  of  Sin  ;  returned  to 
England  in  1843,  and  in  1845  this  oratorio,  re- 
named Satan,  was  perf.  by  the  Melophonic 
Soc.y.  He  was  app.  mus.  dir.  of  the  Princess' 
Th.;  returned  to  America  in  1847,  and  became 
cond.  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Soc.y,  Boston. — 
Works:  Another  oratorio,  Daniel's  Prediction 
(184S);  a  cantata,  Christmas  Bells;  26  Engl, 
operettas  (1810-30);  canzonets, glees,  songs,  etc. 

Horn,  August,  b.  Freiberg,  Saxony,  Sept. 
1,  1S25;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  25,  1S93.  Pupil  of 
Mendelssohn  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  From  1S62-8, 
lived  at  Dresden,  then  settled  in  Leipzig,  and  be- 
came favorably  known  by  his  pf. -arrangements 
of  symphonies,  operas,  etc.,  for  2  and  4  hands. 
— Works:  A  i-act  comic  opera,  Die  Nachbarn 
(Leipzig,  1875);  orch.l  music  (overture;  "  Fest- 
marsch");  pf-pes. ;  his  part-songs  f.  male  chorus, 
and  songs,  were  very  successful. 

Hor'neman,  Johan  Ole  Emil,  vocal  comp.; 
b.  Copenhagen,  1S09  ;  d.  there  May  29,  1870. 
His  "  Tappere  Landsoldat  "  became  a  national 
melody. 

Hor'neman,   Christian    F.   Emil,    son  and 

pupil  of  the  preceding;  b.  Copenhagen,  Dec. 
17,  1S41.  Also  st.  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1857-60. 
Dir.  of  school  of  music  in  Copenhagen.  Has 
comp.  overtures  ("Aladdin,"  "  Heldenleben "), 
pf. -caprices,  songs,  etc. 

Horn'stein,  Robert  von,  b.  Stuttgart,  Dec. 
°i   J833;  d.   Munich,  June  19,   1890.       Pupil  of 


283 


IIORSLEY— HUBAY 


Leipzig  Cons.;  teacher  at  the  Munich  Royal 
School  of  Music. — Works:  Operas,  Adam  und 
Eva,  Der  Dorfadvokat;  incid.  mus.  to  Shake- 
speare's As  You  Like  It  and  Mosenthal's  Debo- 
rah; pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Hors'ley,  William,  b.  London,  Nov.  15, 
1774;  d.  there  June  12,  1858.  Org.  of  various 
churches  in  London;  in  1800  he  graduated  Mus. 
Bac,  Oxon.  His  suggestion  resulted  in  the 
foundation  of  the  Concentores  Sodales  (179S- 
1847),  to  some  extent  a  revival  of  the  catch-  and 
glee-clubs.  He  publ.  "An  Explanation  of  Mus. 
Intervals,  and  of  the  Major  and  Minor  Scales" 
(1825);  "  Introd.  to  .  .  .  Harm,  and  Modula- 
tion" (1847);  edited  a  collection  of  glees,  etc., 
by  Callcott  (with  biography  and  analysis),  Book 
i  of  Bird's  "  Cantiones  Sacrae,"  and  publ.  5  col- 
lections of  glees,  40  canons,  a  coll.  of  psalm- 
tunes  with  interludes,  sonatas,  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
etc. — His  son  and  pupil, 

Hors'ley,  Charles  Edward,  born  London, 
Dec.  16,  1822;  d.  New  York,  May  2,  1876,  also 
st.  with  Moscheles  (pf.),  Hauptmann  and  Men- 
delssohn (comp.).  Became  org.  of  St.  John's, 
Notting  Hill,  London;  in  186S  went  to  Austra- 
lia, and  later  to  America.  Contributed  interest- 
ing articles  on  music  in  America  to  the  "  Mus. 
Standard,"  London. — Comp.  3  oratorios,  Gideon, 
David,  Joseph;  ode  Euterpe,  f.  soli,  ch. ,  and 
orch.  (1870;  for  opening  of  Melbourne  Town 
Hall);  mus.  to  Milton's  Counts;  instr.l  and  pf.- 
pcs.,  songs  ;  and  wrote  a  "  Text-Book  of  Har- 
mony," publ.  posthumously. 

Hor'witz,  Benno,  violinist  and  comp.;  b. 
Berlin,  Mar.  17,  1855.  Pupil  of  the  Royal  Hocli- 
sehule,  and  of  Kiel  and  Albert  Becker. — 
Works:  Symph.  poem  "Dionysos";  choral 
works;  chamber-music,  part-songs,  and  songs. 

*  Hostin'sky,  Ottokar,  writer  on  musical 
aesthetics;  born  Martinoves,  Bohemia,  Jan.  2, 
1847.  Pupil  of  the  Prague  Gymnasium  ;  also 
st.  law  and  philosophy.  From  1867-8  continued 
the  study  of  philosophy  at  Munich,  and  took  de- 
gree of  Dr.  phi/,  at  Prague.  After  residence 
in  Salzburg  and  Munich,  and  a  visit  to  Italy  in 
1876,  in  1877  he  passed  the  teacher's  examina- 
tion for  aesthetics  and  the  history  of  music,  at 
Prague  Univ.;  in  18S4  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
aesthetics. — Works  :  A  brief  biography  of  Wag- 
ner (in  Bohemian ;  1S71);  "Das  Musikalisch- 
Schone  und  das  Gesammtkunstwerk  vom  Stand- 
punkt  der  formalen  Aesthetik  "  (1S77,  German); 
"Die  Lehre  von  den  musikalischen  Klangen  " 
(1879,  German);  "  Ueber  die  Entwickelung  und 
den  jetzigen  Stand  der  tschechischen  Oper" 
(1880)  ;  and  "  Ueber  die  Bedeutung  der  prak- 
tischen  Ideen  Herbarts  fur  die  allgemeine  Aes- 
thetik "  (1883). 

Hoth'by  (or  Hothobus,  Otteby,  Fra  Otto- 
bi),  Johannes,  English  Carmelite  monk  ;  d. 
London,  Nov.,  1487,  was  famous  for  his  skill  in 
the  science  of  music.  From  1467-86  he  lived  as 
a  teacher  in  the  Carmelite  monastery  of  St.  Mar- 


tin, Lucca.  MS.  copies  of  his  works  are  in 
libraries  at  Ferrara,  Bologna,  Paris,  and  in  the 
British  Museum.  Coussemaker  printed  his 
treatise  "  De  proportionibus  et  cantu  figurato," 
etc.,  in  his  "  Scriptores",  iii ;  and  his  "  Calliopea 
leghale  "  (Italian)  in   "  Histoire  de  l'harmonie." 

Hotteterre,  Louis,  nicknamed  "  Le  Ro- 
main,"  from  having  lived  in  Rome,  was  the 
finest  flutist  of  his  period,  and  chamber-musician 
at  the  courts  of  Louis  XIV.  and  XV.  His 
father,  Henri  H.  (d.  16S3),  was  a  famous  instr.- 
maker,  player  on  the  musette,  and  also  court 
mus.;  and  another  son,  Nicolas  H.  (d.  1695), 
was  a  celebrated  bassoonist  and  oboist.  Louis 
wrote  :  "  Principes  de  la  flute  traversiere  ou 
flute  d'Allemagne,  de  la  flute  a.  bee  ou  flute 
douce  et  du  hautbois  "  (probably  1699  ;  republ. 
several  times);  "  Me'thode  pour  la  musette" 
(x733)  I  "  L'art  de  preluder  sur  la  flute  traver- 
siere, sur  la  flute  a  bee,  etc."  (1712  ;  2nd  ed., 
under  title  "  Methode  pourapprendre,  etc.,"  abt. 
1765)  ;  also  comp.  sonatas,  duos,  trios,  suites, 
rondes  (chansons  a  danser),  and  menuets  for 
flute. 

Ho'ven,  J.    Pen-name  of  Vesque  von  Putt- 

LINGEN. 

Howard,  George  H.,  b.  Norton,  Mass.,  Nov. 
12,  1843.  Pupil  of  John  W.  Tufts  (theory),  and 
B.  F.  Baker  (singing),  at  the  Boston  Music 
School,  where  he  afterwards  taught  1864-9.  St. 
1869-70  in  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles,  Richter, 
Papperitz),  then  in  Berlin  under  Haupt  and 
Kullak  (pf.).  He  again  taught  in  Boston  and 
(1S74)  in  London  ;  then  for  several  years  in  the 
Mich.  Cons,  of  Music  at  Olivet,  Mich.,  and 
1882-4  in  the  N..E.  Cons,  at  Boston,  where  he 
gave  41  lectures.  In  1891  he  organized  the 
Boston  School  for  Teachers  of  Music,  of  which 
he  is  the  Director,  and  in  which  he  leads  the 
classes  in  psychology.  He  is  widely  known  as 
a  teacher  and  lecturer  of  exceptional  ability. — 
Publ.  comp.s  :  Songs. — In  MS.  :  Organ-pcs., 
anthems,  and  sacred  songs. 

Hrimaly,  Adalbert,  violinist,  comp.,  and 
cond.;  b.  I'ilsen,  Bohemia,  July  30,  1842.  Pupil 
of  Mildner  at  the  Prague  Cons.  He  was  app. 
cond.  of  the  Gothenburg  orch.  in  1861,  at  the 
National  Th.,  Prague,  in  186S,  at  the  German 
Th.  there  in  1873,  and  at  Czernowitz,  Bukowina, 
in  1875.  His  opera  Der  verzauberte  Prim 
(1871)  is  in  the  repertory  of  the  National  Th., 
Prague. —  Publ.  (Prague,  1895)  "  Tonale  und 
rhythmische  Studien  fur  die  Violine." 

Hu'bay  [Huber],  Karl,  b.  Varjas,  Hungary, 
July  1,  1828;  d.  Pesth,  Dec.  20,  18S5.  Cond. 
of  the  National  Th.,  Pesth,  and  vln.-prof.  at  the 
Cons. — Works:  Operas,  Szekler Made hen (1858), 
Luslige  Kumpane,  and  Des  Konigs  Kuss(i%1^). 
His  son  and  pupil, 

Hu'bay,  Jeno  (also  known  as  Eugen  Huber 
in  Germany),  famous  violinist ;  b.  Budapest, 
Sept.  14,  1858.  Also  st.  with  Joachim  at  Ber- 
lin.     Gave    concerts    in    Hungary  (1876) ;  and 


284 


HUBER— HUE 


scored  a  success  at  a  Pasdeloup  concert,  Paris. 
Became  principal  vln.-prof.  at  Brussels  Cons. 
(1882),  and  in  1886  at  Pesth  Cons.,  in  succession 
to  his  father.  Married,  1S94,  Countess  Rosa 
Cebrian. — Works:  2-act  opera  Der  Geigenmacker 
von  Cremona  (Pesth,  Nov.  10,  1893  ;  v.  succ.)  ; 
4-act  opera  Alienor  (Pesth,  1892)  ;  Hungarian 
opera  A  Fain  Rossza  {Der  Dorflumf)  (Buda- 
pesth,  1896  ;  succ.)  ;  songs  ;  a  symphony  ;  a 
"Concerto  dramatique  "  f.  vln.,  op.  21  ;  "  So- 
nate  romantique  "  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  "  Szenen  aus 
der  Czarda  "  (op.  9,  13,  18,  32-34,  41)  f.  pf.  and 
vln.;  "  Les  Fileuses,"  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  op.  44,  No. 
3  ;  and  other  vln. -pes. 

Hu'ber,  Felix,  distinguished  Swiss  vocal 
composer  and  poet  ;  d.  Berne,  Feb.  23,  1810. 
Publ.:  6  "  Schweizer  Lieder,"  "  Lieder  fur  eid- 
genossische  Krieger,"  "  Lieder  fur  Schweizer 
Jiinglinge,"  etc. 

Hu'ber,  Ferdinand,  another  popular  Swiss 
song-composer  ;  b.  Oct.  31,  1791  ;  d.  St.  Gallen, 
Jan.  9,  1863.  His  songs  were  highly  praised  by 
Mendelssohn. 

Hu'ber,  Karl.  See  Hubay,  Karl. 
Hu'ber,  Joseph,  dram.  comp. ;  b.  Sigma- 
ringen,  Apr.  17,  1837  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Apr.  23, 
1886.  Pupil,  at  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  of  L.  Ganz 
(vln.),  Marx  (theory),  and  at  Weimar  of  E. 
Singer  and  P.  Cornelius.  He  became  violinist 
in  the  Prince  of  Hechingen's  orch.  at  Lowen- 
berg  ;  in  1S64  was  app.  Concertmeister  of  the 
Euterpe  orch.,  Leipzig  ;  in  1865,  violinist  in  the 
royal  orch.,  Stuttgart. — Works  (in  which  the  in- 
fluence of  Liszt  and  P.  Lohmann  is  seen):  2  op- 
eras, Die  Rose  von  Libanon  and  Irene  (both 
publ.,  but  not  perf.);  4  one-movement  sympho- 
nies, songs,  instr.l  music,  etc. 

Hu'ber,  Hans,  dram.  comp. ;  b.  Schonewerd, 
n.  Olten,  Switzerland,  June  28,  1852.  St.  at 
Leipzig  Cons.  (1870-4)  under  Richter,  Reinecke, 
and  Wenzel ;  was  private  mus. -teacher  at  Wes- 
serling  for  two  years,  then  at  the  music-school 
at  Thann  (Alsatia),  later  at  the  Basel  Music 
School.  In  1892,  Basel  Univ.  gave  him  the 
hon.  title  of  Dr.  pkil.,  and  in  1S96  he  was  app. 
Director  of  the  Music  School,  succeeding  Bagge. 
— Works:  3-act  opera  Weltfriihling  (Basel, 
1S94  ;  succ);  opera  Gudrun  (Basel,  iSg6  ;  v. 
succ);  cantatas,  Pandora,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch., 
op.  66  ;  Aussohnung,  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  "  6 
Lieder  im  Volkston,"  op.  29,  f.  male  ch. ;  "  Frtth- 
lingsliebe  "  (7  Lieder),  op.  25  ;  "  Stimmungen  " 
(7  Gedichle),  op.  53;  violin-sonatas  (op.  18,  42, 
and  67) ;  trios  (op.  30,  65)  ;  'cello-sonata,  op.  33  ; 
pf.-concertos  in  C  min.,  op.  36,  and  G  maj.  ; 
vln. -concerto,  op.  40;  overtures,  "  Lustspiel " 
overture,  op.  50;  "  Tell "  symphony,  op.  63; 
suite  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  op.  82;  "  Triophantasia,"  op. 
84;  "  Sommernachte  "  serenade,  op.  87;  suite 
f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  89  ;  pf. -quartet,  op.  no  ; 
pf. -quintet,  G  min.,  w.  2  vlns.,  viola,  and  'cello, 
op.  in  ;  pf. -sonatas,  suites  f.  2  and  4  hands, 
fugues,  string-quartets,  a  new  "  Wohltempe- 
riertes  Clavier"  (4  hands),  etc. 


Hu'ber,  Eugen.     See  Hubay,  Jeno. 

Hu'bert,  Nikolai  Albertovitch,  b.  Mar.  7, 
1840;  d.  Sept.  26,  1888.  Prof,  of  theory  at 
Moscow  Cons.;  in  1881  became  Director  as  suc- 
cessor to  N.  Rubinstein.  Also  contributed  bril- 
liant mus.  articles  to  the  Wedemosti  ("  Moscow 
News  "). 

Huber'ti,  Leon-Gustave,  distinguished  com- 
poser ;  b.  Brussels,  Apr.  14,  1843.  Pupil  of 
Brussels  Cons.,  where  he  won  the  Prix  de  Rome 
in  1865.  From  1S74-S  he  was  Dir.  of  Mons 
Cons.;  from  1880-9,  Prot-  ar>d  inspector  of  sing- 
ing in  the  schools  of  Antwerp.  He  is  now 
(1899)  prof,  at  Brussels  Cons.,  and  Dir.  of  the 
Mus. -school  of  St.-Josse-ten-Noode-Schaerbeek. 
In  1891  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Belgian 
Academy,  and  in  1S93,  chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor.  —  Works  :  3  oratorios,  Een  laatste 
Zonnestraal  (1874),  Bloemardinne,  and  Willem 
van  Oranjes  dood j  the  dram,  poem  Verlichting 
("Fiat  lux"),  f.  soli,  ch.,  org.,  and  orch.;  the 
symph.  poem  Kinderlust  en  deed,  f.  ch.  and 
orch.;  and  several  other  works  of  the  same  class  ; 
— F.  ORCH.  alone:  a  Symphonie  funebre,  a  Suite 
romantique,  a  scene  de  genre  "  In  den  Gaarde," 
and  Triomffeest  (w.  org.)  ;  also  various  festival 
marches,  etc.;  a  score  of  vocal  soli  with  orch. 
accomp. ;  numerous  French,  Flemish,  and  Ger- 
man songs  w.  pf. ;  an  "Andante  et  inter- 
mezzo," f.  4  flutes  and  orch.;  a  pf. -concerto  ; 
F.  PF.  solo:  an  Etude,  a  Conte  d'enfant,  a  Ta- 
rentelle,  Impromptu,  Historiette,  Etude  ryth- 
mique,  and  Valse  lente  ;  and  an  a  cappella  male 
chorus,  "Van  Maerlantszang." 

Hucbald'  [Hugbal'dus,  Ubaldus,  Uchu- 
baldus],  b.  abt.  840;  d.  St.-Amand,  n.  Tour- 
nay,  June  25  (or  Oct.  21),  930,  or  June  20,  932. 
Pupil  of  his  uncle  Milo,  mus.  dir.  at  the  St.- 
Amand  monastery.  At  20  years  of  age,  owing 
to  his  uncle's  jealousy,  he  retired  to  Nevers, 
where  he  established  a  singing-school.  He 
continued  his  studies  at  St. -Germain  d'Auxerre 
abt.  860,  and  in  872  succeeded  his  uncle  at  St.- 
Amand.  In  883  he  dir.  a  similar  school  at  St.- 
Bertin,  and  abt.  893,  with  Remi  d'Auxerre,  was 
called  by  the  Archbishop  of  Rheims  to  reestab- 
lish the  old  church-schools  in  the  diocese.  On 
the  death  of  the  Archbishop  (June,  900),  H.  re- 
turned to  St.-Amand.  His  "  Harmonica  insti- 
tutio"  or  "  Liber  de  musica  "  contains  the  ear- 
liest known  examples  of  notation  practically 
illustrating  the  rising  and  falling  of  pitch  ; 
parallel  lines  being  employed,  and  the  distances 
of  whole  notes  and  semitones  shown  at  the  be- 
ginning by  s  =  semitonum,  t  =  tonus.  The  fol- 
lowing works,  printed  in  Gerbert's  "Scrip- 
tores,"  vol.  i,  are  (probably  wrongly)  ascribed 
to  H.:  "  De  Harmonica  institutione,"  "  Musica 
enchiriadis,"  fragments  entitled  "Alia  musica," 
and  "  Commemoratio  brevis  de  tonis  et  psalmis 
modulandis." 

Hue,  Georges-Adolphe,  b.  Versailles,  May 
6,   1858.     Pupil,  in  Paris  Cons.,  of  Reber  and 


285 


HUEFFER— HULLMANDEL 


Paladilhe  ;  took  1st  Grand  prix  dc  Rome  in 
1879,  and  the  Prix  Cressent  in  1881  ;  now  liv- 
ing in  Paris  as  teacher  and  comp. — Works  :  Les 
Pantins,  2-act  op.  com.  (Op. -Com.,  1881)  ; 
"  Rubezahl,"  symph.  legend  in  3  parts  (Con- 
certs Colonne,  1886);  "  Feerie  dramatique " 
La  Belle  an  bois  dormant  (Paris,  1894  ;  succ.)  ; 
Resurrection,  "episode  sacre  "  (Cons.  Concerts, 
1892)  ;  Le  Berger,  ballade,  and  a  Fantaisie  f. 
vln.  (1893)  ;  a  pantomime,  Cosnr  brise" ;  also  1 
symphony,  a  symphonic  overture,  choral  works, 
songs  ;  2  operas,  Vazanta  (3  acts)  and  Le  Roi  dc 
Paris  (4  acts),  have  not  been  perf. 

Hueffer,  Francis,  b.  Miinster,  1843  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Jan.  19,  iSSq.  St.  modern  philology  and 
music  in  London, 
Paris,  Berlin,  and 
Leipzig.  The  G6t- 
tingen  Univ.  con- 
ferred upon  him  the 
degree  of  Ph.  D. 
for  his  first  publica- 
tion (1S69),  a  critical 
edition  of  the  works 
of  Guillem  de  Ca- 
bestant,  troubadour 
of  the  1 2th  cent. 
In  1869  he  settled 
in  London  as  a 
writer  on  music,  and 

from  1878  was  mus.  critic  of  the  Times.  He 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  national  English 
opera,  and  wrote  the  libretti  of  Mackenzie's 
Colombo  and  The  Troubadour,  also  of  Cowen's 
Sleeping  Beauty.  Other  works:  "Rich.  Wag- 
ner and  the  Music  of  the  Future"  (1874), 
"The  Troubadours:  a  History  of  Provincial 
Life  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages  "  (1878), 
"Musical  Studies  "  (1880  ;  reprints  of  his  arti- 
cles from  The  Times  and  Fortnightly  Review 
[Ital.  transl.  by  Visetti,  Milan,  1883]');  "Ital- 
ian and  other  Studies"  (1883);  he  also  trans- 
lated the  correspondence  of  Wagner  and  Liszt 
into  English. 

Hugo  von  Reut'lingen,  surnamed  "  Spech- 
zhart  ";  b.  1285  (1286?)  ;  d.  1359  (1360?).  Priest 
at  Reutlingen,  Wiirttemberg  ;  wrote  in  1332  a 
didactic  poem  in  635  verses  on  ecclesiastical 
mus.,  entitled  "  Flores  musicae  omnis  cantus 
Gregoriani "  (Strassburg,  1488,  etc.).  It  was 
transl.  into  German  by  Karl  Beck  and  publ.  by 
the  "  Litterarischer  Verein  "  (Stuttgart,  1868). 
[See  "  Monatshefte  fur  Musikgeschichte,"  ii, 
57,  with  list  of  errata  in  new  ed.  11,  no. J 

Hul'lah,  John  Pyke,  b.  Worcester,  June  27, 
1S12  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  21,  1SS4.  Pupil  of  W. 
Horsley  (1829) ;  st.  singing  under  Crivelli  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music  (1S33).  First  became 
known  as  a  comp.  of  opera,  producing  The  Vil- 
lage t  'oquettes  |  libretto  by  Charles  Dickens]  (Lon- 
don, 1836),  The  Barbers  of  Bassora  (1837),  and 
The  Outpost  (1838).  In  1S41,  with  the  sanction 
of  the  national  education  committee,  he  opened 
his  "  Sin^in^-school  for  Schoolmasters"  at  Ex- 


On  the  death 


eter  Hall.  The  system  of  tuition  was  the  French 
one  of  Wilhem,  which  H.  had  st.  in  Paris 
(1840),  and  modified  to  suit  English  require- 
ments. Notwithstanding  jealous  and  bitter 
criticism,  it  became  so  successful  and  popular 
that  from  1840-60 
25,000  persons 
passed  through  its 
classes.  In  1S47 
his  scholars  and  ad- 
mirers erected,  and 
presented  him 
with,  St.  Martin's 
Hall  for  the  public 
performances  of  his 
pupils.  Inaugu- 
rated 1850,  it  was 
burned  in  i860. 
From  1844-74  H. 
was  prof,  of  sing- 
ing at  King's  Col- 
lege, and  later  held 
similar  positions  at 
Queen's  and  Bedford  Colleges, 
of  Horsley  (1858)  he  was  app.  Charter  House 
organist.  He  cond.  the  R.  A.  M.  concerts, 
1S70— 3,  and  for  several  years  the  annual  con- 
cert of  the  Metropolitan  School-children  at  the 
Crystal  Palace.  In  1872,  app.  Inspector  of 
Training  Schools.  Received  the  hon.  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Edinb.  Univ.  in  1876,  and  was 
elected  member  of  the  Cecilia  Soc,  Rome,  and 
of  the  Acad,  of  Mus.,  Florence.  He  edited 
some  admirable  collections  of  vocal  music,  and 
Wilhem's  "  Method  of  Teaching  Singing, 
adapted  to  English  use."  Wrote  "A  Grammar 
of  Vocal  Music";  "A  Grammar  of  Harmony"; 
"A  Grammar  of  Counterpoint";  "The  History 
of  Modern  Music"  (1862);  "The  Third  or 
Transition  Period  of  Musical  Plistory  "  (1865)  ; 
"The  Cultivation  of  the  Speaking  Voice"; 
"Music  in  the  House  "  (1877) ;  and  numerous 
historical  and  scientific  mus.  essays  publ.  in  va- 
rious periodicals.  Besides  the  operas  mentioned, 
he  comp.  motets,  anthems,  concerted  vocal 
music,  and  many  songs,  of  which  "  O  that  we 
two  were  Maying,"  "  The  Storm,"  and  "  Three 
Fishers  "  still  remain  popular. 

HulTer,  J.  A.     See  IIiller. 

Hiill'mandel,  Nicholas-Joseph,  celebrated 
pianist  and  performer  on  the  harmonica  ;  b. 
Strassburg,  175 1  ;  d.  London,  Dec.  19,  1823  ; 
nephew  of  the  famous  horn-virtuoso,  Rodolphe. 
He  first  st.  music  in  the  Strassburg  Cath. 
school;  became  a  pupil  of  the  "Hamburg 
Bach"  (Ph.  Em.);  went  in  1775  to  Milan,  in 
1776  to  Paris,  and  for  ten  years  was  a  fashion- 
able teacher.  In  1787  he  made  a  wealthy  mar- 
riage and  retired,  but  the  Revolution  drove  him 
to  London,  and  he  again  gave  lessons.  Napo- 
leon restored  a  portion  of  his  property,  and  he 
again  retired  into  private  life.  H.'s  playing 
and  compositions  had  considerable  influence  on 
French    art    of    the  period.      He   publ.    12   pf.- 


286 


HULLWECK— HUMMEL 


trios,  op.  1-2  ;  14  vln. -sonatas  w.  pf. ,  op.  3,  4, 
5,  8,  10,  11  ;  6  pf.-sonatas,  op.  6;  Divertisse- 
ment, op.  7  ;  and  2  sets  of  airs  and  variations 
for  solo  pf.,  op.  9 

HuH'weck,  Ferdinand,  b.  Dessau,  Oct.  S, 
1S24  ;  d.  Blasewitz,  n.  Dresden,  July  24,  1887. 
Fine  concert-violinist.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Schneider  ; 
in  1884,  2nd  leader  of  Dresden  court-orch. 
Teacher  in  Dresden  Cons.;  retired  1S86.  Publ. 
educational  works  f.  vln. 

Hiill'weck,  Karl,  b.  Dresden,  Apr.  15,  1852  ; 
son  of  Ferd.  H.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Griitzmacher 
('cello)  from  1S65-70 ;  harm,  and  cpt.,  Ad. 
Reichel  and  G.  Merkel ;  pf. ,  G.  Schmole.  1870, 
"aspirant"  in  Dresden  court  orch.;  1877,  full 
member  [JCammermusikus),  'and,  till  1S82, 
teacher  of  'cello,  Dresden  Cons. — Works  :  Ma- 
zurka f.  'cello  and  pf. ,  op.  6;  Arioso  f.  'cello 
and  org-,  (or  pf.),  op.  7  ;  Capricci  of.  'cello  and 
pf.,  op.  9. 

Htils'kamp,     Henry    [Gustav    Heinrich], 

pf. -maker  ;  b.  Westphalia.  In  1S50  he  estab- 
lished a  manufactory  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  gained 
prizes  (Xew  York,  1S57,  and  London,  1862). 
In  1866  he  moved  the  factory  to  New  York. 
His  "  symmetrical  "  pf.s  have  a  good  name. 

Humfrey  [Humphrey,  Humphrys],  b.  Lon- 
don, 1647  ;  d.  Windsor,  July  14,  1674.  Impor- 
tant early  English  comp. ,  lutenist,  and  lyricist. 
In  1660,  Chapel  Royal  chorister,  and  became 
known  as  a  comp.  In  1664  Charles  II.  sent 
him  to  Paris  to  study  under  Lully,  and  also  to 
Italy.  During  his  absence  (1666)  he  was  app. 
Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal  ;  in  1672  he 
succeeded  Cooke  as  master  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
children,  and  comp.  (with  Purcell)  for  the  King's 
private  string-orch.  Two  years  later  he  died  at 
the  early  age  of  27.  He  introd.  new  and  beau- 
tiful effects,  after  Lully's  style,  into  his  comp.s, 
and  had  a  predilection  for  minor  keys. — Works  : 
Evening  Service  in  E  min. ;  2  odes  f.  the  King's 
Birthday  ;  anthems,  songs. 

Hum'mel,  Johann  Nepomuk,  celebrated 
pianist  and  comp. ;  b.  Pressburg,  Nov.  14,  1778  ; 
d.  Weimar,  Oct.  17, 
1837.  Son  and  pupil 
of  Joseph  H.,  mu- 
sic-master of  the 
Wartberg  Military 
School.  In  17S6 
the  father  was  app. 
Kapclhu.  of  Schika- 
neder's  Th.,  Yienna, 
and  there  Mozart  in- 
terested himself  in 
young  H.,  took  him 
into  his  house,  and 
for  two  years  in- 
structed him.  He 
made  his  debut  in 
1787  at  a  concert  given  by  Mozart  in  Dresden. 
From  17S8— 93  he  accomp.  his  father  on  profes- 
sional concert-tours  as  pianist,  visiting  Germany, 


Denmark, 'Scotland,  England,  and  Holland.  On 
his  return  to  Vienna  he  applied  himself  to 
serious  study  in  cpt.  under  Albrechtsberger,  and 
profited  by  the  counsel  of  Haydn  and  Salieri  in 
comp.  From  1804-11,  he  acted  as  deputy- 
Kapellm.  for  Haydn,  in  Prince  Esterhazy's  ser- 
vice. From  1811-16  he  taught  and  comp.  in 
Vienna  ;  in  1S16,  was  app.  court  Kapellm.  at 
Stuttgart,  and  in  1S19  at  Weimar.  He  obtained 
frequent  leaves  of  absence  for  professional 
tours  ;  in  1S22  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg  with 
the  Grand  Duchess  Marie  Paulovna  ;  in  1825  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  made  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  ;  in  1826  visited  Belgium  and 
Holland,  in  1S27  Vienna,  in  1S28  Warsaw,  and 
France  again  in  1S29.  In  1S30  and  '33  he  went 
to  England,  and  cond.  a  season  of  German  opera 
at  the  King's  Th.,  London.  The  last  years  of 
his  life  were  marked  by  ill-health  and  much 
suffering.  He  was  one  of  the  most  famous  pf.- 
virtuosi  and  extemporists  of  his  period,  and  at 
one  time  was  considered  the  equal  of  Beethoven. 
His  comp.s  are  distinguished  for  excellence  of 
construction  and  brilliancy  of  ornament.  They 
number  124,  and  include  4  operas,  cantatas,  bal- 
lets, now  forgotten  ;  3  masses  f.  4  voices,  orch., 
and  org.,  in  B\y,  E[?,  and  D,  a  Graduate  and 
Offertorium,  still  in  use  in  Austrian  churches  ; 
a  long  list  of  pf. -comp.s, — 7  concertos  and  some 
sonatas  remain  standard  pes., — and  much  con- 
certed music,  of  which  the  septet  in  D  min.,  op. 
74,  is  considered  a  masterpiece.  H.'s  "  Anwei- 
sung  zum  Pianofortespiel  "  (1S2S),  an  elaborate 
instruction-book,  and  one  of  the  first  to  give  a 
sensible  method  of  fingering,  appeared  too  late 
to  be  of  much  use. — His  wife,  Elisabeth  H., 
ne'e  Rockl,  b.  1793,  d.  Weimar,  March,  1SS3, 
was  an  opera-singer. 

Hum'mel,  Joseph  Friedrich,  b.  Innsbruck, 
Aug.  14,  1841.  Pupil  of  Munich  Cons.  From 
1861-80  theatre  -Kapellm,  at  Glarus,  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Innsbruck,  Troppau,  Linz,  Briinn, 
and  Vienna.  Since  1SS0,  dir.  of  the  Mozarteum, 
Salzburg,  mus. -teacher  at  the  Training  College, 
and  cond.  of  the  Liedertafel. 

Hum'mel,  Ferdinand,  comp.  ;  b.  Berlin, 
Sept.  6,  1855.  Son  and  pupil  of  a  musician,  at 
the  age  of  7  he  was  a  harp  virtuoso  ;  from  1S64- 
7  made  a  concert-tour  of  Europe  with  his  father, 
and  was  the  recipient  of  a  royal  grant  for  ad- 
ditional study.  Pupil  at  Kullak's  Akademie 
(186S-71)  ;  1871-5  at  the  Royal  High  School  of 
Music  under  Rudorff  and  Grubau  (pf.)  ;  at  the 
Akademie  school  f.  comp.  under  Kiel  and  Bar- 
giel. — Works  :  3  i-act  operas,  Mara  (Berlin, 
1893  ;  succ.)  ;  Ein  treuer  Si  helm  (Prague,  1S94)  ; 
Angla  (Berlin,  1S94,  unsucc.)  ;  a  3-act  opera, 
Assarpai  (Gotha,  1S9S  ;  succ);  "  March  en- 
Schwank  "  Das  heilige  Lachen  (Berlin,  1892) ; 
"  Miirchendichtungen  "  f.  solo  and  3-part  female 
chorus  :  Rumpelstihchen,  Fran  Holle,  Hansel 
mid  Gretel,  Die  Meerkonigin,  Die  Nayaden  ; 
overture,  op.  17;  "Columbus"  and  "Jung 
Olaf  "  f.  soli,  mixed  chorus,  and  orch. ;  songs  ; 


2S7 


HUMPERDINCK— HUTSCHENRUIJTER 


4  'cello-sonatas  ;  Phantasiestlicke  f.  'cello  and 
pf.  ("  Marchenbilder  "  and  "  Waldleben  ")  ; 
Notturno  f.  'cello,  harp,  and  harmonium  ;  pf.- 
quintet  ;  pf. -quartet ;  pf.-trio  ;  vln. -sonata,  horn- 
sonata,  pf. -suite  f.  4  hands  ;  Concertstlick  f.  pf., 
op.  i  ;  2  concert-polonaises  f.  pf. ,  and  other  pf.- 
pcs. — A  concert-fantasia  f.  harp  and  orch.  and 
a  symphony,  in  MS.,  have  been  frequently  per- 
formed. 

Hum'perdinck,  Engelbert,  b.  Siegburg,  n. 
Bonn,  Sept.  I,  1S54.  St.  architecture  in  Cologne, 
where  Ferd.  Hiller  persuaded  him  to  devote 
himself  to  music.  Ent.  Cologne  Cons.,  st. 
harm,  and  comp.  with  Hiller,  Gernsheim,  and 
Jensen  ;  pf.  (Seiss  and  Mertke)  ;  'cello  (Rens- 
burg  and  Ehlert).  After  4  years,  won  Mozart 
scholarship  at  Frankfort  ;  then  st.  2  years  at 
Munich  with  Franz  Lachner,  also  in  Cons, 
under  Rheinberger  and  Barmann.  Publ.  sev- 
eral comp.s,  Humoreske  f.  orch.  and  Die  Wall- 
fahrt  nach  Kevelaar  f.  chorus.  In  1878  he  won 
the  Mendelssohn  prize  (3,000  marks)  in  Berlin  ; 
in  1880,  Meyerbeer  prize  (7,600  marks)  ;  visited 
Italy  and  France ;  prof,  in  Barcelona  Cons., 
18S5-6  ;  then  returned  to  Cologne  and  taught 
there  till  1S87,  when  he  went  to  Mayence  in  the 
employ  of  Schott  and  Co.;  in  1890  he  was  called 
to  the  Ploch  Cons.,  Frankfort.  He  was  a  spe- 
cial protege  of  R.  Wagner  in  Bayreuth,  1S81-2  ; 
made  pf.-arr.s  of  his  music-dramas,  and  as- 
sisted in  the  preparation  of  Parsifal  for  the 
stage. — The  2-act  fairy-opera  Hansel  una1  Gretel 
[prod,  at  Milan,  1S97,  as  Nino  c  Rita~\  (Weimar, 
Dec.  23,  Munich,  Dec.  30,  1893),  first  brought 
his  name  prominently  before  the  mus.  world  at 
large.  Dornroschen  (Frankfort,  1895  ?)  ;  Die 
Konigskinder  (1896);  Die  7  Geiskin,  "Marchen- 
spiel  ftir  die  Kleinen";  Symphony  in  C  ;  incid. 
mus. to DerRichtervonZalamea,  1896;  "Moorish 
Rhapsodie  "  f.  orch.,  1S9S.  In  1S96  he  gave  up 
his  post  of  musical  critic  on  the  Frankfort  "  Zei- 
tung,"  and  retired  to  Boppard-on-Rhine. 

Hun'eker,  James  Gibbons,  musical  writer 
and  critic  ;  b.  Philadelphia,  Jan.  31,  i860.  He 
studied  piano-play- 
ing with  Michael 
Cross  at  Philadel- 
phia, also  from  1S7S 
in  Paris  with  Theo- 
dore Ritter  ;  theory 
with  Leopold  Dou- 
treleau.  Settled  in 
New  York,  where, 
since  1888,  he  has 
been  teacher  of  pf. 
at  the  National  Cons. 
He  is  musical  critic 
and  feuilletonist,-  for 
the  "  Musical  Cou- 
rier" ;  and  has  publ. 
"Mezzotints  in  Modern  Music"  (New  York, 
1899  ;  a  coll.  of  essays,  etc.,  reprinted  from  the 
"  Mus.  Courier  "). 

Hun'ke,     Joseph,    b.    Josefstadt,    Bohemia, 


1801  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  17,  1883  ;  choir- 
master of  the  Russian  court  chapel-choir  ;  wrote 
numerous  sacred  compositions,  also  methods  of 
Harmony  and  Composition  (both  in  Russian). 

Hiin'ten,  Franz,  b.  Koblenz,  Dec.  26,  1793  ; 
d.  there  Feb.  22,  187S.  Pupil  of  his  father,  an 
organist,  then  at  the 
Paris  Cons.  (1819) 
under  Pradher  (pf.), 
Cherubini  (cpt.),  and 
Reicha  (harm.).  His 
pleasing  and  popular 
pf. -works  were  re- 
munerated 
traordinary 
Works  : 
nou  velle 


with     ex- 
prices. 
"  Me'thode 
pour    le 
60  ;    pf . 


piano,  op. 
trio,  op.  14 ;  duos  f .  pf . 
and  vln.,  op.  22,  23  ; 
serenades,  divertisse- 
ments, rondos,  fantasias,  etc.  His  brothers, 
Wilhelm  H.,  pf.-teacher  at  Koblenz,  and  Peter 
Ernst  H.,  do.  at  Duisburg,  also  comp.  pf. -music 
of  similar  character. 

Hurel  de  Lamare,  Jacques-Michel,  cele- 
brated 'cellist ;  b.  Paris,  May  1,  1772  ;  d.  Caen, 
Mar.  27,  1823.  Pupil  of  Duport  the  younger. 
'Cellist  at  the  Th.  Feydeau,  Paris  (1794) ;  1801-9, 
made  a  tour  of  Germany  and  Russia  ;  retired  in 
1815.  4  'cello-concertos  publ.  under  his  name 
were  the  work  of  his  friend  Auber. 

Huss,  George  J.,  b.  Roth,  n.  Nuremberg, 
Bavaria,  Sept.  25,  182S.  Tupil  of  his  father, 
Joh.  Mich.  Huss  (pf.)  and  Lambrecht  (org.). 
Went  to  America  1848  ;  became  org.  of  the 
First  Presb.  Ch.  of  Elizabeth  City,  N.  J.;  later 
of  the  Second  Fresb.  and  South  Park  Presb. 
Ch.s  in  Newark.  Moved  to  New  York  in  1856, 
where  he  was  org.  of  the  University  Place  Presb. 
Ch.  1S58-68.  lie  is  principally  engaged  as  a 
pf.-teacher.  Various  sacred  and  secular  comp.s, 
most  in  MS. 

Huss,  Henry  Holden,  comp.  and  concert- 
pianist;  b.  Newark,  N.  J.,  June  21,  1S62.  Pupil 
of  his  father  (pf.)  and  O.  B.  Boise  (cpt.  and 
comp.),  also,  1882-5,  01  Munich  Cons.  Now 
(1S99)  living  in  New  York  as  a  teacher  of  pf. , 
comp.,  and  instrumentation. — Publ.  works  :  Pf.- 
concerto  in  B  maj.,  pf.-pes.  (Ballade  "  Haiden- 
roslein,"  3  Bagatelles,  3  Intermezzi,  etc.),  org.- 
music,  an  anthem,  an  Ave  Maria,  songs,  etc. 
In  MS.  he  has  a  Rhapsody  f.  pf.  and  orch.  in 
C  ;  "Festival  Sanctus  "  f.  ch.,  orch.,  and  org.;  a 
vln. -concerto  in  D  min.;  Romanzeand  Polonaise 
f.  vln.  w.  orch.;  a  pf.-trio;  a  scene  f.  sopr.  and 
orch.,  "Cleopatra's  Death";  etc.;  all  of  which 
have  been  publicly  perf.  w.  success. 

Huts'chenruijter,  Willem,  b.  Rotterdam, 
Dec.  25,  1796;  d.  there  Nov.  18,  1S78.  Pupil 
of  Hummel  and  Romberg,  he  also  st.  vln.  under 
Dahmen,  and  afterwards  the  horn  and  trumpet, 
on  which  he  became  a  famous  performer.     A 


288 


HUTTENBRENNER— ILINSKI 


member  of  the  city  band,  in  1821  he  founded 
the  music-corps  of  the  Civic  Guard,  and  in  1822 
became  cond.  of  both.  In  1S26  he  founded  the 
"  Eruditio  musica,"  and  eventually  became  dir. 
of  the  Euterpe  Choral  Soc,  of  the  Musis  Sacrum 
Soc,  prof,  at  the  School  of  Mus.,  Kapelm.  of 
St.  Dominick's  Ch.,  municipal  mus.  dir.  at  Schie- 
dam, and  organized  a  church-choir  ;  was  app. 
hon.  Kapelmeester  at  Delft,  elected  a  member  of 
the  Accad.  di  Santa  Cecilia,  Rome,  and  decorated 
with  the  order  of  the  Oaken  Crown  in  1818. — 
Works :  Opera,  Le  Roi  de  Boheme;  4  sym- 
phonies ;  2  concert-overtures  ;  overture  f.  wind- 
instr.s;  over  150  works,  original  and  arranged, 
f.  wind-band  ;  "  Concertstuck  "  f.  S  kettledrums 
w.  orch. ;  several  masses,  cantatas,  songs,  etc. — 
His  son  Willem,  b.  March  22,  1828,  was  also  a 
celebrated  horn-virtuoso. 

Hut'tenbrenner,  Anselm,  b.  Graz,  Styria, 
Oct.  13,  1794  ;  d.  Ober-Andritz,  n.  Graz,  June  5, 
1868.  At  7  years  of  age,  pupil  of  Cell,  the 
Cath.  org.,  in  singing,  pf. ,  and  harm.  In  1815, 
law-student  at  Vienna  ;  st.  comp.  with  Salieri. 
Schubert  was  his  fellow-pupil,  and  praised  his 
comp.s  ;  and  he  was  intimate  with  Beethoven, 
who  died  in  his  arms.  From  1S16  he  made  suc- 
cessful appearances  as  a  pianist  ;  in  1820  he  re- 
tired to  his  estates  at  Graz,  and,  from  1825, 
cond.  the  Styrian  Musikverein.  —  Works  :  4 
operas,  9  masses,  3  requiems,  5  symphonies,  10 
overtures,  3  funeral  marches,  2  string-quartets, 
a  string-quintet ;  sonatas,  24  fugues,  and  other 
pf.-comp.s  ;  300  male  quartets  and  choruses; 
over  200  songs  ;  etc. 

Hykaert  (or  Ycaert),  Bernhard,  Belgian 
musician  and  erudite  theorist  of  the  15th  cent.; 
abt.  14S0,  cantor  of  the  royal  chapel  at  Naples. 
— Works  :  2  Lamentations  (publ.  by  Petrucci, 
1506)  ;  in  MS.,  Kyrie,  Gloria,  and  3  secular 
songs. 

Hyl'lested,  August,  brilliant  concert-pianist 
and  comp.;  born,  of  Danish  parents,  at  Stock- 
holm, Sweden,  June  17,  1S5S.  Began  study  of 
pf.  when  5  years  old,  and  played  in  public  as 
early  as  1S63.  lie  was  taught  in  Copenhagen 
by  Holger  Dahl  until  1869,  and  then  made  a 
very  successful  concert-tour  through  Scandi- 
navia. He  now  entered  the  Royal  Cons,  at 
Copenhagen,  studying  with  Edm.  Neupert  (pf.), 
Gade  (comp.  and  orchestr.),  T.  P.  E.  Hartmann 
(cpt.),  W.  Tofte  (vln.),  and  Carl  Attrup  (org.). 
Made  2nd  Scandinavian  tour  in  1875  as  solo 
pianist  and  asst.-dir.  of  the  orch.  In  1876  he 
was  app.  org.  of  the  Cath.,  and  dir.  of  the  Mus. 
Soc.  "  NykjjzSbing  Falster."  In  1879  he  studied 
with  Th.  Kullak  (pf.)  and  Fr.  Kiel  (comp.)  in 
Berlin,  going  thence  to  Liszt.  Gave  concerts  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  1883-4  :  m  rS85,  at 
Steinway  Hall,  N.  V.,  and  travelled  through  the 
Eastern  States  and  Canada  ;  1S86-91,  asst.-dir. 
of  Chicago  Mus.  College  ;  1891-4,  dir.  of  piano 
dept.  in  the  Gottschalk  Lyric  School.  From 
1894-7  in  Europe,  concertizing  in  Scandinavia, 
Germany,  France,  and  England  (in  London  H.'s 

19  289 


symph.  poem  "  Elizabeth,"  f.  full  orch.  and 
double  chorus,  was  perf.  under  his  own  leader- 
ship). In  1S97  H.  returned  to  Chicago.  He  is 
court  pianist  to  the  Princess  Louise  of  Denmark  ; 
has  received  flattering  testimonials  from  Euro- 
pean sovereigns. — Publ.  works:  For  pf. ,  6 
pieces,  Mazurka  in  Df?,  Album-leaf,  Scandin. 
Dances,  Faust  Fantasie,  Variations,  Melody, 
Fantasia  on  Scotch  melodies,  Grand  Polonaise, 
Valse  sentimentale,  Impromptu  in  F,  Suite 
romantique,  Suite  de  ballet,  several  transcrip- 
tions ;  Songs  :  My  love  is  like  a  red,  red  rose, 
Album-rhyme,  The  Fallen  Angel,  Ave  Maria, 
Serenade  (voice,  pf.,  and  vln.). — MS.  works: 
Op.  2,  Variations  serieuses  f.  pf. ;  op.  25,  Suite 
f.  pf.  "in  old  style";  op.  27,  Sonata  f.  pf.  ; 
Grand  Polonaise  in  E|?  ;  2  pf. -trios  (in  B  min. 
and  E).  For  orch.:  Music  to  the  "romantic 
play  "  Die  Rheinnixe y  Symph.  poem  f .  full  orch. 
and  double  ch. ;  "  Suite  romantique  ";  "  Marche 
triomphale  ";  etc. 


I 


I'bach,  Johannes  Adolf,  b.  Oct.  20,  1766  ; 
d.  Sept.  14,  1848.  In  1794,  founded  a  pf.  and 
org.  manufactory  at  Barmen  ;  from  1834,  with 
his  son  C.  Rudolf,  traded  under  the  name  of 
"Ad.  Ibach  und  Sohn";  from  1839,  as  "Ad. 
Ibach  Sonne,"  when  his  son  Richard  joined. 
From  1862  the  firm  was  known  as  "  C.  Rud.  & 
Rich.  Ibach,"  to  distinguish  it  from  another 
business  founded  by  a  third  son,  Gustav  J. 
The  same  year  C.  Rudolf  died,  and  in  1S69  his 
son  Rudolf  (d.  Herrenalb,  Black  Forest,  July 
31,  1892)  continued  the  pf. -factory  alone  as 
"  Rudolph  Ibach  Sohn,"  estab.  a  branch  at 
Cologne,  gained  medals  for  the  excellence  of  his 
instr.s,  and  became  purveyor  to  the  Prussian 
court.      Richard  I.  continued  the  organ-factory. 

riiffe,  Frederick,  b.  Smeeton  -  Westerby, 
Leicester,  Engl.,  Feb.  21,  1847.  Since  1S83, 
organist  and  choirmaster  of  St.  John's  Coll., 
Oxford,  and  conductor  of  Queen's  Coll.  (Eg- 
glesfield)  Mus.  Soc. — Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1873  ; 
Mus.  Doc,  1S79. — Works:  Oratorio,  The  Vi- 
sions of  St.  John  the  Divine  (publ.  1SS0)  ;  Even- 
ing Service  in  D,  f.  men's  voices  ;  Lara,  cantata 
f.  male  ch.  and  orch.  (1885)  ;  "  Sweet  Echo,"  f. 
8-p.  ch.  and  orch.  (1S93)  ;  "  Morning,"  a  pastoral 
f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1896)  ;  Concert-over- 
ture in  E  ;  Festal  Overture  in  D  ;  Serenade  f. 
string-orch.,  in  G;  Prelude  and  fugue  f.  org.; 
pf. -sonata,  and  other  pes.;  "  Critical  Analysis  of 
Bach's  Well-tempered  Clavichord "  (London, 
1896  ;  4  Parts). 

Ilin'ski,  Count  Jan  Stanislaw,  Polish  poet 
and  church-composer  ;  b.  Castle  Romanov,  1795  ; 
d.  (?).  Studied  composition  under  Salieri,  Kauer, 
and  Beethoven  at  Vienna,  where  he  produced  a 
Mass  in  1S26.  After  a  military  and  diplomatic 
career,  he  became,  in  1853,  a  senator,  and  privy 
councillor  and  chamberlain  to  the  Tsar. — Works  : 
3    masses,   2    requiems,  a   Te    Deum,  a    Stabat 


IMMYNS— ISAAK 


Mater,  a  De  profundis,  a  Miserere,  all  f.  full 
orch. ;  a  symphony ;  overtures  to  Schiller's  dramas, 
and  one  to  Howald's  Leuchtthurm  ;  Grand  March 
f.  2  orchestras  ;  2  pf. -concertos  ;  8  string-quar- 
tets ;  Rondo  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  pf.-pcs.;  songs. 

Im'myns,  John,  English  attorney  and  lutenist; 
b.  1700  (?) ;  d.  London,  Apr.  15,  1764.  He 
founded  the  Madrigal  Soc.  in  1741,  and  in  1752 
became  lutenist  to  the  Chapel  Royal  ;  was  also 
a  member  of  the  Acad,  of  Antient  Music,  and 
amanuensis  to  Dr.  Pepusch.  A  connoisseur  and 
collector  of  early  music.  lie  taught  himself,  at 
40,  to  play  the  lute. — His  son,  John,  org.  of 
Surrey  Chapel,  London,  died  1794. 

d'Indy,  Paul  -  Marie  -  Theodore  -Vincent, 

composer  and  pianist  ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  27,  1S51. 
Pupil  of  Cesar  Franck  incomp.,and  of  the  Conser- 
vatory (organ-class) 
from  1873-5.  be- 
came chorus-mas- 
ter under  Colonne 
in  1875  ;  played  or- 
chestral drum-parts 
for  3  years,  to  obtain 
training  in  details 
of  instrumentation. 
He  is  a  successful 
comp. ;  President 
of  various  concert- 
societies  ;  Chev.  of 
the  Legion  of 
Honor;  mus.  In- 
spector of  Paris 
schools;  etc . — 
Works  :  A  tripar- 
tite symphonic  poem  "  Wallenstein  "  (Part  II, 
"  I  Piccolomini,"  was  prod.  1S74  by  Pasdeloup)  ; 
a  "  Symphonie  sur  un  air  montagnard  francais," 
and  a  third,  "  Jean  Hunyade  ";  a  tegende  f.  orch., 
"  Sauge  fleurie";  le'gende  symphonique,  "La 
foret  enchante'e"  (1S96)  ;  overture  to  Antoine  et 
CUopatre ;  "La  Chevauchee  du  Cid,"  f.  orch.; 
a  symphonic  pf. -concerto  ;  a  Suite  "  dans  le  style 
ancien "  f.  strings,  trumpet,  and  2  flutes;  pf.- 
quartet  in  A  ;  pf. -music  (Poemes  des  montagnes  ; 
Tableaux  de  voyage  ;  Lac  vert,  and  Valse  ;  etc.); 
Scene  f.  baritone  and  orch.;  Lied  f.  'cello  and 
orch.;  romances,  and  sacred  songs. — In  1S82  he 
brought  out  a  i-act  comic  opera,  Attendcz-moi 
sous  I'orme,  at  the  Ope'ra-Comique,  with  slight 
success  ;  in  1895  fragments  of  the  3-act  mus. 
drama  Fervaal,  of  which  he  wrote  both  text  and 
music,  were  prod,  at  the  Concerts  de  l'Ope'ra, 
and  the  entire  work  was  successfully  prod,  at 
Brussels  in  1897. 

Ingegne'ri,  Marco  Antonio,  b.  Venice  (or 
Cremona),  about  1540  ;  d.  Ferrara  (?),  1603.  It 
is  thought  that  he  was  a  pupil  of  Willaert  and 
Zarlino.  In  1576  he  was  m.  di  capp.  at  Cremona 
cathedral  ;  afterwards  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua. 
Monteverde  was  his  pupil. — Publ.  works  :  A 
book  of  Masses  a  5-8  (1573)  ;  a  second,  a  5 
(15S7)  ;  4  of  Madrigals  a  4-5  (1578,  '79,  '80,  '84)  ; 
"  Sacrae  cantiones  "  a   5  (1576);   "  Sacrae  can- 


tiones"  a  7-16  (1589).  The  27  celebrated  Re- 
sponses, generally  attributed  to  Palestrina  (in 
vol.  32  of  Br.  and  H.'s  ed.  among  "doubtful"), 
are  by  I,  The  full  title  of  the  work  in  which 
they  were  originally  publ.  is  :  "  Ing.  Marc 
Antonio  ;  Responsoria  hebdomadae  |  sanctae,  | 
Benedictus  et  Improperia  Quatuor  vocibus  |  et 
miserere  sex  vocibus  |  Marci  Antonii  Ingegne- 
rii  I  nunc  primum  in  lucem  edita. — Venetiis 
MDLXXXVIII.  Apud  Riciardum  Amadinum." 
Many  other  Motets  and  Madrigals  appeared  in 
collections  of  the  time. 

Insan'guine,  Giacomo,  called  Monopoli 
from  the  town  where  he  was  born  in  1744  ;  d. 
Naples,  1795.  Tupil  of  C.  Cotumacci  at  the 
Cons,  di  San  Onofrio,  Naples  ;  then  his  master's 
assistant,  and,  from  1774,  second  teacher  of  cpt. 
He  soon  relinquished  this  position,  and  devoted 
himself  to  dramatic  composition. — Works :  About 
20  operas,  written  for  Naples  ;  among  the  most 
successful  were  Lo  Fumaco  revotato  (about  1756  ; 
his  firstling) ;  Didone  (1772) ;  Adriano  in  Siria 
(J773)  J  I  voti  di  Davide  (1775)  ;  Asiuzie  per 
amove  (1777);  Medonte  (1779);  Calipso  (17S2). 
His  best  work  is,  however,  the  71st  Psalm  for 
3-part  ch.  and  orch.;  he  also  comp.  other  psalms, 
hymns,  masses,  etc. 

Ir'gang,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Hirschberg, 
Schleswig,  Feb.  23,  1836.  Pupil  of  Grell  and 
A.  W.  Bach  at  the  School  of  Comp.  of  the 
R.  Acad.,  Berlin,  1856-9.  He  then  taught  in 
Proksch's  school  at  Prague  ;  in  1863  he  founded 
at  Gorlitz  a  school  for  pf. -playing  and  theory,  to 
which  was  added,  in  1871,  a  mus.  seminary  for 
ladies.  Organist  of  Trinity  Ch.,  Gorlitz,  from 
1878. — Publ.  an  "  Allgemeine  Musiklehre" 
(1S65  ;  several  editions);  a  "  Harmonielehre  "; 
and  piano-pieces. 

I'saak  [e'zahk],  Heinrich  (or  Isaac,  Izak, 
Yzac,  Ysack;  in  Italy,  Arrigo  Tedesco 
[Henry  the  German]  ;  Low  Lat.  Arrighus),  an 
eminent  contrapuntist,  probably  of  German 
origin  ;  b.  about  1450  ;  d.  about  1517.  From 
circa  1477-90  he  was  in  the  service  of  Lorenzo 
de'  Medici,  surnamed  the  "  Magnificent,"  in  the 
capacities  of  organist,  maestro  di  capp,  //a,  and 
of  teacher  to  Lorenzo's  children.  lie  afterwards 
spent  several  years  in  Rome,  and  finally  was 
called  to  the  court  of  Maximilian  I.,  at  Vienna, 
as  "  Symphonista  regis,"  occupying  this  position 
until  his  death.  He  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant composers  of  the  period.  A  notable  peculi- 
arity of  his  works  is  the  frequent  appearance  of 
the  melody  in  the  soprano,  at  that  time  a  com- 
paratively unusual  device. — Works  :  23  Masses 
a  4-6,  10  being  publ.  (5  by  Petrucci,  in  "  Misse 
Ilenrici  Izac,"  1506;  2  by  Rhaw,  in  "Opus 
decern  missarum  4  vocum,"  1541  ;  2  by  Ott,  in 
Graphaus'  "  Missae  XIII,"  1539  ;  and  1  by  Pe- 
trejus,  in  "Liber  quindecim  missarum,"  1539); 
those  in  MS.  are  in  the  libraries  at  Vienna  (8), 
Munich  (4),  and  Brussels  (1).  Motets  and 
Psalms  by  I.  were  printed  in  some  40  collections 
from    1501-64  (cf.   Eitner,   "Bibliographic  der 


290 


ISIDORUS— JACKSON 


Musiksammelvverke  ";  Berlin,  1877).  His  part- 
songs,  some  of  which  were  publ.  in  Ott's  "  115 
guter  newer  Liedlein  "  (1544),  and  others  in 
Forster's  "  Auszug  guter  teutscher  Liedlein" 
(1539),  are  agreeable  to  modern  ears,  and  re- 
markable for  the  clearness  and  ease  of  the  part- 
writing  ;  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  German 
chorals,  "  Nun  ruhen  alle  \V alder,"  is  sung  to 
the  melody  of  I.'s  "  Inspruk,  ich  muss  dich  las- 
sen."  He  also  wrote  Introits,  Graduals,  and  the 
like  ;  and  a  "sacred  drama,"  S.  Giovanni  e  S. 
Paolo. 

Isidc/rus  (Hispalen'sis),  Saint,  b.  at  Carta- 
gena about  570  ;  d.  as  Bishop  of  Sevilla,  Apr.  4, 
636.  The  first  9  chapters  of  his  "  Originum 
sive  etymologiarum  libri  XX  "  contain  important 
information  on  music  ;  Gerbert  printed  the  mus. 
matter  in  his  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  i.,  as  "  Senten- 
tiae  de  musica." 

Isnar'di,  Paolo,  b.  Ferrara  about  1525  ;  d. 
(?).  Superior  of  the  monastery  at  Monte  Cas- 
sino  ;  m.  di  capp.  at  Ferrara.  Wrote  Masses, 
Motets,  Psalms,  Madrigals,  and  Falsibordoni, 
publ.  between  1561-94. 

Isouard,  Niccolo,  called  Niccolb  de  Malte 
because  b.  at  Malta  in  1775  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  23, 
1S18.  Against  the  wish  of  his  father,  who  de- 
sired him  to  enter  the  banking  business,  he 
studied  music  at  Palermo  with  Amendola,  and 
at  Naples  with  Sala  and  Guglielmi.  In  1795  I., 
under  the  pen-name  "  Niccolo,"  brought  out  his 
first  opera,  L'avviso  ai  maritati,  at  Leghorn, 
with  slight  success  ;  Ariaserse  (Florence,  1795) 
was  better  received,  and  had  the  practical  effect 
that  he  was  recalled  to  Malta  as  organist  of  the 
church  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  and  later  became 
in.  di  capp.  to  the  Knights.  On  the  suppression 
of  the  order  by  the  French,  I.  brought  out 
several  Italian  operas  in  the  temporary  theatre 
at  Malta  ;  in  1799  Gen.  Vaubois  took  him  to 
Paris  as  his  private  secretary  ;  and  here  his  career 
as  a  dramatic  composer  fairly  began.  In  16 
years  he  produced  33  French  operas  and  operet- 
tas, the  way  to  success  being  smoothed  by  the 
friendship  and  cooperation  of  R.  Kreutzer. 

La  Statue,  ou  la  pemme  avare  (1802),  Michel  A  nge 
(1802),  Les  Confidances  (1803),  Le  Baiser  et  la  quittance 
(1803),  Le  Medecin  turc  (1803),  I 'Intrigue  aux  fenetres 
(1805),  Le  Dejeuner  de  garcons  (1805),  La  Ruse  inutile 
(1805),  Leonce  (1805),  La  Prise  de  Passaw  (1806),  Idala 
(1806),  Les  Rendez-vous  bourgeois  (1807),  Les  Crean- 
ciers  (1807),  Un  Jour  a  Paris  (1808),  Cimarosa  (1808), 
r Intrigue  au  ser ail  (i8oq),  Cendrillon  (1810I,  La  Vic- 
time  des  arts  (1811),  La  Fete  du  village  (1811),  Le  Billet 
de  loterie  (7811),  Le  Magicien  sans  viagie  (1811),  Lulli 
et  Quinault  (1812),  Le  Prince  de  Catane  (1813),  Le 
Franc ais  a  Venise  (1813),  Le  Siege  de  Mezicres  (1814), 
Joconde  (1814),  Jeannot  et  Collin  (1814),  Les  deux 
maris  (1816),  and  I'Une  pour  V autre  (1816).  Aladin, 
on  la  lampc  mcrveilleuse  (posth.,  finished  by  Benincori), 
was  fjiven  in  1822. 

Of  these,  Cendrillon,  Joconde,  and  Jeannot  et 
Collin  were  the  best  ;  the  improvement  noted  in 
his  later  works  was  due  in  part  to  keen  rivalry 
with  lioieldieu  ;  the  latter  was  finally  elected  in 
1S17  to  succeed  Mehul  in  the  Academy,  and  I., 
who  had   aspired   to  the   chair,  was  so  mortified 


by  his  failure  that  he  abandoned  work,  plunged 
into  dissipation,  and  died  next  year. — His  music 
combines  simplicity  with  finish  of  style  and 
suave  melody  ;  he  was  fortunate  in  his  libretti, 
which,  like  his  scores,  never  descend  to  vulgar- 
ity. He  was  an  excellent  musician,  and  pos- 
sessed fine  dramatic  taste  ;  but  he  was  not  par- 
ticularly original. — While  in  Malta,  he  also 
wrote  numerous  masses,  cantatas,  motets, 
psalms,  etc. 

Israel,  Karl,  writer;  b.  Heiligenrode,  Elec- 
toral Hesse,  Jan.  9,  1841  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-M., 
Apr.  2,  1SS1.  Studied  in  the  Leipzig  Cons., 
and  settled  in  Frankfort,  becoming  an  influen- 
tial critic. — Writings  :  "  Musikalische  Schatze 
in  Frankfurt  am  M."  (1872),  and  "  Musikalien 
der  standischen  Landesbibliothek  zu  Kassel " 
(1SS1),  both  important  in  mus.  bibliography; 
valuable  bibliographic  articles  in  the  "Allg. 
mus.  Zeitung,"  1873-4;  and  a  "  Frankfurter 
Concertchronik  von  1713-17S0"  (1876). 

Ivry,  Paul -Xavier- Desire,  Marquis  de 
Richard  d',  b.  Beaune,  Cote  d'Or,  Feb.  4, 
1829;  has  lived  since  1854  in  Paris.  Amateur 
dramatic  composer,  pupil  of  A.  Ilignard  and  Le- 
borne.  Operas:  Fatma  and  Quentin  Meizys 
(1S54),  La  Maison  du  docteur  (Dijon,  1855), 
Omphale  et  Pe'ne'lpe,  Les  Amants  de  J'e'/oue 
(1867),  under  the  pen-name  "  Richard  Irvid"; 
revised,  and  extended  to  5  acts,  at  the  Th.  Yen- 
tadour,  in  1S7S);  in  MS.  (1888)  the  4-act  opera 
Perseverance  d 'amour. — Also  a  concert-overture, 
songs,  etc. 

Izac.     See  Isaak. 


Jachet.     See  Berchkm. 
Jach'mann  -  Wagner.     See   Wagner,    Jo- 
hanna. 

Jackson,  Edwin  W.,  an  English  justice  of 
the  peace,  publ.  in  German  (Payne:  Leipzig, 
1S66)  an  interesting  and  valuable  essay,  "  Finger- 
und  Handgelenk-Gymnastik  zur  Ausbildung 
und  Starkung  der  Muskeln  fiir  musikalische 
.  .  .  Zwecke."  As  a  complete  manual  of 
finger-gymnastics  it  cannot  be  too  warmly  recom- 
mended.     English  transl.   (New  York). 

Jackson,  John  P.,  contemporary  English 
writer. — Works:  "Album  of  the  Passion  Play 
at  Oberammergau  .  .  .  1873";  an  illustrated 
handbook  on  Wagner's  "  Ring  of  the  Nibelung  " 
(London,  1882);  Engl,  translations  of  Parsifal, 
Die  Meister singer,  etc. 

Jackson,  Samuel  P.,  b.  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  5,  1818;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July 
27,  18S5.  Son  of  the  organ-builder  James  J., 
he  went  to  America  in  1825,  and  learned  his 
father's  trade  ;  his  teachers  in  music  were  Mo- 
ran  (pf.)  and  Thornton  (harm.)  From  1830-42 
he  played  the  organ  at  St.  Clement's  Ch. ;  at  St. 
Bartholomew  from  1842-61  ;  later  at  Christ  Ch., 


291 


JACKSON— JADASSOHN 


Ch.  of  the  Ascension,  and  the  Anthon  Memorial 
Ch.  A  well-known  teacher  of  pf.,  organ,  and 
harmony  ;  for  many  years  music-proof  reader  to 
G.  Schirmer,  New  York.  Besides  a  variety  of 
excellent  vocal  sacred  music,  he  publ.  "Gems 
for  the  Organ,"  and  4  books  of  very  popular 
"  Organ-Voluntaries." 

Jackson,  William  (I),  Engl,  organist  and 
comp. ;  b.  Exeter,  May  28,  1730;  d.  there  July 
12,  1803.  Pupil  of  Sylvester,  the  org.  of  Exeter 
Cathedral,  and  of  J.  Travers  in  London.  After 
teaching  for  years  at  Exeter,  he  became  (1777) 
org.  and  choirmaster  at  the  cathedral.  Besides 
the  operas  The  Lord  of  the  Manor  (17S0)  and 
Metamorphoses  (1783),  he  comp.  odes  (Warton's 
"  Ode  to  Fancy,"  Pope's  "  The  Dying  Christian 
to  his  Soul,"  and  "  Lycidas")  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  songs,  canzonets,  madrigals,  pastorals, 
hymns,  anthems,  Church-services,  etc. ;  also 
sonatas  f.  harpsichord. — Writings  :  "30  Letters 
on  Various  Subjects"  (London,  1782)  ;  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  Present  State  of  Music  in  Lon- 
don "  (1791);  and  "The  Four  Ages,  together 
with  Essays  on  Various  Subjects"  (1798). 

Jackson,  William  (II),  organist  and  comp.; 
b.  Masham,  Yorks.,  Engl.,  Jan.  9,  1S15  ;  d. 
Bradford,  Apr.  15,  1866.  A  self-taught  musi- 
cian, he  became  org.  at  Masham  in  1832  ;  won 
first  prize,  Huddersfield  Glee  Club,  in  1840  ;  in 
1852,  est.  a  music-business,  and  became  org.  of 
St.  John's  Ch.,  at  Bradford  ;  later,  took  the 
organ  at  Horton  Chapel,  was  cond.  of  Bradford 
Choral  Union,  and  chorusmaster  of  Bradford 
Festivals. —  Works  :  2  Oratorios,  Deliverance  of 
Israel  from  Babylon  and  Isaiah ;  2  Cantatas, 
The  Year  and  The  Praise  of  Music ;  the  103rd 
Psalm  f .  solo,  ch. ,  and  orch. ;  sacred  music,  glees, 
part-songs,  and  songs. 

Jacob,  Benjamin,  b.  London,  177S ;  d.  there 
Aug.  24,  1829.  Famous  organist,  pupil  of 
Willoughby,  Shrubsole,  and  Arnold  (1796).  Or- 
ganist at  various  churches,  finally  at  Surrey 
Chapel  (1794-1S25).  With  Wesley  and  Crotch, 
he  gave  organ-recitals  to  immense  audiences 
from  1808-14.  He  cond.  a  series  of  oratorios  in 
1800,  and  the  Lenten  Oratorios  at  Covent  Gar- 
den in  1S1S. — Works:  "National  Psalmody" 
(London,  1819),  and  other  collections;  also  glees, 
songs,  and  an  arr.  of  the  Macbeth  music. 

Jacob,  F.  A.  L.     See  Jakob. 

Jacobs,  Edouard,  b.  Hal,  Belgium,  in  1851  ; 
fine  'cellist,  pupil  of  Joseph  Servais  at  Brussels 
Cons.  Played  in  the  Weimar  court  orch.  for 
some  years,  and  in  1885  succeeded  his  teacher 
as  'cello-professor  at  the  Brussels  Cons. 

Jacobsohn,  Simon  E.,  violinist  ;  b.  Mitau, 
Kurland,  Dec.  24,  1839.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.; 
i860,  leader  of  Bremen  orch.;  1872,  of  Theodore 
Thomas's  orch.  in  New  York  ;  then  taught  in 
the  Cincinnati  Cons.,  and  is  now  in  Chicago. 

Jacobsthal,  Gustav,  b.  Tyritz,  Pomerania, 
Mar.  14,  1845.  Student  at  Strassburg  Univ., 
1863-70  ;  lecturer  on   music  there,    from  1872  ; 


professor  extraordinary,  1875. — Wrote  "  Die 
Mensuralnotenschrift  des  12.  und  13.  Jahrhun- 
derts  "  (1871),  a  work  of  merit. 

Jacotin  (real  name  Jacques  Godebrye), 
Flemish  contrapuntist  ;  b.  about  1445  ;  d.  Mar. 
24,  1529.  He  was  a  singer  {chapelain)  in  the 
choir  of  Notre-Dame  at  Antwerp,  from  1479- 
1529,  and  one  of  the  most  renowned  musicians 
of  his  time. — Collections  containing  some  of  his 
works  are  Petrucci's  "  Mottetti  della  corona" 
(15 19),  Salbinger's  "  Concentus  octo  .  .  .  qua- 
tuor  vocum  "  (1545),  Rhaw's  "  Bicinia  "  (1545), 
Attaignant's  collection  (1534,  Books  V,  VI,  and 
IX),  Ott's  "Novum  opus  musicum "  (1537), 
Book  VI  of  Le  Roy  and  Ballard's  chansons 
(1556;  only  the  4-p.  chanson  "  Je  voudroys 
bien  "),  3  more  chansons  in  the  "  Recueil  des 
Recueils"  (1563-4)  ;  6-part  Masses  are  in  MS. 
at  Rome. 

Jacquard,  Leon-Jean,  fine  'cellist,  pupil  of 
Norblin  at  Paris  Cons.;  b.  Paris,  Nov.  3,  1826, 
d.  there  Mar.  27,  1SS6.  From  1S77,  prof,  of 
'cello  at  the  Cons.  He  wrote  Morceanx  de genre 
f.  'cello. 

Ja'dassohn,  Salomon,  noted  comp.  and  in- 
fluential teacher  ;  b.  Breslau,  Aug.  13,  1831. 
Pupil  of  the  Breslau 
gymnasium,  also 
taking  lessons  of 
Hesse  (pf.),  Li'ist- 
ner  (vln.),  and  Bro- 
sig  (harm.);  entered 
Leipzig  Cons,  in 
1S48,  went  next  year 
to  Liszt  at  Weimar, 
and  then  studied 
comp.  privately  un- 
der Hauptmann  at 
Lepzig,  settling 
there  as  a  music  - 
teacher  in  1S52.  In 
1866  he  became 
cond.  of  the  "  Psalterion  "  choral  soc. 
1867-9  Kapellm.  of  the  "  Euterpe  ";  since  1871, 
prof,  of  harm.,  cpt.,  comp.,  and  instrumentation 
at  the  Cons.,  dividing  with  Reinecke  the  honors 
of  first  place  as  a  theoretical  instructor  in  that 
institution.  His  rather  conservative,  though  not 
illiberal,  method  of  teaching  is  expounded  in  a 
"  Harmonielehre  "  (Leipzig,  1883,  and  3  later 
ed.s  ;  Engl.  ed.  New  York,  1893  ;  2nd  revised 
ed.,  1894);  "  Kontrapunkt  "  (1SS4);  "  Kanon  und 
Fuge  "  (18S4);  "  Die  Formen  in  den  Werken  der 
Tonkunst"  (1889)  ;  "  Lehrbuch  der  Instrumen- 
tation" (1S89)  [Engl,  translations  of  all  these 
have  also  appeared  at  Leipzig];  "  Allgemeine 
Musiklehre"  (1892);  "  Elementar- Harmonie- 
lehre "  (1895).  His  mastery  of  form  is  finely 
illustrated  in  his  compositions  in  canon-form, 
notably  the  vocal  duets  (op.  9,  36,  38,  43),  a  pf.- 
serenade  (op.  8),  a  serenade  f.  orch.  (op.  35), 
ballet-music  for  pf.  4  hands  (op.  58),  which  have 
earned  him  the  sobriquet  of  the  "  musical 
Krupp";    all    his  compositions  are  marked  by 


was  from 


292 


JADIN— JAHN 


finish  of  style  and  thematic  verve  and  bril- 
liancy. Among'  the  most  important  of  his  more 
than  130  works  are  4  symphonies,  4  serenades,  2 
overtures  (f.  orch.);  a  pf. -concerto,  op.  Sg  ;  3  pf.- 
quintets,  op.  70,  76,  126  ;  a  pf. -quartet,  op.  77  ; 
4  pf. -trios,  op.  16,  20,  59,  85  ;  2  string-quartets  ; 
a  serenade  f.  string-orch.  and  flute  ;  a  cavatina 
f.  vln.  w.  orch. — The  100th  Psalm,  f.  double  ch., 
alto  solo,  and  orch.;  "  Vergebung,"  f.  sop.  solo, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  "  Verheissung,"  f.  do. ;  "  Trost- 
lied,"  f.  do.,  \v.  organ  ad  lib.;  "  An  den  Sturm- 
wind,"  f.  male  ch.  w.  orch.  ;  "  Gott  ist  gross," 
f.  male  ch.,  w.  2  horns  and  3  trombones  ;  motets 
f.  male,  mixed,  and  female  chorus  ;  numerous 
pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Jadin,  Louis-Emmanuel,  dramatic  compo- 
ser ;  b.  Versailles,  Sept.  21,  1768  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr. 
11,  1853.  Vln.-pupil  of  his  father,  Jean  J.;  pf.- 
pupil  of  his  brother,  Hyacinthe  J.  In  1789  he 
became  accompanist  at  the  newly  organized  The- 
atre de  Monsieur  ;  in  1792  he  joined  the  band 
of  the  Garde  Nationale,  for  which  he  wrote 
many  patriotic  airs,  marches,  and  hymns.  In 
1802,  on  his  brother's  death,  he  succeeded  him 
as  prof,  at  the  Cons. ;  became  cond.  at  the  The- 
atre Moliere  (1S06),  and  Master  of  the  Music- 
pages  from  1814-30,  when  he  retired.  From 
1 790-1 822  he  prod,  nearly  40  operas  and  ope- 
rettas in  Paris  ;  he  also  wrote  symphonies,  over- 
tures, a  vast  amount  of  chamber-music,  pf.- 
concertos,  sonatas,  duos,  fantaisies,  etc.,  f.  pf.  ; 
concertante  f.  2  pf.s  ;  14  collections  of  airs  for 
solo  voice;  romances,  etc.,  for  2  voices;  and 
other  music. 

Jadin,  Hyacinthe,  b.  Versailles,  1769  ;  d. 
Paris,  1802.  Pianist,  pupil  of  his  father,  Jean 
J.,  and  of  Hiillmandel.  Prof,  of  pf.  at  the 
Conservatoire  from  its  foundation  in  1795. — 
Works  :  4  pf. -concertos  ;  5  pf. -sonatas  ;  2  do.  f. 
4  hands  ;  3  books  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf.;  also 
an  overture  f.  wind,  12  string-quartets,  6  string- 
trios,  etc. 

Jaell,  Alfred,  noted  pianist  and  comp. ;  b. 
Trieste,  Mar.  5,  1832  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  27,  1SS2. 
Pupil,  for  violin  and 
pf. ,  of  his  father, 
Eduard  J.  (d.  Vi- 
enna, 1S49);  pianis- 
tic  debut  at  Venice, 
1843,  after  which 
time  his  almost  con-  y 
tinual  concert-tours 
earned  him  the  title  ' 
of  "  le  pianiste-voy- 
ageur."  From  1852— 
54  he  travelled  in 
America  ;  after  this, 
he  made  Paris,  Brus- 
sels, or  Leipzig  his  temporary  home.  In  1866 
he  married  Marie  Trautmann  [see  below]  ;  his 
tours  took  him  all  over  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope ;  he  was  made  court-pianist  to  the  King  of 
Hanover  in  1S56.      His  playing  was  remarkable 


•>  v  gg?r 


rather  for  suave  elegance  and  refinement  than 
forceful  energy.  Besides  original  Valses,  Not- 
turnos,  Romanzas,  etc.,  he  wrote  many  ex- 
tremely effective  transcriptions  from  Wagner, 
Schumann,  Mendelssohn,  etc. 

Jaell-Trautmann,  Marie,  wife  of  Alfred 
Jaell  ;  a  fine  pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Stein- 
seltz,  Alsatia,  1S46  ;  pupil  (1S61)  of  II.  Herz  at 
Paris  Cons.,  where  she  won  first  pf. -prize.  After 
her  marriage,  she  accompanied  her  husband  on 
his  travels. —  Works:  Pf.  -concerto  ;  4  -  hand 
waltzes  ;  Valses  melancoliques,  Valses  mi- 
gnonnes,  and  several  characteristic  pieces  f.  pf. ; 
also  a  method,  "  Le  Toucher,"  favorably  noticed 
in  Paris. 

Jaf'fe,  Moritz,  b.  Posen,  Jan.  3,  1S35.  Vio- 
linist, pupil  of  Ries  in  Berlin,  also  of  Bohmer 
(harm.);  then  (1S58)  of  Maurin  and  Massard, 
Paris,  and  again  in  Berlin  of  Laub,  Wiierst,  and 
Bussler. — -Works  :  The  operas  Das  Kathchen 
von  Heilbronn  (Augsburg,  1866) ;  Eckehard 
(Berlin,  1875)  ;  and  La  Duchessa  di  Svevia  (in 
Italian  at  Milan,  1893)  ;  also  a  string-quartet, 
violin-music,  songs,  etc. 

Jahn,  Otto,  learned  musicographer  and  art- 
critic;  b.  Kiel,  June  16,  1S13  ;  d.  Gottingen, 
Sept.  9,  1869.  After  study  at  Kiel,  Leipzig, 
and  Berlin,  he  travelled  in  France  and  Italy 
1836-9,  then  qualifying  at  Kiel  as  lecturer  on 
philology  ;  in  1S42  he  became  prof,  extraordi- 
nary of  archaeology  at  Greifswald,  and  full  prof, 
in  1845  ;  undertook  the  directorship  of  the 
archseol.  museum  at  Leipzig  in  1S47,  was  dis- 
missed in  1S51  for  political  reasons,  and  in  1855 
was  app.  director  of  the  art-museum,  and  prof, 
of  archaeology,  at  Bonn  Univ.  In  1S67  he  was 
called  to  Berlin. — As  a  writer  on  music  his 
magnum  opus  is  the  standard  biography  of  "  W. 
A.  Mozart "  (1856-9,  4  vol.s  ;  2nd  ed.  1S67,  2 
vol.s  ;  3rd  ed.  1SS9,  1  vol.,  revised  by  Dr.  H. 
Deiters  ;  Engl,  trans.  London,  3  vol.s,  1882). 
This  was  the  first  mus.  biography  written  ac- 
cording to  the  "comparative"  critical  method  ; 
it  reviews  the  state  of  music  during  the  period 
immediately  preceding  Mozart,  and  has  become 
a  model  for  subsequent  mus.  biographers  and 
historiographers.  Other  writings  on  music  are 
"Uber  Mendelssohn's  Paulus  "  ("  Grenzbote," 
1S42),  and  numerous  essays,  publ.  1866  in  his 
"  Gesammelte  Aufsatze  uber  Musik,"  on  Wag- 
ner, Berlioz,  on  the  Lower  Rhine  Mus.  Festi- 
vals of  1855-6,  on  Breitkopf  &  Hartel's  com- 
plete ed.  of  Beethoven,  etc.  It  had  been  his 
intention  to  write  a  Beethoven  biography  ;  but 
under  his  hand  the  collected  materials  first 
shaped  themselves  to  a  Life  of  Mozart,  and 
Thayer  utilized  the  accumulated  data  for  his 
"Beethoven,"  as  Pohl  used  J.'s  notes  in  his 
"  Haydn." — Asa  "  practical  "  musician,  J.  publ. 
32  songs,  in  4  books,  and  a  vol.  of  4-part  songs 
for  mixed  voices.  His  critical  ed.,  in  vocal 
score,  of  Beethoven's  Fide  ho,  is  esteemed. 

Jahn,  Wilhelm,  b.  Hof,  Moravia,  Nov.  24, 
1835,    was    a    chorister    at    Temesvar    in    1852, 


293 


1AIINS— TANNEQUIN 


Kapelbn.  at  Pesth  (1S54),  later  at  Agram,  Am- 
sterdam, Prague  (1857-64),  the  Royal  Th.  at 
Wiesbaden  (1864-81),  and  Vienna,  where  he 
was  Director  of  the  Court  Opera  until  his  retire- 
ment in  1897  (G.  Mahler  is  his  successor).  He 
has  publ.  songs. 

Jahns,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Berlin,  Jan. 
2,  1S09  ;  d.  there  Aug.  8,  1888.  A  pupil  in 
singing  of  Ed.  Grell  and  Ileinr.  Stumer  (also 
of  Ch.  Detroit,  pf.,  and  L.  Ilorzizky,  pf.  and 
comp.),  he  entered  the  Royal  Opera  chorus  as 
a  boy-soprano,  later  becoming  a  distinguished 
vocal  teacher  (some  1,000  pupils).  He  founded 
a  singing-society  in  1845,  and  was  its  cond. 
until  1870 ;  in  1849  he  received  the  title  of 
"  Royal  Music-Director,"  and  that  of  "  Pro- 
fessor" in  1870  ;  in  1S81  he  was  app.  teacher  of 
rhetoric  at  Scharwenka's  Cons.  An  enthusiast 
in  all  things  pertaining  to  Weber,  he  made  a 
unique  collection  of  Weberiana  (all  W.'s  com- 
positions in  the  first  and  in  all  subsequent  edi- 
tions ;  300  autograph  letters  and  documents  ; 
many  mus.  autographs,  as  the  sketches  for 
Euryanthe,  the  Mass  in  Ef},  the  "Aufforderung 
zum  Tanz,"  "  Leyer  und  Schwert,"  etc.;  and  all 
obtainable  published  essays  and  articles  on 
Weber  ;  etc.),  purchased  in  1883  for  the  Royal 
Library,  Berlin.  His  own  work,  "  C.  M.  von 
Weber  in  seinen  Werken "  (1871),  is  the  most 
trustworthy  treatise  on  the  composer's  works, 
containing  a  thematic  catalogue  chronologically 
arranged,  with  critical  notes  ;  it  was  followed  in 
1873  by  "  C.  M.  von  Weber,"  a  sketch  of  W.'s 
life.  J.'s  original  compositions  include  a  pf.- 
trio,  op.  10;  a  Grand  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln., 
op.  32;  other  pf.-music  ;  and  over  150  works 
for  one  or  more  voices,  among  them  the  "  Schot- 
tische  Lieder." 

Ja'kob,  Friedrich  August    Leberecht,  b. 

Kroitzsch,  n.  Liegnitz,  June  25,  1S03  ;  d.  Lieg- 
nitz,  May  20,  1S84.  Cantor  at  Conradsdorf, 
Silesia,  1S24-78,  when  he  was  pensioned. — For 
years  co-editor  of  the  "Euterpe";  publ.  a 
"  Fassliche  Anweisung  zum  Gesangunterricht 
in  Volksschulen  "  (182S),  and  (with  E.  F.  Rich- 
ter)  a  valuable  "  Reformirtes  Choralbuch  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1S73  ;  2nd  ed.  1S77).  Also  quartets  f.  male 
ch.,  school-songs,  songs. 

Jan,  Maistre.     See  Gallus,  Johannes. 

Jan,  Karl  von,  b.  Schweinfurt,  1S36  ;  took 
the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  at  Berlin,  1S59,  with 
the  thesis  "  De  fidibus  Graecorum "  (On  the 
Stringed  Instruments  of  the  Greeks)  ;  taught  at 
the  "  Graues  Kloster"  under  Bellermann,  and 
then  at  Landsberg  until  1875,  when  he  went  to 
Saargemund,  and  thence  (1883)  to  the  Lyceum 
at  Strassburg.  He  has  publ.  several  musico- 
historical  essays  :  On  the  ancient  Greek  Modes 
(1878),  and  the  "  Diaulos  "  (1881,  both  in  the 
"Allg.  mus.  Zeitung");  in  art.  "Citharodik" 
in  the  "  Halle  Encyclopaedia,"  on  the  cithara 
and  lyre  ;  an  analysis  of  Bacchius's  "  Eisagoge  " 
(1S91,  "  Programm  "  of  Str.   Lyceum);    on  the 


metrics  of  Bacchius  (Rhenish  "  Museum  fur 
Philologie,"  vol.  46)  ;  on  the  "  Ilymnen  des 
Dionysos  und  Mesomedes"  (Fleckeisen's 
"  Jahrb.  der  Philologie,"  1S90)  ;  on  the  "  Har- 
monie  der  Spharen  "  ("  Philologus,"  vol.  52); 
on  "  Rousseau  als  Musiker"  ("  Preuss.  Jahrb.," 
vol.  56). 

Jankd,  Paul  von,  b.  Totis,  Hungary,  June 
2,  1856  ;  studied  at  the  Polytechnic,  Vienna, 
and  also  at  the  Cons,  (under  Hans  Schmitt, 
Krenn,  and  Bruckner)  ;  then  (1881-2)  at  Berlin 
Univ.  (mathematics),  and  with  Ehrlich  (pf.). 
His  new  keyboard,  invented  in  1882,  is  really 
a  new  departure  in  piano-mechanics,  though 
standing  in  distant  relationship  to  the  older 
"  chromatic  "  keyboard  advocated  by  the  society 
"  Chroma."  It  has  six  rows  of  keys  in  step-like 
succession  ;  the  arrangement  of  the  two  lowest 
rows  (typical  of  the  other  two  pairs)  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

Second  row:       c$     d$    F     G     A     B 

LoTvest  row :  C  D  E  f%  g  aQ  C  etc. 
the  capitals  representing  white  keys,  and  the 
small  letters  black  ones.  The  3rd  and  4th  rows, 
and  the  5th  and  6th  rows,  are  mere  duplications 
of  the  1st  and  2nd  ;  and  corresponding  keys  in 
the  1st,  3rd,  and  5th  rows,  and  in  the  2nd,  4th, 
and  6th  rows,  are  on  one  and  the  same  key-lever, 
so  that  any  note  can  be  struck  in  three  different 
places.  The  fingering  of  all  diatonic  scales  is 
alike  ;  chromatic  scales  are  played  by  striking- 
alternate  keys  in  any  two  adjoining  rows.  The 
width  of  an  octave  on  the  ordinary  keyboard 
corresponds  exactly  to  that  of  a  tenth  on  the 
Janko  keyboard,  on  which  latter  large  hands  can 
easily  stretch  a  thirteenth.  A  full  description 
of  the  keyboard  was  publ.  in  pamphlet-form  by 
its  inventor,  who  has  also  produced  it  in  numer- 
ous concerts.  It  has  been  taken  up  by  several 
pianists  (YVendling,  Gisela  Gulyas),  and  is 
taught  in  some  music-schools  (Leipzig  Cons.). 

Jannaco'ni,  Giuseppe,  one  of  the  last  com- 
posers in  "  Palestrina-style  "  ;  b.  Rome,  1741  ; 
d.  there  Mar.  16,  1S16.  A  pupil  of  S.  Rinaldini 
and  G.  Carpani,  he  succeeded  Zingarelli  in  1S11 
as  maestro  at  St.  Peter's.  He  is  noted  for  his 
scoring  of  many  of  Palestrina's  works,  aided  by 
his  friend  Pisari.  Himself  a  most  distinguished 
composer  of  church-music,  his  works  still  remain 
in  MS.  in  the  Santini  Coll.  at  Rome  ;  they  in- 
clude a  Mass,  a  Te  Deum,  a  Magnificat,  a  Dixit 
Dominus,  and  a  Tu  es  Petrus,  all  a  16  ;  16 
Masses  in  4-8  parts,  w.  organ;  14  other  masses  ; 
32  Psalms  in  4-8  parts  ;  10  do.  w.  orch.;  16  mo- 
tets in  2-6  parts  ;  57  Offertories  and  Anthems  a 
3-8  ;  a  Canon  a  64  ;  2  Canons  (7  16  ;  an  "  Ecce 
terrae  motus"  f.  6  basses  ;  an  oratorio  f.  2  tenors 
and  1  bass,  EAgonia  di  Gesh  Christo ;  etc. 

Jannequin  (or  Janequin,  Jennekin),  Cle- 
ment, a  French  (or  Belgian)  contrapuntist  of  the 
16th  century.  Probably  a  pupil  of  Josquin,  he 
was  an  imitator  of  Gombert  as  a  writer  of  de- 
scriptive or  "program-"  music.  Besides  numer- 
ous detached  pieces  in  collections   of   the   time 


294 


JANOTHA— JAPHA 


(Attaignant's,  Gardane's,  etc.),  and  chansons  in 
special  editions  by  Attaignant  (1553,  1537),  J. 
Moderne  (1544),  T.  Susato  (1545),  and  Le  Roy 
et  Ballard  (1559),  there  were  publ.  "  Sacrae  can- 
tiones  seu  motectae  4vocum"  (1533),  "Proverbes 
de  Salomon  mis  en  cantiques  et  ryme  francais  " 
(1554),  "  Octante  psaumes  de  David"  (1559). 
Among  his  most  interesting  "  Inventions  "  (chan- 
sons) in  4-5  parts  are  "  La  Bataille  "  (portraying 
the  battle  near  Malegnano  in  15 15  ;  Verdelot 
added  a  fifth  part  to  the  original  four),  "  La 
Prise  de  Boulogne,"  "  La  Guerre,"  "  La  chasse 
de  lievre,"  "  La  chasse  au  cerf,"  "  Le  caquet 
des  femmes,"  "  La  jalousie,"  "  Le  chant  des 
oiseaux  "  (2  settings),  "  L'alouette,"  and  "  Le 
rossignol." 

Jano'tha,  Nathalie,  pianist  ;  b.  Warsaw. 
Pupil  of  Joachim  and  Rudorff  at  the  Berlin  Hoch- 
schule  ;  later  of  Clara  Schumann,  Brahms,'  and 
Princess  Czartoryska  ;  also  (in  harm.)  of  F. 
Weber  in  Cologne  and  Bargiel  in  Berlin.  Debut 
as  pianist  at  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  Jan.  1, 
1S74.  She  is  court  pianist  to  the  German 
Emperor  (1SS5),  and  is  decorated  with  many 
high  orders. — Compositions  :  Ave  Maria  (in- 
scribed to  Pope  Leo),  Mountain  Scenes  (to  Frau 
Schumann),  gavottes,  mazurkas,  and  other  pf.- 
music. 

Janowka,  Thomas  Balthasar,  b.  Kutten- 
berg,  Bohemia,  about  1660,  organist  at  Prague  ; 
known  to  fame  as  the  compiler  of  "  Clavis  ad 
thesaurum  magnae  artis  musicae "  (1701),  the 
earliest  musical  lexicon  save  Tinctor's  "  Ter- 
minorum  musicae  diffinitorum "  (publ.  about 
1475)- 

Jan'sa,  Leopold,  b.  Wildenschwert,  Bohemia, 
1794  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  25,  1S75.  Violinist,  taught 
at  home  by  Jehada  and  Zizius,  in  Vienna  from 
iSigby  Worzischek(vln.)and  E.  Forster(comp.). 
In  1S23  he  became  chamber-musician  to  the  Graf 
von  Brunswick  in  Plungary  ;  in  1S24,  joined  the 
Imp.  orchestra  in  Vienna  ;  and  was  app.  dir.  of 
music,  and  prof,  of  violin,  at  the  Univ.  of  Vi- 
enna in  1834.  In  1S49,  having  taken  part  in  a 
concert  for  the  benefit  of  the  Hungarian  revolu- 
tionists in  London,  he  was  banished,  and  went  to 
London,  living  there  as  a  teacher  and  concert- 
player  until  1868.  On  proclamation  of  amnesty 
in  that  year,  he  returned  to  Vienna,  and  received 
a  pension.  As  a  player,  J.  ranked  next  to  Bohm 
and  Mayseder  ;  his  compositions  include  4  vio- 
lin-concertos, also  sonatas,  fantasias,  rondos  and 
variations  f.  vln. ;  36  vln. -duets  ;  a  Rondeau  con- 
certant  f.  2  vlns.  w.  orch.  ;  8  string-quartets  ;  3 
string-trios  ;  and  a  few  church-works  (offertory 
f.  tenor  and  vln.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Graduale 
f .  4  male  voices  ;   2  cantatas. 

Jan'sen,  F.  Gustav,  b.  lever,  Hanover,  Dec. 
15,  1831.  Pupil  of  Coccius  and  Riccius  in  Leip- 
zig ;  taught  music  in  Gottingen  ;  and  in  1855 
was  app.  organist  of  Verden  Cathedral,  with  the 
title  of  Royal  Music-Director  in  1861.  He  publ. 
"  Die  Davidsbundler  ;  aus  R.  SchumannsSturm- 
und  Drangperiode  "(1S83),  vividly  describing  this 


important  period  ;  for  his  somewhat  extravagant 
statements  he  was  taken  to  task  by  Wasielewski 
in  "  Schumanniana  "  ;  also  edited  "  R.  Schu- 
manns  Briefe  :  neue  P'olge  "  (1886).  Pie  wrote 
original  pieces  and  transcriptions  f.  pf. ,  and 
songs. 

Jans'sen,  N.  A.,  Carthusian  monk,  organist 
at  Louvain.  Publ.  "  Les  vrais  principesdu  chant 
gre'gorien "  (1845;  German  transl.,  "  Wahre 
Grundregeln  des  Gregorianischen  oder  Choral- 
gesangs,"  1847). 

Jans'sen,  Julius,  b.  Venlo,  Holland,  June 
4,  1852.  He  studied  in  the  Cologne  Cons.,  be- 
came cond.  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  at  Minden  in  1876, 
later  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  and  Male  Choral  Soc.  at 
Dortmund,  where  he  was  app.  city  mus.  director 
in  1890,  and  cond.  the  1st  and  2nd  Westphalian 
Mus.  Festivals.      Has  publ.  songs. 

Jans'sens,  Jean- Francois- Joseph,  com- 
poser ;  b.  Antwerp,  Jan.  29, 1801  ;  d.  there  Feb.  3, 
1835.  Taught  by  his  father  and  De  Lceuw, 
later  for  2  years  by  Lesueur  in  Paris.  Returning 
to  Antwerp,  he  studied  law  at  his  family's  desire, 
and  practised  as  a  notary  until  the  siege  of  Ant- 
werp (1832),  composing  in  leisure  hours  ;  going 
to  Cologne,  he  lost  his  MSS.  and  other  posses- 
sions by  fire  on  the  night  of  his  arrival,  and  be- 
came insane  in  consequence.  In  his  biography, 
by  Van  der  Straeten  (Brussels,  1S66),  is  given  a 
list  of  his  works,  the  importance  of  which  was 
recognized  after  his  death.  They  include  4  op- 
eras :  Le  pere  rival  and  La  jo/if  fiancee  (both 
Antwerp,  1824),  and  2  others  in  MS.  ;  2  cantatas 
w.  orch.,  Les  Grees,  011  Missolonghi,  and  Win- 
terarmoede  j  an  ode,  L.e  Roi  ;  2  symphonies,  "Le 
lever  du  soleil,"  and  a  2nd  which  won  a  prize  at 
Ghent  ;  5  masses  ;  a  Te  Deum  ;  some  25  motets, 
anthems,  psalms  and  hymns,  w.  orch.  ;  songs. 

Januschow'sky  [-shoff'-],  (Frau)  Georgine 
von,  dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Austria,  about  1859. 
She  sang  in  operetta  at  Sigmaringen  in  1875, 
then  at  Stuttgart,  Freiburg,  and  Gratz.  In  1877 
she  succeeded  Marie  Geistinger  as  soubrette  at 
the  Theater  an  der  Wien,  Vienna  ;  from  1S79- 
80,  soubrette  at  Leipzig  ;  1880,  in  the  Germania 
Th.,  New  York  ;  1892,  sang  at  Mannheim  and 
Wiesbaden  ;  1893-5,  dramatic  prima  donna  at 
the  Imp.  Opera,  Vienna.  She  married  Ad. 
Neuendorf!  (d.  1897).  Roles:  Brunnhilde  in  Die 
Walkiire,  Siegfried,  Gotterdammerung y  Elisa- 
beth, Elsa,  Ortrud,  Senta,  Leonore,  Adrianna, 
P)onna  Anna,  Ai'da,  Selika,  Valentine,  Iphigenie, 
Marguerite,  Rebecca,  Santuzza,  etc.  ;  also  lead- 
ing soubrette-roles  in  over  60  comic  operas  and 
operettas. 

Ja'pha,  Georg  Joseph,  b.  Konigsberg,  Aug. 
12  (IS?),  1835  ;  d.  Cologne,  Feb.  25,  1892.  Vio- 
linist ;  pupil  of  David  and  R.  Dreyschock  in  the 
Leipzig  Cons.,  1850-3;  then  of  Edmund  Singer 
at  Konigsberg,  and  of  Alard  in  Paris.  Played 
1855-7  in  the  Gewandhaus  Orch.,  also  giving 
concerts  ;  concertized  in  Russia  in  the  winter  of 
1857-8  ;  taught  in  Konigsberg  1858-63,  and  or- 


295 


JAPHA— JENKINS 


ganized  chamber-music  concerts  with  Adolf  Jen- 
sen ;  played  successfully  in  London  ;  finally,  he 
became  leader  of  the  Giirzenich  Concerts  in  Co- 
logne, and  teacher  in  the  Cons,  there. 

Ja'pha,  Louise,  b.  Hamburg,  Feb.  2,  1826, 
distinguished  pianist  and  composer  ;  pupil  of 
Fritz  Warendorf  (pf.),  and  of  G.  A.  Gross  and 
Wilhelm  Grund  (comp.)  ;  studied  the  higher 
mus.  branches  in  1853  under  Robert  and  Clara 
Schumann  at  Dusseldorf.  In  1S58  she  married 
W.  Langhans,  and  zealously  studied  classic 
chamber-music,  giving  brilliant  concerts  with 
her  husband  ;  in  Paris  she  was  feted  as  one  of 
the  finest  pianists  of  the  time  (1863-9).  Settled 
in  Wiesbaden,  1S74. — Works  :  An  opera,  string- 
quartets,  pf. -pieces,  and  songs. 

Jaquet.     See  Buus. 

Jarnovic  [Giornovi(c)chi],  Giovanni  Ma- 
ne, an  Italian  violinist  of  Polish  parentage  ; 
b.  Palermo,  1745  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  21, 
1804.  A  pupil  of  Lolli,  he  won  fame  at  the 
Concerts  Spirituels  in  Paris,  1770  ;  went  to  Ber- 
lin in  1779,  where  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Crown  Prince's  orch.  until  1783  ;  then  under- 
took a  long  concert-tour  to  Warsaw,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Stockholm,  Vienna  (17S6),  and  other 
cities,  reaching  London  in  1792  ;  here,  as  pre- 
viously at  Berlin  and  Paris,  he  met  Viotti,  and 
might  have  coped  with  him  successfully,  had 
not  his  (J.'s)  insufferable  arrogance  and  irregu- 
lar habits  rendered  him  odious.  He  lived  in 
Hamburg  from  1796-1802,  and  went  thence  via 
Berlin  to  St.  Petersburg,  winning  fresh  laurels. 
He  died  suddenly  of  apoplexy.  His  works  (7 
symphonies,  16  vln. -concertos,  6  string-quartets, 
16  violin-duos,  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  bass,  etc.) 
were  in  high  favor  as  light  and  agreeable  music. 

Jarvis,  Charles  H.,  excellent  classical  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Philadelphia,  Dec.  20,  1837  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  25,  1S95.  He  played  in  public  at  the  age 
of  seven.  In  1S62  he  founded  the  Phila.  Quin- 
tet Club  ;  he  also  cond.  various  series  of  orches- 
tral concerts,  and  gave  historical  pf. -recitals. 
He  was  a  teacher  of  repute. 

Jarvis,  Stephen,  English  composer ;  b. 
1834  ;  d.  Lewisham,  London,  Nov.  27,  1880. — 
Works  :   String-quintets  ;  pf. -music  ;  songs. 

Jean  le  Coq.     See  Gallus,  Johannes. 

Jehan.     See  Gallus,  Johannes. 

Jehin,  Leon,  b.  Spa,  July  17,  1853  ;  violin- 
ist, pupil  of  Leonard  in  Brussels  Cons. ;  con- 
ducted an  orch.  at  Antwerp,  and  in  the  Theatre 
de  la  Monnaie  and  Vauxhall,  Brussels  ;  from 
1879-89,  asst.-prof.  of  theory  at  Brussels  Cons.; 
since  then,  cond.  at  Monaco.  Has  written 
music  f.  orch.,  and  vln. -pieces. 

Jehin  f  Jehin-Prume],  Frantz  Henry,  cele- 
brated violinist  ;  b.  Spa,  Belgium,  Apr.  18,  1839; 
d.  Montreal,  Canada,  May  29,  1899.  At  4, 
pupil  of  Servais  ;  at  5,  entered  the  class  of  his 
uncle,  Francois  Prume,  in  Liege  Cons.  ;  gave  a 
public  concert  at  6,  and  at  9  won  a  prize.      On 


Prume's  death,  the  town  of  Spa  sent  J. -P.  to 
study  with  de  Be'riot  and  Leonard  at  Brussels 
Cons.  ;  in  the  latter's  class  he  won  1st  prize  in 
185 1,  and  the  harmony-prize  in  Fetis'  class  in 
1853.  At  16,  after  finishing  under  Yieuxtemps 
and  Wieniawsky,  he  made  his  virtuoso-debut  at 
Dresden,  followed  by  a  Russian  tour,  playing 
with  the  Rubinsteins,  Jenny  Lind,  Essipoff,  etc., 
and  forming  the  famous  trio  J. -P.,  de  Kontski, 
and  Monsigny.  After  tours  in  Germany,  Bel- 
gium, Scandinavia,  and  Holland,  he  was  app., 
in  1S62,  violinist  to  the  King  of  Belgium,  as  de 
Be'riot's  successor.  In  1863  he  travelled  through 
Mexico,  Havana,  and  New  York,  to  Montreal, 
meeting  and  marrying  the  famous  singer  Rosita 
del  Vecchio.  In  1866,  European  tour  ;  1869-71, 
long  tour  in  the  United  States  with  Carlotta 
Patti  and  Th.  Ritter.  Till  18S7  his  time  was 
divided  between  Europe  and  America  ;  he  then 
settled  in  Montreal,  where  he  was  prof,  at  the 
Trafalgar  Inst.,  founded  the  Artistic  Association 
(for  chamber-music)  in  1893,  and  was  active  in 
every  good  mus.  work  until  retirement  in  1896. 
He  succeeded  Vieuxtemps  as  head  of  the  "  Bel- 
gian School "  ;  his  tone  was  sweet  and  pure, 
technique  superb.  Decorations,  etc.,  were 
showered  upon  him.  Eugene  Isaye  was  one 
of  his  many  pupils.  Among  his  violin-works 
are  2  concertos,  and  over  30  brilliant  soli  ;  he 
also  set  to  music  a  score  of  songs. 

Je'lensperger,  Daniel,  b.  near  Miihlhausen, 
Alsatia,  in  1797  ;  d.  there  May  31,  1831.  He 
was  employed  at  Mayence  and  Offenbach  as  a 
lithographic  copyist  ;  was  eng.  at  Paris  in  the 
same  capacity,  and  there  studied  theory  under 
Reicha,  soon  becoming  the  latter's  rfyititeur  in 
his  Conservatory  classes,  and  later  asst. -profes- 
sor. In  1820,  several  composers  formed  an  as- 
sociation for  publishing  their  own  works,  and 
made  J.  their  business-manager.  As  such  he 
edited  Reicha's  "  Traite  de  haute  composition  " 
and  wrote  "  L'harmonie  au  commencement  du 
dix-neuvieme  siecle  et  methode  pour  l'etudier" 
(Paris,  1S30 ;  German  transl.  Leipzig,  1S33). 
He  was  the  translator,  into  French,  of  J.  Hum- 
mel's  "  Clavierschule  "  and  Haser's  "  Chorge- 
sangschule." 

JeTinek,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Kaurins,  Bohemia, 
Dec.  3,  1S1S  ;  d.  Salzburg,  Feb.  7,  1SS0.  Oboe- 
virtuoso,  trained  in  the  Prague  Cons. ;  from 
1 841,  librarian  at  the  Mozarteum,  and  oboe- 
teacher,  at  Salzburg  ;  later  also  choir-director  at 
the  Cathedral. — Works  :  Church-music  ;  male 
choruses  ;  solos  f.  oboe. 

Jenkins,  David,  composer ;  b.  Trecastell, 
Brecon,  Jan.  I,  1849.  Pupil  of  Dr.  Joseph 
Parry  at  the  Univ.  Coll.  of  Wales  ;  graduated 
Mus.  Bac,  Cantab.,  1S78.  In  1885  he  visited 
America  as  a  festival-conductor.  He  is  prof,  of 
music  at  the  Univ.  Coll.  of  Wales,  Aberystwith  ; 
member  of  Council,  and  examiner,  in  the  Tonic 
Sol-fa  Coll.;  examiner  in  the  R.  C.  M.  He  has 
written   an   operetta,  The  Village  Children;   2 


296 


JENKINS—JOACHIM 


oratorios,  David  and  Saul,  and  The  Legend  of 
St.  David  (Carnarvon  Eisteddfod,  1894)  ;  3  can- 
tatas, The  Ark  of  the  Covenant,  David  and 
Goliath,  and  A  Psalm  of  Life  (Cardiff  Festival, 
1S95)  ;  also  anthems,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Jenkins,  John,  English  composer  ;  b.  Maid- 
stone, 1592  ;  d.  Kimberley,  Oct.  27,  1678. 
Musician  to  Charles  I.  and  Charles  II.,  playing 
on  the  lute  and  the  lyra-viol.  He  wrote  many 
"  Fancies"  for  viols  or  organ,  and  light  pieces 
which  he  termed  "  Rants"  (The  Mitter  Rant,  in 
Playford's  "  Musick's  Handmaid,"  167S  ;  The 
Fleece  Tavern  Rant,  and  The  Peterborough 
Rant,  both  in  Playford's  "  Apollo's  Banquet," 
1690).  In  1660  he  publ.  "  12  Sonatas  f.  2  Vio- 
lins and  a  Base,  with  a  Thorough  Base  for  the 
Organ  or  Theorbo,"  the  first  English  instru- 
mental compositions  of  the  kind  ;  his  popular 
"  The  Lady  Katherine  Audley's  Bells,  or,  The 
Five  Bell  Consort,"  was  first  printed  in  Play- 
ford's "  Courtly  Masquing  Ayres  "  (1662).  His 
Fancies  are  still  in  MS.  Several  interesting 
vocal  works  were  also  printed. 

Jennekin.     See  Jannequin. 

Jen'sen,  Adolf,  a  German  song-composer  of 
conspicuous  talent ;  was  born  in  Konigsberg, 
Jan.  12,  1837  ; 
died  Baden- 
Baden,  Jan.  23, 
1879.  Self-taught 
as  a  boy,  he  was 
aided  by  L.  Ehlert 
and  Fr.  Marpurg 
for  some  2  years, 
and  composed  dili- 
gently (overtures, 
a  string  -  quartet, 
sonatas,  and 
songs).  The  year 
1856  he  passed  as 
a  teacher  in  Rus- 
sia, earning  money 
to  go  to  Schu- 
mann at  Dlisseldorf,  whom  he  passionately 
admired,  and  with  whom  he  corresponded  ;  but 
Schumann  died  the  end  of  July.  J.  was 
Kapellm.  of  the  Posen  City  Th.  in  1857  ;  went 
to  Copenhagen  in  185S  to  spend  2  years  with 
Gade  ;  and  in  1S60  returned  to  Konigsberg. 
From  1S66-S  he  taught  advanced  pupils  at 
Tausig's  school  in  Berlin,  but  was  then  com- 
pelled by  ill-health  to  retire  to  Dresden,  in  1870 
to  Graz,  and  at  last  to  Baden-Baden,  where  he 
died  of  consumption.  In  his  vocal  music  J.  is 
most  nearly  akin  to  Schumann,  though  of  too 
deep  emotional  originality  to  be  termed  an  imi- 
tator. He  pub!,  about  160  songs  for  solo  voice 
w.  pf. : — Op.  1,  4,  5  ;  op.  6  ("  Der  Ungenann- 
ten,"  6  love-songs  after  Geibel) ;  op.  9,  11  ;  op. 
13  (6  Liebeslieder  f.  low  voice) ;  op.  14,  21-4  ; 
op.  30  ("  Dolorosa,"  6  posms  by  Chamisso)  ; 
op.  34,  35,  39  ;  op.  40  ("  Gaudeamus,"  12  songs 
f.  bass);  op.  41,  49,  50-3,  55,  57,  58,  61  ;  and 


3  sets  without  opus-number.  His  other  vocal 
music  includes  op.  10,  No.  1,  "  Nonnengesang  " 
f.  sopr.  solo  and  female  ch.,  w.  2  horns,  harp, 
and  piano,  and  No.  2,  "  Brautlied "  f.  mixed 
ch.,  w.  ditto  ;  op.  26,  Jephthas  Tochter,  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Adonis-Fcicr,  f.  ditto;  op. 
54,  "  Donald  Caird  ist  wieder  da,"  f.  tenor  solo, 
malech.,  and  orch.;  op.  63,  three  songs  f.  3-part 
female  ch.  and  pf . ;  op.  64,  two  Marienlieder  f. 
tenor  solo,  4  violas,  2  'cello,  2  double-basses,  and 
kettledrums  ;  and  2  sets  of  eight  4-part  songs, 
op.  28  and  29. — Instrumental :  Concert-overture 
in  E  min.;  a  "  geistliches  Tonstiick  "  f.  orch., 
"  Der  Gang  der  Jiinger  nach  Emmaus,"  op.  27  ; 
much  interesting  and  poetic  pf. -music  (for  4 
hands:  "  Hochzeitsmusik,"  op.  45;  "Abend- 
musik,"  op.  59;  "  Lebensbilder,"  op.  60;  6 
"  Silhouetten,"  op.  62;  and  "  Landliche  Fest- 
musik  "\—forpf.  solo  :  "  Innere  Stimmen,"  op. 
2  ;  "  YVanderbilder,"  op.  17  ;  sonata  in  F  min., 
op.  25;  6  German  Suites,  op.  36;  "  Idyllen," 
op.  43  ;  "  Erotikon,"  7  pieces,  op.  44  ;  a 
scherzo,  "  Wald-Idylle,"  op.  47  ;  "  Scenes  car- 
navalesques,"  op.  56 ;  and  many  others). — A 
3-act  opera,  Turaudot,  was  left  in  MS.,  and  has 
been  finished  by  W.  Kienzl. 

Jen'sen,  Gustav,  violinist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Konigsberg,  Dec.  25,  1843  ;  d.  Cologne,  Nov. 
26,  1895.  Pupil  of  Dehn  (comp.),  and  Laub 
and  Joachim  (vln.)  ;  member  of  orch.  in  Ko- 
nigsberg City  Th.;  1S72-5,  prof,  of  cpt.  at  Co- 
logne Cons. — Works:  Symphony  in  Bj?;  3 
Characterstucke  f.  orch.,  op.  33  ;  string-quartet, 
op.  11  ;  trio,  op.  4  ;  Suite  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  op.  3  ; 
violin-sonata,  op.  7  ;  'cello-sonata,  op.  26  ; 
"Landliche  Serenade"  f.  string-orch.,  op.  37; 
pf.-pieces,  arrangements  of  classic  music, 
songs,  etc. 

Jim'merthal,  Hermann,  b.  Lubeck,  Aug.  14, 
1S09  ;  d.  there  Dec.  17,  1SS6.  Pupil  of  Men- 
delssohn; fine  organist,  and  an  expert  in  organ- 
construction.  In  1S77  he  publ. a  monograph  on 
Dietrich  Buxtehude  ;  also  wrote  valuable  essays 
on  organ-building. 

Jo'achim,  Joseph,  famous  classical  violinist ; 
b.  Kittsee,  n.  Pressburg,  June  28,  1831.  He 
began  the  study  of 
the  violin  at  5,  his 
first  master  being 
the  leader  of  the 
Pesth  opera-orch., 
Szervaczinski, 
with  whom  he  first 
appeared  in  pub- 
lic, at  the  age  of  7, 
in  a  duet.  From 
1841  he  studied  in 
the  Vienna  Cons, 
under  Bohm,  de- 
veloping so  rapidly 
that  in  1843  he 
played  in  Leip- 
zig at  a  concert  given  by  Viardot-Garcia,  and 
shortly  after  at   the    Gewandhaus,   with    genu- 


297 


JOACHIM— JOHANNES 


ine  artistic  success.  He  made  Leipzig  his  home 
until  1849.  It  was  the  brilliant  epoch  of  Schu- 
mann, Mendelssohn,  and  David  ;  their  influence 
was  undoubtedly  powerful  in  determining  the 
young  virtuoso  to  devote  his  exceptional  gifts 
solely  to  the  best  in  musical  art.  From  Leipzig, 
too,  he  visited  London,  for  the  first  time  in  1844, 
again  in  1847,  and  thereafter  every  few  years, 
(later  annually,)  appearing  at  the  Monday  Popu- 
lar Concerts,  the  Crystal  Palace,  etc.  During 
the  last  years  of  his  stay  in  Leipzig  he  frequently 
took  David's  place  as  leader  of  the  Gewandhaus 
Orchestra.  In  1849  ne  became  Concertmeister 
of  the  orch.  at  Weimar,  where  Liszt  reigned 
supreme  ;  two  such  antagonistic  natures  could 
hardly  be  expected  to  agree  for  long,  and  in 
1854  J.  accepted  the  position  of  conductor  of 
concerts  and  solo  violinist  to  the  King  of  Hanover. 
In  1863  he  married  Amalie  Weiss  [see  next  art.]. 
In  1868  he  was  app.  head  of  the  newly  estab- 
lished "  Ilochschule  fiir  ausubende  Tbnkunst," 
at  Berlin,  on  the  reorganization  of  which,  some 
years  later,  J.  was  made  artistic  director  of  the 
department  for  stringed  instr.s.  In  1895  he  re- 
sumed the  directorship.  He  has  been  the  life 
and  soul  of  the  institution.  In  1877  he  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  from  Cam- 
bridge Univ.  ;  German  universities  have  also 
bestowed  degrees  upon  him,  and  he  is  a  knight  of 
numerous  orders.  His  style  of  playing,  nurtured 
on  the  best  classic  models,  is  remarkable  for  a 
masterful  repose,  dignity,  breadth,  and  flawless 
finish  which  have  won  for  him  the  popular  title 
of  "  the  king  of  violinists."  It  has  been  his  aim 
to  interpret  only  the  best  violin-literature  in  ab- 
solute accordance  with  the  intentions  of  the 
respective  composers  ;  this  quality  of  unmixed 
objectivity  has  made  him  the  foremost  quartet- 
player  of  his  time;  as  an  exponent  of  classic  soli 
he  stands  unrivalled  in  his  peculiar  domain, 
though  the  more  brilliant  and  fiery  playing  of 
some  other  virtuosi  is  more  effective  under  cer- 
tain conditions.  His  quartet-party  (Joachim, 
De  Ahna,  Wirth,  and  Hausmann)  attained  the 
ne  plus  ultra  of  excellence.  His  compositions 
are  of  a  sombre,  passionate  cast  ;  the  finest  is 
probably  the  "Hungarian"  concerto,  op.-  n, 
in  D  minor  ;  he  has  written  2  others  (op.  3,  in 
G  min.,  and  the  Variations  in  G,  f.  vln.  and 
orch.).  His  op.  1  is  an  Andantino  and  Allegro 
scherzoso,  f.  vln.  and  pf . ;  op.  2,  3  Stucke  f.  vln. 
(Romanze,  Fantasiestiick,  Fruhlingsfantasie)  ; 
op.  4,  overture  to  Hamlet;  op.  5,  3  Stucke  f.  vln. 
and  pf.  (Lindenrauschen,  Abendglocken,  Bal- 
lade) ;  op.  6,  7,  8,  overtures  in  MS.  ;  op.  9, 
Hebrew  Melodies,  f.  viola  and  pf . ;  op.  10,  Var.s 
on  an  orig.  theme,  f.  viola  and  pf . ;  op.  12,  Not- 
turno  in  A,  f.  vln.  and  small  orch.;  op.  13,  over- 
ture "Bern  Andenken  Kleists";  op.  i4,"Szene 
der  Marfa  "  (from  Schiller's  Demetrius),  f.  con- 
tralto solo  w.  orch. ;  three  cadenzas  to  Beethoven's 
violin-concerto ;  two  Marches  (in  C  and  D), 
with  Trios  ;  a  song,  "  Ich  hab'  in  Traum 
geweinet." 

Jo'achim,  Amalie,  nde  Weiss  {rede  Schnee- 


weiss),  highly  accomplished  concert-singer  (con- 
tralto) ;  b.  Marburg,  Styria,  May  10,  1839  '<  d. 
Berlin,  Feb.  3,  1899.  After  her  father's  death 
she  made  her  stage-debut  at  Troppau  in  Sept., 
1853  ;  six  months  later  she  went  to  Hermann- 
stadt,  and  in  1854  was  eng.  at  the  Karnthner- 
thor  Th.,  Vienna,  here  assuming  the  theatre- 
name  of  "  Weiss."  In  1S62  she  was  called  to 
the  Royal  Opera  at  Hanover  ;  on  May  30,  1863, 
she  sang,  as  her  farewell-role  before  her  mar- 
riage to  Joseph  Joachim,  the  part  of  Fidelio  (up 
to  this  time  she  had  sung  first  and  second  so- 
prano parts).  Withdrawing  from  the  stage,  she 
now  devoted  herself  to  concert-singing,  and  be- 
came the  representative  Lieil-s'mger  of  Germany  ; 
her  interpretation  of  Schumann's  songs  was 
unrivalled. 

Joao  IV.,  King  of  Portugal  ;  b.  Villa-Vicosa, 
Mar.  19,  1604';  d.  Lisbon,  Nov.  6,  1656.  Musi- 
cal theorist  and  church-composer.  His  magnifi- 
cent musical  library  was  totally  destroyed  by  the 
earthquake  of  1755.  Only  3  of  his  motets  are 
still  extant.  He  publ.  "  Defensa  de  la  musica 
moderna  contra  la  errada  opinion  del  obispo 
Cyrillo  Franco"  (1649  ;  anonymous),  and  "  Res- 
puestas  a  las  dudas  que  se  puzieron  a  la  missa 
Pauls  quern  ego  dabo  de  Palestrina "  (1654)  ; 
Italian  translations  were  made  of  both.  Two 
other  works,  left  in  MS.,  were  never  publ. 

Jobst  Brant.     See  Brant. 

Joch/er,  Christian  Gottlieb,  prof,  of  phi- 
losophy and  librarian  at  Leipzig  ;  b.  Leipzig, 
July  20  (25?),  1694;  d.  there  May  10,  1758. 
His  thesis  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  was  "  Effec- 
tus  musicae  in  hominem  "  (1714)  ;  his  "  Allge- 
meines  Gelehrten-Lexicon "  (1750,  4  vol.s ; 
augmented  by  Dunkel,  1755-60  ;  reedited  by 
Adelung,  1784-7,  and  by  Rotermund,  in  6  vol.s, 
1810-22)  contains  numerous  biographies  of 
musicians  and  writers  on  music. 

Johannes  Cotto.     See  Cotto. 

Johannes  Damascenus  {rede  Johannes 
Chrysorrhoos  of  Damascus),  b.  about  700 
A.D.;  d.  about  760  as  a  monk  in  the  Saba  mon- 
astery near  Jerusalem  ;  canonized  by  both  the 
Greek  and  Roman  Churches,  and  the  earliest 
dogmatist  of  the  Greek  Church  ;  was  likewise 
the  arranger  of  the  liturgical  song,  and  the  re- 
former of  the  Byzantine  notation.  No  thorough 
investigation  of  the  Byzantine  system  of  nota- 
tion has  yet  appeared  ;  the  entire  Byzantine 
liturgy  also  awaits  an  exhaustive  exposition  ;  as 
contributions  to  such  work  may  be  mentioned 
Cyriakos  Philoxenos'  "  ke^iKov  tt?s  iXKrjuiKris 
eKK\T]<riacrTiKr]s  fj.ovffiKrjs''''  (1S68)  ;  W.  Christ, 
"  Beitrage  zur  kirchlichen  Litteratur  der  Byzan- 
tiner"  (1S70,  reprint  from  the  sessions-reports 
of  the  R.  Bavar.  Acad,  of  Sciences) ;  M.  C. 
Paranikas,  "  Beitrage  zur  byzantinischen  Lit- 
teratur" (1S70,  ibid.);  II.  Riemann,  "Die 
Maprvpiai  der  byzantinischen  liturgischen  Nota- 
tion "  (1882),  ibid.)  ;  Tzetzes,  "  Die  altgrie- 
chische    Musik    in    der    griechischen    Kirche " 


298 


JOHANNES— JONAS 


(1874,  dissertation);  Gardthausen,  "  Beitrage 
zur  griechischen  Palaographie  "  (1880,  from  the 
sessions-reports  of  the  philologico-historical  class 
of  the  R.  Saxon  "  Gesellschaft  der  Wissenschaf- 
ten  ") ;  and  H.  Reimann,  "Zur  Geschichte  und 
Theorie  der  byzantinischen  Musik "  (18S9). 
[RlEMANN.] 

Johannes  de  Garlandia.     See  Garlandia. 
Johannes  de  Muris.     See  Muris. 
Johannes  Gallus.     See  Gallus. 

Johns,  Clayton,  b.  New  Castle,  Del.,  Nov. 
24,  1S57.  Studied  architecture  in  Philadelphia, 
1875-9  ;  then'turned  to  music,  studying  at  Bos- 
ton under  J.  K.  Paine  (theory)  and  W.  H. 
Sherwood  (pf.)  for  3  years.  In  Berlin,  1882-4, 
he  studied  with  Kiel  (comp.),  and  Grabow,  Raif, 
and  Rummel  (pf.).  Since  then  he  has  lived  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  as  a  concert-pianist,  composer, 
and  teacher. — Publ.  works  :  About  100  songs  ; 
several  pf. -pieces  ;  music  for  vln.  and  pf.  (Mel- 
ody, Berceuse,  Romance,  Intermezzo,  Scherzino) ; 
and,  for  string-orch.,  a  Berceuse  and  Scherzino. 

Jommel'li,  Nicola,  eminent  opera-composer 
of  the  Neapolitan  "school,"  and  called  "the 
Italian  Gluck";  b.  Aversa,  near  Naples,  Sept. 
11,  1714;  d.  Naples,  Aug.  28,  1774.  Canon 
Mozzillo  was  his  first  teacher  ;  at  16  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Cons,  of  San  Onofrio,  Naples,  as 
a  pupil  of  Durante,  but  was  soon  transferred  by 
his  father  to  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de'  Turchini, 
where  Feo  and  Leo  were  his  instructors  in  dra- 
matic and  sacred  composition,  and  Prato  and 
Mancini  in  singing.  Ballets  and  minor  vocal 
pieces  were  his  first  comp.s  ;  then  followed  dra- 
matic cantatas,  warmly  praised  by  Leo.  At  23 
he  produced  his  maiden  opera,  E  Errore  amoroso 
(Naples,  1737),  under  the  assumed  name  "  Va- 
lentino," dreading  popular  disapproval  ;  but  its 
enthusiastic  reception  encouraged  him  to  bring 
out  a  second,  Odoardo  (Naples,  1738),  under  his 
own  name,  likewise  with  flattering  success. 
After  several  other  fortunate  dramatic  ventures, 
he  was  called  to  Rome  in  1740,  where,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Cardinal  the  Duke  of  York, 
he  brought  out  II Ricimero  (1740)  and  Astianatte 
(1741).  Invited  to  Bologna  to  write  an  opera, 
he  prod.  Ezio(\i\\)  ;  here  P.  Martini,  delighted 
with  his  genius,  gave  him  valuable  advice.  Re- 
turning to  Naples,  his  Eumene  met  with  a  tri- 
umphant reception  ;  at  Venice  (1743)  his  Merope 
aroused  transports  of  enthusiasm,  and  the  Coun- 
cil of  Ten  appointed  him  director  of  the  Cons, 
del  Ospedaletto  ;  while  here  he  wrote  several 
notable  sacred  works.  In  1 745  he  went  to  Vienna, 
forming  a  warm  friendship  with  Metastasio, 
and  profiting  by  his  suggestions  on  dramatic 
expression  and  the  like.  Achille  in  Sciro  and 
Didone  (1745),  and  E 'A more  in  maschera  (1746), 
were  the  fruit  of  his  sojourn  in  Vienna  ;  he  was 
in  Venice  1746-7,  and  in  174S  returned  to  Na- 
ples. The  next  year,  at  Rome,  he  prod.  Arta- 
serse,  and,  by  the  good  offices  of  Cardinal  Al- 
bani,  was  app.  maestro  at  St.  Peter's  as  Bencini's 


assistant.  He  remained  in  this  position  until 
1754,  writing  much  church-music  ;  then  resigned, 
to  become  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke  of  Wiirttem- 
berg.  For  15  years  he  lived  alternately  at  Stutt- 
gart and  Ludwigsburg,  in  the  enjoyment  of  lib- 
eral compensation,  and  of  every  facility  for  com- 
position and  for  producing  his  works  (17  opere 
serie,  3  opere  buffe,  and  sacred  music) ;  under 
his  direction  the  Ducal  Kapelle  was  famed  as 
the  finest  in  Europe.  In  1759  the  Stuttgart 
opera  was  disbanded,  and  J.  again  sought  the  field 
of  his  former  triumphs,  Naples  ;  but  the  fickle 
Italian  public  had  almost  forgotten  him,  and  the 
influence  of  the  German  style,  reflected  in  his 
richer  modulation  and  heavier  instrumentation, 
was  not  at  all  to  their  taste  ;  consequently,  Ar- 
mida  abbandonata  (1770),  Demofoonte  (1770), 
and  Ifigenia  in  Tauride  (1771)  failed  to  win 
popular  favor.  These  sad  disappointments  at 
the  close  of  so  brilliant  a  career  so  affected  J.'s 
spirits  as  to  bring  on  an  apoplectic  stroke  in 
1773.  He  recovered  sufficiently  to  write  a  can- 
tata on  the  birth  of  an  heir  to  the  crown  of  Na- 
ples, and  a  Miserere  (considered  his  masterpiece) 
for  two  soprani  with  orch.,  to  Italian  words. 
He  also  received  a  commission  from  the  King 
of  Portugal  to  write  2  operas  and  a  cantata  ;  but 
died  shortly  after  completing  the  Miserere. 

Jommelli  belongs  to  the  period  of  Aless.  Scar- 
latti, Leo,  Pergolesi,  and  L.  Vinci,  and  per- 
haps surpasses  them  in  naturalness  of  dramatic 
expression  in  many  arias  and  scenas  ;  he  re- 
nounced, for  instance,  the  da  capo  form  of  the 
aria  fixed  by  Scarlatti,  and  imbued  his  later  dra- 
matic works  with  something  of  the  German 
spirit  in  orchestral  variety  and  color.  He  wrote 
over  50  known  operas  and  divertissements.  His 
sacred  music  won  equal  fame  ;  it  includes  4  ora- 
torios, several  cantatas,  and  a  great  quantity  of 
miscellaneous  c^iurch-works  ;  a  Laudate  w.  4 
soprani  soli  and  double  choir,  a  Miserere  and  a 
Dixit  a  S,  an  "  In  convertendo  "  w.  6  soli  and 
double  choir,  a  Magnificat  w.  echo,  a  Hymn  to 
St.  Peter  f.  double  choir,  and  especially  the 
Miserere  f.  2  soprani,  alluded  to  above,  are  the 
most  celebrated. 

Jonas,  Alberto,  fine  pianist ;  b.  Madrid, 
June  S,  1S68.  Pupil  of  Olave  and  Mendizabal ; 
also  studied  at  the  Cons.  He  entered  Brussels 
Cons,  at  18,  studied  there  under  Gevaert,  and  in 
1S88  won  1st  prize  for  pf. -playing,  and  later  2 
first  prizes  in  harm.  His  pianistic  debut  was  at 
Brussels  in  18S0.  In  1S90  he  passed  3  months 
at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons,  under  Rubinstein's 
tuition.  He  played  in  Berlin  for  the  first  time 
in  1891  ;  has  made  concert-tours  in  England, 
Holland,  Belgium,  France,  Germany,  Russia, 
Mexico,  and  the  United  States  (1893,  1897). 
In  1894  he  became  head  of  the  pf. -department 
in  the  Univ.  of  Michigan  School  of  Music,  a 
position  held  at  present  (1899).  J.  began  com- 
posing as  a  mere  child  ;  several  dances,  ro- 
mances, etc.,  have  been  publ.;  op.  10,  Fantasie- 
Stiicke  f.  pf. ;    op.   12,  "Northern    Dances"  f. 


299 


JONAS— JONES 


pf.  His  transl.  into  Spanish  of  Gevaert's  "In- 
strumentation "  will  soon  appear. 

Jonas,  Emile,  b.  Paris,  Mar.  5,  1827.  En- 
tering the  Cons,  in  1841,  he  took  1st  prize  in 
harm,  in  Lecouppey's  class  (1847),  and  the  2nd 
Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  Carafa's  class  (1848, 
with  the  cantata  Antonio).  Two  overtures  were 
played  in  the  Cons.,  1851,  1S52  ;  but  he  found 
his  true  vocation  in  the  composition  of  comic 
operettas  a  la  Offenbach,  making  his  debut  with 
Le  Duel  de  Benjamin  (Bouffes-Parisiens,  1855), 
followed  by  a  score  of  others  {La  Parade,  1856  ; 
Le  Hoi  boit,  and  Les  petits  Prodiges,  1857  ;  Job 
et  son  chien,  1863  ;  Avant  la  noce,  1865  ;  Deux 
Arlequins,  1865  ;  Le  Canard  a  trots  bees,  1869  ; 
Javotte,  1871,  later  in  London  as  Cinderella  ; 
Le  pre?tiier  baiser,  1883  ;  etc.).  From  1847-66 
J.  was  prof,  of  solfeggio  at  the  Cons.,  and  from 
1S59-70  also  took  a  harmony-class  for  students  of 
military  music.  As  mus.  director  of  the  Portu- 
guese Synagogue  he  publ.  a  "  Recueil  de  chants 
hebrai'ques  "  (1854).  At  the  Exposition  of  1867 
he  was  secretary  to  the  committee  of  organiza- 
tion of  military  festivals. 

Joncieres,  Felix-Ludger-Victorin  de,  b. 
Paris,  Apr.  12,  1S39.  A  student  of  painting 
under  Picot,  he  re- 
nounced that  art  for 
music,  and  entered 
Elwart's  class  at  the 
ParisCons.,  but  left 
it  after  the  first  pub- 
lic Wagner  concert 
at  Paris,  in  iS6o,his 
enthusiasm  for  the 
great  dramatist  re- 
volting at  the  pe- 
dantic strictures  of 
Elwart.  In  1S68  he 
attended  the  first 
performance  of  Die 
Meistersinger  at 
Munich.      Since 

1871  he  has  been  the  mus.  critic  of  "  La  Liberie, " 
and  is  a  contributor  to  other  papers. — Works: 
The  3-act  opera  Sardanapale  (Th.-Lyrique, 
1867)  ;  4-act  opera,  Le  dernier  jour  de  Pompe'i 
(ibid.,  1869)  ;  4-act  opera,  Dimitri  (ibid.,  1876); 
2-act  opera,  La  Peine  Berthe  (Opera,  1878);  4-act 
lyric  drama,  Le  Chevalier  Jean  (Opera-Comique, 
jSSs)  ;  3-act  lyric  drama,  Lancelot  du  lac  (re- 
ceived at  the  Opera)  ;  music  to  Hamlet  (1862); 
a  "  symphonie-ode,"  La  mer  ;  a  "  Symphonie  ro- 
mantique  ";  an  orch.  Suite  ;  a  Chinese  theme  f. 
soli  and  orch.,  "  Li  Tsin";  an  "  Aubade  triom- 
phale  "  f.  orch.;  an  "Hungarian  Serenade"  f. 
orch.;  a  "  Marche  slave"  f.  orch.;  a  concert- 
overture  ;  a  violin-concerto  ;  etc.  —  He  is  Presi- 
dent of  the  "  Soc.  des  Compositeurs  de  mu- 
sique";  chev.  of  the  Legion  of  Honor;  and 
Officer  of  public  instruction. 

Jones,  Arthur  Barclay,  b.  London,  Dec. 
16,  1869.  Chorister  in  Brompton  Oratory, 
1S78-93  ;    since  then   mus.    director.       Pie  also 


entered  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music  at  15  ; 
won  a  scholarship  ;  was  made  Associate  in  1889, 
prof,  of  pf.  in  1892,  and  of  harm,  in  1896.  His 
teachers  were  Thos.  Wingham  and  H.  C.  Banis- 
ter.— Works  :  Symphony  in  C  min.  (1896);  con- 
cert-overture in  C  min.  (1892)  ;  Sonata  f.  vln. 
and  pf.;  'cello-music  ;  pieces  f.  pf.  and  f.  organ  ; 
Ave  Maria  f.  sopr. ;  hymns  f .  children  ;  etc. 

Jones,  Edward,  Welsh  musician  and  writer 
("  Bardy  Brenin  ")  ;  b.  Llanderfel,  Merioneth- 
shire, Apr.  18,  1752  ;  d.  London,  Apr.  18,  1S24. 
Player  on  the  Welsh  harp  ;  appeared  in  London, 
x775  >  aPP-  Welsh  Bard  to  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
1783. — Works:  "  Musical  and  Poetical  Relicks 
of  the  Welsh  Bards,  ...  a  Plistory  of  the 
Bards  from  the  Earliest  Period,  and  an  Account 
of  their  Music,  Poetry,  and  Musical  Instr.s"  (in 
2  parts  ;  London,  17S4)  ;  a  2nd  ed.  of  same, 
with  slightly  altered  title,  and  augmented  (1794); 
"The  Bardic  Museum  of  Primitive  British  Lit- 
erature .  .  .  ,  forming  the  2nd  vol.  of  the  Mu- 
sical, Poetical  and  Historical  Relicks  of  the 
Welsh  Bards  and  Druids "  (1802)  ;  vol.  iii  of 
same  (about  1824)  ;  and  a  supplementary  vol. 
later  ;  the  entire  work  contains  225  Gaelic  melo- 
dies ; — "  Lyric  Airs,  consisting  of  specimens  of 
Greek,  Albanian,  Walachian,  Turkish,  Persian, 
Chinese,  and  Moorish  Songs  and  Melodies,  with 
a  short  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  Ancient 
Greek  Music  "  (London,  1804);  "  Cheshire  Melo- 
dies "  [provincial  airs  of  Cheshire]  (London, 
1803);  "  The  Mus.  Miscellany"  (n.  d.);  "  Terp- 
sichore's Banquet  "  [national  airs]  (n.  d.);  "  The 
Minstrel's  Serenades"  (n.  d.)  ;  "  The  Mus.  Bou- 
quet"(i799);  "  Maltese  Melodies"  (n.  d.);  "  Mus. 
Remainsof  Handel,  Bach,  Abel,  etc.";  "Choice 
Coll.  of  Ital.  Songs";  "The  Mus.  Portfolio" 
[English,  Scotch,  and  Irish  Melodies]  ;  "  Mus. 
Trifles  calculated  for  Beginners  on  the  Harp." 

Jones,  Griffith  Rhys  (or  Caradog),  Welsh 
conductor  ;  b.  Trecynon,  Dec.  21,  1S34.  Con- 
ductor as  a  youth  of  the  choir  called  "  Cor  Cara- 
dog," whence  his  appellation.  Pie  cond.  the 
victorious  Welsh  choir  in  the  Crystal  Palace 
competitions  of  1872-3;  later,  choirs  in  Cardigan- 
shire, Cardiff,  and  now  (1899)  in  Pontypridd. 

Jones,  Griffith,  British  writer.  Publ.  in  the 
"  Encycl.  Londoniensis "  a  paper,  afterwards 
printed  separately  as  "  Music"  (new  ed.  1S19  as 
"A  History  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Theo- 
retical and  Practical  Music";  in  German,  1821, 
as  "  Geschichte  der  Tonkunst"). 

Jones,  John,  English  organist  and  comp. ; 
b.  1728  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  17,  1796.  Org.  of 
Temple  Ch.,  1749  ;  of  Charterhouse,  1753  ;  of 
St.  Paul's,  1755. — Publ.  "6oChants,  single  and 
double"  (1785)  ;  Lessons  f.  harpsichord  (1761) ; 
8  Setts  of  do.  do.  (1754) ;  and  songs. 

Jones,  Robert,  English  lutenist  and  comp.; 
Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1597.  Publ.  "The  First 
Booke  of  Ayres  "  (1601)  ;  "  The  Second  Booke 
of  Ayres,  set  out  to  the  Lute,  the  Base  Violl  the 
playne  way,  or  the   Base  by  tableture  after  the 


300 


JONES— JUE 


leero  fashion  "  (1601)  ;  "  The  First  Set  of  Mad- 
rigals of  3-8  parts,  for  Viols  and  Voices,  or  for 
Voices  alone,  or  as  you  please"  (1607)  ;  "  Ulti- 
mum  Vale,  or  the  Third  Booke  of  Ayres  of  1,  2, 
and  4  Voyces  "  (1608);  "A  Musicall  Dreame, 
or  the  Fourth  Booke  of  Ayres  ;  The  first  part  is 
for  the  Lute,  two  voyces  and  theViole  de  Gambo: 
The  second  part  is  for  the  Lute,  the  Viole,  and 
four  voyces  to  sing  :  The  third  part  is  for  one 
voyce  alone,  or  to  the  Lute,  the  Base  Viole,  or 
to  both  if  you  please,  whereof  two  are  Italian 
Ayres"  (1609)  ;  "The  Muse's  Gardin  for  de- 
light, or  the  Fifth  Booke  of  Ayres  only  for  the 
Lute,  the  basse  Violl  and  the  Voyce"  (1611)  ; 
also  the  madrigal  "  Faire  Oriana,  seeming  to 
wink  at  folly,"  in  "  The  Triumphs  of  Oriana" 
(1601),  and  3  pieces  in  Leighton's  "  Teares  or 
Lamentacions  "  (1614). 

Jones,  Sidney,  contemporary  British  com- 
poser.— Works  :  The  operetta  The  Gaiety  Girl 
(London,  1893)  ;  the  opera  An  Artist's  Model 
(Daly's  Th.,  London,  1S95)  ;  and  the  Japanese 
operetta  The  Geisha  (ibid.,  1S96  ;  very  succ. 
there,  and  later  in  New  York,  Berlin,  etc.). 

Jones,  William  ("of  Nayland  "),  b.  Lowick, 
Northamptonshire,  Engl.,  July  30,  1726  ;  d. 
Nayland,  Suffolk,  Feb.  6,  1800,  where  he  had 
been  perpetual  curate  since  1779. — Works  :  "A 
Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Musick"  (Colchester, 
1784  ;  2nd  ed.  Suffolk,  1S27)  ;  10  Church  Pieces 
for  the  Organ,  with  4  Anthems  in  score  ;  mis- 
cellaneous church-music. 

Jones,  (Sir)  William,  b.  London,  Sept.  28, 
1746  ;  d.  Calcutta,  Apr.  27,  1794.  A  learned 
orientalist,  and,  from  17S3,  judge  at  Calcutta. — 
Wrote:  "Commentaries  on  Asiatic  Poetry"; 
"The  Musical  Modes  of  the  Hindus"  (1784), 
also  publ.  in  vol.  vi  of  his  Coll.  Works  (1799), 
and  utilized  by  Dalberg. 

Jordan,  Jules,  b.  Willimantic,  Conn.,  Nov. 
10,  1850.  Removing  to  Providence,  R.  I.,  in 
1870,  J.'s  fine  tenor  voice  secured  him  a  position 
in  Grace  Ch.;  he  studied  singing  with  G.  I. 
Osgood,  of  Boston,  and  in  Europe  under  Wm. 
Shakespeare,  London,  and  Sgr.  Sbriglia,  Paris. 
Returning  to  Providence,  he  was  for  13  years 
choirmaster  of  Grace  Ch.,  and,  since  its  founda- 
tion in  1880,  cond.  of  the  famous  Arion  Club. 
Favorite  singer  in  concert  and  oratorio  ;  created 
"  Faust  "  in  Berlioz's  Damnation  de  Faust  at  its 
first  perf.  in  America  (New  York,  Feb.  14,  1S80). 
Highly  successful  conductor  and  teacher.  In 
1S95  Brown  Univ.  conferred  on  J.  the  degree  of 
Mus.  Doc. — Works  :  Rip  van  U'inkle,  3-act 
romantic  comedy-opera  (publ.  1898);  The  Night 
Service,  cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  The 
Wind-swept  II 'heat,  f.  tenor  solo,  ch.,  and  orch. ; 
Barbara  Frietchie  [Whittier],  ballad  f.  sopr., 
ch.,  and  orch.;  "  Great  Western  Land,"  national 
hymn  ;  many  fine  popular  songs;  the  sacred 
pieces  "The  lost  sheep,"  f.  tenor  solo  and  ch., 
"  Tantum  ergo,"  f.  bass  and  ch.,  "  I  am  the 
vine,"  and  numerous  others. 


Josef'fy,  Rafael,  highly  accomplished  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Miskolcz,  Hungary,  July  3,  1S53.  St. 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons, 
under  Moscheles, 
and  thereafter  be- 
came a  pupil  of 
Tausig  at  Berlin. 
Subsequent  con- 
cert-tours through 
Germany,  Austria, 
etc.,  revealed  him 
as  a  player  of  re- 
markable tech- 
nique, and  a  "  pre- 
destined "  interpre- 
ter of  Chopin  ;  in 
delicacy  of  touch 
he  is  unexcelled. 
He  made  Vienna  his  headquarters  for  a  number 
of  years ;  since  1879  (?)  ne  nas  lived  in  New  York, 
where  he  at  present  (1S99)  teaches  in  the  Na- 
tional Conservatory.  J.  has  also  publ.  about  a 
score  of  salon-pieces  for  piano,  among  them  a 
Chanson  d'amour,  2  Feuilles  d'album,  an  Im- 
promptu, a  Mazurka-Fantaisie,  a  Romance  sans 
paroles,  a  Spinning-song,  the  waltzes  "  Souvenir 
d'Amerique,"  a  Polka  noble,  "  The  Mill-clack," 
an  Idylle,  etc. 

Josquin.     See  Despres. 

Jouret,  Theodore,  b.  Ath,  Belgium,  Sept.  11, 
1821  ;  d.  Kissingen,  July  16,  1887.  By  voca- 
tion a  prof,  of  chemistry  at  Brussels  military 
school,  he  was  mus.  critic  for  several  papers, 
and  also  comp.  (with  Meynne)  a  i-act  comic 
opera,  Le  Me'decin  litre  (1S45),  male  quartets, 
and  songs. —  His  brother, 

Jouret,  Leon,  b.  Ath,  Oct.  17,  182S,  studied 
at  Brussels  Cons.,  where  he  has  taught  a 
vocal  ensemble-class  since  1874. — Works  :  Two 
operas,  Quentin  Metsys  and  the  Le  Tricorne 
enchante ;  church-music  ;  cantatas,  part-songs, 
and  songs. 

Jousse,  J.,  b.  Orleans,  France,  1760  ;  d.  Jan. 
19,  1837,  in  London,  whither  he  fled  to  escape 
the  Revolution,  residing  there  as  a  teacher  of 
singing  and  pf.  He  publ.  several  mus.  text- 
books, among  them  "Lectures  on  Thorough- 
bass" (1819),  a  new  revised  and  augmented  edi- 
tion of  which  was  publ.  in  New  York,  1894,  as 
"A  Catechism  of  Music." 

Ju'denkunig,  Hans,  b.  Schwabisch-Gmiind, 
lutenist  and  violist  at  Vienna,  publ.  "Ain  schon 
kunstliche  Underweisung  .  .  .  leychtlich  zu  be- 
greyffen,  den  rechten  Grund  zu  lernen  auff  der 
Lautten  und  Geygen  "  (1523),  important  for  the 
history  of  instruments  ;  a  copy  is  in  the  Vienna 
Library. 

Jue,  Edouard,  b.  Paris,  1794;  violin-pupil  of 
the  Cons.  1808-11,  later  of  Galin,  whose  "  me- 
loplaste "  he  adopted,  with  modifications. — 
Wrote:  "La  musique  apprise  sans  maitre " 
(1823;  1835;    1S3S)  ;  "  Solfege  meloplastique " 


301 


JULIEN— JUPIN 


(1826);  and   a   "Tableau   synoptique   des  prin- 
cipes  de  la  musique  "  (1836). 

Julien  (or  Jullien),  Louis-Antoine,  b.  Sis- 
teron,  Basses-Alpes,  Apr.  23,  1812  ;  d.  Paris, 
Mar.  14,  i860.  Pupil  of  Halevy  in  Paris  Cons., 
1834-6,  but  had  no  taste  for  serious  study,  pre- 
ferring to  write  dance-tunes,  and  left  the  Cons, 
to  establish  dance-concerts  in  the  Jardin  Turc, 
which  were  soon  all  the  rage.  On  account  of 
debts  he  fled  to  London  in  1838  ;  recruited  a  fine 
orchestra,  gave  promenade-concerts,  and  made 
tours  through  Britain  and  to  America.  He  also 
founded  a  music-selling  business  for  profitably 
disposing  of  his  own  popular  dance-music  ; 
success  encouraged  him  to  more  ambitious  ef- 
forts, and  he  wrote  an  opera,  Pietro  il  Grande, 
in  5  acts  ;  the  enormous  expenses  attending  its 
production,  in  1852,  ruined  him.  To  escape  his 
creditors,  he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
thrown  into  prison,  and  finally  died  in  an  insane 
asylum. 

Julien,  Paul,  fine  violinist ;  b.  Brest,  France, 
Feb.  12,  1841  ;  pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  1848-50, 
winning  1st  prize  ;  travelled  in  N.  America 
1S53-8,  and  again  in  the  '6o's,  losing  his  life  on 
the  voyage  between  New  York  and  Savannah, 
Oct.  4,  1S66. 

Jullien,  Marcel-Bernard,  b.  Paris,  Feb.  2, 
1798  ;  d.  there  Oct.  15,  1881.  Secretary-general 
to  the  Soc.  des  Methodes  d'enseignement,  and  a 
learned  grammarian. — Wrote  "  De  l'etude  de  la 
musique  instrumental  dans  les  pensions  des 
demoiselles"  (1848)  ;  "  De  quelques  points  des 
sciences  dans  l'antiquite  (Physique,  metrique, 
musique)"  (1854);  and  "Theses  supplemen- 
taires  de  metrique  et  de  musique  anciennes " 
(1861). — His  son, 

Jullien,  Jean-Lucien-Adolphe,  b.  Paris, 
June  1,  1S45,  is  one  of  the  foremost  French 
mus.  writers,  authors,  critics,  and  reviewers  ; 
contributes  to  "  Le  Menestrel,"  the  "  Revue  et 
Gazette  musicale,"  and  the  "  Chronique  musi- 
cale." — Writings  :  "  L'Opera  en  17SS"  (1873)  ; 
"La  musique  et  les  philosophies  au  XVIlle 
siecle  "  (1873)  ;  "  La  comedie  a  la  cour  de  Louis 
XVI,  le  theatre  de  la  reine  a  Trianon"  (1873)  ; 
"  Histoire  du  theatre  de  Mme.  Pompadour,  dit 
theatre  des  petits  cabinets"  (1874)  ;  "  Les  spec- 
tateurs  sur  le  theatre  "  (1875) ;  "  Le  theatre  des 
demoiselles  Verrieres  "  (1875);  "Les  grandes 
nuits  de  Sceaux,  le  theatre  de  la  duchesse  du 
Maine"  (1876)  ;  "  Un  potentat  musical "  (1876)  ; 
"  L'eglise  et  l'opera  en  1735  ;  Mile.  Lemaure  et 
l'eveque  de  Saint-Papoul"  (1S77)  ;  "Weber  a 
Paris"  (1877)  ;  "Airs  varies:  histoire,  critique, 
biographie  musicales  et  dramatiques"  (1877); 
"La  cour  et  l'opera  sous  Louis  XVI;  Marie- 
Antoinette  et  Sacchini,  Salieri,  Favart  et  Cluck" 
(1878)  ;  "  La  comedie  et  la  galanterie  au  XVIIIe 
siecle  "  (1879)  ;  "  Histoire  des  costumes  au  thea- 
tre "  (1880);  "Goethe  et  la  musique"  (1880)  ; 
"  1. 'opera  secret  au  XVI I  Ie  siecle  "  (1880)  ;  "La 
ville  et  la  cour  au  XVIIIe  siecle"  (1SS1)  ;  "  La 


comedie  de  la  cour  .  .  .  pendant  le  siecle  der- 
nier" (1S83);  "Paris  dilettante  au  commence- 
ment du  siecle"  (1S84)  ;  two  great  quartos,  edi- 
tions de  luxe,  ' '  Richard  Wagner,  sa  vie  et  ses 
ceuvres"  (1886),  and  "  Hector  Berlioz"  (1S88)  ; 
"  Musiciens  d'aujourd'hui  "  (2nd  series,  1S94). 

Jumilhac,  Dom  Pierre-Benoit  de,  b.  cha- 
teau St. -Jean-de-Ligour,  near  Limoges,  161 1  ;  d. 
St.-Germain-des-Pres,  Mar.  22,  16S2.  A  Bene- 
dictine monk.  He  wrote  "  La  Science  et  la 
Pratique  du  plain-chant  .  .  ."  (Paris,  1673  ; 
edited  by  Nisard  and  Leclerc,  and  republ. 
1S47),  an  erudite  work  containing  many  mus. 
examples. 

Junck,  Benedetto,  b.  Turin,  Aug.  24,  1852. 
Composer,  pupil  from  1872  of  Bazzini  and  Maz- 
zucato  at  Milan,  where  he  lives. — Works  :  A 
string-quartet  in  E  ;  2  violin-sonatas  in  G  and 
D  ;  several  songs  ;  etc. 

Jung'mann,  Albert,  b.  Langensalza,  Prussia, 
Nov.  14,  1824  ;  d.  Pandorf,  n.  Vienna,  Nov.  7, 
1892.  Pupil  of  G.  W.  Korner  (pf.)  and  I.  A. 
Leibrock  (theory)  ;  for  years  prof,  at  the  St. 
Cecilia  Acad.,  Rome;  settled  in  Vienna,  1853, 
became  manager  for  C.  A.  Spina  (Diabelli  &  Co.), 
and  finally  founded  the  firm  of  Jungmann  & 
Lerch,  Spina's  successors. — Publ.  over  400  works 
f.  pf.,  chiefly  salon-mus\c;  also  songs. 

Jung'mann,  Ludwig  ["Louis"],  b.  Weimar, 
Jan.  2,  1832  ;  d.  there  Sept.  20,  1892  ;  pupil  in 
the  Teachers'  Seminary,  later  of  Dr.  Topfer 
(comp.)  and  Liszt  (pf.).  From  1869,  teacher  at 
the  Sophien-Institut,  Weimar. — Publ.  pf.-music 
(trios,  variations,  Phantasiestt'icke),  songs,  etc. 

Jiingst,  Hugo,  b.  Dresden,  Feb.  26,  1S53  ; 
st.  in  the  Cons,  there,  1871-6  ;  now  conductor 
of  the  Dresden  Male  Choral  Society,  which  he 
founded  in  1S76,  of  the  Julius  Otto  Soc,  and  of 
the  acad.  Gesangverein  "Erato."  Received 
title  of  "Prof."  from  the  King  of  Saxony  in 
1898. — Works  :  Male  choruses,  of  which  op.  66 
appeared  in  1897. 

Jun'ker,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.  Ohringen,  abt. 
1740  ;  d.  as  pastor  in  Ruppertshofen,  n.  Kirch- 
berg,  May  30,  1797. — Works  :  Melodr.  Genoveva 
im  Thurm  (Speyer,  1790);  cantata  Die  Nacht, 
w.  vln.  and  'cello  ;  3  pf. -concertos  ;  etc. — Writ- 
ings: "2oComponisten  ;  eine  Skizze  "  (1776  ;  2nd 
ed.  as  "  Portefeuillefur  Musikliebhaber,"  1790)  ; 
"  Betrachtungen  fiber  Maler-,  Ton-  und  Bild- 
hauerkunst  "  (177S)  ;  "  Einige  der  vornehmsten 
Pflichten  eines  Capellmeisters  oder  Musikdirec- 
tors  "  (17S2) ;  "  Ueber  den  Werth  der  Tonkunst " 
(1786);  "  Musikalischer  Almanach  "  (1782,  '3, 
'4)  ;  "  Die  musikalische  Geschichte  eines  Autodi- 
dacts  in  der  Musik  "  (17S3)  ;  etc. 

Jupin,  Charles-Francois,  b.  Chambery, 
Nov.  30,  1805  ;  d.  Paris,  June  12,  1839.  Pre- 
cocious violinist,  pupil  of  Monticelli  and  Georgis, 
then  of  Baillot  at  Paris  Cons.,  taking  1st  prize 
in  1823  ;  from  1S26-35,  prof,  and  conductor  in 
Strassburg. — Works  :  An  opera  comique,  La 
vengeance  italienne  (1S34)  ;  Var.s    brillantes    f. 


302 


JURGENSON— KALBECK 


orch.;  a  vln. -concerto  ;  a  string-trio,  a  pf.-trio  ; 
Fantaisie  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  Var.s  concertantes  f. 
pf.  and  vln.;  etc. 

Jiir'genson,  Peter,  b.  Reval,  1836  ;  founder 
(1861)  of  the  great  music-publishing  house  at 
Moscow,  to  which  a  printing  establ.  was  added 
in  1867.  Specialty,  works  by  Russian  composers 
(Tchaikovsky,  ct  al.). 


K 


Kaan  ["Albest-Kahn "],  Heinrich  von, 
pianist  ;  b.  Tarnopol,  Galicia,  May  29,  1852. 
Pupil  of  Blodek  and  Skuherskyat  Prague,  where 
he  lives  as  prof,  at  the  Cons,  since  1890. — 
Works:  Ballet  Bojaja  ;  symphonic  poem  "  Sa- 
kuntala";  pf. -concertos  ;  chamber-music. 

Ka'de,  Otto,  historiographer,  composer,  con- 
ductor ;  b.  Dresden,  1825.  A  stipend  from 
King  Friedrich  August  enabled  him  to  study 
under  J.  Otto  (comp.)  and  J.  G.  Schneider  (pf. 
and  organ)  ;  after  a  year  and  a  half  in  Italy, 
he  founded  the  "  Cacilia  "  singing-society  for 
ancient  church-music  (1848).  He  also  became 
mus.  director  of  the  Neustadt  Church.  Called 
to  Schwerin  in  1S60  to  succeed  Schaffer  as 
Grand-Ducal  Mus.  Dir.,  and  conductor  of  the 
"  Schlosschor"  (palace-choir)  ;  from  1866  he  also 
taught  singing  at  the  Gymnasium.  Retired  in 
1894.  Dr.  phil.,  Leipzig,  1884. — Works:  Ger- 
man transl.  of  P.  Scudo's  "Chevalier  Sarti"; 
monographs  on  Le  Maistre  and  H.  Isaak  ;  an 
"Officielles  Melodienbuch"and  a  "Choralbuch  " 
for  the  Mecklenburgische  Landeskirche  ;  a  "Can- 
tionale  "  for  the  same,  in  3  parts  ;  "  Der  neu  auf- 
gefundene  Luthercodex  vom  Jahr  1530  "  (1872) ; 
"  Die  weltliche  Liedweise  "  (lecture  in  pamphlet- 
form)  ;  many  valuable  historical  papers  for  vari- 
ous periodicals  ;  edited  the  mus.  supplements  to 
vol.  i  of  Ambros'  "  Geschichteder  Musik  "  (1881, 
as  a  5th  vol.)  ;  began  in  1S93  the  publication  of 
a  series  of  Passions  (34  numbers,  from  Obrecht 
to  Schl'itz) ;  compositions  of  his  own,  in  Gregorian 
style,  are  collected  in  the  above  "  Cantionale." 

Kaff'ka  (or  Kawka),  Johann  Christian, 
b.  Ratisbon,  1759  ;  d.  (?).  A  dramatic  composer, 
singer,  and  actor  ;  pupil  of  Riepel  ;  after  singing 
and  acting  at  Berlin  (1778),  Breslau,  Dessau 
(1800),  he  settled  in  Riga  (1803)  as  a  bookseller. 
Produced  a  dozen  operas,  several  ballets,  2  ora- 
torios, masses,  vespers,  etc. 

Kafka,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  Neustadt, 
Bohemia,  May  17,  1S19  ;  d.  Vienna,  Oct.  23, 
1886.  Composer  of  salon-pieces  f.  pf.,  easy  and 
popular  (especially  those  on  Austrian  themes), 
but  shallow  artistically. 

Kahl,  Heinrich,  b.  Munich,  Jan.  31,  1S40  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Aug.  6,  1892.  Pupil  of  Munich  Cons. ; 
violinist  in  the  court  orch.;  1S57-66,  leader  of 
the  royal  orch.  at  Wiesbaden  ;  later  theatre-cond. 
at  Riga,  Stettin,  and  Aachen  ;  1872,  chorusmas- 
ter  at  Berlin  Court  Opera  ;   1S74,  Royal  Mus.- 


Dir.  and  cond.  of  the  symphony-concerts  of  the 
court  orch.;  1880,  Royal  Kapellm. 

Kab/lert,  Karl  August  Timotheus,  b.  Bres- 
lau, Mar.  5,  1807  ;  d.  there  Mar.  29,  1S64.  Prof, 
of  philosophy  at  Breslau  Univ. — Wrote  "Blat- 
ter aus  der  Brieftasche  eines  Musikers"  (1832)  ; 
"Tonleben"  (1838)  ;  contributed  to  the  "Allgem. 
mus.  Zeitung"  and  Dehn's  "  Caecilia "  ;  also 
comp.  songs  of  merit. 

Kahn,  Robert,  pianist  and  comp.  ;  b.  Mann- 
heim, July  21,  1865.  Pupil  of  Ernst  Frank  and 
V.  Lachner  (Mannheim),  Kiel  (Berlin,  1SS2),  and 
Jos.  Rheinberger  (Munich,  1885).  In  1885  he 
went  to  Berlin,  where  Joachim  aided  him  ;  in 
1890,  to  Leipzig,  where  he  founded  a  Ladies' 
Choral  Union  in  1S91,  and  gave  concerts  ;  in  Oct., 
1S93,  he  was  app.  teacher  of  pf.  at  the  Berlin 
Hochschule  fiir  Musik.  —  Works:  Serenade  f. 
orch.  ;  string-quartet  ;  pf. -quartet,  op.  14  ;  pf.- 
trio  ;  2  sonatas  f.  vln.  w.  pf.  ;  pieces  f.  pf.  solo 
and  4  hands  ;  "  Mahomet's  Gesang  "  [Goethe]  f. 
mixed  ch.  and  orch.,  op.  24  ;  excellent  terzets 
and  quartets  f.  female  voices  ;  numerous  songs. 

Kahnt,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  May  10, 
1823  ;  d.  Leipzig,  June  5,  1897.  Founder,  and 
till  1SS6  head,  of  the  music-publishing  firm  of 
C.  F.  Kahnt  at  Leipzig  and  Zwickau  ;  from  1857 
publisher,  and  after  Brendel's  death  in  1868  titu- 
lar editor,  of  R.  Schumann's  "  Neue  Zeitschrift 
ftir  Musik."  Firm  and  paper  were  acquired  by 
Oscar  Schwalm  ("  C.  F.  K.  Nachfolger")  in 
1886,  and  by  Dr.  Paul  Simon  in  1888. 

Kai'ser,  Karl,  b.  Leipa,  Bohemia,  Mar.  12, 
1837  ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  1,  1890.  Student  of 
philos.  at  Prague  ;  army-officer  1857-63  ;  1S74, 
founded  a  popular  school  of  music  in  Vienna 
(carried  on  by  his  son  Rudolf). 

Kai'ser,  Friedrich  Emil,  b.  Koburg,  Feb. 
7,  1850.  Regimental  bandmaster  at  Prague. — 
Operas  Die  Cavaliere  dcs  Konigs  (Salzburg, 
1879) ;  Der  Trompeter  von  Sakkingen  (Olmtitz, 
1882);  A  ndreas  I/of er  (Reichenberg,  1886) ;  Der 
Kornet  (Leipzig,  1886)  ;  and  Bodenstein  (Brunn, 
1S92). 

Kal'beck,  Max,  b.  Breslau,  Jan.  4,  1850;  st. 
in  Munich  Univ.  and  also  in  the  School  of  Mu- 
sic there.  1875,  mus.  critic  and  feuilletoniste  of 
the  "  Schlesische  Zeitung,"  Breslau,  later  of  the 
"  Breslauer  Zeitung  "  ;  in  1880,  Hanslick  recom- 
mended him  to  the  Vienna  "  Allgemeine  Zei- 
tung" ;  and  now  he  is  on  the  staff  of  the  "Wiener 
Montags-Revue  "  and  the  "  Neues  Wiener  Tage- 
blatt."  He  has  publ.  studies  on  Wagner's  Nibe- 
lungen  (1876)  and  Parsifal  (1880)  ;  his  collected 
critiques  appeared  1881  as  "Wiener  Operna- 
bende."  He  has  made  excellent  Ger.  translations 
of  many  opera-books  (Mozart's  Don  Giovanni, 
Bastien  et  Bastienne,  and  Gartnerin  aus  Liebe  ; 
Massenet's  Cid  and  Werther  ;  Mascagni's  Amico 
Fritz  and  /  Rantzau  ;  Verdi's  Otello  and  Fal- 
staff;  Smetana's  Bartered  Bride  and  Dalibor  ; 
(  Hordano's  Mala  vita;  etc.).  Coll.s  of  orig.  poems 


303 


KALISCHER— KAPS 


are  "  Aus  Natur  und  Leben,"  and  "  Aus  alter 
und  neuer  Zeit." 

KaTischer,  Alfred,  b.  Thorn,  Mar.  4,  1842. 
After  taking  the  degree  of  Dr.  philol.  at  Leipzig, 
he  st.  music  with  Biirgel  and  Bohmer  at  Berlin, 
where  he  lives  as  a  writer  and  teacher.  Editor 
of  the  "  Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung  "  ;  writes 
for  the  "  Klavierlehrer  "  and  the  "  Neue  Zeitung 
fur  Musik."  Has  publ.  "  Beethoven's  Beziehun- 
gen  zu  Berlin"  ;  "  Luther's  Bedeutung  fiir  die 
Tonkunst  "  ;  "  Lessing  als  Musikasthetiker  "  ; 
"  Musik  und  Moral  "  ;  etc. 

Kalk'brenner,  Christian,  b.  Minden,  Han- 
over, Sept.  22,  1755  ;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  10,  1S06. 
Mediocre  writer  and  opera-composer  ;  pupil,  at 
Kassel,  of  Becker  (pf.)  and  Rodewald  (vln.). 
Kapellm.  to  the  Queen  at  Berlin  in  1788  ;  ditto 
to  Prince  Heinrich,  at  Rheinsberg,  1790-96  ; 
was  in  Naples  till  1797,  then  went  to  Paris,  and 
was  app.  chef  tie  chant  at  the  Opera  in  1799. 
His  operas,  chamber-music,  pf. -pieces,  etc.,  are 
forgotten  ;  a  History  of  Music,  a  Theory  of  Com- 
position, etc.,  are  of  no  present  value. — His  son, 

Kalk'brenner,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Mi- 
chael, b.  1788  on  a  journey  from  Kassel  to  Ber- 
lin ;  d.  Enghien-les-Bains,  n.  Paris,  June  10, 
1849.  Pianist ;  taught  by  his  father,  then  (1799) 
at  Paris  Cons,  by  L.  Adam  (pf.)  and  Catel 
(harm.),  taking  first  prizes  in  1801.  From  1803 
he  studied  for  a  while  under  Clementi  and  Al- 
brechtsberger  (cpt.)  at  Vienna  ;  appeared  as  a 
concert-pianist  at  Berlin,  Munich  (1805),  and 
Stuttgart,  also  in  Paris  again,  with  great  success, 
in  1806.  As  a  teacher,  too,  he  was  in  great 
vogue.  The  years  1814-23  were  spent  in  Lon- 
don ;  in  1818  he  took  up  Logier's  newly-invented 
Chiroplast,  simplified  it,  and  applied  it  practi- 
cally. After  a  German  tour  in  1823  with  the 
harpist  Dizi,  K.  settled  (1824)  in  Paris  as  a  part- 
ner in  the  Pleyel  piano-factory  (the  future  Mme. 
Camille  Pleyei  was  one  of  his  pupils).  He  re- 
visited Germany  in  1833,  and  Belgium  in  1836. 
K.  was  inordinately  vain  of  the  success  of  his 
method  of  teaching,  which  aimed  at  the  inde- 
pendent development  of  the  fingers  and  wrist 
(he  was  the  father  of  modern  octave-playing)  ; 
he  even  invited  Chopin  to  become  his  pupil  in 
order  to  learn  to  play  artistically.  He  likewise 
developed  left-hand  technique,  and  a  proper 
management  of  the  pedals.  As  a  player,  his 
technique  was  smooth  and  well-rounded,  his  fin- 
gers supple  and  of  equal  strength,  and  his  tone 
full  and  rich  ;  his  style,  while  fluent  and  grace- 
ful, lacked  emotional  power.  His  numerous 
etudes  (among  them  several  for  left-hand  solo) 
are  interesting  and  valuable. — Works  :  4  pf.- 
concertos  (the  last,  op.  125,  f.  2  pf.s)  ;  pf. -septet 
f.  strings  and  2  horns  ;  pf.-quintet  w.  clar.,  horn, 
bssn.,  and  d.-bass  ;  2  pf.-sextets  ;  pf.-quintet  ;  3 
pf.-quartets  ;  7  pf. -trios  ;  15  sonatas  ;  also  rondos, 
fantaisies,  variations,  caprices,  etc.,  of  a  light 
character  ;  a  "  Methode  pour  apprendre  le  piano- 
forte a  l'aide  du  guide-mains"  (op.  108  ;  1830)  ; 
and  a  "  Traite  d'harmonie  du  pianiste  "  (1849). 


Kalliwo'da,  Johann  Wenzel,  pianist  and 
composer  of  distinction  ;  b.  Prague,  Feb.  22, 
1801  ;  d.  Karlsruhe,  Dec.  3,  1866.  Taught  by 
Pixis  in  the  Prague  Cons.  1S10-16,  he  played 
in  the  theatre-orch.  1816-22  ;  from  1823-53, 
Kapellm.  to  Prince  Fi'trstenberg  at  Donaue- 
schingen,  then  retiring  to  Karlsruhe. — Works  : 
2  operas,  Blanda  and  Prinzessin  Christine ;  a 
mass;  6  symphonies,  14  overtures,  and  13  fan- 
tasias, f.  orch.;  a  vln. -concerto,  op.  9,  and  a 
concerto  f.  2  violins,  op.  20  ;  7  concertinos,  3 
string-quartets,  3  string-trios,  and  a  variety  of 
solos  f.  vln.  ;  also  choruses,  duets,  and  songs 
(among  them  the  popular  "  Deutsches  Lied  "). 

Kalliwo'da,  Wilhelm,  son  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Donaueschingen,  July  19,  1827  ;  d.  Karlsruhe, 
Sept.  8,  1893.  Taught  by  his  father  ;  then 
entered  the  Leipzig  Cons.  In  1S47,  music- 
director  at  the  Catholic  ch.,  Karlsruhe;  1853-75, 
court  Kapellm.  at  the  theatre  there.  Excellent 
pianist,  and  teacher  of  pf.  He  wrote  pf. -music 
of  a  light  and  pleasing  kind,  also  songs,  and  fine 
male  choruses. 

Kall'witz,  or  Kalwitz.     See  Calvisius. 

Kamienski,  Mathias,  the  first  composer  of 
Polish  opera  ;  b.  Odenburg,  Hungary,  Oct.  13, 
1734  ;  d.  Warsaw,  Jan.  25,  1821.  He  studied 
comp.  in  Vienna,  and  settled  in  Warsaw  as  a 
teacher.  In  1778  his  first  opera,  A'edza  uszczes- 
liwiona  ["Comfort  in  misfortune"],  sung  by 
Poles,  was  enthusiastically  received  ;  he  prod.  5 
more  Polish  operas,  and  wrote  2  German  operas 
(not  perf.),  a  cantata  for  the  unveiling  of  the 
Sobieski  statue,  masses,  offertories,  and  polo- 
naises. 

Kam'merlander,  Karl,  b.  Weissenhorn, 
Swabia,  Apr.  27,  1828  ;  d.  Aug.  24,  1892,  at 
Augsburg,  as  Kapellm.  at  the  cathedral  (since 
1871).  Pupil  of  Kempter.  Poet,  and  a  comp. 
of  songs,  church-music,  and  fine  male  choruses. 

Kan'dler,  Franz  Sales,  Imperial  military 
draughtsman  ("  Eeldkriegskonzipist ")  ;  b.Klos- 
terneuberg,  Lower  Austria,  Aug.  23,  1792  ;  d. 
Baden,  n.  Vienna,  Sept.  26,  1831.  Asa  boy  he 
sang  in  the  court  choir,  Vienna,  and  was  care- 
fully taught  by  Albrechtsberger,  Salieri,  and 
Gyrowetz.  When  ordered  to  Italy  (1S15-26), 
he  pursued  the  study  of  Italian  music  and  its 
history  as  an  avocation  ;  besides  numerous  fugi- 
tive papers,  he  publ.  "  Cenni  storico-critici  in- 
torno  alia  vita  ed  alle  opere  del  celebre  composi- 
tore  Giov.  Adolfo  Hasse,  detto  il  Sassone " 
(1820),  "  Ueber  das  Leben  und  die  Werke  des 
G.  Pierluigi  da  Palestrina,  genannt  der  Fiirst 
der  Musik"  (1834);  and  "Cenni  storico-critici 
sulle  vicende  e  lo  stato  attuale  della  musica  in 
Italia"  (1836). 

Kaps,  Ernst,  b.  Dobeln,  Saxony,  Dec.  6, 
1826;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  11,  1S87.  He  estab- 
lished a  piano-factory  in  Dresden,  1859,  and 
made  a  specialty  of  parlor  grands.  Manufac- 
turer to  the  Court  of  Saxony.  Succeeded  by  his 
sons. 


304 


KAPSBERGER— KASTNER 


Kaps'berger,  Johann  Hieronymus  von,  of 

noble  German  family ;  d.  Rome,  about  1650. 
Noted  virtuoso  on  the  theorbo,  chitarrone,  lute, 
and  trumpet,  he  lived  at  Rome  on  a  friendly 
footing  with  the  Jesuits,  and  as  a  flatterer  of 
Pope  Urban  VIII.  His  compositions  are  in  the 
then  "  modern"  Florentine  style  ;  those  for  lute 
are  written  in  a  much-simplified  lute-tablature. 
He  publ.  "  Intavolatura  di  chitarrone  "  (3  books  : 
1604,  '16,  '26)  ;  "  Villanelle  a  1,  2  e  3  voci  "  (in 
tabl.  f.  chitar.  and  guitar  ;  6  books  :  1610,  '19 
[books  2  and  3],  '23,  '30,  '32);  "  Arie  passeggiate" 
(3  books  :  1612,  '23,  '30)  ;  "  Intavolature  di 
lauto"  (2  books  :  1611,  '23) ;  Madrigals  a  5  w. 
continuo(i6og) ;  "  Mottetti  Passeggiati  "  (1612)  ; 
"  Balli,  gagliarde  e  correnti  "  (1615)  ;  "  Sin- 
fonie  a  4  con  il  basso  continuo  "  (1615) ;  "  Ca- 
pricci  a  due  stromenti,  tiorba  e  tiorbino  "  (1617) ; 
2  books  of  Latin  poems  by  Cardinal  Barberini 
[Pope  Urban  VIII.]  for  one  voice,  w.  figured 
bass  (1624,  '33);  "  Missae  Urbanae  "  a  4-8 
(1631)  ;  "  Apotheosis  of  St.  Ignatius  of  Loyola  "; 
a  mus.  drama,  Fetonte  (1630);  and  wedding-can- 
tatas.     Similar  works  in  MS. 

Karajan,  Theodor  Georg  von,  b.  Vienna, 
Jan.  22,  1810;  d.  there  Apr.  28,  1873,  as  sub- 
director  of  the  Imperial  Library  and  president 
of  the  Acad,  of  Sciences.  His  important  mono- 
graph "  Josef  Haydn  in  London  1791  und  1792  " 
contains  Haydn's  correspondence  with  Marianne 
von  Genzinger. 

Karasow'ski,  Moritz,  b.  Warsaw,  Sept.  22, 
1823  ;  d.  Dresden,  Apr.  20,  1892.  His  teacher 
was  Val.  Kratzer  (pf.  and  'cello).  In  1851  he 
joined  the  Grand  Opera  orch.  at  Warsaw  as 
'cellist;  travelled  from  1858-60;  and  in  i860 
became  royal  chamber-virtuoso  at  Dresden.  He 
publ.  (in  Polish)  "  History  of  the  Polish  Opera  " 
(1859);  "Life  of  Mozart "  (1868)  ;  "Chopin's 
Youth"  (1862  ;  2nd  ed.  1869)  ;  and  (in  German) 
"  Friedrich  Chopin,  sein  Leben,  seine  Werke 
und  Briefe"  (1877  ;  2nd  rev.  ed.  1878  ;  3rd  ed. 
1881).     Also  some  pieces  f.  'cello. 

Karga'noff,  Genari,  Russian  pianist  ;  b. 
Kashetin,  Caucasus,  Apr.  30,  1S58 ;  d.  Rostroff- 
on-the-Don,  Feb.  23,  1890.  Pupil  of  Reinecke 
(Leipzig)  and  L.  Brassin  (St.  Petersburg). — Publ. 
about  40  works,  chiefly  for  piano. 

Karl,  Tom,  tenor  singer  in  opera  and  concert; 
b.  Dublin,  Jan.  19,  1846.  Studied  in  England 
under  Henry  Phillips,  and  in  Italy  under  San- 
giovanni  and  Trivulzi.  Sang  in  Italian  opera 
for  many  years,  and  went  to  America  with 
Parepa-Rosa,  singing  a  season  in  English  opera, 
and  settling  in  New  York.  Retired  from  the 
operatic  stage  in  1896.  He  now  (1899)  sings  in 
concerts  and  private  musicales,  and  gives  vocal 
instruction  ;  from  Oct.,  1899,  Director  of  the 
Operatic  School  connected  with  the  Academy  of 
Dramatic  Arts,  Carnegie  Hall. 

Ka'row,  Karl,  b.  Alt-Stettin,  Nov.  15,  1790; 
d.  Dec.  20,  1863,  at  Bunzlau,  Silesia,  as  music- 


teacher  at  a  training-school.  Publ.  a  "  Choral- 
buch,"  a  "  Leitfaden  fur  den  Schulgesangunter- 
richt,"  motets,  and  pieces  f.  pf.  and  f.  organ. 

Kas'kel,  Freiherr  Karl  von,  b.  Dresden, 
Oct.  10,  1866.  While  a  law-student  at  Leipzig, 
he  studied  music  in  the  Cons,  under  Reinecke 
and  Jadassohn  (1SS6-7),  and  later  for  several 
years  at  Cologne  under  Wiillner  and  Jensen. 
At  present  (1899)  residing  at  Dresden. — Works: 
i-act  opera  Hochzeitsmorgoi  (Hamburg,  1893  ; 
later  in  Berlin,  Dresden,  Mannheim,  etc.);  2-act» 
opera  Sjula  (Cologne,  1S95  ;  later  in  Hamburg  ; 
very  succ). 

Kass'meyer,  Moritz,  b.  Vienna,  1831  ;  d. 
there  Nov.  10,  1885.  Violinist  and  comp. ;  pupil, 
at  the  Cons.,  of  Sechter  and  Preyer  ;  violinist  in 
the  opera-orch.;  later  Imp.  ballet-director. — 
Works  :  A  comic  opera,  Das  Landhans  zn  M ra- 
don (Vienna,  1869)  ;  symphonies  ;  masses,  other 
church-music,  part-songs,  songs  ;  publ.  5  string- 
quartets.  M.'s  "  Musikalische  Mesalliancen  fiir 
Streichquartett  mit  Pianoforte  zu  4  Handen," 
op.  22,  and  "  Volksweisen  und  Lieder  fiir  das 
Streichquartett  humoristisch  und  contrapunk- 
tisch  bearbeitet,"  are  good  specimens  of  sound 
musical  humor. 

Kast'ner,  Johann  Georg,  composer  and 
theorist ;  b.  Strassburg,  Mar.  9,  1810  ;  d.  Paris, 
Dec.  19,  1867.  A  pupil  of  Maurer  and  Romer, 
and  early  developed  musically  (he  was  an  organ- 
ist at  ten),  he  was  destined  for  the  church,  and 
sent  to  the  Strassburg  Lutheran  Seminary  ;  but 
devoted  his  spare  time  to  the  study  of  instr.s 
and  composition.  At  the  age  of  20  he  became 
bandmaster  ;  at  22  he  gave  up  theology  ;  and  in 
1835,  after  bringing  out  4  operas — Gustav  IVasa 
(1S32),  Dcr  Tod  Oscar's  (1833),  Dcr  Sarazene 
(comic,  1834),  and  Die  Konigin  dcr  Sarmaten 
(1S35) — was  sent  by  the  town  council  to  Paris, 
to  finish  his  studies  under  Berton  and  Reicha. 
In  1837  he  publ.  his  "  Traite  general  d'instru- 
mentation,"  the  first  of  a  series  of  didactic  works 
approved  by  the  Academie  and  adopted  in  the 
Cons,  (it  was  later  superseded  by  Berlioz's 
treatise);  the  other  works  were  a  "  Cours  d'in- 
strumentation,"  "  Grammaire  musicale,"  "Theo- 
rie  abregee  du  contrepoint  et  de  la  fugue," 
"  Methode  elem.  de  l'harm.  appliquee  au  piano," 
"Methodes  elementaires "  of  singing,  piano, 
violin,  flageolet,  flute,  cornet  a  pistons,  clarinet, 
horn,  'cello,  ophicleidc,  trombone,  and  oboe  ; 
"Methodes  completes  et  raisonnees  "  for  saxo- 
phone and  for  kettledrums;  "  Bibliotheque 
chorale";  "Manuel  general  de  musique  mili- 
taire."  Others  still  in  MS. — In  Paris  K.  devoted 
himself  to  teaching,  composing,  and  musical 
researches  of  the  most  various  kinds  ;  he  was 
also  especially  interested  in  military  music,  and 
originated  the  competitions  of  bands  of  all  na- 
tions, the  first  being  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1867  ;  he  was  a  founder,  and  became  vice-presi- 
dent, of  the  "Association  des  artistes-musi- 
ciens";  and  zealously  promoted  the  welfare  of 
the  "Orpheons."    The  Univ.  of  Tubingen  con- 


3°5 


KASTNER— KAUFFMANN 


ferred  on  him  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  et  mus. 
hon.  causa;  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitut,  of  the  "  Comite  des  Etudes  "  of  the  Cons. , 
and  of  several  foreign  societies  ;  and  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  French  and  German  mus.  periodicals, 
and  wrote  for  Schilling's  "  Lexikon  der  Ton- 
kunst,"  besides  laboring  for  many  years  on  an 
"Encyclopedic  de  la  musique  "  of  his  own. — 
Compositions  :  Add  to  operas  above,  Beatrice 
,(1839),  La  maschera  (in  French;  Paris,  Op.- 
Com.,  1841) ;  Le  dernier  roi  de  Juda,  a  biblical 
opera,  considered  his  masterpiece  (concert-per- 
formance at  the  Cons.,  1844);  and  Les  Nonnes 
de  Robert  le  Diable  (not  perf.) ;  also  incid.  music 
to  Die  Belagerung  von  Missolonghi  (Strassburg, 
1829).  Equally  characteristic  of  his  erudition 
and  his  originality  as  a  composer  are  the  famous 
"  Livres-partitions,"  which  are  vocal  and  instru- 
mental symphony-cantatas  preceded  by  valuable 
musico-historical  essays  on  their  several  subjects. 
The  first  of  these  was  "  Les  Danses  des  morts  ; 
dissertations  et  recherches  historiques,  philoso- 
phiques,  litteraires  et  musicales  sur  les  divers 
monuments  de  ce  genre  qui  existent  tant  en 
France  qu'a  l'e'tranger  ;  ace.  de  la  Danse  maca- 
bre, grande  ronde  voc.  et  instr."  (Paris,  1852  ; 
a  large  4to  vol.  of  310  pages)  ;  the  others  (titles 
abbreviated  !)  were  "  La  Harpe  d'Eole  et  la 
musique  cosmique  ;  .  .  .  suivies  de  Stephen,  ou 
la  Harpe  d'Eole,  gr.  monol.  avec  chceurs " 
(1856)  ;  "  Les  Voix  de  Paris,"  followed  by  "  Les 
Cris  de  Paris,  gr.  symphonie  humoristique  voc. 
et  instr."  (1857);  "Les  Sirenes,  .  .  .  essai 
suivi  du  Reve  d'Oswald  011  les  Sirenes,  gr. 
symph.  dram.  voc.  et  instr."  (185S)  ;  "  Paremi- 
ologie  musicale  de  la  langue  francaise,  .  .  . 
suivie  de  la  Saint-Julien  des  menetriers,  sym- 
phonie-cantate  a  gr.  orch.,  avec  solos  et  chceurs" 
(1862).  Two  notable  collections  of  male  choruses, 
with  similar  prefaces,  are  "  Les  Chants  de  la 
vie"  (1854),  containing .28  numbers  a  4-8,  and 
"  Les  Chants  de  l'armee  francaise  "  (1855).  His 
dramatic  scenes,  numerous  songs,  and  instru- 
mental works  (3  symphonies  and  5  overtures  f. 
full  orch. ;  10  serenades  f .  wind  ;  grand  sextet  f. 
saxophones  ;  etc.)  are  also  imbued  with  an  in- 
dividuality happily  blended  of  French  and  Ger- 
man elements. — Biographical  :  "J.  G.  K.,  ein 
elsassischer  Tondichter,  Theoretiker  und  Musik- 
forscher,"  by  Hermann  Ludwig  von  Jan  (Leip- 
zig, 1886  ;  3  vol.s)  ;  the  art.  "  Kastner  "  in  Fetis 
is  also  excellent. 

Kast'ner,  Georg  Friedrich  Eugen,  son  of 

preceding  ;  b.  Strassburg,  Aug.  10,  1852  ;  d. 
Bonn,  Apr.  6,  1882.  Inventor  of  the  pyrophone, 
described  in  his  work  "  Le  pyrophone,  flammes 
chantantes  "  (Paris  ;  4th  ed.  1876).  Also  see  his 
father's  biography,  vol.  iii. 

Kast'ner,  Emmerich,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  29, 
1S47.  Viennese  writer;  has  publ.  a  "Richard 
Wagner-Katalog,"  and  one  fascicle  of  a  "Neu- 
estes     und     vollstandigstes     Tonkunstler-     und 


Opern-Lexikon  "  (1889  ;  only  A-Azzoni  printed). 
For  a  time  he  edited  the  "  Wiener  musikalische 
Zeitung." 

Ka'te  [kah'teh],  Andre  ten,  b.  Amsterdam, 
1796  ;  d.  Haarlem,  July  27,  1858.  'Cellist, 
pupil  of  Bertelmann  ;  prod,  the  operas  Seid  e 
Palmira  (1831)  and  Constantia  (1835)  at  Amster- 
dam ,  wrote  other  operas,  chamber-music,  part- 
songs,  etc. 

Kau'ders,  Albert,  contemporary  journalist 
and  mus.  critic  in  Vienna  ;  has  brought  out 
the  comic  opera  Der  Schatz  des  Rhampsiuit 
(Prague,  1887  ;  succ),  and  the  romantic  opera 
Walther  von  der  Vogelweide  (Vienna,  1S96  ; 
mod.  succ.)  ;  of  the  latter  he  also  wrote  the  text. 

Kau'er,  Ferdinand,  prolific  comp.  of  Sing- 
spiclc  ;  b.  Rlein-Thaya,  Moravia,  Jan.  8,  1751  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Apr.  13,  1831.  Organist,  as  a  boy, 
of  the  Jesuit  College  at  Znaim  ;  st.  cpt.  under 
Heidenreich  at  Vienna  ;  became  director  and 
1st  violin  at  Marinelli's  Th.  in  1795  ;  acted  as 
Kapellm.  in  other  theatres,  and  was  finally 
'cellist  in  the  Leopoldstadter  Th. — Works  : 
About  200  operas  and  operettas  (Das  Donati- 
weibchen  and  Die  Sterneukonigin  were  publ.)  ; 
oratorio  Die  Siiiid/iuth  (Vienna,  1809);  20 
masses,  and  other  sacred  music  ;  cantatas, 
songs  ;  symphonies,  chamber-music,  etc.,  nearly 
all  lost  in  the  great  flood  of  Mar.  1,  1830. 

Kauff' mann,  Ernst  Friedrich,  b.  Ludwigs- 
burg,  Nov.  27,  1S03  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Feb.  11, 
1S56.  While  in  the  Gymnasium,  he  studied  the 
pf.  by  himself,  and  became  an  excellent  player. 
Student  at  Tubingen  Univ.,  1825-7  \  principal 
of  the  Realschule  at  Ludswigsburg.  On  ac- 
count of  his  connection  with  revolutionists,  he 
lost  his  position  in  1835,  and  was  finally  im- 
prisoned 4  years  (183S-42)  in  the  Asperg,  where, 
however,  he  was  allowed  to  have  a  piano,  and 
where  he  composed  the  beautiful  songs  which 
have  made  him  famous  (6  sets,  each  of  6  songs  ; 
Stuttgart  :   Ebner). 

Kauff  mann,  Emil,  son  of  preceding  ;  born 
Ludwigsburg,  Nov.  23,  1836.  Pupil  of  Keller, 
Faiszt,  Jung,  and  Singer  at  Stuttgart  Cons.; 
joined  the  court  orch.  in  1863  as  violinist  ; 
teacher  at  the  Music  School  at  Basel  1868-77  ! 
since  then,  musical  director  at  Tubingen  Univ., 
which  made  him  Dr.  phil.  in  1SS5. — Works  : 
Over  60  Lieder ;  male  choruses;  sonatas  and 
other  pf. -pieces;  "Die  Nacht "  (Holderlin), 
w.  orch.;  also  the  essays  "  Entwickelung  der 
Tonkunst  von  der  Mitte  des  18.  Jahrhunderts 
bis  zur  Gegenwart,"  and  "Justinus  Heinrich 
Knecht  :  ein  schwabischer  Tonsetzer."  Con- 
tributor to  the  Leipzig  "  Musikalisches  Wochen- 
blatt." 

Kauffmann,  Fritz,  b.  Berlin,  June  17,  1855. 
At  first  a  student  of  natural  science,  and  a  drug- 
gist at  Leipzig  and  Hamburg,  he  turned  defini- 
tively to  music  in  1S7S,  and  entered  the  Akade- 
mische  Hochschule  at  Berlin,  studying  under 
Kiel,   and  winning    the    Mendelssohn   prize   for 


306 


KAUFMANN— KELER-BELA 


composition  in  1SS1.  The  next  year  he  spent  in 
Vienna  ;  then  lived  in  Berlin  till  1S89  as  a  com- 
poser and  teacher,  and  became  in  that  year  con- 
ductor of  the  "  Gesellschaftsconcerte"  at  Magde- 
burg. Created  Royal  "  Musik-Director "  in 
1893. — Works:  Songs  f.  solo  voice  w.  pf.,  op. 
1-5,  10,  17,  21,  24,  26;  quartets  f.  mixed  ch., 
op.  12,  19;  quartet  f.  male  ch.,  op.  15;  terzet 
f.  female  ch.,  op.  22  ;  comic  opera  Die  Herz- 
krankheit,  1  act,  op.  13  ;  op.  18,  symphony  in 
A  min.;  op.  23,  "  dramatic  "  overture  ;  op.  27, 
violin-concerto  in  D  min. ;  op.  25,  pf. -concerto 
in  C  min.;  op.  9,  20,  pf.-trios  ;  op.  8,  variations 
f.  string-quartet ;  op.  14,  string-quartet  in  G  ; 
op.  7,  II,  pf. -sonatas  in  A  maj.  and  B  min.;  op. 
16,  28,  "  Tanz-Improvisationen  "  f.  pf . ;  op.  6, 
Phantasie,  variations,  and  fugue,  f.  organ. 

Kauf'mann,  Georg  Friedrich,  b.  Ostra- 
mondra,  Thuringia,  Feb.  14,  1679  ;  d.  Merse- 
burg,  March,  1735,  as  organist  and  director  of 
the  court  music. — Works  :  "  Introduzione  alia 
musica  antica  e  moderna,  d.  h.  Eine  ausfiihr- 
liche  Einleitung  zur  alten  und  neuen  Wissen- 
schaft  der  edeln  Musik "  (MS.);  some  sets  of 
choral-preludes  a  2-4  (1735-6);  church-music, 
pieces  for  organ  and  harpsichord,  etc.,  in  MS. 

Kauf'mann,  Johann  Gottfried,  maker  of 
musical  clocks  ;  b.  Siegmar,  Saxony,  Apr.  14, 
1751  ;  d.  Frankfort,  1818. — His  son, 

Kauf'mann,  Friedrich,  b.  Dresden,  17S5  ; 
d.  there  Dec.  1,  1866.  Inventor  of  a  trumpet- 
automaton  (1808),  the  "  Belloneon,"  the  "  Cla- 
viatur-Harmonichord,"  the  "  Chordaulodion," 
and  the  more  important  "  Symphonion,"  from 
which  his  son  Friedrich  Theodor  (b.  Dresden, 
Apr.  9,  1823  ;  d.  there  in  1S72)  evolved  the 
now  popular  "  Orchestrion  "  in  1S51. 

Kay'ser  [kT-],  Friedrich  Emil.  See 
Kaiser. 

Kay'ser,  Philipp  Christoph,  pianist,  and  a 
friend  of  Goethe  (cf.  "  Goethe  und  der  Compo- 
nist  Ph.  Chr.  Kayser,"  Leipzig,  1S79);  b.  Frank- 
fort, Mar.  10,    1755  ;  d.   Zurich,   Dec.  23,  1823. 

Kay'ser,  Heinrich  Ernst,  violinist  and 
teacher;  b.  Altona,  Apr.  16,  1815  ;  d.  Ham- 
burg, Jan.  17,  1888,  as  a  player  in  the  theatre- 
orch. — Works  :  Violin-etudes,  op.  20  and  30  ; 
studies  in  shifting,  op.  28  ;  and  a  Method  f. 
vln. ;  all  of  merit. 

Kazyn'ski,  Victor,  b.  Wilna,  Lithuania, 
Dec.  18,  1S12.  Pupil  of  Eisner,  at  Warsaw, 
1837-9.  He  brougnt  out  an  opera,  Fenella 
(Wilna,  1840),  and  a  second,  Der  ewige  Jude 
(Warsaw,  1842).  From  1843  he  made  St. 
Petersburg  his  home  ;  became  conductor  at  the 
Imp.  theater  and  prod,  theopera  Man  and  Wife 
in  1848  without  much  success.  His  musical 
diary  (1845)  of  a  tour  made  in  Germany  and 
Austria  with  Gen.  Lvoff,  is  interesting.  He 
also  wrote  cantatas,  overtures,  concertos  f.  pf., 
do.  f.  vln.,  pf. -music,  and  a  Song-Album  con- 
taining some  fine  numbers  (1S55). 


Keck  von  Giengen,  Johann,  Benedictine 
monk  at  Tegernsee,  Upper  Havana,  about  1450, 
wrote  "  Introductorium  musicae  "  (publ.  by  Ger- 
bert  in  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  iii). 

Kein'speck  (or  Keinsbeck,  Kiinspeck,  and, 
improperly,  Reinspeck),  Michael,  of  Nurem- 
berg ;  author  of  one  of  the  earliest  printed  theo- 
retical works  on  music  (Gregorian  chant),  "  Li- 
lium  musicae  planae  "  (Basel,  1496). 

Kei'ser,  Reinhard,  b.  Teuchern,  n.  Weis- 
senfels,  Jan.  9,  1674  ;  d.  Hamburg,  Sept.  12, 
1739.  Educated  musically  by  his  father,  and  at 
the  Thomasschule  and  Univ.,  Leipzig.  In  1692 
the  success  of  his  pastoral,  Ismene,  at  Bruns- 
wick, followed  by  a  grand  opera,  Basilius  (1693), 
encouraged  him  to  go  to  Hamburg,  then  pos- 
sessing the  best  operatic  stage  in  Germany,  in 
1694.  Of  the  116  or  more  operas  written  dur- 
ing his  45  years'  sojourn  there,  Mahmuth  II. 
(1696)  was  the  first,  and  Circe  (1734)  the  last. 
He  was  the  first  German  to  employ  popular 
subjects  in  opera  ;  Stortebecker  und  Godge  Mi- 
chaels (1701),  Die  Leipziger  Jlesse,  Der  Ham- 
burger  Jahrmarkt (1725),  and  Die  Hamburger 
Schlachtzeit  (1725),  however  trivial  and  coarse 
they  may  be,  are  at  least  original  in  design  and 
execution,  and  not  mere  copies  of  French  and 
Italian  models.  Most  of  his  subjects  were 
mythological  or  historical.  In  melody,  orches- 
tration, and  vigor  of  dramatic  expression,  he 
was  easily  the  foremost  German  opera-composer 
of  the  day.  He  successfully  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Hamburg  opera,  and  in 
1709  married  into  a  Hamburg  patrician  family. 
From  1722-S  he  resided  in  Copenhagen  as  con- 
ductor to  the  King  ;  in  1728  he  was  app.  canon 
and  cantor  of  the  Hamburg  "  Katharinen- 
kirche."  His  last  years  were  passed  in  ease  and 
retirement.  Of  his  other  works  (oratorios,  can- 
tatas, motets,  psalms,  passions,  etc.),  a  number 
were  publ.:  "  R.  Reisers  Gemuths-Ergotzung, 
bestehend  in  einigen  Sing-Gedichten,  mit  einer 
Stimme  und  unterschiedlichen  Instrumenten " 
(169S)  ;  "  Divertimenti  serenissimi"  (duets  and 
airs  w.  harpsichord  ;  1713)  ;  "  Musikalische 
Landlust "  (cantatas  w.  continuo  f.  harpsich. ; 
1714)  ;  "  Kaiserliche  Friedenspost  "  (songs  and 
duets  w.  harpsich.;  1715);  a  "  Weihnachts- 
Cantate  "  (n.  d.);  etc. 

Keler-B61a    {rede  Albert   von    Keler),    b. 

Bartfeld,  Hungary,  Feb.  13,  1820 ;  d.  Wies- 
baden, Nov.  20,  1SS2.  Law-student,  then 
farmer,  and  took  up  music  in  1845,  studying 
under  Sechter  and  Schlesinger  at  Vienna,  and 
playing  the  violin  at  the  Th.  an  der  Wien,  where 
he  developed  his  specialty,  the  composition  of 
dance-music.  In  1854  he  went  to  Berlin  for  a 
time  to  conduct  the  Gungl  orch.;  next  year  he 
succeeded  Lanner  in  Vienna,  where  he  was 
Kapellm.,  1856-63,  of  an  infantry  regiment, 
then  becoming  conductor  of  the  Kur-Orch.  at 
Wiesbaden,  resigning  in  1873  on  account  of  ill- 
health. — Works  :  Overtures  and  dance-music  f. 
orch. ;  violin  solos. 


307 


KELLER— KELLNER 


Kel'ler,  Gottfried  (called  Godfrey),  a  Ger- 
man harpsichord-teacher  in  London.  Publ.  "A 
Complete  Method  for  Attaining  to  Play  a  Thor- 
ough-bass upon  either  Organ,  Harpsichord,  or 
Theorbo-lute"  (1707  ;  reprinted  in  W.  Holder's 
treatise  on  Harmony,  London,  1731)  ;  6  sonatas 
f.  2  vlns.,  trumpet,  or  oboe,  viola  and  continuo 
(1710)  ;  and  6  sonatas  f.  2  flutes  w.  basso  con- 
tinuo (posthumous). 

Kel'ler,  Max,  b.  Trostberg,  Bavaria,  1770  ; 
d.  as  organist  at  Altotting,  Dec.  16,  1855. 
Publ.  6  Latin  masses  ;  6  German  masses  ;  lit- 
anies, Advent  hymns,  funeral  chants  ;  also 
organ-music  (preludes,  cadences,  etc.). 

Kel'ler,  Karl,  b.  Dessau,  Oct.  16,  17S4  ;  d. 
Schaffhausen,  July  19,  1S55.  Flute-virtuoso  ; 
court  musician  at  Berlin,  Kassel,  Stuttgart,  and 
from  1817  at  Donaueschingen,  where  he  later 
also  became  theatre-conductor.  Pensioned  in 
1849. — Works  :  3  flute-concertos  ;  4  polonaises 
w.  orch. ;  2  divertissements  w.  orch. ;  variations, 
pot-pourris,  duos  and  solos  f.  flute  ;  6  part-songs 
f.  male  ch.;  and    numerous  very  popular  songs. 

Kel'ler,  F.  A.  E.,  inventor  of  a  pianograph 
which  he  called  "  pupitre-improvisateur  "  (1835), 
and  publ.  a  "  Me'thode  d'improvisation  musicale, 
theorique  et  pratique  fondee  sur  les  proprietes 
du  pupitre-improvisateur"  (Paris,  1S39).  His 
invention  was  not  successful. 

KelTermann,  Christian,  fine  'cellist  ;  b. 
Randers,  Jutland,  Jan.  27,  1S15  ;  d.  Copen- 
hagen, Dec.  3,  1866.  Pupil  of  Merk  at  Vienna. 
After  prolonged  concert-tours,  he  was  app.  so- 
loist in  the  royal  orch.  at  Copenhagen  in  1847. 
Publ.  a  few  solos  f.  'cello. 

Kelley,  Edgar  Stillman,  American  com- 
poser and  writer;  b.  Sparta,  Wis.,  Apr.  14, 
1857.  Pupil  of 
F.  W  .  Merriam 
(1S70-4),  Clarence 
Eddy  and  N.  Le- 
dochowski  (1874-6, 
at  Chicago),  and  at 
Stuttgart,  1876-S0, 
of  Seifriz  (comp.), 
Kri'iger  and  Spei- 
del  (pf.),  and  Fried- 
rich  Finck  (org.). 
Has  acted  as  or- 
ganist in  Oakland 
and  San  Francisco, 
Cal.;  conducted  a 
comic  -  opera  com- 
pany in  the  Eastern 

States  1890-1  ;  has  taught  pf.,  org.  and  comp. 
in  various  schools  in  Cal.  and  N.  Y.,  and  re- 
cently in  the  New  York  College  of  Music  ;  was 
mus.  critic  for  the  San  Francisco  "  Examiner" 
1893-5  ;  since  Nov.,  1896,  lecturer  on  music  for 
the  University  Extension  of  the  Univ.  of  New 
York.  Has  contributed  to  the  leading  mus. 
papers  of  the  U.  S. — Works  :  ( >rig.  theme  and 
var.s   f.    string-quartet,   op.    1   (MS.) ;  op.    2,    3 


pf. -pieces  (The  Flower-seekers,  Conlluentia, 
The  Headless  Horseman)  ;  op.  3,  concert-polo- 
naise f.  pf.  4  hands  (MS.);  op.  4,  Wedding- 
Ode  f.  tenor  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  (MS.)  ; 
op.  5,  pf. -duets  "Keepsakes  for  my  Pupils" 
(MS.) ;  op.  6,  "  Phases  of  Love,"  6  songs  (publ. 
1S90)  ;  op.  7,  incid.  music  to  Macbeth  f.  full 
orch.  and  chorus  (MS.)  ;  op.  S,  2  songs  f.  voice 
and  pf.,  "  Eldorado"  and  "  Israfel"  [Poe]  ;  op. 

10,  "Aladdin,"  Chinese  suite  f.   full  orch.;  op. 

11,  comic  opera  Puritania  (Boston,  Tremont 
Th.,  June  9,  1892  ;  100  performances  ;  publ.  in 
vocal  score)  ;  numerous  minor  comp.s. 

Kellie,  Lawrence,  tenor  singer  and  comp. ; 
b.  London,  Apr.  3,  1862.  Articled  to  a  solici- 
tor ;  began  professional  study  of  music  in  1884 
at  R.  A.  M.,  and  as  a  private  pupil  of  Randeg- 
ger.  De'but  Covent  Garden,  Nov.,  1SS6  ;  gave 
vocal  recitals  at  Steinway  Hall,  from  May  23, 
18S7.  His  songs  have  great  vogue  ("  Is  it  too 
late?"  "Sleeping  Tide,"  "All  for  thee,"  "This 
heart  of  mine,"  etc.). 

Kell'ner,  David,  director  of  music  at  the 
German  ch.,  Stockholm  ;  publ.  "  Treulicher  Un- 
terricht  im  General-Bass"  (Hamburg,  1732  ;  9th 
ed.  1796  ;  in  Swedish,  1782). 

Kell'ner,  Johann  Peter,  b.  Grafenroda, 
Thuringia,  Sept.  24,  1705  ;  d.  there  17SS.  Or- 
ganist and  composer  ("  Manipulus  musices," 
figured  chorals,  and  trios,  f.  organ  ;  preludes, 
fugues,  and  dance-music,  f.  harpsichord,  1748-9  ; 
other  music  in  MS.). — His  son, 

Kell'ner,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Grafenroda, 
Aug.  16,  1735  ;  d.  as  court  organist  at  Kassel  in 
1803.— Works  :  Opera  Die  Schadenfreude  (Kas- 
sel, 17S2)  ;  7  harpsichord-concertos  ;  trios  and 
sonatas  f.  harpsich.;  fugues,  preludes,  etc.,  f. 
org.;  and  a  "  Grundriss  des  Generalbasses " 
(Kassel,  1783). 

Kell'ner,  Georg  Christoph,  litterateur  and 
teacher  at  Mannheim,  where  he  died  Sept.,  1S08. 
— Works  :  "  Ueber  die  Characteristik  der  Ton- 
arten  "  (Breslau,  1790);  "  Ideen  zu  einer  neuen 
Theorie  der  schonen  Kimste  iiberhaupt  und  der 
Tonkunst  insbesondere  "  (in  Egger's  "Deutsches 
Magazin  "  for  August,  1800) ;  a  "  Neue  Clavier- 
schule  fur  Anfanger";  organ-pes.,  and  songs. 

Kell'ner,  Ernst  August,  (probably  a  grand- 
son of  J  oh.  Chr.,)  b.  Windsor,  England,  Jan. 
26,  1792  ;  d.  London,  July  18,  1839.  Began  the 
study  of  the  pf .  at  2  years  of  age  ;  at  5  he  played 
a  Handel  concerto  before  the  court.  His  voice, 
too,  was  carefully  trained  by  W.  Parsons,  and  in 
Italy  by  Nozzari,  Casella,  and  Crescentini  at 
Naples  in  1815.  Returning  to  England  in  1820, 
he  was  very  successful  both  as  pianist  and  bari- 
tone vocalist,  and  made  a  concert-tour  with  the 
Catalani.  In  1S24  he  sang  at  Venice  in  Ros- 
sini's Jl/ose.  His  success  as  a  player  and  singer 
in  St.  Petersburg  (1828)  and  Paris  (1833)  was 
phenomenal.  In  1834  he  became  organist  of  the 
Bavarian  Chapel  in  London.- — A  biographical 
sketch   by  Richard  Cull:   "Case  of   Precocious 


308 


kellogg— kerle 


Musical    Talent   .    .   .    ,"  was  publ.   at   London, 
[839. 

Kellogg,  Clara  Louise,  dramatic  soprano  ; 
b.  Sumterville,  S.  C,  in  July,  1842.  Received 
her  vocal  training  in  New  York  from  1856,  and 
made  her  debut  at  the  Academy  of  Music  there 
as  Gila  in  Rigoletto  (1861),  and  sang  there  ten  or 
twelve  nights.  Her  London  debut  at  Her  Maj- 
esty's Th.  (Nov.  2,  1867),  as  Margherita  in  Faust, 
was  so  successful  that  she  sang  regularly,  and 
was  reengaged  for  the  next  season.  After  tours 
in  the  United  States,  1S68-72,  she  appeared  at 
Drury  Lane  {Linda)  ;  sang  in  Italian  opera  in 
the  U.  S.  till  1874  ;  then  organized  an  English 
opera-company,  extending  her  supervision  to  the 
translations  of  the  libretti,  the  stage-settings,  and 
the  training  of  the  soloists  and  chorus.  She 
herself  sang  125  nights  in  the  winter  of  1874-5. 
Since  this  time  she  has  divided  her  time  between 
Europe  and  America.  She  has  a  repertory  of 
about  forty  roles. 

Kelly,  Michael,  Irish  singer  and  composer  ; 
b.  Dublin,  1762  ;  d.  Margate,  Oct.  9,  1826.  He 
studied  singing  under  Rauzzini,  and  in  Naples 
(1779)  tinder  Fenaroli  and  Aprile.  He  now 
sang  in  Palermo,  Leghorn,  Florence,  Bologna, 
and  Venice.  Visiting  Vienna,  he  was  engaged 
at  the  court  opera  for  4  years,  becoming  the 
friend  of  Mozart,  and  taking  the  role  of  Basilio 
on  the  production  of  Figaro.  In  1787  he  ap- 
peared in  the  part  of  Lionel  at  Drury  Lane,  and 
sang  leading  tenor  roles  there  until  his  retire- 
ment. In  1789  his  composer's  debut  was  made 
in  False  Appearances  and  Fashionable  Friends ; 
up  to  1820  he  wrote  the  music  for  62  stage- 
pieces,  also  many  songs.  He  had  a  music-shop 
from  1802-n,  failed,  and  went  into  the  wine 
trade  ;  it  was  Sheridan  who  said,  anent  the 
quality  of  his  works  and  wines,  that  he  was  "  a 
composer  of  wines  and  importer  of  music." — His 
"  Reminiscences"  (1826)  are  replete  with  amus- 
ing musical  anecdotes. 

Kemp,  Joseph,  b.  Exeter,  England,  in  177S  ; 
d.  London,  May  22,  1824.  Pupil  of  W.  Jack- 
son ;  organist  of  Bristol  cathedral,  1802  ;  Mus. 
Bac.  Cantab.,  1S08  ;  Mus.  Doc,  1S09,  thereafter 
teaching  in  London.  As  one  of  the  earliest 
promoters  of  mus.  instruction  by  classes,  he 
publ.  a  pamphlet  ona"  New  System  of  Musical 
Education  "  (1819).  He  composed  psalms,  an- 
thems, double  chants,  duets,  songs;  an  "occa- 
sional piece,"  The  Jubilee  (1809)  ;  a  melodrama, 
The  Siege  of  Isca  [Exeter]  (1810)  ;  "  Mus.  Illus- 
trations of  the  Beauties  of  Shakespeare";  do.  of 
"  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  ";  etc. 

Kemp,  Robert,  better  known  as  "Father 
Kemp,"  the  originator  and  conductor  of  the 
"  Old  Folks'  Concerts  "  commencing  in  1854  ;  b. 
Wellfleet,  Mass.,  June  6,  1820  ;  d.  Boston,  May 
14,  1897.  His  book,  "Father  Kemp  and  his 
Old  Folks,  etc."  (Boston,  1868),  contains  his  au- 
tobiography. His  regular  business  was  that  of 
shoe-dealer  at  261  Hanover  St.,  Boston. 


Kempis,  Nicholas  a,  organist  at  Ste.-Gu- 
dule,  Brussels  ;  publ.  at  Antwerp  "  Symphoniae 
1,  2,  3  violinorum  "  (1644),  "  Symphoniae  1-5 
instrumentorum,  adjunctae  4  instr.  et  2  voc."  (2 
books,  1647,  '49)  ;  and  a  book  of  masses  and 
motets  a  8  w.  continuo  (1650).  Chamber-music 
excellent. 

Kemp'ter,  Karl,  b.  Limbach,  Bavaria,  Jan. 
17,  1S19;  d.  Mar.  n,  i87l,as  A'apelliu.  at  Augs- 
burg cathedral.  —  Church-music  :  4  oratorios, 
numerous  masses  and  graduals.  Also  publ. 
"  Der  Landchorregent,"  a  coll.  for  use  in  small 
churches. 

Kemp'ter,  Lothar,  b.  Lauingen,  Bavaria, 
Feb.  5,  1844.  Was  taught  at  first  by  his  father, 
Friedrich  K.  (music-teacher  in  the  Lauingen  Sem- 
inary); studied  in  Munich  Univ.,  and  in  1868  en- 
tered the  Royal  Music-School  there  (Rheinber- 
ger)  ;  1869-71,  chorusmaster  at  the  court  theatre  ; 
1S71-4,  2nd  A'apelliu.  and  chorus-director  at 
Strassburg  ;  since  1874,  chief  Kapellm.  at  the 
Zurich  City  Th.,  and  since  1S86  prof,  of  mus. 
theory  in  the  Zurich  Music-School.  From 
1S79-95  he  also  cond.  the  popular  concerts  in 
the  "  Tonhalle." — Works:  A  score  of  songs, 
and  10  male  choruses  ;  an  Albumblatt  f .  vln.  and 
pf. ;  marches,  and  over  40  fantasias,  f.  orch.  w. 
solo  instr.  s  ;  and  the  fairy-opera  Das  Fest  der 
fugend  (Zurich,  1895  ;  v.  succ). 

Kenn,  P.,  German  horn-virtuoso  ;  went  to 
Paris  1782,  and  was  2nd  horn  at  the  Opera  in 
1783.  When  the  band  of  the  National  Guard 
was  organized  in  1791,  K.  joined  it ;  and  became 
prof,  in  the  Cons,  in  1795,  but  was  dismissed  on 
the  reduction  of  the  staff  of  teachers  in  1802, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  pupil  Dauprat  (1S0S) 
in  the  Opera  orch.,  retiring  on  pension. — Publ. 
36  trios  f.  3  horns  ;  12  duos  f.  clar.  and  horn  ; 
and  duos  and  airs  f.  2  horns. 

Kent,  James,  b.  Winchester,  England,  Mar. 
13,  1700  ;  d.  there  May  6,  1776.  Chorister  in 
Winch,  cath.  under  Richardson,  and  in  the 
Chapel  Royal  under  Croft  ;  organist  of  Trinity 
Coll.,  Cambridge,  1731-7,  then  till  1774  ot 
Winch,  cathedral.  A  new  2-vol.  ed.  of  "Kent's 
Anthems  "was  publ.  in  London,  1S44  ;  he  also 
com  p.  services  in  C  and  D. 

Kep'ler,  Johannes,  the  illustrious  astrono- 
mer ;  b.  Weil,  Wi'irttemberg,  Dec.  27,  1571  ; 
d.  Ratisbon,  Nov.  15,  1630  ;  elucidates  the  de- 
tails of  musical  science,  from  a  philosophical 
standpoint,  in  Books  3  and  5  of  his  "  Harmonices 
mundi." 

Kerle,  Jacques  de,  b.  Ypres, Flanders,  in  the 
first  part  of  the  16th  century.  It  appears  that 
in  youth  he  was  in  Italy  for  10  years,  as  his  first 
works  were  publ.  at  Venice,  1562-71.  He  be- 
came canon  at  Cambrai,  and  director  of  the 
church-choir  ;  later  maitre  de  chapelle  to  Em- 
peror Rudolph  II.  He  publ.  from  1562-S3  sev- 
eral books  of  masses,  motets,  madrigals,  and 
hymns  ;  also  other  miscellaneous  vocal  music. 


309 


KERLL— KEWITSCH 


Kerll(or  Kerl,  Kherl,  Cherl),  Johann  Cas- 
par, b.  Gaimersheim,  n.  Ingolstadt,  in  1621  ;  d. 
Munich,  Feb.  13,  1693.  One  of  the  earliest  im- 
portant German  masters  of  the  organ,  he  studied 
in  Vienna  under  Valentini,  and  about  1645  was 
sent  by  Ferdinand  III.  to  Carissimi  and  Fresco- 
baldi  in  Rome.  From  165S-73,  court  Kapellm. 
at  Munich,  resigning  because  of  the  intrigues  of 
the  Italian  singers.  According  to  some  author- 
ities, he  then  lived  for  a  long  time  in  Vienna  as 
organist  and  teacher  ;  this  point  is  not  settled. 
He  wrote  for  organ  :  "  Modulatio  organica  super 
Magnificat,  octo  tonis  —  organicis  respondens  " 
(preludes,  interludes,  postludes  ;  Munich,  1686); 
toccatas  and  suites  f.  harpsich.  (MS.)  ;  a  trio  f. 
2  vlns.  and  bass  viol  (MS.). — Numerous  vocal 
works:  "  Selectus  sacrarum  cantionum  "  a  4-5, 
w.  organ-bass  (Nuremberg,  1669);  Masses  a  2-5 
(1669);  "  Missae  sex  4,  5  et  6  vocibus  cum  in- 
strumentis  concertantibus  et  vocibus  in  ripieno, 
adjuncta  una  pro  defunctis  cum  seq.  Dies  irae, 
consecratae  Leopoldo  I,  imperatori "  (1689; 
praised  by  Mattheson);  "  Missa  nigra"  (so called 
because  written  in  black  notes  only;  said  to  have 
been  comp.  by  K.,  expressly  to  revenge  himself 
on  the  Italian  singers  in  Munich,  for  their  last 
performance  under  his  direction  ;  its  intervals 
and  modulations  being  so  bizarre  and  difficult, 
that  the  choir  sang  horribly  false,  and  covered 
themselves  with  ridicule)  ;  several  Kyries  and 
Glorias  f.  voices  and  various  instr.s  (all  in  MS.)  ; 
etc. 

Kes,  Willem,  violinist,  composer  and  con- 
ductor ;  b.  Dordrecht,  Holland,  Feb.  16,  1856. 
Pupil  of  Nothdurft,  Tyssens,  and  Ferd.  Bohm  ; 
then  (i87i)of  David  in  Leipzig  Cons., and  after- 
wards, with  stipend  from  the  King  of  Holland,  of 
Wieniawski  (Brussels  Cons.)  and  Joachim  (Ber- 
lin). In  1876  he  became  leader  of  the  Park 
Orch.  and  Felix  meritis  Society  at  Amsterdam  ; 
cond.  "  Society"  concerts  at  Dordrecht  for  sev- 
eral years  ;  in  1883  became  conductor  of  the 
"  Parkschouwburg "  Concerts  at  Amsterdam, 
then  lived  a  while  in  Dordrecht,  and  about  1890 
assumed  the  conductorship  of  the  "  Concertge- 
bouw "  Concerts  at  Amsterdam.  In  1895  he 
succeeded  G.  Henschel  as  cond.  of  the  Glasgow 
orch.;  and  in  1898  was  chosen  cond.  of  the 
Moscow  Philharm.  Concerts,  and  Director  of  the 
Moscow  Cons,  for  3  years.  (His  place  in  Am- 
sterdam was  taken  by  W.  Mengelberg.) 

Kes'sel,  Franz,  in  1889  Kapellm.  of  the 
theatre  at  Freiburg-in-the-Breisgau,  prod,  a 
symphony  in  F  in  1889,  and  in  1895,  at  Trier,  a 
successful  3-act  opera,  Die  Schwestern. 

Kess'ler,  Friedrich,  preacher  at  Werdohl, 
Westphalia,  from  1819,  later  diocesan  at  Liiden- 
scheid,  was  an  active  propagandist  of  Natorp's 
figure-notation,  published  aChoralbuch  (Essen, 
1829;  2nd  ed.  1S36)  in  the  same,  and  also  "Der 
musikalische  Gottesdienst  :  ein  Wort  fur  .  .  . 
Organisten  und  Prediger "  (Iserlohn,  1S32), 
"  Furze  und  fassliche  Andeutungen  einiger 
Mangel    des    Kirchen-Gesanges"    (1832),    and 


"  Das    Gesangbuch    von   seiner   musikalischen 
Seite  betrachtet"  (183S). 

Kess'ler,  Ferdinand,  b.  Frankfort-on-Main, 
Jan.,  1793;  d.  there  Oct.  28,  1856.  Violinist 
and  teacher;  pupil  of  his  father  and  Vollweiler. 
Publ.  some  sonatas,  rondos,  etc.,  f.  pf.  Fr. 
Wullner  was  one  of  his  pupils  in  theory. 

Kess'ler  {rede  Kotz'ler),  Joseph  Chris- 
toph,  b.  Augsburg,  Aug.  26,  1800;  d.  Vienna, 
Jan.  14,  1872.  Excellent  pianist  and  teacher  ; 
composer  of  valuable  pf. -etudes  (op.  20  and  51). 
Pupil  1807-10  of  the  organist  Bilek  at  Felds- 
berg;  otherwise  self-taught.  Teacher,  1820-6, 
in  the  family  of  Count  Potocki  at  Lemberg  and 
Landshut  ;  then  lived  three  years  in  Vienna,  one 
year  in  Warsaw,  1830-5  in  Breslau,  then  20  years 
in  Lemberg,  and  from  1855  in  Vienna.  Moscheles 
and  others  have  utilized  K.'s  etudes  in  their 
methods ;  technically  they  are  more  advanced 
thanCzerny's  "  Schule  desVirtuosen  ";  musically 
they  are  ingenious,  but  rather  dry.  Liszt  com- 
mended them.  His  variations,  preludes,  noc- 
turnes, etc.,  are  of  minor  importance  ;  the  best 
are  "  Bluthen  und  Knospen"  (op.  104),  and  op. 
29,30,38.  —  Pyllemann  publ.  "  Personal  Remi- 
niscences" of  K.  in  the  "  Allgemeine  musikal. 
Zeitung,"  1872. 

Ketten,  Henri,  talented  pianist,  pupil  of 
Marmontel  and  Halevy  in  Paris;  b.  Baja,  Hun- 
gary, Mar.  25,  1848  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  1,  1883. 
Pf.-pieces  of  a  light  and  graceful  description 
(Chasse  au  papillon,  op.  10  ;  Romance  sans 
paroles  ;  Tranquillite  ;   Melancolie)  ;  etc. 

Kettenus,  Aloys,  Belgian  violinist  and  able 
teacher;  b.  Verviers,  Feb.  22,  1823;  d.  Lon- 
don, Oct.  3,  1896.  Studied  at  Liege  Cons.,  also 
in  Germany;  in  1845,  leader  of  the  Mannheim 
orch.;  from  1855,  member  of  the  Halle  Orch.  in 
London,  and  of  the  Royal  Italian  Orch. — Works: 
An  opera,  Stella  Monti  (Brussels,  1S62;  mod. 
succ);  a  vln. -concerto;  a  concertino  f.  4  violins 
w.  orch.  ;  a  duet  f.  vln.  and  pf . ;  etc. 

Ketterer,  Eugene,  pianist ;  b.  Rouen,  1S31; 
d.  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1870.  A  pupil  of  Paris  Cons., 
he  publ.  290  pf.-pieces  in  drawing-room  style, 
many  of  which  became  popular  (op.  7,  Grand 
caprice  hongrois  ;  op.  21,  1' Argentine  ;  op.  90, 
La  Chatelaine  ;  op.  101,  Gaetana  ;  op.  102, 
Rondo  oriental). 

Keur'vels,  Edward  H.  J.,  conductor  and 
dramatic  comp.;  b.  Antwerp,  1853.  Pupil  of 
Benoit  ;  till  1882,  chorusmaster  at  the  Royal 
Th.,  since  then  cond.  at  the  National  Flemish 
Th.,  Antwerp,  where  he  has  brought  out  Benoit's 
Pacificatie  van  Gent  and  Charlotte  Corday, 
Waelput's  Stella,  Beethoven's  Fidelia,  and  like 
works. — Operas  :  Parisina,  Hamlet,  Rolla  ;  also 
operettas,  cantatas,  a  mass  w.  org.,  ballads, 
songs,  etc. 

Ke'witsch  [Kiewics],  (Karl)  Theodor,  b. 
Posilge,  W.  Prussia,  Feb.  3,  1S34.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  an  organist,  and  of  W.  Maslon  at  Peplin. 
For  3  years,  oboist  in  the  21st  Regt.  band;  then 


310 


KIEL—  KIENZL 


was  teacher  and  organist  in  various  towns  ;  from 
[866—87,  teacher  and  (18S4-5)"  Directoriatsver- 
walter "  in  the  Music  -  teachers'  Seminary  at 
Berent.  Pensioned  in  1887,  went  to  Berlin,  edited 
the  "  Musikkorps"  1891-2,  and  is  now  editor  of 
the  "  Hannover'sche  Musikzeitung,"  also  writ- 
ing for  other  mus.  papers.  Has  publ.  a  "  Vade- 
mecum"  for  organists,  and  much  church-music 
(chiefly  Polish),  4-part  songs  f.  mixed  and  male 
ch.,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Kiel,  Friedrich,  eminent  composer;  b.  Puder- 
bach,  near  Siegen  (Rh.  Prussia),  Oct.  7,  1S21  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Sept.  14, 
1885.  Taught  the 
elements  of  music 
by  his  father,  the 
village  schoolmas- 
ter, he  was  a  self- 
taught  pianist  and 
composer  ;  dance- 
music  and  varia- 
tions, written 
1832-4,  attracted 
the  attention  of 
Prince  Karl  von 
Wittgenstein,  who 
himself  gave  K. 
violin  -  lessons  in 
1S35, and  took  him 

into  his  orchestra.  After  studying  theory  under 
Kaspar  Kummer  at  Koburg  1838-9,  he  became, 
in  1840,  leader  of  the  ducal  orch.,  and  teacher 
to  the  Duke's  children.  From  1S37-42  he  brought 
out  a  cantata,  2  overtures,  several  variations  and 
fantasias  f.  pf.,  violin  and  oboe,  w.  orch.,  4  so- 
natas f.  pf. ,  etc.  Receiving  a  stipend  from  King 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  IV.,  he  studied  1S42-4  under 
Dehn  at  Berlin,  where  he  thenceforth  resided. 
His  first  published  works  (op.  1,  15  canons,  and 
op.  2,  6  fugues)  appeared  in  1850.  He  gradu- 
ally, though  steadily,  won  general  recognition  as 
a  composer,  though  even  as  late  as  1859  and  'Ci 
he  had  to  arrange  private  concerts  to  get  a  hear- 
ing for  his  works  ;  but  his  fame  was  assured  in 
1862,  when  the  Stern  Gesangverein  brought  out 
his  Requiem  (op.  20  ;  composed  1859-60),  en- 
thusiastically received  in  the  chief  musical  cen- 
tres. In  1S65  he  was  made  a  member,  in  1870 
senator,  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  Up  to 
1 866  he  gave  private  lessons  in  piano-playing  ; 
he  then  taught  composition  in  Stern's  Cons,  until 
1S70,  when  he  was  app.  teacher  of  composition 
at  the  Hochschule  fur  Musik  (in  1868  he  had  re- 
ceived the  title  of  "Royal  Professor").  As  a 
teacher  he  was  extremely  successful.  His  com- 
positions are  not  strikingly  original,  but  are  note- 
worthy principally  as  presenting  some  of  the 
finest  exemplars  of  the  "  classic  "  tendency  pro- 
duced in  the  last  half-century. — Works  :  2  Re- 
quiems f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.  (op.  20  and  80)  ;  a 
Missa  solemnis  f.  do.,  op.  40  (comp.  1865);  an 
oratorio,  Ckristtis,  op.  60  (comp.  1S71-2,  perf. 
1874);  a  Stabat  Mater  and  the  130th  Psalm,  both 
f.  female    ch.,   soli,  and  orch.  ;  a  Te  Deum  f. 


mixed  ch.  and  orch.  (1S66);  "  Zwei  Gesange  "  f. 
ditto  ;  2  Motets  f.  female  ch.,  soli  and  pf. ,  op. 
32;  6  Motets  f.  mixed  ch.  ;  4  Marches  f.  orch.  ; 
a  pf.-concerto;  a  sonata  f.  'cello,  op.  52  ;  do.  f. 
viola,  op.  67;  2  string-quintets,  op.  75,  76;  3 
string-quartets,  op.  43,  44,  50  ;  2  sets  of  Waltzes 
f.  string-quartet,  op.  73,  78  ;  7  trios,  op.  3,  22, 
24,  33,  34,  65  (the  last  containing  2  numbers); 
4  violin-sonatas  ;  many  pf. -works  ;  songs.  He 
publ.  S3  works  with  opus-number. — Sketches  of 
K.  were  written  by  Saran  ("  Allgem.  Musikzei- 
tung,"  1S62),  Bungert  ("  Neue  Zeitschrift  fiir 
Musik,"  1875),  and  Gumprecht  (Westermann's 
"  Monatshefte,"   1886). 

Kie'ne.     See  Bigot. 

Kien'le,  Ambrosius,  an  authority  on  Grego- 
rian chant  ;  b.  Siegmaringen,  May  8,  1852  ;  in 
1873  'ie  entered  the  Benedictine  monastery  at 
Beuron,  Hohenzollern. — Publ.  "  Choralschule  " 
(1S90),  "  Kleines,  kirchenmusikalisches  Hand- 
buch "  (1892),  and  essays  in  periodicals;  also 
"  Der  gregorianische  Choral  "(]8Si  ;  a  transl. 
of  Pothier's  "  Les  melodies  gregoriennes  "). 

Kienzl,  Wilhelm,  b.  Waizenkirchen,  Upper 
Austria,  Jan.  17,  1857.  As  a  student  at  Graz 
Gymnasium,  his  music-teachers  were  Buwa  and 
Ignaz  Uhl  ;  later  W.  A.  Remy  (comp.)  and 
Mortier  de  Fontaine  (pf.).  While  studying  in 
Prague  Univ.  1S75-6,  he  was  also  a  music-pupil 
of  Jos.  Krejci  ;  studied  further  in  Leipzig,  and 
under  Liszt  at  Weimar  ;  and  in  1879  took  the 
degree  of  Dr.  phil.  at  Vienna  with  the  disserta- 
tion "  Die  musikalische  Deklamation  ..." 
(publ.  Leipzig,  1S80).  A  second  work,  "  Mis- 
cellen  "  (Leipzig,  1SS5),  treating  of  impressions 
received  in  Bayreuth,  1S79,  created  a  stir  by  its 
bold  criticism.  During  1S80  he  lectured  on 
music  at  Munich  ;  in  1SS1-2  he  made  a  pianistic 
tour  with  Aglaja  Orgeni  and  R.  Sahla  to  80  towns 
in  Hungary,  Rumania,  and  North  and  South 
Germany;  in  1883-4  he  was  chief  Kapellm.  of 
the  German  opera  in  Amsterdam  ;  then  served 
in  like  capacity  at  Crefeld,  and  in  1S86  married 
the  concert-singer  Lili  Hoke  ;  1 886— 90,  artistic 
director  of  the  Styrian  Musikverein  at  Graz,  also 
conducting  the  symphony  concerts  and  directing 
the  provincial  vocal  and  instrumental  schools  ; 
1890-2,  1st  Kapellm.  at  the  Hamburg  opera  ; 
1S92-3,  Hofkapcllm.  at  Munich.  Now  (1S99) 
living  at  Graz,  wholly  devoted  to  composition. 
K.  is  one  of  the  best  known  among  contempo- 
rary dramatic  composers.  His  first  opera,  Ur- 
vasi,  in  3  acts  (Dresden,  Feb.  20,  1SS6),  was 
well  received  ;  the  3-act  opera  Heilmar,  der 
Narr  (Munich,  Mar.  S,  1S92),  was  very  success- 
ful ;  the  third  opera,  Der  Evangelimann,  called 
"a  musikalisches  Schauspiel "  in  2  acts  (Court 
Opera,  Berlin,  May  4,  1895),  has  had  tremen- 
dous success  in  Germany,  and  has  appeared  up 
to  1S99  on  over  130  stages  in  Austria,  Germany, 
Holland,  Hungary,  Croatia,  Switzerland,  Eng- 
land, etc.  A  fourth  is  Don  Quichole,  a  "  musi- 
cal tragi-comedy." — K.    finished   Ad.    Jensen's 


KIESEWETTER— KIPKE 


opera  Turandot,  and  edited  Mozart's  Titus. 
His  original  published  comp.s  comprise  about 
90  songs,  much  light  pf.-music  (op.  3,  Skizze  ; 
op.  5,  Kahnscene  ;  op.  10,  Bunte  Tanze  ;  op.  12, 
'■  Aus  alten  Marchen";  op.  15,  "  Aus  meinera 
Tagebuch";  op.  21,  30  Tanzweisen ;  op.  29, 
Scherzo  in  A  min. ;  op.  30,  "  Kinderliebe  und 
-leben,"  12  pieces  ;  op.  34,  "  Romantische  Blat- 
ter " — ten  Phantasiesti'icke  ;  op.  40,  "  Feuer- 
zauber"  Polka;  op.  41,  12  Tanzbilder  ;  op.  43, 
"  Daheim,"  12  pieces;  op.  46,  "  Dichterreise," 
10  pieces  ;  and  arrangements)  ;  music  to  the 
melodrama  (Romance)  "Die  Brautfahrt";  3 
Phantasiesti'icke  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (op.  7)  ;  pf.-trio 
in  F  min.  (op.  13);  string-quartet  in  !>(">  min. 
(op.  22)  ;  choral  music  ;  etc. — Edited  Brendel's 
"  Grundziige  der  Geschichte  der  Musik  "  (Leip- 
zig, 1886)  ;  also  Brendel's  "  Geschichte  der 
Musik  in  Italien,  Deutschland  und  Frankreich  " 
(7th  ed.,  Leipzig,  1889). 

Kie'sewetter,  Raphael  Georg,  "  Edler  von 
Wiesenbrunn,"  distinguished  writer  on  music  ; 
b.  Holleschau,  Moravia,  Aug.  29,  1773  ;  d. 
Baden,  near  Vienna,  Jan.  1,  1850.  An  excel- 
lent amateur  musician,  he  studied  for  an  official 
career  under  the  Austrian  government,  becom- 
ing attached  to  the  Imp.  Ministry  of  War,  and 
travelling  in  various  countries  until  1S01,  when 
he  settled  in  Vienna.  His  passion  for  music 
still  unabated,  he  studied  counterpoint  under 
Albrechtsberger  in  1S03,  and  later  with  Uart- 
mann.  He  was  an  indefatigable  collector  of 
old  musical  MSS.,  hence  his  later  love  for  his- 
torical research,  which  became  his  life-work. 
He  was  elected  a  member,  or  honorary  member, 
of  numerous  musical  and  scientific  societies,  and 
was  ennobled  a  few  years  before  his  retirement 
in  1845.  A.  W.  Ambros  was  his  nephew. — 
Works  :  "  Die  Verdienste  der  Niederlander  urn 
die  Tonkunst  ..."  (took  prize  of  the  Neth- 
erland  Acad,  in  1S26  ;  Dutch  transl.  1S29)  ; 
"  Geschichte  der  europaisch  -  abendlandischen 
oder  unsrer  heutigen  Musik  "  (Leipzig,  1834  ; 
2nd  ed.  1846)  ;  "  Ueber  die  Musik  der  neuern 
Griechen,  nebst  freien  Gedanken  iiber  altagyp- 
tische  und  altgriechische  Musik"  (1838); 
"  Guido  von  Arezzo,  sein  Leben  und  Wirken  " 
(1840)  ;  "  Schicksale  und  Beschaffenheit  des 
weltlichen  Gesangs  vom  fri'ihen  Mittelalter  bis 
zur  Erfindung  des  dramatischen  Styles  und  den 
Anfangen  der  Oper  "  (1841)  ;  "Die  Musik  der 
Araber  nach  Originalquellen "  (1842);  "Der 
neuen  Aristoxener  zerstreute  Aufsatze  "  (1846)  ; 
"Ueber  die  Octave  des  Pythagoras"  (1848); 
"  Galerie  alter  Contrapunctisten  "  (1847  ;  a  cata- 
logue of  his  old  scores,  bequeathed  to  the  Vienna 
Library)  ;  many  essays  in  the  Leipzig  "  Allgem. 
musikalische  Zeitung,"  on  Gregorian  notation, 
on  tablatures,  on  Franko  of  Cologne,  etc.  He 
was  supervising  editor  of  Kandler's  Life  of 
Palestrina  (1S34). 

Kimball,  Josiah,  b.  Topsfiekl,  Mass.,  Feb., 
1761  ;  d.  in  the  local  almshouse,  Feb.  26,  1826. 
He  gave  up  the  law  to  become  a  music-teacher, 


and  taught  in  several  New  England  towns,  try- 
ing to  introduce  his  collection  of  mostly  original 
tunes,  "Rural  Harmony  "  (1793).  His  comp.s 
were  simple  psalm-tunes  and  "  fuguing  pieces." 
Kin'dermann,  Johann  Erasmus,  Nurem- 
berg organist  ;  b.  Mar.  29,  1616,  publ.  many 
sacred  songs  (up  to  1652). 

Kin'dermann,  August,  b.  Potsdam,  Feb.  6, 
1 8 1 7  ;  d.  Munich,  Mar.  6,  1891.  Baritone 
stage-singer  ;  at  16,  chorus-singer  in  the  Berlin 
opera,  also  taking  small  soli  ;  1S39-46,  at  Leip- 
zig ;  later,  until  his  retirement  in  1S86,  a  prime 
favorite  at  the  Munich  court  opera. — Father  of 

Kin'dermann,     Hedwig.       See    Reicher- 

KlNDERMANN. 

King,  Robert,  musician  in  the  band  of  Will- 
iam and  Mary,  also  of  Queen  Anne  ;  Mus.  Bac. 
Cantab.,  1696.  Died  after  1711. — Publ.  "Songs 
for  1,  2  and  3  voices,  composed  to  a  Thorough 
Basse,  for  ye  organ  or  harpsichord  "  (London, 
n.d.);  music  to  Shadwell's  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's 
Day  (1690);  other  music  in  various  collections 
("The  Banquet  of  Musick,"  "Choice  Ayres," 
"  Comes  Amoris,"  etc.). 

King,  Charles,  b.  Bury-St. -Edmunds,  Eng- 
land, 16S7  ;  d.  London,  Mar.  17,  174S.  Chor- 
ister at  St.  Paul's  under  Dr.  Blow  and  Jer. 
Clark  ;  Master  of  Choristers  there  in  1707  ; 
Vicar-choral,  1730. — Publ.  services  and  anthems, 
some  of  which  are  in  Arnold's  "  Cathedral  Mu- 
sic "  and  Page's  "  Plarmonica  sacra." 

King,  Matthew  Peter,  b.  London,  1773  '• 
d.  there  Jan.,  1823.  Composed  10  or  12  English 
operas  for  the  Lyceum  Th. ;  an  oratorio,  The 
Intercession  ;  a  quintet  f.  pf.,  flute,  and  strings  ; 
pf. -sonatas  and  rondos  ;  also  publ.  "A  General 
Treatise  on  Music  .  .  ."  (London,  1800),  and 
an  "  Introduction  "  to  sight-singing  (1806). 

King,  Oliver  A.,  pianist  ;  b.  London,  1855. 
Articled  pupil  of  J.  Barnby  ;  studied  pf.  with 
W.  H.  Holmes,  and  under  Reinecke  at  Leipzig 
Cons.,  1S74-7.  Pianist  to  H.  R.  II.  the  Prin- 
cess Louise,  1879  ;  in  Canada,  1880-3,  giving 
recitals  and  visiting  New  York.  Now  (1S99) 
prof,  of  pf.  at  the  R.  A.M. — Works  :  3  cantatas, 
The  Romance  of  the  Roses,  Proserpina,  and 
The  Naiades  ;  the  137th  Psalm,  f.  soli,  ch.  and 
orch.  (Chester  Festival,  1888)  ;  church-music  ; 
a  symphony,  "Night";  2  concert-overtures; 
pf. -concerto  ;  violin-concerto  in  G  minor ; 
pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  f.  pf.   solo,  and  f.  organ. 

King,  Julie.     See  Riv£-King. 

Kink'el,  Johanna,  (ne'e  Mockel,  div.  Mat- 
thieux),  wife  of  the  poet  ;  b.  Bonn,  July  8,  1810  ; 
d.  London,  Nov.  15,  1858.  Studied  music  in 
Berlin  with  Karl  Bohmer,  and  was  married  in 
1843  to  Gottfried  Kinkel. — Works  :  A  cantata, 
"  Die  Vogel-Cantate  ";  operetta  Otto  der  Schiitz 
(1850?);  "Acht  Briefe  an  eine  Freundin  iiber 
Clavierunterricht "  (1S52). 

Kip'ke,   Karl,   b.    Breslau,    Nov.   20,    1850  ; 


31: 


KIPPER— KIRNBERGER 


living  (1899)  at  Leipzig  as  editor  of  the  "Sanger- 

halle." 

Kip'per,  Hermann,  b.  Koblenz,  Aug.  27, 
1S26  ;  pupil  of  Anschiitz  and  II.  Dorn.  Music- 
teacher  and  critic  at  Cologne. — Comic  operettas 
(written  for  male  choral  societies) :  Der  Quack- 
salber,  oder  Doctor  Sagebein  und  sein  Famulus  ; 
Incognito,  oder  Der  Durst  wider  Willen  ;  Kell- 
ner  und  Lord;  Der  Haijisch  ;  etc. 

Kir'cher,  Athanasius,  famous  Jesuit  ar- 
chaeologist ;  b.  Geisa  (Buchow?),  n.  Fulda,  May 
2,  1602  ;  d.  Rome,  Nov.  2S,  16S0.  He  was 
prof,  at  Wurzburg  ;  1635-7  at  Avignon  ;  lived 
thereafter  in  Rome. — Works  :  "  Musurgia  uni- 
versalis, sive  ars  magna  consoni  et  dissoni  .  .  ." 
(1650  ;  epitomized  in  German,  1662) ;  "  Pho- 
nurgia  nova,  sive  conjugium  mechanico-physicum 
artis  et  naturae  ..."  (1673)  ;  his  "  Oedipus 
aegyptiacus  .  .  ."  contains  a  curious  chapter  on 
hieroglyphic  music  ;  in  his  treatise  "  De  arte 
magnetica "  are  given  airs  then  popularly  re- 
garded as  a  cure  for  tarantism  ;  in  fact,  all  his 
musical  works  exhibit  a  unique  blending  of  real 
scientific  thought  with  childish  credulity. 

Kirchl,  Adolf,  b.  Vienna,  June  16,  1S5S  ;  is 
choirmaster  of  the  Viennese  "  Schubertbund," 
and  a  comp.  of  songs  f.  male  voices. 

Kirch'ner,  Fritz,  b.  Potsdam,  Nov.  3,  1840. 
Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Th.  Kullak  (pf.),  and  of  Wiierst 
and  Seyffert  (theory),  at  Kullak's  Acad.;  taught 
there  from  1S64-89,  when  it  was  dissolved,  and 
K.  became  teacher  in  the  "  Madchenheim " 
school  at  Berlin. — Works  :  Educational  pieces 
and  other  pf. -music  ("  Ball-Scenes  ";  24  Prel- 
udes) ;  also  songs. 

Kirch'ner,  Hermann,  comp.  and  tenor  con- 
cert-singer ;  b.  Wolfis,  Thuringia,  Jan.  23,  1S61  ; 
now  (1S99)  in  Berlin. 

Kirch'ner,  Theodor,  a  distinguished  pf.- 
composer  ;  b.  Neukirchen,  n.  Chemnitz,  Saxony, 
Dec.  10,  1S24.  From  1S3S-42,  by  Mendels- 
sohn's advice,  he 
studied  in  Leipzig 
under  J.  Knorr  (pf.) 
and  K.  F.  Becker 
(org.  and  theory)  ; 
in  the  summer  of 
1  S  4  2  ,  with  J  o  h  . 
Schneider  at  Dres- 
den ;  six  months  in 
the  Leipzig  Cons.; 
and  then,  1843-62, 
was  organist  at 
Winterthur.  1862— 
72,  teacher  in  the 
Zurich  M  us  i  c  - 
School,  and  conduc- 
tor ;   lived  a  year  at 

Meiningen  as  music-master  to  Princess  Maria  ; 
was  director  of  the  Wurzburg  Cons.  1S73-5  ; 
lived  in  Leipzig  till  1SS3,  then  in  Dresden,  and 
finally  went  to  Hamburg  in  1890.  Both  Men- 
delssohn and   Schumann  were  warm   friends  of 


K.,  and  aided  him  by  advice.  Pesides  songs, 
song-transcriptions  f.  pf.,  piano-duets  ("  Alte 
Bekannte  in  neuem  Gewande  "),  etc.,  K.  has 
publ.  some  90  original  pf.-works  ;  the  most 
popular  are  :  Op.  2,  10  pieces  ;  op.  5,  Gruss  an 
meine  Freunde  ;  op.  7,  nine  Album-leaves  ;  op. 
8,  Scherzo;  op.  9,  Preludes  (2  books);  op.  n, 
Skizzen  (3  books)  ;  op.  12,  Adagio  quasi  fantasia  ; 
op.  13,  Lieder  ohne  Worte  ;  op.  14,  Phantasie- 
stiicke  (3  books) ;  op.  16,  Kleine  Lust-  und  Trau- 
erspiele  ;  op.  17,  Neue  Davidsbundlertanze  ; 
op.  18,  Legenden  ;  op.  19,  10  pieces  (transcr.s 
of  his  own  songs)  ;  op.  21,  Aquarellen  ;  op.  22, 
Romanzen  (2  books)  ;  op.  23,  Waltzes  (2  books)  ; 
op.  25,  Nachtbilder  (2  books)  ;  op.  26,  Album  ; 
op.  27,  Caprices  (2  books)  ;  op.  28,  Nocturnes  ; 
op.  29,  Aus  meinem  Skizzenbuch  (2  books)  ;  op. 
30,  Studien  und  Sti'icke  (4  books)  ;  op.  36,  Phan- 
tasienam  Klavier(2  books)  ;  op.  37,  four  Elegies  ; 
op.  38,  12  Studies  ;  op.  39,  Dorfgeschichten  ;  op. 
41,  Verwehte  Blatter;  op.  43,  four  Polonaises; 
op.  46,  30  Kinder-  und  Ki'instlertanze  ;  op.  48, 
Humoresken  ;  op.  49,  New  Album-leaves  ;  op. 
52,  Ein  neues  Klavierbuch  (3  parts)  ;  op.  53, 
Florestan  and  Eusebius ;  op.  54,  Scherzo  ;  op. 
55,  Neue  Kinderscenen  ;  op.  56,  In  stillen  Stun- 
den  ;  op.  65,  sixty  Preludes  ;  op.  70,  five  Sona- 
tinas ;  op.  71,  100  short  Studies  ;  op.  73,  Roman- 
tische  Geschichten  (4  books)  ;  op.  So,  nine 
Album-leaves  ;  "  Lieblinge  der  Jugend  "  are  30 
little  etudes  without  opus-number.  Also  "  Chil- 
dren's Trios  "  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello (op.  5S)  ;  pf.- 
quartets  (op.  S4)  ;  a  string-quartet  (op.  20)  ;  a 
Serenade  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello  (op.  15,  in  B)  ;  S 
pieces  f .  pf.  and  'cello  (op.  79) ;  etc. 

Kirkman,  Jacob  {rede  Kirchmann),  the 
founder  (before  1740)  of  the  firm  of  Kirkman  and 
Son,  harpsichord-makers  in  London  ;  previously 
he  had  been  foreman  for  II.  Tabel,  also  a  harp- 
sichord-maker. The  firm  began  making  piano- 
fortes in  1774  ;  but  turned  out  harpsichords  also 
until  the  end  of  the  century,  when  Joseph  K. 
was  the  head.  The  founder  died  wealthy  in 
1778  ;  he  had  no  children,  but  took  his  nephew, 
Abraham  K.,  into  partnership;  the  present 
manager  of  the  business  (since  1S83)  is  Henry 
Reece,  a  descendant  of  Abraham  K.  in  the 
fifth  generation. 

Kirkmann,  Jan,  a  native  of  Holland,  was 
organist  of  the  Lutheran  Ch.,  London,  in  17S2, 
and  died  at  Norwich,  I79<j. — Works  :  Pf. -trios, 
organ-pieces,  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  rondos  f. 
pf.,  etc. 

Kirn'berger,  Johann  Philipp, noted  theorist ; 
b.  Saalfeld,  Thuringia,  Apr.  24,  1721  ;  d.  Berlin, 
July  27,  1783.  Pupil  of  J.  P.  Kellnerat  Grafen- 
roda,  and  of  II.  N.  Gerber  at  Sondershausen, 
then  (1739)  ot  J-  S.  Bach  at  Leipzig.  From 
1741-50  he  was  music-master  and  conductor  in 
various  noble  Polish  families,  and  at  the  Nun- 
nery, Lemberg  ;  studied  the  violin  under  Fickler 
in  Dresden,  1751  ;  joined  the  royal  orch.  at 
Berlin,  and  in  1754  was  app.  Kapellm.  and 
teacher  of  composition  to  Princess  Amalie.      1 1  is 


313 


KIST— KITZLER 


numerous  compositions  are  unimportant  ;  but  as 
a  theoretical  writer  he  ranks  with  the  best  of  his 
time. — Works:  "Die  Kunst  des  reinen  Satzes 
in  der  Musik  aus  sicheren  Grundsatzen  hergelei- 
tet  und  mit  deutlichen  Beispielen  versehen "  (2 
vol.s  ;  1774,  1779  ;  his  magnum  opus) ;  "  Grund- 
satze  des  Generalbasses,  als  erste  Linien  zur 
Composition"  (1781  ;  often  republ.);  "Gedanken 
iiber  die  verschiedenen  Lehrarten  in  der  Com- 
position, als  Vorbereitung  zur  Fugenkenntniss  " 
(1782);  "  Anleitung  zur  Singcomposition,  mit 
Oden  in  verschiedenen  Sylbenmaassen  "  (1782) ; 
"  Die  Construction  der  gleichschwebenden  Tem- 
peratur  "  (1760)  ;  "  Derallzeit  fertige  Menuetten- 
und  Polonaisen-Componist  "  (1757  ;  a  kind  of 
mus.  joke,  the  precursor  of  mus.  games  of  dice). 
"  Die  wahren  Grundsatze  zum  Gebrauch  der 
Harmonie  "  (1773)  was  claimed  by  a  pupil  of 
K.'s,  J.  A.  P.  Schulz,  as  his  work. 

Kist,  Florent  Corneille  [Florens  Corne- 
lius], b.  Arnheim,  Jan.  28,  1796  ;  d.  Utrecht, 
Mar.  23,  1863.  In  youth  an  excellent  flutist 
and  horn-player,  he  lived  in  The  Hague  as  a 
physician  1818-25  >  in  J^21  ne  founded  the 
"  Diligentia  "  mus.  society;  gave  up  medicine, 
organized  and  presided  over  several  singing-so- 
cieties, and  in  1841  settled  in  Utrecht,  editing 
the  "  Nederlandsch  muzikaal  Tijdschrift  "  for  3 
years,  and  then  founding  the  "  Cicilia,"  still  the 
leading  Dutch  mus.  periodical.  In  Utrecht  he 
established  Amateur  Concerts,  and  the  singing- 
society  "  Duce  Apolline." — Publ.  "  De  toestand 
van  het  protestantsche  kerkgezang  in  Neder- 
land  "  (1840) ;  "  Levensgeschiedenis  van  Orlando 
de  Lassus"  (1S41)  ;  a  Dutch  transl.  of  Brendel's 
"  Grundziige  der  Geschichte  der  Musik  "  (1S51) ; 
many  essays  in  his  own  and  several  German  pa- 
pers ;  also  vocal  music  f.  1  or  more  voices,  and 
variations  f.  flute. 

KistTer,  Cyrill,  b.  Grossaitingen,  n.  Augs- 
burg, Mar.  12,  1848.  School-teacher  from 
1864-76  ;  then  studied  music  at  Munich  under 
Wullner,  Rheinberger,  and  Fr.  Lachner  (1876- 
80).  In  1883  he  was  called  to  the  Sonders- 
hausen  Cons,  as  teacher  of  theory,  cpt.,  organ, 
and  pf. ;  since  1S85  he  has  lived  in  Bad  Eis- 
singen  as  principal  of  a  private  music-school, 
and  as  a  music-publisher  ;  1SS4-94,  also  edited 
the  "  Musikalische  Tagesfragen." — Works:  2 
operas,  Alfred  der  Grosse  and  Lichtenstein  ;  a 
2-act  ' '  musical  comedy "  Eulenspiegel  ( Wiirz- 
burg,  1889;  unsucc.) ;  a  romantic  "music- 
drama"  A~z/«/////</(Sondershausen,  1884  ;  Wiirz- 
burg,  1893);  and  the  "  music-drama  "  Baldurs 
Tod  (MS.);  besides  these,  104  works  (festival- 
and  funeral-marches  f .  orch. ;  mixed  and  male 
choruses  ;  songs  ;  Phantasien ;  Serenaden  ; 
pieces  f.  org.  and  harmonium) ;  a  Method  of 
Harmony  developed  from  Wagner's  works,  and 
soon  to  appear  in  larger  form  ;  also  a  "  Musi- 
kalische Elementarlehre." 

Kist/ner,  Friedrich,  b.  Leipzig,  Mar.  3, 
1797;  d.  there  Dec.  21,  1844.  In  1831  he  took 
over  Probst's  music-publishing  business,  which 


he  carried  on  from  1836  under  the  firm-name  of 
"  Fr.  Kistner."  His  son  Julius  succeeded  him, 
and  in  1866  sold  out  to  K.  F.  L.  Gurckhaus 
(1821-18S4). 

Kitchiner,  William,  wealthy  physician,  ama- 
teur musician,  and  epicure  ;  b.  London,  1775  ; 
d.  there  Feb.  26,  1827. — Works  :  An  operetta, 
Love  among  the  Hoses,  or,  The  Master  Key ;  a 
mus.  drama,  Ivankoe,  or,  'The  Knight  Tem- 
plars; glees,  and  songs.  Also  publ.  "Observa- 
tions on  Vocal  Music"  (London,  1S21)  ;  "The 
Loyal  and  National  Songs  of  England"  (1823)  ; 
"The  Sea  Songs  of  England"  (1823);  "Ama- 
tory and  Anacreontic  Songs  set  to  Music" 
(n.d.) ;  "The  Sea  Songs  of  Charles  Dibdin, 
with  a  Memoir  of  his  Life  and  Writings" 
(1S24). 

Kir/tel,  Johann  Christian,  b.  Erfurt,  Feb. 
iS,  1732  ;  d.  there  May  9,  1809.  He  was  J.  S. 
Bach's  last  pupil.  At  first  organist  in  Langen- 
salza,  he  went  in  1756  to  the  Predigerkirche  in 
Erfurt ;  but,  although  a  famous  player,  his  sal- 
ary was  wretchedly  small,  and  lesson-giving 
poorly  remunerated.  When  nearly  70  he  was 
obliged  to  make  a  concert-tour  to  Gottingen, 
Hanover,  Hamburg  and  Altona,  where  he  re- 
mained a  year  (1800).  In  his  old  age  a  pension 
from  Prince  Primas  of  Dalberg  saved  him  from 
starvation.  J.  C.  H.  Rinck  was  his  most  cele- 
brated pupil.  His  principal  publ.  works  are 
"Der  angehende,  practische  Organist,  oder 
Anweisung  zum  zweckmassigen  Gebrauch  der 
Orgel  beim  Gottesdienst "  (Erfurt,  1801-8,  in  3 
parts;  3rd  ed.  1831);  "  Neues  Choralbuch " 
for  Schleswig-Holstein  (Altona,  1803)  ;  6  so- 
natas and  a  fantasia  f.  clavichord;  "Grosse 
Praludien,"  and  2  chorals  w.  variations,  f. 
organ  ;  24  chorals,  each  with  8  figured  basses  ; 
and  a  4-part  "  Hymne  an  das  Jahrhundert" 
(1801). 

Kit'tl,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Schloss  Wor- 
lik,  Bohemia,  May  8,  1806 ;  d.  Lissa,  Prov. 
Posen,  July  20,  1868.  While  a  law-student  he 
also  was  a  music-pupil  of  Sawora  and  Toma- 
schek  at  Prague  ;  adopted  music  as  his  profession 
in  1840,  succeeded  Dionys  Weber  as  Director 
of  the  Prague  Cons,  in  1843,  and  retired  to 
Polnisch-Lissa  in  1865. — Operas  (given  in 
Prague) :  Daphnis'  Grab  (1825)  ;  Bianca  und 
Giuseppe,  oder  Die  Franzosen  vor  Nizza  (1848  ; 
text  by  Richard  Wagner);  Waldblume  (1852) ; 
Die  Bilderstiirmer  (1S54) ;  also  masses,  can- 
tatas, 3  symphonies,  a  pf. -nonet,  a  pf. -septet,  a 
pf.-trio,  etc. 

Kitz'ler,  Otto,  b.  Dresden,  Mar.  16,  1834. 
Pupil  of  Johann  Schneider,  J.  Otto,  and  Rum- 
mer ('cello),  later  of  Servais  and  Fetis  at  the 
Brussels  Cons.  'Cellist  in  opera-orch.s  at 
Strassburg  and  Lyons  ;  Kapellm.  at  theatres  in 
Troyes,  Linz,  Ronigsberg,  Temesvar,  Her- 
mannstadt,  and  Briinn  ;  from  1868,  director  of 
the  Briinn  Mus.  Society  and  of  the  Music- 
School,  also  cond.  of  the  Mannergesangverein. 


3M 


KJERULF— KLEFFEL 


Has  publ.  orchestral  music,  pf.-pieces,  songs, 
etc.      A.  Bruckner  was  his  pupil. 

Kje'rulf,  Halfdan,  Norwegian  composer  ;  b. 
Sept.  17,  1818  ;  d.  Christiania,  Aug.  11,  1S6S. 
He  renounced  the 
study  of  theology 
for  music  ;  studied 
in  Leipzig,  and  set- 
tled in  Christiania 
as  a  music-teacher. 
Jenny  Lind,  Nils- 
son,  and  Sontag 
brought  his  songs 
into  vogue,  and  on 
them  his  reputation 
chiefly  rests  ;  but 
he  also  publ.  much 
beautiful  pf. -music 
of  a  strongly  Scan- 
dinavian       cast 

(Spring  Song,  Shepherd's  Song,  Cradle-song, 
Album-leaf,  Elfin  Dance,  Capriccio,  Scherzo, 
Scherzino,  Intermezzo,  Berceuse,  Rondino,  Po- 
lonaise, 6  Sketches,  40  "  Norske  Folkeviser" 
[Norse  Folk-songs],  etc.).  In  1S74  a  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  him  in  Christiania. 

Klaf'sky     [Lohse-Klafsky],     Katharina, 

dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  St.  Johann,  Hungary,  .Sept. 
I0.,  1855  '<  d.  Hamburg,  Sept.  22,  1896.  She  sang 
in  church  when  8  ;  studied  with  Mine.  Marchesi 
at  Vienna  when  16  ;  sang  in  comic-opera  chorus, 
then  (1875)  as  soloist  at  Salzburg,  in  minor  parts; 
married  in  1S76,  left  the  stage,  and  went  to 
Leipzig,  where  she  recommenced  her  theatrical 
career  in  1881,  soon  took  leading  roles,  succeeded 
the  Reicher- Kindermann  in  A.  Neumann's 
troupe,  making  the  European  tour  as  Sieglinde 
and  Brunnhilde  {Siegfried)  ;  1883,  Bremen  City 
Th.;  1885,  Hamburg  City  Th.;  sang  in  London 
in  German  opera,  1892,  1894;  at  the  Munich 
Festival  of  1894  she  sang  the  role  of  Isolde  ; 
created  role  of  La  Navarraise,  in  German,  at 
Hamburg,  Jan.  2,  1895,  and  married  Otto  Lohse, 
the  Th.-A'rt/t*//;«,  there,  on  Jan.  31.  With  him, 
in  the  Damrosch  Opera  Company,  she  made  an 
American  tour  in  1895-6. 

Klau'ser,  Karl,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, 
Aug.  24,  1823,  of  Swiss  parents.  Studied  music 
in  Germany,  but  was  chiefly  self-taught.  Went 
to  New  York  in  1850,  and  thence  to  Farmington, 
Conn.,  in  1856,  where  he  was  Musical  Director 
for  many  years  in  Miss  Porter's  School.  He  is 
well  known  as  an  editor  and  arranger  of  classic 
and  modern  compositions  (Beethoven,  Mozart, 
Schumann,  Field,  Wagner)  ;  edited  "Half-hours 
with  the  Best  Composers,"  and  also  (with  Th. 
Thomas  and  J.  K.  Paine)  "  Famous  Composers." 

Klau'ser,  Julius,  b.  New  York,  Julys,  1S54. 
Pupil  of  Wenzel  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  1S71-4  ;  lives 
at  Milwaukee  as  a  music-teacher.  Author  of 
"  The  Septonate  and  the  Centralization  of  the 
Tonal  System  "(1890),  a  modern  manual  of  har- 
mony. 


Klau'well,  Adolf,  b.  Langensalza,  Thurin- 
gia,  Dec.  31,  1818  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  21,  1879. 
Teacher  in  the  Third  and  Fourth  "  Bilrgerschu- 
len  "  (Municipal  Schools)  at  Leipzig.  Publ.  ele- 
mentary class-books,  and  instructive  pf.-pieces 
("  Goldnes  Melodien-Album  "). 

Klau'well,  Otto,  nephew  of  Adolf ;  b.  Lang- 
ensalza, Apr.  7,  1851.  Pupil  at  Schulpforta, 
1865-70  ;  served  in  the  Franco-German  war ; 
studied  mathematics  and  natural  science  at  Leip- 
zig Univ.,  1871,  but  1872-4  devoted  himself  to 
music  at  the  Cons,  under  Richter  and  Reinecke, 
continuing  the  study  of  music  at  the  Univ., 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  Dr.  pJiil.  with  the 
dissertation  "  Die  historische  Entwickelung  des 
musikalischen  Kanons"  (1S74).  In  1875,  prof, 
of  pf . ,  theory,  and  history  at  Cologne  Cons. ;  since 
1S85,  director  of  the  Teachers'  Seminary  (classes 
in  pf. -playing  established  by  Wiillner)  connected 
with  the  Cons.  —  Publ.  "  Der  Vortrag  in  der 
Musik"  (1883  ;  Engl,  transl.  New  York,  1890)  ; 
"  Musikalische  Gesichtspunkte  "  (1881  ;  apho- 
risms on  music  and  musicians);  "Der  Finger- 
satzdesKlavierspiels"  (1885);  "  Musikalische  Be- 
kenntnisse  "  (1891)  ;  "  Formender  Instrumental- 
Musik  "  (1896).  Among  his  compositions  are  a 
romantic  opera,  Das  Madchen  vom  See  (Cologne, 
18S9  ;  succ.)  ;  overtures,  chamber-music,  pf.- 
pieces,  and  songs. 

Klee,  Ludwig,  pianist  and  pedagogue  ;  b. 
Schwerin,  Apr.  13,  1846  ;  pupil  of  Th.  Kullak, 
1864-8,  and  teacher  in  Kullak's  Acad,  until  1875  ; 
since  then,  director  of  a  school  of  his  own.  Title 
of  "  Musik-Direktor  "  from  King  of  Saxony. — 
Publ.  "  Die  Ornamentik  der  klassischen  Klav- 
iermusik  "  (the  pf. -graces  from  Bach  to  Beetho- 
ven, incl.) ;  and  edited  3  vol.s  of  "  Klassische 
Vortragsstiicke." 

Klee'berg,  Clotilde,  distinguished  pianist ; 
b.  Paris,  June  27,  1S66.  Pupil  of  Mmes.  Retz 
and  M assart  at  the  Cons. ,  winning  1st  prize  in 
the  hitter's  class.  Sensational  debut,  at  the  age 
of  12,  in  a  Pasdeloup  Concert,  with  Beethoven's 
concerto  in  C  minor  ;  since  1881  she  has  toured 
Denmark,  Russia,  Austria,  Holland,  and  Eng- 
land with  uniform  success.  In  1894  she  was 
elected  "  Officier  de  1' Academic"  Her  reper- 
tory embraces  works  from  Bach  to  Liszt.  Bril- 
liant tournee  in  England  in  1898. 

Klee'mann,  Karl,  composer  ;  b.  Rudolstadt, 
Sept.  9,  1842.  Pupil  of  Hofkapellm.  Muller. 
Studied  several  years  further,  from  1878,  in  Italy, 
and  was  then  app.  2nd  opera  cond.  and  Ducal 
Music- Director  at  Dessau. — Works  :  Music  to 
Grillparzer's  Der  Traum  ein  Lebcn;  a  symphonic 
fantasia,  "  Des  Meeres  und  der  Liebe  Wellen"; 
2  symphonies  ;  choral  works  ;  songs  ;  pf.-pcs. 

Klef'fel,  Arno,  b.  Possneck,  Thuringia,  Sept. 
4,  1840.  Studied  in  the  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  pri- 
vately with  M.  Hauptmann.  1S63-7,  Dir.  of 
the  Mus.  Soc.  at  Riga  ;  then  Kapellm.  at  theatres 
in  Cologne,  Amsterdam,  Gorlitz,  Breslau,  Stet- 
tin, and  1873-80  at  the  Friedrich  Wilhelmstadt 


315 


KLEIN— KLIEBERT 


Th.  in  Berlin  ;  then  at  Augsburg  and  Magde- 
burg ;  from  1886-92  at  Cologne  ;  since  that  time 
teacher  of  theory  at  Stern's  Cons.,  Berlin.  In 
1895  he  received  the  title  of  "  Professor." — 
Works  :  Opera  Des  Meermanns  Harfe  (Riga, 
1865);  music  to  the  Christmas  legend  DieWich- 
telmannchen  and  to  Goethe's  Faust  ;  overtures, 
a  string-quartet,  pf. -pieces  (Ritornelles,  op.  26  ; 
Petite  Suite,  op.  29  ;  Impromptu,  op.  27  ;  "Jung- 
brunnen,"  op.  41,  30  short  didactic  pieces  ; — ■ 
"  Fete  d'enfants,"  and  "  Nuits  italiennes,"  for 
4  hands);  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Klein,  Johann  Joseph,  b.  Arnstadt,  Aug. 
24,  1740;  d.  Kahla,  n.  Jena,  June  25,  1823. 
Lawyer  at  Eisenburg  in  Altenburg. — Works  : 
"  Lehrbuch  der  practischen  Musik "  (1783); 
"  Lehrbuch  der  theoretischen  Musik"  (1801) ; 
"  Neues,  vollstandiges  Choralbuch"  (1785  ;  w. 
Introd.  on  Chorals). 

Klein,  Bernhard,  church-composer  ;  b.  Co- 
logne, Mar.  6,  1793  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  9,  1832. 
Went  to  Paris  in  1812  to  study  under  Cherubini 
and  in  the  Cons.  Library  ;  was  mus.  director  at 
Cologne  cathedral  for  some  years,  and  in  1818 
settled  in  Berlin,  where  (1S20)  he  was  app.  teacher 
of  comp.  at  the  R.  Inst,  for  Church-music,  and 
mus.  director  and  singing-teacher  at  the  Univ. 
— Works  :  3  oratorios,  Jephtha,  David,  and  Hiob 
(Job)  ;  the  cantata  Worte  des  Glaubens  (Schiller)  ; 
an  8-p.  Paternoster,  a  6-p.  Magnificat,  6-p.  re- 
sponses, 8  books  of  psalms,  hymns,  and  motets 
f.  male  voices  (deservedly  popular)  ;  2  operas, 
Dido  (1823)  and  Ariadne  (1825),  and  2  acts  of  a 
third,  Irene;  music  to  Raupach's  Erdennacht ; 
sonatas  and  variations  f.  pf . ;  etc. — His  younger 
brother,  Joseph  (1802-62),  lived  in  Berlin  and 
Cologne  as  a  composer. 

Klein,  Bruno  Oscar,  b.  Osnabrtick,  Han- 
over, June  6,  1858  [not  1856].  Studied  pf.  and 
comp.  under  his  fa- 
ther, Carl  K.,  or- 
ganist of  Osna- 
briick  cathedral  ; 
then  for  2  years  at 
Munich  Cons,  un- 
der Rheinberger 
(cpt .) ,  W  u  line  r 
(score-reading), 
and  C.  Baermann 
(pf.).  Went  to 
America  in  1878  ; 
spent  several  years 
in  travelling  and 
concertizing,  and 
settled  in  N  ew  York 
in  1883.  Since  1884 

he  has  been  head  of  the  pf.-department  at  the 
Convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart  ;  also,  18S4-94,  or- 
ganist at  St.  Francis  Xavier,  and  (1887-92)  prof, 
of  cpt.  and  composition  at  the  National  Cons. 
In  the  season  of  1S94-5  he  gave  several  concerts 
in  Germany. — Works  :  Kenilivorth,  grand  opera 
in  3  acts  and   an   Introduction  (Hamburg,  Feb. 


!3.  ]895);  many  pf. -works  of  high  character, 
sonata  for  violin  and  pf. ,  and  songs. 

Klein'michel,  Richard,  pianist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Posen,  Dec.  31,  1846.  Pupil  of  his 
father  (Hermann  K.,  b.  1816  ;  d.  Hamburg, 
May  29,  1894  ;  bandmaster  and  music-director 
at  Posen  and  Potsdam)  ;  studied  in  Hamburg  and 
(1S63-66)  at  LeipzigCons. ;  taught  music  in  Ham- 
burg, returned  to  Leipzig  in  1876,  and  in  18S2 
became  mus.  director  of  the  City  Th.  He  mar- 
ried Clara  Monhaupt,  a  dramatic  soprano  at 
Leipzig. — Works  :  2  operas,  Manon  [Schloss  de 
Lorme]  (Hamburg,  1883),  and  the  3-act  roman- 
tic opera  Der  Pfeiffer  von  Dusenbach  (ibid., 
1891)  ;  2  symphonies;  chamber-music  ;  pf. -music 
("  Dorfmusik,"  16  characteristic  pieces,  is  op. 
56  ;  4  books  of  pf. -etudes  "  fur  kleine  und  grosse 
Leute,"  op.  60  ;  and  other  valuable  studies)  ;  and 
songs. 

Kleng'el,    August    Alexander    ("  Kanon- 

Klengel  "),  b.  Dresden,  Jan.  29,  1784;  d.  there 
Nov.  22,  1S52.  Pupil  of  Milchmeyer  ;  from  1803, 
of  Clementi,  with  whom  he  travelled  through 
Germany,  and  in  1805  to  St.  Petersburg,  where 
K.  remained,  studying  and  lesson-giving,  until 
1S11.  After  2  years  in  Paris  he  went  to  Italy, 
Dresden,  England  (181 5),  and  returned  to  Dres- 
den in  1816,  when  he  was  app.  organist  of  the 
R.  C.  Court  Church.  A  master  of  the  legato  pf.- 
style  and  a  fine  organist,  K.  was  also  a  remark- 
able composer  in  the  strict  contrapuntal  forms 
(whence  the  above  sobriquet),  works  of  this  kind 
being  "  Les  Avant-coureurs "  (24  pf. -canons; 
publ.  before  1840),  and  48  canons  and  48  fugues 
(an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  outdo  Bach's  "Well- 
tempered  Clavichord "  ;  publ.  1854  by  M.  Haupt- 
mann).  Other  publ.  pf.-comp.s  :  2  concertos,  a 
trio,  a  4-hand  fantasia,  a  rondo,  a  "  Promenade 
sur  mer,  interrompue  par  une  tempete  "  (op.  19), 
and  other  salon-music. 

Kleng'el,  Paul  K.,  pianist  and  violinist  ;  b. 
Leipzig,  May  13,  1854.  Took  degree  of  Dr. 
p/iil.,  Leipzig,  with  dissertation  "  Zur  Aesthetik 
der  Tonkunst";  1881-6,  cond.  of  the  Leipzig 
"  Euterpe  "  concerts  ;  1S88-93,  2nd  Hofkapellm. 
at  Stuttgart;  then  cond.  the  student -chorus 
"  Arion  "  at  Leipzig  until  1S98,  when  he  went 
to  New  York. 

Kleng'el,  Julius,  brother  of  Paul,  and  a  gifted 
'cellist  ;  b.  Leipzig,  Sept.  24,  1859  \  pupil  of  Emil 
llegar  ('cello)  and  Jadassohn  (comp.) ;  1st  'cello 
in  Gewandhaus  Orch.,  and  teacher  at  the  Cons. 
—  Publ.  comp.s  :  3  'cello-concertos  (op.  4,  in  A 
min.  ;  op.  20,  in  D  min.,  w.  pf.  ;  op.  31,  in  A 
min.)  ;  a  concertino  f.  'cello  w.  pf.,  op.  7,  in  C  ; 
a  Concertstiick  f.  do.,  op.  10,  in  D  min.  ;  a  Suite 
f.  2  'celli,  op.  22,  in  D  min.  ;  a  Suite  f.  'cello  and 
pf.,  op.  1,  in  E  min.  ;  about  40  soli  f.  'cello  w. 
pf.  ;  also  a  Serenade  f.  string-orch.,  2  string- 
quartets  (op.  21  and  34),  a  pf.-trioin  D  (op.  25), 
etc. 

Klie'bert,  Karl,  b.  Prague,  Dec.  13,  1S40. 
Pupil  of  Rheinberger  and  Wullner  at   Munich; 


316 


KLINDWORTH— KNABE 


Kapellm.  at  Augsburg  theatre  ;  since  1876, 
Kirchner's  successor  as  Director  of  the  R.  School 
of  Music  at  Wiirzburg. 

KlincTworth  [klint'vort],  Karl,  pianist  and 
pedagogue  ;  b.  Hanover,  Sept.  25,  1S30.  A 
precocious  self-taught  pianist,  at  6  he  played  a 
pf. -arrangement  of  Boieldieu's  Calif e  de  Bagdad ; 
but  the  violin  was  his  chief  instr.  At  15  he 
wished  to  go  to  Spohr,  but  lack  of  money  pre- 
vented ;  at  17,  obliged  to  earn  his  own  livelihood, 
he  became  cond.  of  a  travelling  opera-troupe 
(Bilse  played  under  him  as  1st  violin).  In  1849, 
on  his  way  to  Amsterdam  to  conduct  the  German 
opera,  a  telegram  apprised  him  that  the  venture 
had  failed  ;  so  he  went  back  to  Hanover,  and 
gave  lessons-  While  on  a  pianistic  tour  he  met 
Liszt,  and  in  1852,  aided  pecuniarily  by  a  Jew- 
ish lady,  went  to  Weimar  for  2  years'  study.  He 
made  rapid  progress,  and  in  1S54,  armed  with 
letters  of  introduction,  went  to  London  ;  his  first 
concert,  on  Mar.  30,  appears  to  have  made  an 
unfavorable  impression,  but  Wagner  next  year 
heard  and  admired  him,  and  became  his  firm 
friend.  K.  gradually  made  his  way  in  London, 
and  remained  there  1854-68  as  a  pf. -teacher  and 
concert-pianist.  A.  Rubinstein  then  called  him 
to  Moscow  as  pf.-prof.  at  the  Imp.  Cons.  While 
here,  he  completed  two  "monumental"  works, 
his  pf. -scores  of  Wagner's  Ri>igder  ATibelungen, 
and  a  complete  revised  edition  of  Chopin's  com- 
positions (187s).  After  N.  Rubinstein's  death 
in  1882,  K.  settled  in  Berlin,  conducting  for  ten 
years  all  the  concerts  of  the  Wagnerverein  and 
(with  Joachim  and  Wullner)  the  Philharm.  Con- 
certs. He  also  establ.d  a  "  Klavierschule " 
(School  of  Pf. -playing),  von  Billow  cooperating 
one  month  each  year;  this  was  united  with  the 
Scharwenka  Cons,  when  K.  retired  to  Potsdam 
in  1S93. — As  a"  finishing"  teacher,  K.  is  in  the 
front  rank  to-day.  His  masterly  arr.s  of  Wag- 
ner's music-dramas,  Schubert's  C-maj.  Sym- 
phony (f.  2  pf.s),  Tchaikovsky's  symphonic  poem 
"  Francesca  da  Rimini,"  etc.,  are  world-re- 
nowned, like  his  revised  edition  of  Beethoven's 
Sonatas,  etc.  Among  his  original  (publ.)  comp.s 
f.  pf.,  a  difficult  and  effective  Polonaise-Fantai- 
sie,  and  24  grand  pf. -etudes  in  all  keys,  may  be 
mentioned. 

Kling,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  Feb.  17,  1S42  ;  prof, 
in  Geneva  Cons.,  and  teacher  of  music  in  the 
city  schools. — Works  :  Operas,  and  other  medi- 
ocre instr.  1  and  vocal  music  ;  a  Method  and  40 
characteristic  Studies  f.  horn  ;  Method  f.  drum  ; 
a  treatise  (in  German)  on  Instrumentation  (sev- 
eral editions)  ;  "  Der  vollkommene  Musikdiri- 
gent  "  (1S91)  ;  etc. 

Kling'enberg,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  born 
Sulau,  Silesia,  June  6,  1809.  Director  of  the 
Breslau  "  Academischer  Musikverein,"  1S30-7  ; 
then  of  the  Riinstlerverein  ;  1840-85,  cantor  at 
the  Peterskirche,  Gorlitz. — Works  :  A  sym- 
phony, overtures,  pf. -pieces,  part-songs,  vocal 
church-music. 


Klitzsch,  Karl  Emanuel,  b.  Schonhaide, 
Saxony,  Oct.  30,  1S12  ;  d.  Zwickau,  Mar.  5, 
1889.  Teacher  in  Zwickau  Gymnasium  ;  pen- 
sioned 1886.  Self-taught  musician  ;  co-founder 
and  conductor  of  the  Musikverein,  cond.  of  the 
concerts  of  the  mus.  society,  cantor  of  the  Ma- 
rien-  and  Katharinenkirche  at  Zwickau.  Con- 
tributor to  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  ftir  Musik  " 
since  Schumann's  time.  Under  the  pen-name  of 
"  Emanuel  Kronach  "  he  publ.  the  96th  Psalm  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  also  songs;  his  opera, 
/nana,  oder  ein  Tag  aitf  St.  Domingo,  was 
given  in  Zwickau  (1850?). 

Klose,  Hyacinthe-Eleonore,  clarinettist;  b. 
Isle  of  Corfu,  Oct.  11,  180S;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  29, 
1880.  From  1839-6S,  prof,  of  clarinet  at  the 
Paris  Cons.,  succeeding  Perr,  his  teacher.  He 
improved  the  fingering  of  the  clarinet  by  apply- 
ing Boehm's  system  of  ring-keys  in  1843. — 
Works:  "Grande  methode  pour  la  clarinette  a. 
anneaux  mobiles  " ;  solo  pieces,  etudes,  and  other 
instructive  music  f.  clar. ;  marches,  etc.,  f.  mili- 
tary band  ;  and  3  methods  f .  saxophone  (one  for 
each  group). 

Klotz  (or  Clotz),  family  of  Bavarian  violin- 
makers  at  Mittenwald.  The  instr. s  were  brought 
into  repute  by  Matthias  (abt.  1660-96),  the  son 
of  Aegidius,  sen.;  Matthias'  sons,  Sebastian 
and  Joseph,  were  followed,  in  the  iSth  century, 
by  Georg,  Carl,  Michael,  and  Aegidius,  jr. 
Many  of  their  violins  are  mistaken  for  Stainer's 
make. 

Klug'hardt,  August    (Friedrich   Martin), 

b.  Kothen,  Nov.  30,  1847.  Pupil  of  Blassmann 
and  Reichel,  at  Dresden.  Theatre- Kapellm.  at 
Posen  (1867),  Ltibeck  (1868),  and  Weimar  (1S69- 
73),  where  he  was  also  mus.  director  to  the  Grand 
Duke  ;  then  court  Kapellm.  at  Neustrelitz,  and 
finally  at  Dessau.  This  career,  and  the  influ- 
ence of  Liszt,  awakened  his  talent  for  dramatic 
composition  ;  the  3-act  opera  Mir  jam  (Weimar, 
1S71)  was  followed  by  Iwein  (Neustrelitz,  1879), 
Gudrun  (ibid.,  18S2),  Die  Hochzeit  des  Monchs 
(Dessau,  1886  ;  at  Prague,  1888,  as  Astorre). 
Other  works  :  The  great  symphonic  poem 
"Leonore";  3  symphonies  (1.  "Waldweben"; 
2.  op.  37,  in  D  ;  3.  in  C  min.)  ;  overtures  "  Im 
Fruhling,"  "  Sophonisbe,"  "  Siegesouvertiire," 
and  "  Festouvertiire  ";  an  orch.l  suite  in  6  move- 
ments, op.  40,  in  A  min.;  a  vln. -concerto,  op. 
6S,  in  D  ;  a  string-sextet  ;  a  pf. -quintet  ;  a 
string-quartet;  a  string-trio;  "  Schilflieder " 
(after  Lenau),  5  Phantasiestiicke  f.  pf. ,  oboe,  and 
'cello;  pf. -music  ;   S  books  of  songs  ;  etc. 

Kna'be,  William,  founder  of  the  celebrated 
pf. -manufactory  at  Baltimore,  Md.;  was  born  at 
Kreuzburg,  n.  Oppeln,  Prussia,  in  1803  ;  died 
Baltimore,  1864.  Began  business  in  1839  with 
Henry  Gaehle  ;  in  1 S54  the  partnership  was  dis- 
solved. His  successors  were  his  sons  William 
(1841-89)  and  Ernest,  joined  later  by  Charles 
Keidel.     The  present   (1S99)   heads  of  the  firm 


317 


KNECHT— KNYVETT 


are  Ernest  J.  Knabe,  jr.  (b.  July  5.  1869),  and 
William  Knabe  (b.  Mar.  23,  1872). 

Knecht,  Justin  Heinrich  (Abbe  Vogler's 
rival  at  the  organ,  and  surpassing  him  as  a  com- 
poser and  theorist);  b.  Biberach,  Wiirttemberg, 
Sept.  30,  1752  ;  d.  there  Dec.  I,  1S17.  From 
1771-1807,  organist  and  music-director  at  Biber- 
ach ;  then  for  2  years  Hofkapellm.  at  Stuttgart, 
but  resigned  on  account  of  intrigues,  and  re- 
turned to  Biberach. — As  a  harmonist,  K.  taught 
chord-building  by  thirds  up  to  chords  of  the 
eleventh  on  all  degrees  of  the  scale.  Publ. 
"  Erklarung  einiger  .  .  .  missverstandenen 
Grundsatze  aus  der  Vogler'schen  Theorie  " 
(Ulm,  17S5)  ;  "  Gemeinniitzliches  Elemen- 
tarwerk  der  Harmonie  und  des  Generalbasses  " 
(4  parts,  1792-9S)  ;  "  Kleines  alphabetisches 
Worterbuch  der  vornehmsten  und  interessantes- 
ten  Artikelausdermus.  Theorie  "(1 795)  ',  "  Voll- 
standige  Orgelschule  fur  Anfanger  und  Gei'ib- 
tere"  (3  parts,  1795-8);  "  Theoretisch-prak- 
tische  Generalbass-Schule  "  (n.d.)  ;  "  Kleine 
Clavierschule  fur  dieersten  Anfanger"  (n.d.;  re- 
publ.  as  "  Bewahrtes  Methodenbuch  beim  ersten 
Clavierunterricht  ")  ;  "  Allgem.  musikalischer 
Catechismus"  (Biberach,  1803);  "Luther's 
Verdienst  urn  Musik  und  Poesie  "  (1817).  His 
compositions  are  obsolete  ;  but  the  "  Tonge- 
malde  der  Natur"  is  interesting  as  a  symphony 
identical  in  subject  with  Beethoven's  "  Pastoral" 
symphony. 

Knei'sel,  Franz,  violin-virtuoso  ;  b.  in  Ru- 
mania, of  German  parentage,  in  1865.  A  pre- 
cocious pupil  of  Grim  and  Hellmesberger  at 
Vienna,  he  early  became  Concertmeister  of  the 
Hofburg  Theatre-orch. ;  then  in  Bilse's  Orch. 
at  Berlin  ;  and  in  1885  was  called  to  Boston, 
Mass.,  by  Gericke,  as  leader  and  soloist  in  the 
Symphony  Orch.,  succeeding  Bernhard  Liste- 
mann.  K.  made  his  Boston  de'but  in  the  Bee- 
thoven concerto  on  Oct.  31,  1885.  Next  year 
he  organized  the  now  world-renowned  "  Kneisel 
Quartet"  (1st  violin,  K.;  2nd  violin,  Otto  Roth 
[till  1S99];  viola,  Louis  Svecnski  ;  'cello,  Alwin 
Schroeder),  which  has  not  only  played  in  leading 
American  towns,  but  also  in  London,  and  is  in 
the  front  rank  of  similar  organizations  to-day. 
K.  is  equally  at  home  in  classic  and  romantic 
violin-literature,  interpreting  the  concertos  of 
Beethoven,  Spohr,  and  Mendelssohn,  or  of 
Joachim,  Goldmark,  and  Brahms,  with  masterly 
insight.  He  is  admirable  in  ensemble,  and  has 
done  and  is  doing  important  service  to  the 
cause  of  chamber-music  in  America. 

Knie'se,  Julius,  b.  Roda,  n.  Jena,  Dec.  21, 
1S48.  Pianist  and  organist  ;  taught  by  W. 
Stade  in  Altenburg,  and  (1868-70)  Brendel  and 
C.  Riedel  in  Leipzig.  Director  of  the  Sing- 
akademie  at  Glogau,  1871-6  ;  then  cond.  of  the 
Riihl  Singing-society  and  the  Wagnerverein  at 
Frankfort  ;  from  1SS4-9,  Breunung's  successor 
as  mus.  director  at  Aix  ;  since  1882  he  has  also 
been  chorusraaster  for  the  festival -plays  at  Bay- 
reuth,  where  he  has  lived  since  1889,  becoming 


Director  of  the  Preparatory  School  for  Stage- 
singers  establ.  in  the  following  year. — Works  : 
Opera,  Konig  Wittichis,  and  a  symphonic  poem, 
"Frithjof"  (both  MS.)  ;  has  publ.  4  books  of 
songs. 

Knight,  Joseph  Philip,  English  song-com- 
poser ;  b.  Bradford-on-Avon,  July  26,  1812  ;  d. 
Great  Yarmouth,  June  1,  18S7.  Organ-pupil  of 
Corfe  at  Bristol.  While  in  the  United  States, 
1839-41,  he  brought  out  his  songs  "  Rocked  in 
the  cradle  of  the  deep  "  (sung  by  Braham  with 
great  success)  and  "  Why  chime  the  bells  so 
merrily  ?  "  After  2  years  as  vicar  and  organist 
at  St.  Agnes,  Scilly  Islands,  he  married,  lived 
abroad  for  a  time,  and  then  returned  to  Eng- 
land.— Works:  About  200  songs  ("  All  on  the 
summer  sea,"  "  She  wore  a  wreath  of  roses," 
"  Say,  what  shall  my  song  be  to-night?,"  "  Of 
what  is  the  old  man  thinking?,"  etc.),  and  the 
oratorio  Jcphtha. 

Knorr,  Julius,  b.  Leipzig,  Sept.  2,  1S05  ;  d. 
there  June  17,  1861.  Eminent  pf. -teacher. 
Pianistic  debut  at  the  Gewandhaus,  1831.  An 
intimate  friend  of  Schumann,  and  editor  of  the 
"  Neue  Zeitschrift  ftir  Musik  "  during  the  first 
year.  As  a  technician,  K.  introduced  the  pre- 
paratory technical  exercises  which  have  become 
the  groundwork  of  technical  study  on  the  piano. 
His  publ.  works  are  "  Neue  Pianoforteschule  in 
184  Uebungen  "  (1S35  ;  2nd  ed.  1841  as  "  Die 
Pianoforteschule  der  neuesten  Zeit  ;  ein  Supple- 
ment zu  den  Werken  von  Cramer,  Czerny,  Herz, 
Hummel,  Hi'inten,  Kalkbrenner,  Moscheles 
.  .  .")  ;  "  Das  Clavierspiel  in  280  Uebungen"; 
"  Materialien  fiir  das  mechanische  Clavierspiel  " 
(1S44)  ;  "  Methodischer  Leitfaden  fiir  Clavier- 
lehrer"  (1849;  oft.-republ.)  ;  "  Wegweiser  fiir 
den  Clavierspieler  im  ersten  Stadium  "  (n.  d.)  ; 
"  Ausfiihrliche  Claviermethode "  in  2  parts, 
"  Methode  "  (1S59)  an^  "  Schule  der  Mechanik  " 
(i860)  ;  "  Fiihrer  auf  dem  Felde  der  Clavierun- 
terrichts-Litteratur  "  (n.  d.)  ;  "  Erklarendes  Ver- 
zeichniss  der  hauptsachlichsten  Musikkunstwor- 
ter"  (1854). 

Knorr,  Ivan,  b.  Mewe,  West  Prussia,  Jan.  3, 
1853  ;  lived  from  1856  in  Russia  ;  entered  Leip- 
zig Cons.  1869  (Richter,  Reinecke)  ;  1874, 
teacher  of  music  in  the  Ladies'  Institute  and  the 
Cons,  at  Charkov,  Russia  ;  1883,  prof,  of  mus. 
theory  at  the  Hoch  Cons,  at  Frankfort-on-Main. 
— Works  :  2  suites  f.  orch. ;  variations  (op.  7)  f. 
orch.  on  a  folk-song  of  the  Ukraine  ;  var.s  f. 
pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello,  op.  1  ;  pf. -quartet,  op.  3  ; 
var.s  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  4  ;  var.s  and  fugue  f. 
pf.  on  a  Russian  folk-song,  op.  8  ;  and  "  Love- 
songs  of  the  Ukraine,"  f.  mixed  ch.  and  pf. 

Knyv'ett,  Charles,  English  organist  and 
tenor  singer  ;  b.  Feb.  22,  1752  ;  d.  London, 
Jan.  19,  1822.  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
1786;  with  S.  Harrison  he  establ.  the  Vocal  Con- 
certs ( 1 791-4)  ;  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
1796. — His  son,  Charles,  b.  1773,  d.  Nov.  2, 
1852,  revived   the  Vocal  Concerts  in   1801  with 

US 


KOBBE— KOFLER 


Greatorex,  Bartleman,  and  his  brother  William. 
He  was  organist  of  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square,  and  a  much-sought  teacher  of  pf.  and 
harmony. — A  younger  son,  William,  b.  Apr. 
21,  1779  ;  d.  Ryde,  Nov.  17,  1856,  was  the 
principal  alto  at  the  Goncerts  of  Antient  Music 
in  1795,  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal  in  1797, 
Lay-vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and  succeeded 
Arnold  as  composer  to  the  Chapel  Royal.  He 
conducted  the  Concerts  of  Antient  Music,  1832- 
40,  and  the  Birmingham  Festivals,  1S34-43. 

Kob'be,  Gustav,  b.  New  York,  Mar.  4,  1S57. 
Studied  pf.  and  composition  1S67-72,  with  Adolf 
Hagen  at  Wiesbaden  ;  later  with  Joseph  Mosen- 
thal  at  New  York.  Graduate  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege (School  of  Arts,  1877  ;  School  of  Law,  1S79). 
Resides  (1899)  in  Morristown,  N.  J.;  is  a  fre- 
quent contributor,  on  musical  and  other  subjects, 
to  the  daily  press  and  the  magazines  (Century, 
Scribner's,  Forum).  Publ.  "  Wagner's  Life  and 
Works"  (New  York,  1S90  ;  2  vol.s  ;  contains 
analyses,  with  the  Leitmotive  in  notes,  of  the 
music-dramas)  ;  "  The  Ring  of  the  Nibelung  " 
(1889  ;  part  of  preceding,  printed  separately)  ; 
"Plays  for  Amateurs"  (1892);  "My  Rosary, 
and  Other  Poems  "  (1S96)  ;  "  New  York  and  its 
Environs"  (tSgi)  ;  also  a  few  songs. 

KobeTius,  Johann  Augustin,  b.  Wahlitz, 
n.  Halle,  Feb.  21,  1674;  d.  Weissenfels,  Aug. 
17,  1 731,  as  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke  of  W.  For 
the  ducal  court  he  wrote  20  operas  (1716-29). 

Koch,  Heinrich  Christoph,  noted  theorist  ; 
b.  Rudolstadt,  Oct.  10,  1749  ;  d.  there  Mar.  12, 
1816.  Pupil  of  Gopfert  at  Weimar  ;  1768  violin- 
ist, 1777  Kammermusiker \  in  the  Rudolstadt 
orch. — Comp.s  :  "  Choralbuch  "  for  wind-band  ; 
cantatas. -^-Writings  :  "  Musikalisches  Lexikon  " 
(1S02  ;  republ.  in  epitome,  1S07  and  182S  ;  revised 
ed.  by  A.  von  Dommer,  1865)  ;  "  Versuch  einer 
Anleitung  zur  Composition"  (3  parts,  1782-93)  ; 
"  Handbuch  bei  dem  Studium  der  Harmonie  " 
(1S11);  a  manual  of  enharmonic  modulation 
(1812)  ;  and  essays  and  reviews  in  periodicals. 
His  "Journal  der  Tonkunst,"  started  in  1795, 
was  short-lived. 

Koch,  Eduard  Emil,  b.  Schloss  Solitude,  n. 
Stuttgart,  Jan.  20,  1S09;  d.  Stuttgart,  Apr.  27, 
1871.  Pastor  at  Gross-Anspach,  1837  ;  at  Heil- 
bronn,  1847  ;  superintendent  there  1S53-64. 
Author  of  the  valuable  work  "  Geschichte  des 
Kirchenliedes  und  Kirchengesanges,  insbeson- 
dere  der  deutschen  evangelischen  Kirche " 
(1S47  ;  3rd  ed.,  in  8  vol.s,  1866-76,  vol.  viii 
edited  by  R.  Lauxmann). 

Koch/el,  Ludwig,  Ritter  von,  b.  Stein-on- 
Danube,  Lower  Austria,  Jan.  14,  1800  ;  d.  Vienna, 
June  3,  1S77.  A  musical  dilettante  of  rare  gifts 
and  learning.  Doctor  of  Laws,  teacher  of  the 
Austrian  princes,  and  (1832)  Imp.  councillor ; 
ennobled  in  1842. — Writings  :  "Ueberden  Ura- 
fang  der  musikalischen  Productivitat  W.  A. 
Mozarts"  (1S62),  preceding  his  uniquely  valua- 
ble "  Chronologisch-systematisches  Verzeichniss 


sammtlicher  Tonwerke  W.  A.  Mozarts  "  (Leip- 
zig, 1862  ;  K.  publ.  supplementary  matter  in  the 
"  Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung,"  1864);  "Die  kaiser- 
liche  Hofmusikkapelle  zu  Wien  von  1543-1867" 
(1868) ;  and  "  Johann  Joseph  Fux"  (1872). 

Koch'er,  Conrad,  b.  Ditzingen,  n.  Stuttgart, 
Dec.  16,  1786  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Mar.  12,  1S72.  In 
1803  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg  as  a  private 
tutor;  studied  the  pf. ,  by  Clementi's  advice, 
under  Klengel  and  Berger,  comp.  under  J.  II. 
Midler.  Travelled  in  Italy  (1819),  returned  to 
Stuttgart  1820,  founded  a  church  choral  society, 
and  devoted  himself  to  composition.  Became 
mus.  director  of  the  Stiftskirche  in  1S27  ;  Dr. 
phil.  lion,  causa  of  Tubingen  Univ.,  1S52. — rubl. 
a  pf. -method  ;  a  manual  of  composition,  "  Die 
Tonkunst  in  der  Kirche"  (1823);  and  "  Zions- 
harfe  "  (ancient  and  modern  chorals)  ;  comp.  2 
operas,  an  oratorio,  etc. 

Koczal'ski,  Raoul  (Armand  Georg),  boy- 
pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Warsaw,  Jan.  3,  1885. 
First  lessons  in  pf. -playing  from  his  mother  ; 
then  trained  by  Gadowski  (Warsaw).  When 
only  4,  he  played  at  a  charity-concert  in  Warsaw, 
and  at  once  became  famous  as  an  "  infant  phe- 
nomenon"; played  at  Vienna  (1892),  St.  Peters- 
burg, Moscow,  Paris,  London  (1893),  and  other 
European  cities.  Court  pianist  to  the  Shah  of 
Persia,  with  yearly  stipend  of  3,000  francs. 
Is  said  to  have  played  in  about  600  concerts 
up  to  1892. — Compositions  :  The  I -act  opera 
H agar  j  and,  f.  pf.,  a  Scherzo-Fantasia,  a  Fan- 
tasia in  F  min.,  a  Grand  Fantasia  in  D,  a 
Gavotte,  Waltzes,  etc. 

Koem'menich,  Louis,  b.  Elberfeld,  Ger- 
many, Oct.  4,  1S66  ;  pupil  of  Anton  Krause  at 
Barmen,  and  of  Franz  Kullak,  W.  Pfeiffer,  A. 
Hollander,  and  W.  Tappert  at  Kullak's  Acad., 
Berlin  (1885-87).  Going  to  New  York  in  1890,  he 
has  been  active  as  a  conductor  of  singing-socie- 
ties, and  teacher  of  pf.  and  singing  ;  since  1894, 
cond.  of  the  Brooklyn  Sangerbund  (performance 
of  novelties  a  specialty)  ;  in  1898  he  organized 
an  Oratorio  Soc.  for  the  production  of  modern 
works. — Publ.  comp.s  :  Consist  chiefly  of  part- 
songs  for  male  ch.,  a  cantata,  and  songs. 

Koe'nen,  Friedrich,  b.  Rheinbach,  n.  Bonn, 
Apr.  30,  1S29  ;  d.  Cologne,  July  6,  1S87.  Pupil 
of  his  father  (pf.  and  org.),  and  Biermann 
('cello).  Ordained  priest,  1S54  ;  studied  church- 
music  at  Ratisbon  (1862-3)  under  Ilaberl, 
Schrems,  and  Witt,  then  returned  to  Cologne, 
and  was  app.  cathedral  Kapellm.,  and  music- 
teacher  at  the  Seminary  for  Priests.  He  founded 
the  Cdcilienverein  in  1869,  and  was  its  president 
until  death.  His  5S  compositions  include  2 
masses  f.  male  choir  and  5  f.  mixed  choir ; 
2  church-cantatas  ;  a  Te  Deum,  motets,  psalms, 
etc.;  also  organ-preludes,  and  25  songs  w.  pf. 

Ko'fler,  Leo,  b.  Brixen,  Austrian  Tyrol,  Mar. 
r3>  1S37.  Well-known  writer,  critic,  and  sing- 
ing-teacher; since  1877,  organist  and  choirmas- 
ter of   St.    Paul's   Chapel,  Trinity   Parish,    New 


319 


KOGEL— KOLLMANN 


York. — Works:  "The  Art  of  Breathing  as  the 
Basis  of  Tone-production "  (New  York,  5  edi- 
tions ;  Leipzig  [in  German],  1897);  "Take 
Care  of  Your  Voice,  or  The  Golden  Rule  of 
Health";  "Selected  Hymn-tunes  and  Hymn- 
Anthems." 

Ko'gel,  Gustav  Friedrich,  b.  Leipzig,  Jan. 
16,  1849.  Pupil  of  the  Cons.  (1863-7)  ;  then  in 
Alsatia  till  1S70  ;  worked  for  C.  F.  Peters  until 
1874,  was  then  theatre-A  #/<•/////.  in  various  cities, 
and  at  Leipzig  (1SS3-6)  ;  from  1891  cond.  of  the 
Museum  Concerts  at  Frankfort.  Editor  of  full 
scores  and  pf. -scores  of  several  operas  (notably 
Jessonda,  Die  lustigen  Weiber  von  Windsor, 
and  Hans  I  Idling).  Comp.  a  few  pf. -pieces  f.  2 
and  4  hands. 

Koh'ler,  Ernst,  b.  Langenbielau,  Silesia, 
May  28,  1799;  d.  Breslau,  May  26,  1847,  where 
he  was  1st  organist  of  the  Elisabethkirche 
from  1827.  Excellent  organist  and  pianist,  and 
publ.  fine  works  for  both  instr.s;  also  comp.  2 
symphonies,  9  overtures,  12  church-cantatas, 
and  12  large  vocal  works  w.  orch. 

Koh'ler,  (Christian)  Louis  (Heinrich),  dis- 
tinguished pianist,  teacher,  and  composer  of  in- 
structive pf. -music  ;  b.  Brunswick,  Sept.  5, 
1820 ;  d.  Konigsberg,  Feb.  16,  1886.  Pupil,  at 
Brunswick,  of  Sonnemann  (pf.),  Zinkeisen  se- 
nior and  Leibrock  (theory),  and  Zinkeisen  junior 
(violin)  ;  at  Vienna  (1S39-43)  of  Sechter  and  v. 
Seyfried  (comp.),  and  v.  Bocklet  (pf.).  Then 
Kapellm.  at  theatres  in  Marienburg,  Elbing, 
and  (1845-6)  Konigsberg,  where  he  finally  set- 
tled in  1847  as  teacher,  founding  an  eminently 
successful  school  for  pf. -playing  and  theory. 
He  received  the  title  of  "Royal  Professor"  in 
1SS0.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of 
the  "Allgem.  deutscher  Tonki'mstlerverein," 
founded  in  1859  at  Leipzig.  His  reviews  of 
new  compositions,  in  the  Leipzig  "  Signale," 
were  models  of  impartiality  and  acumen.  He 
was  a  zealous  teacher  (Hermann  Goetz  was  his 
pupil),  and  his  didactic  writings  and  composi- 
tions obtained  great  vogue,  the  Studies  being 
used  in  most  Conservatories ;  he  was  called 
"the  heir  of  Czerny"  as  a  pf. -instructor. — 
Works:  "  Systematische  Lehrmethode  fur  Cla- 
vierspiel  und  Musik,"  in  2  vol. s:  Vol.  i,  "Die 
Mechanik  als  Grundlage  der  Technik"  (1856; 
3rd  ed.,  rev.  by  Kiemann,  1888);  Vol.  ii, 
"  Tonschriftwesen,  Harmonik,  Metrik"  (185S)  ; 
"  Ftihrer  durch  den  Clavierunterricht "  (6th  ed. 
1S79)  is  of  value,  but  not  free  from  bias;  fur- 
ther "Der  Clavierfingersatz "  (1862);  "Der 
Clavierunterricht,  oder  Studien,  Erfahrungen 
und  Rathschlage"  (4th  ed.  1S77)  ;  "  Die  neue 
Richtung  in  der  Musik"  (1864) ;  "  Leichtfass- 
liche  Harmonie-  und  Generalbass-Lehre "  (3rd 
ed.  1880)  ;  "  Brahms  und  seine  Stellung  in  der 
neuern  Clavierlitteratur  "  (18S0) ;  "  Der  Clavier- 
pedalzug"  (1S82)  ;  "Allgemeine  Musiklehre " 
(1883). — K.  composed  3  operas:  Prinz  und 
Maler  (Vienna,  1844?),  Maria  Dolores  (Bruns- 
wick, 1844),  and   Gil  Bias ;  a  ballet,  Der  Zau- 


bercomponist  (Brunswick,  1846) ;  music  to  Eu- 
ripides' Helena  (Vienna,  1843)  ;  overture  to 
Phormio  (Terence)  ;  a  cantata  ;  a  Vaterunser  f. 
4  female  and  4  male  voices  (op.  100)  ;  a  sym- 
phony, a  quartet,  songs,  and  some  300  pf.- 
works,  chiefly  didactic. 

Kohut,  Adolf,  b.  Mindszent,  Hungary, 
Nov.  10,  1S47.  Living  in  Berlin.  Author  of 
"  Weber- Gedenkbuch,"  "Friedrich  Wieck," 
"  Leuchtende  Fackeln,"  a  biography  of  Rossini 
(1892),  etc. 

Kohout,  Franz,  b.  Hostin,  Bohemia,  May 
5,  1858.  Pupil,  1873-6,  of  Skuhersky  in  the 
Prague  Organ-School.  Now  (1899)  conductor 
of  orch.  in  the  "  Deutsches  Theater  "  at  Prague, 
and  organist  of  the  Weinberger  synagogue. — 
Works  :  Besides  incidental  music  to  various 
plays,  he  has  comp.  the  i-act  (Bohemian)  roman- 
tico-comic  opera  Babinsky  (Smichov  summer 
theatre,  near  Prague,  1892  ;  Pilsen,  1893)  ;  the 
i-act  (German)  dramatic  opera  Stella  (Prague, 
German  Landestheater,  1896  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  and  a 
4-act  opera  J  nan  de  Marana  (not  perf.)  ;  organ- 
pieces,  and  pf. -pieces  (many  still  in  MS.). 

Kol'be,  Oskar,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  10,  1836  ;  d. 
there  Jan.  2,  1878.  Pupil  (1852-4)  of  Grell, 
Loschhorn,  and  A.  W.  Bach,  at  the  R.  Inst,  for 
Church-music  ;  then  at  the  R.  Acad,  until  1856. 
Teacher  of  theory  at  Stern's  Cons.,  1859-75, 
with  the  title  of  "Royal  Music-Director"  in 
1S72  (on  the  production  of  his  oratorio  Johannes 
der  Taufer).  Publ.  pf. -music,  songs,  a  "  Kurz- 
gefasstes  Handbuch  der  Generalbasslehre " 
(1862  ;  2nd  ed.  1872),  and  a  "  Handbuch  der 
Harmonielehre  "  (1S73). 

Kolff,  J.  van  Santen,  essayist  ;  b.  Rotter- 
dam, Holland,  Apr.  19,  1S48  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov. 
29,  1896.  Wrote  hundreds  of  mus.  articles  for 
the  German,  French,  and  Dutch  press  ;  among 
them  "  Geschichtliches  und  Asthetisches  fiber 
das  Erinnerungsmotiv "  [a  history  of  the  Leit- 
motiv before  Wagner]  (in  vol.s  viii  and  ix  of  the 
"  Bayreuther  Blatter")  ;  on  the  "  Werdeschick- 
sale  "  of  Parsifal  ("  Bayreuther  Taschenbuch." 
1892)  ;  "  Werden  und  Wachsen  der  Faust-Ou- 
verture  "  ("  Bayr.  Blatter,"  1894);  on  the  utili- 
zation of  the  Faust-idea  in  music  ("  Bayr.  Ta- 
schenbuch," 1894);  on  "Zola  und  die  Musik" 
("  Berliner  Signale,"  1896,  Nos.  5,  7,  8,  13)  ; 
and  many  others  in  the  "  Revue  Wagne'rienne," 
the  Leipzig  "  Musikalisches  Wochenblatt,"  the 
Amsterdam  "  Weekblad  voor  muziek,"  etc. 

Kol'ling,  Karl  W.  P.,  composer  and  music- 
teacher  in  Hamburg,  where  he  was  born  Feb. 
28,  1831.  His  works  are  chiefly  attractive  salon- 
pieces  for  piano  ;  he  brought  out  a  very  success- 
ful operetta,  Schmetterlinge  (1891,  Karl  Schulze- 
Theater,  Hamburg). 

Koll'mann,  August  Friedrich  Karl,  b. 
Engelbostel,  Hanover,  1756;  d.  London,  Nov., 
1S24,  as  organist  and  choirmaster  in  the  German 
Chapel,  St.  James's.  He  was  a  somewhat  ec- 
centric theorist  and   composer. — Works  :    "  The 


320 


KOMPEL— KORNER 


Shipwreck  "  (a  program-symphony)  ;  ioo  Tsalms 
harmonized  in  ioo  ways  ;  Rondo  f.  pf.  on  the 
chord  of  the  diminished  7th  ;  etc.  Publ. 
"  Essay  on  Practical  Harmony"  (1796)  ;  "  First 
Beginning-  on  the  Pianoforte"  (op.  5;  n.  d.)  ; 
"Essay  on  Practical  Musical  Composition" 
(1799);  "Practical  Guide  to  Thorough-Bass" 
(1801)  ;  "Vindication  of  a  Passage  in  do." 
(1S02)  ;  "New  Theory  of  Musical  Harmony" 
(1S06)  ;  "  Second  Practical  Guide  to  Thorough- 
Bass"  (1S07)  ;  "Remarks  on  what  Mr.  J.  B. 
Logier  calls  his  New  System"  (in  the  "Quar- 
terly Mus.  Mag.  and  Review,"  1S1S)  ;  "  Introd. 
to  the  Art  of  Preluding  and  Extemporizing  in 
Six  Lessons  for  the  Harpsichord  or  Harp"  (n. 
d.).  Only  2  numbers  of  his  own  "Quarterly 
Mus.  Register"  appeared  (1812). 

Kom'pel,  August,  violinist,  called  Spohr's 
best  pupil  ;  b.  Brtickenau,  Aug.  15,  1S31  ;  d. 
Weimar,  Apr.  7,  1S91.  Studied  at  the  Wi'irz- 
burg  Music-School,  later  with  Spohr,  David,  and 
Joachim.  From  1S44-52  he  played  in  the  Kassel 
court  orch.,  1852-61  in  that  at  Hanover;  after 
long  concert-tours  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Weimar  orch.  in  1S63,  and  leader  in  1867,  being 
pensioned  in  1SS4. 

Ko'nigslow,  Johann  Wilhelm  Cornelius 
von,  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  16,  1745;  d.  May  14, 
1S33,  at  Lttbeck,  where  he  had  been  organist  of 
the  Marienkirche  since  1773.  He  composed 
many  "  Abendmusiken,"  following  Buxtehude's 
example. 

Ko'nigslow,  Otto  Friedrich  von,  b.  Ham- 
burg, Nov.  13,  1S24.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Pacius  and 
Karl  Ilafner,  and  from  1844-6  of  David  (vln.) 
and  Hauptmann  (theory)  in  the  Leipzig  Cons. 
After  concert-tours  for  12  years  (many  in  com- 
pany with  Carl  Reinecke),  he  was  leader  (1858— 
81)  of  the  Giirzenich  Orch.  at  Cologne,  also  vio- 
lin-teacher in,  and  vice-director  of,  the  Cons., 
with  the  title  of  "  Royal  Prof."  Retired  to 
Bonn. 

Ko'ning,  David,  b.  Rotterdam,  Mar.  19, 
1820  ;  d.  Amsterdam,  Nov.  6,  1876.  Pianist 
and  comp.;  pupil  of  Aloys  Schmittin  Frankfort. 
From  1840,  conductor  of  the  "Felix  meritis " 
choral  soc.  at  Amsterdam;  also  for  ten  years  sec- 
retary, then  president,  of  the  Cecilia  Soc;  hon. 
member  of  the  Cecilia  Soc,  Rome,  and  the 
Amsterdam  Soc.  for  the  Promotion  of  Music. 
Excellent  teacher,  and  talented  composer. — 
Works  :  Op.  1,  "  Domine,  salvum  fac  regem,"  w. 
orch.  ;  comic  opera,  The Fishermaiden  y  "Elegy 
on  the  death  of  an  Artist,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. 
(op.  22);  string-quartets  ;  a  great  variety  of  vocal 
music  ;  7  pf. -etudes  in  the  style  of  Schmitt, 
Clementi,  Cramer,  etc.;  sonatas  and  a  "Vrede- 
marsch  "  f .  pf .  ;  etc. 

Kon'radin,  Karl  Ferdinand,  operetta-com- 
poser ;  b.  St.  Helenenthal,  n.  Baden,  L.  Austria, 
Sept.  1,  1S33  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  31,  1884,  where 
he  prod.  11  operettas. 

Kont'ski,  Antoine  de,  eminent  pianist  ;   b. 


Cracow,  Oct.  27,  1S17.  Pupil  of  Joh.  Marken- 
dorf  at  Warsaw,  and  (1830)  of  Field  at  Moscow. 
On  numerous  concert-tours  he  created  a  furore 
by  the  brilliancy,  suaveness,  and  delicacy  of  his 
technique;  lived  in  Paris  till  1851,  in  Berlin  for 
about  2  years  (app.  court  pianist),  in  St.  Peters- 
burg 1S54-67,  also  concertizing  in  various  cities, 
then  in  London  as  a  teacher  of  advanced  pf.- 
playing.  He  traversed  the  United  States  in 
18S5-6,  and  later  lived  for  a  time  in  Buffalo, 
N.  V.  In  1S96-S  (at  the  age  of  So  !)  he  made  a 
grand  pianistic  tour  around  the  world,  ending  at 
Warsaw  ;  in  January,  1899,  he  was  giving  con- 
certs in  St.  Petersburg. — Works  (technically  diffi- 
cult, but  generally  of  mediocre  quality):  "  Le 
reveil  du  lion  "  (op.  115),  very  popular  both  f. 
pf.  and  as  arr.  f.  orch.;  2  pf. -concertos  ;  the 
waltzes  "  La  victorieuse  "  (op.  S9)  and  "Souvenir 
de  Biarritz  "  (op.  27S) ;  "  Grande  Polonaise  "  (op. 
271)  ;  "  La  nuit  sur  la  mer"  (op.  259)  ;  also  an 
opera,  Les  deux  distraits  (London,  1S72)  ;  an 
oratorio  ;  symphonies,  overtures,  masses,  etc. — 
Plis  brother, 

Kont'ski,  Apollinaire   de,  b.  Warsaw,  Oct. 

23,  1S25  ;  d.  there  June  29,  1S79.  Violinist, 
pupil  of  his  brother  Charles  (b.  Sept.  6,  1815  ; 
d.  Paris,  Aug.  27,  1867) ;  when  but  4,  he  could 
play  concertos  by  Rode,  and  later  became  Paga- 
nini's  favorite  pupil  in  Paris. — Toured  France 
and  Germany  (1S47),  made  a  sensation  in  St. 
Petersburg  (1S51),  and  from  1853-61  was  Imp. 
chamber-virtuoso  there  ;  then  settled  in  Warsaw, 
and  in  1861  founded  the  Cons.,  of  which  he  was 
Director  till  death. — Violin-music  of  slight  value. 
— A  fourth  brother,  Stanislas  (b.  Cracow,  Oct. 
8,  1S20),  a  violin-teacher  in  Paris,  has  publ. 
light  violin-pieces. 

Kopecky,  Ottokar,  violinist,  b.  Chotebor, 
Bohemia,  Apr.  29,  1S50.  Pupil  (1S64-70)  of 
Prague  Cons.  ;  now  leader  of  the  Philharm. 
Orch.,  Hamburg,  cond.  of  the  "Schaeffer" 
Orch.,  and  teacher  in  the  Cons. 

Kopylow,  Alexander,  b.  St.  Petersburg, 
1S54  ;  studied  in  the  Imp.  Chapel,  where  he  is 
now  (1S99)  vocal  instructor. — Works  :  Orchestral 
numbers  (scherzo,  op.  10)  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  choruses; 
songs. 

Korbay,  Francis  Alexander,  b.  Pesth, 
Hungary,  May  8,  1846.  Tenor  singer  (pupil  of 
Roger)  and  pianist  (pupil  of  Liszt).  Sang  at 
the  Hungarian  Opera,  Pesth,  1S65-8  ;  toured 
Germany,  England,  and  America  as  a  concert- 
pianist  ;  settled  in  New  Vork,  1871,  as  teacher 
of  voice  and  pf.  His  many  vocal  recitals  have 
been  very  successful. — Works  :  "  Nuptiale,"  f. 
orch.  (often  perf.)  ;  "  Le  matin,"  f.  solo  voice 
and  pf.  (arr.  by  Liszt  f.  orch.);  settings  f.  vocal 
solo  of  Lenau's  "Schilflieder  ";  Hungarian  Folk- 
songs transcr.  f.  pf.  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  etc. 

Kor'ner,  Christian  Gottfried,  b.  Leipzig, 
July  2,  1756  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  13,  1831.  He  was 
the  father  of  Theodor  K.,  the  poet.  Composed 
songs,  etc.;  and  publ.  (in  the  "  Horen,"  1775)  an 


321 


KORNER— KOTIIK 


essay  "  Ueber  den  Charakter  der  Tone  oder  fiber 
Charakterdarstellung  in  der  Musik." 

Kor'ner,   Gotthilf  Wilhelm,  b.  Teicha,  n. 

Halle,  June  3,  iSog  ;  d.  Erfurt,  Jan.  13  (4?), 
1S65,  as  a  music-publisher.  He  founded  his 
business  in  1838,  and  publ.  many  organ-works  ; 
in  1S86  the  firm  w;.s  united  with  that  of  C.  F. 
Peters.  He  also  founded  the  "  Urania,"  a  peri- 
odical for  organists,  in  1844  (the  editor  is  A.  W. 
Gottschalg  since  1865). 

Koschat,  Thomas,  composer  and  bass  singer; 
b.  Viktring,  near  Klagenfurt,  Aug.  8,  1S45. 
While  a  student  of  natural  science  at  Vienna, 
Esser  induced  him  to  join  the  court-opera  chorus, 
in  which  he  soon  became  the  leader.  In  1874 
he  also  joined  the  cathedral-choir;  in  1878,  the 
Hofkapellc.  In  1871  he  publ.  his  first  Carin- 
thian  quartets  for  men's  voices  ;  they  attained 
immense  popularity,  and  are  his  specialty  (over 
100  have  appeared).  He  writes  the  poems  (in 
the  Carinthian  dialect)  as  well  as  the  music. 
With  four  other  solo  singers,  he  organized  the 
famous  "  Karnthner  Quintett  "  in  1875.  hfis 
"  Liederspiel "  Am  Worthersee,  containing 
many  of  his  favorite  vocal  numbers,  has  had 
great  vogue  in  Vienna  and  elsewhere  ;  he  has 
also  prod,  a  4-act  "  Volkssti'ick  mit  Gesang," 
Die  RosentJialer  Nachtigall,  and  the  "  Singspiel  " 
Dor  Bilrgervieistcr  von  Si.  Anna  (Prague,  1893  ; 
succ.)  [given  in  Italian  as  Un  colpo  di  fuoco]. 

Ko'selitz,  Heinrich,  b.  Annaberg,  Saxony, 
1S54  ;  pupil  of  Richter  (Leipzig  Cons.),  and 
Nietzsche  (Basel).  Rives  in  Italy.  Under  the 
pen-name  of  "  Peter  Gast "  he  prod,  an  opera, 
Die  heimliche  Ehe,  at  Danzig,  1891. 

Kos'leck,  Julius,  b.  Neugard,  Pomerania, 
Dec.  3,  1835.  Virtuoso  on  the  trumpet  and 
cornet  a  pistons ;  member  of  the  royal  band, 
Berlin,  and  teacher  of  trumpet  end  trombone  at 
the  Hochschule.  Founder  (1871)  and  leader  of 
the  famous  "  Kaiser-Cornett-Quartett."  Publ.  a 
method  f.  trumpet  and  cornet. 

Kos'sak,  Ernst,  b.  Marienwerder,  Aug.  4, 
1814  ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan  3,  1880.  Writer,  living 
since  1834  in  Berlin,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  Dr.  phi!.  1 1  is  mus.  feuilletons,  and  many 
contributions  to  the  "Neue  Berliner  Musik- 
zeitung,"  to  the  "  Echo"  (which  he  founded,  and 
edited  for  years),  and  other  papers,  have  won 
him  an  assured  position  among  living  mus. 
journalists. 

Kossmaly,  Carl,  July  27,  1812  ;  d.  Stettin, 
Dec.  1,  1893.  Pupil  (1S2S-30)  of  Berger,  Zel- 
ter,  and  Klein  at  Berlin  ;  lhea.tre-A~ape/im.  at 
Wiesbaden,  Mayence,  Amsterdam,  Bremen, 
Detmold,  and  (1846-9)  Stettin,  where  he  settled 
as  teacher  and  concert  -  conductor. — Works  : 
"  Schlesisches  Tonkiinstler-Lexikon  "  (1846-7)  ; 
"  Mozarts  Opern  "  (1848,  after  Ulibishev's  "  Mo- 
zart"); "Ueber  die  Anwendung  des  Pro- 
gramms  zur  Erklarung  musikalischer  Composi- 
tionen "  (1S5S)  ;  "Ueber  Richard  Wagner" 
(1874,   anti-Wagnerian)  ;  contributions  to   mus. 


periodicals;  symphonies,  overtures,  instr.l  and 
vocal  works,  songs,  etc. 

Kost'lin,  Karl  Reinhold,  b.  Urach,  Wi'irt- 
temberg,  Sept.  28,  1819  ;  d.  Apr.  12,  1894,  at 
Tubingen,  as  prof,  of  aesthetics  and  art-history. 
— Publ.  "Aesthetik"  (2vol. s,  1S63-1S69),  treat- 
ing incidentally  of  music  ;  an  essay  on  mus.  aes- 
thetics in  Vischer's  "Aesthetik,"  vol.  iii.;  and 
a  pamphlet  on  Wagner. 

KbstTin,  Heinrich  Adolf,  b.  Tubingen, 
Oct.  4,  1S46.  Student  of  theology,  tutor,  chap- 
lain, etc.;  in  1875  he  united  the  choirs  of  three 
towns  (Sulz,  Kalw,  Nagold)  for  church-music 
performances,  the  germ  of  the  YVurttemberg 
Evangelical  "  Kirchengesangverein,"  organized 
by  him  in  1S77,  the  festivals  of  which  he  also 
conducted  for  years.  While  preacher  in  Fried- 
richshafen  (1S78),  he  also  cond.  the  Oratorio 
Soc.  there  ;  went  to  Stuttgart  in  1881,  to  Fried- 
berg  in  1883,  and  finally  (1891)  to  Darmstadt. — 
Publ.  "  Geschichte  der  Musik  im  Umriss"  (1873  ; 
3rd  enlarged  ed.  1SS3)  ;  "  Die  Tonkunst  : 
Einfiihrung  in  die  Aesthetik  der  Musik  "  (187S)  ; 
a  biographical  sketch  of  his  mother,  "  Josephine 
Lang-Kostlin  "  (the  song-comp.)  ;  also  book- 
reviews  in  the  "  Deutsches  Litteraturblatt "  and 
the  Augsburg  "  Allgemeine  Zeitung." 

Ko'tek,  Joseph,  b.  Kamenez-Podolsk,  Govt. 
of  Moscow,  Oct.  25,  1S55  ;  d.  Davos,  Switz., 
Jan.  4,  1885.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of  Moscow 
Cons.,  later  of  Joachim  ;  from  1S82,  teacher  at 
the  Hochschule,  Berlin. — Duets,  soli,  and  etudes, 
f.  vln. 

Ko'the,  Bernhard,  b.  Grobnig,  Silesia, 
May  12,  1S21  ;  d.  Breslau,  in  Aug.,  1S97. 
Pupil  of  the  R.  Inst,  for  Church-music,  Berlin, 
and  of  A.  B.  Marx  ;  1S51,  church  mus.  director 
and  teacher  at  Oppeln  ;  iS6g,  teacher  of  music 
at  the  Teachers'  Seminary,  Breslau,  succeeding 
his  brother  Aloys.  Here  he  founded  the  Ca- 
cilien-Verein  for  Catholic  church-music.  —  Publ. 
"  Musica  sacra"  (sacred  songs  f.  men's  voices)  ; 
a  book  of  organ-preludes  ;  organ-pieces  ;  motets  ; 
and  2  pamphlets,  "  Die  Musik  in  der  katholi- 
schen  Kirche  "  (1862)  and  "  Abriss  der  Musik- 
geschichte  fur  Lehrerseminareund  Dilettanten  " 
(1874);  edited  the  4th  ed.  of  Seidel's  "Die 
Orgel  und  ihr  Bau"(iSS7);  and,  with  Forch- 
hammer,  a  "  Fiihrer  durch  die  Orgellitteratur " 
(1S90). 

Ko'the,  Aloys,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Grobnig,  Oct.  3,  182S  ;  d.  Breslau,  Nov.  13, 
1868,  as  teacher  of  music  at  the  Teachers'  Semi- 
nary. He  was  a  pupil  of  Grell  and  Bach  in 
Berlin.- — Publ.  a  mass  f.  men's  voices  ;  songs, 
pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Ko'the,  Wilhelm,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Grobnig,  Jan.  8,  1831  ;  pupil  of  the  R.  Orgel- 
Institut  at  Berlin,  has  been  since  1S71  music- 
teacher  at  the  Teachers'  Seminary  in  Habel- 
schwerdt,  Silesia.  He  publ.  a  pamphlet  on 
"  Friedrich  der  Grosse  alsMusiker";  methods 
for  violin  and  voice  ;  songs,  and  pf. -music. 


322 


KOTTIIOFF— KRAFT 


Kott'hoff,  Lawrence,  b.  Eversberg,  Ger- 
many, Dec.  ii,  1862.  Pupil,  in  Berlin,  of  Emil 
Bres'laur  (pf.),  Fr.  Grunike  (org.),  and  A.  Buch- 
holz  (cpt.  and  orchestration).  Settled  in  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  in  1886.  Is  a  Bach  specialist ;  a 
critic,  and  a  successful  teacher.  Has  a  "  Scripto- 
Analysis  of  Music"  in  MS.,  and  is  a  frequent 
contributor  to  scientific  periodicals. 

Kott'litz,  Adolf,  b.  Trier,  Sept.  27,  1S20  ; 
killed  while  hunting  in  Uralsk,  Siberia,  Oct.  26, 
i860.  Precocious  violinist,  playing  concertos  by 
Rode  and  Mayseder  in  his  seventh  year,  and 
giving  public  concerts  at  ten  years  of  age.  He 
lived  for  3  years  under  Lizst's  protection  in  Paris  ; 
was  leader  in  the  Konigsberg  Th.  184S-56,  then 
made  a  long  concert-tour  through  Russia  and 
Siberia,  and  settled  at  Uralsk  as  mus.  director. 
Publ.  2  fine  string-quartets. — His  wife  Clo- 
thilde,  ne'e  Ellendt  (1822-67),  was  an  excellent 
singing-teacher  in  Konigsberg. 

Kot'zeluch,  Johann  Anton,  (rede  Jan  An- 
tonin  Kozeluch,)  b.  Wellwarn,  Bohemia,  Dec. 
L3>  !73S  ;  d.  Prague,  Feb.  3,  1S14.  fie  was  a 
chorister  at  St.  Veit'sch.,  and  a  pupil  of  Seegert, 
at  Prague  ;  studied  later  under  Gluck  and  Gass- 
mann,  Vienna.  Church  mus.  director  at  Vienna 
and  Prague  ;  then  Kapellm.zX.  the  Metropolitan- 
kirche  at  Prague.  His  operas,  oratorios,  masses, 
and  other  church-music  remained  in  MS. — His 
cousin, 

Kor/zeluch  [Koz'eluch],  Leopold  Anton, 

b.  Wellwarn,  Dec.  9,  1752  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  7, 
1S11  [Grove].  Law-student  at  Prague,  1765  ; 
his  teacher  in  music  was  the  above  cousin,  and 
the  success  of  a  ballet  of  his  own  at  the  Na- 
tional Th.,  Prague,  in  1771,  caused  him  to  adopt 
the  profession  of  music.  Within  six  years  he 
wrote  24  more  ballets,  3  pantomimes,  and  inci- 
dental music  ;  became  music-master  to  the  Arch- 
duchess Elisabeth  at  Vienna  in  1778,  and  fol- 
lowed Mozart  as  court  composer  in  1792,  which 
proves  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  as  a 
composer.  He  was  a  brilliant  pianist,  and  in 
high  favor  as  a  teacher  among  the  aristocracy. 
His  compositions  are  of  little  interest  to-day. 
They  include  the  operas  Le  Mazet  (Vienna,  1 780), 
Didone  abbandonata  (1795?),  Giuditta,  0  la  libe- 
razione  di  Betulia ;  Deborah  and  Sisara  :  the 
oratorio  Mose  in  Egitto  (17S7);  several  can- 
tatas ;  30  symphonies  ;  nearly  50  concertos  f. 
pf. ;  a  quantity  of  other  pf  .-music  ;  chamber- 
music  ;  etc. 

Kot'zolt,  Heinrich,  noted  vocal  teacher  and 
chorus-conductor  ;  b.  Schnellewalde,  Upper  Si- 
lesia, Aug.  26,  1S14  ;  d.  Berlin,  July  3,  1SS1. 
Student  of  philology  at  Breslau,  but  preferred 
music,  studying  under  Dehn  and  Rungenhagen 
at  Berlin,  1836-8.  Bass  singer  at  the  Danzig 
opera,  1838-42  ;  then  1st  solo  bass  in  the  Berlin 
cathedral-choir,  of  which  he  became  2nd  con- 
ductor in  1862.  In  1849  he  founded  the  "  I\<>t- 
zolt  Gesangverein  "  (a  cdppelld),  which  he  cond. 
until   he  died.      He    received  the  titles  of   "  R. 


Musikdirektor "  in  1866,  and  "Professor"  in 
1876.  Publ.  a  Method  for  a  cappella  singing  (six 
editions)  ;  the  54th  Psalm,  f.  double  ch.  a  capp. , 
"  Lobet  den  Herrn,  alle  Heiden,"  f.  8-p.  ch. ; 
etc. 

Kotzsch'mar,  Hermann,  b.  Finsterwalde, 
Germany,  July  4,  1829.  His  father  taught  him 
to  play  the  orchestral  instr. s  (vln.,  flute,  clar. , 
French  horn,  trombone,  etc.)  and  the  organ  ;  he 
studied  further  in  Dresden  under  his  uncle 
Hayne  (pf.)  and  Jul.  Otto  (comp.),  after  1S39. 
He  played  in  the  R.  Body  Guards'  band,  and  in 
the  opera-orch.;  went  to  America  with  the  Sax- 
,onia  Band  in  1848,  and  settled  in  Portland,  Me., 
in  1S49.  Here,  besides  displaying  noteworthy 
activity  as  a  teacher,  he  was  organist  at  the 
First  Parish  Ch.  for  47  years,  and  is  at  present 
(1S99)  org.  of  the  State  St.  Ch.;  has  cond.  the 
"Haydn  Association"  for  over  30  years,  also 
other  choral  societies  in  the  State  of  Maine. 
Has  publ.  numerous  vocal  quartets  (Te  Deum, 
Deus  misereatur,  Benedictus,  "  Oh  Land,  oh 
Lord,"  "  Rejoice  in  the  Lord,"  "  Barcarole," 
etc.)  ;  songs  ;  and  pf. -pieces  (Romance,  3  Ma- 
zurkas, "  Fairy's  Evening  Song,"  Arcturus, 
Aurora  Borealis,  Magic  Top  Galop,  etc.). 

Kowal'ski,  Henri,  talented  pianist,  and 
comp.  of  light  pf.-pieces  ;  b.  Paris,  1841  ;  pupil 
of  Marmontel  (pf.)  and  Reber  (comp.).  Fre- 
quently visits  London. — Op.  9,  Barcarolle  ;  op. 
10,  Polonaise  de  concert  ;  op.  13,  Marche  hon- 
groise  ;  op.  16,  12  Caprices  en  forme  d'etudes 
(the  "  Danse  des  Dryades  "  is  much  played); 
op.  68,  Barcarolle  chinoise  ;  op.  79,  Serenade 
japonaise  ;  "  Sur  I'Adriatique  ";  "  Sur  le  fleuve 
jaune";  etc. 

Koz'eluch.     See   Kotzeluch. 

Kraft,  Anton,  b.  Rokitzan,  n.  Tilsen,  Dec. 
30,  1752  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  28,  1820.  'Cello- 
virtuoso  ;  pupil  of  Werner  at  Prague,  and  of 
Haydn  (comp.)  at  Vienna.  Played  in  the  or- 
chestras of  Prince  Esterhazy  (1778-90),  Prince 
Grassalkovics  (1790-5),  and  Prince  Lobkowitz 
(until  his  death). — Works  :  'Cello-concerto  ;  6 
sonatas  f.  'cello  w.  bass  ;  Divertissement  f.  do.; 
3  duos  concertants  f.  vln.  and  'cello  ;  2  'cello- 
duos  ;  also  trios  f .  2  barytones  (which  he  played 
with  Prince  Esterhazy). — His  son  and  pupil, 

Kraft,  Nicolaus,  also  a  'cellist  of  renown  ; 
b.  Esterhaz,  Hungary,  Dec.  14,  1778  ;  d.  Stutt- 
gart, May  iS,  1853.  Went  on  concert-tours 
with  his  father  while  quite  young  ;  played  in 
Dresden  with  Mozart  (1789)  ;  went  to  Vienna  in 
1790,  and  became  a  member  of  Prince  Karl 
Lichnowsky's  quartet  (the  "  Schuppanzigh  Quar- 
tett"),  famous  for  its  production  of  Beethoven's 
works  ;  was  chamber-musician  to  Prince  Lob- 
kowitz, who  sent  him  to  Berlin  in  1791  to  study 
for  a  year  with  Duport.  After  concerts  in  Ber- 
lin, Leipzig,  Dresden,  and  Prague,  he  returned 
to  Vienna  and  joined  the  court  orch.  (1S09)  ;  fi- 
nally, he  entered  the  Stuttgart  court  orch.  in 
1S14.     Pensioned,  after  an  accident  to  his  hand, 


323 


KRAL— KRAUSHAAR 


in  1834. — Works  :  5  'cello-concertos  ;  6  duos 
and  3  Divertissements  f.  2  'celli  ;  a  'cello-fan- 
tasia w.  string-quartet  ;  Polonaise  (op.  2)  and 
Bolero  (op.  6),  f.  'cello  w.  orch. ;  and  other  valu- 
able 'cello-music. — His  son,  Friedrich,  b.  Feb. 
12,  1S07,  was  for  years  'cellist  in  the  Stuttgart 
court  orch. 

Krai,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  1826  ;  d.  Tulln, 
near  Vienna,  1S95  (?).  Viennese  bandmaster  ; 
comp.  popular  marches  ("  Habsburg  hoch  !  ") 
and  dance-music  (especially  waltzes). 

Krantz,  Eugen,  b.  Dresden,  Sept.  13,  1844  ; 
d.  there  May  26,  189S.  Pianist  ;  pupil,  in  the 
Dresden  Cons.,  of  Doring,  Leonhard,  Ad.' 
Reichel,  Rietz,  Fiirstenau  ;  then  taught  in  Dres- 
den, was  chorusmaster  at  the  court  opera  1S69- 
84,  and  began  teaching  at  the  Cons.,  taking  the 
highest  choral  class  in  1SS4,  and  assuming  the 
directorship  in  1S90  after  acquiring  the  institu- 
tion by  purchase.  An  excellent  accompanist  and 
Bach  player  ;  he  publ.  some  songs,  and  a  ' '  Lehr- 
gang  im  Klavierunterricht "  (1S82).  Received 
the  title  of  "  Professor  "  in  1S82.  From  1874-6 
he  was  critic  for  the  Dresden  "  Presse  ";  1886—7, 
for  the  "  Nachrichten." 

Krau'se,  Christian  Gottfried,  b.  Winzig, 
1719;  d.  Berlin,  July  21,  1770,  where  he  was  a 
lawyer  from  1753.  Publ.  a  collection  of  "  Lieder 
der  Deutschen "  ;  a  well-considered  treatise, 
"  Von  der  musikalischen  Poesie  "  (1753)  ;  "  Ver- 
mischte  Gedanken  uber  Musik  "  (in  vol.s  ii  and 
iii  of  Marpurg's  "  Critische  Beitrage")  ;  etc. 

Krau'se,  Carl  Christian  Friedrich,  b. 
Eisenberg,  Altenberg,  May  6,  1781  ;  d.  Munich, 
Sept.  27,  1S32.  Pie  publ.  many  important  philo- 
sophical works  ;  also  "  Darstellungen  aus  der 
Geschichte  der  Musik  "  (1S27),  a  "  Vollstandige 
Anweisung  "  for  pf. -technics  (1808),  and  "  An- 
fangsgriinde  der  allgemeinenTheorie  der  Musik" 
(1838). 

Krau'se,  Theodor,  b.  Halle,  May  1,  1833, 
theological  student  and  now  rector  at  Berlin  ; 
studied  music  under  Naue,  Hentschel,  Haupt- 
mann,  and  Grell  (theory),  and  Mantius  and 
Blumner  (voice).  lie  organized  the  choirs  of 
the  Nikolaikirche  and  the  Marienkirche,  Berlin, 
and  was  conductor  of  the  Seiffert  a  cappella 
society.  Created  R.  Music-Director  in  1887. 
Has  comp.  church-music,  part-songs,  and  songs; 
and  has  been  mus.  critic  for  several  Berlin 
papers. 

Krau'se,  Anton,  pianist,  conductor,  com- 
poser;  b.  Geithain,  Saxony,  Nov.  9,  1834. 
Taught  from  his  sixth  year  by  cantor  Dietrich  ; 
then,  at  Dresden,  by  Fr.  Wieck,  Reissiger,  and 
Spindler.  Debut  as  pianist  at  Geithain,  1846. 
Studied  1850-3  in  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Wenzel, 
Moscheles,  Hauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz,  and 
David.  1853-9,  music-teacher,  from  1856  also 
conductor  of  the  Leipzig  Liedertafel ;  in  1859 
succeeded  Reinecke  at  Barmen  as  director  of  the 
Singverein  and  the  Concertgesellschaft  (retired 
1897,    his    successor   being   Richard   Strunck  of 


Muhlheim-on-Ruhr)  ;  1877,  Royal  Music-Direc- 
tor; 1894,  Professor. — Works:  Op.  32,  Prin- 
st'ssin  Use,  "  Riibezahl  Legend"  f.  soli,  female 
ch.,  pf.,  and  declamation  ;  op.  16,  Kyrie,  Sanctus, 
and  Benedictus  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  op.  29,  4 
Gesange  f.  mixed  ch.;  a  score  of  songs  ;  a  large 
number  of  instructive  pf.  pieces  (18  solo  sonatas, 
13  sonatas  for  4  hands,  a  sonata  f.  2  pf.s  [op.  17], 
technical  studies,  10  melodious  studies  for  ad- 
vanced players  [op.  2S],  12  studies  for  young  per- 
formers [op.  3 1  J,  10  studies  for  the  left  hand  [op. 
15],  sonatinas,  etc.).  Also  edited  Czerny's  op. 
139,  299,  636,  740;  publ.  a  coll.  of  classical  sona- 
tinas, and  a  "Library  for  Two  Pianofortes" 
(iS  books). 

Krau'se, (Prof.  Dr.)Eduard,  b.  Swinemiinde, 
Mar.  15,  1S37  ;  d.  Berlin,  Mar.  28,  1892.  Pupil 
of  Ivroll  at  Berlin  and  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig. 
Since  1S62  in  Stettin,  as  pianist,  teacher,  and 
composer. 

Krau'se,  (Dr.)  Emil,  b.  Schassburg  in  Tran- 
sylvania, 1S40;  d.  Hamburg,  Sept.  I,  1889,  as 
dramatic  baritone  at  the  City  Th. 

Krau'se,  Emil,  b.  Hamburg,  July  30,  1S40. 
Pupil  of  Hauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz,  Moscheles, 
and  Plaidy  at  Leipzig  Cons.  Since  i860,  teacher 
of  pf.  and  theory  at  Hamburg  (since  18S5  at 
the  Cons.).  Publ.  "Beitrage  zur  Technik  des 
Klavierspiels"  (op.  38  and  57),  with  supplemen- 
tary matter  in  op.  75  ("  Erganzungen  ")  ;  "  Auf- 
gabenbuch  fur  die  Plarmonielehre,"  and  "  Prak- 
tische  Klavierschule "  (op.  70;  1892).  His 
comp.s  include  3  cantatas,  an  Ave  Maria  a  6, 
songs,  chamber-music,  etc.  ;  studies,  variations, 
sonatas,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Krau'se,  Martin,  b.  Lobstedt,  n.  Leipzig, 
June  17,  1853.  Eminent  pianist  and  pedagogue  ; 
pupil  of  his  father,  a  cantor,  of  Fuchs  at  the 
Borna  Teachers'  Seminary  (where  he  graduated 
as  first  in  his  class),  and  of  Wenzel  and  Reinecke 
at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1873-6,  also  attending  Uni- 
versity lectures.  He  taught  six  months  in  M011- 
treux,  then  was  private  tutor  in  Detmold  with 
unlimited  opportunity  to  practise  the  pf. ;  after 
successful  tours  in  Holland  and  Germany  (1S7S- 
80),  he  was  prostrated  by  nervous  exhaustion  for 
two  years,  made  Liszt's  acquaintance  in  1882, 
played  before  him  in  1883,  and  for  three  years 
was  in  constant  communication  with  the  master 
and  his  pupils,  learning  every  detail  which  could 
throw  light  on  Liszt's  marvellous  facility.  In  1885 
R.,  Siloti,  Frau  Moran-Olden,  and  others  gave 
two  grand  concerts  in  Leipzig,  which  led  to  the 
foundation  in  that  year  of  the  "  Lisztverein,"  of 
which  K.  was  the  chief  promoter  and  is  still 
chairman  and  manager.  Since  then,  teacher  and 
writer  in  Leipzig  ;  his  thorough  scientific  and 
practical  education  affords  a  firm  foundation  for 
a  growing  reputation.  The  Duke  of  Anhalt 
bestowed  on  K.,  in  1892,  the  title  of  "Professor." 

Kraus'haar,  Otto,  b.  Kassel,  May  31,  1812  ; 
cl.  there  Now  23,  1866.  Pupil  of  Hauptmann, 
whose  idea  of  the  opposition  of  the  major  and 


324 


KRAUSS— KREITL 


minor  modes  he  developed  in  a  treatise  on  "  I  )er 
aecordliche  Gegensatz  und  die  Begriindung  der 
Scala"  (1852),  priorto  Hauptmann's  "  Natur  der 
Harmonik."  Also  publ.  "  Die  Construktion  der 
gleichschwebenden  Temperatur  ohne  Scheib- 
ler'sche  Stimmgabeln  "(1838)  ;  essays  in  periodi- 
cals ;  "  Songs  without  Words"  ;  and  songs. 

Krauss,  Gabriele,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  24,  1S42. 
Brilliant  dramatic  soprano  ;  pupil  of  Vienna 
Cons,  and  Mme.  Marchesi.  Sang  at  Vienna 
court  opera,  1860-7  !  at  the  Theatre  Italien, 
Paris,  1S67-71  ;  then  in  Baden  and  Milan  ;  re- 
appeared for  a  short  season  in  1S73  at  the  Th. 
Ital.  ;  eng.  1S75-86  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris. 
Gave  leading  roles  in  some  40  operas,  e.g.,  Re- 
becca (Templarid),  Donna  Anna,  Semiramide, 
Desdemona,  Gilda  (Rigoletto),  Fidelio,  Rachel 
(La  Juive),  Mathilde  (Huguenots),  Norma,  Alice 
(Robert),  Agathe  (Freischutz),  Selika  (UAfri- 
caine),  Ai'da,  Marguerite  (Faust),  Lucrezia  Bor- 
gia, etc. — Hon.  member  of  the  Soc.  of  the  Cons. 
Concerts,  18S0  ;  officer  of  the  Academic 

Krebs,  Johann  Ludwig,  whom  Bach  thought 
his  best  organ-pupil  ;  b.  Buttelstadt,  Thuringia, 
Oct.  10,  1713  ;  d.  Altenburg,  Jan.,  17S0.  While 
at  the  Leipzig  Thomasschule,  1726-35,  he  was 
f.  S.  Bach's  private  pupil.  Later  organist  at 
Zeitz,  Zwickau,  and  Altenburg.  —  Publ.  comp.s 
(in  strict  style)  :  "Clavieri'ibungen"  (Nuremberg, 
1743-9);  clavichord-concerto;  sonatas  f.  clav. 
and  flute  ;  suites  and  preludes  f.  clav. ;  flute-trios  ; 
organ-pieces.  (A  complete  edition  is  publ.  by 
Heinrichshofen,  Magdeburg.) 

Krebs,  Carl  August(real family-name,  Mied- 
cke,  changed  to  K.  after  his  adoption  by  the 
opera-singer  J.  B.  Krebs)  ;  b.  Nuremberg,  Jan. 
16,  1S04;  d.  Dresden,  May  16,  1880.  Taught 
by  J.  B.  Krebs  and,  at  Vienna,  by  Seyfried  ; 
after  a  brilliant  pianistic  season  in  Vienna  (1825), 
he  was  app.  (1826)  3rd  Kapellw.  at  the  Vienna 
court  opera  ;  1S27,  do.  at  Hamburg  ;  1S50,  Hof- 
kapellm.  at  Dresden  opera,  retiring  in  1S72.  He 
prod.  2  operas,  Silva,  oder  die  Macht  des  Ge- 
sanges  (Hamburg,  1830),  and  Agnes,  der  Engel 
von  Augsburg  (ibid.,  1S34  ;  rewritten,  and  given 
at  Dresden,  "1858,  as  Agnes  Bernauer)  ;  of  the 
opera  Feodore,  comp.  in  his  7th  year  (!),  some 
numbers  were  publ.  His  songs  were  immensely 
popular  ;  his  pf. -music  much  less  so.  His  daugh- 
ter, 

Krebs,  Mary(Frau  Brenning),  accomplished 
pianist;  b.  Dresden,  Dec.  5,  1851.  Taught  by 
her  mother  and  father,  her  talent  matured  with 
astonishing  rapidity  ;  debut  at  Meissen,  Oct.  15, 
1863  ;  shortly  thereafter  she  gave  a  concert  in 
Dresden  ;  was  then  invited  to  play  at  Leipzig 
(Gewandhaus  ;  Euterpe),  Hamburg,  Prague,  Vi- 
enna, Paris,  and  London  (where  she  gave  over 
170  concerts  from  1S64-6).  Returning  to  Dres- 
den, she  received  the  appointment  of  R.  Saxon 
Chamber-virtuoso.  After  further  European  jour- 
neys, she  toured   America  from  1S70-2    giving 


more  than  200  concerts.  She  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing pianists  of  the  day,  and  an  excellent  teacher. 
Resides  in  Dresden. 

Krebs,  Karl,  b.  Hanseberg,  Wurttemberg, 
Feb.  5,  1857.  Student  of  music  in  the  R.  Hoch- 
schule,  Berlin,  likewise  hearing  Spitta's  lectures 
in  the  University.  Took  degree  of  Dr.  phi/,  at 
Rostock  with  dissertation  on  "  II  Transilvano  " 
of  G.  Diruta.  Living  in  Berlin  as  mus.  critic 
for  the  "  Vossische  Zeitung,"  "  Moderne  Kunst," 
the  "  Deutsche  Rundschau,"  etc.  Has  publ. 
valuable  musico-historical  essays  in  the  "  Viertel- 
jahrsschrift  fur  Musikwissenschaft,"  the  supple- 
ment of  the  "  Vossische  Zeitung,"  the  "  Preuss- 
ische  Jahrbucher,"  etc. 

Kreh'biel  [kra-],  Henry  Edward,  writer  and 
critic  ;  b.  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  Mar.  10,  1S54. 
Studied  law  at  Cin- 
cinnati, but  pre- 
ferred journalism, 
and  devoted  himself 
especially  to  music ; 
1874-S,  mus.  critic 
of  the  Cincinnati 
"  Gazette  "  ;  then 
editor  of  the  New 
York  "  Musical  Re- 
view," and  critic  for 
the  "  Tribu ne," 
which  latter  position 
he  still  (1899)  holds. 
— Works:  "An  Ac- 
count of  the  Fourth 
Cincin.  Mus.  Festi- 
val" (1880) ;  "  Notes  on  the  Cultivation  of  Cho- 
ral Music,  and  the  Oratorio  Soc.  of  New  York  " 
(1SS4);  "Review  of  the  N.  Y.  Mus.  Seasons 
1885-90"  (5  vol.s) ;  "  Studies  in  the  Wagnerian 
Drama"  (1891) ;  "The  Philharm.  Soc.  of  New 
York  :  A  Memorial  "  (1S92) ;  "  How  to  Listen  to 
Music"  (1896);  "Annotated  Bibliography  of 
Fine  Art,"  with  R.  Sturgis  (1897)  ;  "  Music  and 
Manners  in  the  18th  Century"  (1898);  transl. 
Courvoisier's  "  Technics  of  Violin-playing  " 
(New  York,  1SS0  ;  2nd  ed.  1896)  ;  consulting 
editor  of  "The  Music  of  the  Modern  World  " 
(1895-7). 

Krehl,  Stephan,  b.  Leipzig,  July  5,  1864. 
Studied  at  the  Conservatories  in  Leipzig  and 
Dresden  ;  1889,  app.  teacher  of  pf.  and  theory 
at  Karlsruhe  Cons.  Very  talented  composer. — 
Works  :  Op.  1,  7  Lieder  (Baumbach)  ;  op.  2,  6 
Charakterstucke  f.  pf . ;  op.  3,  2  "  Erzahlungen  " 
f.  pf . ;  op.  4,  Uomanzero  f.  pf. ;  op.  5,  3  Lieder; 
op.  6,  5  Lieder  ;  op.  7,  16  "  Phantastische  Skiz- 
zen"  f.  pf . ;  op.  S,  sonata  in  A,  f.  pf.  and  vln.  ; 
op.  9,  Slovenische  Tanze  f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  op.  10, 
3  Lieder;  op.  ri,  14  "  Kinderstt'icke  "  f.  pf. 

Krei'pl  [kri-],  Joseph,  b.  1S05  ;  d.  Vienna, 
June,  1866.  For  years  the  favorite  tenor  in  Linz- 
on-Danube  ;  a  composer  of  beautiful  songs, 
among  which  "  Das  Maili'ifterl  "  (poem  by  Klees- 
heim)  attained  extraordinary  vogue. 


325 


KREISLER— KREUBE 


Kreisler,  Johannes.  Sec  E.  T.  A.  Hoff- 
mann. 

KreissTe  von  Hellborn,  Heinrich,  Schu- 
bert's biographer  ;  b.  Vienna,  1803  (1812?,  1821?, 
1824?);  d.  there  Apr.  6,  1869.  He  was  Dr. 
juris,  and  secretary  in  the  Ministry  of  Finance, 
Vienna.  A  passionate  admirer  of  Schubert,  he 
publ.  "  F,  Schubert,  eine  biographische  Skizze, 
von  Heinrich  von  Kreissle  "  (1S61),  followed  in 
1865  by  the  exhaustive  biography  "  Franz  Schu- 
bert "  (condensed  Engl,  transl.  by  Wilberforce, 
1866;  full  transl.,  with  an  Appendix  by  Sir 
George  Grove,  by  A.  D.  Coleridge,  1869,  in  2 
vol.s). 

Krejci,  Josef,  b.  Milostin,  Bohemia,  Feb.  6, 
1S22  ;  d.  Prague,  Oct.  19,  1881.  Pupil  of 
Witassek  and  Jos.  Proksch  in  Prague  ;  from 
1844,  organist  in  various  churches  there,  1858 
Director  of  the  Organ-School,  1865  Dir.  of  the 
Cons.  Distinguished  organist  and  composer. — 
Works  :  An  oratorio,  masses,  overtures,  organ- 
pieces,  songs. 

Krem'pelsetzer,  Georg,  b.  Vilsbiburg,  Ba- 
varia, Apr.  20,  1S27  ;  d.  there  June  6,  1871. 
By  trade  a  cloth-weaver,  he  became  the  pupil  of 
Fr.  Lachner  in  Munich,  and  brought  out  suc- 
cessful operettas  (Der  Onkel  aus  der  Lombardei, 
Das  Orakelin  Delphi,  Aschenbrodel,  Rothmantel, 
Die  Geisler  des  Weins,  Die  Franzosen  in  Gotha, 
Der  Vetter  auf  Besuch,  etc.).  HewasA'«/<V/w. 
at  the  "  Volkstheater,"  Munich,  in  1865;  at 
Gorlitz,  1868  ;  and  at  Konigsberg,  1870. 

Krem'ser,  Eduard,  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  19, 
1838  ;  since  1869,  chorusmaster  of  the  Viennese 
"  Mannergesangverein." — Words:  The  operet- 
tas Eine  Operelte  (1S75)  and  Der  Schlosserkonig  ; 
a  "  Singspiel,"  Der  kritische  Tag  (Th.  an  der 
Wien,  1891) ;  the  cantata  Balkanbilder,  f.  soli, 
male  ch.,  and  orch.  (1895)  ;  many  part-songs 
(his  settings  of  "6  altniederlandische  Volks- 
lieder  "  are  famed  far  and  wide)  ;  "  Das  Herz- 
klopfen,"  "  Erinnerungen,"  and  "  Frohliche 
Armuth,"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  songs  ("  Jagd- 
lied,"  w.  accomp.  of  4  horns  ;  2  songs  from 
"  Der  Trompeter  von  Sakkingen,"  w.  solo  cor- 
net) ;  excellent  pf. -music  (op.  1,  2,  4-6,  8-10, 
12,  16,  17) ;  etc. 

Krenn,  Franz,  b.  Dross,  Lower  Austria, 
Feb.  26,  1816  ;  d.  St.  Andra  vorm  Hagenthal, 
June  19,  1897.  Pupil  of  Seyfried  at  Vienna. 
Organist  in  several  Vienna  churches  ;  1862, 
Kapellm.  at  St.  Michael's  (the  court  church)  ; 
1869,  prof,  of  harmony  at  the  Cons.  He  was 
an  eminent  organist  and  conductor,  and  did 
much  to  popularize  the  liturgical  music  of  the 
old  Italian  and  Flemish  schools  in  Vienna. — 
Wi nks  :  The  oratorios  Bonifacius,  and  Die 
vier  letzten  Dinge  j  cantatas  ;  15  masses  ;  3  re- 
quiems ;  other  sacred  music  ;  a  symphony,  quar- 
tets, pieces  f.  org.  and  pf. ;  part-songs;  a 
Method  f.  organ  ;  a  vocal  method  ;  etc. 

Kretscb/mann  {rede  Krecman),  Theobald, 
b.  Vinos,    n.    Prague,    1850.      Is  solo   'cellist   at 


the  court  opera,  Vienna,  and  conductor  of   the 
chamber-concerts. 

Kretsch'mer,  Edmund,  b.  Ostritz,  Saxony, 
Aug.  31,  1830.  Pupil  of  Jul.  Otto  and  Joh. 
Schneider  in  Dresden.  In  1854,  organist  of  the 
court  church  ;  in  1863,  court  organist,  retiring 
in  1897.  Founded  the  Cacilia  Singing-soc, 
and  conducted  it  and  other  like  societies.  Was 
also  instructor  in  the  R.  "  Kapellknaben-Insti- 
tut "  until  1S97,  when  his  son  Franz  succeeded 
him.  He  is  an  eminent  composer;  his  "  Geis- 
terschlacht"  won  a  prize  in  Dresden  (1865)  ;  a 
3-part  mass  f.  male  ch.  won  the  Brussels  Acad- 
emy's prize  in  1868  ;  his  operas,  Die  Folkunger 
(Dresden,  1S74)  and  Heinrich  der  Love  (Leip- 
zig, 1S77),  are  among  the  most  important  dra- 
matic works  of  the  post-Wagnerian  epoch  (K. 
wrote  the  libretti,  as  well)  ;  he  has  also  prod,  an 
operetta,  Der  Fliichtling  (Ulm,  1SS1),  and  a 
romantic  opera,  Sclwn  Rohtra it/  (Dresden,  1887)  ; 
2  large  works  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  "  Pilger- 
fahrt  "  and  "  Sieg  in  Gesang";  a  "  Festgesang  " 
f.  ch.  and  orch.;  "  Musikalische  Dorfgeschich- 
ten  "  f.  orch.;  an  orchestral  suite,  "  Hochzeits- 
musik  "  (op.  54,  1S96)  ;  three  other  masses  ;  etc. 

Kretzsch'mar,  (August  Ferdinand)  Her- 
mann, b.  Olbernhau,  Saxony,  Jan.  19,  1848. 
Pupil  of  J.  Otto  at  the  Kreuzschule,  Dresden, 
and  of  Richter,  Reinecke,  Paul,  and  Papperitzat 
Leipzig  Cons.  Took  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  at 
Leipzig  with  a  thesis  on  ancient  notation  prior 
to  Guido  d'Arezzo,  in  1S71,  then  becoming 
teacher  of  organ  and  harmony  at  the  Cons. ,  and 
conducting  several  societies  ;  1S76,  Kapellm.  at 
Metz  Th.;  1S77,  mus.  dir.  at  Rostock  Univ.; 
1S80,  town  mus.  dir.  there  ;  1887,  Langer's  suc- 
cessor as  mus.  dir.  of  Leipzig  Univ.,  and  cond. 
of  the  academic  male  chorus  "  Paulus."  From 
18SS-97,  Riedel's  successor  as  cond.  of  the 
"  Riedel-Verein,"  then  retiring  on  account  of 
ill-health  (present  cond.,  Dr.  Georg  Gohler  of 
Zwickau).  Received  the  title  of  "Professor" 
in  1890,  in  which  year  he  organized  the  "  Aka- 
demische  Orchesterconcerte,"  giving  historical 
programs.  A  fine  organist,  he  has  publ.  sacred 
and  secular  part-songs,  and  some  organ-music. 
He  is  likewise  a  well-known  mus.  critic  (in  the 
"  Musikalisches  Wochenblatt,"  "  Grenzbote  ")  ; 
has  publ.  lectures  on  "  Chorgesang,  Sanger- 
chore,  etc.,"  and  "Peter  Cornelius"  (18S0,  in 
Waldersee's  "  Sammlung  mus.  Vortrage ")  ;  a 
"  Fi'ihrer  durch  den  Concertsaal  "  (3  vol.s,  1887  ; 
2nd  ed.  1890);  also  essays  in  the  "Grenzbote" 
("Das  deutsche  Lied  seit  Schumann"  [18S1]  ; 
"Die  deutsche  Klaviermusik  seit  Schumann" 
[1882];  "Brahms"  [1884]);  and  a  paper  on 
"Venetian  Opera"  in  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift 
fur  Musikwissenschaft  "  (1892),  part  of  a  mono- 
graph on  the  Opera  (in  preparation). 

Kreub6,  Charles-Frederic,  b.  Luneville, 
Nov.  5,  1777  ;  d.  at  his  villa,  n.  St. -Denis,  in 
1846.  Pupil  of  R.  Kreutzer;  1816-28,  1st 
cond.  at  the  Opera-Comique. — Works  :  16 
comic  operas  (1S13-28). 


326 


KREUTZER— KRIEGER 


Kreut'zer  (or  Kreuzer),  Conradin,  b.  Moss- 
kirch,  Baden,  Nov.  22,  17S0  ;  d.  Riga,  Dec.  14, 
1849.  Pupil  of  J.  B. 
Rieger  and  (1792-6, 
at  Zwiefalten  Abbey) 
of  Ernst  Weihrauch. 
Medical  student  at 
Freiburg,  1799-1S00; 
then  devoted  himself 
to  music,  bringing  out 
his  first  operetta,  Die 
lackerliche  Werbung, 
at  Freiburg  in  1800. 
He  lived  5  years  in 
Constance,  and  then 
sojourned  in  Vienna 
till  1  Si  1 ,  studying 
counterpoint  two 
years  under  Albrechtsberger.  He  prod.  Aesop 
in  Phrygien.  (Vienna,  1808)  "and  Jery  und  Bately 
(1810)  ;  not  being  able  to  bring  out  two  grand 
operas,  Conradin  von  Schwaben.  andDer  Taucher, 
in  Vienna,  he  went,  after  a  pianistic  tour  of  a 
year,  to  Stuttgart,  where,  after  the  production 
of  the  former  in  1S12,  he  was  appointed  court 
Kapellm.  In  Stuttgart  he  produced  8  dramatic- 
works  ;  and  then  went  to  Donaueschingen  in 
i8i7as  Kapellm.  to  the  Prince  von  Ft'irstenberg. 
Returning  to  Vienna,  he  brought  out  Libussa 
(1S22),  and  acted  as  Kapellm.  at  the  Rarnthner- 
thor  Th.  (1825,  1S29-32,  1S37-40),  and  the 
Josephstadter  Th.  (1833-37)  ;  in  1834  his  best 
work,  Das  Nachtlager  von  Granada,  appeared, 
which,  with  the  Verschwender  (1S36)  and  Jery 
und  Bately,  are  the  only  operas  of  his  still  played. 
From  1840-46,  Kapellm.  at  the  City  Th. ,  Cologne; 
was  in  Vienna  again  1S47-9;  and  then  accom- 
panied his  daughter  Cacilie,  a  stage-singer,  to 
Riga. — Works  :  30  operas  ;  an  oratorio,  Die 
Sendung  Mosis  (Stuttgart,  1S14);  church-music, 
chamber-music,  and  pf. -pieces  ;  songs,  and  some 
very  beautiful  male  choruses  ("  Die  Capelle," 
"  Sonntagsmorgen  "  [Uhland],  "  Der  Tag  des 
Herrn,"  etc.). 

Kreut'zer,  Rodolphe,  famous  violinist  ;  b. 
Versailles,  Nov.  16,  1766  ;  d.  Geneva,  Jan.  6, 
1 83 1.  His  father, 
a  German  violinist 
in  the  Chapelle  du 
Roi,  and  Anton 
Stamitz  were  his 
teachers.  At  13  he 
played  a  violin-con- 
certo of  his  own 
composition  at  one 
of  the  Concerts 
Spirituels  ;  in  1872 
he  was  app.  1st 
violin  in  the  Ch.  du 
Roi,  and  in  1790 
solo  violin  in  the 
Theatre  Dalien, 

bringing    out    his    first    opera,     Jeanne    d'Arc 
a  Orleans,  the  same  year.      It  was   followed  by 


^ 


over  40  others,  given  at  the  Opera, "the  Ope'ra- 
Comique,  or  the  Th.  Italien.  Lodoiska  was  per- 
haps the  best  ;  but  all  have  passed  into  oblivion. 
A  year  after  his  appointment  as  teacher  of  violin 
at  the  Cons.,  he  made  a  triumphant  concert-tour 
through  Italy,  Germany,  and  Holland.  In  1801 
he  succeeded  Rode  as  solo  violin  at  the  Opera, 
of  which  he  became  2nd  cond.  in  1816,  and  1st 
cond.  in  iSr7_  From  1S02  he  was  also  chamber- 
musician  to  Napoleon  ;  from  1S15,  to  Louis 
XVIII.;  retired  1826,  and  so  far  lost  influence 
that  his  last  opera,  Matliilde,  was  contemptuously 
rejected  by  the  direction  of  the  Grand  Opera.  To 
him  Beethoven  inscribed  the  celebrated  "Kreut- 
zer  Sonata."  —  Works:  43  operas;  19  violin- 
concertos;  2  double  concertos;  a  "  symphonie 
concertante "  f.  vln.  and  'cello,  w.  orch.;  15 
string-quartets;  15  string-trios  ;  also  duets,  so- 
natas, variations,  etc.,  f.  vln.;  but  his  master- 
work,  wherein  his  worthiness  to  rank  with  the 
great  masters  of  the  classic  Parisian  school  of 
violin-playing  is  convincingly  proved,  is  the  "40 
Etudes  ou  Caprices  "  f.vln.  solo,  republ.  in  count- 
less editions,  revised  by  Vieuxtemps  and  others. 
K.  was  joint  author,  with  Rode  and  Baillot,  of 
the  great  Violin-Method  used  in  the  Paris  Cons. 
Kreut'zer,  Auguste,  brother  of  Rodolphe,  b. 
Versailles,  17S1  ;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  31,  1S32.  Vio- 
linist ;  played  in  orch.  of  the  Opera-Comique 
and  Grand  Opera,  also  in  the  court  orchestras  ; 
succeeded  Rodolphe  as  teacher  of  violin  in  the 
Cons.,  1826. — Publ.  2  vln. -concertos  ;  2  duets; 
3  sonatas  ;  etc. — His  son, 

Kreut'zer,  Leon  (-Charles-Francois),  com- 
poser and  mus.  critic  ;  b.  Paris,  Sept.  23,  1S17  ; 
d.  Vichy,  Oct.  6,  1868.  Pupil  of  Fleche  (pf.) 
and  Benoist  (comp.).  Wrote  for  the  "  Revue 
et  Gazette  musicale  "  ("  L'Opera  en  Europe," 
1S41),  the  "  Revue  contemporaine  "  (on  Meyer- 
beer), "  La  Quotidienne,"  "  L'Union,"  etc. ;  also 
an  "  Essai  sur  l'art  lyrique  au  theatre  "  (1845  ; 
down  to  Meyerbeer) ;  orchestral  prelude  to  The 
Tempest :  string-quartets,  pf.-sonatas,  etc.  ;  and 
a  treatise  on  modulation. — Biographical  sketch 
by  Pougin  (1S68). 

Kreu'zer,  Conradin.     See  Kkeutzer. 

Krie'ger,  Adam,  b  Driesen,  Neumark,  Jan. 
7,  1634  ;  d.  June  30,  1666,  as  court  organist  at 
Dresden. — Publ.  "  Arien  "  a  1-5,  w.  instr.  1  ritor- 
nelli  (1  in  1656  ;    16  in  1667). 

Krie'ger,  (Johann)  Philipp,  b.  Nuremberg. 
Feb.  26,  1649  ;  d.  Weissenfels,  Feb.  6,  1725. 
Pupil  of  J.  Drechsel  and  Gabriel  Schiitz,  also  of 
G.  Forster  at  Copenhagen,  where  he  was  assist- 
ant and  pupil  of  the  court  organist  Schroter  for 
5  years.  Court  organist  and  chamber-comp.  at 
Bayreuth,  with  an  interval  of  study  in  Italy  (1672) ; 
Kapellm.  at  Kassel,  court  organist  at  Halle,  and 
from  1675  court  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe- 
Weissenfels.  On  a  concert-tour  to  Vienna,  he 
was  ennobled  by  Emperor  Leopold  I.  He  prod, 
several  operas  at  different  courts,  and.  at  Ham- 
burg ;  publ.  24  Sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass  (op. 


32  > 


KRIEGER— KRUG 


I,  1687  ;  op.  2,  1693)  ;  "  Musikalischer  Seelen- 
friede,"  20  sacred  arias  f.  vln.  w.  bass  (1697  ; 
1717)  ;  "  Lustige  Feldmusik  "  t  4  wind-instr.s  ; 
etc. 

Krie'ger,  Johann,  famous  contrapuntist, 
brother  and  pupil  of  preceding  ;  b.  Nuremberg, 
Jan.  1,  1652;  d.  Zittau,  July  18,  1736.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  at  Bayreuth  ;  was  then  court 
Kapellm.  at  Greiz  and  Eisenberg  ;  from  1681, 
organist  and  mus.  director  at  Zittau. — Works  : 
"  Musikalische  Ergetzlichkeiten,"  arias  f.  5-9 
voices  (1684)  ;  "Musikalische  Parthien,"  dance- 
music  f.  clavichord  (1697);  "  Anmuthige  Cla- 
vierilbungen,"  preludes,  fugues,  etc.  (1699);  also 
sacred  vocal  music  (MS.  masses  and  motets  in 
Berlin  Library). 

Krie'ger,  Ferdinand,  b.  Waldershof,  Fran- 
conia,  Jan.  8,  1843.  Studied  at  Eichstatt 
Teachers'  Seminary  and  Munich  Cons.;  from 
1S67,  music-teacher  in  the  Normal  School  at 
Ratisbon. — Publ.  "  Die  Elemente  des  Musikun- 
terrichts "  (1869);  a  "  Lehre  der  Harmonie" 
(1870);  "Der  rationelle  Musikunterricht  .  .  ." 
(1870);  and  technical  studies  f.  vln.  and  f.  pf. 

Kries'stein,  Melchior,  music -printer  at 
Augsburg.  Publ.  2  coll.s  of  S.  Salblinger's 
works:  "  Selectissimae  nee  non  familiarissimae 
cantiones  ultra  centum"  (1540)  and  "  Cantiones 
7,  6  et  5  vocum  "  (1545). 

Kri'gar,  (Julius)  Hermann,  b.  Berlin,  Apr. 
3,  1819  ;  d.  there  Sept.  5,  1880.  Pianist;  pupil 
at  Leipzig  of  Schumann,  Mendelssohn,  Haupt- 
mann,  etc.,  1 843-5  ;  then  organized  a  singing- 
society  at  Berlin,  where  he  also  cond.  the  "  Neue 
Berliner  Liedertafel  "  for  some  years  ;  1S57,  "  R. 
Mus.  Director  ";  1S74,  "  Professor."  Comp.  in- 
cidental music,  motets,  psalms,  pf. -pieces,  and 
songs. 

Kris'per,  L>r.  Anton,  of  Graz,  publ.  (1882)  an 
interesting  essay  on  "  Die  Kunstmusik  in  ihrem 
Prinzipe,  ihrer  Entwickelung  und  ihrer  Konse- 
quenz." 

Krizkow'sky,  Paul,  noteworthy  Czechish 
composer  of  national  and  sacred  music  ;  b.  Jan. 
9,  1S20  ;  d.  Bri'mn,  May  S,  1S85.  Augustine 
monk,  and  councillor  in  the  archiepiscopal  con- 
sistory. 

Kroll,  Franz,  b.  Bromberg,  June  22,  1820  ; 
d.  Berlin,  May  28,  1S77.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Liszt 
at  Paris  and  Weimar  ;  from  1849  i°  Berlin, 
teaching  1S63-4  at  Stern's  Cons.  Editor  of  the 
Peters  Ed.  of  the  "  Well-tempered  Clavichord," 
and  the  "  Bibliothek  alterer  und  neuerer  Klavier- 
musik";  also  publ.  a  few  original  pf. -pieces. 

Krolop,  Franz,  dramatic  bass  ;  b.  Troja, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  5,  1839  ;  d.  (from  an  operation) 
at  Berlin,  May  30,  1897.  A  pupil  of  Richard 
Levy  at  Vienna,  his  debut  as  Ernani  at  Troppau 
in  1863  was  very  successful  ;  after  engagements 
at  Troppau,  Linz-on-Danube,  Bremen  and  Leip- 
zig, he  was  permanently  engaged  for  the  Berlin 
Court  opera  in  1872.  in  1868  he  married  Vilma 
von  Voggenhuber.      Of  fine  and  versatile  talent, 


he  sang,  for  instance,  in  Don  Giovanni  the  roles 
of  the  Commandant,  Leporello,  and  Masetto. 

Krom'mer,  Franz,  b.  Kamenitz,  Moravia, 
May  17,  1760  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  8,  1831.  Vio- 
linist ;  his  uncle,  choirmaster  at  Turas,  Hungary, 
taught  him  organ-playing,  and  he  held  a  position 
as  organist  there  from  1776-84  ;  then  joined 
Count  Ayrum's  orch.  at  Simontornya  as  violinist, 
later  conducting  it  ;  was  choir-director  at  Ft'mf- 
kirchen,  bandmaster  of  the  Karoly  regiment, 
went  to  Vienna  as  Kapellm.  to  Prince  Grassal- 
kovics,  and  followed  Kotzeluch  as  Imp.  Kapellm. 
in  1S14.  He  comp.  a  mass  f.  4-p.  ch.  w.  orch.; 
5  symphonies  ;  5  violin-concertos  ;  much  excel- 
lent chamber-music  (18  string-quintets  ;  69 
slring-quartets,  a  string-trio,  etc.);  quintets  and 
quartets  for  wind-instr.s,  and  music  f.  wind- 
hand  ;  symphonies  concertantes  ;  etc. 

Kro'nach,  Emanuel.     See  Klitzscii. 

Kron'ke,  Emil,  pianist  and  composer  ;  born 
Danzig,  Nov.  29,  1S65.  Pupil  of  Reinecke  and 
Paul  in  Leipzig,  1SS3-4  ;  later  of  Nicode  and 
Th.  Kirchner  in  Dresden.  In  1SS6  he  won  the 
prize  of  the  Dresden  Cons,  for  piano-playing  ;  in 
1S87,  the  diploma  of  honor.  An  indefatigable 
student  of  Liszt's  works,  of  which  he  is  preparing 
a  complete  edition. — Publ.  a  Gavotte,  a  Valse- 
Impromptu,  a  Bagatelle  (for  left  hand),  a 
Scherzo,  2  Intermezzi,  an  Hungarian  Sketch,  a 
Valse  favorite,  etc.  ;  all  f.  pf. 

Kriickl  (or  Kriikl),  Franz,  celebrated  bari- 
tone stage-singer  ;  b.  Edlspitz,  Moravia,  Nov. 
10,  1841  ;  d.  Strassburg,  Jan.  13,  1S99.  Pupil 
of  1 'essoff  ;  debut  at  Bri'mn,  1S68  ;  sang  there- 
after at  Rassel,  Augsburg,  Hamburg  (1874), 
Cologne  (1S75),  and  Hamburg  again  (1S76-85)  ; 
then  became  teacher  at  the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frank- 
fort ;  and  from  1892  was  director  of  the  Mu- 
nicipal Th.,  Strassburg. — Publ.  "  Der  Vertrag 
zwischen  Director  und  Mitglied  der  deutschen 
Biihne"  (1SS9). 

Krug,  Friedrich,  b.  Rassel,  July  5,  1S12; 
d.  Rarlsruhe,  Nov.  3,  1S92.  Baritone  opera- 
singer,  later  court  mus.  director,  at  Karlsruhe.- — 
Operas  :  Die  Alarqnise  (Kassel,  1S43)  ;  Meister 
Martin  tier  Kit per  una1  seine  Gesellen  (Karlsruhe, 
1S45)  ;  Der  Nachtwachter  (Mannheim,  1S46). 

Krug,  Dietrich,  music-teacher  at  Hamburg, 
where  he  was  born  May  25,  1821,  and  died  Apr. 
7,  1880.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Melchert  and  (nomi- 
nally) of  J.  Schmitt.  Composer  of  excellent 
melodious  studies  for  pf . ;  also  publ.  a  Method. — 
His  son, 

Krug,  Arnold,  b.  Hamburg,  Oct.  16,  1849, 
was  taught  by  his  father,  and  later  by  Gurlitt  ; 
also  by  Reinecke  at  Leipzig  (1S68),  winning  the 
Mozart  scholarship  in  1869.  Studied  further 
with  Kiel  and  Eduard  Frank,  in  Berlin  ;  was 
pf. -teacher  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  1S72-7  ;  then,  as 
winner  of  the  Meyerbeer  scholarship,  devoted  a 
year  to  study  in  France  and  Italy.  In  1878  he 
organized  a  "  Gesangverein "  in  Hamburg, 
where,  since  1885,  he   has   taught  at  the  Cons.. 


328 


KRUG— KUCKEN 


and  cond.  the  Altona  "  Singakademie."  A  tal- 
ented composer,  he  has  publ.  a  symphony,  a 
symphonic  prologue  to  Otello,  a  suite,  "  Ro- 
mische  Tanze  "  f.  orch.,  a  "  Liebesnovelle  "  and 
"  Italienische  Reiseskizzen "  f.  string-orch.,  a 
violin-concerto,  a  pf. -quartet,  fine  pf. -music, 
songs,  etc. ;  also  several  large  choral  works, 
Sigurd,  f.  ch.,  soli,  and  orch.,  An  die  Hoffnung, 
f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch.,  Herr  Oluf,  a  ballade  f. 
male  ch.  and  orch.  (op.  57),  and  Nomadenzug 
f.  do. 

Krug,  (  Wenzel  )  Joseph  (called  Krug- 
Waldsee),  b.  Waldsee,  Upper  Swabia,  Nov.  S, 
1858.  Precocious  talent,  mostly  self-taught 
until  sent  (1S72-80)  to  Stuttgart  Cons. ,  where  he 
studied  violin,  pf.,  singing,  and  composition 
(Faiszt).  Taught  for  a  short  time  at  Hofwyl, 
near  Bern  ;  18S2-9,  cond.  of  the  "  Neuer  Sing- 
verein,"  Stuttgart  ;  1SS9,  chorusmaster  and  mu- 
sic-director at  the  Municipal  Th.,  Hamburg; 
'  1892-3,  Kapelhn.  at  Bri'inn  Th.  ;  1S94,  do.  at 
Nuremberg  ;  1896,  do.  at  Augsburg.  A  com- 
poser of  individuality  and  power  ;  grand  concert- 
cantatas  are  his  specialty. — Works  :  i-act  comic- 
opera,  Der  Procurador  von  San  Juan  (Mann- 
heim, 1S93)  ;  a  dramatic  "Christmas  tale," 
Heinzclmannchen  (Hamburg,  1SS9)  ;  a  i-act 
ballet,  Das  Marc  hen  (MS.)  ;  the  3-act  opera 
Astorre  (Stuttgart,  Feb.  25,  1896  ;  mod.  succ.)  ; 
the  "secular  oratorio"  Konig  Rather,  f.  soli, 
mixed  ch.,  and  orch.  (op.  25)  ;  concert-cantata 
Seebilder,  f.  baritone  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  ; 
the  ballade  Harald  [Uhland],  f.  baritone  solo, 
mixed  ch.,  and  orch.  (op.  6)  ;  the  concert-cantatas 
Dornroschen,  HochzeitsIied,a.nd.  Geiger  zu  Gmund 
(op.  27)  ;  a  concert-overture  in  E,  f.  full  orch.  ; 
pf.-trio  in  D  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Krii'ger,  Eduard,  writer  ;  b.  Luneburg,  Dec. 
9,  1807  ;  d.  Gottingen,  Nov.  9,  1SS5.  Philolog- 
ical student  at  Berlin  and  Gottingen,  also  de- 
voting much  time  to  musical  studies  ;  from  1861, 
prof,  of  music  at  Gottingen.  Besides  thought- 
ful and  erudite  critiques  and  reviews  in  various 
papers,  he  publ.  "  De  musicis  Graecorum  organis 
circa  Pindari  tempora "  (1830;  his  doctor-dis- 
sertation); a  "  Grundriss  der  Metrik  "  (1838); 
"  Beitrage  fur  Leben  und  Wissenschaft  der  Ton- 
kunst"  (1847);  anil  "System  der  Tonkunst " 
(1S66). 

Krii'ger,  Wilhelm,  b.  Stuttgart,  Aug.  5, 
1S20  ;  d.  there  June  16,  1883.  Pupil  of  Ziegele 
(pf.)  and  Lindpaintner  (comp.).  Excellent  pian- 
ist and  teacher  ;  lived  in  Paris  1845-70,  when  the 
outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war  caused  his 
withdrawal  to  Germany  ;  then  court  pianist,  and 
teacher  at  the  Cons.,  in  Stuttgart.  His  works 
for  piano,  168  in  number,  include  caprices,  noc- 
turnes, genre  pieces  ("  Harpe  eolienne,"  "  Gui- 
tare  "),  a  Polonaise- Bolero  (op.  97),  etudes  (es- 
pecially op.  32,  "  Les  six  jours  de  la  semaine  "), 
and  transcriptions,  fantasias,  etc.,  of  and  on  ope- 
ratic airs.  He  edited  an  excellent  2- vol.  edition 
of  Handel's  clavichord-works.  —  His  brother, 

Krii'ger,  Gottlieb,  b.  Stuttgart,  May  4,  1S24; 


d.  there  Oct.  12,  1895  ;   fine  harpist  ;  member  of 
Stuttgart  court  orch. 

Kruis,  M.  H:  van,  b.  Oudewater,  Holland, 
Mar.8, 1861.  Pupil  of  Nikolai  atTheHague,iS77; 
organist  and  mus.  director  at  Winterswvk,  1SS1  ; 
org.  and  teacher  at  the  Rotterdam  School  of 
Music,  1884  ;  in  1S86  he  founded  a  mus.  monthly, 
"  HetOrgel."  Publ.  a  "  Beknopt  overzicht  der 
muziekgeschiedenis  "  (1S92)  ;  comp.  an  opera, 
De  bloem  van  Island ;  3  symphonies,  8  over- 
tures, organ-music,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Krump'holtz,  Johann  Baptist,  famous 
harpist  ;  b.  Zlonitz,  n.  Prague,  about  1745  i  d. 
Paris,  Feb.  19,  1790.  Taught  by  his  father,  a 
bandmaster  in  a  Paris  regiment.  Gave  concerts 
in  Vienna,  1772  ;  took  lessons  in  comp.  of  Haydn, 
and  belonged  to  Prince  Esterhazy's  orch.  1773-6. 
Returning  to  France  after  a  long  concert-tour  in 
Germany,  he  met  a  Fraulein  Meyer  at  Metz,  who 
became  his  pupil  (said  even  to  surpass  him  as  a 
player),  and,  at  the  age  of  16,  his  wife.  In  Paris 
they  gave  brilliant  concerts,  and  K.  added  to  his 
fame  by  inventing  a  harp  with  2  pedals,  loud 
and  soft  (the  former  still  used  in  the  modern 
harp)  ;  he  also  stimulated  Erard  to  the  experi- 
ments which  led  to  the  invention  of  the  pedal- 
mechanism  now  employed.  He  drowned  himself 
in  the  Seine  on  account  of  his  wife's  elopement 
to  England  with  a  young  man.  His  comp.s  f. 
harp  are  still  worthy  of  attention  ;  they  include 
6  concertos  w.  orch.,  a  quartet  w.  strings,  a  duo 
f.  2  harps,  52  sonatas,  and  others  entitled  "  Se- 
nates pathetiques  "  ;  a  "  symphonie  "  f.  harp,  2 
vlns. ,  flute,  2  horns,  and  bass  ;  variations,  prel- 
udes, etc. — His  brother, 

Krump'holtz,  Wenzel,  violinist,  b.  about 
1750  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  2,  1S17,  was  a  player  in 
the  Vienna  opera-orch.,  and  a  friend  of  Beet- 
hoven, who  inscribed  to  him  the  "  Gesang  der 
Mcinche. " — Publ.  an  "  Abendunterhaltung  "  f. 
vln.  solo,  and  "  Eine  Viertelstunde  fur  eineVio- 
line." 

Kru'se,  Johann  S.,  violinist  ;  b.  Melbourne, 
Australia,  Mar.  31,  1859.  Pupil  of  Joachim  at 
Berlin  in  1876  ;  leader  of  the  Philharm.  Orch.  ; 
in  1S92,  leader  of  the  Bremen  orch. 

Kucharz,  Johann  Baptist,  b.  Chotecz, 
Bohemia,  Mar.  5,  1751  ;  d.  Prague,  Feb.  iS, 
1S29.  Studied  in  the  Jesuit  College,  Konig- 
gratz,  the  Jesuit  Seminary,  Gitschin,  and  with 
Seegert,  Prague  ;  organist  at  the  Heinrichs- 
kirche,  then  at  Strahow  monastery,  and  finallv 
conductor  (1791-1S00)  of  the  Prague  opera.  A 
finished  player  on  the  organ,  pf.,  mandolin,  and 
harmonica.     Compositions  in  MS. 

Kiick'en,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  popular  song- 
composer;  b.  Bleckede,  Hanover,  Nov.  16,  1810; 
d.  Schwerin,  Apr.  3,  1SS2.  The  son  of  a  peasant, 
he  was  taught  by  his  uncle  Lilhrss,  court  organist 
at  Schwerin,  and  played  various  instr.s  in  the 
court  orch.;  his  simple  songs  in  the  popular 
vein  already  attracted  attention,  and  he  was  app. 


329 


KUDELSKI— KUIILAU 


tutor  to  the  princes.  Studied  further  (1S32)  in 
Berlin  under  Birnbach,  and  brought  out  a  suc- 
cessful opera  there,  Die  Flucht nach  der  Schweiz 
(1S39)  ;  after  studying  with  Sechter  at  Vienna 
(iS4i)and  Halevy  and  Bordogni  at  Paris  (1843), 
he  was  Kapelltn.  at  Stuttgart  from  1851-61,  then 
retiring  to  Schwerin.  In  Stuttgart  he  prod,  a 
second  opera,  Der  Pratendent  (1S47)  ;  he  also 
wrote  violin-sonatas,  'cello-sonatas,  and  quartets 
for  male  voices ;  but  these,  and  even  the  majority 
of  his  very  numerous  songs,  found  little  favor 
with  fastidious  musicians,  although  the  songs 
have  had  immense  success  with  the  multitude, 
and  many  are  very  beautiful  ;  the  Thuringian 
folk-song,  "Ach,  wie  ist's  moglich  dann  "  (1827), 
"Ach,  wenn  du  warst  mem  eigen,"  "  Du 
schones,  blitzendes  Sternelein,"  "Gretelein,"  are 
among  his  best.  Meyerbeer  said  of  K.:  "I 
have  never  met  with  a  conductor  who  rehearsed 
more  carefully  than,  and  penetrated  the  musical 
intentions  of  others  so  readily  and  correctly  as, 
Kapellmeister  Kiicken." 

Kudelski,  Karl  Matthias,  b.  Berlin,  Nov. 
17,  1805;  d.  Baden-Baden,  Oct.  3,  1877. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  Lafont ;  1st  violin  in  the  orch. 
of  the  Konigstadtisches  Th.,  Berlin  ;  quartet- 
player  at  Dorpat,  1S30  ;  Kapellm.  to  a  Russian 
prince,  1839;  and  1841-51,  leader  and  director 
in  the  Imp.  Theatre,  Moscow. — Fubl.  a  "Kurzge- 
fasste  Harmonielehre  "  (1865)  ;  concertos  f.  vln. 
and  f.  'cello  ;  violin-sonatas  ;  pf. -trios  ;  etc. 

Kuf'ferath,  Johann  Hermann,  b.  Muhlheim- 
on-Kuhr,  May  12,  1797  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  July 
28,  1864.  Pupil,  at  Kassel,  of  Spohr  (vln.)  and 
Ilauptmann  (comp.)  ;  1823,  mus.  dir.  at  Biele- 
feld, 1830  at  Utrecht,  where  he  taught  singing 
at  the  School  of  Music  and  cond.  various  socie- 
ties ;  retired  to  Wiesbaden  in  1862.  Excellent 
violinist  and  composer  ("  Jubelcantate,"  and 
other  cantatas;  overtures;  motets);  his  "  Manuel 
de  chant,"  for  schools,  won  the  prize  of  the 
Netherland  Music  Soc.  in  1836. 

Kuf  ferath,  Louis,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Miihlheim,  Nov.  10,  1S11  ;  d.  near  Brussels, 
Mar.  2,  1882.  Pupil  of  his  brother,  and  of  Fr. 
Schneider  at  Dessau.  From  1836-50,  director 
of  the  Cons,  at  Leeuwarden,  Holland  ;  after 
that  in  Ghent  and  Brussels.  Fine  pianist  and 
successful  teacher. — Publ.  a  4-part  mass  w.  org. 
and  orch.;  250  canons;  a  cantata,  Artevelde ; 
trios,  morceaux  de  salon,  and  variations,  f.  pf . ; 
part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Kuf'ferath,  Hubert  Ferdinand,  noted  pian- 
ist and  organist  ;  b.  Miihlheim,  June  11,  1818  ; 
d.  Brussels,  June  23,  1896.  Brother  and  pupil 
of  the  two  preceding  ;  then  pupil  of  Hartmann 
at  Cologne  (vln.),  and  of  David  and  Mendelssohn 
at  Peipzig.  Conductor  of  the  Mannergesang- 
verein  of  Cologne,  1 841-4  ;  then  settled  in  Brus- 
sels, where  he  was  the  teacher  of  Princess 
Charlotte  (the  future  Empress  of  Mexico)  and 
other  members  of  the  royal  family  ;  from  1872, 
prof,  of  cpt.  and  fugue  at  the  Cons. — Works: 
Symphonies  ;    pf.-concertos  ;    pf. -music   (op.    1, 


Capriccio  ;  op.  2,  8,  35,  Etudes  de  concert  ;  op. 
9,  pf.-trio  ;  op.  12,  pf.-quartet  ;  op.  30,  Charak- 
terstiicke  ;  op.  40,  4-hand  waltzes).  Wrote  a 
"  Praktische  Chorschule  fur  4  Vocal-  oder  In- 
strumentalstimmen  zum  Studium  der  Harmonie, 
des  Kontrapunktes  und  der  Orgel "  (1896; 
French  and  German). 

Kuf'ferath,  Maurice,  son  and  pupil  of  H.  F. 
K.;  b.  Brussels,  Jan.  8,  1S52.  'Cello-pupil  of 
Servais  (fere  and  fils)  ;  student  of  law  and  phi- 
losophy at  the  Univ.  In  1S73,  editor  of  the 
"  Guide  musicale,"  later  becoming  proprietor. 
A  writer  of  thoroughly  modern  spirit,  he  has 
publ.  essays  on  "  R.  Wagner  und  die  Neunte 
Symphonie,"  "  Berlioz  und  Schumann,"  "  Le 
theatre  de  Wagner  de  Tannhauser  a  Parsifal" 
"  L'art  de  diriger  l'orchestre  "  (2  editions),  and 
a  sketch  of  Vieuxtemps  ;  under  the  pen-name  of 
"  Maurice  Reymont"he  has  transl.  texts  com- 
posed by  Wagner,  Brahms,  etc.  He  wrote  the 
report  on  the  mus.  instr.s  at  the  Brussels  Expo- 
sition of  18S0. 

Kuff'ner,  Joseph,  composer  ;  b.  Wiirzburg, 
Mar.  31,  1776;  d.  there  Sept.  S,  1856. — Works: 
2  operas,  Sporn  mid  Scharfie,  and  Der  Cornett, 
both  prod,  at  Wiirzburg  ;  7  symphonies,  10 
overtures,  music  for  military  band  and  wind- 
instr.s,  a  Fantasia  f.  vln.  w.  orch.,  a  quintet  f. 
flute  and  strings,  string-quartets,  trios  and  duets 
f.  flutes,  clarinet-duets,  guitar-music,  sonatas  f. 
pf.  and  vln.,  etc. 

Ku'gelmann,  Hans,  who  died  at  Konigs- 
berg,  1542,  was  1st  trumpeter  to  Duke  Albrecht 
of  Prussia,  arfd  publ.  a  volume  of  church-songs, 
a  3,  with  a  supplement  of  secular  songs  a  2-8. 
{Cf.  Winterfeld,  "  Evangelischer  Kirchenge- 
sang,"  vol.  i,  p.  265;  also  the  "  Monatshefte 
ftir  Musikgeschichte,"  viii,  pp.  65  ct  sec/.) 

Kuh'e,  Wilhelm,  pianist;  b.  Prague,  Dec.  10, 
1S23.  Pupil  of  Proksch,  Tomaschek,  and  Thal- 
berg.  Went  to  London  with  the  singer  Pischek 
in  1845,  and  settled  there  ;  since  18S6  prof,  at 
the  R.  A.  M. — Works  :  Graceful  sa/o/t-music 
(Feu  follet,  Gondola,  Rosee  du  soir,  Etude  de 
concert),  operatic  fantasias,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Kuh'lau,  Friedrich,  b.  Uelzen,  Hanover, 
Sept.  11,  1786;  d.  Copenhagen,  Mar.  13  (18?), 
1832.  Harmony- 
pupil  of  Schwcnke 
at  Hamburg.  Go- 
ing to  Copenhagen 
in  1810,  to  escape 
the  French  con- 
scription, he  sup- 
ported himself  there 
by  teaching  the  pi- 
ano and  theory  ;  in 
1813  he  became  un- 
salaried chamber- 
musician  (flutist)  in 
the  royal  orch. ;  and 
brought  out  a  series 
of   operas  which  were  well  received  and  elevated 


330 


KUHMSTEDT— KULLAK 


the  public  taste  (The  Robbers'  Castle,  1S14; 
Elisa  ;  Lulu  :  The  Magic  Harp  ;  Hugo  and 
Adelaide).  In  1S18  he  was  app.  salaried  court 
composer,  and  received  the  title  of  "  Professor" 
in  1828.  He  also  prod,  a  dram,  scene,  Eu- 
ridiee,  and  music  to  Heiberg's  Elver  hoe  ;  comp. 

3  flute-quartets  ;  trios  concertants,  duets,  etc., 
f.  flute  ;  8  violin-sonatas  ;  2  pf. -concertos,  and 
many  pf. -sonatas  and  sonatinas  for  piano  2  and 

4  hands,  which  are  valuable,  albeit  dry,  instruc- 
tive works  (sonatas  op.  5,  8,  52,  60  ;  sonatinas 
op.  20,  55,  59  ;  f.  4  hands  op.  S,  17,  44,  66)  ; 
also  songs  and  male  quartets,  then  in  great  vogue. 
—Sketch  by  Thrane  (Leipzig,  1886). 

Kiihm'stedt,  Friedrich,  b.  Oldisleben,  Saxe- 
Weimar,  Dec.  20,  1S09  ;  d.  Eisenach,  Jan.  10, 
1858.  Noteworthy  theorist  ;  taught  by  Rinck 
at  Darmstadt  for  3  years  (1828-31)  ;  was  music- 
teacher  there  until  1836,  and  then  teacher  in  the 
Eisenach  Seminary  ;  later  "  Musikdirector  "  and 
"Professor." — Wrote  a  "  Gradus  ad  Parnas- 
sum  "  (preludes  and  fugues  preparatory  to 
Bach's)  ;  "  Kunst  des  Vorspiels  fur  Orgel  "  ; 
"  Theoretisch-praktische  Harmonie-  und  Aus- 
weichungslehre  "  (1S3S)  ;  comp.  valuable  organ- 
music  (a  double  concert-fugue,  a  "  Fantasia 
eroica,"  fugues,  preludes,  and  postludes)  ;  his 
other  compositions  (oratorios,  a  mass  w.  orch., 
motets,  pf. -concertos,  etc.),  are  of  minor  impor- 
tance. 

Kuh/nau,  Johann,  erudite  musician,  excellent 
organist  and  harpsichordist ;  b.  in  April,  1667 {?), 
at  Geysing,  Saxony  ;  d.  Leipzig,  June  5,  1722. 
Pupil  of  Hering  and  Albrici  at  the  Dresden 
Kreuzschule  ;  then  of  Edelmann  at  Zittau,  where 
he  became  cantor  ;  attended  Leipzig  Univ. 
1662-4,  then  succeeding  Runnel  as  organist  at  the 
Thomaskirche,  where  he  became  cantor  (Bach's 
predecessor)  in  1700,  and  also  mus.  director  of 
the  Univ.  The  first  harpsichord-sonata  imitated 
from  the  instrumental  sonata  in  several  move- 
ments was  publ.  by  R.  in  "  Joh.  Ruhnau's 
neuer  Clavier-Uebung  anderer  Theil,  das  ist  : 
Sieben  Partien  aus  dem  Re,  Mi,  Fa  oder  Tertia 
minore  eines  jedweden  Toni,  benebenst  einer 
Sonata  aus  dem  B,  denen  Liebhabern  zu  gar 
besonderem  Vergnilgen  aufgesetzt.  Leipzig,  in 
Verlegung  des  Autors,  1695."  This  sonata  has 
3  movements( Allegro,  Adagio,  Allegro  [Rondo]), 
in  the  form  of  monotonous  imitations  and  se- 
quences ;  the  7  sonatas  in  his  "  Frische  Cla- 
vierfri'ichte "  (1696)  show  a  marked  advance 
in  freedom.  The  first  part  of  his  "  Neue 
Clavier-Uebung  "  was  publ.  in  1689.  Six  more 
harps. -sonatas  appeared  in  his  "  Musikalische 
Vorstellung  einiger  biblischer  Historien  "  (set- 
ting forth  the  fight  between  David  and  Goliath  ; 
David's  cure  of  Saul  ;  Jacob's  Wedding  ;  etc.). 
R.  wrote  an  essay  "  Jura  circa  musicos  ecclesia- 
sticos  "  (1688),  and  a  satire  on  Italian  music, 
"  Der  Quacksalber  "  (1700). 

Kuh'ner,  Konrad,  pianist,  teacher  at  Bruns- 
wick ;  b.  Marktstreufdorf,  Meiningen,  Mar.  2, 
1851.     Studied  in  Stuttgart  Cons. — Works  :  The 


symphonic  poem    "  Maria  Stuart " ;   pf. -music  ; 

and   a  "  Technik  des  Rlavierspiels." 

Ku'lenkampf,  Gustav,  1>.  Bremen,  Aug.  11. 
1849.  Embraced  a  mercantile  career,  but  studied 
composition  with  Reinthaler  and,  from  1879-82, 
at  the  Berlin  Hochschule,  under  Barth  (pf.)  and 
Bargiel  (comp.).  Organized  the  "  Rulenkampf- 
'scher  Frauenchor,"  giving  5  or  6  successful  con- 
certs annually  ;  became  director  of  the  Schwan- 
tzer  Cons,  at  Berlin,  but  resigned  in  a  few  years 
to  devote  himself  to  composing  and  teaching. 
Up  to  1890  he  frequently  appeared  as  a  concert- 
pianist. — Works  :  A  2-act  comic  opera,  Der  Page 
(Bremen,  1890;  succ.)  ;  3-act  comic  opera,  Der 
Mohrenfurst  (Magdeburg,  1892  ;  mod.  succ.)  ; 
3-act  opera,  Die  Brant  von  Cypern  (Schwerin, 
1897  ;  succ);  also  female  choruses,  duets,  songs, 
and  a  pf. -sonata. 

KulTak,  Theodor,  pianist  and  pedagogue  of 
exceptional  attainments  ;  b.  Rrotoschin,  Posen, 
Sept.  12,  1S1S  ;  d. 
Berlin, Mar.  1, 1S82. 
His  musical  gifts 
attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  Prince  Rad- 
ziwill,  who  had  him 
trained  by  the  pian- 
i  s  t  A  g  t  h  e ,  and 
brought  him  out  at 
a  court  concert  in 
1829.  R.  neverthe- 
less, at  his  father's 
desire,  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine 
at  Berlin  in  1837  ; 
but  met  A  g  t  h  e 
there,  practised  and 

gave  lessons,  studied  harmony  under  Dehn,  and 
finally  devoted  himself  wholly  to  music.  In 
1842  he  studied  with  Czerny,  Sechter,  and  Nicolai 
in  Vienna  ;  and  after  a  brilliant  Austrian  pian- 
istic  tour,  settled  in  Berlin,  became  teacher  to 
the  royal  family,  and,  in  1S46,  court  pianist. 
In  1850  he  founded,  with  Julius  Stern  and  Bern- 
hard  Marx,  the  Berlin  (later  Stern)  Cons. ,  from 
which  he  resigned,  in  1855,  to  establish  his  own 
"  Neue  Akademie  der  Tonkunst,"  one  of  the 
most  successful  of  German  music-schools  (ef. 
below,  Franz  Rullak).  Besides  numerous  high 
orders,  he  received  the  title  of  "Royal  Professor" 
in  1 86 1.  Among  his  pupils  were  the  two  Schar- 
wenkas,  A.  Grunfeld,  Sherwood,  Arthur  Mees, 
Hans  Bischoff,  O.  Neitzel,  C.  Sternberg,  Moritz 
Moszkowski,  Erica  Lie,  Martha  Remmert,  and 
Helene  Geissler.  His  instructive  works  for 
piano  are  classics  in  their  line,  particularly  the 
"School  of  Octave-playing"  (op.  8),  with  its 
sequel,  "  Seven  Studies  in  Octave-playing"  (op. 
48),  employed  by  all  teachers,  and  three  books 
of  "Materialien  fur  denElementar-Unterricht  "; 
also  the  practical  part  of  the  Moscheles  and 
Fetis  Method  (2  books).  Other  works  :  Op.  5, 
La  danse  des  sylphides  ;  op.  7,  sonata  ;  op.  27, 
Svmphonie  de  piano  ;  op.    54,  Ballade  ;  op.  55, 


331 


K  U  L  LA  K—  K  U  N  Z  E  N 


concerto  ;  op.  57,  three  duos  w.  vln.  (with 
\Yiierst);op.  62  and  81,  "  Kinderleben"  (delight- 
ful sketches,  universally  admired)  ;  op.  70,  An- 
dante w.  vln.  or  clar. ;  op.  75,  Pastorales;  op. 
77,  trios  ;  op.  85,  Hymn  ;  op.  97,  Impromptu- 
Caprice  ;  op.  103,  two  Polonaises  caracteris- 
tiques  ;  op.  104,  four  solo  pieces  ;  op.  10S,  Airs 
nationaux  russes  (transcr.)  ;  op.  Ill,  Romances 
du  vieux  temps  ;  Arpeges,  and  La  Gazelle  (op. 
22)  (effective  salon-pieces  much  played) ;  difficult 
and  brilliant  paraphrases  and  fantasias  f.  pf . ; 
songs  ;  etc.;  about  130  in  all. — His  brother, 

Kul'lak,  Adolf,  b.  Meseritz,  Feb.  23,  1823  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Dec.  25,  1862.  Dr.  phil.  of  Berlin 
Univ.;  then  studied  music  under  Agthe  and 
Marx  ;  teacher  at  his  brother's  Acad.,  and 
contributor  to  raus.  periodicals.  Publ.  some 
pf. -pieces  and  songs  ;  wrote  "  Das  Musikalisch- 
Schone  "  (1858),  and  an  "  Aesthetik  des  Klavier- 
spiels  "  (1861,  2nd  ed.  1S76  ;  Engl.  ed.  New 
York,  1892),  a  very  valuable  and  instructive 
re'sumd  of  pf. -methods. 

Kul'lak,  Franz,  son  of  Theodor  K.;  b. 
Berlin,  Apr.  12,  1S42.  Pupil  of  his  father  and 
of  Wieprecht  (instrumentation)  ;  also  of  Liszt 
for  a  short  time  ;  in  1867,  teacher  of  pf.,  and 
director  of  the -orchestra-class,  in  his  father's 
Academy,  of  which  he  assumed  the  directorship 
on  the  latter's  death,  dissolving  the  institution 
in  1S90. — Works  :  An  opera,  Ines  de  Castro 
(Berlin,  1S77)  ;  pf. -music,  songs,  and  an  essay 
on  "  Der  Vortrag  in  der  Musik  am  Ende  des 
19.  Tahrhunderts  "  (Leipzig,  1S98). 

Kum'mer,  Kaspar,  b.  Erlau,  Province  of 
Saxony,  I>ec.  10,  1795;  d.  Koburg,  May  21, 
1870.  Flute-virtuoso  and  composer  ;  from  1813 
member  of  the  court  orch.,  Koburg,  later  Mit- 
sikdirector  there. — Works  :  Quintets  and  quar- 
tets f.  flute  and  strings  ;  flute-concertos,  trios, 
duos,  etc.;  and  a  Method  f.  flute. 

Kum'mer,  Friedrich  August,  b.  Meiningen, 
Aug.  5,  1797;  d.  Dresden,  May  22,  1879.  'Cello- 
pupil  of  Dotzauer  in  Dresden,  also  studying 
the  oboe,  becoming  oboist  in  the  court  orch., 
1814,  and  'cellist  in  1817,  retiring  1S64.  For 
many  years  teacher  of  'cello  in  Dresden  Cons. ; 
Goltermann,  Cossmann,  and  Hausmann  were 
among  his  distinguished  pupils.  He  was  a  vir- 
tuoso of  the  first  rank,  and  a  fine  writer  for  his 
instr.  (concertos,  a  concertino,  divertissements, 
fantasias,  variations,  etc.)  ;  likewise  about  200 
pieces  of  entr'acte-music  for  the  court  theatre, 
and  concert-pieces  f.  oboe,  clar.,  horn,  trumpet  ; 
and  a  method  f.  'cello.  —  I  lis  son,  Alexander, 
b.  Dresden,  July  10,  1850,  and  a  pupil  of  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  is  a  violin-virtuoso,  now  living  in 
England. 

Kiim'merle,  Salomon,  b.  Malmsheim,  n. 
Stuttgart,  Feb.  8,  1838  ;  d.  Samaden,  Sept.  28, 
1S96.  From  1S75-90,  professor  at  the  Lower 
School  in  Samaden.  Has  publ.  several  collec- 
tions of  vocal  music,  among  them  "  Musica 
sacra"    f.    2-part     male     ch.;    "  Grabgesange," 


"  Zionsharfe,"  "  Choralbuch  fur  evangelische 
Kirchenchore,"  and  an  "  Encyklopadie  der 
evangelischen  Kirchenmusik  "  (vol.  i,  18S8  ;  ii, 
1S90  ;  iii,  1896). 

Kiin'dinger,  Georg   Wilhelm,  b.   Konigs- 

hofen,  Bavaria,  Nov.  28,  1S00  ;  Stadtcantor  at 
Nordlingen  (1831)  and  Nuremberg  (1S3S)  ;  com- 
poser of  church-music.  —  His  sons  are  (1)  Alex- 
ander, b.  Kitzingen,  Feb.  13,  1S27  ;  violinist 
in  the  court  orch.,  St.  Petersburg;  comp.  music 
f.  vln.; — (2)  Kanut,  b.  Kitzingen,  Nov.  11, 
1830  ;  'cellist,  since  1S49,  in  the  Munich  court 
orch.; — and  (3)  Rudolf,  pianist  ;  b.  Nordlingen, 
May  2,  1832  ;  pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Blum- 
roder  (theory)  ;  since  1850  in  St.  Petersburg, 
in  i860  tutor  to  Grandduke  Constantin's  chil- 
dren ;  teacher  at  the  court,  and  to  the  reign- 
ing Empress.  For  one  year  (1879)  prof,  at  the 
Cons. — Publ.  a  trio  and  a  few  pf. -pieces. 

Kun'kel,  Franz  Joseph,  theorist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Drieburg,  Hesse,  Aug.  20,  1S04  ;  d. 
Frankfort-on-Main,  Dec.  31,  1880.  From  1828, 
rector  of  and  music-teacher  in  Bensheim  Teach- 
ers' Seminary  ;  pensioned  1854. — Works  :  A 
cantata,  psalms,  motets,  etc.;  wrote  a  "  Kleine 
Musiklehre  ";  "  Die  Verurtheilung  der  Conser- 
vatorien  zu  Pflanzschulen  des  musikalischen 
Proletariats"  (1855);  "  Kritische  Beleuchtung 
des  C.  F.  Weitzmann'schen  Harmonic-Sys- 
tems"; "  Die  neue  Harmonielehre  im  Streit  mit 
der  alten  "  (1S63)  ;  etc. 

Kun'tze,  Carl,  b.  Trier,  May  17,  1817  ;  d. 
Delitzsch,  Saxony,  Sept.  7,  1S83.  Pupil  of 
A.  W.  Bach,  Marx,  and  Rungenhagen,  at  Berlin  ; 
cantor  and  organist  at  Pritzwalk,  "  R.  Music- 
director"  in  1852;  1S58,  organist  at  Aschers- 
leben  ;  1873,  music-teacher  at  the  Delitzsch 
Seminary.  Best  known  as  a  composer  of 
humorous  male  choruses  ("  Adam  und  Eva," 
"  Der  Hechtim  Karpfenteich,"  "  Weingalopp," 
"  Der  neue  Bi'irgermeister,"  "  Die  Schwieger- 
mutter  ")  ;  also  wrote  an  operetta,  Im  Gebirge 
(Dessau,  1875),  motets  and  songs  f.  mixed  ch., 
organ-pieces,  etc.  Edited  the  3rd  ed.  (1875)  of 
Seidel's  "  Die  Orgel  und  ihr  Bau." 

Kunz,  Konrad  Max,  b.  Schwandorf,  Bav. 
Palatinate,  Dec.  30,  1812  ;  d.  Munich,  Aug.  3, 
1875.  Pupil  of  Hartmann  Stuntz  at  Munich  ; 
was  a  co-founder,  and  the  conductor,  of  the 
Munich  Liedertafel ;  composed  many  very  pop- 
ular male  quartets  ("  Elstein,"  "  Odin,  der 
Schlachtengott"),  though  his  best-known  work 
(op.  14)  is  "200  Canons  for  Piano,"  warmly 
recommended  by  von  Billow,  a  series  of  most 
excellent  short  technical  studies  ;  he  also  publ. 
the  satirical  pamphlet,  "  Die  Griindung  der 
Moosgau-Bruderschaft  Moosgrillia." 

Kun'zen,  Johann  Paul,  b.  Leisnig,  Saxony, 
Aug.  30,  1696  ;  d.  1770  at  Ll'ibeck  as  organist. 
His  works  (several  operas  for  Hamburg,  an  ora- 
torio, a  Passion,  cantatas,  etc.)  were  praised  by 
Mattheson. — His  son, 

Kun'zen,  Adolf  Carl,  b.  Wittenberg,  Sept. 


332 


KUNZEN— LABITZKY 


22,  1720;  d.  Liibeck,  in  July,  .17S1,  as  his 
father's  successor  as  organist  of  the  Marien- 
kirche.  He  was  a  very  precocious  pianist,  mak- 
ing tours  in  Holland  and  England  at  the  age  of 
8.  Only  a  few  of  his  pf. -sonatas  were  publ. ;  he 
also,  wrote  an  oratorio,  a  Passion,  symphonies, 
21  violin-concertos,  etc.  (many  MSS.  are  in  the 
library  of  the  Brussels  Cons.). — His  son  and 
pupil, 

Kun'zen,  Friedrich  Ludwig  Aemilius,  b. 
Liibeck,  Sept.  24,  1761  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Jan. 
2S,  1  Si 7.  He  attended  Kiel  Univ.,  1784-7  ; 
then  settled  in  Copenhagen  as  a  teacher  of 
music,  producing  the  successful  opera  Holger 
Danske  in  17S9.  After  spending  a  few  years  in 
Berlin,  and  as  Kapellmeister  at  Frankfort  and 
Prague,  where  his  opera  Das  Fest  tier  Winzer, 
oJer  Die  Weinlese  made  a  sensation  in  1795,  he 
succeeded  Schulz  as  court  conductor  at  Copen- 
hagen (1795).  Here  he  brought  out  numerous 
Danish  operas  ;  also  oratorios,  cantatas,  over- 
tures, choruses,  pf. -sonatas,  etc. 

Kup'fer-Ber'ger,  Ludmilla,  dramatic  so- 
prano; b.  Vienna,  1850,  and  a  pupil  of  the  Cons, 
there.  Debut  as  Marguerite  (Faust)  at  Linz-on- 
Danube,  186S,  then  succeeding  the  Harriers- 
Wippern  at  the  Berlin  court  opera.  After  marry- 
ing the  Berlin  merchant  Kupfer,  she  was  en- 
gaged at  the  Vienna  court  opera  as  Materna's 
alternate. 

Kurpin'ski,  Karl  (Kasimir),  b.  Luschwitz, 
Posen,  Mar.  5,  17S5  ;  d.  Warsaw,  Sept.  18, 
1S57.  At  first  2nd  conductor,  from  1S25-41 
Eisner's  successor  as  1st  conductor,  of  the  War- 
saw National  Th.,  he  brought  out  some  24 
Polish  operas,  and  several  ballets  between 
1S11-26. 

Kursch/mann.     See  Curschmann. 

Kurth,  (Martin  Alexander)  Otto,  b.  Trie- 
bel,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  II,  1846. 
Pupil  of  Haupt,  LoschhOrn,  and  Jul.  Schneider, 
at  Berlin.  Since  1871,  teacher  of  music  in  the 
Teachers'  Seminary  at  Liineburg  ;  received  the 
title  of  "  R.  Music-director"  in  1SS5. — Works  : 
The  3-act  opera  Konigin  Bertha  (Berlin,  1892) ; 
1 -act  opera  Das  Gliiek  von  Hohenstein  (MS.)  ; 
3-act  opera  Wittekiinl ;  oratorio,  Isaaks  Opfe- 
rung ;  Advent  Cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  2 
Hungarian  Dances  f.  orch.;  pieces  f.  string- 
orch.;  three  symphonies  (in  C  min.,  in  1),  and 
in  F)  ;  pf. -quartet  in  Ej?  ;  pf.-trio  in  C  min.; 
"  Old  German  Warsongs,"  and  "  Prussian  War- 
songs  of  Frederick  the  Great's  time,"  f.  soli,  male 
ch.,  and  orch.;  2  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  etc. 

Kus'ser  (or  Cousser),  Johann  Siegmund, 
b.  Pressburg,  about  1657  ;  d.  Dublin,  1727.  He 
is  best  known  as  the  conductor  (1693-5)  who 
raised  the  Hamburg  opera  to  renown  ;  in  this 
capacity  Mattheson,  in  his  "  Yollkommener 
Capellmeister,"  holds  him  up  as  a  model.  Before 
this  period  he  had  lived  5  years  in  Paris  as 
Lully's  intimate  ;  from  1698-1704  he  conducted 
the  Stuttgart  opera  ;  then  became  cond.  of  the 


Viceroy's  orchestra  at  Dublin. — Works  :  The 
operas  Erindo  (1693),  Fonts  (1694),  Pyramus 
und  Thisbe  (1694),  Scipio  Afrieanus  (1695),  and 
Jason  (1697),  all  prod,  at  Hamburg;  "  Apollon 
enjoue,"  6  operatic  overtures  and  several  arias 
(1700) ;  "  Heliconische  Musenlust"   (1700)  ;  etc. 

Kiis'ter,  Hermann,  b.  Templin,  Branden- 
burg, July  14,  1S17  ;  d.  Herford,  Westphalia, 
Mar.  17,  1878.  After  study  under  A.  W.  Bach, 
Ludwig  Berger,  Marx,  and  Rungenhagen  at 
Berlin,  he  was  mus.  director  at  Saarbriicken 
1S45-52,  then  settling  in  Berlin  as  a  music- 
teacher.  Here  he  founded  the  "Berliner  Ton- 
kiinstler-Verein,"  succeeded  Grell  as  court  and 
cathedral-organist  in  1S57,  with  the  title  of  "  K. 
Music-director";  was  made  "Professor"  in 
1S74. — Publ.  "  Ueber  Handel's  Israel  in  Agyp- 
ten"(iS54);  "  Fopuliire  Vortrage  iiber  Bildung 
und  Begriindung  eines  musikalischen  Urtheils  " 
(4  vol.s,  1870-7)  ;  "  Methode  fur  den  Unterricht 
im^Gesang  auf  hoheren  Schulanstalten  "  (1S72)  ; 
"  Uber  die  Formen  in  der  Musik  "  (1872)  ;  etc. 
He  composed  7  oratorios  ;  also  orchestral  and 
church-music,  songs,  etc. 

Kwast,  James,  pianist;  b.  Nijkerk,  Holland, 
Nov.  23,  1S52.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  Ferd. 
Bohme  ;  later  of  Reinecke  and  Richter  at  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  of  Th.  Kullak  and  Wiierst  at  Berlin, 
and  of  Brassin  and  Gevaert  at  Brussels.  1S74, 
teacher  at  Cologne  Cons.;  since  1883,  pf. -teacher 
at  the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort. — Works  :  A  pf. - 
concerto  in  F  ;  a  pf.-trio;  a  Romanze  in  F+f; 
and  other  pf. -music. 


Labarre,  Theodore,  famous  harpist ;  b. 
Paris,  Mar.  5,  1S05  ;  d.  there  Mar.  9,  1S70. 
Private  pupil  of  Cousineau,  Bochsa,  and  Nader- 
man  ;  at  the  Cons,  of  Dourlen,  Eler,  Fetis,  and 
Boieldieu.  From  1824  he  lived  alternately  in 
London  and  Paris  till  1S47  ;  was  then  chef  d'or- 
ehestre  at  the  Opera-Comique  for  2  years,  lived 
2  years  longer  in  London,  and  in  1S51  was  app. 
conductor  of  Louis  Napoleon's  private  orchestra  : 
succeeded  Prumier  as  harp-prof,  at  the  Cons,  in 
1867. — Works  :  4  operas,  5  ballets  ;  all  sorts  of 
soli  and  duets  f.  harp  ;  a  "  Methode  complete" 
f.  harp  ;  elegant  romances  ;  etc. 

Labatt',  Leonard, celebrated  dramatic  tenor; 
b.  Stockholm,  1838  ;  d.  there  March  7,  1S97. 
Pupil  of  the  Stockholm  Acad,  of  Music,  and  of 
Masset  at  Paris  ;  debut  as  Tamino  at  Stockholm 
in  1866  ;  from  1869-83,  member  of  the  court 
opera,  Vienna. 

Labitz'ky,  Joseph,  dance-composer  ;  b. 
Schonfeld,  n.  Eger,  July  4,  1802  ;  d.  Karlsbad, 
Aug.  19,  1881.  Taught  by  Veit  of  Petschau, 
in  1820  he  joined  the  orch.  at  Marienbad  as  1st 
violin,  in  1821  the  Karlsbad  orch.  ;  in  1S34  he 
organized  an  orch.  of  his  own,  making  concert- 
tours  from  Russia  to  England.  His  waltzes, 
galops,  quadrilles,  etc.,  are  still  favorites. — His 


333 


LABLACHE—  LACIINER 


sons  arc  (i)  August,  b.  Petschau,  Saxony,  Oct. 
22,  1832,  pupil  of  Prague  Cons.,  also  of  David 
and  Hauptmann  in  Leipzig,  became  in  1853 
cond.  of  the  Karlsbad  Kurorchester  ;  he  com- 
poses pf.-pieces,  etc. — and  (2)  Wilhelm,  a 
violinist,  settled  in  Toronto,  Canada. 

Lablache,  Luigi,  bass  opera -singer  ;  b. 
Naples,  Dec.  6,  1794  ;  d.  there  Jan.  23,  1S58. 
His  voice,  of  great  compass  (E  b-e'b)  and  won- 
derful volume  and  flexibility,  was  trained  by 
Valesi  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de'  Turchini,  in 
which  L.  spent  6  years.  At  18  he  commenced 
his  career,  as  a  basso  futffo  at  the  San  Carlino 
Th.;  married  soon  after,  and  followed  his  young 
wife's  advice  to  leave  that  theatre,  and  begin 
higher  studies.  In  a-  year  he  was  eng.  at  the 
Palermo  theatre  as  prima  basso  cantante,  and 
sang  there  with  growing  applause  for  5  years  ; 
then  at  Milan,  Venice,  Vienna,  and  in  1S30  at 
Paris,  where  his  Geronimo  in  the  Matrimonio 
segreto  won  him  the  reputation  of  the  first  dra- 
matic bass  of  his  day.  He  sang  thereafter,  till 
his  retirement  in  1852,  at  Paris,  St.  Petersburg, 
and  London.  His  impersonation  of  Leporello, 
in  Dan  Giovanni,  was  considered  the  finest  ever 
seen  on  the  stage. 

La'bor,  Josef,  b.  Horowitz,  Bohemia,  June 
29,  1842.  A  blind  pianist,  pupil  of  Sechter 
and  Pirkhert  at  the  Vienna  Cons.;  after  a  suc- 
cessful debut  at  Vienna,  he  made  a  long  concert- 
tour  in  Germany,  remaining  2  years  in  Hanover 
as  chamber-pianist  and  teacher  of  the  princess. 
In  Brussels  and  London,  1865  ;  Leipzig,  1866  ; 
then  at  Paris,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Moscow  ;  now 
living  in  Vienna.  He  is  also  an  excellent  organ- 
ist.— Works  :  Pf. -quintet,  pf. -quartet,  other  pf.- 
music,  songs,  etc.  (publ.);  a  Paternoster  f.  ch. 
and  orch.,  and  an  Ave  Maria  in  canon-form  f. 
female  voices,  have  been  perf.  in  the  Court 
Chapel. 

Laborde,  Jean-Benjamin  de,  b.  Paris,  Sept. 
5,  1734  ;  d.  there  July  22,  1794.  Pupil  of  Dau- 
vergne  (vln.)  and  Rameau  (comp.).  He  was 
chamberlain  to  Louis  XV.,  and  a  member  of  the 
Compagnie  des  Fermiers-Generaux  ;  after  the 
king's  death  he  withdrew  from  the  court,  and 
devoted  himself  to  composition. — Works  :  11 
comic  operas;  chansons;  etc.;  an  "  Essai  sur 
la  musique  ancienne  et  moderne  "  (1780  ;  four 
vol.s) ;  a  "  Memoire  sur  les  proportions  musicales 
.  .  .  "  (17S1  ;  a  suppl.  to  the  "  Essai");  and 
"  Memoires  historiques  sur  Raoul  de  Coucy " 
(1781). 

Lach'ner,  Franz,  eminent  composer  and 
contrapuntist  ;  b.  Rain,  Upper  Bavaria,  April  2, 
1804  ;  d.  Munich,  Jan.  20,  1S90.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  a  poor  organist;  then,  forGyears,  of  Eisen- 
hofer,  the  rector  of  the  Gymnasium  at  Neuburg- 
on-Danube,  in  composition.  Going  to  Munich, 
he  earned  his  livelihood  by  teaching,  and  playing 
in  an  orchestra,  also  studying  under  Kapellm. 
Ett.  In  1822  he  proceeded  to  Vienna,  became 
organist  of  the  Protestant  church,  and  took 
further  lessons  from  Stadler,  Sechter,  and  Weigl  ; 


was  an  intimate  friend  of  Schubert's,  and  was 
also  .strongly  influenced  by  intercourse  with 
Beethoven.  Through  Duport's  good  offices  he 
was  app.,  in  1S26, 
Kapellm.  at  the 
Karnthnerthor  Th., 
remaining  there 
until  called  in  like 
capacity  to  Mann- 
heim in  1834  ;  he 
also  established  the 
Philharm.  Concerts 
in  Vienna.  Passing 
through  Munich,  the 
production  of  his  D 
m i n o r  sympho n y 
procured  him  the 
appointment  of 
court  Kapellm., 
taking  effect  at  the  expiration  of  his  engage- 
ment at  Mannheim  in  1836.  In  Munich  he 
assumed  a  very  prominent  position  as  cond.  of 
the  court  opera,  the  court  performances  of  sacred 
music,  and,  from  1852,  as  General  Mus.  Direc- 
tor;  he  retired  on  pension  in  1S68,  the  growing 
predominance  of  Wagnerial  tendencies  at  court 
being  distasteful  to  him.  From  Munich  Univ. 
he  received  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  lion,  eausa 
in  1872.  His  eight  orchestral  suites  are  the  hap- 
piest inventions  of  his  decidedly  original  talent  ; 
in  them  his  gifts  for  imitative  and  contrapuntal 
work,  in  an  individual  development  of  the  Bach 
tradition,  find  widest  scope.  He  brought  out  4 
operas  :  Die  Burgschaft  (Pesth,  1828;  Munich, 
1S34) ;  Alidia  (Munich,  1S39)  ;  Catarina  Cor- 
nara  (Munich,  1841)  ;  and  Benvenuto  Cellini 
(Munich,  1849)  ;  music  to  Lanassa  (Vienna, 
1832);  the  oratorios  Moses  and  Die  vier  Menschen- 
alter;  a  Requiem  (op.  146) ;  a  solemn  mass  (op. 
52)  ;  2  Stabat  Maters  ;  other  masses,  motets,  and 
Psalms;  8  symphonies  (the  "  appassionata  "  is 
op.  72)  ;  concert-overtures  ;  festival  march  f. 
brass  ;  nonet  f .  wind  ;  sextets,  quintets,  quartets, 
trios,  and  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  strings  ;  serenade  f. 
4  'celli  ;  elegy  f.  5  'celli  ;  2  harp-concertos  ; 
organ-music  (sonatas,  fugues,  etc.)  ;  songs  w. 
orch.  or  pf.  ;  part-songs  ;  male  quartets  ;  female 
trios  ;   etc. — He  had  two  brothers  : 

Lach'ner,  Ignaz,  b.  Rain,  Sept.  11,  1S07  ;  d. 
Hanover,  Feb.  24,  1S95.  Pupil  of  his  father  ; 
then,  at  Augsburg,  where  he  attended  the  Gym- 
nasium, of  Neugebauer  (vln.),  Keller  (pf.),  and 
Witschka  (comp.).  He  joined  his  brother  Franz 
in  the  orch.  of  the  Isarthal  Th.,  Munich,  and 
followed  him  to  Vienna  in  1824,  succeeding  him 
as  organist  in  the  Protestant  church  ;  he  entered 
the  orch.  of  the  Karnthnerthor 'Ph.,  and  in  1825 
became  2nd  Kapellm.  at  the  court  opera.  In 
1831,  court  mus.  director  at  Stuttgart  ;  in  1842, 
2nd  Kapellm.,  under  his  brother,  at  Munich  ;  in 
1853,  Kapellm.  of  the  Hamburg  City  Th.;  in 
1S58,  court  conductor  at  Stockholm  ;  from  1861  — 
75,  1st  Kapellm.  at  Frankfort,  then  retiring. — 
Works  :   The    operas  Der  Geisterthurm   (Stutt- 


334 


LACHNER— LAFAGE 


gart,  1837);  Die  RegenbrUder  (ibid.,  1839); 
Loreley  (Munich,  1846)  ;  several  "  Singspiele," 
among  them  the  popular  's  letzie  Fensterle; 
ballets,  melodramas,  entr'actes,  symphonies, 
string-quartets  and  trios  ;  masses  ;  pf.-pieces  ; 
etc.,  his  last  work  (op.  108)  being  4  duos  f.  vln. 
and  pf. 

Lach'ner,  Vincenz,  b.  Rain,  Jul}-  19,  1S11  ; 
d.  Karlsruhe,  Jan.  22,  1S93.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
and,  in  Vienna,  of  his  brothers  ;  he  succeeded 
Ignaz  as  organist  in  1S31,  and  Franz  as  court 
Kapellm.  at  Mannheim  in  1S36,  being  pensioned 
in  1S73.  In  1S42  he  cond.  the  German  opera 
in  London,  and  in  Frankfort  the  municipal 
opera  in  1S4S.  Lived  from  1S73  in  Karlsruhe, 
teaching  in  the  Cons,  there  after  1S84.  His  4- 
part  male  choruses  are  celebrated,  particularly 
his  settings  of  nearly  all  of  V.  Scheffel's  songs, 
among  the  best  being  "Alt  Heidelberg,  du 
feine,"  "  Ira  schwarzen  Wallfisch,"  "Nun 
griiss'  dich  Gott,  Alt  Heidelberg";  he  also 
wrote  music  to  Schiller's  Turandot,  and  Deme- 
trius;  symphonies,  overtures,  string-quartets,  a 
pf. -quartet,  numerous  songs,  etc. 

Lack,  Theodore,  pianist  and  composer ;  b. 
Quimper,  Finisterre,  France,  Sept.  3,  1S46. 
Pupil,  at  Paris  Cons.,  of  Marmontel  (pf.)  and 
Bazin  (harm.)  ;  living  since  1863  as  a  teacher 
and  composer  at  Paris.  Officer  of  the  Acade- 
mic, 1SS1  ;  Officier  de  l'lnstruction  publique, 
1S87. — Works :  A  great  quantity  of  elegant 
saton-music  for  #  piano  (Tarentelle,  op.  20  ; 
Bolero,  op.  27  ;  Etudes  elegantes,  op.  30  ;  Valse 
espagnole,  op.  40  ;  Scenes  enfantines,  op.  61  ; 
Etudes  de  Mile.  Didi,  op.  S5  ;  Souvenir  d'Al- 
sace,  op.  106  ;  Polonaise  de  concert,  for  2  pf.s  ; 
etc.). 

Lack'owitz,  Wilhelm,  b.  Trebbin,  n.  Ber- 
lin, Jan.  13,  1S37.  Pupil  of  Erk,  Th.  Kullak, 
and  Dehn  ;  editor,  since,  1877,  of  the  "  Deutsche 
Musikerzeitung."  Publ.  "  Musikalische  Skiz- 
zenblatter  "  (2nd  ed.  1876). 

Lacombe,  Louis,  [Brouillon-Lacombe,]  b. 

Bourges,  France,  Nov.  26,  1818  ;  d.  St.-Vaast- 
la-Hougue,  Sept.  30,  18S4.  From  1829,  Zim- 
merman's pupil  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  taking  first 
prize  for  pf. -playing  in  1831.  After  a  pianistic 
tour  through  France,  Belgium,  and  Germany, 
he  resided  in  Vienna  for  8  months  (1834),  study- 
ing with  Czerny,  Fischhof,  Seyfried,  and  Sech- 
ter.  After  a  second  tour  in  Germany,  he  took 
lessons  in  composition  from  Barbireau,  and  set- 
tled in  Paris  as  a  much-sought  teacher,  a  suc- 
cessful concert-giver,  and  industrious  composer. 
— Works  :  A  i-act  comic  opera  La  Madone 
(1861)  ;  a  2-act  comic  opera  Le  Tonnelier  (given 
as  Meister  Martin  und  seine  Gesellen  at  Ko- 
blenz, 1897)  ;  a  4-act  grand  opera  Winkelried 
(Geneva,  1892)  ;  a  melodrama  V Amour  (1859)  \ 
the  prize-cantata  Sapho  (1878)  ;  a  grand  "  Epo- 
pee lyrique"  f.  orch.;  2  dramatic  symphonies  w. 
soli  and  ch.  ("  Manfred,"  1847,  and  "  Arva,  ou 
les    Hongrois"    1850);    a    pf. -quintet    w.    vln., 


'cello,  oboe,  and  bassoon,  op.  26  ;  2  pf. -trios  ; 
numerous  pf.  -  pieces  (4  Nocturnes  ;  grand 
"  Etudes  en  octaves,"  op.  40  ;  "  Choral,  grande 
etude  de  concert,"  op.  45  ;  Six  romances  sans 
paroles,  op.  52)  ;  also  choruses  a  cappella  and  w. 
organ  ;  etc.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  "  Philoso- 
phic et  musique"  (Paris,  1895). 

Lacombe,  Paul,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Carcassonne,  Oude,  France,  July  11,  1S37,  and 
taught  there  by  Teysseyre,  but  chiefly  self- 
trained.  His  chamber-music  (sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
vln.,  a  pf.-trio,  a  serenade  f.  flute,  oboe,  and 
strings,  etc.)  and  pf. -music  (divertissement  f. 
pf.  and  orch.,  suite  f.  ditto,  etudes,  "  Ara- 
besques," "  Aubade  aux  maries,"  etc.)  are  his 
most  famous  productions  (he  received  the  Prix 
Chartier  in  1S89  for  chamber-music)  ;  his  other 
works  include  3  symphonies,  a  symphonic  over- 
ture, a  Suite  pastorale  f.  orch.,  a  serenade  and 
"  Scene  au  camp  "  f.  ditto,  a  mass,  a  requiem, 
songs,  etc. 

Lacome,  Paul,  [Paul-Jean-Jacques  La- 
come  de  l'Estaleux.J  b.  Houga,  Gers,  Prance, 
Mar.  4,  1838.  Since  1S60  in  Paris.  He  con- 
tributed to  various  mus.  reviews,  and  is  a  com- 
poser of  light  operas  and  operettas,  having  pro- 
duced a  score  of  stage-pieces,  the  latest  being 
Le  Cadeait  de  noces  (1S93),  Le  Bain  de  Monsieur 
(1895),  and  Le  Mare'ehal  Chaudron  (1898).  His 
Jeanne,  feannette  et  Jeanneton  (1876)  was  also 
quite  successful  in  Germany.  Other  works : 
Orchestral  suites  ;  quartets  ;  trios ;  over  200 
songs  ("  I'Estudiantina  ")  ;  psalms  f.  1  or  more 
voices,  w.  org.  or  pf.;  pf.-music  ("  Les  succes 
de  famille,"  30  progr.  pes.  f..  little  pianists). 

La'degast,  Friedrich,  b.  Ilochhermsdorf, 
n.  Leipzig,  Aug.  30,  1S1S  ;  worked  for  his 
brother,  an  organ-builder  at  Geringswalde,  and 
set  up  for  himself  at  Weissenfels  in  1S46.  One 
of  the  best  of  modern  German  organ-builders  ; 
renovated  the  great  Merseburg  organ  (1855), 
and  built  the  organ  in  the  Nikolaikirche  at 
Leipzig  (1859-62  ;  4  manuals  and  S5  stops). 

Ladur'ner,  Ignaz  Anton  Franz  Xaver,  b. 

Aldein,  Tyrol,  Aug.  1,  1766  ;  d.  Villain  (Massy), 
Seine-et-Oise,  Mar.  4,  1839.  From  1777-82  he 
studied  in  the  monastery  at  Benediktbeuern  ; 
then  became  organist  at  Algund,  near  Meran, 
and  afterwards  studied  at  Munich  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  Countess  Hainhausen,  herself  an  ex- 
cellent pianist,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Bar-le- 
Duc.  From  1788  to  his  retirement  in  1836  he 
lived  in  Paris,  renowned  as  a  teacher  and  pian- 
ist. Auber  was  his  pupil. — Works:  Nine  pf.- 
sonatas  (op.  1,  2,  4)  ;  3  more,  followed  by  a  ca- 
price (op.  11)  ;  3  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (op.  5), 
and  3  more  (op.  7)  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  4  hands  (op. 
6)  ;  also  variations  and  divertissements.  He 
brought  out  2  operas  at  the  Opera-Comique. 

Lafage,  Juste-Adrien-Lenoir  de,  eminent 
writer  ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  2S,  1801  ;  d.  at  the  Cha- 
renton  Insane  Asylum,  Mar.  8,  1862.  Pupil  of 
Perneand  Choron  ;  then  taught  singing  ;  went  to 


335 


LAFONT— LAI.O 


Rome  in  1828,  on  a  government  stipend,  to  study 
under  Baini  ;  1829,  maitrc  de  chapelle  at  St.- 
Etienne-du-Mont,  Paris  ;  visited  Italy  1833-6, 
and  1848,  and  also  travelled  to  Germany,  Spain, 
and  England.  He  died  of  brain-disorders  due 
to  overwork.  In  1859  he  founded  the  periodical 
"  Le  Plain-chant."  Important  writings  :  "  Ma- 
nuel complet  de  musique  vocale  et  instrumental  " 
(1836-8  ;  6  vol.s) ;  "  Semeiologie  musicale  "  (ele- 
ments of  music  after  Choron  ;  1S37  ; — an  epit- 
ome was  also  publ.,  1837,  as  "  Principes  ele- 
mentaires  de  musique") ;  "  De  la  chanson  con- 
sidered sous  le  rapport  musical"  (1840)  ;  "  His- 
toire  generale  de  la  musique  et  de  la  danse " 
(1S44  ;  2  vol.s);  "  Miscellaneesmusicales  "  (1844, 
sketches  of  Bellini,  Haydn,  and  others) ;  sketches 
of  Zingarelli,  S.  Mattei  (1839),  Choron,  Bocquil- 
lon-Wilhem,  Baini  (all  1S44),  Donizetti;  "  Es- 
sais  de  diphterographie  musicale"  ;  "  De  l'unite 
tonique  et  de  la  fixation  d'un  diapason  univer- 
sel  "  (1859)  ;  "  Nicolai  Capuani  presbyteri  com- 
pendium musicale  "  ;  many  works  on  plain  song  : 
"  De  la  reproduction  des  livres  de  plain-chant 
romain  "(1853)  ;  "  Cours  complet  de  plain-chant" 
(1855-6  ;  2  vol.s)  ;  "  Nouveau  traite  de  plain- 
chant "  (1859)  ;  "  Routine  pour  accompagner  le 
plain-chant";  etc.  —  He  comp.  motets,  etc.; 
duets,  fantasias,  and  variations  for  flute  ;  and 
songs. 

Lafont,  Charles-Philippe,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  1, 
1781  ;  d.  on  the  way  from  Bagnieres-de-Bigorre 
to  Tarbes,  Aug.  14,  1839.  Violin-virtuoso,  the 
nephew  and  a  pupil  of  Bertheaume  ;  studied  later 
with  Kreutzer  and  Rode.  Made  a  concert-tour 
in  Germany  with  his  uncle  while  very  young,  and 
continued  travelling  until  appointed  chamber- 
virtuoso  at  St.  Petersburg  as  Rode's  successor. 
From  1S15  he  lived  mostly  in  Paris  as  court  vio- 
linist ;  but  still  made  tours,  and  met  his  death  on 
one  of  them. — 7  violin-concertos  ;  rondos,  fan- 
tasias, variations,  etc.,  either  f.  orch.,  or  string- 
quartet,  harp,  pf. ,  etc.  ;  about  200  romances  for 
voice  ;  and  2  comic  operas,  prod,  at  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Paris. 

La  Grange,  Mme.  Anna  (Caroline)  de,  b. 

Paris,  July  24,  1S25.  Soprano  coloratura-singer, 
with  a  voice  remarkable  for  range  and  flexibility  ; 
pupil  of  Bordogni  and  Lamperti ;  debut  1842,  at 
Varese  ;  she  sang  in  Italy  until  1848  ;  then  in 
Vienna,  where  she  married  the  wealthy  Russian 
Stankowich,  and  Paris;  from  1849-69,  long  ar- 
tistic tours  in  Europe  and  America  (in  New  York, 
1855). 

La  Harpe,  Jean-Francois  de,  poet  and 
critic  ;  b.  Paris,  Nov.  20,  1739  ;  d.  there  Feb.  11, 
1803.  An  opponent  of  Gluck's  music,  which  he 
attacked  in  the  "Journal  de  politique  et  de  li- 
terature" (1777). 

Lahee,  Henry,  b.  Chelsea,  England,  Apr.  n, 
1826.  Pupil  of  Bennett  and  C.  Potter  (pf.),  and 
J.  Goss  (comp.) ;  organist  1847-74  of  Holy  Trin- 
ity Ch.,  Brompton.  Concert-pianist  ;  member  of 
the  Philharm  Soc.  ;  living  in  Croydon  as  teacher 


and  composer. — Works  :  Cantatas  The  Building 
of  the  Ship  (1869)  ;  The  Blessing  of  the  Children 
(1S70) ;  The  Jolly  Beggars  (MS.) ;  and  2  others 
for  female  voices,  The  Sleeping  Beauty,  and  The 
Blind  Girl  of  Costel  Cuille  ;  several  anthems  ; 
numerous  very  popular  glees,  madrigals,  and 
part-songs. 

Lahire,  Philippe  de,  b.  Paris,  1640  ;  d.  there 
Apr.  21,  1719.  Prof,  of  mathematics  at  Paris 
Univ.  ;  wrote  "  Explications  de  differences  des 
sons  de  la  corde  tendue  sur  la  trompette  marine," 
and  "  Experiences  sur  le  son." 

Laidlaw,  Anna  Robena,  [.Mrs.  Thomson,] 
pianist  ;  b.  Bretton,  Yorkshire,  Apr.  30,  1819. 
Pupil  of  Robert  Muller  at  Edinburgh  ;  then  stud- 
ied in  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  and  in  1834  with 
Henri  Herz  at  London.  In  Berlin,  1836,  she 
met  Ludwig  Berger  ;  played  in  the  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig,  in  1837,  and  made  Schumann's  acquaint- 
ance ;  he  inscribed  his  Phantasiestiicke,  op.  12, 
to  her.  Her  eminently  successful  career  as  a 
concert-pianist  continued  until  her  marriage  in 
1852. 

Lajarte,  Theodore-Edouard  Dufaure  de, 

b.  Bordeaux,  July  10,  1S26  ;  d.  Paris,  June  20, 
1890.  Writer  and  composer  ;  pupil  of  Leborne 
at  the  Paris  Cons.,  and  prod,  numerous  operas 
and  operettas  ;  also  marches  and  dances  for  mili- 
tary band,  etc.  From  1873  he  was  archivist  of 
the  Grand  Opera,  and  wrote  a  "  Bibliotheque 
musicale  du  theatre  de  l'Opera  "  (1876,  etc.  ;  2 
vol.s);  "Instruments  Sax  et  fanfares  civiles " 
(1S67)  ;  and,  with  Bisson,  a  "  Traite  de  compo- 
sition musicale"  (1880);  publ.  a  coll.  of  "Airs 
a  danser  de  Lulli  a  Mehul,"  and  "  Chefs  d'eeuvre 
classiques  de  l'opera  francais,"  including  vocal 
scores  of  Lully's  A  r wide,  Psyche,  and  The'see, 
besides  operas  by  Campra,  Rameau,  et  al, 

Lajeunesse,  Marie  Louise  Cecilia  Emma. 
See  Albani. 

Lalande,  Michel-Richard  de,  b.  Paris,  Dec. 
15,  IU57  ;  d.  there  June  18,  1726.  Pupil  of 
Chaperon  ;  organist  of  four  churches  in  Paris, 
music-master  to  the  princesses,  and  from  1683 
chef  de  musique  to  Louis  XIV.  A  very  eminent 
church-composer  (works  MS.),  and  also  wrote 
many  ballets,  the  music  to  Moliere's  Melicerte, 
etc.  60  motets  f.  ch.  and  orch.  were  publ.  in  an 
edition  de  luxe  in  20  parts. 

Lalande  [  Meric-  Lalande  ],  Hemiette- 
Clementine,  brilliant  stage-soprano  ;  b.  Dun- 
kirk, 1798  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  7,  1867.  At  first  a 
"  natural"  singer  in  comedy-opera,  she  received 
stricter  training  from  Garcia,  and  at  Milan  from 
Bontichi  and  Banderali  ;  was  highly  successful 
in  Italy,  Vienna,  and  Paris,  but  less  fortunate  in 
London. 

Lalo,  Edouard  (-Victor- Antoine),  distin- 
guished French  composer  ;  b.  Lille,  Jan.  27, 
1823;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  22,  1892.  Pupil  of  Bau- 
mann  at  the  branch  of  the  Paris  Cons,  in  Lille  ; 
excellent  player  on  the  violin  and   viola,   which 


336 


LA  MARA— LAMOND 


latter  he  played  in  the  Armingaud  and  Jacquard 
soirees  ;   he  lived  in    Paris    as  a  composer  and 
teacher. — Works:  Theopera  Fiesque (never perf., 
although   accepted   in  Paris  and  Brussels)  ;  the 
spectacle  Ndron  (Paris,  iSqi)  ;  the  4-act  opera 
La    Jacquerie    (L. 
set  to    music  only 
the    first    act,    and 
did   not    even    or- 
chestrate that ;  fin- 
ished  byCoquard, 
and    successfully 
prod,    in    Monte 
Carlo,  1895);  a  bal- 
let, Namonna ;  the 
4-act  opera  Le  Roi 
d'Ys   (188S)  ;    a 
"  Rhapsodie    nor- 
ve'gienne"  f.  orch. ; 
a  pf.   concerto  ;    2 
violin-concertos 
(No.  1  dedicated  to 

Sarasate;No.  2  is  the  "  Symphonic  espagnole");  a 
Divertissement,  and  an  "  Allegro  symphonique," 
f.  orch.;  a  string-quartet  ;  2  pf.- trios  ;  a  sere- 
nade f.  vln.;  a  Duo  concertant  f.  pf.  and  vln.; 
a  violin-sonata,  and  a  'cello-sonata,  w.  pf. ; 
characteristic  pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  for  vln., 
'cello,  and  pf . ,  and  for  'cello  and  pf . ;  and  ' '  Melo- 
dies vocales." 

La  Mara.     See  Lipsius,  Marie. 

Lambert,  Michel,  b.  Vivonne,  roitou,  1610 ; 
d.  Paris,  1696.  From  about  1650  he  was  master 
of  chamber-music  to  Louis  XIV.  Celebrated 
singing-teacher  :  father-in-law  of  Lully.  Publ. 
"  Airs  et  brunettes  "  (1666  ;  2nd  ed.  1689)  ;  and, 
posthumously,  "  Airs  et  dialogues  "  (1698). 

Lam'bert,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Mithlhausen, 
Alsatia,  Aug.  29,  1728  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  25, 
1778.  A  building-inspector  ("  Oberbaurath  "), 
and  a  member  of  the  Berlin  Academy. — Works  : 

Sur  quelques  instruments  acoustiques"  (1763  ; 
German  ed.  1796);  "Sur  la  vitesse  du  son" 
(176S)  ;  "  Remarques  sur  le  temperament  en 
musique "  (1774;  German  in  Marpurg's  "Ilis- 
torisch-kritische  Beitrage,"  vol.  v);  and  "  Obser- 
vations sur  les  sons  des  flutes"  (1775).  All  the 
above  are  printed  in  the  reports  of  the  Academy. 

Lambert,  Lucien,  b.  Paris,  Jan.,  1S61.  Pu- 
pil of  Barbereau,  Dubois,  and  Massenet,  at  the 
Cons.  ;  took  the  Prix  Rossini  in  1SS3  with  his 
cantata  Prome'the'e  enchatne  ;  since  then  he  has 
brought  out  the  2-act  "  fantaisie- vaudeville " 
Sire  Ola /( Paris, Th.-Lyrique,  1S8S;  unsucc);  the 
"fairy-opera"  Broceliande  (Rouen,  1893);  the 
4-act  lyric  drama  Le  Spahi  (Opera-Corn.,  1897); 
his  opera  LaPenticosa  was  not  yet  perf.  in  1897. 
Also  an  overture,  and  a  symphonic  poem,  f.  orch. ; 
and  a  "  Fantaisie  tzigane  "  f.  pf. 

Lam'bert,  Alexander,  b.  Warsaw,  Poland, 
Nov.  1,  1S62.  Instructed  in  pf. -playing  by  his 
father,  Henry  P.,  from  the  age  of  ten  ;  at  12  he 
was  sent,  by  Rubinstein's  advice,  to  the  Vienna 

23  337 


Cons.,  where  he  was  graduated  (from  Jul.  Ep- 
stein's class)  at  16.  After  studying  two  years 
longer  (pf.  alone  ;  comp.  with  Urban  of  Berlin), 
he  went  in  1S81  to  New  Vork,  and  gave  con- 
certs at  Steinway  Hall  ;  then  made  a  concert- 
tour  through  Germany  and  Russia,  worked  several 
months  at  Weimar  under  Liszt  (his  classmates 
being  Rosenthal,  Siloti,  Friedheim,  and  Reisen- 
auer),  and  in  1884  returned  to  America.  Played 
in  concerts  at  New  York,  Boston,  Chicago,  etc., 
and  in  1S88  became  Director  of  the  N.  V.  Coll. 
of  Music,  which  position  he  still  (1899)  holds, 
lie  retired  from  the  concert-platform  in  1S92. — 
Publ.  works  :  Etude  and  Bourree,  Tarantella, 
Mazurka,  Valse-Impromptu,  and  Canzonetta,  f. 
pf. ;  a  Romanze  f.  'cello  ;  and  an  Ave  Maria  f. 
soprano. 

Lamber'ti,  Giuseppe,  b.  Cuneo,  Italy,  1820 
(?);  d.  Turin,  April,  1S94.  Comp.  of  sacred 
and  secular  music. — Operas,  Ma  lek-  A  (/('/(Turin, 
1851)  ;  Leila  di  Granata  (Cuneo,  1857)  ;  both 
quite  successful. 

Lambillotte,  Pere  Louis,  writer  and  church 
composer  ;  b.  Charleroi,  Hainault,  Mar.  27, 
1797  ;  d.  Vaugirard,  Feb.  27,  1S55.  Organist 
at  Charleroi,  then  at  Dinant  ;  in  1822  maitre  de 
chapelle  at  the  Jesuit  Seminary  at  St.-Acheul, 
joining  the  order  in  1S25,  and  residing  in  various 
monasteries, lastly  atVaugirard. — Works :  4  grand 
masses,  one  in  the  Lydian  Church-mode  ;  other 
sacred  music,  organ-pieces,  fugues,  etc.;  he  publ. 
an  "  Antiphonaire  de  saint  Gregoire,  fac-simile 
du  manuscrit  de  Saint-Gall"  (1S51),  with  histori- 
cal and  explanatory  essays  ;  "Quelques  mots  sur 
la  restauration  du  chant  liturgique  .  .  ."(1S55); 
"  Esthetique,  Theorie  et  Pratique  du  chant  gre- 
gorien  ..."  (1855).  Pere  Dufour,  editor  of 
these  last  two,  publ.  a  "  Graduel "  and  "  Ves- 
peral "  after  L.'s  ideas  about  choral  notes;  Fetis 
and  others  are  unsparing  in  their  criticisms  of 
his  (L.'s)  soi-disant  reforms. 

Lam'mers,  Julius,  b.  Leipzig,  Apr.  20, 
1S29 ;  d.  there  Sept.  20,  iSSS.  Composer ; 
teacher  in  the  Conservatory. 

Lamond',  Frederic  A.,  concert-pianist ;  b. 
Glasgow,  Jan.  28,  1S68.  His  brother  David  was 
his  first  teacher  ;  in  1S80  he  became  organist  of 
Laurieston  Parish  Ch.  He  had  violin-lessons 
of  II .  C.  Cooper  in  Glasgow  ;  went  in  1882  to 
Frankfort,  studied  at  the  Raff  Cons,  under  Max 
Schwarz  (pf.),  A.  Urspruch  (comp.),  and  Heer- 
mann  (vln.)  ;  later  with  v.  Billow  (1S84-5)  ar>d 
Liszt  (1885-6)  at  Weimar  and  Rome.  Pianistic 
debut  at  Berlin,  Nov.  17,  1885,  was  highly  suc- 
cessful ;  after  concerts  in  Vienna,  Glasgow,  and 
London,  he  spent  several  years  in  Germany,  and 
gives  frequent  concerts  in  that  country  and 
Britain  ;  visited  Russia  in  1896,  and  Paris  in 
1899,  with  brilliant  success. — Works  :  Sym- 
phony in  A  (1889)  ;  overture  "  Aus  dem  schot- 
tischen  Hochlande"  (1S95);  a  pf.-trio  ;  S  pf.- 
pieces,  op._  1  ;  sonata  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op.  2  ; 
other  chamber-music  in  MS. 


LAMOTIIE— LANG 


Lamothe,  Georges,  French  composer  of 
dance-music  ;  b.  1837  ;  d.  Courbevoie,  Oct.  15, 
1894. 

Lamoureux,  Charles,  conductor  and  violin- 
ist ;  b.  Bordeaux,  Sept.  28,  1834.  Pupil  of 
Girard,  Paris  Cons.;  violinist  in  the  Gymnase 
orch.,  then  at  the  Opera  ;  studied  further  under 
Tolbecque,  Leborne,  and  Chauvet,  and  founded 
(w.  Colonne,  Adam,  and  Rignault)  a  society  for 
chamber-music  ;  in  1872  he  organized  a  "  Soci- 
ete  de  musique  sacree";  became  widely  famed 
as  a  conductor  (cond.  the  Boieldieu  Jubilee  Con- 
cert at  Rouen  in  1875)  ;  1876,  asst.-cond.  to 
Deldevez  at  the  Opera,  succeeding  him  as  first 
conductor  in  1878  ;  1872-8  was  also  asst.-cond. 
of  the  Cons.  Concerts  ;  resigned  from  the  Opera 
in  1881,  and  established  the  "  Concerts  Lamou- 
reux "  (Nouveaux  Concerts),  justly  celebrated 
for  their  excellence. 

Lampada'rius,  Johannes,  chapel-singer  at 
St.  Sophia,  Constantinople,  in  the  14th  century  ; 
wrote  a  work  on  Grecian  church-music  (in  the 
Imp.  Library,  Vienna). 

Lampada'rius,  Petrus,  b.  Tripolitza,  Morea, 
about  1730  ;  composed  the  music  for  a  volume 
of  Lenten  songs,  "  Triodia,"  publ.  Paris,  1821, 
in  the  new  Greek  liturgical  notations  reformed 
by  his  brother  Gregorius,  and  Chrysanthus  of 
Madytos  (q.  v.). 

Lampa'dius,  Wilhelm  Adolf,  Lutheran 
pastor  ;  b.  1812  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  7,  1892  ; 
author  of  "  Felix  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy  :  ein 
Denkmal  fiir  seine  Freunde,"  and  several  mus. 
essays. 

Lam'peren,  Michel  van,  b.  Brussels,  Dec. 
6,  1826.  Since  1859,  librarian  of  the  Brussels 
Cons. ;   has  published  church-music. 

Lam'pert,  Ernst,  b.  Gotha,  July  3,  1818  ; 
d.  there  June  17,  1879.  Pianist  and  violinist ; 
pupil  of  Hummel,  Spohr,  and  Hauptmann. 
1844  Concertmeister,  1855  Kapellm.,  to  the 
court  at  Gotha.  He  prod,  operas  at  Gotha  and 
Koburg,  and  publ.  string-quartets,  pf. -pieces, 
music  for  pf.  and  violin,  etc.,  all  of  which  is 
praised. 

Lamper'ti,  Francesco,  celebrated  singing- 
teacher  ;  b.  Savona,  Italy,  Mar.  11,  1813 ;  d. 
Como,  May  1,  1892.  Pupil  of  the  Milan  Cons., 
where  from  1850-76  he  gave  vocal  instruction, 
giving  private  lessons  after  retiring.  Among 
his  most  famous  pupils  were  Albani,  Mme. 
Artot,  both  Cruvellis,  Campanini,  Collini,  and 
Mme.  Lagrange. — Publ.  "  Guida  teorico-pratica- 
elementare  per  lo  studio  del  canto  ";  "  Studi  di 
bravura  per  soprano  ";  "  Esercizi  giornalieri  per 
soprano  o  mezzo-soprano  ";  "  L' Arte  del  canto  "; 
"  Osservazioni  e  consigli  sul  trillo";  Solfeggi; 
etc. — Not  to  be  confounded  with  M.  G.  B. 
Lamperti. 

Lampugna'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  teacher 
and  dramatic  composer;  b.  Milan,  1706;  d. 
there  about   1780.     From   1743-66  he  wrote  for 


Milan,  Venice,  London,  etc.,  some  15  serious 
operas  in  the  style  of  Hasse.  In  1743  he  suc- 
ceeded Galuppi  as  cond.  of  the  Ital.  Opera, 
London  ;  in  1779  he  was  maestro  al  cembalo  at 
La  Scala,  Milan. 

Land,  Dr.  Jan  Pieter  Nicolaas,  b.  Delft, 
Apr.  23,  1834  ;  d.  Arnhem,  Apr.  30,  1897.  In 
1864,  prof,  of  Oriental  tongues  and  philos.  at 
Amsterdam  ;  1872-94,  prof,  of  philos.  at  Ley- 
den  Univ.  An  accomplished  linguist,  deeply 
interested  in  musico-historical  research,  to  which 
he  made  most  valuable  contributions: — "Mu- 
sique et  musiciens  au  I7e  siecle.  Correspondance 
et  ceuvres  musicales  de  Constantin  Huygers " 
(Leyden,  1882)  ;  "  Recherche  sur  l'histoire  de 
la  gamme  arabe  "  (Leyden,  1884)  ;  "Tonschrift- 
versuche  und  Melodieproben  aus  dem  muham- 
medanischen  Mittelalter  "  (in  the  "  Vierteljahrs- 
schrift  fur  Musikwissenschaft,"  Sept.,  1886)  ; 
"  Het  Luitboek  van  Thysius "  (Amsterdam, 
1889);  "Over  onze  kennis  der  javaansche 
muziek  "  (ibid.,  1891)  ;  "Remarks  on  the  ear- 
liest development  of  Arabic  Music  "  (Proceed- 
ings of  the  London  Oriental  Congress,  Sept., 
1892). 

Land'graf,  J.  Fr.  Bernhard,  b.  Dielsdorf, 
Weimar,  June  25,  1S16  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  25, 
18S5.  From  1840,  1st  clarinet  in  the  Gewand- 
haus  Orch. 

Lan'di,  Stefano,  b.  Rome,  about  1590  ;  d. 
there  about  1655.  M.  di  capp.  at  Padua  ;  from 
1629,  singer  {inusico)  in  the  Papal  Chapel,  Rome. 
Noted  church-composer;  pupil  of  Nanini. — 
Publ.  Madrigals  a  4-5  ;  "  Poesie  diverse  in 
musica  "  (1628)  ;  "  Missa  in  benedictione  nup- 
tiarum  "  (1628);  "  Arie  da  una  e  due  voci " 
(1627-39  I  §  books)  ;  Psalms  a  4  (1629)  ;  a  reli- 
gious drama  S.  Alessio  (1634)  ;  "  Messe  a  cap- 
pella  "  a  4-5  ;  and  the  pastorale  La  morte  di 
Orfeo  (1639). 

Landi'no,  Francesco,  called  Francesco 
cieco  (the  blind),  and  also  Francesco  degli 
organi,  being  a  notable  organist  ;  b.  Florence, 
about  1325  ;  d.  there  1390.  His  excellent  record 
is  reviewed  in  Ritter's  "  Geschichte  des  Orgel- 
spiels";  only  a  few  Canzoni  are  preserved  in 
MS.  in  the  Paris  library. 

Landol'fi  (or  Landul'phus),  Carlo  Fer- 
nandino,  noteworthy  maker  of  stringed  instr.s  ; 
lived  at  Milan,  1750-60.  An  imitator  of  Giu- 
seppe Guarneri,  he  made  good  violins,  but  much 
better  'celli. — Pietro  L.,  also  an  instr. -maker  at 
Milan  about  1760,  was  probably  his  son  or 
brother. 

Lang    [  Lang- Kostlin],    Josephine,     b. 

Munich,  Mar.  14,  1815  ;  d.  Tubingen,  Dec.  2, 
1880.  Song-composer  ;  pupil  of  P"rau  Berling- 
hof-Wagner  and  Mendelssohn.  Her  son,  H.  A. 
K.,  publ.  a  sketch  of  her  life  in  the  "  Samm- 
lung  musikalischer  Vortrage"  (Leipzig,  1881). 

Lang,  Benjamin  Johnson,  b.  Salem,  Mas--., 
Dec.  28,  1837.     A  piano-pupil  of  his  father,  of 


338 


LANG— LANGER 


F.  G.  Hill  at  Boston,  and  of  Alfred  Jaell  and 
Gustav  Satter  ;  in  1855  he  studied  comp.  in  Ber- 
lin, and  pf. -playing  under  Liszt  Since  1S52, 
organist  successively 
at  Dr.  X  e  a  1  e'  s 
church,  the  Old 
South,  the  South 
Congr.  Ch.  (20  years), 
and  King's  Chapel, 
Boston.  Also  for 
about  25  years  organ- 
ist of  the  Handel  and 
Haydn  Society,  Bos- 
ton, of  which  he  be- 
came conductor  in 
1895,  succeeding  Zer- 
rahn.  Besides  con- 
ducting    the     Apollo 

Club  and  the  Cecilia  since  their  organization, 
he  has  given  very  numerous  concerts  (orches- 
tral, choral,  chamber  -  music)  on  his  own  ac- 
count. As  a  pianist,  teacher,  conductor,  and 
organizer  he  has  been  in  the  first  rank  of  Bos- 
ton's musicians  for  a  third  of  a  century,  and  has 
brought  out  a  long  list  of  important  works  by 
foreign  and  native  composers.  His  own  comp.s 
include  the  oratorio  David ;  symphonies  and 
overtures  ;  much  chamber-  and  pf. -music ;  a  great 
many  church  -  compositions  ;  also  songs,  etc. ; 
mostly  still  in  MS. — His  daughter, 

Lang,  Margaret  Ruthven,  b.  Boston,  Nov. 
27,  1867,  a  pupil  of  her  father  (pf.),  Schmidt  of 
Boston,  Drechsler  and  Abel  in  Munich  (vln.), 
and  Gluth  in  Munich  (comp.),  is  a  talented  song- 
composer,  several  of  whose  compositions  have 
been  published  and  publicly  performed.  Other 
works  in  MS. 

Lang'becker,  Emanuel  Christian  Gott- 
lieb, b.  Berlin,  Aug.  31,  1792  ;  d.  there  Oct.  24, 
1843.  He  was  secretary  to  Prince  YValdemar  of 
Prussia  ;  his  researches  on  the  origin  of  the  Prot- 
estant choral  are  embodied  in  ."  Das  deutsch- 
evangelische  Kirchenlied "  (1830);  "  Johann 
Crilgers  .  .  .  Choral-Melodien  "  (1S35) ;  "  Ge- 
sangblatter  aus  dem  16.  Jahrhundert  "  (1S38)  ; 
and  "  Paul  Gerhardts  Leben  und  Lieder  "  (1841). 

Lang'don,  Richard,  b.  Exeter,  England, 
about  1729  ;  d.  there  Sept.  8,  1S03.  Organist  of 
Exeter  cathedral,  1753-77  ;  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon., 
1761  ;  org.  of  Bristol  cath.,  1777-81  ;  of  Armagh 
cath.,  1782-94. — Works  :  12  songs  and  2  canta- 
tas, op.  4;  "  Divine  Harmony"  1774  (a  coll.  of 
psalms  and  anthems)  ;  and  12  glees  a  3-4  (1770). 

Lang'e,  Otto,  b.  Graudenz,  1S15  ;  d.  Kas- 
sel,  Feb.  13,  1879.  A  school-teacher,  and  teacher 
of  singing  in  schools  at  Berlin;  publ.  "Die 
Musik  als  Unterrichtsgegenstand  in  Schulen " 
(1841)  ;  mus.  reporter  for  the  "  Vossische  Zei- 
tung,"  and  editor  (1846-5S)  of  the  "  Neue  Ber- 
liner Musikzeitung." 

Lang'e,  Samuel  de,  noted  Dutch  organ- 
virtuoso  and  composer;  b.  Rotterdam,  Feb.  22, 
1S40.      Pupil  of  his  father,  the  organist  S.  de  L. 


[1811-1884],  then  of  A.  Winterberger,  Vienna, 
and  Damcke  and  Mikuli,  Lemberg.  After  con- 
cert-tours in  Galicia  (1858-9),  he  lived  in  Lem- 
berg until  1863,  then  became  organist  and  teacher 
at  the  Rotterdam  Music-School,  though  still 
making  tours  to  Switzerland,  Vienna,  Leipzig, 
Paris,  etc.  Taught  in  the  Music-School  at  Basel 
1874-6  ;  lived  a  few  months  in  Paris,  and  toward 
the  end  of  1876  was  app.  teacher  at  the  Cologne 
Cons.,  also  cond.  the  Mannergesangverein  and 
the  Giirzenichchor.  From  1885-93  he  conducted 
the  Oratorio  Soc.  at  The  Hague  ;  was  then  teacher 
and  vice-director  at  the  Stuttgart  Cons. ,  and  since 
1895  Zumpe's  successor  as  cond.  of  the  Stuttgart 
Soc.  for  Classical  Church-music. — Works  :  Ora- 
torio Moses  (The  Hague,  18S9) ;  a  symphony 
(1879)  ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  3  string-quartets  (the 
third,  in  G,  is  op.  67)  ;  a  quintet,  a  trio,  a  violin- 
sonata,  5  fine  organ-sonatas,  part-songs  f.  men's 
voices,  etc. — His  brother, 

Lang'e,  Daniel  de,  b.  Rotterdam,  July  11, 
1841  ;  studied  'cello  under  Ganz  and  Servais, 
comp.  under  Verhulst and  Damcke;  taught  at  the 
Lemberg  Cons.  1860-3,  then  took  pf. -lessons  of 
Mme.  Dubois  at  Paris  ;  chiefly  self-taught  as  an 
organist,  he  obtained  two  positions  at  Montrouge, 
also  conducting  the  "  Liedertafel "  ;  taught  from 
1S70  at  the  school  of  the  "  Maatschappij  tot  be- 
vordering  der  Toonkunst,"  of  which  he  was  made 
secretary  ;  acted  for  years  as  Coenen's  assistant 
as  the  cond.  of  "  Amstels  Mannenkoor,"  and  suc- 
ceeded him  in  1895  as  Director  of  the  Amsterdam 
Cons,  (formerly  Music-School).  As  the  cond.  of 
the  Amsterdam  a  cappella  chorus,  he  has  made  a 
successful  specialty  of  the  production  (in  Lon- 
don, 18SS  and  '94;  in  Germany,  1892)  of  old 
Dutch  a  cappella  music.  He  is  mus.  critic  for 
the  "  Nieuws  van  den  Dag." — Works:  An  op- 
era, De  val  van  Kuilenburg ;  music  to  Ernani  : 
an  a  cappella  mass  ;  a  requiem  ;  the  22nd  Psalm, 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  pf . ;  several  cantatas  ;  two  sym- 
phonies (in  C  and  D)  ;  an  overture,  "  Willem  van 
Holland  "  ;  a  'cello-concerto  ;  3  sonatas  f.  vln. 
and  pf.  ;  sonata  f.  'cello  and  pf.  ;  a  pf. -sonata  ;  a 
pf. -quintet  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Lang'e,  Gustav,  b.  Schwerstedt,  n.  Erfurt, 
Aug.  13,  1830  ;  d.  Wernigerode,  July  19,  1S89. 
Pianist  and  composer  ;  pupil  of  A.  W.  Bach, 
Grell,  and  Loschhorn.  Lived  in  Berlin,  and 
publ.  upwards  of  400  pf. -pieces,  generally  facile, 
elegant,  and  effective,  many  having  gained  great 
vogue. 

Lang'er,  Hermann,  b.  Ilockendorf,  n. 
Tharandt,  Saxony,  July  6,  1S19  ;  d.  Dresden, 
Sept.  8,  1889.  Pupil,  from  1840,  of  K.  F. 
Becker  in  Leipzig,  also  studying  philosophy  at 
the  Univ.;  in  1S43  he  was  app.  organist  of  the 
Univ.  church,  and  cond.  of  the  "  Paulus  "  stu- 
dent-chorus ;  1S45,  Univ.  teacher  of  liturgical 
song;  1857,  Mus.  Director  of  the  Univ.,  and 
Lector  public  us  :  1S59,  Dr.  pliil.  /ton.  causa.  He 
likewise  cond.  the  Euterpe  Concerts  for  several 
years  (from  1855),  and  various  singing-societies  ; 


339 


LANGER— LANS 


and  in  1882  received  the  title  of  "  Professor." 
—  Publ.  a  "  Repertorium  fiir  Mannergesang  "  ; 
"  Der  erste  Unterricht  im  Gesang  "  (3  courses  ; 
1876-7);  also  edited  the  "  Musikalische  Garten- 
laube."  Was  called  to  Dresden  in  1S87  as  Royal 
Inspector  of  Organ-building. 

Lang'er,  Ferdinand,  b.  Leimen,  n.  Heidel- 
berg, Jan.  21,1839.  By  dint  of  strenuous  appli- 
cation he  became  an  excellent  'cellist,  joined  the 
orch.  of  the  Mannheim  court  th.,  and  later  was 
app.  2nd  Kafiellm.  there.  lias  prod,  several 
locally  successful  operas  :  Die  gefahrliche  Nach- 
barschaft  (1868),  Dornroschen  (1873),  Aschen- 
brodel  (1878),  Murillo  (1887  ;  "  romantic  "),  and 
the  "  romantische  Volksoper  "  Der  Pfeiffer  von 
Hardt  (1894),  all  at  Mannheim. 

Lang'er,  Victor,  b.  Pesth,  Oct.  14,  1S42  ; 
studied  there  under  R.  Volkmann,  and  later  at 
the  Leipzig  Cons.  He  then  returned  to  Pesth, 
and  lived  there  as  a  teacher,  theatre-conductor, 
and  editor  of  an  Hungarian  mus.  paper.  His 
songs,"  Ogyekdalai"  [Ogyek's  songs],  and  Hun- 
garian dances,  songs,  choruses,  arrangements, 
and  the  like,  publ.  under  the  pen-name  of  "  Ala- 
dar  Tisza,"  and  in  the  genuine  national  vein, 
have  enjoyed  great  popularity  ;  II.  Ilofmann's 
"  Ungarische  Suite  "  and  "  Ungarische  Tanze  " 
owe  many  themes  to  "  Tisza's  "  works. 

Lang'ert,    (Johann)    August    (Adolf),    b. 

Koburg,  Nov.  26,  1836.  Dramatic  composer  ; 
Kapellm.  at  the  theatres  in  Koburg  (i860), 
Mannheim  (1865),  Basel  (1S67),  Trieste  (1S68)  ; 
lived  without  appointment  at  Koburg  and  Paris 
(1869)  and  Berlin  (1871)  ;  became  teacher  of 
composition  at  Geneva  Cons,  in  1S72,  and  in 
1873  was  called  to  Gotha  as  court  conductor  ; 
after  an  interval  of  retirement,  he  was  reappointed 
to  this  last  post  in  1893. — Operas  :  Die  Jnng- 
frau  von  Orleans  (Koburg,  1861),  Des  Sdngers 
Fluch  (ibid.,  1863),  Dona  Maria,  In  fa  11  tin  von 
Spanien  (Darmstadt,  1S66),  Die  Fabier  (Koburg, 
1866  ;  Berlin,  1868),  Dornroschen  (Leipzig, 
1S71),  and  Jean  Cavalier  (Koburg,  1880  ;  re- 
written, and  perf.  as  Die  Cainisarden  at  Koburg 
in  1887). 

Lang'hans,  (Friedrich)  Wilhelm,  b.  Ham- 
burg, Sept.  21,  1832  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  9,  1892. 
Trained  in  Leipzig  Cons,  by  David  (vln.),  and 
Richter  (comp.),  1S49-52  ;  played  there  in  the 
Gewandhaus  and  theatre -orchestras  ;  studied 
under  Alard  in  Paris  ;  was  Concertmeister  at 
Dtisseldorf  1857-60,  then  lived  in  Hamburg 
(i860),  Paris  (1863),  and  Heidelberg  (1869),  giv- 
ing concerts,  teaching,  and  studying  ;  took  the 
degree  of  Dr.  phi  I.  at  Heidelberg  in  1870,  set- 
tled in  Berlin  1871,  and  became  teacher  of  the 
history  of  music  at  Kullak's  Acad,  in  1874,  going 
over  to  Scharwenka's  new  Cons,  in  1881. — Publ. 
a  Concert-Allegro  f.  vln.  w.  orch.,  a  violin- 
sonata,  and  studies  f.  vln.;  other  comp.s  in  MS. 
Wrote  "Das  musikalische  Urtheil  "  (1872  ;  2nd 
ed.  1886);  "  Die  konigliche  Hochschule  fiir 
Musik  in  Berlin  "  (1S73)  \   "  Musikgeschichte  in 


12  Vortragen  "  (187S  ;  Dutch  transl.  1885); 
"  Die  Geschichte  der  Musik  des  17.,  iS.  und  19. 
Jahrhunderts"  (2  vol.s  ;  1S82-1886  ;  a  well- 
written  continuation  of  Ambros's  great  work). 

Langle,  Honore-Franc^ois-Marie,  theorist 
and  composer;  b.  Monaco,  1741  ;  d.  Villiers-le- 
Bel,  n.  Paris,  Sept.  20,  1807.  Pupil  of  Caffaro 
at  Naples;  music-director  at  Genoa;  in  Paris 
from  176S,  he  taught  in  the  "  Ecole  royale  de 
chant  et  de  declamation  "  1784-91;  was  librarian 
and  prof,  of  harmony  at  the  reorganized  "  Con- 
servatoire," 1795— 1802,  and  thereafter  librarian 
only.  Wrote  an  important  "Traite  d'harmo- 
nie  et  de  modulation  "  (1797  ;  chord-building 
by  thirds);  "  Traite  de  la  basse  sous  le  chant" 
(1798)  ;  "  Nouvelle  methode  pour  chiffrer  les 
accords  "  (1801);  "  Traite  de  la  fugue  "  (1805)  ; 
and  a  "  Methode  de  chant."  Compositions  un- 
important. 

Laniere  (or  Lanier,  Lanieri),  Nicholas,  b. 

Italy  (?),  about  158S  ;  d.  London,  1665  (1668?). 
He  is  important  as  the  first  to  introduce  the 
recitative  style  into  England  (in  his  masques). 
He  was  Master  of  the  King's  Musick  under 
Charles  I.  and  II.  Besides  a  Pastoral  on  the 
birth  of  Prince  Charles,  a  Funeral  Hymn  for 
Charles  I.,  and  some  New  Year's  Songs,  there 
are  songs,  etc.,  in  the  British  Museum  (MS.), 
also  in  the  collections  "Select  Musicall  Ayres 
and  Dialogues  "  (1653,  '59),  "  The  Musical  Com- 
panion "  (1667),  "  The  Treasury  of  Musick" 
(1669),  and  "  Choice  Ayres  and  Songs  "  (16S5). 

Lan'ner,  Joseph  (Franz  Karl),  b.  Ober- 
dobling,  near  Vienna,  Apr.  12,  1801  ;  d.  there 
Apr.  14,  1843.  A  self-taught  violinist  and  com- 
poser, he  became  the  leader  of  an  amateur  quar- 
tet, in  which  Johann  Strauss  played  the  viola  ; 
the  quartet  developed  into  an  orchestra,  for 
which  L.  wrote  the  dance-music  which  is  so 
famous,  and  which  soon  caused  a  great  demand 
for  his  orch.  to  furnish  ball-music  and  the  like  ; 
he  also  gave  concerts  in  provincial  Austrian 
towns.  L.  was  made  bandmaster  to  the  2nd 
BUrgerregiment ;  and  later  alternated  with 
Strauss  in  conducting  the  court  ball-music.  He 
is  the  creator  of  the  modern  Viennese  waltz. — 
Works:  Op.  I,  the  "  Neue  Wiener  Landler"; 
106  Waltzes  (the  first  being  op.  7,  "  Aufforde- 
rung  zum  Tanz";  op.  205,  "  Almacks-Tanze," 
is  No.  101,  and  there  are  5  unnamed  waltzes)  ; 
25  Landler,  3  Polkas,  8  Mazurkas,  25  Galops, 
10  Quadrilles,  3  Marches,  6  Cotillons  ;  overture 
to  "Der  Preis  einer  Lebensstunde  "  (op.  130); 
Banquet-Polonaise  (op.  135)  ;  Tarantella  (op. 
187)  ;  and  a  Bolero  (his  last  work).  II.  Sachs 
wrote  a  sketch  of  L.,  "Joseph  Lanner"  (1S89). 

Lan'ner,  August  (Joseph),  son  of  the 
above,  and  a  promising  violinist,  dance-com- 
poser, and  conductor  ;  b.  Jan.  23,  1S34  ;  died 
in  his  22nd  year,  Sept.  27,  1S55. 

Lans,  Michael  J.  A.,  1>.  July  18,  C845,  at 
Haarlem  ;  a  R.  C.  priest,  from   1S69  teacher  in 


340 


LAPICIDA— LASSO 


the  Voofhout  Seminary,  from  1887  pastor  at 
Schiedam.  He  started  the  "  Gregoriusblad," 
a  Catholic  church-music  periodical,  in  1S76, 
and  organized  the  Gregorian  Soc.  in  1878. — 
Works  :  A  mass,  cantatas,  and  a  Manual  of 
Strict  Counterpoint  (1S89). 

Lapici'da,  Erasmus,  a  16th-century  com- 
poser of  whom  nothing  is  known  but  his  works, 
to  be  found  in  Fetrucci's  "  Mottetti  B  "  (1503), 
"  Frottole"  (1507),  "Mottetti  a  4  voci  "  (1507), 
and  "  Lamentazioni  "  (1506)  ;  and  also  in  Rhaw's 
"  Symphoniae  jucundae "  (153S),  Petrejus's 
"  Auszug  .   .   .",  etc. 

Laporte,  Joseph  de,  Jesuit  abbe  and  writer  ; 
b.  Befort,  1713  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  19,  1779. 
Wrote  "Anecdotes  dramatiques "  (1775;  4 
vol.s,  including  all  varieties  of  theatrical  works)  ; 
"  Dictionnaire  dramatique "  (1776;  3  vol.s); 
"  Almanach  des  spectacles  de  Paris,  ou  Calen- 
drier  historique  des  theatres  de  l'Opera,  des 
Comedies  francaise  et  italienne  et  des  foires " 
(48  volumes  in  all  ;  those  from  1750-79  by  L. 
himself,  the  rest  by  Duchesne  and  others). 

Laroche,  Hermann  Augustovitch,  b.   St. 

Petersburg,  1845  ;  studied  in  the  Cons.,  1862, 
and  since  1866  has  taught  theory  and  mus.  his- 
tory at  Moscow  Cons.  Composer  of  instr.l  and 
vocal  music  ;  also  critic  (papers  on  Glinka). 

La  Rue,  Pierre  de  (Latinized  Petrus  Pla- 
tensis  ;  also  called  Pierchon,  Pierson,  Pier- 
zon,  Perisone,  or  Pierazon  de  la  Ruellien). 
Eminent  Netherland  contrapuntist,  pupil  of 
Okeghem  together  with  Josquin  ;  1492-1510, 
chapel-singer  at  the  court  of  Burgundy  ;  also, 
from  1501,  prebend  at  Courtrai,  later  at  Namur. 
— Publ.  works  :  a  book  of  5  masses  (Beatae 
Virginis  ;  Puer  nobis  est  ;  Sexti  toni,  ut,  fa  ; 
L'homme  arme  ;  and  Nunquam  fuit  poena  ma- 
jor), printed  by  Petrucci,  15 13  ;  De  Sancto  An- 
tonio, in  Petrucci's  "  Missae  div.  auct.";  O  Sa- 
lutaris  hostia,  in  "Liber  quindecim  missarum 
.  .  ."  (Rome,  1516  ;  Cum  jucunditate,  O  Glo- 
riosa,  and  De  Sancto  Antonio,  in  "  Missae  tre- 
decim"  (Nuremberg,  1539);  Tous  les  regrets, 
in  "  Lib.  quind.  miss."  (ibid.,  153S)  ;  also  a 
mass  in  the  4th  tone,  in  Petrucci's  "  Missae  An- 
tonii  de  Levin"  (1 515)  ;  numerous  others,  mak- 
ing 29  in  all,  in  MS.  (2  magnificent  volumes, 
containing  7  and  5  masses  respectively,  are  in 
the  Brussels  Library,  the  latter  having  been 
prepared  at  the  express  command  of  Margaret 
of  Austria,  whose  favorite  the  composer  was). 
Printed  motets  and  madrigals  are  likewise  ex- 
tant in  collections  of  the  time. 

Laruette,  Jean-Louis,  an  actor  in  the  Opera- 
Comique  ;  b.  Toulouse,  Mar.  27,  1731  ;  d. 
there  fan.,  1792.  An  early  vaudeville-com- 
poser ;  his  works  were  soon  forgotten. 

La  Salette,  Joubert  de,  French  brigadier- 
general  ;  b.  Grenoble,  1762  ;  d.  there  1832. 
Author  of  "  Stenographic  musicale  .  .  ."(1805; 
an  unsuccessful  invention  on  the  lines  of  Ger- 
man tablature)  ;   "  Considerations  sur   les  divers 


systemes  de  la  musique  ancienne  et  moderne 
.  .  ."  (1S10;  his  best  work)  ;  "  De  la  notation 
musicale  en  general,  et  en  particulier  de  celle 
du  systeme  grec  "  (1817)  ;  "  De  la  fixite  et  de 
l'invariabilite  des  sons  musicaux  "  (1S24)  ;  and 
other  essays. 

Las'ner,  Ignaz,  'cellist  ;  b.  Drosau,  Bohe- 
mia, Aug.  8,  1815  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  iS,  1883. 
Pupil  of  Goltermann  (Prague),  and  Merk  and 
Servais  (Vienna).  Orchestra-player  at  Vienna 
and  Arad  ;  comp.  excellent  'cello-music. — PI  is 
son  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  Sept.  n,  1865,  studied  in 
the  Cons,  there,  and  is  'cellist  in  the  Laibach 
Philharm.  orch. 

Las'sen,  Eduard,  b.  Copenhagen,  Apr.  13, 
1830.  1 1  is  parents  took  him  to  Brussels  in  1S32  ; 
from  1842  he  stud- 
ied in  the  Cons, 
there,  winning  1st 
prize  for  pf.  in 
1844,  and  for  har- 
mony in  1847,  then 
the  2nd  prize  in 
composition,  and 
in  1851  the  Prix  de 
Rome.  After  trav- 
els in  Germany  and 
Italy,  and  a  long 
stay  in  Rome,  he 
was  app.  court 
music- director  at 
Weimar  in  1858, 
Liszt  having  pro- 
cured the  production  of  his  opera  Landgraf  Lud- 
wigs Brautfahrt  at  Weimar  in  1857.  From  1&61 
to  1S95  he  held  the  position  of  court  Kapellm. 
at  Weimar  as  Liszt's  successor,  being  himself 
succeeded  by  d' Albert  and  Stavenhagen.  As  a 
grand  feat  of  conductorship  may  be  mentioned 
his  bringing-out  of  Wagner's  Tristan  und  Isolde 
in  1874,  its  first  production  after  the  initial  per- 
formances at  Munich. — Other  operas  :  Frauenlob 
(Weimar,  i860)  ;  Le  captif  (Brussels,  1865  ;  in 
German  at  Weimar,  1868) ;  a  ballet,  Diana  (Vi- 
enna, 18  ?)  ;  music  to  Oedipus  in  Kolonus  (1S74), 
to  Faust  (1876),  to  Pandora,  to  Hebbel's  Nibe- 
lungen  (11  characteristic  pieces  f.  orch.),  and  to 
Calderon's  Circe  (in  the  German  version,  Ueber 
alien  Zaubern  Liebe,  by  Devrient)  ;  a  Te  Deum 
f.  ch.  and  orch.;  vocal  Bible-scenes,  w.  orch.; 
cantatas  {Die  Kunstler  is  op.  56)  ;  a  soprano 
scene  w.  orch.,  Der  Schafer  putzte  sich  zum 
Tanz  ;  2  symphonies,  and  several  overtures  ;  very 
popular  songs. 

Las'so,  Orlando  di  (recte  Roland  de  Lat- 
tre,  Lat.  Orlandus  Lassus),  the  greatest  of  the 

Netherland  composers,  and,  after  Palestrina, 
the  foremost  composer  of  the  16th  century,  was 
born  at  Mons  (Hainault),  in  1520;  died  at 
Munich,  June  14,  I594[dates  ace.  to  Fetis].  A 
choir-boy  in  the  church  of  St.-Nicholas,  Mons, 
it  is  said  that  he  was  thrice  kidnapped  on  ac- 
count of  his  beautiful  voice.  In  1532  he  was 
taken    by    Ferdinand    de    Gonzaga,  Viceroy    of 


341 


LASSO— LAURENCIN 


Sicily,  to  Milan  and  Sicily;  from  T53S  he  at- 
tached himself  for  three  years  to  the  Marchese 
della  Terza  in  Naples  ;  spent  6  months,  in  1541, 
at  Rome  with  the  Cardinal  Archbishop  of  Flor- 
ence, thereafter  being  appointed  m.  di  capp.  at 
San  Giovanni  in  Laterano,  retaining  this  posi- 
tion until  1548.  His  movements  during  the  next 
5  years  are  uncertain  ;  it  appears  that  he  visited 
Mons,  and  thereafter  England  ;  in  1554  he  set- 
tled in  Antwerp,  where  he  lived  in  the  society  of 
the  most  distinguished  and  learned  men  of  noble 
family  till  called  to  Munich  in  1557,  together 
with  other  Belgians,  by  Duke  Albert  V.  of  Ba- 
varia, entering  the  court  Kapclle,  and  assuming 
its  conductorship  in  1562,  remaining  there  in 
this  capacity  until  his  death. — L.  represents  the 
culmination  of  the  era  of  strict  single  counter- 
point ;  in  sacred  music  (masses,  motets,  etc.)  or 
secular  composition 
(madrigals,  villa- 
nelle,  Lieder,  chan- 
sons) he  shows  equal 
clarity  of  harmony 
and  fluency  of  pro- 
gression and  melo- 
dic invention,  quali- 
ties which  render  his 
works  still  admira- 
ble to  modern  taste; 
contemporaries 
called  him  the  "  Bel- 
gian Orpheus,"  the 
"  Prince  of  Music," 
etc.  He  wrote  about 
2,500  compositions  ; 
Prof.  Adolf  Sandberger  and  Fr.  X.  Haberl  are 
preparing  a '  complete  edition  for  Breitkopf 
und  Hartel  of  Leipzig,  expected  to  fill  60  vol- 
umes, 7  of  which  have  appeared.  Vol.s  i,  iii,  v, 
and  vii,  containing  part  of  the  "  Magnum  opus 
musicum,"  comprise  336  Latin  motets  a  2-\2  ; 
vol.s  ii,  iv,  and  vi  are  devoted  to  4-  and  5-part 
madrigals  in  Italian  (57  numbers).  The  same 
firm  also  publish  several  popular  numbers  sepa- 
rately. Lasso's  most  celebrated  work,  "  Psalmi 
Davidis  poenitentiales "  (Penitential  Psalms  of 
David),  was  publ.  in  modern  scoring  by  Dehn 
(183S)  ;  collections  of  Proske,  Rochlitz,  Commer, 
and  others,  contain  several  more  detached  pieces. 
A  fine  5-volume  edition  was  got  up  for  the  Duke 
of  Bavaria  of  the  "  Patrocinium  musices  "  (157 3— 
76),  containing  (vol.  i)  21  motets,  (ii)  5  masses, 
(iii)  offices,  (iv)  a  Passion,  vigils,  etc.,  (v)  10 
Magnificats. — Biographical  sketches  of  L.  have 
been  written  by  Delmotte  (1836  ;  German  by 
Dehn,  1837),  Matthieu(i83S),  Kist(i84i),  Baum- 
ker  (1878),  and  last  and  best  by  Dr.  Sandberger  : 
"  Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  der  bayerischen  Hof- 
kapelle  unter  Orlando  di  Lasso"  (in  3  vol.s  ;  vol. 
i,  Life  ;  vol.  iii,  Documents  ;  vol.  ii  has  not  yet 
appeared). 

Las'so,  Ferdinand  di,  eldest  son  of  Orlando ; 
d.  Munich,  Aug.  27,  1609,  as  court  Kapellm. — 
Publ.    "  Cantiones  sacrae   suavissimae  "    (1587; 


i<ST 


motets) ;  with  his  brother  Rudolf  he  edited  their 
father's  "  Magnum  opus  musicum." 

Las'so,  Rudolf  di,  second  son  of  Orlando  ; 
d.  Munich,  1625.  Organist  to  the  Duke,  and  a 
composer  of  merit  and  repute  ;  various  works 
were  publ.,  and  3  masses  and  3  Magnificats  are 
in  MS.  at  Munich. 

Las'so,  Ferdinand  di,  son  of  Ferdinand 
above  ;  d.  1636.  He  was  for  some  years  ducal 
Kapellm. ;  from  1629  he  was  judge  and  treasurer 
at  Reispach.      Many  comp.s  in  Ms. 

Latil'la,  Gaetano,  b.  Bari,  Naples,  1713  ;  d. 
Naples,  1789.  Pupil  of  Domenico  Gizzi  at  Na- 
ples, and  a  successful  opera-composer,  bringing 
out  his  first  opera,  Li  Marite  a  forza,  in  1732. 
The  success  of  Demofoonte  (Venice,  1738)  re- 
sulted in  his  being  called  to  Rome  to  write  Ora- 
zio  (1738),  which  was  so  well  received  that  he 
was  app.  vice-maestro  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore. 
Forced  to  resign  by  ill-health  (1741),  he  lived  as 
a  composer  in  Naples  until  his  appointment  as 
teacher  of  choral  singing  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta 
in  Venice,  1756.  He  was  also  second  maestro  at 
San  Marco  1762-72,  then  returning  to  Naples. 
He  was  considered  an  excellent  contrapuntist 
and  teacher  ;  his  operas,  about  30  in  number, 
were  written  in  the  style  of  Scarlatti's  school, 
and  are  obsolete. 

Laub  [lowp],  Ferdinand,  famous  violin-vir- 
tuoso ;  b.  Prague,  Jan.  19,  1832  ;  d.  Gries,  Ty- 
rol, Mar.  17,  1S75.  A  pupil  of  Mildner  at  the 
Prague  Cons.,  from  1840.  At  the  age  of  11  he 
appeared  in  concerts  ;  in  1847  he  went  to  Vienna 
for  further  study  ;  made  a  German  tour  in  1850  ; 
visited  Paris  and  (1851)  London,  playing  at  the 
Musical  Union  ;  and  in  1853  succeeded  Joachim 
as  Concertmeister  at  Weimar.  From  1855-7  ne 
taught  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin  ;  in  1856  he 
was  app.  leader  of  the  royal  orch.,  and  Royal 
Chamber-virtuoso  ;  he  also  organized  a  quartet- 
party,  one  of  the  most  admirable  of  its  kind,  giv- 
ing classic  performances  of  the  great  Beethoven 
quartets.  From  1862-5  he  lived  chiefly  in  Vi- 
enna ;  made  a  grand  tour  with  Carlotta  Patti, 
Jaell,  and  Kellermann  in  1864  ;  after  a  brilliant 
Russian  tournee  in  1865,  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
violin  at  the  Moscow  Cons,  in  1S66.  Failing 
health  forced  his  retirement  ;  his  last  years  were 
spent  in  Karlsbad  (1874)  and  the  Tyrol. — Works: 
An  opera,  Die  Griesbdcker  (Prague  ?,  1S64  ?)  ;  an 
Elegie,  a  Polonaise,  2  coll.s  of  Czech  melodies, 
and  other  solo  pieces  for  violin. 

Laub'ner,  Julius  ;  in  1896  Kapellm.  at  the 
Municipal  Th.,  Stettin,  prod,  the  successful 
i-act  opera  Gunare  there  in  1896. 

Laurencin,  Graf  Ferdinand  Peter,  b.  Krem- 
sier,  Moravia,  Oct.  15,  1819  ;  d.  Vienna,  P'eb.  5, 
1890.  Pupil  of  Tomaschek  and  Pitsch  at  Prague, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.;  lived  in 
Vienna  as  a  writer,  and  publ.  the  essays  "Zur 
Geschichte  der  Kirchenmusik  bei  den  Italienern 
und  Deutschen  "  (1856);  "  Das  Paradies  und  die 
Peri    von  R.   Schumann  "  (1859) ;    "Dr.  Hans- 


34- 


LAURENS— LAVOIX 


licks  Lehre  vom  Musikalisch-Schonen.  Line 
Abwehr"  (1859);  and  "Die  Harmonik  der 
Neuzeit"  (1861  ;  a  prize  was  awarded  him  for 
this  last);  also  contributions  to  the  "  Neue  Zeit- 
schrift  fiir  Musik,"  in  which  a  biographical 
sketch  of  L.,  by  Schuch,  appeared  after  his 
death  (1S90). 

Lau'rens,  Edmond,  noted  composer;  b. 
Bergerac,  France,  Sept.  2,  1851.  Pupil  of  E. 
Guiraud  in  the  Paris  Cons.  —  Dramatic  works  : 
La  harpe  et  le  glaive,  4  acts;  Soldats  de  filomb, 
3-act  pantomime  ;  La  rVeuvaine,  2  acts.— Also  a 
Suite  japonaise,  and  other  orch.l  works  ;  "  Sil- 
houettes" f.  pf.  and  orch.:  "  Pieces  en  trio"  f. 
pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  30  vocal  melo- 
dies. 

Laurent  de  Rille,  Francois-Anatole,  b. 
Orleans,  France,  1828.  Pupil  of  Comoghio  and 
Elwart  ;  inspector  of  vocal  instruction  in  Paris 
public  schools.  Besides  many  male  choruses 
(choeurs  orpheoniques),  he  brought  out  5  operettas 
in  1857,  followed  by  nearly  a  score  of  others  up 
to  1895.  President  of  the  "  Societe  des  auteurs, 
compositeurs  et  editeurs  demusique";  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor  ;  etc.  He  has  written  a 
Vocal  Method  ;  a  mus.  novel,  "  Olivier  l'or- 
pheoniste";  short  masses  and  other  church- 
music  ;  etc. 

Lauren'ti,  Bartolomeo  Girolamo,  b.  Bo- 
logna, 1644  ;  d.  there  Jan.  18,  1726.  First 
violin  in  the  Basilica  S.  Petronio  ;  one  of  the 
earliest  members  of  the  Philharm.  Acad,  (establ. 
1666). — Works:  "  Sonate  per  camera  a  violino  e 
violoncello  "  (1691),  and  "  Sei  concerti  a  3,  cioe 
violino,  violoncello  ed  organo"  (1720). — His  son, 

Lauren'ti,  Girolamo  Nicolo,  d.  Bologna, 
Dec.  26,  1752  ;  pupil  of  Torelli  and  Vitali  ;  first 
violin  at  S.  Petronio;  publ.  "concerti"  f.  3 
vlns.,  via.,  'cello,  and  organ. 

Lau'ska,    Franz  (Seraphinus    Ignatius), 

noted  pianist  and  teacher  ;  b.  Brunn,  Moravia, 
Jan.  13,  1764  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  18,  1825.  Pupil 
of  Albrechtsberger  at  Vienna  from  1784;  accom- 
panied the  Duke  of  Serbelloni  to  Rome  ;  became 
chamber-musician  at  Munich.  In  1794  he  jour- 
neyed 7'ia  Frankfort  and  Hamburg  to  Copen- 
hagen, where  he  taught  4  years  ;  went  to  Berlin 
in  1798,  was  engaged  at  court  as  a  teacher,  and 
formed  many  excellent  pupils,  among  them  Mey- 
erbeer. A  refined  and  brilliant  pianist,  qualities 
reflected  in  his  compositions  :  24  sonatas  (op.  1, 
in  C  min.;  op.  4,  Grande  sonate  ;  op.  43,  Sonate 
pathetique)  ;  op.  2S,  sonata  w.  'cello ;  4-hand 
pieces  (op.  31,  sonata  in  Bb  ;  Polonaise  in  C  ; 
6  Easy  and  Agreeable  Pieces)  ;  also  Rondos,  a 
Polonaise,  and  Variations,  f.  2  hands.  Publ.  a 
pf. -method  (with  Beczwarsowsky). 

Lau'terbach,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Culm- 
bach,  Bavaria,  July  24,  1832.  Pupil  of  the 
Wurzburg  Music-School,  and  of  Fetis  and  de 
Beriot  at  Brussels  (1S50),  winning  the  gold  medal 
for  violin-playing  in  1851,  and  in  1852  acting  as 
Leonard's  substitute.     In  1853  he  became  Con- 


certmeister  and  violin-teacher  in  Munich  Cons.; 
Concertmeister  in  Dresden,  i860,  also  teaching 
in  the  Cons  ;  played  in  England  1864-5,  and  in 
Paris  just  before  the  war  in  1870.  He  resigned 
from  the  Dresden  Cons,  in  1877,  and  was  pen- 
sioned as  orchestra-player  in  1889. — Works  : 
Polonaise  and  other  concert-pieces  ;  Farentelle  ; 
Reverie  ;  etc. 

Lavallee,  Calixa,  b.  Vercheres,  Canada, 
Dec.  2S,  1S42  ;  d.  1S91  in  Boston,  Mass.,  where 
he  was  instructor  at  the  Petersilea  Acad.  Con- 
cert-pianist ;  at  first  taught  by  his  father,  then 
(1857)  at  the  Paris  Cons,  by  Marmontel  (pf.), 
Bazin  and  Boieldieu_/z/.r(comp.).  Pianistic  debut 
at  10  ;  in  1S81  he  was  solo  pianist  of  Mme.  Ger- 
ster's  first  tour  in  the  United  States  ;  gave  many 
concerts  and  recitals  in  chief  American  cities 
(notably  in  Cleveland,  1884,  and  Boston),  of 
American  composers'  works.  President  of  M.T. 
N.  A.,  1886-7. — Works  :  2  operas  ;  an  oratorio  ; 
a  cantata  (1878)  ;  an  offertory  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.  ;  a  symphony  ;  2  orch.l  suites  ;  several 
overtures  ;  suite  f.  pf.  and  'cello  ;  2  string-quar- 
tets ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  30  pf.- 
etudes  ;  etc. 

Lavi'gna,  Vincenzo,  b.  Naples,  1777  ;  d. 
Milan,  about  1S37.  Pupil  of  the  Cons,  della 
Pieta,  Naples.  Accompanist  and  instructor  of 
singing  at  La  Scala  from  1809  ;  vocal  teacher  at 
Milan  Cons,  from  1823.  Besides  his  first,  and 
perhaps  best,  opera,  La  Muta  per  amore,  ossia 
II  Medico  per  forza  (Milan,  1802),  he  comp.  8 
other  operas,  and  2  ballets.  He  was  the  teacher 
of  Verdi,  whom  Basily  had  refused  to  admit  into 
the  Cons,  on  the  ground  that  he  found  him 
wanting  in  musical  talent  ! 

Lavignac,  Albert,  prof,  of  harmony  at  the 
Paris  Cons.,  publ.  in  1882  a  "  Cours  complet 
theorique  et  pratique  de  dictee  musicale,"  which 
caused  the  adoption  of  courses  in  musical  dicta- 
tion in  leading  music-schools  throughout  the 
world;  also  "La  musique  et  les  musiciens " 
(Paris,  1895). 

Lavigne,  Jacques-Emile,  dramatic  tenor  ; 
b.  Pau,  17S2  ;  d.  there  1S55.  He  sang  at  the 
Grand  Opera,  Paris,  1809-25.  Though  over- 
shadowed and  kept  in  the  background  by  Nour- 
rit,  who  assumed  most  of  the  leading  tenor 
roles,  he  was  a  popular  favorite,  known  as 
"  rilercule  du  chant"  on  account  of  his  im- 
mensely powerful  voice. 

Lavigne,  Antoine-Joseph,  oboist ;  b.  Be- 
sancon,  France,  Mar.  23,  1816.  Pupil  of  the 
Paris  Cons. ;  from  1841  in  England,  playing  at 
first  in  the  Drury  Lane  Promenade  Concerts, 
later  in  Halle's  Manchester  orch.  He  partially 
applied  Boehm's  ring-key  system  to  the  oboe. 

Lavoix,  Henri-Marie-Frangois,  b.  Paris, 
Apr.  26,  1846  ;  d.  there  Dec.  27,  1897.  Called 
"  Lavoix  fils  "  to  distinguish  him  from  his  father, 
custodian  of  the  numismatic  collection  in  the 
Paris  National  Library.  Graduate  of  the  Paris 
Univ.;  then  a  pupil  of   II.  Cohen  (harm,  and 


343 


LAW— LEBEGUE 


cpt.)  ;  from  1865,  librarian  in  the  Nat.  Library. 
Contributor  to  the  "  Revue  et  Gazette  musicale," 
etc.;  mus.  feuilletonisle  to  the  "Globe." — 
Works  :  The  monographs  "  Les  traducteurs  de 
Shakespeare  en  musique  "  (1869)  ;  "  Lamusique 
dans  la  nature"  (1873);  "La  musique  dans 
l'imagerie  du  moyen  age  "  (1875)  ;  "  Histoire  de 
l'instrumentation  "(1S78  ;  his  chief  work,  which 
received  honorable  mention  from  the  Academie 
in  1875)  ;  "  Les  principes  et  l'histoire  du  chant  " 
(with  Th.  Lemaire)  ;  "  La  musique  au  siecle  de 
Saint-Louis." 

Law,  Andrew,  pioneer  singing-teacher  in 
New  England  ;  b.  Cheshire,  Conn.,  1748  ;  d. 
there  in  July,  1821.  Self-taught  ;  composer  of 
some  hymn-tunes,  of  which  "  Archdale "  had 
considerable  vogue.  Compiler  of  a  "  Collection 
of  the  best  and  most  approved  Tunes  and  An- 
thems "  (17S2)  ;  wrote  "  Rudiments  of  Musick  " 
(1783  ;  4  editions  up  to  1794);  "  Musical  Primer 
on  a  New  Plan,  with  the  Four  Characters " 
(1803  ;  an  original,  but  unsuccessful,  attempt  to 
dispense  with  the  staff);  "Musical  Magazine" 
(1804)  ;  "  Harmonic  Companion  and  Guide  to 
Social  Worship  "  (Philadelphia  ;  no  date). 

Lawes,  William,  English  composer ;  b. 
Salisbury,  Wiltshire,  1582  ;  killed  at  the  siege 
of  Chester,  1645.  Pupil  of  Coperario  ;  member 
of  Chichester  cathedral-choir  ;  1602,  Gentleman 
of  the  Chapel  Royal  ;  musician  in  ordinary  to 
Charles  I. — Works  :  Music  to  Shirley's  "  Peace"; 
"  The  Royal  Consort  for  Viols";  anthems,  and 
other  sacred  and  secular  pieces,  in  various  col- 
lections of  the  time. — His  brother, 

Lawes,  Henry,  b.  Dinton,  near  Salisbury, 
Dec,  1595  ;  d.  London,  Oct.  21,  1662.  Pupil 
of  Coperario.  In  1625,  Epistler  and  Gentleman 
of  Chapel  Royal  ;  later  clerk  in  same,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Ring's  private  band,  also  music-mas- 
ter to  the  Earl  of  Bridgewater.  Lost  appoint- 
ments during  Protectorate,  but  was  reinstated  in 
1660.  Tomb  in  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey. 
— Works  :  3  masques  {The  Triumphs  of  Peace, 
Caluin  britannicum,  and  Covins)  ;  "A  Para- 
phrase upon  the  Psalmes  of  David  .  .  ."(1637); 
"  Choice  Psalmes  put  into  Musick  for  3  Voices  " 
(1648);  "  Ayres  and  Dialogues  for  1,  2  and  3 
Voices"  (3  books:  1653,  '55,  '58);  songs  and 
anthems  in  contemporary  coll.s  ;  music  to  poems 
by  Milton,  Herrick,  W.  Cartwright,  Davenant, 
etc. 

Lawrowska'ja  [Lavrovska'ja],  Elizabeth 
Andrejevna  (Princess  Zeretelev),  dramatic  so- 
prano ;  b.  Kaschin,  Gov.t  of  Tver,  Russia, 
Oct.  12,  1845  ;  pupil  of  Fenzi  at  the  Elizabeth 
Inst.,  then  of  Mme.  Nissen-Saloman  at  St. 
Petersburg  Cons.  After  debut  as  Orpheus 
(Gluck)  in  1867,  she  studied  in  London  and 
Paris,  and  was  then  engaged  for  the  Imp. 
Opera,  St.  Petersburg,  for  4  years,  and  again, 
after  an  interval  of  European  touring,  in  1878 
to  the  present  time.  Chief  roles  :  Vania  {A 
Life  for  the  Czar),  Ratmir  {Russian  and  Lud- 
milla),  Grania  (  /  'ralsyia  Si/a),  etc. 


Layolle  (or  Layole,  dell'Aiole,  Ajolla), 
Francois,  Florentine  composer  ;  publ.  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  madrigals,  etc.,  in  the  coll.s  of 
J.  Modernus  (1532-43),  Petrejus  (1538-42),  Gar- 
dano  (1538-60),  and  Rhaw  (1545). 

Lazare,  Martin,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Brussels,  Oct.  27,  1829;  d.  there  Aug.  6,  1897. 
Pupil  of  van  der  Does  (The  Hague)  and  Zim- 
merman (Paris  Cons.).  After  visiting  Paris  and 
London,  he  travelled  in  Germany,  the  United 
States,  and  Canada,  then  settling  in  Brussels. — 
Works  :  One  opera,  l.e  roi  de  Boheme  (The 
Hague,  1852)  ;  an  operetta,  Les  deux  Mandarins 
(Brussels,  1878  ;  private  perf.)  ;  chamber-music  ; 
piano-music  (Sicilienne,  op.  16  ;  Valses  de  salon  ; 
6  etudes  de  concert  ;   6  etudes  de  genre). 

Lazarus,  Henry,  clarinettist  ;  b.  London, 
Jan.  1,  1S15  ;  d.  there  Mar.  6,  1895.  Pupil  of 
Chas.  Godfrey,  Sr. ;  debut  1838,  at  Mme.  Dulck- 
en's  concert  ;  then  app.  second  to  Willman  at 
the  Sacred  Harmonic  Concerts,  succeeding  him 
in  1S40  as  1st  clarinet  at  the  opera,  etc.,  and 
playing  in  the  Birmingham  Festivals  1840-85. 
Retired  1S91. 

Laz'zari,  Sylvio,  b.  Bozen,  1S58.  Renounc- 
ing the  study  of  jurisprudence  for  music,  he 
studied  from  1882  at  the  Paris  Cons.  (Cesar 
Franck).  Residing  in  Paris  as  a  teacher  and 
composer.  His  opera  Armor  is  still  unper- 
formed; better  fortune  has  attended  his  panto- 
mimic ballets,  symphonic  poems,  chamber-music, 
and  particularly  his  songs,  all  of  a  pronouncedly 
modern  cast. 

Le  Be,  Guillaume,  an  early  French  type- 
founder. His  1540  types  printed  notes  and  lines 
simultaneously  ;  those  of  1555,  printing  notes 
and  staff-lines  separately,  necessitated  two  im- 
pressions, like  Petrucci's.  He  also  made  tabla- 
ture-type.      Ballard  acquired  his  punches. 

Le  Beau,  Louise  Adolpha,  composer-pian- 
ist ;  b.  Rastatt,  Baden,  Apr.  25,  1850.  Piano- 
pupil  of  Kalliwoda  (Karlsruhe)  and  Frau  Schu- 
mann; for  cpt.  andcomp.,  of  Sachs  and  Rhein- 
berger  (Munich)  ;  for  instrumentation,  of  Fr. 
Lachner.  Her  concerts  at  Munich,  Berlin,  Leip- 
zig, Vienna,  etc. ,  have  won  well-earned  applause  ; 
she  has  also  shown  eminent  talent  as  a  composer. 
Residing  since  1890  at  Berlin. — Works  :  Grand 
choral  work  Hadumotli  (1S94)  ;  pf. -quartet,  op. 
28;  pf.-trio,  op.  15  ;  Fantasia  f.  pf.  w.  orch., 
op.  25  ;  violin-sonata  w.  pf.,  op.  10;  'cello-sonata 
w.  pf. ,  op.  15  ;  pf. -sonata,  op.  8  ;  Var.s  on  an 
orig.  theme,  f.  pf. ,  op.  3  ;  Improvvisata  for  left 
hand,  op.  30;  Gavotte  f.  pf.  (very popular),  op. 
32- 

Lebeau,  Francois,  b.  Liege,  Aug.  4,  1827. 
Amateur  composer  ;  pupil  of  Michelot  (pf.)  and 
Bosselet  (harm.).  Secretary  of  the  administra- 
tive commission  of  Brussels  Cons. — Opera  Es- 
meralda [book  by  Victor  Hugo]  (Liege,  1S56). 

Lebegue,  Nicolas-Antoine,  b.  Laon,  1630; 
d.   Paris,  July  6,  1702,  as  court  organist. — Publ. 


344 


LEBERT— LEBRUN 


organ-  and  clavecin-music,   and   "Airs"  f.  2-3 
voices  \v.   continuo. 

Le'bert  (rectius  Levy),  Siegmund,  b.  Lud- 
wigsburg,  n.  Stuttgart,  l-)ec.  12,  1S22  ;  d.  Stutt- 
gart, Dec.  8,  1884. 
Pupil,  at  Prague,  of 
Tomaschek,  D. 
Weber,  Tedesco,  and 
P  r  o  k  s  c  h  .  After 
teaching  successfully 
in  Munich,  he 
founded  (1S56-7), 
with  Faiszt,  Stark, 
Brachmann,  and 
Speidel,  the  Stutt- 
gart Conservatory. 
It  is  possible  that 
L.'s  attainments, 
both  as  pianist  and 
pedagogue,  have 
been  somewhat  overrated  ;  his  "  Grosse  Klavier- 
schule,"  publ.  in  cooperation  with  Stark,  has 
run  through  several  editions  and  has  been  transl. 
into  English,  French,  Italian,  and  Russian,  but 
is  hardly  increasing  in  professional  favor  ;  neither 
is  his  Instructive  Edition  of  classic  pf.  works  a 
model  in  every  respect;  his  edition  of  dementi's 
"  Gradus  ad  Parnassum "  is  far  outclassed  by 
Vogrich's.  He  was  Dr.  phil.  kon.  causa  (Tu- 
bingen), and  "  Royal  Wi'irttemberg  Professor." 
Numerous  studies  in  the  "  Klavierschule  "  were 
devised  by  him. 

Lebeuf,  abbe  Jean,  b.  Auxerre,  Mar.  6, 16S7  ; 
d.  there  Apr.  10,  1760,  as  canon  and  sub-cantor 
at  the  cathedral.  In  1740  he  succeeded  to  Lance- 
lot's chair  in  the  Academie.  Of  his  circa  1S0 
essays  on  all  manner  of  subjects,  we  note  a  series 
publ.  1725-8  in  the  "  Mercure  de  France"  on 
plain-song,  combating  Motz's  newly  invented 
style  of  notation  ;  a  "Lettre  sur  les  orgues  ..." 
("  M.  de  Fr.,"  1737);  and  a  "  Traite  historique 
et  pratique  sur  le  chant  ecclesiastique,  avec  le 
directoire  qui  en  contient  les  principes  et  les 
regies,  suivant  l'usage  present  du  diocese  de 
Paris,  et  autres.  Precede  d'une  nouvelle  methode 
pour  l'enseigner  et  l'apprendre  facilement" 
(I741)- 

Leborne,  Aime-Ambroise -Simon,  noted 
pedagogue  ;  b.  Brussels,  Dec.  29,  1797  ;  d. 
Paris,  Apr.  1,  1S66.  Pupil  of  the  Paris  Cons. 
181 1-20  (Dourlen  and  Cherubim)  ;  won  the 
Grand  prix  de  Rome.  In  1S16  he  was  already 
a  re'pJtitcitr  in  a  solfeggio-class,  becoming  full 
teacher  in  1S20  ;  succeeded  Reicha  as  prof,  of 
comp.  in  1S36  ;  also  becoming  librarian  at  the 
Opera  in  1829,  and  to  the  royal  chapelle  in  1834. 
He  edited  a  new  edition  of  Catel's  "Traite 
d'harmonie,"  making  numerous  additions  to  the 
practical  part. 

Leborne  (or  Le  Borne),  Fernand,  b.  Paris, 
Mar.  10,  1S62.  Pupil,  in  Paris  Cons.,  of  Mas- 
senet, Saint-Saens,  and  C.  Franck.  Now  (1899) 
living  in  Paris  as  critic  for  "  Re  Monde  artiste," 
and  composer. — Works  :  Pastoral  drama  Daplmis 


ct  Chloe" (Brussels,  1SS5)  ;  4-act  lyric  drama  J//t- 
darra  (not  perf.)  ;  Tejnps  de  guerre,  "tableaux 
symphoniques"  (Gr. -Opera,  1S96)  ;  Hedda,  a 
3-act  symphonic  legende  (received  at  the  Op.- 
Com.)  ;  symphonies,  orch.l  suites,  concertos, 
quartets,  sonatas,  etc. ;  a  Solemn  Mass  in  A  ; 
motets. 

Lebouc,  Charles-Joseph,  b.  Besancon,  Dec. 
22,  1822  ;  d.  Hyeres,  Mar.,  1893.  'Cello-vir- 
tuoso ;  pupil,  in  Paris  Cons.,  of  Franchomme, 
and  of  Halevy  and  Colet  (comp.).  Won  1st 
'cello-prize  (1842)  and  1st  harmony-prize  (1S44)  ; 
played  in  the  Opera  orch.  1844-8,  was  a  member 
of  the  Societe  des  Concerts  from  1S42,  and  its 
secretary  1S56-60.  L.  founded  the  "  Soirees  de 
musique  classique." — Works  :  Triode  concert  f. 
pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello;  Ave  verum,  f.  voice  w. 
'cello  and  org.;  "La  vision  de  Ste.-Cecile"  f. 
voice  w.  pf.  and  'cello  ;  duos  f.  'cello  w.  pf.  ; 
'cello-pieces  ;   Method  f.  'cello. 

Lebrun,  Ludwig  August,  often  called  the 
greatest  oboist  of  the  iSth  century  ;  b.  Mann- 
heim, 1746  ;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  16,  1790.  From 
1767,  member  of  the  electoral  orch.,  Munich  ; 
concert-tours  from  1775  in  Germany,  Italy, 
France,  and  England,  creating  a  sensation  in 
London  (1781)  and  Paris  (17S4). — Publ.  7  oboe- 
concertos  ;  12  trios  f.  oboe,  vln.,  and  'cello  ; 
easy  duos  f.  flutes. — His  wife, 

Lebrun  [ne'e  Danzi),  Franciska,  b.  Mann- 
heim, 1756;  d.  Berlin,  May  14,  1791  ;  a  dis- 
tinguished high  soprano  concert-singer,  accom- 
panied him  on  his  tours,  and  died  of  grief  soon 
after  his  decease. — Their  two  daughters,  Sophie 
and  Rosine,  distinguished  themselves  as  a  pianist 
and  a  vocalist  respectively. 

Lebrun,  Jean,  horn-virtuoso ;  b.  Lyons, 
Apr.  6,  1759  ;  d.  Paris,  1S09.  Chiefly  self- 
taught,  excepting  some  lessons  from  Punto,  he 
was  remarkable  for  sonority  and  purity  of  tone, 
and  for  the  ease  with  which  he  took  the  high 
notes.  He  was  1st  horn  in  the  Opera  orch., 
1786-92  ;  after  a  visit  to  England,  he  entered 
the  royal  orch.  at  Berlin ;  after  extended  tours  he 
returned  to  Paris  in  1S06,  but  found  no  employ- 
ment, and  in  despair  committed  suicide  by  suf- 
focation. 

Lebrun,  Louis-Sebastien,  tenor  singer  and 
vocal  teacher  ;  b.  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1764;  d.  there 
June  27,  1829.  Unsuccessful  as  a  singer  in  the 
Opera  and  the  Opera-Comique,  he  became  one 
of  the  4  matires  tic  chant  at  the  Opera,  in  1807 
tenor  in  Napoleon's  chapelle,  and  in  1S10  chef 
tic  chant  in  the  same.  He  brought  out  several 
operas,  of  which  Le  Rossignol,  in  one  act  (Opera, 
1S16),  remained  on  the  repertory  for  a  long  time, 
although  rather  mediocre.  13  more  operas,  a 
Te  Deum  (1S09),  a  Solemn  Mass  (1815),  a  mass 
with  string-orch.,  and  a  coll.  of  romances,  are 
also  known. 

Lebrun,  Paul- Henri- Joseph,  b.  Ghent, 
Apr.  21,  1S61,  and  a  pupil  of  the  Cons,  there, 
won  the  Prix  de  Rome  in   iSgi  for  composition, 


345 


LE  CARPENTIER— LEDUC 


and    1st  prize    of   the    Belgian   Academie    for  a 
symphony. 

Le  Carpentier,  Adolphe-Clair,  b.  1'aris, 
Eeb.  17,  1809;  d.  there  July  14,  1869.  Pianist; 
pupil  of  Lesueur  and  Fetis  at  the  Cons.  (1818), 
winning  several  prizes,  and  settling  in  Paris  as 
a  teacher  in  1833.  Wrote  an  excellent  "  Methode 
de  piano  pour  les  enfants,"  also  25  "Etudes 
elementaires  "  (op.  59),  and  a  coll.  of  24  etudes, 
"  Le  Progres."  Also  nearly  300  fantasias,  etc., 
on  operatic  and  national  airs,  well-arranged,  and 
of  moderate  difficulty. 

Lech/ner,  Leonhard,  a  native  of  the  Etsch- 
thal,  Switzerland ;  noted  16th-century  composer, 
who  died  in  Stuttgart,  Sept.  6,  1604,  as  court 
Kapellm.  A  list  of  his  works  is  in  the  "  Monats- 
hefte  fur  Musikgeschichte,"  i,  179,  and  x,  137; 
it  includes  masses,  canticles,  psalms,  etc.;  "  Bi- 
cinia  und  dreystimmige  deutsche  Villanellen  "; 
motets,  sacred  songs,  and  the  like. 

Leclair,  Jean-Marie,  celebrated  violinist  ; 
b.  Lyons,  1697  ;  assassinated  in  Paris,  Oct.  22, 
1764.  At  first  a  ballet-dancer  at  Rouen,  then 
ballet-master  at  Turin,  where  Somis  took  his 
education  in  hand,  being  attracted  by  dance- 
music  written  by  L.  From  1729-31  he  was 
ripieno-violinist  at  the  Opera,  Paris  ;  then  joined 
the  royal  orch.,  but  soon  left  it  to  pursue  the 
vocation  of  composer  and  private  teacher. — 
Works  :  The  opera  Glaucus  et  Scylla  (Paris, 
1747)  ;  opera-ballet  Apollon  et  Climene  (1750) ; 
Concerti  grossi,  f.  3  vlns.,  via.,  'cello,  and  organ; 
6  trios,  and  2  easy  trios,  f.  2  violins  w.  bass  ; 
duos  f.  violins  ;  and  (his  finest  comp.s)  48  sona- 
tas f.  violin  w.  continue 

Leclerq,  Louis.     See  Celler. 

Lecocq,  (Alexandre-)  Charles,  famous 
composer  of  operettas  ;  b.  Paris,  June  3,  1832. 
He  studied  at  the  Cons,  under  Bazin  (harm.), 
Halevy  (comp.),  and  Benoist  (organ)  ;  won  1st 
prize  for  harmony  in  1850,  and  2nd  prize  for 
fugue  in  1852.  liis  first  stage-work,  Le  docteur 
Miracle,  written  with  Bizet,  and  prod,  in  1857, 
won  a  prize  offered  by  Offenbach  for  the  best 
opera  buffa  ;  but  his  first  real  hit,  after  several 
transient  successes,  was  made  with  Fleur-de-Thd 
(1868),  which  had  a  run  of  a  hundred  nights 
in  Paris  within  three  or  four  months,  and  was 
well  received  in  England,  Germany, etc.  Another 
sensational  hit  was  made  by  La  fille  de  Mine. 
A/igot,  brought  out  in  Brussels,  Dec.  4,  1872, 
and  in  Paris,  Feb.  21,  1S73,  where  it  was  played 
uninterruptedly  until  April  8,  1S74.  It  was 
closely  followed  by  its  rival  in  popularity,  Girofle- 
Girofla  (1874).  Up  to  date  (1899)  he  has  prod, 
over  40  operettas,  comedy-operas,  and  especially 
comic  operas  (operas  bouffes),  which,  in  finish  of 
instrumentation  and  carefulness  of  writing,  are 
superior,  on  the  whole,  to  the  productions  of 
Offenbach  and  Ilerve.  L.  was  made  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1894.  He  has  publ., 
for  piano,  a  ballet-pantomime,  "Les  Fantoccini"; 
24  morceaux  de  genre,  "Les  Miettes";  and  a 


Gavotte  ;  also  an  Aubade  ;  melodies  and  chan- 
sons f.  voice  w.  pf . ;  sacred  songs  f.  female 
voices  (e.  g.,  "La  chapelle  au  couvent  ")  ;  and 
Rameau's  Castor  et  Pollux  in  piano-score.  A 
list  of  his  dramatic  works  is  appended  : 

Le  docteur  Miracle  (1857)  ;  two  i-act  operettas,  Le 
Baiser  it  la  parte  and  Liline  et  Valentin  (1864)  ;  Les 
Ondincs  au  Champagne  (i-act,  1865) ;  Le  Mysotis 
(i-act,  1866)  ;  Le  Cabaret  du  Ramponneatt  (i-act,  1867) ; 
r Amour  et  son  carquois  (2-act),  Fleur-de-The  (3-act.) 
and  Les  Jumeaux  de  Bergame  (i-act,  1868)  ;  Gandolfo 
( i-act)  and  Le  Rajah  de  Mysore  (i-act,  1869)  ;  Le  beau 
Dunois  (i-act,  1870)  ;  Le  Testament  de  M.  de  Crac 
(i-act),  Le  Barbier  de  Trouville  ( i-act),  and  Sauvotis  la 
caisse  (i-act,  1871)  ;  Les  cent  Vierges  (3-act)  and  La 
fille  de  Mme.  A  ngot  (3-act,  1872)  ;  Giroflc-Girofla  (3-act) 
and  Les  Pres  Saint  Gervais  (3-act,  1874)  ;  Le  Pompon 
(3-act)  and  La  petite  Mariee  (3-act,  1875) ;  Kosiki (3-act, 
1876)  ;  La  Marjolaine  (3-act,  1877) ;  Le  petit  Due  (3-act) 
and  La  Camargo  (3-act,  1878) ;  Le  Grand  Casimir 
(3-act),  La  petite  Mademoiselle  (3-act),  and  La  jolie 
Persane  (3-act,  1879);  Janot  (3-act),  La  Roussotte 
(3-act),  and  Le  Jour  et  la  Nuit  (3-act,  1881)  ;  Le  Coeur 
et  la  Main  (2-act,  1882);  La  Princesse  des  Canaries 
(3-act,  1883)  ;  rOiseau  bleu  (3-act,  1884)  ;  La  Vie  mon- 
daine  (4-act,  1885) ;  Plutus  (2-act,  18S6)  ;  Les  Grena- 
diers de  Mont-Cornette  (3-act,  18^87);  La  Volicre  (3-act, 
1888)  ;  Ali-Baba  (3-act,  1889)  ;  V Egyptienne (3-act,  1890)  ; 
Nos  bons  Chasseurs  (3-act,  1894)  ;  Ninette  (1896)  ;  not  per- 
formed are  Renza,  Cyrano  de  Bergerac,  Don  Japhet, 
and  Mimosa. 

Le  Couppey,  Felix,  b.  Paris,  Apr.  14,  1S14  ; 
d.  there  July  5,  1887.  Pupil  of  Dourlen  in  the 
Cons.,  where  he  was  asst. -teacher of  an  element- 
ary harmony-class  in  1828,  full  teacher  in  1837, 
Dourlen's  successor  as  prof,  of  harmony  in  1843, 
and  substitute  piano-teacher  for  Henri  Herz  in 
1S48,  when  the  latter  started  on  his  American 
tour.  Later  a  special  pf. -class  for  ladies  was 
organized  for  him. — Publ.  "  Ecole  du  mecanisme 
du  piano,  24  etudes  primaires "  (op.  10)  ; 
"Cours  de  piano  elementaire  et  progressif "; 
"  L'art  du  piano"  (50  etudes  with  annotations)  ; 
a  pamphlet,  "  De  l'enseignement  du  piano  ; 
conseils  aux  jeunes  professeurs  "  (1865)  ;  a  few 
pf. -pieces,  and  songs. 

Ledebur,  Karl,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Schildesche, 
n.  Bielefeld,  Apr.  20,  1806.  Prussian  cavalry 
officer.  Publ.  a  "  Tonkl'instlerlexikon  Berlins 
von  den  altesten  Zeiten  bis  auf  die  Gegen- 
wart"  (1860-1). 

Ledent,  Felix-Etienne,  b.  Liege,  Nov.  17, 
1S16  ;  d.  there  Aug.  23,  18S6.  Pianist,  pupil 
of  ].  Jalheau  at  the  Liege  Cons,  and  of  Daus- 
soigne-Mehul  at  Paris,  taking  the  2nd  prix  de 
Rome  in  1843,  and  becoming  prof,  of  piano  in 
Liege  Cons,  in  1844. — Publ.  Adagio  and  Rondo 
f.  pf.  w.  orch.;  pf. -pieces  ;  and  songs. 

Leduc,  Alphonse,  b.  Nantes,  Mar.  9,  1804; 
d.  Paris,  June  17,  1868.  Fianist  and  bassoonist. 
Pupil  of  his  father ;  also  of  Reicha  in  Paris 
Cons,  and  of  Rhein  (pf.)  in  Nantes  (1S26).  He 
founded  a  music-business  in  Paris  in  1S41, 
which  -is  still  carried  on  by  his  son. — Works  : 
632  dances  ;  32S  piano-pieces  ;  13  pieces  f.  bas- 
soon, 52  f.  guitar,  38  f.  flute,  26  f.  organ  ;  94 
romances  and  melodies  f.  1-3  voices  ;  nine  col- 
lections of   etudes;   "Methode    elementaire  de 


346 


LEE— LEGRENZI 


piano,  a  l'usage  des  pensions"  (some  20  edi- 
tions published.). 

Lee,  Louis,  b.  Hamburg,  Oct.  19,  1819  ; 
brilliant  'cellist  and  composer  of  merit  ;  pupil 
of  }.  N.  Prell,  and  gave  concerts  at  12  in  Ger- 
man cities  and  Copenhagen.  He  became  'cel- 
list in  the  Hamburg  Th.;  then  lived  several 
years  in  Paris,  returned  to  Hamburg,  organized 
chamber-music  soirees  (with  Hafner,  later  with 
Boie),  was  teacher  in  the  Cons,  until  1884,  and 
1st 'cello  of  the  Philh.  Soc. — Publ.  a  pf. -quartet, 
a  pf.-trio,  a  'cello-sonata,  a  'cello-sonatina,  a 
sonata  and  a  sonatina  f.  vln.,  pieces  f.  pf.  and 
'cello,  soli  f .  pf . ;  also  wrote  music  to  Schiller's 
Jung frau  von  Orleans  and  Wilhelm  Tell j  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  2  string-quartets,  pf. -duets, 
etc. — His  brother, 

Lee,  Sebastian,  b.  Hamburg,  Dec.  24, 
1S05  ;  d.  there  [an.  4,  1887  ;  was  also  a  pupil  of 
Prell,  and  a  distinguished  'cellist  ;  from  1837- 
68,  solo 'cellist  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris  ;  lived 
thereafter  in  Hamburg. — Publ.  an  excellent 
Method  f.  'cello  ;  variations,  divertissements, 
and  fantasias,  f.  'cello  w.  orch.;  Var.s  f.  'cello 
w.  string-quartet  ;  'cello-duos. 

Lee,  Maurice,  brother  of  the  two  preceding  ; 
b.  Hamburg,  Feb.,  1S21  ;  d.  London,  June  23, 
1895,  where  he  had  long  resided  as  a  pf. -teacher 
and  composer  of  popular  salon-music. 

Lefebure,  Louis-Francois-Henri,  b.  Paris, 
Feb.  18,  1754;  d.  there  Nov.,  1S40.  A  Gov- 
ernment official  until  his  retirement  in  1814. — 
Works  :  "  Nouveau  Solfege,"  a  23-page  pam- 
phlet publ.  1780,  containing  ideas  put  into  prac- 
tice by  Gossec  in  the  "  Ecole  royale  de  chant  "; 
and  "  Revues,  erreurs  et  meprises  de  differents 
auteurs  celebres  en  matiere  musicale "  (17S9). 
He  also  comp.  2  oratorios,  several  cantatas, 
and  scenas. 

Lefebure -Wely,  Louis-James-Alfred,  b. 
Paris,  Nov.  13,  1S17  ;  d.  there  Dec.  31,  1869. 
A  pupil  of  his  father  from  his  fourth  year,  at  8 
he  took  the  latter's  place  as  organist  of  the 
church  of  Saint- Roch,  becoming  regular  organ- 
ist at  14.  Entering  the  Paris  Cons,  in  1832,  he 
was  taught  by  Benoist  (org.)  and  Laurent  and 
Zimmerman  (pf.),  taking  first  prizes  for  both 
instr.s  in  1835  ;  his  teachers  in  composition  were 
Berton  and  Halevy,  and  he  had  private  instruc- 
tion from  Adam  (comp.)  and  Sejan  (org.).  1S47- 
58,  organist  of  la  Madeleine  ;  after  5  years  de- 
voted to  composition,  he  succeeded  Sejan  as 
organist  at  St.-Sulpice.  L.  was  a  thorough 
musician,  a  skilful  player  on  the  organ,  piano, 
and  harmonium,  and  a  versatile  composer. — 
Works  :  a  3-act  opera,  Les  Recruteurs  (1861)  ; 
a  cantata,  Apres  la  victoire  (1S63)  ;  1  mass  w. 
orch.  and  2  masses  w.  organ  ;  3  symphonies  ;  a 
string-quintet  and  a  string-quartet  ;  sacred  vo- 
cal music  ;  much  elegant  salon-music  f.  pf.  (his 
most  celebrated  piece  is  "  The  Monastery- 
bells");   50  pf.  -etudes  ;  harmonium-music;  etc. 

Lefebvre    [Le     Febvre],    Jacques,  called 


Jacobus  Faber,  and  also  surnamed  Stapu- 
lensis  because  born  at  Etaples,  n.  Amiens, 
(date  uncertain);  d.  Nerac,  1537  (47?),  as 
tutor  in  the  royal  family  of  Navarre.  Wrote 
"  Elementa  musicalia "  (1496;  republ.  1510, 
1514,  and  1528  as  "  Musica  libris  IV  demon- 
strata,"  and  1552  as  "  De  musica  quatuor  libris 
demonstrata  ").  The  edition  of  1528  also  includes 
"  Quaestiuncula  praevia  in  musicam  speculativam 
Boetii." 

Lefebvre,  Charles-Edouard,  son  of  the  his- 
torical painter  L. ;  b.  Paris,  June  19,  1843.  En- 
tered Paris  Cons.,  1863;  pupilof  Ambr.  Thomas; 
Grand  prix  de  Rome,  1S70,  for  the  cantata  Le 
Jugement  </,■  Dieu.  While  in  Rome  he  com- 
posed the  23rd  Psalm  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  the  first 
two  parts  of  a  biblical  drama,  Judith  ;  and 
several  symphonic  pieces.  In  1S73,  after  tours 
in  Greece  and  the  Orient,  he  settled  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  A  3-act  opera,  Djelma  (Paris,  1894  ; 
mod.  succ);  the  opera  Zaire  (1887),  and  the  i-act 
operaZi>  Tresor(not  perf.);"  legende  fantastique" 
Melka ;  "  poeme  lyrique "  Ste.-Ce'cile  (1896); 
grand  choral  work  Eha  ;  chamber-music  ;  etc. 

Lefevre,  Jean-Xavier,  famous  clarinettist  ; 
b.  Lausanne,  Mar.  6,  1763  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  9, 
1829.  Pupil  of  Michel  Yost  in  Paris  ;  played 
in  concerts  from  17S7  ;  member  of  the  Opera 
orch.  1791-1817;  prof,  in  Cons.  1795-1825;  and 
joined  the  Imperial  Orch.  in  1807.  Chev.  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  Wrote  the  Clarinet-method 
adopted  (1802)  at  the  Cons.  ;  6  clarinet-con- 
certos ;  concertantes  f.  clar.  w.  other  instr.s  ; 
also  trios,  duos,  and  soli  (sonatas).  He  added  a 
sixth  key  to  the  clarinet. 

Legouix,  Isidore-Edouard,  b.  Paris,  Apr. 
1,  1834;  pupil  of  Reber  and  Ambr.  Thomas  at 
the  Cons. ;  has  brought  out  4  operas  and  about 
10  operettas  without  marked  popular  success. 

Legren'zi,  Giovanni,  celebrated  composer  of 
sacred  and  secular  music  ;  b.  Clusone,  n.  Ber- 
gamo, about  1625  ;  d.  Venice,  May  26,  1690. 
Pupil  of  Pallavicino  ;  organist  at  Bergamo  ; 
maestro  di  cappella  to  the  Duke  of  Ferrara,  and 
prod,  his  first  opera,  Achille  in  Sciro,  at  Ferrara 
in  1663;  from  1664  in  Venice,  becoming  director 
of  the  Cons.  de'Mendicanti  in  1672,  and  in  1685 
succeeding  Natale  Monferrato  as  maestro  at  San 
Marco,  where  he  enlarged  the  orch.  to  34  pieces 
(8  violins,  11  violette  [small  viols],  2  tenor  viols, 
3  viole  da  gamba  and  bass  viols,  4  theorbos,  2 
cornette,  1  bassoon,  and  3  trombones).  His  18 
operas  show  a  noteworthy  advance  over  those  of 
his  predecessors  in  the  orchestral  support  of  the 
vocal  parts,  and  he  treats  the  recitative  and  the 
melodic  phrase  with  greater  freedom.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  to  write  for  2  violins  and  violon- 
cello. Publ.  Concerto  di  messe  e  salmi  a  3-4 
con  violini  (1654)  ;  Mottetti  da  2-4  voci  (1655) ; 
Mottetti  a  5  voci  (1660);  Sacri  e  festivi  con- 
certi,  messe  e  salmi  a  due  cori  (1657)  ;  Senti- 
menti  devoti  (2  e  3  voci,  1660  ;  2  vol.s)  ;  Com- 
plete con  litanie  ed  antifona  della  Beata  Vergine 


347 


LEIIMANN— LE  MAISTRE 


(a  5;  1662)  ;  Cantate  a  voce  sola  (1674);  Idee 
armoniche  (a  2  and  3  ;  1678);  Echi  di  riverenza 
(14  cantatas  for  solo  voice  ;  [679);  Mottetti  sacri 
con  voce  sola  con  3  strumenti  (1692);  Suonate 
per  chiesa  (1055);  Suonate  da  chiesa  e  da  camera 
a  tre(i656);  Una  mutadi  suonate  (1664);  Suonate 
a  2  violini  e  violone  (w.  org.  continuo  ;  1667)  ;  La 
Cetra  (sonatas  for  2-4  instr.s  ;  1673)  ;  Suonate  a 
2  violini  e  violoncello  (1677)  ;  Suonate  da  chiesa 
e  da  camera  (1693). — Among  his  pupils  were 
Gasparini,  Lotti,  and  Caldara. 

Leh'mann,  George,  violinist ;  b.  New  York, 
July  31,  1S65.  Pupil  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1880-3, 
of  Schradieck  and  Hermann  (vln.),  Lammers 
(harm.),  and  Jadassohn  (cpt.  and  fugue).  Also 
one  season  with  Joachim  at  Berlin.  Won  the 
Helbig  prize  for  playing,  at  the  Gewandhaus, 
18S3,  Joachim's  Hungarian  concerto.  Travelled 
till  1893  as  a  soloist  and  with  his  quartet-party, 
the  "  Lehmann  Quartet";  1886-9,  leader  of  the 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  Symphony  Orch.  (now  dis- 
banded) ;  1889-92  in  Europe  ;  in  the  season  of 
1892-3  his  quartet  gave  20  concerts  at  Denver, 
Colorado.  Now  (1899)  living  in  New  York  as  a 
soloist,  teacher,  editorial  writer,  and  critic  on  the 
staff  of  "  Musical  America." — Has  publ.  "True 
Principles  of  the  Art  of  Violin-playing"  (New 
York,  1899),  valuable  for  students  and  teachers. 

Leh'mann,  Lilli,  dramatic  soprano;  b.  Vvt'irz- 
burg,  May  15,  1S48.  Taught  by  her  mother, 
Marie  L.,  prima  donna  at  Kassel  under  Spohr  ; 
debut  at  Prague  in  the  Zauberflbte  ("  First 
Boy")  ;  engaged  at  Danzig  (1868)  and  Leipzig 
(1870),  but  in  the  same  year  went  to  Berlin,  ob- 
taining a  life-engagement  at  the  Royal  Opera, 
with  the  title  of  Imp.  Chamber-singer,  in  1876. 
At  the  first  Wagner  Festival  at  Bayreuth,  1876, 
she  sang  Woglinde,  Helmwige,  and  the  "  Bird." 
She  appeared  in  London  1S80,  1884,  and  1885  ; 
then  breaking  her  contract  with  the  Berlin  Opera, 
and  singing  for  three  seasons  in  German  opera 
in  the  United  States.  She  sang  Fidelio,  in  Ital- 
ian, at  II.  M.'s  Th.,  London,  in  June,  1887  ;  re- 
turned to  Germany,  1890,  and  has  sung  there 
occasionally  since. 

Leh'mann,  Liza,  (Mrs.  Herbert  Bedford,) 
concert-soprano  ;  b.  in  London.  Pupil  of  Ran- 
degger  (voice)  and  Raunkilde  at  Rome,  and  in 
composition  of  Freudenberg  (Wiesbaden),  and 
Ilamish  MacCunn.  Debut  Nov.  23,  1885,  at  a 
Monday  Popular  Concert  ;  sang  at  the  Norwich 
Festival,  18S7  ;  and  was  frequently  heard  in 
Britain  and  Germany.  Married  and  retired  in 
1894.  She  is  also  a  song-composer.  Her  song- 
cycle,  "In  a  Persian  Garden,"  has  obtained 
great  popularity  in  England  and  the  United 
States. 

Leib'rock,  Joseph  Adolf,  b.  Brunswick, 
Jan.  S,  1S08;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  8,  1886.  Dr.phil., 
Berlin  ;  'cellist  and  harpist  in  the  Brunswick 
court  orch. — Works  :  Music  to  Schiller's  Rauber; 
part-songs;  songs  ;  arrangements  f.  pf.  and  'cello; 
a  "  Musikalische  Akkordenlehre  ";  and  a  history 


of  the  Brunswick  Hofkapcllr  ("  Braunschweiger 
Magazin,"  1865-6). 

Leighton,  Sir  William,  English  musician, 
"gentleman-pensioner";  publ.  "  The  Teares  or 
Lamentacions  of  a  Sorrowfull  Soule  ;  Composed 
with  Musicall  Ayres  and  Songs  both  for  Voyces 
and  Divers  Instruments"  (1614),  containing  54 
metrical  psalms  and  hymns,  17  being  for  4  voices 
w.  accomp.s  in  tablature  for  the  lute,  bandora, 
and  cittern,  and  13  for  4  voices  and  24  for  5 
voices  without  accomp.  The  first  S  are  by  L. 
himself  ;  the  others  by  Bull,  Byrd,  Dowland, 
( dbbons,  etc. 

Lei'singer,  Elisabeth,  dramatic  soprano ; 
b.  May  17,  1864,  in  Stuttgart;  studied  at  the 
Cons,  there,  and  later  with  Viardot-Garcia,  Paris. 
Member  of  the  Berlin  court  opera  since  1884. 

Leite,  Antonio  da  Silva,  conductor  at  the 
Oporto  Cathedral  about  1787-1826.  Publ.  "Re- 
sumo  de  todas  as  regras  e  preceitos  de  cantoria 
assim  da  musica  metrica  como  da  cantochao  " 
(1787);  a  guitar-method  (1796);  6  sonatas  f. 
guitar  w.  violin  (rebec)  and  2  trumpets;  etc. 

Lei'tert,  Johann  Georg,  excellent  pianist  ; 
b.  Dresden,  Sept.  29,  1852.  Pupil  of  Kragen 
and  Reichel  (pf.),  and  Rischbieter  (harm.).  Con- 
cert-debut 1865  at  Dresden  ;  then  played  in  Leip- 
zig, Berlin,  Prague,  etc.,  and  made  a  brilliantly 
successful  tour  to  England  in  1867.  Visited 
Liszt  in  Weimar  in  1869  ;  then,  after  concerts 
(he  played  Beethoven's  sonata  op.  106  at  Vienna), 
spent  2  winters  with  Liszt  in  Rome.  Since  that 
time  his  concerts  in  Germany,  Austria,  Russia, 
etc.,  have  been  attended  with  remarkable  suc- 
cess. From  1879-S1  he  taught  at  the  Horak 
Music-school  in  Vienna.  Many  fine  character- 
istic pieces  for  piano  :  Op.  12,  Esquisses  ;  op. 
24,  Chants  du  crepuscule  ;  op.  30,  Herbstblat- 
ter ;  op.  31,  Strahlen  und  Schatten  ;  op.  33, 
Aus  schonern  Stunden ;  op.  37,  Feuillesd'amour; 
op.  38,  Lose  Blatter  ;  op.  43,  Valse-Caprice;  etc. 

Le  Jeune,  Claudin,  b.  Valenciennes,  about 
1530  ;  d.  159S-1603.  French  contrapuntist. 
Chief  works,  40  Psalms  of  David  (1601);  chan- 
sons, madrigals,  etc.,  were  printed  1585-1610. 

Lemaire  (or  Le  Maire),  a  French  musician 
of  the  i6th-i7th  centuries,  is  said  to  have  urged 
the  adoption  of  a  seventh  solmisation-syllable 
("si,"  ace.  to  Rousseau;  "  za,"  ace.  to  Mer- 
senne)  ;  an  invention  tantamount  to  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  old  system  of  mutation. 

Lemaire,  Theophile,  b.  Essigny-le-Grand, 
Aisne,  Mar.  22,  1S20.  Pupil  of  Garcia,  Miche- 
lot,  and  Moreau-Sainti  at  the  Paris  Cons.  lie 
became  a  singing-teacher,  and  a  student  of  vocal 
methods  ;  publ.  (with  Lavoix)  "  Les  principes  et 
l'histoire  du  chant "  ;  transl.  into  French  Tosi's 
"Opinioni  dei  cantori  antichiemoderni  "  ("L'art 
du  chant   .   .    ."  1874). 

Le  Maistre  (or  Le  Maitre),  Mattheus, 
Netherland  contrapuntist  ;  court  Kapellm.  at 
Dresden,    1554-68;    died    1577.  —  Publ.    "  Mag- 


348 


LEMEIRE— LEO 


nificat  octo  tonorum  "  (1557);  "Catechesis  nu- 
meris  musicis  inclusa  et  ad  puerorum  captum  ac- 
commodata  tribus  vocibus  composita  "  (1563;  for 
the  Dresden  Choir-boys)  ;  "  Geistliche  und  welt- 
liche  teutsche  Gesange  "  a  4-5  (1566)  ;  a  book  of 
5-part  motets  (1570)  ;  "  Officia  de  nativitate  et 
ascensione  Christi "  a  5(1574);  "  Schone  und 
auserlesene  teutsche  und  lateinische  geistliche 
Lieder  "  (1577).  —  3  masses,  24  offices,  and  4  ver- 
sicles  are  in  MS.  in  the  Munich  Library.  Mono- 
graph on  L.  by  O.  Kade  (1S62). 

Lemiere  de  Corvey,  Jean-Frederic-Au- 
guste,  French  officer ;  b.  Rennes,  1770  ;d.  Paris, 
Apr.  19,  1S32.  He  prod,  several  vaudevilles  at 
Rennes  ;  studied  in  Paris  under  Berton  (1792), 
and  brought  out  a  series  of  successful  comic 
operas.  Also  publ.  miscellaneous  comp.s  and 
arrangements. 

Lem'mens,  Jacques-Nicolas,  remarkable 
organist  ;  b.  Zoerle-Parvvys,  Belgium,  Jan.  3, 
1S23  ;  d.  at  Castle  Linterport,  n.  Malines,  Jan. 
30,  1881.  Pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  van  der 
Broeck  at  Diest  ;  of  Godineau  at  the  Brussels 
Cons.  (1839  >  pf-)  !  after  playing  the  organ  at 
Diest  for  some  months,  he  took  further  lessons 
(1S41)  with  Michelot  (pianoforte),  Girschner 
(org.),  and  Fetis  (cpt.).  In  1S46  he  went  to 
Breslau,  with  a  government  stipend,  to  study 
under  Plesse  ;  in  1849  he  was  app.  prof,  of  organ- 
playing  at  the  Brussels  Cons.;  married  the  singer 
Miss  Sherrington  in  1857,  and  thenceforth  spent 
much  time,  in  England.  In  1879  ne  opened  a 
seminary  for  Catholic  organists  and  choirmasters 
at  Malines. — Organ-works  :  Excellent  sonatas, 
improvisations,  studies,  etc.  (over  60  in  all)  ;  a 
great  "  Ecole  d'orgue,"  adopted  in  the  Paris  and 
Brussels  Conservatories  ;  —  also  2  symphonies, 
pf. -music,  a  Te  Ileum,  motets,  songs,  etc. 

Lemoine,  Antoine-Marcel,  guitar-player;  b. 
Paris,  Nov.  3,  1763  ;  d.  there  in  April,  1817. 
Self-taught,  he  played  the  viola  at  the  Th.  de 
Monsieur,  conducted  at  minor  Parisian  theatres, 
and  finally  founded  a  music-publishing  business. 
Wrote  and  publ.  a  Guitar-method. — His  fourth 
son, 

Lemoine,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  21,  1786  ;  d. 
there  May  18,  1S54.  Studied  in  the  Cons.  179S- 
1809  ;  in  1 S2 1  he  also  had  harmony-lessons  of 
Reicha  ;  taught  the  piano  ;  and  at  his  father's 
death  succeeded  to  the  business. — 'Works  :  Meth- 
ods f.  harmony,  pf.,  and  solfeggio  ;  "  Tablettes 
du  piano,  Memento  du  professeur  de  piano" 
(1844)  ;  ancl  sonatas,  variations,  dances,  etc., 
f.  pf. 

Lemoine,  Aime,  b.  1795  ;  d.  (?) ;  a  pupil  of 
Galin,  taught  his  method,  and  publ.  2  editions 
of  the  "  Methode  du  Meloplaste  "  (1824,  1838). 
Later  he  resumed  the  usual  method  of  instruc- 
tion. 

Lemoyne  (rede  Moyne),  Jean-Baptiste,  b. 
Eymet,  Perigord,  Apr.  3,  1751  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec. 
30,  1796.  Conductor  at  provincial  French  the- 
atres  before   studying  composition   with   Graun 


and  Kirnberger  at  Berlin,  where  he  became  2nd 
Kapellm.  to  Frederick  the  Great.  Returning  to 
Paris,  he  brought  out  an  opera.  £leclre  (1782), 
pretending  to  be  a  pupil  of  Gluck  ;  an  imposture 
which  the  latter  did  not  see  lit  to  expose  until 
the  failure  of  the  piece  !  In  revenge,  L.  copied 
the  style  of  Piccinni  and  Sacchini,  and  prod. 
nearly  a  score  of  quite  successful  operas  ;  at  the 
end  of  the  representation  of  Nepkte' (1789,  Grand 
Opera),  the  author  was  called  out  by  the  enthu- 
siastic audience,  an  honor  never  before  accorded 
an  author  in  a  French  theatre. 

Lenaerts,  Constant,  b.  Antwerp,  Mar.  9, 
1S52.  Pupil  of  Benoit  ;  at  iS,  director  of  the 
Flemish  National  Th.;  now,  teacher  at  the  Ant- 
werp Cons. 

Lenepveu,  Charles-Ferdinand,  b.  Rouen, 
Nov.  4,  1840.  As  a  law-student  he  took  music- 
lessons  of  Servais  ;  won  1st  prize  at  Caen  in  1S61 
for  a  cantata  ;  entered  Ambr.  Thomas's  class  at 
the  Cons,  in  1863,  and  in  1865  took  the  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  with  the  cantata  Renaud et  Armide 
(perf.  1S06).  Returning  from  Rome,  his  comic 
opera  Lc  Florentin  also  won  a  prize  offered  by 
the  ministry  of  Fine  Arts  (1869),  and  was  perf. 
at  the  Opera-Comique  in  1874.  The  4-act  grand 
opera  Velleda  was  prod,  at  Covent  Garden,  Lon- 
don, in  1SS2.  In  1891  L.  succeeded  Guiraud 
as  harmony-prof,  in  the  Cons.,  and  in  1893  again 
succeeded  him  as  prof,  of  composition,  taking 
an  advanced  class  in  1S94.  In  1896  he  was 
elected  to  Ambr.  Thomas's  chair  in  the  Acade- 
mie  des  Beaux-Arts  ;  is  Chev.  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor,  and  officer  of  public  instruction. — Other 
works  :  Jeanne  d'Arc,  lyric  drama  in  3  parts 
(Rouen  Cathedral,  1886);  a  Requiem;  "Ode 
triomphale  a  Jeanne  d'Arc"  ;  "  Hymne  funebre 
et  triomphal "  [V.  Hugo]  (Rouen,  1SS9) ;  etc. 

Lenz,  Wilhelm  von,  b.  Russia,  1S04  ;  d. 
St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  31,  1SS3.  A  pf.-pupil,  in 
Paris,  of  Liszt  (i82S)and  Chopin  (1842).  Later 
Russian  councillor  in  St.  Petersburg.  His 
charmingly  written  works  are  interesting  and 
valuable  partly  by  reason  of  his  intimate  per- 
sonal experience,  partly  from  the  enthusiastic 
admiration  which  he  expresses  and  imparts. 
He  wrote  "Beethoven  et  ses  trois  styles"  (2 
vol.s  ;  1S52-1865)  ;  "Beethoven:  eine  Kunst- 
studie  "(5  vol.s  ;  1S55-60  ;  vol.s  iii-v  separately 
publ.  as  "  Rritischer  Katalog  der  sammtlichen 
Werke  nebst  Analysen  derselben  .  .  ."  [i860], 
and  vol.  i  as  "Beethoven:  eine  Biographie " 
[2nd  ed.  1879]);  and  "  Die  grossen  Pianoforte- 
virtuosen  unsrer  Zeit  "  (brief  character-sketches 
of  Liszt,  Chopin,  Tausig,  and  Henselt  ;  1S72  ; 
Engl,  transl.  New  York,  1898). 

Leo,  Leonardo,  with  Scarlatti,  Durante,  and 
Feo  one  of  the  founders,  and  an  eminent  teacher, 
of  the  "  Neapolitan  "  school  of  composition  ;  b. 
San  Vito  degli  Schiavi,  Brindisi,  1694  ;  d.  Na- 
ples, 1746.  Pupil  of  Aless.  Scarlatti  and  N. 
Fago  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de'  Turchini 
Naples,   and  of   I'itoni,  Rome  ;   1716,  2nd   mac- 


349 


LEONARD— LEONI 


stro  in  the  above  Cons.,  and  maestro  at  the 
cathedral  ;  1717,  maestro  at  Santa  Maria  della 
Solitaria.  After  the  success  of  some  cantatas 
which  he  produced,  he  was  app.  organist  to  the 
court  ;  and  later  became  instructor  in  the  Cons, 
di  Sant'  Onofrio,  where  he  trained  many  illus- 
trious pupils  :  Pergolesi,  Jommelli,  Piccinni, 
Sacchini,  Traetta.  In  1713  he  brought  out  a 
dramatic  oratorio,  //  trionfo  delta  castita  di 
Sant'Alessio,  at  the  Cons.  His  first  opera  was 
Sofonisbe  (Naples,  1718)  ;  it  was  followed  by 
nearly  60  others,  //  nuovo  Don  Chiseiotte  (fin- 
ished 1748  by  Fietro  Gomez)  being  the  last. 
His  career  was  abruptly  ended  by  a  stroke  of 
apoplexy  while  he  was  sitting  at  the  harpsichord. 
— Works  :  Besides  operas,  3  more  oratorios, 
5  masses,  magnificats,  Misereres,  Credos,  Dixits, 
motets,  hymns,  responses,  etc.  (most  celebrated 
of  all  is  a  grand  Miserere  for  double  [8-part] 
choir  a  eappella,  ranking  with  Pergolesi's  famous 
Stabat  Mater)  ;  also  6  'cello-concertos  w.  string- 
quartet  ;  2  books  of  organ-fugues  ;  several 
clavichord-toccatas  ;  etc.  Most  are  in  MS.  at 
'Naples,  Rome,  Berlin,  and  Paris.  A  few  have 
been  publ.  in  modern  collections,  etc.:  A  duet 
from  Demofoonte,  and  an  aria  from  La  clemenza 
di  Tito,  in  Gevaert's  "  Gloires  d'ltalie";  the 
above  Miserere  in  Commer's  "  Musica  sacra," 
vol.  viii, — also  separately  by  Choron,  Paris,  and 
Schlesinger,  Berlin;  one  Dixit  dominus  a  8  by 
Stanford,  London,  and  another  a  5  by  Kiimmel 
in  his  "  Sammlung,  etc.";  a  Credidi  propter,  a 
Tu  es  sacerdos,  and  a  Miserere  a  4,  in  Braune's 
"  Cacilia  "  ;  a  Di  quanta  pena  and  an  Et  incar- 
natus  est,  in  Rochlitz's  "  Sammlung  vorzi'ig- 
licher  Gesangstiicke";  many  solfeggi  w.  bass, 
in  Levesque  and  Beche's  "  Solfeges  d'ltalie." 


eminent     violinist     and 
Liege,  Belgium,  Apr.  7, 


Leonard,  Hubert, 
teacher  ;  b.  Bellaire,  n. 
1819  ;  d.  Paris, 
May  6,  1890.  Dis 
first  violin-teacher 
was  Rouma,  at 
Liege  ;  he  then 
became  a  pupil  of 
llabeneck  at  the 
Paris  Cons.  (1S36- 
9),  also  playing  in 
the  orchestras  of 
the  Th.  des  Vari- 
etes,  Opera-Co- 
mique,  and  Grand 
Opera.  From 
1844-8,  extended 
and  successful  concert-tours  ;  then  succeeded 
de  Beriot  as  first  prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the 
Brussels  Cons.  On  account  of  ill-health  he 
gave  up  his  position  in  1867,  thenceforward 
living  in  Paris  as  a  teacher. — Publ.  works  :  "  Pe- 
tite gymnastique  du  jeune  violoniste  ";  "Gym- 
nastique du  violoniste";  "24  Etudes  clas- 
siques";  "Etudes  harmoniques  "  ;  a  method  for 
violin,  "  Ecole  Leonard";  "  L-'ancienne  ecole 
italienne,"  a  coll.  of  special   studies  in   double- 


W 


stopping,  incl.  works  by  Corelli,  Tartini,  Ge- 
miniani,  and  Nardini  ;  also  5  violin-concertos, 
6  concert-pieces  w.  pf. ;  a  serenade  f.  3  violins, 
a  concert-duo  f.  2  violins,  fantasias  and  mor- 
ceaux  de  genre  ;  many  duos  w.  pf. 

Leoncavallo,  Ruggiero,  Italian  dramatic 
composer,  fine  pianist,  man  of  letters  ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Mar.  8,  1858. 
He  attended  the  Na- 
ples Cons.,  and  at 
16  made  a  pianistic 
tour.  His  first 
opera,  Tom  ma  so 
Cka/lertoii,  was  a 
failure  at  its  initial 
production,  though 
very  successful  when 
revived  in  Rome, 
1896.  An  enthusi- 
astic admirer  of 
Wagner's  works, 
their  study,  and  the 
master's  personal  encouragement,  inspired  him 
to  write  and  set  to  music  an  "  historic  play," 
the  trilogy  Crepusculum  (I.  /  Medici ;  II.  Ge- 
rolamo  Savonarola  ;  III.  Cesare  Borgia),  depict- 
ing the  Italian  Renascence.  Basic  historical 
researches  for  this  work  occupied  6  years.  He 
then  travelled  as  a  concert-pianist,  to  earn  his 
living,  through  Egypt,  Greece,  Turkey,  Ger- 
many, Belgium,  Holland,  etc.,  to  Paris,  where 
he  sojourned  several  years.  Here  an  opera, 
Songe  d'tcne  unit  d'e't/,  was  privately  performed, 
and  many  songs  published.  His  first  stage- 
success,  the  2-act  opera  seria  I  Pagliaeei  (Milan, 
Dal  Verme  Th.,  1892),  has  also  been  given  in 
Germany  (1893,  as  Der  Bajazzd),  Paris,  Lon- 
don, etc. ;  it  is  of  the  Cavalleria  rustieaiia 
(blood-and-thunder)  variety.  The  first  part  of 
the  trilogy,  the  4-act  /  Medici,  was  coolly  re- 
ceived at  La  Scala  in  Milan,  1893.  Then  came 
the  successful  revival  of  Tommaso  Chatterton 
(Rome,  Mar.  10,  1896)  ;  and  his  latest,  the  4-act 
opera  La  Boheme  (Venice,  La  Fenice  Th.,  1897), 
has  done  well  in  Italy.  He  has  also  prod,  a 
symphonic  poem,  "  Serafitus-Serafita." 

Le'onhard,  Julius  Emil,  b.  Lauban,  June 
13,  1S10  ;  d.  Dresden,  June  23,  1883.  Prof,  of 
pf.  at  Munich  Cons.,  1852  ;  at  Dresden  Cons., 
1859. — Works  :  Oratorio  Johannes  der  Taufer  : 
3  cantatas  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  symphony  in 
E  min.;  overture  to  Oehlenschlager's  Axel  und 
Walpurg ;  a  pf. -sonata;  2  violin -sonatas,  3 
string-trios,  a  pf. -quartet,  etc. 

Leo'ni,  Leone,  church-composer  and  m.  di 
capp.  at  Vicenza  Cathedral. — Publ.  5  books  of 
5-part  madrigals  (15S8-1602)  ;  2  books  of  mo- 
tets, a  6  and  8  (1603,  1608)  ;  2  ditto  a  2-4,  w. 
organ-bass  (1606,  1608  ;  2nd  ed.  1609-10,  as 
"  Sacri  fiori ")  ;  2  ditto  a  1-3,  w.  organ-bass 
(1609-n);  "  Omnis  psalmodia  solemnitatum  8 
vocum  "  (1613)  ;  "Prima  parte  dell'Aurea  co- 
rona, ingemmata  di   armonici  concerti  a  10,  con 


35" 


LEONI— LE  SUEUR 


4  voci  e  6  istromenti  "  (1615)  ;  and  "  Salmi  a  S 
voci  "  (1623).      Detached  pieces  in  collections. 

Leo'ni,  Carlo,  contemporary  Italian  com- 
poser, has  prod,  the  3-act  operetta  Per  ////  bacio 
(Siena,  1894),  and  text  and  music  of  the  3-act 
comic  opera  Urbano,  ossia  le  avventure  di  una 
nolie  (I'ienza,  1S96  ;  succ). 

Leo'ni,  Franco,  contemporary  composer, 
has  prod,  the  cantata  Sardanapalus  (London, 
iSg6),  and  the  romantic  comic  opera  Rip  va// 
Winkle  (H.  M.'s  Th.,  London,  1897;  succ); 
also  songs. 

Leono'wa  [Leono'va],  Dapya  Mikai- 
lovna,  distinguished  dramatic  contralto  ;  b. 
Govt.  Tver,  Russia,  1825;  d.  St.  Petersburg, 
Feb.  10,  1896.  Studied  5  years  with  Glinka  at 
the  Imp.  Opera-School,  St.  Petersburg  ;  debut, 
at  iS,  as  Vania  in  A  Life  for  the  Czar  J  she 
also  sang  Ratmir  in  Russian  and  Ludmilla, 
and  leading  roles  in  Rognedo,  William  Ratcliff, 
Boris  Godunow,  The  Maiden  of  Pskov,  etc. 
Triumphant  tour  through  Siberia,  China,  Japan, 
America,  and  western  Europe,  in  1879. 

Leroux,  Xavier-Henri-Napoleon,  b.  Vel- 
letri,  Papal  States,  Oct.  II,  1863.  Pupil  of 
Dubois  and  Massenet  at  Paris  Cons. ;  1st  Grand 
prix  de  Rome,  1885. — Works  :  Cantata  Endy- 
miort  ;'  5-act  opera  Cle'opatre  (1890)  ;  lyric  drama 
livange'line  (Brussels,  1S95);  music  to  /Eschy- 
lus'  Persians ;  a  mass  w.  orch.;  a  dram,  over- 
ture "Harald";  and  the  unperf.  operas  Wil- 
liam Ratcliff  and  Vltpave.  Also  motets,  songs, 
etc. 

Le  Roy,  Adrien.  Partner  of  Ballard.  See 
Ballard. 

Lesage  de  Richee,  Philipp  Franz,  lutenist 
and  comp. ;  pupil  of  Mouton  ;  publ.  "Cabinet 
der  Lauten"  (16S5),  9S  pieces,  in  12  suites, 
noteworthy  exemplars  of  the  French  clavecin- 
style. 

Leschetiz'ky   [le-she-tit'ske],  Theodor,  pi- 
anist and  famous  pedagogue  ;   b.  Langert,  Aus- 
trian Poland,  in  1830. 
Pupil  of  his  father,  an  -  ";~>. 

eminent  teacher  in  Vi- 
enna ;  then  of  Czerny 
(pf.)  and  Sechter 
(comp.).  In  his  fif- 
teenth year  he  began 
teaching  ;  also  at- 
tended the  Univ.  as 
a  student  of  philos- 
ophy until  its  closure 
in  1S4S  (the  revolu- 
tionary year)  ;  made 
highly  successful  pro- 
fessional  tours 
1842-8,     and       1S52, 

and  then  went  to  St.  1'etersburg,  becoming  a 
teacher  in  the  Cons.,  giving  many  private  les- 
sons, playing,  composing,  and  acting  as  con- 
ductor to  the  Grand  Duchess  Helen  during 
Rubinstein's    absences.        Ill-health     compelled 


4$mi 


him  to  leave  Russia  in  187S  ;  he  played  in  Lon- 
don, Holland^  Germany,  and  Vienna  ;  here  he 
married  (1880)  his  former  pupil,  Annette  Essi- 
poff,  and  settled  as  a  teacher.  His  effective  pf.- 
compositions  include  the  "Souvenirs  d'ltalie" 
(6  pieces),  "Suite  a  la  campagne,"  Menuetto 
capriccioso,  the  second  Nocturne  and  "  La  pe- 
tite coquette"  in  op.  12,  "Souvenir  de  St.- 
Petersbourg  "  (op.  15),  "  Les  deux  alouettes  " 
(op.  22),  Valse  chromatique,  Mazurkas  (op.  24), 
etc.  He  also  prod,  an  opera,  Die  erste  Falte 
(Prague,  1867  ;   Wiesbaden,  1881  ;  succ). 

Leslie,  Ernest.  Pen-name  of  O.  B. 
Brown. 

Leslie,  Henry  David,  noted  conductor  and 
composer;  b.  London,  June  iS,  1S22  ; .  d.  in 
Wales,  P"eb.  4,  1896.  Pupil  of  Charles  Lucas  ; 
amateur  'cellist  in  the  Sacred  Harmonic  Soc; 
Hon.  Secretary,  1847,  of  the  Amateur  Mus. 
Soc,  and  its  conductor  1S53-61,  when  it  was 
dissolved.  In  1855  he  organized  (with  Hem- 
ing)  an  a  cappella  singing-society,  which  he 
cond.  1856-80;  it  won  the  1st  prize  at  Paris, 
1S78,  in  the  International  Competition  ;  was 
disbanded  in  18S0,  but  reorganized  1SS2  with 
Randegger  as  conductor  and  L.  as  president  ; 
the  latter  resumed  the  conductorship  in  1885. — ■ 
Works  :  The  operas  Romance,  or  Bold  Du  k 
Turpi//.  (1857) ;  Ida  (1S64)  ;  the  oratorios  ////- 
n/an//el  (1853)  and  Judith  (1858  ;  Birmingham 
Mus.  Fest.)  ;  the  cantatas  Holyrood  (i860), 
Daughter  of  the  Isles  (1S61),  and  a  "biblical 
pastoral,"  The  first  Christian  Morn  (1880; 
Brighton  Fest.);  festival  anthem,  "Let  God 
arise  "  ;  Te  Deum  and  Jubilate  ;  a  symphony  ; 
and  an  overture,  "  The  Templar." 

Les'sel,  Franz,  b.  Warsaw,  about  17S0;  d. 
Petrikow,  in  March,  1S39.  A  pupil  and  de- 
voted friend  of  Haydn  in  Vienna,  after  whose 
death  L.  returned  to  Poland  in  1S10.  Sonatas 
a^.d  fantasias  f.  pf.  were  printed. 

Lessmann,  (W.  J.)  Otto,  b.  Rudersdorf,  n. 
Berlin,  Jan.  30,  1844.  Pupil  of  A.  G.  Ritter  at 
Magdeburg  (org.  and  theory),  and,  at  Berlin,  of 
v.  Billow  (pf.),  Riel  (comp.),  and  Teschner 
(voice).  For  2  years  private  tutor  in  Count 
Briihl's  family;  teacher  at  Stern's  Cons.;  then 
at  Tausig's  academy  until  the  latter's  death  in 
1871.  After  a  brief  interval  as  head  of  a 
piano-school  of  his  own,  he  became  (1S72)  head 
of  the  mus.  department  at  the  "  Kaiserin  Au- 
gusta-Stiftung,"  Charlottenburg.  Since  1S82, 
proprietor  and  editor  of  the  "  Allgem.  Musik- 
Zeitung."  He  is  a  well-known  mus.  critic  ; 
has  publ.  several  songs  ;  and  edited  the  2nd  ed. 
of  Weitzmann's  "  Geschichte  des  Rlavier- 
spiels." 

Le  Sueur  (or  Lesueur),  Jean-Francois,  b. 
Drucat-Plessiel,  near  Abbeville,  France,  Jan.  15, 
1764  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  6,  1S37.  At  7,  choir-boy 
in  the  mattrise  at  Abbeville  ;  a  few  months  later, 
in  the  cathedral  at  Amiens,  where  he  remained 
7  vears.      His   college-course  was  broken   of!   2 


351 


LEUCKART— LEVEY 


years  after  by  his  acceptance  of  the  post  of 
maitre  de  musique  at  See/.  Cath. ;  in  6  months  he 
became  under-master  of  music  at  the  Saints- 
Innocents,  Paris.  Abbe  Roze  gave  him  slight 
aid  in  harmony  ;  he  was  really  self-taught  as  a 
composer.  In  turn  maitre  de  musique  at  Dijon 
and  Le  Mans,  he  was  called  to  Paris  in  1784  as 
malt  re  de  chapelle  at  the  Innocents,  recommended 
by  Gretry  and  others.  In  the  competition  of 
17S6,  L.  won  the  post  of  m.  de  chap,  at  Notre  - 
1  lame,  Paris  ;  here  he  organized  an  orchestra 
for  the  chief  church-festivals,  and  brought  out 
masses,  motets,  services,  etc.,  w.  orch.,  quite 
transforming  the  character  of  the  church-music, 
but  attracting  crowds  by  his  novel  and  brilliant 
effects,  in  the  nature  of  descriptive  music  (he 
was  Berlioz's  forerunner  in  France).  His  most 
bitter  opponents  (and  they  were  many)  dubbed 
his  music  "  l'Operadesgueux  "  [Beggars'  Opera]. 
In  self-defence  he  publ.  an  "  Essai  de  musique 
sacree,  ou  musique  motivee  et  methodique,  pour  la 
fete  de  Noel,  a  la  messe  du  jour  "  (1787);  to  a  vio- 
lent anonymous  attack  he  replied  in  an  "  Expose 
d'une  musique  unie,  imitative,  et  particuliere  a. 
chaque  solennite  .  .  ."(1787).  In  the  Preface  he 
avows  his  intent  of  making  church-music  "  dra- 
matic and  descriptive."  During  his  temporary 
absence,  the  music  was  reduced  to  the  old  footing; 
whereupon  he  retired  to  the  country,  and  spent 
4  happy  years  in  composing  ;  in  1793  he  brought 
out  a  3-act  opera,  La  Caverne,  which  had  a  pop- 
ular success,  and  was  followed  in  1794  by  Paul  et 
I  rirginie,  and  Te'le'maque  (all  at  the  Th.  Feydeau). 
On  the  organization  of  the  Cons,  in  1795,  L.  was 
app.  inspector,  and  a  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Instruction ;  with  Mehul,  Langle,  Gossec 
and  Catul  he  wrote  the  "  Principes  elementaire 
de  la  musique,"  and  the  "  Solfeges,"  used  in  the 
institution.  L.  was  dismissed  in  1802  on  account 
of  a  violent  altercation  ensuing  after  the  rejection, 
by  the  Opera,  of  two  of  his  operas  for  Semiramis, 
written  by  Catel.  For  two  years  he  lived  in 
poverty  and  suffering,  when  Napoleon,  in  1804, 
raised  him  to  the  highest  position  attainable  by 
a  musician  in  Paris,  by  appointing  him  his  maitre 
de  chapelle,  succeeding  Paisiello.  His  rejected 
opera,  Les  Bardes,  was  now  produced  with  great 
Mat,  and  even  I. a  mort  d' Adam,  the  other  re- 
jected work,  came  out  in  1809,  but  met  with  a 
cool  reception.  At  the  Restoration,  in  1814,  he 
was  made  superintendent  and  composer  to  the 
chapelle  du  roi,  holding  these  positions  till  1830. 
From  1817  he  also  acted  as  prof,  of  composi- 
tion in  the  Cons.;  and  from  1806-24  was  on  the 
mus.  jury  for  the  Opera.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Institut  in  1S13;  and  other  honors 
were  showered  upon  him.  L,  wrote  3  other  ope- 
ras, which  were  received  at  the  Grand  Opera,  but 
never  performed  ;  also  2  divertissements,  I' In- 
auguration du  temple  de  la  Victoire  (1807,  with 
Persuis),  and  Le  triomphe  de  Trajan  (1807)  ; 
several  oratorios  {Deborah,  Rachel,  Ruth  el 
Noemi,  Ruth  et  Boaz)  ;  a  solemn  mass  f.  4  voices, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  a  cantata,  V Ombre  de  Sacchinij 
a  Christmas  oratorio  ;  3  Te  Deums  ;  2  Passions; 


a  Stabat  Mater;  these,  and  some  other  works, 
were  published  ;  he  left  many  more  (over  30 
masses)  in  MS.  He  also  publ.  a  "  Notice  sur 
la  melopee,  la  rythmopee,  et  les  grands  carac- 
teres  de  la  musique  ancienne "  (Paris,  1793); 
and  a  sketch  of  Paisiello  (1816)  ;  besides  numer- 
ous polemical  pamphlets. — Biographical:  Raoul- 
Rochette,  "  Notice  historique  ..."  (Paris, 
!S37);  Stephen  de  la  Madeleine,  "  Biographie  de 
J.-F.  Le  Sueur"  (1841) ;  and  Fouque,  "  L. 
comme  prcdecesseur  de  Berlioz." 

Leu'ckart,  F.  Ernst  Christoph,  established  a 
music-business  at  Breslau  in  1782;  it  was  acquired 
by  Constantine  Sander  in  1S56,  who  removed  it 
to  Leipzig  in  1S70,  and  added  to  it  by  buying 
out  the  firms  of  Weinhold  &  Forster  (Breslau), 
Damkohler  (Berlin),  and  Witzendorf  (Vienna). 
The  firm,  now  "  Constantin  Sander,  vormals 
F.  E.  C.  Leuckart,"  has  publ.  many  learned 
works  (e.  g.,  Ambros'  "  History"),  and  compo- 
sitions (those  of  Franz). 

Levasseur,  Pierre- Francois,  'cellist;  b. 
Abbeville,  France,  Mar.  11,  1753;  d.  soon  after 
serving  in  the  Grand  Opera  orch.  from  17S5- 
1S15.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Dupont,  and  publ.  12 
'cello-duets. 

Levasseur,  Jean-Henri,  also  a  'cellist,  and 
pupil  of  Dupont,  Jr.,  and  Cupis  ;  b.  raris,i765  ; 
d.  (?).  Member  of  the  Opera  orch.  1789-1823; 
prof,  of  'cello  in  the  Cons.,  and  belonged  to  the 
Imperial  (from  1S14,  Royal)  chapelle  1795- 1823. 
Publ.  sonatas,  etudes,  and  duets,  f.  'cello  ;  co- 
editor  of  the  'cello-method  used  in  the  Cons. 

Levasseur,  Rosalie,  soprano  at  the  Paris 
Opera  1766-S5  ;  famous  in  leading  roles  of 
Gluck's  operas  until  supplanted  by  Mme.  Saint- 
Huberty. 

Levasseur,  Nicolas -Prosper,  celebrated 
dramatic  bass  ;  b.  in  Picardy,  Mar.  9,  1781. 
Admitted  to  the  Cons,  in  1S07,  he  .entered 
Carat's  class  in  181 1.  Debut  at  the  Opera, 
1813  ;  sang  during  season  of  1816  in  London  ; 
rejoined  the  Opera  in  that  year,  and  sang  sub- 
ordinate roles  until  1822,  when  his  success  at 
Milan,  in  Meverbeer's  Marguerite  d'Anjou,  at- 
tracted attention,  and  he  was  engaged  for  5 
years  at  the  Theatre  Italien,  Paris,  and  from 
1828-45  took  leading  bass  roles  at  the  Opera. 
From  1 841,  prof,  of  lyric  declamation  at  the 
Cons. 

Levens, ,  maitre  de  musique  in  a  Bor- 
deaux church,  publ.  (1743)  an  "  Abrege  des 
regies  de  l'Harmonie,  pour  apprendre  la  com- 
position, avec  un  nouveau  projet  sur  un  sys- 
teme  de  musique  sans  temperament  ni  cordes 
mobiles,"  in  which  he  ingeniously  (but  futilely) 
contrasts  the  ascending  harmonic  progression 
(overtones)  with  the  descending  arithmetic  pro- 
gression (undertones),  thereby  obtaining  a  dual 
harmonic  basis. 

Levey,  William  Charles,  1).  I>ublin,  Apr. 
25,  1837  ;  d.  London,  Aug.  18,  1S94.  Pupil, 
from  1S52,  of  Auber,  Thalberg,  and  Prudent,  at 


352 


LEVI— LICHTENSTEIN 


Paris.  lie  became  conductor  at  Covent  Garden, 
Drury  Lane  (1868-74,  and  later),  the  Haymarket, 
etc.,  and  brought  out  several  operas  and  ope- 
rettas (the  first  was  Fanchette,  1864)  ;  also  music 
to  Anthony  and  Cleopatra  j  various  pantomimes  ; 
3  cantatas  ;  many  songs  ;  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Levi,  Hermann,  noted  conductor;  b.  Giessen, 
Nov.  7,  1S39.  Pupil  of  V.  Lachner  at  Mann- 
heim 1852-5,  and  of  the  Leipzig  Cons.  1855-8  ; 
mus.  dir.  at  Saarbriicken  1859-61;  conductor  of 
the  German  Opera  at  Rotterdam  1861-4  ;  court 
Kapelbn.  at  Karlsruhe  1S64-72  ;  from  1872, 
court  Kapellm.  at  Munich.  App.  "  General- 
musikdirector"  at  Munich  in  1S94  ;  resigned  on 
account  of  ill-health,  and  pensioned,  in  1896. 

Levi  (or  Levy,  Lewy),  Jacob.  See  Le- 
bert. 

Lewandow'ski  [-dov '-],  Louis, b.Wreschen, 
Posen,  Apr.  3,  1823  ;  d.  Berlin,  Feb.  4,  1894. 
Pupil  of  the  School  of  Composition  of  the  Berlin 
Akademie  ;  mus.  dir.  of  the  Berlin  Synagogue 
from  1840.  Co-founder  of  the  Inst,  for  Aged 
and  Indigent  Musicians,  which  owes  its  flourish- 
ing condition  in  great  part  to  him.  His  main 
work  was  as  a  singing-teacher  ;  he  comp.  orches- 
tral, vocal,  and  chamber-music. 

Lewy,  Eduard  Constantin,  horn-virtuoso  ; 
b.  Saint-Avoid,  Moselle,  Mar.  3,  1796  ;  d. Vienna, 
June  3,  1846.  Pupil  of  Domnich  in  the  Paris 
Cons.;  from  1822,  1st  horn  at  the  Vienna  Court 
Opera,  and  prof,  in  the  Cons. — Joseph-Ro- 
dolphe,  his  brother  and  pupil  (b.  Nancy,  1804, 
d.  Oberlossnitz,  n.  Dresden,  Feb.  9,  1S81),  was 
1st  horn  in  the  royal  orch.  at  Dresden. 

Lewy,  Charles,  son  of  Ed.  C.  L. ;  pianist 
and  ,ra/<?«-composer  ;  b.  Lausanne,  1S23  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Apr.  30,  1883.  —  His  brother,  Richard 
Levy,  b.  Vienna,  1S27,  d.  there  Dec.  31,  1883, 
was  a  player  on  the  French  horn,  and  a  member 
of  the  court  orch.  at  13  ;  later,  Inspector-in- 
Chief,  and  stage-manager,  of  the  court  opera. 
Noted  singing-teacher  (Mallinger,  Sembrich, 
and  Lucca  were  among  his  pupils). 

Ley'bach,  Ignace,  b.  Gambsheim,  Alsatia, 
July  17,  1S17  ;  d.  Toulouse,  May  23,  1891.  Pupil, 
in  Paris,  of  Pixis,  Kalkbrenner,  and  Chopin  ;  in 
1S44,  organist  at  Toulouse  Cathedral.  Excellent 
pianist  and  teacher.  His  pf. -pieces  (225  num- 
bers) are  "  easy,  pretentious,  and  pleasing"  (e.  g., 
Nocturnes  op.  3  and  4  ;  "  Aux  bords  du  Ganges  " 
[Mendelssohn],  op.  42  ;  Bolero  brillant,  op.  61; 
Ballade,  op.  19  ;  Valse  poetique,  op.  216  ;  "  Les 
batelieres  de  Naples")  ;  he  also  publ.  an  exten- 
sive Organ-method  in  3  vol.s  (350  pieces)  ;  con- 
cert-pieces f.  harmonium  ;  motets  and  songs  w. 
org.;  etc. 

Li'adoff  (or  Liadow),  Anatole,  b.  St.  Peters- 
burg, Apr.  29,  1855.  Studied  at  the  Cons, 
under  Johansen  (cpt.  and  fugue)  and  Rimsky- 
Korsakov  (mus.  form  and  instrumentation). 
Since  1878,  prof,  of  harmony  and  theory  at  the 
St.   P.  Cons. ;  also   to  the    Imp.  Chapel.      Since 

23  35: 


1S94,  conductor  of  the  concerts  of  the  Mus.  Soc. 
His  works,  chiefly  f.  pf.,are  technically  difficult, 
and  of  elegant  and 
distinguished  origi- 
nality :  Op.  3,  Six 
morceaux ;  op.  4,  four 
Arabesques ;  op.  7 
and  8,  Intermezzi  ; 
op.  11,  Prelude  and 
Mazurka  ;  op.  13, 
four    preludes ;    op. 

20,  Novellette  ;    op. 

21,  Ballade  ;  op.  2S, 
three  Preludes  ;  op. 
31,  Deux  morceaux  ; 
further,  mazurkas, 
waltzes,  impromptus, 


bagatelles,  idyls,  sketches,  etc. 

Lia'punov  (or  Liapounow),  Serge  Michail- 
ovitch,  b.  Jaroslavl,  Russia,  Nov.  18,  1859. 
Stm lent  1878-S3  at  Moscow  Cons,  under  Klind- 
worth  and  Pabst  (pf.),  and  Hubert  (comp.).  He 
is  sub-director  of  the  Imperial  Choir  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  a  member  of  the  Imp.  Geographical 
Soc,  in  which  latter  capacity  he  was  commis- 
sioned in  1S93  to  collect  the  folk-songs  in  the 
Governments  of  Vologda,  Viatna,  and  Kostroma 
(publ.  w.  pf.-accomp.  in  1897)  ;  since  1S94,  he 
is  also  music-master  to  Grand  Duke  Michel 
Alexandrovitch. — Publ.  works  :  Op.  1,  Etude, 
Intermezzo,  and  Valse,  f.  pf. ;  op.  4,  pf. -con- 
certo ;  op.  5,  Impromptu  f.  pf . ;  op.  6,  7  Pre- 
ludes f.  pf.  —  Unpubl. :  A  Ballade,  an  Ouverture 
solennelle,  and  a  symphony,  f.  orch. 

Libe'lius.      Incorrect  spelling  of  SIBELIUS. 

Lich'ner,  Heinrich,  b.  Ilarpersdorf,  Silesia, 
Mar.  6,  1829  ;  d.  Breslau,  Jan.  8,  1S98.  Pupil 
of  Karow,  at  Bunzlau  ;  Dehn,  at  Berlin  ;  and 
Mosewius,  Baumgart,  and  Ad.  Hesse,  at  Bres- 
lau, where  he  became  cantor  and  organist  of  the 
Church  of  the  11,000  Virgins,  and  cond.  of  the 
Sangerbund. — Works  :  Popular  pf. -pieces  (rather 
commonplace  sonatinas,  etc.)  ;  psalms,  choral 
music,  and  songs. 

Lich'tenberg,  Leopold,  violin-virtuoso  ;  b. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Nov.  22,  1S61.  Taught 
by  Beaujardin,  he  played  in  a  concert  at  8  ;  at 
12,  Wieniawski  took  him  as  his  pupil  and  aid 
on  a  tour  through  the  United  States.  Later, 
after  6  months  under  Lambert  at  Paris,  L.  re- 
joined Wieniawski  at  Brussels,  and  studied  hard 
for  3  years,  then  winning  the  first  prize  of  honor 
at  the  national  "concours."  A  successful  tour 
in  Holland  was  followed  by  a  season  in  New 
York,  etc.,  with  Th.  Thomas,  when  L.  made  a 
3-year  European  toume'e,  another  successful 
American  trip,  lived  in  Boston  for  some  time  as 
a  member  of  the  Symphony  Orch.,  and  is  now 
(1S99)  head  of  the  violin-department  in  the  Na- 
tional Cons,  at  New  York.  Both  in  technical 
finish  and  emotional  power,  L.  ranks  high  among 
living  virtuosi. 

Lich'tenstein,  Karl  August,  Freiherr  von, 


LICHTENTIIAL— LILLO 


b.  Lahm,  Franconia,  Sept.  8,  1767  ;  d.  Berlin, 
Sept.  10,  1845.  Intendant  of  court  theatres  at 
Dessau  (1798),  Vienna  (1800),  Bamberg  (1S11), 
and  Berlin  (1S23  ;  director  of  the  opera,  1825). 
Composed  11  operas,  and  numerous  vaudevilles. 

Lich'tenthal,  Peter,  comp.  and  writer  ;  b. 
Pressburg,  17S0  ;  d.  Milan,  Aug.  iS,  1853, 
where  he  had  settled  in  1S10.  Prod.  3  operas 
and  4  ballets  at  La  Scala  ;  publ.  a  string-quar- 
tet, 2  pf. -trios,  and  pf. -pieces.  Wrote  "  Har- 
monik  ftir  Damen  "  (1806)  ;  "  Der  musikalische 
Arzt  "  (1807  ;  on  the  healing  power  of  music  ; 
Ital.  ed.  181 1)  ;  "  Orpheik,  oder  Anweisung, 
die  Regeln  der  Composition  auf  eine  leichte  und 
fassliche  Art  zu  erlernen  "  (1807)  ;  "  Cenni  bio- 
graphici  intorno  al  celebre  maestro  W.  A.  Mo- 
zart" (1814)  ;  "Mozart  e  le  sue  creazioni " 
(1842)  ;  "  Estetica,  ossiadottrina  del  belloedelle 
belle  arti "  (1831)  ;  "  Dizionario  e  bibliografia 
della  musica  "  (1826  ;  4  vol.s,  the  last  two  con- 
taining bibliography  ;  his  magnum  opus). 

Lie,  Erica,  [Mme.  Nissen,]  b.  Kongsvinger, 
n.  Christiania,  Jan.  17,  1S45.  Pianist,  pupil  of 
Kjerulf  (i860),  and,  at  Berlin,  of  Th.  Kullak 
(1861-6)  ;  the  latter  engaged  her  as  a  teacher 
in  his  Acad.,  and  persuaded  her  to  give  a  con- 
cert, the  success  of  which  encouraged  her  to 
make  a  tour  in  Germany,  and  to  Copenhagen 
and  Stockholm  (elected  member  of  the  Royal 
Acad.).  Gave  concerts  in  Germany  in  1871, 
then  returning  to  Christiania,  where  she  is  now 
living  as  a  teacher  and  concert-pianist  of  high 
reputation. 

Lie'be,  Eduard  Ludwig,  b.  Magdeburg, 
Nov.  19,  1819.  Pupil  of  Spohr  and  Baldewein 
at  Kassel  ;  mus.  dir.  at  Koblenz,  Mayence,  and 
Worms  ;  taught  for  some  years  in  Strassburg  ; 
now  in  London. — Works  :  Opera  Die  Brant  von 
Azola  (Karlsruhe,  1S6S)  ;  has  publ.  popular 
songs,  and  pf. -pieces  ;  other  comp.s  MS. 

Lie'bich,  Ernst  (Johann  Gottlob),  b.  Bres- 
lau,  Apr.  13,  1830 ;  d.  there  Sept.  23,  1S84. 
Eminent  violin-maker,  the  successor  of  his  fa- 
ther and  grandfather,  and  trained  in  the  work- 
shops of  Vuillaume  (Paris),  Hart  (London),  and 
Bausch  (Leipzig).  His  instr.s  have  taken  sev- 
eral first  prizes. 

Lie'big,  Karl,  b.  Schwedt,  July  25,  1S08  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Oct.  6,  1S72.  At  first  "  Stabsoboist " 
in  the  Alexander  Grenadier  Regt. ,  Berlin,  he 
established  in  1S43  an  independent  orchestra, 
the  Berlin  "  Symphoniekapelle,"  which  attained 
such  a  high  standard  that  it  was  employed  for 
the  concerts  of  the  Singakademie ,  for  the  A'iinst- 
ler-Concerte,  etc.  In  i860  he  was  made  R. 
Music-Director.  In  1867  his  orchestra  deserted 
him,  and  elected  Prof.  Stern  conductor;  L.  did 
his  best  to  organize  another  orch.,  but  the  new 
one  never  became  as  good  as  the  old. — Julius 
L.,  his  son  (1838-1885),  was  Kapellm.  at  Ems 
for  many  years. 

Lieb'ling,  Emil,  fine  concert-pianist  ;  b. 
Pless,  Silesia,  Apr.  12,  1851.      Studied  the  piano 


with  Ehrlich  and  Th.  Kullak  at  Berlin,  Dachs 
in  Vienna,  and  Liszt  at  Weimar  ;  composition 
with  H.  Dorn,  Berlin.  Has  been  in  America 
since  1S67,  and  in  Chicago  since  1872,  actively 
engaged  as  a  concert-pianist,  teacher,  and  con- 
tributor to  several  papers. — Chief  publ.  works  : 
(1)  For  pf.,  Gavotte  moderne,  op.  n  ;  Florence 
Valse,  op.  12  ;  Feu  follet,  op.  17  ;  Albumblatt, 
op.  iS  ;  two  Romances,  op.  20  and  21  ;  Cradle- 
song,  op.  23  ;  Canzonetta,  op.  26  ;  Menuetto 
scherzoso,  op.  28  ;  Mazurka  de  concert,  op.  30  ; 
Spring  Song,  op.  33;  (2)  Songs,  "Adieu," 
"  Dost  thou  remember,"  and  others. 

Lieb'ling,  Georg,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  22,  1865. 
Piano-pupil  of  Th.  and  Fr.  Kullak,  and  later  of 
Liszt;  studied  comp.  with  H.  Urban  and  H. 
Dorn.  1S80-5,  teacher  in  Kullak's  Acad.;  1881, 
first  professional  tour  in  Germany  and  Austria. 
First  Berlin  concert  in  Oct.,  1884,  was  very 
successful.  European  tours  18S5-9.  Court 
pianist  to  Duke  of  Koburg  (1890).  Among  his 
elegant  sa/on-comp.s  may  be  noted  op.  15,  Suite 
a  la  Watteau  ;  his  op.  5,  the  vocal  "  Lieblings- 
walzer,"  has  been  sung  by  Nikita  at  over  100 
concerts.      He  has  publ.  over  a  score  of  works. 

Lie'nau,  Robert,  music-publisher  in  Berlin  ; 
b.  Neustadt,  Holstein,  Dec.  28,  183S.  Pur- 
chased Schlesinger's  business  (Berlin)  in  1S64, 
and  Haslinger's  (Vienna)  in  1875  I  with  the 
latter  he  acquired  the  most  important  works  of 
Weber,  Meyerbeer,  Liszt,  Spohr,  etc. 

Li'liencron,  Rochus,  Freiherr  von,  eminent 
writer  on  music  ;  b.  Plon,  Holstein,  Dec.  8, 
1820.  Studied  jurisprudence  and  philology  at 
Kiel,  Berlin,  and  Copenhagen  ;  was  prof,  of 
the  German  language  and  literature  at  Jena 
1852-5,  then  privy  councillor  at  Saxe-Mein- 
ingen  ;  in  1858  he  accepted  the  invitation  of 
the  newly  organized  Historical  Commission  at 
Munich  to  collect  and  annotate  the  historical 
German  folk-songs  of  the  middle  ages  (publ.  as 
"  Historische  Volkslieder  der  Deutschen  vom 
13. -16.  Jahrhundert  "  in  4  vol.s  ;  Leipzig,  1865- 
9).  In  1S69  he  settled  in  Munich,  and  was 
elected  foreign  member  in  ordinary  of  the  Bava- 
rian Acad,  of  Sciences. — Other  works  :  "  C.  E. 
F.  Weyse  und  die  danische  Musik  seit  dem 
vorigen  Jahrhundert"  (8th  annual  series,  1878)  ; 
"  Uber  den  Chorgesang  in  der  evangelischen 
Kirche "  (1881,  in  "  Zeit-  und  Streitfragen," 
No.  144)  ;  biography  of  J.  B.  Cramer  in  the 
"Allgem.  deutsche  Biographie";  "  Deutsches 
Leben  im  Volkslied  um  1530"  (the  finest  Ger- 
man folk-songs  of  the  16th  century,  with  melo- 
dies ;  in  volume  ii  of  Ki'irschner-Spemann's 
"Deutsche  Nationallitteratur ")  ;  "Uber  Kir- 
chenmusik  und  Kirchenconcert  "  (in  the  2nd 
annual  report  of  the  "  Verein  ftir  evang.  Kir- 
chenmusik ")  ;  "Uber  Entstehung  der  Chor- 
musik  innerhalb  der  Liturgie  "  (in  the  Magde- 
burg "  Evang.  Kirchen-Zeitung  ")  ;  etc. 

Lil'lo,  Giuseppe,  pianist  and  dram.  comp.  ; 
b.  Galatina,  Lecce,  Italy,  Feb.  26,  1814  ;  d.  Na- 


354 


LIMNANDER— LIN  DLL 


pies,  Feb.  4,  1863.  Tupil  of  Furno,  Lanza,  and 
Zingarelli  in  the  Naples  Cons.  Having  good 
luck  with  his  dramatic  firstling,  Una  moglie per 
24  ore  (Cons,  theatre,  1834),  he  launched  out  as 
an  opera-composer,  and  up  to  1842  prod.  9  more 
operas,  L'osteria  d'Andujar  (Naples,  1S40)  being 
the  best  and  most  successful.  Much  ill-success 
having  disgusted  him,  he  turned  to  teaching, 
and  in  1846  was  app.  teacher  of  harmony,  etc., 
in  Naples  Cons.,  where,  in  1859,  he  succeeded 
C.  Conti  as  teacher  of  cpt.  and  comp.  From 
1S49-53  he  prod.  6  more  operas,  generally  with 
slight  success.  A  disorder  of  the  brain  put  an 
end  to  his  career  in  1861. — Other  works  :  Sym- 
phonies ;  a  pf. -quartet  ;  much  good  piano-music; 
also  church-music. 

Limnan'der  de  Nieuw'enhove,  Armand 
Marie  Ghislain,  b.  Ghent,  May  22,  1S14  ;  d. 
Moignanville,  Aug.  15,  1S92.  Pupil  of  Lambil- 
lotte  at  Freiburg,  and  of  Fetis  at  Paris  ;  founded 
a  singing-society,  "Reunion  lyrique,"at  Malines; 
lived  thereafter  at  Paris. — Works  :  The  comic 
operas  Lcs  Montenegrins  (Op. -Com.,  1849),  Le 
chateau  de  la  Barbe-Bleu  (1S51)  ;  and  Yvonne 
(1S59) !  a  grand  opera,  Le  mattre-chanteur  (Ope- 
ra, 1853),  another,  La  Messe  de  niinuit  (MS.); 
Scenes  druidiques,  f.  orch.  ;  church-music,  a 
'cello-sonata,  a  string-quartet,  songs,  etc. 

Lin'cke,  Joseph,  b.  Trachenberg,  Silesia, 
June  8,  1783  ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar.  26,  1837.  'Cel- 
list in  the  famous  Rasumovski  Quartet  ;  played 
in  Schuppanzigh's  soirees  ;  was  1st  'cello  in  the 
Th.  an  der  Wien,  finally  at  the  Vienna  Court 
Opera.     Comp.  Variations  f.  'cello. 

Lind,  Jenny,  famous  soprano,  called  "the 
Swedish  Nightingale";  b.  Stockholm,  Oct.  6, 
1820  ;  d.  at  her  villa,  Wynds  Point,  Malvern 
Wells,  Nov.  2,  1887.  Admitted  to  the  school  of 
singing  connected  with  the  Court  Th.,  she  stud- 
ied under  Berg  and  Lindblad,  making  her  debut 
in  March,  1838,  as  Agathe  in  Der  Freischutz, 
afterwards  singing  Euryanthe,  Alice  (Robert  le 
Diable),  and  Giulia  (La  restate).  Although  emi- 
nently successful,  she  was  not  satisfied  with  the 
quality  of  her  voice,  and  in  June,  1S41,  went  to 
Manuel  Garcia  in  Paris,  who  gave  her  lessons 
for  nine  months.  Meyerbeer,  on  hearing  her  then, 
predicted  a  brilliant  future.  Though  she  sang 
at  the  Opera  in  1842,  she  was  not  engaged.  In 
1844  she  went  to  Berlin,  studied  German,  and 
sang  the  role  of  Vielka,  in  Meyerbeer's  Feldlager 
in  Schlesien,  with  great  applause.  Then  began 
a  triumphal  progress  through  Hamburg,  Co- 
logne, and  Koblenz  (April,  1845),  and  via  Copen- 
hagen to  her  native  city  ;  sang  in  the  Leipzig 
Gewandhaus  Dec.  6,  1845,  was  engaged  for  the 
Vienna  Opera,  and  appeared  there  Apr.  18,  1846. 
Her  London  debut,  put  off  by  all  sorts  of  excuses 
and  advertised  in  every  way  in  order  to  inflame 
public  curiosity,  was  on  May  4,  1847,  at  H.  M.'s 
Th.,  as  Alice  in  Robert.  She  leaped  at  once  to 
the  pinnacle  of  fame;  "  the  town,  sacred  and 
profane,  went  mad  about  the  Swedish  nightin- 
gale," says  Chorley.    Her  voice,  with  a  compass 


from  dT-e3,  was  "  a  soprano  of  bright,  thrilling, 
and  remarkably  sympathetic  quality  "  ;  she  was 
an  unrivalled  coloratura  singer,  wonderfully  long- 
breathed,  and  showed  exquisite  taste  in  her  ca- 
denze,  which  she  usually  invented.  Her  imper- 
sonations of  La  Sonnambula,  Lucia,  Giulia  (La 
Vestale),  created  a  furore.  Nevertheless,  she  left 
the  operatic  stage  in  1849  (her  last  appearance 
was  in  Robert,  May  iS),  to  become  the  chief  or- 
nament of  the  concert-stage,  a  position  which 
she  held  undisputed  until  1S70.  From  1850-2 
she  toured  the  United  States,  reaping  a  golden 
harvest  ($120,000)  ;  she  married  Otto  Gold- 
schmidt  in  Boston,  Feb.  5,  1852  ;  went  by  way 
of  Holland  to  Dresden,  where  she  remained  a 
long  time  ;  and  returned  to  London  in  1856,  fre- 
quently appearing  in  public.  Goldschmidt  con- 
ducted the  "  Bach  Choir"  for  a  time,  and  she 
sang  both  at  rehearsals  and  performances.  Her 
final  public  appearance  was  at  Diisseldorf  in  her 
husband's  oratorio  Ruth  (Rhenish  Mus.  Fest., 
1S70).  Her  private  life  was  as  admirable  as  her 
public  repute  ;  her  generosity  was  unbounded  ; 
her  modesty  and  nobility  of  soul  have  been  the 
theme  of  enthusiastic  eulogy. — Biographical  : 
"Jenny  Lind,  die  schwedische  Nachtigall" 
1S45  (also in  Swedish) ;  "Jenny  Lind,  eine  Skizze 
ihres  Lebens"  (by  A.  J.  Becher,  1847);  "  G. 
Meyerbeer  and  Jenny  Lind"  (by  J.  B.  Lyser, 
1847)  ;  "  Memoirs  of  Madame  Jenny Lind-Gold- 
schmidt,  1820-51  "(by  Holland  and  Rockstro  ;  2 
vol.s,  1891).- — A  bust  of  Jenny  Lind  was  unveiled 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  Apr.  20,  1894. 

Lind'blad,  Adolf  Fredrik,  b.  Lofvingsborg, 
n.  Stockholm,  Feb.  1,  1S01  ;  d.  there  Aug.  23, 
1S7S.  Pupil  of  Zelter  in  Berlin  ;  lived  in  Stock- 
holm from  1835.  His  numerous  songs,  tinged 
with  national  (Swedish)  color,  won  deserved 
popularity,  especially  after  Jenny  Lind,  his  pu- 
pil, sang  them  in  public. — Works  :  An  opera, 
Frondenrerna y  symphony  in  C  (Gewandhaus, 
1839)  ;  duo  f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  vocal  duets,  terzets, 
and  quartets  ;  his  songs  w.  pf.  earned  him  the 
title  of  "  the  Schubert  of  the  North." 

Lin'den,  Karl  van  der,  b.  Dordrecht,  Apr. 
24,  1S39.  Pupil  of  Kwast  (pf.)  and  F.  Bohme 
(theory),  i860,  cond.  of  the  Harmonie  at  Dor- 
drecht, later  also  of  the  Liederiafel,  "  Ido's 
Mannenkoor";  bandmaster  of  the  Nat.  Guard, 
and  (1S75)  cond.  of  the  grand  concerts  of  the 
Netherland  Musicians'  Assoc.  He  occupies  a 
high  place  among  Dutch  conductors  and  com- 
posers.— Works  :  2  cantatas  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.,  De  slarrenhemel  and  Kunstzin  (both 
publ.);  many  songs.  In  MS.  are  2  operas,  7 
overtures,  part-songs,  pf. -sonatas,  etc. 

Lin'der,  Gottfried,  b.  Ehingen,  July  22, 
1842.  Pupil,  and  from  1868  teacher,  in  Stutt- 
gart Cons.;  "Professor"  in  1879. — Works:  2 
operas,  Dornroschen  (1872)  and  Conradin  von 
Schwaben  (1879);  "  Waldlegende "  f.  orch.; 
overture  "  Aus  nordischer  Heldenzeit";  trios; 
songs. 


355 


LINDLEY— LIPSIUS 


Lind'ley,  Robert,  English  'cellist ;  b.  Roth- 
erham,  Yorkshire,  Mar.  4,  1777  ;  d.  London, 
June  13,  1855.  'Cellist  in  Brighton  Th.;  1st 
'cello  at  the  R.  Opera,  London,  1794-1851, 
succeeding  Sperati.     Compositions  unimportant. 

Lind'ner,  Friedrich,  b.  Liegnitz,  about 
1540  ;  d.  as  cantor  of  the  Aegidienkirche,  Nu- 
remberg.— Publ.  "  Cantionae  sacrae  "  (2  books, 
1585-88);  masses  a  5  (1591);  "Gemma  musi- 
calis"  (3  books,  15S8,  '89,  '90;  coll.  of  madri- 
gals, part  by  himself)  ;  "  Corollarium  cantionum 
sacrarum  "  (2  parts,  1590;  motets). 

Lind'ner,  horn-player  ;  b.  Lobenstein,  1808  ; 
d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  20,  1867,  as  a  member  of  the 
Gewandhaus  Orch. 

Lind'ner,  Ernst  Otto  Timotheus,  b. 
Breslau,  1820  ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  7,  1867.  Editor 
of  the  "  Vossische  Zeitung";  musical  writer 
and  lecturer  ;  cond.  the  Berlin  Bach-Verein  for 
some  years. — Publ.  "  Meyerbeers  Prophet  als 
Kunstwerk  beurtheilt "  (1850);  "Die  erste 
stehende  deutsche  Oper "  (1855;  2  vol.s)  ; 
"Zur  Tonkunst.  Abhandlungen "  (1S64)  ; 
"  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Liedes  im  18. 
Jahrhundert"  (1871  ;  edited  by  Erk). 

Lind'ner,  August,  b.  Dessau,  Oct.  29, 
1S20  ;  d.  Hanover,  June  15,  1878.  Fine  'cell- 
ist ;  1st  'cello  in  the  court  orch.  at  Hanover 
from  1837.  A  pupil  of  Drechsler.  Comp.  a 
'cello-concerto  ;  Fantasiestiicke  f .  'cello  and  pf . ; 
and  numerous  vocal  pieces. 

Lind'paintner,  Peter  Joseph  von,  b.  Ko- 
blenz, Dec.  8,  1791  ;  d.  Nonnenhorn,  Lake  of 
Constance,  Aug.  21,  1856.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Winter  at  Munich,  and  brought  out  his  first 
opera,  Demophoon,  at  Munich  in  181 1  ;  from 
1812-19,  Kapellm.  at  the  new  Isarthor  Th.,  still 
taking  lessons  in  cpt.  of  Gratz.  From  1S19, 
court  Kapellm.  at  Stuttgart,  where  his  great 
talent  as  a  conductor  made  the  orchestra  famous. 
— Works  :  21  operas  (the  best  are  Der  Vampyr 
and  Lichtenstehi)  ;  5  ballets  and  5  melodramas  ; 
music  to  Goethe's  Faust ;  2  oratorios  ;  6  masses  ; 
symphonies,  overtures,  concertantes,  chamber- 
music,  songs  ("  Die  Fahnenwacht  "). 

Lindsay,  Miss  M.,  (now  Mrs.  J.  Worthing- 
ton  Bliss,)  contemporary  English  song-com- 
poser. Some  of  her  most  popular  songs  are 
"Airy,  fairy  Lilian,"  "Alone,"  "The  Bridge," 
"Excelsior,"  "Far  away,"  "Home  they 
brought  her  warrior  dead.'' 

Linley,  Thomas,  Sr.,  b.  Bath,  England. 
1725  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  19,  1795.  Pupil  of 
Chilcot  and  Paradies  ;  cond.  oratorios  and  con- 
certs at  Bath  ;  then  acquired  Garrick's  share  in 
the  Drury  Lane  Th.,  with  Sheridan,  in  1776, 
bringing  out  the  operas  The  Duenna,  The 
Camp,  Carnival  of  Venice,  Triumph  of  Mirth, 
Spanish  Maid,  Selima  and  Azor,  Spanish 
Rivals,  Tom  Jones,  The  Strangers  at  Home, 
dove  in  the  East,  Robinson  Crusoe,  etc.— Publ. 
Six  Elegies  f.  3  voices  and  pf.  (1770)  ;  12  Bal- 


lads ;  canzonets;  "The  Posthumous  Vocal 
Works  of  Thomas  and  T.  Linley,  junr."  (1S00  ; 
5  vol.s  of  songs,  madrigals,  etc.). 

Linley,  Thomas,  Jr.,  eldest  son  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Bath,  1756  ;  d.  by  drowning  at  Grims- 
thorpe,  Lincolnshire,  Aug.  7,  1778.  Violinist  ; 
pupil  of  Boyce  and  (at  Florence)  of  Nardini. 
Leader  of  Bath  concerts,  and  at  Drury  Lane. — 
Works  :  Music  to  Shakespeare's  Tempest  ;  an 
"Ode  on  the  witches  and  fairies  in  Shake- 
speare "  ;  an  oratorio,  The  Song  of  Moses  ;  an 
orchestral  anthem,  Let  God arise  ;  etc. 

Linley,  George,  poet  and  comp.;  b.  Leeds, 
England,  179S  ;  d.  London,  Sept.  10,  1865. — 
Operas  and  operettas  :  Francesca  Doria,  1849  I 
La  Toupee  de  Nuremberg  (Covent  Garden, 
1861)  ;  The  Toy-makers  (1861)  ;  Law  vs.  Love 
(1S62).  Also  a  cantata,  The  Jolly  Beggars 
[Burns]  ;  part-songs,  trios,  duets,  hymns,  and 
many  songs.  A  satirical  poem,  "The  Musical 
Cynics  of  London,"  was  aimed  at  the  critic 
Chorley. 

Linnarz,  Robert,  b.  Potsdam,  Sept.  29, 
1 85 1.  Pupil  of  Haupt,  Berlin  ;  teacher  in 
seminaries  at  Bederkesa  and  (1888)  Alfeld. — 
Works:  All-Deutschland,  a  festival  cantata; 
male  choruses  ;  songs;  methods  f.  vln.,  organ, 
and  on  vocal  instruction. 

Lin'termans,  Frangois-Joseph,  b.  Brussels, 
Aug.  18,  1808  ;  d.  Ixelles,  May  14,  1S95.  Emi- 
nent Belgian  singing-teacher.  Director  of  the 
Brussels  choral  society  "  Les  Artisans  reunis." 

Lipin'ski,  Karl  Joseph,  celebrated  violinist ; 
b.  Radzyn,  Poland,  Nov.  4  (Oct.  30?),  1790; 
d.  Urlow,  n.  Lemberg,  Dec.  16,  1S61.  Self- 
taught,  excepting  some  lessons  from  his  father, 
an  amateur.  Leader  at  Lemberg  th.  in  1S10, 
Kapellm.  1812-14,  resigning  in  order  to  study  in 
Vienna  ;  went  to  Italy  in  1817,  where  Paganini 
favored  him,  and  played  with  him  daily  ;  L. 
then  made  long  concert-tours,  and  in  1829  met 
Paganini  again  in  Warsaw,  where  rivalry  undid 
their  friendship.  In  1S39  L.  became  Coueert- 
meister  in  Dresden  ;  he  was  pensioned  in  1859. 
His  playing  was  noted  for  great  breadth,  and 
skill  in  double-stopping. — Works  :  4  violin-con- 
certos (inch  the  "  Military  Concerto,"  still 
heard)  ;  a  string-trio  :  rondos,  polonaises,  varia- 
tions, caprices,  fantasias.  With  Zalevvski,  the 
poet,  he  publ.  a  collection  of  Galician  folk-songs 
(1834  ;   2  vol.s). 

Lip'sius,  Marie,  (pen-name  "La  Mara,") 
a  gifted  writer  ;  b.  Leipzig,  Dec.  30,  1S37. — 
Works:  "  Musikalische  Studienkopfe  "  (1873- 
80  ;  5  vol.s,  often  republ.) ;  "  Gedanken  beruhm- 
ter  Musiker  fiber  ihre  Kunst"  (1877);  "Das 
Bi'ihnenfestspiel  in  Bayreuth "  (1877);  German 
transl.  of  Liszt's  "Chopin"  (1880);  "  Musiker- 
briefe  aus  fiinf  Jahrhunderten  "  (18S6  ;  2  vol.s)  ; 
"  Klassisches  und  Romantisches  aus  der  Ton- 
welt"  (1892);  Liszt's  "Briefe  an  eine  Freundin" 
(1S93-4  ;  three  vol.s);  "Briefe  an  August 
Roeckel,  von  Richard  Wagner"  (Leipzig,  1895). 


356 


UROU— LISZT 


Lirou,  Jean-Fran^ois-Espic,  chevalier  de, 
b.  Paris,  1740;  d.  there  1806.  Musical  ama- 
teur ;  officer  in  the  Mousquetaires  du  roi,  for 
whom  he  comp.  a  "  Marche  des  mousquetaires  " 
played  until  the  Revolution.  He  wrote  several 
opera-books,  and  publ.  an  "  Explication  du 
systeme  de  l'harmonie  .  .  ."  (1785),  being  the 
first  French  author  to  give  up  Rameau's  system, 
and  to  seek  the  laws  of  chord-progression  in  the 
affinities  of  tonality ;  though  his  ideas  lack  clear- 
ness. 

Lischin,  Grigory  Andreevitch,  Russian 
composer  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  June  27  (N.S.), 
1S8S,  aged  35.  His  last  opera,  Don  Cc'sar  de 
Bazan  (Kiev,  1888),  was  very  successful. 

Liss'mann,  Heinrich  Fritz,  dramatic  bari- 
tone ;  b.  Berlin,  May  26,  1S47  ;  d.  Hamburg, 
Jan.  5,  1S94.  Pupil  of  Hillmer  and  Stockhau- 
sen  ;  sang  at  the  theatres  in  Zurich,  Liibeck, 
Leipzig,  Bremen,  and  from  1S83  at  the  Ham- 
burg City  Th.  as  Gura's  successor. — He  married 
the  well-known  soprano  Anna  Marie  Gutzsch- 
bach  in  Leipzig,  where  she  was  a  popular 
favorite  ;  she  sang  later  with  him  in  Bremen  and, 
until  1S92,  at  Hamburg. 

Lis'temann,  Fritz,  b.  Schlotheim,  Thurin- 
gia,  Mar.  25,  1839.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of  his 
uncle,  Concertm.  Ullrich  of  Sondershausen,  and 
of  David  (1856-7)  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  In 
1S58,  "chamber-virtuoso"  to  the  Prince  of 
Rudolstadt,  of  whose  concert-orch.  he  was  a 
member  until  1S67,  when  he  went  to  New  York, 
where,  after  a  few  years  in  Boston,  he  joined 
the  Thomas  Orch.  as  1st  violin  in  1871.  Re- 
turning to  Boston  in  1S74,  he  joined  the  "  Phil- 
harm.  Club  "  (sextet),  with  which  he  toured  the 
United  States.  Prom  1878,  1st  violin  in  the 
Philharm.  Orch.;  1881-5,  ditto  in  the  Sym- 
phony Orch. ;  since  then  has  devoted  his  time 
to  teaching,  and  occasional  tours  with  the  "  Lis- 
temann  Concert  Co." — Works  :  Grand  Concerto 
and  Second '  Concerto  f.  violin  (both  MS.) ; 
publ.  "  Grosse  Polonaise,"  and  "  Idylle";  also 
songs. 

Lis'temann,  Bernhard,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Schlotheim,  Aug.  28,  1841.  Likewise 
a  pupil  of  Ullrich,  and  (1856-7)  of  David  at 
Leipzig  ;  then  of  Vieuxtemps(i86i)  and  Joachim 
(1S62,  at  Hanover).  Concertmeister  in  Rudol- 
stadt court  orch.  1859-67,  with  the  title  of  solo 
violinist  and  chamber-virtuoso  ;  then  went  with 
his  brother  to  America,  travelled  with  Leopold 
de  Meyer,  lived  in  Boston,  and  from  1S71-4  was 
leader  in  the  Thomas  Orch.,  New  York.  In 
1874  ne  founded  the  Boston  "  Philharmonic 
Club,"  toured  the  country  until  1878,  then  or- 
ganized the  Boston  "  Philharm.  Orch.,"  and 
conducted  it  till  1881,  when  Mr.  Higginson 
established  the  "  Symphony  Orch.,"  whose 
leader  Bernhard  L.  was  for  4  years.  Meantime 
he  also  started  the  "  Listemann  Quartet,"  an 
organization  still  intact  and  doing  fine  work, 
despite  changes  in  the  membership.  From 
1885-93,  soloist   and   director  of   the  "  L.  Con- 


cert Co.,"  also  teaching  in  Boston.  Since  1893, 
head  of  the  violin-department  in  the  Chicago 
College  of  Music.  Has  publ.  a  Method  for 
Violin.  L.  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  violin- 
ists and  teachers  in  America. 

Lis'temann,  Paul,  son  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Boston,  Oct.  24,  1871.  Violinist.  Taught  by 
his  uncle  Fritz,  and  his  father,  he  entered  the 
"  L.  Quartet"  and  the  "  L.  Concert  Co."  in 
1S8S,  and  travelled  with  these  organizations  for 
2  years  ;  then  studied  at  Leipzig  under  Brodsky 
and  Hilf  (1890-3),  and  at  Berlin  under  Joachim 
(1893-5).  .  For  one  year,  leader  of  the  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  Orch.;  1896,  leader  of  the  "American 
Orch."  of  New  Vork  ;  since  then  he  has  toured 
America  as  soloist  of  the  "  Redpath  Grand  Con- 
cert Co.,"  with  Mine,  de  Vere,  Miss  Clara 
Murray,  and  Charles  Beresford. 

Lis'temann,  Franz,  brother  of  preceding  ; 
b.  New  York,  Dec.  17,  1S73.  'Cello-virtuoso  ; 
from  1S87-90,  pupil  of  Fries  and  Giese  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass.;  from  1S90-3,  of  Julius  Klengel,  at 
Leipzig,  and  1893-5  of  Hausmann,  at  Berlin. 
After  a  year  as  1st  'cello  in  the  Pittsburg  Orch., 
he  settled  in  New  York,  where  he  is  now  (1899) 
living  as  a  teacher,  soloist,  and  quartet-player. 
His  Stradivarius  'cello  formerly  belonged  to 
Hollmann,  the  noted  Dutch  'cellist. 

Liszt,    Franz    [Hungarian    Ferencz],    the 

creator  of  the  art  of  orchestral  pianoforte-play- 
ing, and  of  the  sym- 
phonic poem,  was 
born  at  Raiding,  near 
Odenburg,  Hungary, 
Oct.  22,  1S11;  died  at 
Bayreuth,  July  31, 
1 886.  His  father,  an 
excellent  amateur,  be- 
gan his  instruction  on 
the  piano  at  the  age  of 
six  ;  progress  was  so 
rapid  that  at  nine 
Franz  played,  at  a 
public  concert  in 
Odenburg,  Ries's  diffi- 
cult Eb  concerto  with 

so  great  artistic  success  that  his  father  de- 
cided on  further  concerts  at  Pressburg.  After 
the  second,  several  Hungarian  counts  offered 
to  provide  600  florins  annually,  for  6  years,  for 
the  boy's  musical  education.  The  offer  was 
joyfully  accepted,  and  the  family  removed  in 
182 1  to  Vienna.  Here  Franz  took  piano-les- 
sons from  Czerny  for  iS  months,  and  studied 
theory  with  Salieri,  composing  under  the  lat- 
ter's  supervision  a  considerable  number  of  short 
church-pieces.  Beethoven,  hearing  of  the  tal- 
ented boy,  asked  to  see  him  ;  at  their  memorable 
meeting  the  delighted  master  embraced  Liszt 
after  the  latter's  execution  (without  notes  and 
accompaniment)  of  his  trio,  op.  97.  L.'s  first 
public  concerts  in  Vienna  were  given  in  1823, 
with  such  flattering  results  that  the  father  de- 
termined to  take  his  son  to  the  Paris  Cons.     On 


357 


LISZT 


the  way,  concerts  were  given  at  Munich  and 
Stuttgart.  Franz  passed  his  examinations  ad- 
mirably ;  but  Cherubini,  then  Director  of  the 
Conservatoire,  was  opposed  on  principle  to  "  in- 
fant phenomena,"  and  refused  him  admission, 
using  as  an  excuse  a  rule  forbidding  the  entrance 
of  foreigners.  As  a  consequence,  Franz  took  no 
more  piano-lessons,  developing  his  genius  in  his 
own  way  ;  but  still  studied  composition,  for  a 
short  time  under  Taer,  but  chiefly  under  Reicha, 
eagerly  profiting  by  the  latter's  teachings,  and 
bringing  out  a  one-act  operetta,  Don  Sancho, 
on  le  Chateau  de  V 'Amour,  performed  five  times 
at  the  Acad,  royale  de  Musique  in  1825.  Al- 
ready a  well-known  pianist,  he  now  spent  two 
years  in  concert-tours  ;  his  father  died  in  1827, 
and  L.  settled  in  Paris  to  support  his  mother 
and  himself.  He  was  in  great  demand  as  a 
teacher,  and  moved  in  the  highest  circles  of  let- 
ters and  art  ;  in  aristocratic  salons,  which  had 
always  been  open  to  "  le  petit  Litz,"  homage 
was  soon  paid  to  the  great  artist.  His  impres- 
sionable spirit  was  strongly  moved  by  the  influ- 
ences of  the  period  :  the  romanticism  of  Chopin 
and  Weber,  St.  Simonism,  the  revolutionary  era 
of  1830  ;  he  even  dreamt  of  entering  the  priest- 
hood, but  in  the  end  a  love  of  art  conquered. 
Paganini's  advent  in  1831  inspired  him  to  here- 
tofore unheard-of  feats  in  piano-technique  and 
expression  ;  the  music  of  Berlioz  ripened  his 
conviction  of  the  poetic  possibilities  of  his  art ; 
he  became  one  of  the  most  ardent  champions 
and  potent  promoters  of  realism  in  music.  For 
the  present,  however,  these  ideas  found  public 
utterance  only  in  his  pianistic  achievements. 
These  were  interrupted  for  a  time  by  his  liaison 
with  the  Countess  d'Agoult  (known  as  an  au- 
thoress under  the  noni  de  plume  of  "  Daniel 
Stern");  with  her  he  retired  to  Geneva  (1835- 
9).  Three  children  were  born  to  them  ;  Cosima, 
the  younger  of  two  daughters,  became  the  wife 
of  Richard  Wagner.  During  these  four  years, 
L.  twice  emerged  from  retirement  to  vanquish 
his  only  serious  pianistic  rival,  Thalberg  (1836). 
Finally,  in  1S39,  he  set  out  on  a  triumphal  prog- 
ress through  Europe,  signalizing  this  step  by 
generously  assuming  the  responsibility  for  the 
completion  of  the  Beethoven  monument  at  Bonn, 
for  which  a  large  sum  was  still  required,  and 
subscriptions  scanty.  For  the  ensuing  decade 
the  world  rang  with  the  fame  of  the  greatest 
pianist  who  has  ever  lived.  In  1849  he  ac- 
cepted the  position  of  court  Kapellmeister  at 
Weimar,  with  the  understanding  that  he  was  to 
further,  by  all  means  at  his  command,  the  prog- 
ress of  modern  musical  art.  An  adherent  of  the 
New  German  School  (free  tonality,  romantic 
realism,  program-music),  he  extended  generous 
aid  to  struggling  brother-artists.  When  the 
exiled  Wagner,  in  despair  over  the  dumb  score 
of  Lohengrin,  sent  it  to  Liszt,  the  answer  came 
back  that  the  work  was  preparing  for  its  first 
performance  (Weimar,  Aug.  28,  1850).  It  was 
followed  by  Raff's  Konig Alfred in  1851.  Here 
Der  fliegende  Hollander  and   Tannhauser  were 


revived,  like  Schumann's  Genoveva,  and  Berlioz's 
Benvenuto  Cellini.  Naturally,  Weimar  became 
a  centre  of  attraction  for  artists  of  modern  ten- 
dency, reinforced  by  a  multitude  of  pupils  of  the 
great  pianist.  Here  Liszt  himself  ended  his 
first,  or  virtuoso  period  (to  which  most  of  his 
transcriptions  and  original  compositions  for  pf. 
belong),  and  entered  upon  a  second  period  of 
more  serious  composition,  appearing  in  public 
as  a  pianist  only  at  rare  intervals.  From  Wei- 
mar, too,  he  sent  into  the  world  a  new  orches- 
tral conception, — the  symphonic  poem,  in  which 
he  makes  free  and  original  use  of  the  leading- 
motive,  "local  color"  of  most  varied  hues,  and 
all  arts  and  devices  of  orchestration,  to  plasti- 
cally follow  and  interpret  the  inner  meaning  of 
the  given  poem  or  "  program."  In  iSsghe  left 
Weimar,  on  account  of  the  opposition  displayed 
to  the  production  of  Cornelius'  Barbier  von  Bag- 
dad, and  the  consequent  failure  of  that  opera. 
Until  1S70  he  lived  for  the  most  part  in  Rome  ; 
in  1S66  the  Pope,  Pius  IX.,  conferred  on  him 
the  dignity  of  Abbe.  In  1870,  being  invited  to 
conduct  the  Beethoven  Festival  at  Weimar,  cor- 
dial relations  with  the  court  were  reestablished  ; 
and  thereafter  L.  spent  some  months  of  each 
summer  at  Weimar.  In  1875  he  was  made 
President  of  the  new  Hungarian  Academy  of 
Music  at  Pesth  ;  and  between  Weimar,  Pesth, 
and  Rome  the  last  years  of  his  life  were  divided, 
a  throng  of  pupils  and  admirers  following  him 
from  place  to  place.  His  death  at  Bayreuth,  in 
18S6,  occurred  in  the  midst  of  the  Wagner 
Festival. 

Liszt,  the  artist  and  the  man,  is  one  of  the 
grand  figures  in  the  history  of  music.  Generous, 
kindly,  and  liberal-minded,  whole-souled  in  his 
devotion  to  art,  superbly  equipped  as  an  inter- 
preter of  classic  and  romantic  works  alike,  a 
composer  of  original  conception  and  daring  exe- 
cution, a  conductor  of  marvellous  insight,  wor- 
shipped as  teacher  and  friend  by  a  host  of 
disciples,  reverenced  and  admired  by  his  fellow- 
musicians,  honored  by  institutions  of  learning 
and  by  potentates  as  no  other  artist  before  or 
since,  his  influence,  spread  by  those  whom  he 
personally  taught  and  swayed,  will  probably  in- 
crease rather  than  diminish  as  time  goes  on.  He 
is  the  absolute  founder  of  "transcendental" 
pianoforte-playing,  in  which  the  instrument  is 
made  to  display  all  resources  of  an  orchestra. 
His  "  symphonische  Dichtungen  "  (symphonic 
poems)  show  an  equally  absolute  departure  from 
earlier  formalism,  marking  an  epoch  in  orches- 
tral music  as  decisively  as  Wagner's  music- 
dramas  in  dramatic. 

During  his  virtuoso-period,  L.'s  compositions 
were  chiefly  for  pf. ,  including  a  great  number  of 
brilliant  paraphrases  and  transcriptions,  in  which 
he  is  unique  ;  later,  orchestral  and  sacred  comp.s 
predominate,  the  latter  toward  the  close  of  his 
career.  A  thematic  catalogue  is  published  by 
Breitkopf  &  Hartel. 

Works:  For  orchestra :  The  symphonic  poems 
"  Dante"  (after  the  "  Divina  Commedia,"  f.  orch. 


353 


LISZT— LITOLFF 


and  female  ch.),  "  Eine  Faustsymphonie  "  (in  3 
pictures  :  Faust,  Gretchen,  Mephistopheles  ;  f. 
orch.  and  male  ch.),  "  Ce  qu'on  entend  sur  la 
montagne  "  [Victor  Hugo],  "  Tasso,  lamento  e 
trionfo,"  "  Les  Preludes,"  "Orpheus,"  "Pro- 
metheus," "Mazeppa,"  "Festklange,"  "Heroi'de 
funebre,"  "  Hungaria,"  "  Hamlet,"  "  Hunnen- 
schlacht  "  [after  Kaulbach],  "  Die  Ideale  "  [after 
Schiller],  and  "  Von  der  Wiege  bis  zum  Grabe  " 
[after  Michael  Zichy]  ; — "  Zwei  Episoden  aus 
Lenaus Faust"  (Der  nachtliche  Zug;  2  Mephisto- 
walzer)  ;  "  Kiinstler -F"estzug"  (Schiller  Fest., 
1S59) ;  "Gaudeamus  igitur,"  w.  soli  andchoruses  ; 
"  Festmarsch,"  "  Festvorspiel,"  "  Huldigungs- 
marsch,"  "  Vom  Fels  zum  Meer  !  Deutscher 
Siegesmarsch,"  "  Rakoczy-Marsch  "  (f.  symph. 
orch.)  ;  grand  arr.s  of  Schubert  marches,  of  the 
"  Divertissement  a  l'hongroise,"  etc. 

For  pianoforte  :  2  concertos,  in  E  |->  and  A  ; 
"  Danse  macabre  "  f.  pf.  and  orch.;  "  Concerto 
pathetique  "(concert-solo)  ;  15  Hungarian  Rhap- 
sodies ;  a  "  Rhapsodie  espagnole  "  ;  Sonata  in  B 
min. ;  Fantasia  and  Fugue  on  B-A-C-H  ;  Varia- 
tions [theme  from  Bach's  B-min.  mass];  6  Pre- 
ludes and  Fugues  [Bach];  10  "  Harmonies  poe- 
tiques  et  religieuses  "  ;  "  Annees  de  pelerinage  "; 
3  "  Apparitions"  ;  2  Ballades  ;  6  "  Consola- 
tions "  ;  Berceuse  ;  "  Weinen,  Rlagen,  Sorgen, 
Zagen  "  (prelude  after  Bach)  ;  Fantasia  and 
Fugue  ;  Scherzo  and  March  ;  2  Polonaises  ; 
Mazurka  brillante  ;  3  Caprices-Valses  ;  Feuilles 
d'Album  ;  2  ditto  ;  Grand  Galop  chromatique  ; 
ValseTmpromptu  ;  "  Mosonyi's  Grabgeleit  "  ;  2 
Elegies  ;  2  Legendes  (St. -Francois  tt 'Assise  and 
St. -Francois  de  Paul)  ;  "  L'hymne  du  Pape  "  ; 
"  Viacrucis  "  ;  "  Liebestraume  "  (3  Notturnos)  ; 
"  L'idee  fixe  "  (after  melody  by  Berlioz)  ;  Im- 
promptu in  F  #  ;  "  Etudes  d'execution  transcen- 
dante  ";  3  Grandes  etudes  de  concert  ;  "  Ab 
irato,"  etude  de  perfectionnement  ;  2  concert- 
etudes,  "  Waldesrauschen  "  and  "  Gnomenrei- 
gen  "  ;  "  Technische  Studien  "  (1889;  12  books) ; 
transcriptions  of  Beethoven's  symphonies,  of 
Berlioz's  "  Symphonie  fantastique  "  and  over- 
tures to  Lcs  francs-juges  and  La  damnation  de 
Faust,  of  Wagner's  overture  to  Tannhauser,  of 
more  thansosongs  by  Schubert(andmanyothers), 
etc.,  etc.; — paraphrases  on  operatic  themes  by 
Meyerbeer,  Wagner,  Verdi,  Auber,  Gounod,  etc. 

Vocal:  Missa  solennis  (the  "  Graner  "  Festi- 
val Mass)  in  D  ;  Hungarian  Coronation  Mass  ; 
Mass  in  C  min.,  w.  organ  ;  Missa  choralis  in 
A  min.,  w.  organ  ;  Requiem  ;  3  oratorios,  Die 
Legcnde  von  der  heiligen  Elisabeth,  Stanislaus, 
and  Christ  us  ;  9  choruses  w.  org.;  "  Die  Selig- 
keiten,"  f.  bar.  solo,  ch.,  and  org.;  Paternoster, 
f .  mixed  ch.  w.  org. ;  Pater  noster  and  Ave  Maria, 
f.  male  voices  w.  org.;  Psalm  13,  f.  tenor  solo, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  Psalm  18,  f.  male  ch.,  orch.,  and 
org.;  Psalm  23,  f.  tenor  (or  sopr.)  solo,  w.  harp 
(or  pf.)  and  org.  (or  harmonium)  ;  Psalm  137,  f. 
solo,  female  ch.,  violin,  harp,  pf.,  and  org.; 
"  Christus  ist  geboren,"  f.  ch.  w.  org. :  "  An  den 
heiligen  Franziskus,"  f.  men's  voices,  org.,  trom- 
bones,   and   drums  ;    numerous    minor    church- 


comp.s  ; — the  cantatas  Die  Glocken  des  Strass- 
burger  Munsters,  Die  heilige  Cdcilia,  An  die 
Kiinstler  (f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.); — "  Zur 
Sacular-Feier  Beethovens  "  ;  "  Festalbum  "  (for 
Goethe's  100th  birthday)  ;  "  Festchor  "  (for  the 
unveiling  of  the  Herder  monument,  Weimar, 
1850);  numerous  4-part  male  choruses  ("Das 
Lied  der  Begeisterung,"  "  Weimar's  Volksiied," 
"  Was  ist  des  Deutschen  Vaterland  "  [w.  pf.], 
"  Festgesang  "  [w.  org.])  ;  about  60  songs  w.  pf., 
many  strikingly  beautiful  ("  Du  bist  wie  eine 
Blume,"  "  Es  muss  ein  wunderbares  sein," 
"Die  Macht  der  Musik,"  "Jeanne  d'Arc  au 
bucher  "). 

Writings  :  "  De  la  fondation  Goethe  (Goethe- 
stiftung)  a  Weimar"  (1851)  ;  "Lohengrin  et 
Tannhauser  de  Richard  Wagner"  (1S51  ;  also 
German)  ;  "  Frederic  Chopin  "  (1S52  ;  2nd  ed., 
in  French,  Leipzig,  1879  *  m  German,  1S80) ; 
"  Ueber  Field's  Notturnos"  (1859  I  French  and 
German)  ;  "  Die  Zigeuner  und  ihre  Musik  in 
Ungarn  "  (French,  1861  ;  also  Hungarian  and 
German);  "Robert  Franz"  (1S72)  ;  "  Keine 
Zwischenaktsmusik  mehr"  (1S79).  His  "  Ge- 
sammelte  Schriften  "  weretransl.  by  L.  Ramann 
and  publ.  in  6  vol.s(i88o-S3). 

Comprehensive  biography  of  Liszt  by  L.  Ra- 
mann "  Franz  Liszt  als  Kiinstler  und  Mensch  " 
(Vol.  i,  1SS0  [from  1811-1S40]  ;  Vol.  ii,  Part  i 
[1S41-1S47],  and  Part  ii,  1S94  [to  the  end]). — 2 
volumes  of  "  Briefe  hervorragender  Zeitge- 
nossen  an  Franz  Liszt  "  were  publ.  at  Leipzig, 
1S97. — An  interesting  character-sketch  is  in 
von  Lenz's  "Great  Piano-Virtuosos"  (New 
Vork,  1899). 

Li'tolff,  Henry  Charles,  b.  London,  Feb. 
6,  1818  ;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  5,  1891.  A  pupil  of 
Moscheles,  he 

played  at  12  in 
public.  An  early 
marriage  (at  17) 
forced  him  to  seek 
a  livelihood  in 
Paris  ;  unsuccess- 
ful there,  he  sup- 
ported himself  in 
Melun  by  teach- 
ing ;  and  in  1840 
attracted  the  at- 
tention of  Paris 
by  a  brilliant  con- 
cert. His  reputa- 
tion now  grew  rap- 
idly, though  the  unhappy  course  of  his  private 
affairs  led  to  a  separation  from  his  wife.  He 
made  tours,  beginning  in  Belgium  ;  from  1S41- 
4  was  conductor  at  Warsaw  ;  toured  Germany 
and  Holland,  visited  London  in  1S46,  and  Vi- 
enna during  the  Revolution  of  184S,  in  which 
he  participated,  but  escaped  to  Brunswick. 
Here  he  married  the  widow  of  the  music-pub- 
lisher Meyer,  changing  the  firm-name  in  1851 
to  "  H.  Litolff  ";  he  was  one  of  the  pioneers  in 
the  publication  of  cheap  editions  ("Collection 


359 


LITTA— LOCATELLI 


Litolff").  In  I  S6o  he  turned  the  business  over  to 
his  adopted  son,  Theodor,  and  returned  to  Paris. 
For  ten  years  the  state  of  his  health  had  pie- 
vented  concert-giving  ;  he  devoted  himself  to 
composition,  and  brought  out  8  operas  and  ope- 
rettas in  Paris,  Baden-Baden,  and  Brussels,  of 
which  the  operetta  Hcloise  et  Abelard  was  the 
most  successful.  Of  4  operas,  Die  Brant  vom 
Kynast  (Brunswick,  1847)  and  Les  Templiers 
(Brussels,  1886)  were  performed  ;  Rodrigue  de 
Tolede,  and  Lc  Roi  Lear  (finished  1890),  have 
not  been  prod. — Other  works  :  An  oratorio, 
Ruth  et  Booz  (1869)  ;  orchestral  overtures  ;  the 
"  Eroica "  violin-concerto;  a  Funeral  March 
for  Meyerbeer;  2  "Concerto-symphonies"  f. 
pf.  w.  orch.,  op.  22,  and  the  "  Concert  national 
hollandais";  2  pf. -trios  ;  3  duets  f.  pf.  and  vln. 
(with  Leonard);  6  etudes  de  concert,  f.  pf.; 
Opuscules,  op.  25  ;  Invitation  a  la  Tarentelle, 
op.  36  ;  Nocturne,  op.  62  ;  Characteristic  Pieces, 
op.  65  ;  a  Spinnlied  ;  etc.,  all  f.  pf. — His  music 
is  characterized  by  striking  and  brilliant  effects. 

Lit'ta,  Duca  Giulio,  Visconte  Arese,  b. 
Milan,  1822  ;  d.  Vedano,  n.  Monza,  May  29, 
1891.  Composer  of  precocious  talent  and  excel- 
lent training  ;  prod,  an  opera  at  20,  Bianca  di 
Santafiora  (Milan,  1843),  followed  by  nine 
others,  the  last  being  //  Violino  di  Cremona  (La 
Scala,  Milan,  1882).  Also  an  oratorio,  La  Pas- 
sione,  at  Turin  ;  and  songs. 

Lit'zau,  Johannes  Barend,  b.  Rotterdam, 
Sept.  9,  1S22;  d.  there  July  17,  1S93.  Pupil 
of  T.  B.  Bremer  and  B.  Tours  (pf.  and  organ); 
self-taught  in  theory  and  composition.  1S42, 
organist  of  the  Presb.  Ch.;  1855,  succeeded 
Bremer  as  organist  of  the  Lutheran  Ch.  lie 
founded  an  organ-school,  and  wrote  organ- 
music  in  the  classic  style. 

Livera'ti,  Giovanni,  b.  Bologna,  1772  ;  d. 
after  1S17.  Noted  tenor  singer  and  opera-com- 
poser ;  pupil  of  Mattei  (comp.)  and  Gibelli 
(singing).  Brought  out  an  opera  at  Bologna  in 
1790  ;  in  1792,  first  tenor  in  the  Ital,  th.  at 
Barcelona,  later  in  Madrid,  and  conducted  the 
Royal  Opera  at  Potsdam  until  1S00  ;  then  cond. 
the  theatre-orch.,  Prague,  went  to  Trieste  in 
1S04,  and  Vienna  in  1S05,  living  there  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher till  1 8 14,  when  he  was  app.  com- 
poser to  the  Royal  Th.,  London. — Works:  14 
operas  ;  2  oratorios  ;  cantatas,  minor  vocal 
pieces  ;  string-quartets  ;  'cello-music  ;  etc. 

Lloyd,  Charles  Harford,  b.  Thornbury, 
Gloucestershire,  England,  Oct.  16,  1849.  Mus. 
Bac.  1871,  Mus.  Doc.  1S91  (Oxford).  1876, 
organist  of  Gloucester  Cath.;  1S82,  of  Christ 
Church  Cath.,  Oxford;  1892,  precentor  and 
mus.  instructor  at  Eton  College,  succeeding 
Barnby.  Founder  and  first  president  of  the 
Oxford  Univ.  Mus.  Club  ;  conductor  of 
Gloucester  Festivals,  1877,  1SS0  ;  at  present, 
cond.  of  the  Oxford  Symphony  Concerts. — 
Works  :  The  cantatas  Hero  and  Leander  (1884) , 
The  Song  of  Baldur  (1885),  Andromeda  (1S86), 
A  Song  of  Judgment  (1891),  and   Sir  Ogie  and 


the  Lady  Elsie  (1894)  ;  and  (for  female  voices) 
The  Gleaner's  Harvest  ;  music  to  Alcestis  (Ox- 
ford, 1887);  Full  Cathedral  Service  in  Eb;  a 
pastoral,  "The  rosy  dawn"  (18S9)  ;  8-part 
chorus  "To  Morning"  (1890)  ;  part-songs  and 
songs  ;  organ-sonata  ;  etc. 

Lloyd,  Edward,  b.  London,  Mar.  7,  1845. 
Noted  tenor  singer  ;  choir-boy  under  James 
Turle  at  Westminster  Abbey  till  i860.  He 
sang  in  churches  and  concerts,  coming  promi- 
nently into  notice  at  the  Gloucester  Fest.,  1871, 
in  Bach's  St.  Matthew  Passion.  Since  1S74, 
first  tenor  at  the  Leeds  Festivals.  He  ap- 
peared at  the  Cincinnati  Festival  in  1888,  and 
at  other  times  in  the  United  States. 

Lo'be,  Johann  Christian,  b.  Weimar,  May 
30,  1797  ;  d.  Leipzig,  July  27,  1SS1.  His  first 
teacher  was  A.  Riemann  (flute  and  violin)  ;  he 
was  then  taught  by  E.  A.  Midler,  and  played  a 
flute  solo  in  the  Gewandhaus,  1S11.  He  was 
flutist,  later  viola-player,  in  the  Weimar  court 
orch.  until  1842  ;  then  received  the  title  of 
"  Professor,"  and  founded  a  music-school,  but 
gave  it  up  in  1846  to  go  to  Leipzig,  where  he 
edited  the  "  Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung  "  till  1848, 
and  was  diligent  in  composing  and  teaching. — 
Works  :  5  operas,  prod,  at  Weimar  ;  2  sym- 
phonies ;  overtures  ;  concertos,  variations,  and 
solo-numbers  f.  flute;  pf. -quartets,  etc. — He 
wrote  "  Die  Lehre  von  der  thematischen  Ar- 
beit" (1S46),  "  Lehrbuch  der  musikalischen 
Composition  "  (Vol.  i,  "Harmony,"  1S50  ;  rev. 
by  Kretzschmar,  5th  ed.,  1S84  ;  Vol.  ii,  "In- 
strumentation," 3d  ed.  1S79  ;  Vol.  iii,  "  Canon, 
Fugue,  etc.,"  1S60  ;  Vol.  iv,  "  Opera,"  1867  ;  as 
rev.  by  Kretzschmar,  1SS4-7)  ;  "  Katechismus 
der  Musik"  (1851  ;  21st  ed.,  18S1  ;  Engl, 
transl. ,  New  Vork)  ;  "  Musikalische  Briefe 
eines  Wohlbekannten  "  (1852  ;  2nd  ed.  1S60)  ; 
"  Fliegende  Blatter  fur  Musik"  (1853-57,  three 
vol.s)  ;  "Ausdem  Leben  eines  Musikers  "(1859)  ! 
"  Vereinfachte  Ilarmonielehre  "  (1861)  ;  "Ka- 
techismus der  Kompositionslehre  "  (1872,  3rd  ed. 
1S76)  ;  "  Consonanzen  und  Dissonanzen  "  (1869). 

Lob'kowitz.      See   Caramuel   de   Lobko- 

WITZ. 

Lo'bo  (or  Lopez,  Lupus),  Duarte,  important 
Portuguese  composer,  and  a  pupil  of  Manoel 
Mendes,  was  (about  1600)  choirmaster  of  the 
Hospital  Church,  later  of  the  Cathedral,  at  Lis- 
bon ;  he  died  as  Rector  of  the  Seminary  for 
priests. — Publ.  works:  3  books  of  Magnificats  a 
4  (1605,  1611)  ;  a  book  of  masses  a  4-8  (1621), 
and  another  a  4-6(1639);  "  Officium  defunc- 
torum  (choraliter)  "  (1603);  "  Liber  processionum 
et  stationum  ecclesiae  Olyssiponensis  "  (1607). 

Locatel'li,  Pietro,  violinist  ;  b.  Bergamo, 
1693  ;  d.  Amsterdam,  1764.  Pupil  of  Corelli  at 
Rome;  after  long  professional  tours,  he  settled 
in  Amsterdam,  establishing  regular  public  con- 
certs there.  His  technical  feats,  particularly  in 
double-stops,  were  considered  marvellous  at  1 1  it- 
time  ;  by  changing  the  accordatura  of  his  violin, 


360 


LOCKE— LOGROSCINO 


he  prod,  apparently  impossible  effects;  Paganini 
is  said  to  have  profited  by  L.'s  innovations. — 
Works  :  Op.  I,  12  Concerti  grossi  ;  op.  2,  flute- 
sonatas  w.  bass  ;  op.  3,  "  L'arte  del  violino," 
containing  12  concertos  and  24  caprices  f.  2  vio- 
lins, viola,  'cello,  and  continuo  ;  op.  4,  6  concer- 
tos ;  op.  5,  6  string-trios  ;  op.  6,  12  sonatas  f. 
solo  violin  ;  op.  7,  six  Concerti  a  quattro  ;  op.  8, 
string-trios  ;  op.  9,  "  L'Arte  di  nuova  modula- 
zione"(Fr.  "Caprices  e'nigmatiques  ") ;  op.  10, 
"  Contrasto  armonico,"  4-part  Concerti. — In 
new  editions  :  The  sonatas,  op.  6  ;  also  a  few- 
pieces  in  Alard's  and  David's  methods. 

Locke,  Matthew,  b.  Exeter,  England,  1632 
('33  ?)  ;  d.  London,  Aug.,  1677.  Chorister  in 
Exeter  Cathedral,  studying  under  Edward  Gib- 
bons and  W.  Wake.  Composer  to  Charles  II., 
1661;  became  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  was  app. 
organist  to  Queen  Catherine.  Prominent  among 
early  English  composers,  he  wrote  music  to  The 
Tempest  and  Macbeth,  and  to  Shadwell's  Psyche 
(this  last,  and  The  Tempest,  were  publ.  1675  as 
"The  English  Opera");  to  Shirley's  masque 
Cupid  ami  Death,  and  Stapleton's  comedy  The 
Stepmother;  also  6  suites,  "Consort  of  ffoure 
Parts,"  for  viols  ;  a  "  Little  Consort  of  Three 
Parts,'  f.  viols  or  violins  (publ.  1656)  ;  anthems, 
etc.  (some  pieces  are  in  17th-century  collections); 
the  first  English  work  on  thorough-bass,  "  Mela- 
thesia,  or  Certain  General  Rules  for  Playing 
upon  a  Continued  Pass  "  (1673);  and  pamphlets 
versus  Salmon's  attempt  at  reducing  mus.  nota- 
tion to  one  universal  character. 

Lo'der,  Edward  James,  b.  Bath,  England, 
1813  ;  d.  London,  Apr.  5,  1865.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  also  of  Ferd.  Ries  at  Frankfort.  Com- 
posed operas  for  Drury  Lane  and  Covent  Gar- 
den ;  was  conductor  of  the  Princess's  Th.,  and 
laterat  Manchester. — Operas:  JVourjahad(l834), 
The  Night  Dancers  (1S46)  ;  Puck  [a  ballad- 
opera],  Raymond  and  Agnes  (1855);  additions  to 
various  others  ;  music  toOxenford'sZV<ve/X,'''7/'/' 
(1S35)  ;  masque  The  Island  of  Calypso  (185 1)  ; 
string-quartets  ;  songs  ("  The  Brave  Old  Oak  "). 

Loeb,  Jules,  b.  Strassburg,  1S57.  A  leader 
among  French  'cellists  ;  was  a  pupil  of  Chevil- 
lard  at  Paris  Cons,  and  won  1st  prize.  Is  solo 
'cellist  at  the  Opera,  and  at  the  Cons.  Concerts  ; 
also  a  member  of  the  Marsick  Quartet,  and  of 
I.  Philipp's  "  Societe  pour  instr.s  a  vent  et  a 
cordes." 

Loeffler,  Charles  Martin  Tornov,  b. 
Mi'ihlhausen,  Alsatia,  in  1861.  Violinist  and 
composer  ;  studied  the  violin  under  Massart  and 
Leonard,  in  Paris,  later  under  Joachim  in  Ber- 
lin; comp.  under  Guiraud,  Paris.  Began  public 
career  by  playing  in  Pasdeloup's  orch. ;  after- 
wards joined  Prince  Dervier's  orch.  in  Nice  and 
Lugano.  Is  at  present  (1899)  2nd  leader  in  the 
Boston,  Mass.,  Symphony  Orch.,  also  appearing 
as  a  soloist  every  season. — Works  (in  MS.)  : 
Symphonic  poem  "  La  mort  de  Tintagiles"  (after 
Maeterlinck),  f.  full  orch.  and  2  viole  d'amore 
obbligate  ;  suite   in  4  movements   "  Les  veillees 


de  l'Ukraine  "  (after  Gogol),  f.  violin  and  full 
orch.  ;  concerto  in  1  movem.  f.  'cello  and  full  orch. 
(played  by  Schroeder)  ;  Divertimento  f .  violin  w. 
orch.;  octet  f.  2 clar.s, 2  vlns., viola, 'cello, double- 
bass  and  harp  ;  string-sextet  ;  quintet  (1  movem.) 
f.  3  vlns.,  viola,  and  'cello.  All  these  have  been 
repeatedly  performed  in  public. — Also  songs  f. 
mezzo-sopr. ,  viola  obbl.,  and  pf.  (poems  byVer- 
laine  and  Baudelaire). 

Loeillet,  Jean-Baptiste,  celebrated  flutist 
and  harpsichordist  ;  b.  Ghent  ;  d.  London,  1728. 
Studied  in  Ghent,  and  from  1702  in  Paris;  went 
to  London  in  1705,  and  from  1710  gave  weekly 
amateur  concerts  at  his  own  house.  Excellent 
teacher.  Publ.  sonatas  f.  flute,  oboe,  and  violin  ; 
also  flute-trios,  and  12  suites  of  lessons  f.  harpsi- 
chord. 

Loewe.     See  Lowe. 

Logier,  Johann  Bernhard,  b.  Kassel,  Feb. 

9,  1777;  d.  Dublin,  July  27,  1840.  Finding 
piano-practice  distasteful,  he  fled  from  home  at 
the  age  of  ten,  and  was  taken  to  England  by  an 
Englishman  enamoured  of  his  flute-playing  (L. 
was  a  most  precocious  pupil  of  Weidner).  In 
1805  he  joined  a  regimental  band  as  flutist,  and 
accompanied  it  to  Ireland,  some  years  later  be- 
coming organist  at  Westport,  where  he  perfected 
the  invention  of  the  "  chiroplast,"  an  apparatus 
for  holding  the  hands  in  correct  position  during 
piano-practice.  It  was  patented  in  1S14,  and 
Logier  travelled  through  the  United  Kingdom 
to  introduce  it.  It  obtained  great  vogue,  and 
brought  him  fame  and  wealth.  Stopel  was  sent 
by  the  Prussian  Government  to  examine  and  re- 
port on  the  chiroplast,  and  L.  was  invited  to 
Berlin  to  introduce  his  system.  He  remained 
there  3  years,  and  then  returned  to  Dublin  (1826). 
This  system,  which  soon  spread  over  Great 
Britain  and  Germany,  and  was  even  adopted  in 
the  Paris  Cons.,  was  reinforced  by  L.'s  original 
idea  of  the  simultaneous  practice  of  several  pu- 
pils on  different  pianos,  which  became  the  most 
important  part  of  this  method  of  instruction. 
The  system  was  not  received  without  protest. 
L.  published  in  1816  a  work  entitled  "  An  Ex- 
planation and  Description  of  the  Royal  Patent 
Chiroplast,  or  Hand -director  for  Pianoforte, 
etc.";  bitter  attacks  were  met  by  "  An  Authentic 
Account  of  the  Examination  of  Pupils  instructed 
on  the  New  System  of  Musical  Education,  by 
J.  B.  Logier  "  (1S1S),  which  was  greeted  by  yet 
more  violent  diatribes,  all  which  served  as  ex- 
cellent advertisements  of  the  invention.  In 
"The  First 'Companion  to  the  Royal  Patent 
Chiroplast,"  L.  explains  his  method  of  simul- 
taneous teaching;  he  also  publ.  "  Logier's  Prac- 
tical Thorough-bass," and  (inGerman)  a  "System 
der  Musikwissenschaft  und  der  musikalischen 
Composition  "  (Berlin,  1S27).  His  compositions 
include  a  pf. -concerto  ;  sonatas,  etc.,  f.  pf. ;  pf.  - 
trios  w.  flute  and  'cello  ;  and  a  Method  for 
Buglehorn. 

Logrosci'no,  Nicola,  b.  Naples,  about  1S00; 


361 


LOHMANN— LORTZING 


d.  there  1763.  Eminent  dramatic  composer, 
pupil  of  Durante.  In  1747  he  became  first  prof, 
of  counterpoint  at  the  Cons,  dei  Figliuoli  di- 
spersi  in  Palermo,  but  spent  his  last  years  in  Na- 
ples, where  he  prod,  over  a  score  of  operas, 
chiefly  in  opera-buffa  style,  in  which  he  surpassed 
his  predecessors  Leo,  1'ergolesi,  and  Hasse,  and 
introduced  the  (then)  new  and  brilliant  effect  of 
the  act-close  in  ensemble.  His  operas  held  the 
stage  till  Piccinni's  star  gained  the  ascendant. 
Among  his  works  were  Inganno  per  ingantio 
(1738),  La  Violante  (1741),//  Gover/iatore  (174J), 
Tanto  bene,  tanto  male,  II  vecchio  marito,  La 
Fin-ba  bur  lata  (1760  ;  written  with  Piccinni), 
and  his  one  opera  seria,  Giujiio  Bruto  (1750). 

Loh'mann,  Peter,  German  poet ;  b.  Schwelm, 
Westphalia,  Apr.  24,  1S33.  Since  1856  he  has 
lived  in  Leipzig,  and  wrote  1S5S-61  for  the 
"  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik."  His  dramatic 
ideal  is  the  art-work  free  from  conventionalism, 
nationalism,  religious  conflict,  or  mythic  influ- 
ence— a  universal  drama  appealing  equally  to  all 
mankind  ;  in  music  his  principles  coincide  in 
great  part  with  Wagner's  polyphony.  Several 
of  his  vocal  dramas  have  been  set  to  music  :  Die 
Rose  votn  Libanon,  and  Irene,  by  Joseph  Huber  ; 
Frithjof  by  Goebel  ;  Durch  Dunkel  zum  Lichl 
by  Freudenberg ;  Valtnoda  and  Frithjof  by  Dre- 
szer  ;  etc.  These  and  other  poems  have  been 
publ.  in  4  vol.s  (3rd  ed.  1886).  Other  works 
are"  Ueber  R.  Schumanns  Faustmusik  "  (i860), 
and  "  Ueber  die  dramatische  Dichtung  mit  Mu- 
sik" (1861  ;  2nd  ed.  1S64). 

Lohr,  Johann,  organ-virtuoso  ;  b.  Eger,  May 
8,  1828.  Pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Pitsch  in 
Prague  ;  1858,  organist  in  Szegedin,  Hungary  ; 
later  settled  in  Pesth.  In  London,  1871,  he  di- 
vided the  honors  in  organ-playing  with  Bruck- 
ner. Excellent  teacher.  Compositions  unim- 
portant. 

Lohr,  George  Augustus,  b.  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, Apr.  23,  1821  ;  d.  Leicester,  Aug.  25,  1S97. 
Chorister  at  Magdalen  Coll.,  Oxford;  asst.  -or- 
ganist to  Dr.  Z.  Buck,  Norwich  Cath.,  for  10 
years  ;  1S45-S5,  organist  at  St.  Margaret's, 
Leicester.  For  many  years  also  cond.  the  Ama- 
teur Harm.  Soc. 

Lob/se,  Otto,  excellent  conductor  ;  for  some 
years  Kapellm.  at  the  Hamburg  City  Th.;  mar- 
ried Fraulein  Klafsky  in  1895,  who  sang  in  the 
Damrosch  Opera  Company  in  New  York,  1895-6, 
of  which  L.  was  conductor.  They  returned  in 
1896  to  Hamburg,  where  she  died.  L.  is  at 
present  (1899)  Kapellm.  at  the  Strassburg  City 
Th.  On  Jan.  1,  1S9S,  he  brought  out  the  suc- 
cessful opera,  Der  Prinz  wider  111  lien,  at  Co- 
logne. 

Lol'li,  Antonio,  distinguished  violinist  ;  b. 
Bergamo,  about  1730  ('40?);  d.  Palermo,  1802. 
Leader  at  Stuttgart,  1762-73  ;  spent  5  years  in 
St.  Petersburg,  the  special  favorite  of  Empress 
Catherine  II.;  was  in  Paris  in  1779,  traversed 
Spain,    Austria,    Germany,    and    Denmark,   and 


came  to  London  in  1785,  where,  in  striking  con- 
trast with  other  towns,  his  reception  was  cool. 
He  then  went  to  Naples,  and  finally  to  Palermo. 
A  player  of  the  Corelli  "school,"  he  had  great 
technique  but  no  emotional  power,  and  his  per- 
formances were  unequal. — Works  :  S  concertos  ; 
3  sets  of  sonatas  (6  in  each)  w.  bass  ;  6  sonatas 
w.  2nd  violin  ;  and  a  Violin-method  ;  all  of  slight 
value. 

Lomagne,  B.  de ;  pen-name  of  Albert 
Soubies  (in  the  Paris  "  Le  Soir"). 

Longhurst,  William  Henry,  b.  Lambeth, 
England,  Oct.  6,  1S19.  1828-36,  chorister  in 
Canterbury  Cath. ;  then  asst. -organist,  master  of 
the  choristers,  and  lay-clerk  ;  1873,  first  organ- 
ist, succeeding  T.  E.  Jones.  Mus.  Doc.  1875  \ 
mus.  lecturer  at  St.  Augustine's  Coll.,  Canter- 
bury.— Works:  The  oratorio  Da~<id  and  A  bsa- 
lom  (1SJ2) ;  "  The  Village  Fair,  an  Alpine  Idyll" 
(1SS2)  ;  cathedral-service  in  E  ;  other  church- 
music  ;  etc.— His  brother,  John  Alex.  (1S09- 
1855),  sang  in  opera  and  concert. 

Lopez.     See  Lobo. 

Lo'renz,  Franz,  b.  Stein,  Lower  Austria, 
Apr.  4,  1805  ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  S,  1SS3.  Physi- 
cian and  litterateur. — Works  :  "In  Sachen 
Mozarts"  (1851)  ;  "  Haydns,  Mozarts  und 
Beethovens  Kirchenmusik ";  "  W.  A.  Mozart 
als  Claviercomponist  "  (1866)  ;  newspaper  arti- 
cles. 

Lo'renz,  Carl  Adolf,  b.  Koslin,  Pomera- 
nia,  Aug.  13,  1837.  As  a  school-boy  he  com- 
posed trios,  quartets,  etc. ;  studied  music  in 
Berlin  under  Dehn,  Kiel  and  Gehrig,  also  at 
Berlin  Univ.  (Dr.  pkil.,  1S61).  Became  cond. 
of  Meixner  Gesangverein  ;  1S64,  of  the  Stettin 
Musikverein ;  1S66,  Municipal  Director  of 
music  in  Stettin,  succeeding  Lowe.  He  is  also 
an  organist  ;  cond.  of  the  Symphony  Concerts 
and  of  the  Lehrer-Gesangi'erein  ;  music-teacher 
in  two  gymnasiums;  and  founded  the  "  Stet- 
tiner  Musikverein "  (for  oratorio).  Created 
"Professor"  in  1885. — Works:  A  Stabat 
Mater ;  3  grand  concert-cantatas,  Otto  der 
Grosse,  Winfried,  and  Krosus  (1852)  ;  2 
operas,  Die  Komodie  der  Irrungen,  and  Ilarald 
und  Theano  (4  acts  ;  Hanover,  1893),  both  succ. ; 
overtures,  etc. 

Lo'renz,  Julius,  b.  Hanover,  Oct.  1,  1S62. 
From  18S4,  cond.  of  the  Singakademie  at 
Glogau  ;  since  1895,  of  the  "  Arion,"  New 
York. — Works  :  An  opera,  Die  Rekruten  : 
overtures,  pf. -music,  choruses,  and  songs. 

Lo'ris;  Lori'tus.     See  Geareanus. 

Lort'zing,  (Gustav)  Albert,  an  eminently 
popular  opera-composer  ;  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  23, 
1S03  ;  d.  there  Jan.  21,  1S51.  His  parents  were 
actors  ;  the  boy  had  lessons  for  a  time  with 
Rungenhagen,  but  the  wandering  life  led  by  the 
family  cut  them  short.  He  himself  took  chil- 
dren's roles  on  the  stage,  and  had  some  training 
as  an  actor  and  singer  ;  as  an  instrumental  player, 


362 


LOSCHHORN— LOTTO 


- 


and  in  composition,  he  was  almost  wholly  self- 
taught,  lie  married  an  actress,  Regina  Ahles, 
in  1823  ;  in  1824  brought  out  a  short  opera,  Ali 
Pascha  von  Janina, 
at  Cologne  ;  joined 
the  company  of  the 
Court  Th.,  Det- 
mold,  in  1S26  as  an 
actor,  and  in  1832 
produced  2  vaude- 
villes, Der  Pole  und 
st'in  Kind  and  Scene 
aus  Mozarts  Leben, 
which  were  well  re- 
ceived on  several 
German  stages. 
From  1S33-44  he 
was  engaged  at  the 
Leipzig  Theatre  as 
a  tenor  singer  ;  here 
he  launched  Die  bei- 
den  Sc/i/itzen(i$5~  ;  instantly  popular),  and  Czar 
und  Zimmermann  (1839  ;  not  appreciated  at 
Leipzig,  but  warmly  greeted  at  Berlin,  and  still 
a  general  favorite) ;  Die  Schaizkammer  des  Inka 
(not  perf.),  Das  Fischerstechen  (1839  ;  a  local 
skit,  but  a  failure),  Hans  Sachs  (1S40),  and 
Casanova  (1S41)  were  followed  by  his  ,  best 
work,  Der  Wildschiitz  (1S42  ;  only  a  moderate 
success  at  first).  Promoted  to  the  conductor- 
ship  of  the  Leipzig  opera  in  1844,  he  resigned 
in  a  short  time  on  account  of  differences  with 
the  management.  Reduced  to  poverty,  which 
the  successes  of  his  operas  mitigated  but  tran- 
siently, he  went  from  town  to  town,  bringing 
out  Undine  at  Hamburg  (1845),  Der  Waffen- 
sclunied  at  Vienna  (Th.  an  der  Wien,  1S46), 
Ziim  Grossadmiral  at  Leipzig  (1S47),  and  Die 
Rolandsknappen  (Leipzig,  184S).  After  a  sec- 
ond brief  appointment  at  Leipzig,  which  again 
ended  in  a  quarrel,  he  went  to  Berlin,  and  be- 
came Kapellm.  of  the  new  Friedrich  Wilhelm- 
stadtisches  Th.  in  1850,  spending  the  last  year 
of  his  life  as  a  conductor  of  farces  and  similar 
trivialities.  The  sum  of  15,000  Thaler  (about 
$11,000)  was  raised  by  theatrical  benefits  for  the 
support  of  his  destitute  family.  In  1850  he 
still  brought  out  an  operetta,  Die  Opernprobe, 
and  a  farce,  Die  Berliner  Grisette.  He  left 
two  other  dramatic  works,  Der  Weihnachtsabend 
(not  perf.),  and  a  3-act  romantic  opera  Regina, 
oder  die  Marodeure  (comp.  184S  ;  carefully 
edited  by  Richard  Kleinmichel,  with  text-re- 
vision by  L'Arronge,  it  was  prod,  at  the  Royal 
Opera,  Berlin,  Mar.  21,  1899,  with  great  ap- 
plause). The  delightful  humor  and  never-fail- 
ing flow  of  melody  in  L.'s  operas  make  them 
fresh  as  ever,  after  the  lapse  of  half  a  century. 
He  also  wrote  music  to  Benedix's  drama 
Drei  Edelsleine  ;  an  oratorio,  Die  Himmelfahrt 
Christi ;  overtures,  songs,  etc.  —  Duringer 
wrote  "A.  Lortzing,  sein  Leben  und  Wirken  " 
(Leipzig,  1S51). 

Losch'horn,    Albert,    b.    Berlin,    June    27, 
1819.       Pupil    of    L.    Berger,    1S37-9,    arRl    °f 


Kollitschgy  (likewise  a  pupil  of  Berger),  Grell, 
and  A.  YV.  Bach  at  the  R.  Inst,  for  Church- 
music,  succeeding  Kollitschgy  there  as  pf.- 
teacher  in  1S51  ;  "Professor"  in  1859.  A 
pianist  and  teacher  of  deservedly  high  reputa- 
tion, he  has  publ.  many  elegant  and  effective 
salon-pieces  f.  pf. ,  also  suites,  sonatas,  sona- 
tinas, and  the  like  ;  and  a  long  series  of  excel- 
lent pf. -studies  (Studies  for  Beginners,  op.  65  ; 
for  more  advanced  pupils,  op.  66  ;  for  Advanced 
Students,  op.  67  ;  Melodious  Studies,  op.  3S, 
193,  194,  195,  196  ;  La  Velocite,  op.  136  ;  Uni- 
versal Studies,  op.  185  ;  Le  Trille,  op.  165  ; 
School  of  Octaves,  op.  176  ;  etc.).  Favorite 
pf.-soli  are  op.  25,  La  belle  Amazone  ;  op.  109, 
4  Pieces  elegantes  ;  pp.  133,  Tarentelle  ;  op. 
162,  the  barcarolle  "A  Yenise";  op.  161,  Deux 
Valses  ;  op.  163,  Trois  Mazurkas. — With  J. 
Weiss  he  publ.  a  "  Wegweiser  in  die  Pianoforte- 
Litteratur"  (1S62  ;  2nd  ed.  1SS5  as  "  Fuhrer 
durch  die  Klavierlitteratur  "). 

Los'sius,  Lucas,  rector  at  Liineburg,  where 
he  died  July  S,  1S52.  Publ.  the  oft-reprinted 
works  "  Erotemata  musicae  practicae  "  (1563), 
and  "  Psalmodia,  hoc  est  cantica  sacra  veteris 
ecclesiae  selecta  "  (1552). 

Lot'ti,  Antonio,  famous  organist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Hanover  (?),  where  his  father  was 
court- Kapellm.,  about  1667  ;  d.  Venice,  Jan.  5, 
1740.  Pupil  of  Legrenzi  at  Venice,  where  he 
prod,  an  opera,  Giusti.no,  at  the  age  of  16  ;  in 
1687,  chorister  at  San  Marco  ;  in  1692,  2nd 
organist  there  ;  from  1704-36,  1st  organist  ; 
finally,  maestro  <li  eappella.  lie  absented  him- 
self but  once,  171 7-19,  two  years  spent  in 
Dresden  at  the  Crown  Prince's  invitation,  L. 
taking  a  company  of  singers  with  him,  and  suc- 
cessfully producing  several  operas. — A  foremost 
representative  of  the  Venetian  school,  Lotti 
stands  midway  between  the  old  contrapuntists 
and  the  freer  style  of  A.  Scarlatti,  Handel,  etc. 
During  his  dramatic  period  (16S3-1719)  he 
brought  out  16  operas  in  Venice,  1  in  Vienna, 
and  3  in  Dresden  (only  in  these  last  did  he  employ 
wind-instr.s,  so  fearful  was  he  of  overpowering 
the  voices).  His  sacred  music  forms  the  most 
important  part  of  his  works,  and  includes  4 
oratorios,  many  masses,  motets,  Misereres,  etc., 
none  of  which  were  publ.  by  him  (Luck's 
"  Sammlung  ausgez.  Compositionen  "  contains 
4  masses,  and  other  numbers  ;  Rochlitz,  Proske, 
Trautwein,  Commer,  Schlesinger,  and  others, 
have  also  printed  Misereres,  and  other  music, 
in  their  collections).  His  MSS.  are  in  various 
libraries.  He  publ.  only  "  Duetti,  terzetti  e 
madrigali "  (1705;  includes  the  madrigal  "In 
una  siepe  ombrosa,"  the  appropriation  of  which 
caused  Bononcini's  downfall).  His  most  famous 
work  is  a  Miserere  a  4  with  Crucifixus  a  12. 
Alberti,  Gasparini,  Galuppi,  and  Marcello  were 
his  pupils. 

Lot'to,  Isidor,  b.  Warsaw,  Dec.  2,  1S40. 
Pupil  of  Massart  (vln.)  and  Reber  (comp.)  at 
Paris  Cons.      In  1S62,  after  long  tours,  solo  vio- 


3^3 


LOTZE—  LU1!E<  :K 


linist  at  Weimar  ;   1872,  violin-teacher  at  Strass- 
burg  Cons.;  now  (1S99)  at  the  Warsaw  Cons. 

Lot'ze,  Rudolf  Hermann,  physiologist  and 
writer;  b.  Bautzen,  May  21,  1817  ;  d.  Berlin, 
July  1,  1881.  In  1842,  prof,  of  philosophy  at 
Leipzig  ;  1844,  prof,  in  ordinary,  and  court 
councillor,  at  Gottingen  ;  called  to  Berlin  in 
iSSr.  His  "  Geschichte  der  Aesthetik  in 
Deutschland "  (1868)  contains  sound  criticism 
of  Helmholtz,  Ilauptmann,  and  others  ;  also 
interesting  ideas  on  mus.  aesthetics. 

Louis  Ferdinand,  Prince  of  Prussia,  nephew 
of  Frederick  II  ;  b.  Friedrichsfelde,  n.  Berlin, 
Nov.  18,  1772  ;  fell  at  Saalfeld,  Oct.  19,  1806. 
Excellent  amateur  musician  ;  publ.  considerable 
agreeable  chamber-music. 

Loulie,  Etienne,  inventor  of  the  "chrono- 
metre,"  the  precursor  of  the  metronome  ;  also 
of  a  "sonometre."  lie  was  music-master  to 
Mile,  de  Guise  about  1700,  and  publ.  "Ele- 
ments de  musique "  (1696,  describing  the 
"  chronometre  ") ;  and  a  "  Nouveau  systeme  de 
musique  "  (169S,  describing  the  "  sonometre," 
which  was  a  monochord  to  aid  piano-tuners). 

Lover,  Samuel,  the  novelist  and  poet,  also 
a  painter  and  composer;  b.  Dublin,  Feb.  24, 
1797  ;  d.  Jersey,  July  6,  1S68.  lie  wrote  the 
music  to  several  Irish  plays,  and  to  many  songs  ; 
publ.  "  Songs  and  Ballads"  (London,  1S59). 

Low,  Joseph,  b.  Prague,  Jan.  23,  1S34  ;  d. 
there  Oct.,  1S86.  Pianist;  successful  tour 
through  Moravia,  Silesia,  Galicia,  and  the  Bu- 
kowina  in  1854  ;  from  1856,  concert-player  and 
composer  in  Prague.  Publ.  over  450  numbers 
of  light  pf.-music  (op.  142,  Jugend-Album  ;  op. 
1S7,  Deux  Impromptus  romantiques  ;  op.  325, 
Allegro  brillant  f.  2  pf.s  ;  op.  326,  Soir  de 
printemps  ;  op.  413,  Maiengruss). 

Lowe,  Edward,  b.  Salisbury,  England, 
1615  (?)  ;  d.  Oxford,  July  11,  1682.  Chorister  in 
Salisbury  Cath.  under  Holmes;  organist  of 
Christ  Ch.,  Oxford,  1630  ;  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
1660  ;  Choragus,  and  prof,  of  music,  at  Oxford, 
1661. — Publ.  "A  Short  Direction  for  the  Per- 
formance of  Cathedrall  Service  "  (Oxford,  1661) ; 
comp.  anthems. 

Lowe,  (Johann)  Carl  (Gottfried),  the  per- 
fecter  of  the  "ballade"  for  solo  voice  w.  pf.- 
accomp. ;  b.  Nov.  30,  1796,  at  Lobejiin,  n. 
Halle  ;  d.  Kiel,  Apr.  20,  1869.  His  father,  a 
school-master  and  cantor,  taught  him  at  first  ;  in 
1809  he  was  sent  to  the  Francke  Institut,  Halle, 
where  his  beautiful  soprano  voice  and  clever  at- 
tempts at  composition  attracted  attention.  He 
received  a  yearly  stipend  of  300  Thaler  from 
King  Jerome  until  1812  ;  Turk  was  his  teacher 
in  music  until  1S14,  after  which  L.  joined  the 
Singakademie  founded  by  Naue.  He  studied 
theology  at  the  Univ.,  1817-19,  also  produc- 
ing sonic  vocal  works  ("  Treuroschen,"  "  Wall- 
haide,"  "Erlkonig");  was  app.  cantor  at  St. 
Jacob's,  and  teacher  at  the  gymnasium,  at  Stet- 
tin in  1820,  and  town  mus.  dir.  in  182  1,  remain- 


ing here  until  1S66,  when  he  settled  in  Kiel. 
From  Greifswald  Univ.  he  received  the  title  of 
Dr.  phil.  /ton.  causa.  On  journeys  to  German 
cities,  Vienna  (1844),  London  (1847),  Sweden 
and  Norway  (1851),  and  Paris  (1857),  Lowe, 
being  an  excellent  vocalist,  introduced  his  bal- 
lades to  public  notice.  His  publ.  works,  145  in 
all,  include  1  opera, 
Die  drei  Wilnsche 
(Berlin,  1S34  ;  pf.- 
score  publ.)  ;  17 
oratorios  {Die  Fest- 
zeiten,  Die  Zer- 
stbrung  Jerusalems, 
Die  Siebenschlafer, 
Johann  Ifuss,  Die 
ehcrne  Schlange 
[a  cappella],  Der 
Apostel  von  Phi- 
lippi  [a  cappella], 
Gutenberg,  Pale- 
st rina  [MS.],  I  Hob 
[MS.],  Der  Meister 
von    Avis    [MS.], 

Das  Suknopfer  des  neuen  Bundes  [MS.],  Das 
Holie  Lied  Salomonis  [MS.],  Dolus  von  Atella 
[M.S.],  Die  Heilung  des  Blindgebornen  [a  capp.], 
Johannes  der  T&ufer  [MS.],  Die  Auferweckung 
des  Lazarus,  Der  Segen  von  A ssisi  [unfinished]) ; 
a  cantata,  Die  Hochzeit  der  Thetis  ;  a  ballade  f . 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  "  Die  erste  Walpurgisnacht  " 
[Goethe]  ;  his  most  important  and  characteris- 
tic works,  the  ballades  f.  voice  w.  pf. ,  are  publ. 
by  Peters  and  Schlesinger  in  "  Lowe-Albums  " 
containing  20  and  16  numbers  respectively 
(among  the  finest  are  "Edward,"  "  Erlkonig," 
"  Der  Wirthin  Tochterlein,"  "  Der  Nock," 
"  Archibald  Douglass,"  "  Tom  der  Reimer," 
"  Heinrich  der  Vogler,"  "  Oiuf,"  and  "Die 
verfallene  Muhle");  3  string-quartets,  a  pf.- 
trio,  several  pf. -sonatas.  4  other  operas  (not 
perf.),  symphonies,  overtures,  etc.,  were  left  in 
MS. — Writings  :  "  Gesanglehre  fi'ir  Gymnasien, 
Seminarien  und  Burgerschulen  "  (1S26,  3rd 
ed.  1834)  ;  "  Musikalischer  Gottesdienst  ;  me- 
thodische  Anweisung  zum  Kirchengesang  und 
Orgelspiel"  (1S51  ;  3  further  editions);  "Cla- 
vier- und  Generalbass-Schule  "  (2nd  ed.  1851). 
—  Biographical:  "  Selbstbiographie  "  (1S70  ; 
edited  by  Bitter)  ;  by  Runge,  "  Karl  L."  (1SS4), 
and  "  Lowe  redivivus "  (1S8S)  ;  by  Wellmer, 
"  Karl  L."  (1886)  ;  sketches  by  Ambros  in 
"  Culturhistorische  Bilder"  (1S60),  and  Gum- 
precht  in  "  Neue  musikalische  Characterbilder  " 
(1876).  In  English  by  A.  B.  Bach,  "  Locwe  and 
Schubert "  (1890). 

Lowthian,  Caroline,  [Mrs.  Cyril  A.  Pres- 
cott,]  contemporary  English  composer  of  songs 
("Sunshine,"  "The  Reign  of  the  Roses")  and 
pf. -pieces  (Bourree,  Danse  de  ballet,  etc.). 

Lii'beck,  Vincentius,  celebrated  organist  of 
the  North  German  school  ;  b.  Paddingbtittel,  n. 
Bremen,  1654  ;  d.  Hamburg,  Feb.  9,  1740,  as 
organist  of  the  Nicolaikirche  (since  1702). 


364 


LUBECK— LULLY 


Lii'beck,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Alphen, 
Holland,  Feb.  n,  1799;  d.  The  Hague,  Feb. 
7,  1865.  After  passing  through  the  war  of  1813- 
15  as  a  Prussian  regimental  musician,  he  studied 
in  Potsdam,  played  in  theatre-orchestras  at  Riga 
and  Stettin,  and  gave  violin-concerts,  from  1S23 
in  Holland.  1827,  Director  of  the  new  Cons. 
at  The  Hague;  cond.  of  the  "  Diligentia  "  con- 
certs ;   1S29,  court  conductor. — He  had  two  sons : 

Lii'beck,  Ernst,  b.  The  Hague,  Aug.  24, 
1829  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  17,  1876.  Pianist  ;  toured 
America  1850-4  with  Franz  Coenen  ;  then  settled 
in  Paris,  and  gave  excellent  chamber-music  con- 
certs with  Lalo,  Armingaud,  and  Jacquard  ; — 
and 

Lii'beck,  Louis,  b.  The  Hague,  183S  ;  'cel- 
list, pupil  of  Jacquard  in  Paris  ;  1863-70,  'cello- 
teacher  in  the  Leipzig  Cons.;  then  settled  in 
Frankfort. 

Lii'benau,  L.  Pseudonym  of  Salomon 
Jadassohn. 

Lu'brich,  Fritz,  b.  Barsdorf,  Posen,  July  29, 
1862.  Cantor  at  Peilau,  Silesia,  since  1890. 
Editor  of  "Die  Orgel";  has  publ.  a  "  Chorge- 
sangschule "  for  men's  singing-societies  ;  also 
male  choruses  and  songs. 

Lucanto'ni,  Giovanni,  b.  Rieti,  Italy,  Jan. 
18,  1825.  Pupil  of  G.  Pacini  at  Lucca,  and  N. 
Vaccai  at  Milan  Cons.  In  1S45  he  prod.,  at  La 
Scala,  a  2-act  ballet,  Don  Chisciotte  ;  in  1850,  a 
4-part  mass,  and  the  opera  Elisa  (Milan).  De- 
voted himself  to  vocal  instruction ;  settled  in  Paris 
1857  ;  has  lived  in  London  for  several  years. 
His  songs,  duets,  etc.,  are  well  liked  ;  he  has 
also  written  a  cantata,  a  symphony,  and  various 
"ballabili"  f.  pf. 

Lucas,  Charles,  b.  Salisbury,  July  2S,  180S; 
d.  London,  Mar.  23,  1869.  Chorister  in  Salis- 
bury Cath.  under  Corfe,  1S15-23 ;  pupil  of  Lind- 
ley  and  Crotch  at  R.  A.  M.,  1823-30,  and  cond. 
there  in  1832;  he  succeeded  Lindley  as  principal 
'cello  at  the  opera,  etc. — Works  :  Opera  The 
Regicide  ;  3  symphonies,  overtures,  a  'cello-con- 
certo, etc. ;  anthems  and  songs. 

Lucas,  Stanley,  son  of  preceding,  has  been 
secretary  to  the  R.  Soc.  of  Musicians  since  1S61, 
and  of  the  Philharm.  Soc.  1S66-80. 

Luc'ca,  Pauline,  charming  dramatic  so- 
prano ;  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  25,  1S41.  Sang  as  a 
child  in  the  choir  of  the  Karlskirche,  and  was 
taught  by  Uschmann  and  Lewy  ;  joined  the 
chorus  of  the  Vienna  Opera,  and  in  1859  created 
quite  a  stir  in  the  role  of  First  Bridesmaid,  in 
Der  Freischiitz,  her  final  appearance  before 
going  to  Olmt'itz,  where  she  was  already  engaged 
for  leading  roles.  Her  debut  at  Olmtitz  as 
Elvira  in  Ernani  (Sept.  4,  1859)  won  all  hearts. 
Her  appearance  in  Prague  (1S60)  as  Norma  and 
Valentine  {Huguenots)  gave  her  fame  such  an 
impetus  that  Meyerbeer  caused  her  engagement 
at  Berlin,  so  that  she  might  create  the  role  of 
Selika    in    his    /  \4fricaine ;  here    she  was  en- 


gaged as  court  singer  for  life.  At  London  her 
impersonations  of  Valentine  and  Margherita 
{Faust),  in  1863  and  1864,  excited  unbounded 
enthusiasm  ;  she  sang  there  every  season  up  to 
1S72  (excepting  1869);  then  severed  her  connec- 
tion with  Berlin,  sang  in  the  United  States  for 
two  years,  and,  returning  to  Europe,  at  German 
capitals  (Berlin  excepted),  at  Paris,  Brussels 
(1876),  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  (1S77),  and 
Madrid  (1878).  In  1869  she  had  married  Baron 
von  Rhaden  (divorced  1S72) ;  while  in  America 
she  espoused  Herrvon  Wallhofen.  She  resides 
at  Vienna  as  an  honorary  member  of  the  Court 
Opera.  Among  her  favorite  roles  (she  has  some 
60  prepared)  are  Carmen,  Zerlina  {Fra  Diavolo), 
Elsa,  Cherubino,  La  Sonnambula,  and  those 
mentioned  above. 

Luck,  Stephan,  b.  Linz-on-Rhine,  Jan.  9, 
1S06  ;  d.  Trier,  Nov.  3,  1883,  as  a  member  of 
the  cathedral-chapter.  Distinguished  for  insti- 
tuting reforms  in  Catholic  church-music. — 
Works  :  "  Gesang-  und  Gebetbuch  fi'ir  die  Dio- 
cese Trier"  (1846);  "  Theoretisch-praktische 
Anleitung  zur  Herstellung  eines  wiirdigen  Kir- 
chengesanges"  (1S5C);  "Sammlung  ausgezeich- 
neter  Compositionen  fiir  die  Kirche"  (1859; 
2nd  ed.,  in  4  vol.s,  1884,  1885). 

Lud'wig,  Otto,  b.  Eisfeld,  Thuringia,  Feb. 
11,  1S13  ;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  25,  1865.  A  poet 
who  also  composed  songs  and  an  opera,  Die 
Kohlerin. 

Liihrsz,  Karl,  b.  Schwerin,  Apr.  27,  1834  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Nov.  11,  1882.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
an  organist,  and  of  Mendelssohn  at  the  Berlin 
Akademie  ;  wrote  orchestral  and  chamber-music. 

Lully  (or  Lulli),  Jean- Baptiste  de,  the 
founder  of  French  grand  opera  ;  b.  Florence, 
1633  ;  d.  Paris, 
Mar.  22,  1687.  He 
was  taught  the  ele- 
ments of  music, 
and  to  play  the 
violin  and  guitar, 
by  a  Franciscan 
monk.  Though  of 
noble  family,  his 
parents  were  poor, 
and  made  no  diffi- 
culties when  the 
Chevalier  de  Guise  ^^~^\ 
proposed    to    take  -** 

their  son,  then  13, 

to  France  to  amuse  the  leisure  of  Mile,  de  Mont- 
pensier,  "  la  grande  demoiselle."  Whether  she 
tired  of  his  music-making,  and  sent  him  down 
to  the  scullery,  or  whether  he  was  put  there  at 
first,  is  uncertain  ;  but  one  dav,  while  he  was  edi- 
fying the  kitchen  with  his  violin,  the  Count  de 
Nogent  overheard  him,  and  secured  him  the 
position  due  to  his  talents  in  the  private  band  of 
Mile,  herself.  But  the  mischievous  boy  set  to 
music  a  satirical  poem  reflecting  on  the  lady, 
who  thereupon  expelled    him    from  her  house. 


365 


LULLY— LUSCINIUS 


lie  contrived  to  obtain  instruction  on  the  harp- 
sichord, and  in  composition,  from  Metru,  Ro- 
berdet,  and  Gigault,  organists  of  St.-Nicolas- 
des-Champs ;  he  also  gained  admission  to  the 
King's  private  orchestra,  "  la  grande  bande," 
rose  fast  in  royal  favor,  and  in  1652  was  made 
head  of  this  violin-corps  of  24  violins  ;  he  soon 
organized  a  second  corps,  "  les  petits  violons," 
of  16  instr.s,  which,  under  his  leadership,  be- 
came the  finest  orch.  in  France  ;  L.  himself  had 
hardly  a  rival  as  a  violinist.  App.  court  com- 
poser in  1653,  writing  masques  and  ballets  in 
which  Louis  XIV.  himself  took  part,  Lully  also, 
as  "  M.  Baptiste,"  danced  and  acted  in  the  court 
ballets  and  festival-plays,  and  made  himself  indis- 
pensable to  the  King,  who  preferred  his  music 
to  all  other.  In  1672  he  obtained  letters  patent 
for  the  establishment  of  an  "  Academie  royale 
de  musique  "  (now  the  Grand  Opera),  and  a  rival 
theatre  was  closed  by  the  police  by  the  King's 
express  command  \cf.  art.  Campra].  From 
this  time  dates  L.'s  real  fame — that  of  creating 
French  opera  :  writing  to  French  texts  a  music 
which  not  only  respected  the  genius  of  the  lan- 
guage, but  eschewed  the  purely  musical  redun- 
dancies (flowery  ornamentation,  undue  extension 
and  needless  repetition  of  words  and  syllables, 
and  the  like,  which  delay  the  dramatic  action) 
then  in  vogue  in  Italian  opera.  L.  is,  therefore, 
a  reformer  of  tendencies  similar  to  those  of  Gluck 
and  Wagner,  allowance  being  made  for  the  period, 
and  for  the  means  at  his  disposal. — He  now  de- 
voted himself  heart  and  soul  to  his  theatre,  of 
which  he  became  the  director,  stage-manager, 
conductor,  composer,  and  even  (when  required) 
the  machinist.  A  strong  point  in  his  favor  was 
the  genius  of  his  librettist,  Quinault,  who  fol- 
lowed the  intentions  of  his  imperious  employer 
with  rare  understanding.  His  operas  held  the 
stage  for  nearly  a  century,  until  Gluck's  grander 
creations  overshadowed  them.  He  developed 
the  form  of  the  overture  ;  wrote  recitatives  of 
an  easy  and  dramatically  effective  style,  and  arias 
distinguished  for  their  fluent  grace  and  beauty; 
his  choruses  were  more  dramatic,  and  he  intro- 
duced the  brasses  into  the  orchestra  ;  finally,  his 
scenic  arrangements  eclipsed  those  of  his  prede- 
cessors. He  was  a  man  of  vehement  energy, 
haughty,  arrogant,  and  irascible.  In  a  fit  of  ex- 
citement while  conducting,  he  struck  his  foot 
with  the  cane  used  as  a  baton  ;  an  abscess  re- 
sulted, which  caused  his  death. — The  works  pro- 
duced by  L.  after  1672,  mostly  at  the  "Academie 
royale,"  are  as  follows:  Les  fetes  de  V  Amour  et 
de  Bacchus,  a  pastoral  (1672  ;  a  pasticcio  from 
his  earlier  ballets  and  masques)  ;  Cadmus  et 
Hermione,  lyric  tragedy  (1673) ;  Alceste,  on  le 
triomphe  d  A  Icidc  (1674);  The'see  (1675) ;  Le  Car- 
naval,  opera-ballet  (1675)  ;  Atys,  lyric  tragedy 
(1676)  ;  Lsis,  "  tragedie-opera  "  (1677);  Psyche, 
lyric  tragedy  (1678);  Belldrophon,  opera  (1679)  ; 
Proserpine,  lyric  tragedy  (,1680);  Le  triomphe 
de  V Amour,  opera-ballet  (1681)  ;  Perse'e,  lyric 
tragedy  (16.82)  ;  Phaeton,  lyric  tragedy  (1683)  ; 
Amadis  de  Gaule,  lyric  tragedy  (1684)  ;  Poland, 


lyric  tragedy  (16S5)  ;  V Ldylle  de  la  Paix,  ou 
Ve"glogue  de  Versailles,  divertissement  (1685); 
Le  temple  de  la  Paix,  opera-ballet  (1685)  ;  Armide 
et  Penaud,  lyric  tragedy  (1686)  ;  Acis  et  Galatee, 
heroic  pastoral  (16S6)  ;  parts  of  Act  I  of  Achille 
el  Polyxene,  lyric  tragedy  (1687  ;  written  with 
Colasse).  All  the  above  have  been  publ. ;  nearly 
all  by  Breitkopf  &  H artel  in  "  Chefs  d'oeuvres 
classiques  de  l'opera  irancais?';  A  rmide  el  Penaud 
in  Eitner's  "Monatshefte  fur  Musikgeschichte," 
vol.  xiv  (full  score,  also  pf. -score). — Besides 
these,  L.  wrote  the  music  to  many  ballets, 
masques,  etc. ;  also  symphonies,  trios,  airs  f. 
vln.  ;  a  Te  Deum,  a  Miserere,  a  4-part  mass  a 
cappella,  many  motets,  etc. 

Lully,  Louis  de,  son  of  preceding,  b.  Paris, 
Aug.  4,  1664  ;  d.  after  1713  ;  brought  out  3 
operas,  a  ballet,  a  cantata,  etc. 

Lumbye,  Hans  Christian,  b.  Copenhagen, 
May  2,  1810;  d.  there  Mar.  20,  1874.  Called 
the  "  Northern  Strauss,"  on  account  of  his  pop- 
ular dance-music.  In  1865  he  organized  an 
orch.,  with  which  he  played  in  Copenhagen,  and 
made  tours.  —  His  son  and  successor,  Georg, 
wrote  an  opera,   The  Witch's  Flute. 

Lu'pi.     See  Lupus. 

Lupori'ni,  Gaetano,  dramatic  composer  ;  a 
native  of  Lucca,  Italy  ;  a  pupil  of  Primo  Quilici, 
and  a  protege  of  Ricordi.  After  graduating  from 
the  Pacini  Mus.  Inst.,  he  comp.  a  4-part  mass 
w.  orch.,  and  a  suite  f.  orch.;  has  also  prod, 
the  opera  Marcella  ;  a  3-act  lyric  comedy,  /  di- 
spetti  amorosi  (Turin,  1894;  succ);  and  the  3-act 
opera  seria  La  Collana  di  Pasqua  (Naples,  1896  ; 
very  succ). 

Lupot,  Nicolas,  the  most  important  member 
of  a  French  family  of  violin-makers  ;  b.  Stutt- 
gart, 1758;  d.  Paris,  1S24.  His  excellent  copies 
of  Stradivari  violins  earned  him  the  sobriquet  of 
the  "  French  Stradivari." 

Lu'pus,  a  composer's  name  (Christian  name) 
frequently  occurring  in  i6th-centurv  collections. 
Its  most  important  bearers  are  :  (1)  L.  Hel- 
linck,  mentioned  in  Forster's  "  Selectissimae 
motetae  "  (1540),  Ott's  "115  gute  newe  Lied- 
lein  "  (1544),  and  others,  with  full  name  ;  (2) 
L.  Lupi,  whose  name  is  given  in  Gardano's 
motets  "  Del  fiore  "  and  "Del  frutto." — The 
ownership  of  the  family-name  Lupi  ("Wolf") 
is  far  more  doubtful  ;  for,  besides  L.  Lupi, 
there  were  16th-century  composers  named 
Didier,  Johannes  [Jean],  and  Manfred  Lupi, 
of  whom  nothing  is  known  except  their  works — 
(only  detached  motets,  for  the  greater  part). 
Johannes  Lupi  alone  is  represented  by  a  book 
of  "  Musicae  cantiones  quae  vulgo  motetti  nun- 
cupantur"<?  4-8  (1542;  publ.  by  Attaignant), 
and  a  book  of  "  Mutetae  "  a  4-5  (publ.  by  Gar- 
dano). — Also  see  Lobo.     [Riemann.] 

Lusci'nius  [Latinized  from  Nachtgall  or 
Nachtigall  (nightingale)],  Ottomar,  b.  Strass- 
burg,  1487  ;  d.  there  about  1536.      Theologian 


366 


LUSSY— LYNES 


organist,  and  mus.  theorist.  Publ.,  as  "  Lusci- 
nius,"  "  Institutiones  musicae  .  .  ."  (1515),  and, 
as  "  Othmar  Nachtgall,"  "  Musurgia,  seu  praxis 
musicae  .  .  ."  (1536  ;  2nd  ed.  1542  ;  this  latter  a 
Lat.  transl.  of  Virdung's  "  Musica  getutscht  "). 

Lussy,  Mathis,  b.  Stans,  Switz.,  Apr.  S, 
1828.  Pupil  of  Businger  and  Nageli.  Went  to 
Paris  in  1S47  to  study  medicine,  but  became  a 
good  pf. -teacher,  and  a  writer  of  repute. — 
Works:  "  Exercices  de  mecanisme  "  (1863); 
"  Traite  de  l'expression  musicale  "  (1873  ;  par- 
tial reprint  as  "  Le  rythme  musical,"  1883  ; 
German  transl.  of  the  entire  work  by  Eelix  Vogt 
as  "  Die  Kunst  des  musikalischen  Vortrags," 
1886);  and  a  "  Histoire  de  la  notation  musicale" 
(edition  de  luxe,  1882  ;  written  with  E.  David  ; 
it  won  the  Prix  Bordin  of  the  Paris  Academic, 
offered  for  the  best  history  of  notation). 

Liist/ner,  Ignaz  Peter,  violinist  ;  b.  Poisch- 
witz,  n.  Jauer,  Dec.  22,  1792  ;  d.  Jan.  30,  1873, 
at  Breslau,  where  he  founded  a  school  of  violin- 
playing  in  1844. — His  five  sons  are  :  (1)  Karl, 
b.  Breslau,  Nov.  10,  1834  ;  pianist  and  'cellist, 
since  1872  in  Wiesbaden  as  a  piano-teacher  ;  (2) 
Otto,  b.  Breslau,  Apr.  9,  1839  ;  d.  as  town  mus. 
dir.  at  Barmen,  Sept.  8,  1889;  previously  violin- 
ist in  several  orchestras  ;  (3)  Louis,  b.  Breslau, 
June  30,  1840  ;  violinist,  and  conductor  since 
1874  of  the  Wiesbaden  Kurorchester  ;  (4) 
Georg,  'cellist  ;  b.  Sept.  23,  1847  ;  d.  as  Ka- 
fellni.  at  Berlin,  Apr.  21,  1SS7  ;  and  (5)  Ri- 
chard, harpist  and  violinist  in  Breslau,  where 
he  was  born  Sept.  2,  1854. 

Luther  [lut-ter],  Martin,  b.  Eisleben,  Nov. 
10,  14S3  ;  d.  there  Feb.  iS,  1546.  His  reform 
of  the  church  extended  to  the  musical  services, 
in  which  he  took  the  deepest  interest.  After 
leaving  the  Wartburg,  Mar.  22,  1522,  his  ideas 
took  practical  shape;  his  "Formula  missae " 
(1523),  and  still  more  his  new  order  for  the  Ger- 
man Mass,  first  sung  in  the  Parish  Church  at 
Wittenberg  on  Christmas  Day,  1524,  were  the 
initial  steps.  Kapellmeister  Conrad  Rupff,  and 
cantor  Johann  Walther,  ablv  seconded  L.  in 
these  endeavors  ;  the  latter  states  that  Luther 
invented  choral-tunes  on  the  flute  (he  was  an  ex- 
cellent flute-player),  which  tunes  his  coadjutors 
noted  down.  The  hymn-tunes  (chorals)  ascribed 
with  confidence  to  Luther  are  "  Ein'  feste  Burg 
ist  unser  Gott,"  and  "  Jesaia  dem  Propheten  das 
geschah  ";  n  others  are  thought,  with  more  or 
less  probability,  to  be  by  him  ;  though  it  has  be- 
come the  fashion  to  deny  him  all  share  in  the 
composition  of  the  hymns  of  the  church  he 
founded.  His  influence  was,  however,  predomi- 
nant in  the  establishment  of  its  musical  services; 
and  he  wrote  (or  arranged)  the  words  of  many 
chorals  (Grove  gives  a  list  of  36). 

Liit'zel,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Igcrleheim,  n. 
Speyer,  Aug.  30,  1823  ;  d.  Zweibri'icken,  Mar. 
10,  1S99.  Pupil  of  Jacob  Vierling  ;  teacher  and 
organist  at  Zweibri'icken,  where,  in  1854,  he 
organized    the    "  Evangelischer    Kirchenchor" 


(which  had  spread  over  the  entire  Palatinate  by 
18S0),  also,  in  1S60,  the  "  Pfalzischer  Siinger- 
bund."  Created  "  Professor"  in  1883. — Works  : 
A  "  Choralbuch  "  (1858)  ;  "  Der  praktische  Or- 
ganist" (2  vol.s) ;  school  song-books;  the  24th 
Psalm,  f.  male  chorus  and  orch.;  etc. 

Lut'zer,  Jenny.     See  Dingelstedt. 

Lux,  Friedrich,  comp.  and  organist  ;  b. 
Ruhla,  Thuringia,  Nov.  24,  1820  ;  d.  Mayence, 
July  9,  1895.  Pupil  of  his  father  (cantor  at 
Ruhla)  ;  at  12  he  gave  an  organ-concert  at 
Gotha,  and  played  Weber's  "  Concertstiick  "  for 
pf.  at  Eisenach.  Studied  1839-41  under  F. 
Schneider  at  Dessau  ;  was  then  Musikdirector 
at  the  Dessau  court  theatre  for  ten  years  ; 
1851-77,  Kapellm.  at  the  City  Th.,  Mayence, 
from  1867  also  cond.  the  Oratorio  Society  (the 
united  Liedertafel  and  Domgesangvereiri).  Re- 
tired 1891. — Works  :  4  operas,  Das  Kathchen 
von  Heilbronn  (Dessau,  1842  ;  5  acts)  ;  Rosa- 
munde  (i860 ;  not  perf.),  Der  Schmied  vo>i 
Ruhla  (Mayence,  1S82,  3  acts)  ;  and  Die  Filr- 
stin  von  Athen  (Frankfort,  1890;  comic);  a 
dram,  scene,  Coriolan,  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and 
orch.;  a  choral  symphony,  "  Durch  Nacht  zum 
Licht "  (Constance,  1895)  ;  3  string-quartets 
(op.  58,  D  min.;  op.  87,  C  maj.;  op.  95,  G 
min.) ;  Grand  trio  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello,  in  C 
min.;  many  orchestral  and  choral  works,  organ- 
music,  pf. -music,  songs,  etc.  His  vocal  music 
is  especially  important  and  successful. 

Luz'zi,  Luigi,  b.  Olevano  di  Lomellina, 
Mar.  28,  182S  ;  d.  Stradella,  Feb.  23,  1876.  A 
medical  student  at  Turin,  he  later  embraced  the 
profession  of  music. — Works  :  3  operas,  Chia- 
rina  (Turin,  1853)  ;  Tripilla,  opera  buffa 
(Novara,  1874)  ;  Fra  Doleino  (not  perf.)  ;  a 
symphony  and  a  funeral-march  f.  orch.;  hymns 
f.  ch.  and  orch.;  pf. -music  ;  and  many  inspired 
songs. 

Lvoff  (or  Lwoff ),  Alexis  von,  composer  of 
the  Russian  national  hymn  ;  b.  Reval,  May  25, 
1799;  d.  on  his  estate,  Govt,  of  Kovno,  Dec. 
28,  1870.  Excellent  violinist  and  musician  ; 
entering  the  army,  he  became  major-general, 
and  adjutant  to  Emperor  Nicholas.  Conductor 
of  the  court  choir,  1S36-55. — Works:  The 
operas  The  Ullage  Bailiff  (1820?) ;  Bianca  e 
Gualtiero  (1845);  Undine  (Vienna,  1846);  The 
Embroiderer  (1840?)  ;  a  concerto  and  fantasias 
f.  violin;  "  Le  duel,"  f.  vln.  and  'cello;  Rus- 
sian part-songs  ;  sacred  songs  ;  etc.  Publ.  an 
essay  "  On  the  free  and  non-symmetrical  rhythm 
of  Old-Russian  Church-song  "  (1859). 

Lynes,  Frank,  b.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  May 
16,  1S58.  Pupil  of  the  New  Engl.  Cons.,  Bos- 
ton ;  then  of  B.  J.  Lang  (pf.  and  org.),  and  J. 
K.  Paine  (harm.)  ;  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  1883-5,  of 
Reinecke  and  Zwintscher  (pf.),  A.  Richter 
(theory),  and  Jadassohn  (comp.).  Settled  in 
Boston,  Mass.;  held  positions  as  org.  in  vari- 
ous churches  ;  at  present  (1899)  in  Ch.  of  the 
Disciples    Boston.      Is  also  cond.  of  the   "  Can- 


307 


LYRA—  MACCUNN 


tabrigia  Choral  Class." — Works:  Op.  2,  Ga- 
votte f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  op.  4,  Romanza  f.  vln., 
'cello,  org.,  and  pf. ;  op.  S,  Te  Deum  ;  op.  9, 
four  pf. -pieces  ;  op.  14,  ten  Bagatelles  f.  pf . ; 
studies,  and  other  pf. -music  ;  about  50  songs  ; 
and  several  part-songs,  sacred  and  secular. 

Ly'ra,  Justus  W.,  b.  Osnabrttck,  Mar.  23, 
1S22  ;  d.  Gehrden,  n.  Hanover,  Dec.  30,  1S82. 
Student  of  philos.  and  theol.  at  Berlin  and 
Bonn  ;  filled  various  church-offices  at  Lingen, 
Langensalza,  Wittingen,  Bevensen,  and  (1877- 
S2)  that  of  "  Ortsgeistlicher  "  (pastor  primarius) 
at  Gehrden  and  Hanover. — Many  of  his  stu- 
dent-songs were  written  as  a  student  ;  they 
were,  and  still  are,  extremely  popular,  e.g., 
"  Der  Mai  ist  gekommen,"  "  Durch  Feld  und 
Buchenhallen,"  "  Zwischen  Frankreich  und 
dem  Bohmerwald,"  "  Mein'  Mus'  ist  gegang- 
en  ").  He  also  wrote  church-music  (Christmas 
cantata,  1872). — Five  books  of  songs  were  publ. 
in  1896  :  I.  Nine  Sacred  songs  f.  solo  voice  ; 
II.  Six  miscel.  songs  f.  one  voice;  III.  Four- 
teen Student-songs,  f.  one  voice  ;  IV.  Five  2- 
and  3-part  songs  ;  V.  Four  songs  f.  mixed  ch., 
and  eight  songs  f.  male  ch. 

Lys'berg  (real  family-name  Bovy),  Charles- 
Samuel,  b.  Lysberg,  n.  Geneva,  Mar.  1,  1821  ; 
d.  Geneva,  Feb.  15,  1873.  Pianist  and  com- 
poser ;  pupil  of  Chopin  (pf.)  and  Delaire 
(harm.),  in  Paris  ;  teacher  in  the  Geneva  Cons. 
— Some  favorite  pieces  are  op.  26,  La  Napoli- 
taine  ;  op.  29,  Deux  Nocturnes  ;  Le  reveil  des 
oiseaux,  and  Le  chant  du  rouet  ;  op.  64,  Idylle  ; 
op.  90,  Les  Ondines  ;  op.  94,  Sur  l'onde  ;  the 
romantic  sonata,  1' Absence  ;  etc.  (about  150 
numbers  for  piano)  ;  also  a  comic  opera,  Lafille 
Jit  carillonneur  (Geneva,  1854). 


M 


Maas,  Louis  (Philipp  Otto),  b.  Wiesbaden, 
Germany,  June  21,  1S52  ;  d.  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  18,  1889.  Pianist  ;  pupil  1867-71  of 
Reinecke  and  Papperitz  at  Leipzig  Cons. ;  also 
of  Liszt  during  3  summers.  From  1875-S0, 
pf. -teacher  in  Leipzig  Cons.  Settled  in  Boston 
1880;  cond.  the  Philharm.  Concerts  1881-2. 
He  gave  concerts  in  many  cities  of  the  United 
States  ;  and  had  many  private  pupils. — Works  : 
"  On  the  Prairies,  an  Amer.  Symphony  "  (1S83)  ; 
overtures,  suites,  marches,  fantasias,  etc.,  f. 
orch.;  string-quartet,  op.  3  ;  pf. -concerto  in  C 
min.,  op.  12  ;  3  sonatas,  3  Impromptus,  and  12 
Phantasiestiicke  f.  pf . ;  violin-sonatas;  songs. 

Mabelli'ni,  Teodulo,  b.  Pistoia,  Italy,  Apr. 
2,  1 S 1 7  ;  d.  Florence,  Mar.  10,  1897.  Pupil  of 
G.  Pilotti,  Pistoia,  and  of  the  R.  Istituto  Mu- 
sicale,  Florence  ;  the  successful  prod,  of  his 
opera  Matilda  di  Toledo  (Florence,  1836)  inter- 
ested Grand  Duke  Leopold  II.,  whose  bounty 
permitted  further  study  under  Mercadante  at 
Novara.  A  second  opera,  Rolla  (Turin,  1840), 
was  highly  successful.  Settled  in  Florence 
1843  ;   became   cond.    of    the    Filarmonica,    and 


dir.  of  the  grand  annual  concerts  ;  court  m.  di 
capp.  1847  ;  cond.  in  Pergola  Th.  184S  ;  1859- 
87,  prof,  of  composition  in  the  R.  Istituto  Mu- 
sicale. — Works  :  7  other  well-received  operas, 
Ginevr a  degli  A Imieri  (Turin,  1841),  II  conte  di 
Lavagna  (Florence,  1S43),  /  Veneziani  a  Co- 
stantinapoli  (Rome,  1844),  Maria  di  Francia 
(Florence,  1846),  II  Venturiero  [with  L.  (iior- 
dani]  (Leghorn,  1851),  Baldassare  (Florence. 
1852),  Fiammetta  (ibid.,  1857);  an  oratorio. 
Eitdossia  e  Taolo ;  a  sacred  drama,  I' ultimo 
giorno  di  Gerusalemme  ;  the  cantatas  La  Caccia, 
II  Ritorno,  Elegiaca,  Rafaele  Sanzio,  Lo  Spirito 
di  Dante ;  masses,  responses,  hymns,  motets, 
etc.;  chamber-music;   pf. -pieces. 

Mabillon,  Jean,  Benedictine  monk  ;  b.  St.- 
Pierremont,  n.  Rheims,  Nov.  23,  1632;  d.  St  - 
Germain-des-Pres,  Dec.  27,  1707.  — Publ.  "  De 
liturgia  gallicana  libri  3"  (16S5  ;  2nd  ed.  1720)  ; 
some  information  on  mus.  history  is  also  found 
in  other  works. 

Macbeth',  Allan,  b.  Greenock,  Scotland, 
Mar.  13,  1S56.  Pupil  1875-6,  at  Leipzig  Cons., 
of  Richter,  Reinecke,  and  Jadassohn.  Organist 
in  several  Glasgow  churches  ;  choirmaster  of  the 
Choral  Union  1880-7  ;  cond.  of  Greenock  Select 
Choir  1S81  ;  of  Glasgow  Kyrle  Choir  1SS4.  Since 
1890,  Principal  of  the  School  of  Music  at  the 
Glasgow  Athenaeum. — Works  :  An  operetta  The 
Duke 's-.  Doctor  (MS.)  ;  2  cantatas,  The  Land  of 
Glory  (1S90)  and  Silver  Bells;  a  "Jubilee 
Chorus  "  (1896)  ;  "  In  Memoriam,"  f.  orch.;  In- 
termezzo, f.  strings  ;  Serenata,  Danze  pizzicate, 
and  Ballet,  f.  orch.;  string-trios  ;  pf. -trios  ;  suite 
f.  cello  and  pf . ;  pf. -music  ;  songs. 

MacCunn',  Hamish,  Scotch  composer  ;  b- 
Greenock,  Mar.  22,  1868.     Student  in  R.A.M.i 

1883-6,    under   Hu-  

bert  Parry,  having 
wonascholarship  for 
composition.  Au 
gust  Manns  brought 
out  several  of  his 
pieces  in  18S7;  in 
1888  he  was  com 
missioned  to  com- 
pose a  cantata  for 
the  Glasgow  Choral 
Union  ;  also  gave  a 
series  of  orchestral 
concerts  at  the  studio 
of  John  Pettie,  whose 

daughter  he  married  in  1S89.  1S88-94,  prof  of 
harm,  at  R.  A.  M.;  1892,  cond.  of  the  Hamp- 
stead  Conserv.  Orch.l  Soc. ;  1898,  of  the  Carl 
Rosa  opera-company. —  Works  :  The  4-act  opera 
feauie  Deans  (Edinburgh,  1S94)  ;  4-act  opera 
Diarmid  and  Ghrine  (London,  Covent  Garden, 
Oct.  23,  1897  ;  succ.)  ;  the  cantatas  Bonnie 
Kilmeny  (1888),  Lord  [film's  Daughter  (1888), 
7'lie  Lay  of  the  last  Minstrel  (1888),  The  Cam- 
eraman's Dream  (1S90),  Queen  IlvnJe  of  Caledon 
(1892),  and  The  Death  of  Parry  Reed  (f.  male 
ch.     and    orch.);     3    overtures,    "  Cior    Mhor," 


36S 


MAC  DOW  ELL— MACFARREN 


"  The  Land  of  the  Mountain  and  the  Flood," 
and  "  Ballad  Overture,  The  Dowie  Dens  o' 
Yarrow";  orch.l  ballade,  "The  Ship  o'  the 
Fiend  "  ;  songs  and  part-songs  ;  pieces  f.  vln. 
and  pf. ,  and  'cello  and  pf . ;  the  8th  Psalm,  f.  ch. 
and  orch. ;  etc. 

MacDowell,  Edward  Alexander,  pianist 
and  composer ;  b.  New  York,  Dec.  iS,  1861  ; 
pupil  there  of  J. 
Buitrago,  P.  Des- 
vernine,and  Teresa 
Carreno.  Studied 
from  1S76,  at  Paris 
Cons.,  under  Mar- 
montel  (pf.)  and 
S  a  v  a  r  d  (theory)  ; 
and  in  1S79,  at 
Frankfort,  under 
Ileymann  (pf.)  and 
Raff  (comp.).  From 
iSSi-2hewashead- 
teacher  of  pf.  at 
Darmstadt  Cons.  ; 
in  1882  the  sup- 
port of  Raff  and 
Liszt  gained  a  hearing  for  his  works  at  the  an- 
nual festival  of  the  "  Allgemeiner  deutscher  Mu- 
sikverein  "  ;  he  then  lived  in  Wiesbaden  and 
(from  1888)  in  Boston,  Mass.  ;  and  in  1S96  was 
app.  prof,  of  music  in  Columbia  Univ.,  New 
York.  Princeton  Univ.  has  conferred  on  him 
the  hon.  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  Pie  is  a  concert- 
pianist  of  marked  ability,  and  a  composer  of 
strong  individuality. — Works:  Op.  1-8  all  MS.; 
Songs  f.  one  voice,  op.  9  (2  songs),  op.  11  ('3 
Ger.  songs  f.  tenor),  op.  12  (3  do.  do.),  op.  26 
("  From  an  old  Garden,"  6  songs),  op.  33  (3  ; 
Ger.  and  Engl.),  op.  34  (2;  Engl.),  op.  40 (6 love- 
songs),  op.  47  (8  ;  Engl.)  ; — For  Piano,  op.  13 
(Prelude  and  Fugue),  op.  10  (1st  Modern  Suite), 
op.  14  (2nd  Mod.  Suite),  op.  15  (1st  concerto,  in 
A  min.),  op.  16  (Serenata),  op.  17  (2  Fantastic 
res.),  op.  18  (Barcarolle  and  Humoresque),  op.  19 
(Forest  Idylles),  op.  20  (3  Poems,  4  hands),  op. 
21  (Moon-Pictures,  4  hands),  op.  23  (2nd  con- 
certo, in  D  min.),  op.  24  (Humoreske,  March, 
Cradle-song,  Czardas),  op.  28  (6  Idyls),  op.  31 
(6  Poems  after  Heine),  op.  32  (4  Little  Poems), 
op.  36  (Etude  de  concert,  in  F  $),  op.  37  (Les  Ori- 
entals, 3  pes.),  op.  38  (Marionettes,  6  little  pes.), 
op.  39  (12  Studies),  op.  45  (Sonata  tragica),  op. 
46  (12  Virtuoso-Studies),  op.  49  (Air  and  Rigau- 
don),  op.  50  (Sonata  eroica),  op.  51  (Woodland 
Sketches)  ; — For  Orchestra,  op.  22  ("  Hamlet 
and  Ophelia,"  2  poems  f.  full  orch.),  op.  25 
("  Lancelot  and  Elaine,"  2nd  symphonic  poem), 
op.  29("Lamia,"  3rd  symph.  poem),  op.  30  ("Ro- 
land "  symphony),  op.  35  (Romance  f.  'cello  w. 
orch.),  op.  42  (1st  Suite  f.  full  orch.),  op.  42a 
("  In  October,"  suppl.  to  Suite  1),  op.  4S  (2nd 
["  Indian"]  Suite)  ; — Choruses,  op.  27  (3  songs, 
Engl,  and  Ger.,  f.  male  ch.),  op.  41  (2  songs  f. 
male  ch.),  op.  43  (2  Northern  Songs,  f.  mixed 
ch.),  op.  44  (Barcarolle,   f.- mixed  ch.),  op.  52  (2 


Choruses  f.  men's  voices). —  Without  opus-num- 
ber :  2  songs  from  the  13th  century,  f.  male  ch.  ; 
6  Little  Pieces  f.  pf.,  after  sketches  by  J.  S. 
Bach  ;   Technical  Exercises  f.  pf.  (3  books). 

Macfarren,  Sir  George  Alexander,  impor- 
tant English  composer  ;  b.  London,  Mar.  2,1813; 
d.  there  Oct.  31,  18S7.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
George  Macfarren  (the  dramatist)  ;  and  of  Ch. 
Lucas  (1827)  andC.  Potter  (1829)  at  the  R.  A.  M., 
where  he  became  prof .  in  1834.  In  1875  he  suc- 
ceeded Bennett  as  Prof,  of  Music  at  Cambridge 
Univ.  ;  Mus.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc, Cantab.,  1876, 
in  which  year  he  became  Principal  of  theR.  A.  M. 
He  was  knighted  in  1SS3. — Works  :  The  operas 
The  Devil's  Opera  (1838)  ;  Don  Quixote  (1846) ; 
King  Charles  II.  (1849);  The  Sleeper  Atuakcned 
(1850)  ;  Robin  Hood  (1S60)  ;  Jessy  Lea  (1863)  ; 
She  Stoops  to  Conquer  (1864)  ;  The  Soldier  s 
Legacy  (1864)  ;  Helvellyn  (1S64)  ;  4  others  not 
perf.  ;  2  masques,  and  several  farces  and  melo- 
dramas ;  the  oratorios  St.  John  the  Baptist 
(1873),  The  Resurrection  (1S76),  Joseph  (1S77), 
and  Ring  David  (18S3)  ;  the  cantatas  Leonora, 
May  Day,  Christmas,  Songs  in  a  Cornfield,  Out- 
ward Round,  and  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  ; — 
Church-Music:  Choral  Service  in  E[?;  Unison 
Service  in  G  ;  52  Introits  or  Short  Anthems,  and 
many  other  anthems  ;  hymns,  chants,  etc. — 8 
Symphonies  (in  C,  D  min.,  F  min.,  A  min.,  Bf?, 
C  #  min.,  D,  and  E  min.)  ;  Overtures  (in  E  \>  ; 
"  Merchant  of  Venice  "  ;  "Romeo  and  Juliet  "  ; 
"  Chevy  Chase"  ;  "  Don  Carlos  "  ;  "Hamlet"; 
"  Festival")  ;  an  Idyll  in  memory  of  Bennett  ;  a 
pf. -concerto,  a  flute-concerto,  and  a  violin-con- 
certo ;  a  pf. -quintet  ;  a  quintet  f.  concertina  and 
strings;  6  string-quartets  (G  min.,  C,  A,  F,  G 
min.,  and  G)  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  a  trio  f.  pf. ,  flute,  and 
'cello  ;  2  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf.  ;  sonata  f.  flute 
and  pf.  ;  several  pf. -sonatas  ;  an  organ-sonata  ; 
5  Romances  f.  violin  ;  2  4-part  songs  ;  trios, 
duets,  songs,  etc. — His  chief  writings  are  "  Ru- 
diments of  Harmony  "  (i860  ;  14 editions);  and 
"Six  Lectures  on  Harmony"  (1867;  3rd  ed. 
18S0);  also  valued  contributions  to  Grove's  "Dic- 
tionary of  Music,"  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,"  and  the  "  Imperial  Diet,  of  Biography." 
He  edited  "  Old  English  Ditties"  (2  vol.s),"  Old 
Scottish  Ditties,"  "  Moore's  Irish  Melodies," 
"  Songs  of  England,"  "  British  Vocal  Album  "; 
also  Purcell's  Dido  and  .Lucas,  Handel's  Bel- 
shazzar,  Judas  Maccabaeus,  Jephtha,  and  Mes- 
siah ;  etc. — Biography  by  H.  C.  Banister  : 
"  G.  A.  Macfarren,  His  Life,  Works,  and  In- 
fluence" (London,  1S91). — His  wife, 

Macfarren,  Natalia,  a  native  of  Li'ibeck,  is 
well  known  for  her  excellent  translations  into 
English  of  many  German  songs,  cantatas,  opera- 
libretti,  etc.;  she  has  also  written  a  "Vocal 
Method,"  and  an  "  Elementary  Course  of  Vocal- 
ising and  Pronouncing  the  English  Language." 

Macfarren,  Walter  Cecil,  brother  of  Sir 
George  ;  b.  London,  Aug.  28,  1826.  Chorister  at 
Westminster  Abbey,  1S36-41,  underTurle  ;  from 
1S42-6,  pupil,  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  of  Holmes  (pf.), 


24 


369 


MACHAULT— MAGGINI 


C.  Totter,  and  his  brother  (comp.).  From  1846^ 
pf.-prof.  at  the  R.  A.  M. ,  of  which  inst.  he  is 
a  Fellow.  From  1873-80  he  conducted  the  Acad- 
emy Concerts  ;  has  also  acted  as  director  and 
treasurer  of  the  Philharm.  Soc.  He  has  given 
many  pf. -recitals  and  lectures  in  London,  Bris- 
tol, and  elsewhere  ;  also  a  series  of  orch.l  con- 
certs in  1S82.  Works:  A  symphony  in  B(?;  7 
overtures;  a  Concertsti'ick  in  E,  f.  pf.  and  orch.; 
3  pf. -trios;  2  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  1  sonata 
f.  pf .  and  'cello  ;  4  Romances  f .  pf .  and  violin  ; 
a  great  variety  of  pf. -music  (3  Suites  de  pieces  ; 
6  "  Illustrations  of  Tennyson's  Heroines  "  ; 
Allegro  appassionato  ;  Allegro  cantabile  ;  Ron- 
dinos,  Caprices,  Tarantellas,  Scherzos,  Impromp- 
tus, Gavottes,  Mazurkas,  Waltzes,  etc.)  ;  a  can- 
tata, The  Song  of  the  Sunbeam  ;  services  and 
anthems,  songs  and  part-songs. — Has  edited  Mo- 
zart's pf. -works;  Beethoven's  Sonatas;  "  Popular 
Classics"  ;   "  Morceaux  classiques  "  ;  etc. 

Machault  (or  Machau,  Machaud,  Ma- 
chaut),  Guillaume  [Guillelmus]  de  Mascandio, 
probably  a  native  of  Machau  in  the  Champagne, 
lived  about  1284-1370  ;  troubadour  in  the  service 
of  Joanna  of  Navarre,  Johann  of  Luxembourg, 
and  Charles  V.  of  France.  A  mass,  motets, 
rondos,  chansons  and  ballads  are  preserved,  be- 
sides many  poems. 

Mach'tig,  Karl,  b.  Breslau,  Jan.  10,  1S36  ; 
d.  there  May  2,  1881.  Taught  by  Brosig  and 
Lustner,  he  succeeded  Ad.  Hesse  as  1st  organ- 
ist at  the  Berhardinerkirche. — Publ.  pf. -music 
and  songs. 

Maciro'ne,  Clara  Angela, composer, pianist, 
and  teacher  ;  b.  London,  Jan.  20,  1821.  Pupil, 
at  the  R.  A.  M.,  of  Potter  and  Holmes  (pf.), 
Lucas  (comp.),  and  Negri  (voice).  Associate  of 
the  Philharm.  Soc;  teacher  of  pf.  at  the  R.  A. 
M.;  then  head  music-mistress  (iS72-8)of  Aske's 
School  for  Girls,  Hatcham,  later  at  the  Ch.  of 
England  High  School  for  Girls,  in  Baker  St.; 
success  as  a  teacher  remarkable.  Now  (1S99) 
living  in  retirement. — Works  :  Te  Deum  and 
Jubilate,  sung  at  Hanover  Chapel  (first  service 
by  a  woman  ever  sung  in  the  church)  ;  anthem 
"By  the  waters  of  Babylon"  (sung  at  Canter- 
bury, Ely,  and  other  cathedrals);  numerous  part- 
songs  (her  most  popular  and  successful  comp.s), 
and  songs  ;  "  Suite  de  pieces  "  in  E  min.,  f.  vln. 
and  pf.;  Rondino  in  G,  and  other  pf. -music. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Alexander  Campbell,  b. 
Edinburgh,  Aug.  22,  1847.  Pupil  of  Ulrich(pf.) 
and  Stein  (comp.)  at  Sondershausen  Cons.,  1S57- 
61,  when  he  entered  the  Ducal  orch.  ;  won  the 
King's  scholarship  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  1862,  and 
studied  under  Sainton,  Jewson,  and  Lucas  ;  from 
1S65  in  Edinburgh  as  a  teacher  and  conductor, 
concert-violinist,  and  quartet-player.  Hon.  Mus. 
Doc,  Univ.  of  St.  Andrews,  1SS6;  of  Cam- 
bridge, 1S88;  of  Edinburgh,  1896.  Knighted  in 
1894.  He  is  a  distinguished  and  active  member 
of  various  societies  and  musical  associations. 
Since  1888,  Principal  of  the  R.  A.  M.,  succeed- 


ing Macfarren  ;  since  1S92,  cond.  of  the  Phil- 
harm. Concerts. — Works  :  3  operas,  Colombo, 
(1883),  The  Trou- 
badour (1886),  and 
His  Majesty,  or  The 
Court  of  Vingolia 
(1897  ;  comic);  the 
oratorios  The  Rose  of 
Sharon  (1884),  and 
Bethlehem  (1894)  ; 
the  cantatas  The 
Bride,  Jason,  The 
Story  of  David, 
The  New  Covenant, 
The  Dream  of 
fitbal.  The  Cotter's 
Saturday  Night,  and 
Veni,  creator  spiri- 
tus  ;  incidental  music  to  Ravenswood  and  Mar- 
mioii  ;  also  to  Barrie's  The  Little  A linister  (1S97). 
— For  Orchestra:  A  Scherzo ;  2  Scottish 
Rhapsodies;  a  ballad,  "La  belle  dame  sans 
merci  ";  overtures  ("  Cervantes,"  "  To  a  Com- 
edy," "Tempo  di  ballo,"  "Twelfth  Night," 
"  Britannia")  ;  a  concerto,  and  a  "  Pibroch,"  f. 
violin  and  orch.;  "Scottish  Concerto"  f.  pf. 
and  orch.  ; — also  a  pf. -quartet  (op.  11,  in  E  (?)  ; 
"  From  the  North  "  (9  pieces  f.  violin  w.  pf.- 
acc)  ;  other  music  f.  violin  and  for  pf.;  an- 
thems, songs,  and  part-songs. 

McLean,  Alick,  composer  ;  b.  Eton,  Eng- 
land, July  20,  1872. — Works  :  The  3-act  opera 
Quentin  Durward  (London,  1S95);  the  i-act 
opera  Petruccio  (Covent  Garden,  June  29,  1895  ; 
won  the  Moody-Manners  prize  of  ^100)  ;  songs. 

Ma'der,  Raoul  (Maria),  b.  Pressburg,  Hun- 
gary, June  25,  1S56.  Law-student  at  Vienna 
Univ.  1S74-S  ;  studied  in  the  Vienna  Cons., 
1879-S2,  under  Schmitt  and  Schenner  (pf.), 
Bruckner  (harm.),  and  Krenn  (comp.),  taking 
first  prizes  for  pf. -playing  and  pf. -composition, 
and  (1S80)  the  great  silver  medal  and  the  Liszt 
prize  as  best  pianist  in  the  Cons.  From  18S2- 
95,  1st  "  Sologesangscorrepetitor  "  ("  coach  "  for 
solo  singers)  at  the  Vienna  court  opera,  also  con- 
ducting ballets  and  minor  operas  ;  1S91-5  also 
chorus-master  of  the  Academical  Gesangverein. 
Since  1895,  chief  conductor  at  the  Royal  Opera, 
Pesth. — Works  :  The  3-act  comic  opera  Die 
Fliichtlinge  (Court  Opera,  Vienna,  1891) ;  i-act 
fantastic  ballet  Die  Sireneninsel  (ibid.,  1892; 
v.  succ.)  ;  i-act  ballet  Die  Hochzeit  im  Fri 'sir- 
salon  (ibid.,  1893)  ;  3-act  operetta  Caitr  d'ange 
(Carltheater,  Vienna,  1894)  ;  fant.  ballet  Die 
rothen  Sch.uhe  (Pesth,  1897)  ;  fant.  ballet  She 
[after  Rider  Haggard]  (Pesth,  1S98);  a  parody 
on  Mascagni's  Cav.  rustiea  (Th.  an  der  Wien, 
1892)  ;  and  the  ballet  Tanzblnt  (Lindentheater, 
Berlin,  iSgS)  ;  choruses,  songs,  etc. 

Maggi'ni,  Giovanni  Paolo,  (also  Magini, 
Magino,)  b.  Botticino-Marino,  Italy,  1580;  d. 
Brescia,  about  1631.  Famous  violin-maker  at 
Brescia.  His  violins,  violas,  'celli,  and  double- 
basses  are  prized  almost  equally  with  Stradivari's 


37o 


MAGNUS— MAITLAND 


and  Guarneri's  ;  the  double-basses  are  especially 
valued.  The  violins  have  a  soft,  viola-like  tone. 
The  label  reads  :  Gio.  Paolo  Maggini,  Brescia. 

Magnus,  Desire,  {rede  Magnus  Deutz,) 
b.  Brussels,  June  13,  1S28  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.,  1884. 
Studied  with  Vollweiler,  Heidelberg,  and  at  the 
Brussels  Cons.  ;  after  successful  pianistic  tours 
in  England,  Spain,  Russia,  etc.,  he  settled  in 
Paris  as  a  concert-pianist,  teacher,  composer, 
and  critic. — Publ.  a  well-known  "  Methode  ele- 
mentaire  de  piano "  (1879)  ;  a  Grande  sonate, 
op.  140  ;  24  etudes  for  velocity  and  melody,  op. 
190  ;   many  Jfl/o«-pieces  ;  etc. 

Mahillon,  Charles-Victor,  born  Brussels, 
Mar.  10,  1841.  Since  1S77,  custodian  of  the 
museum  of  mus.  instr.svat  Brussels  Cons.;  also 
editor,  1869-86,  of  "  L'Echo  musical,"  and  man- 
ager of  his  father's  wind-instr.  factory. — I*ubl. 
"  Tableau  synoptique  des  voix,  et  de  tous  les 
instr.s  de  musique  ";  "  Tabl.  syn.  de  la  science 
de  l'harmonie";  "Elements  d'acoustique  mu- 
sicale  et  Jnstrumentale  "  (1874;  silver  medal, 
Paris);  "  Etude  sur  le  doigte  de  la  flute  Bohm  " 
(1S85). 

MahTer,  Gustav,  b.  Kalescht,  Bohemia, 
July  7,  i860.  Studied  in  Iglau  Gymnasium  ; 
then  (1877)  philosophy  at  Vienna  Univ.,  and 
also  at  the  Cons.  (pf.  with  Epstein,  comp.  and 
cpt.  with  Bruckner).  18S3-5,  Kapellm.  in  court 
th.  at  Kassel  (directed  the  grand  mus.  festi- 
val as  a  leave-taking);  1S85-6  in  Prague  with 
Angelo  Neumann,  as  Anton  Seidl's  successor 
(directed  Nibelungen,  Meister singer,  Tristan 
und Isolde,  etc.);  1886-8  in  City  Th.,  Leipzig; 
1888-91,  Director  of  the  Royal  Opera  at  Pesth, 
thoroughly  reorganizing  the  opera  ;  1S91-7, 
Kapellm.  at  Hamburg  City  Th.;  in  May,  1S97, 
called  to  the  Vienna  Court  Opera  as  HoJ kapellm.; 
in  Oct.,  1897,  succeeded  Wilhelm  Jahn  as 
Director  of  the  Court  Opera. — Publ.  works  : 
Opera  Die  drei  Pintos  [after  Weber's  sketches] 
(Leipzig,  1S88);  symphony  No.  2,  in  C  min.;  3 
books  of  songs. 

Mahu,  Stephan,  German  contrapuntist, 
chapel-singer  to  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.  Some 
comp.s  are  in  Petrejus's  "  Modulationes  "  (1538) 
and  "  Newe  teutsche  Liedlein  "  (1539)  ;  in  Kries- 
stein's  "  Selectissimae  cantiones "  (1540);  in 
Rhaw's  "Newe  geistliche  Gesange  "  (1544); 
Walther's  "  Gesangbuch "  (1551;  choral-melo- 
dies) ;  Montan-Neuber's  "  Thesaurus  musicus  " 
(1564  ;  a  "  Da  pacem  "  a  8)  ;  and  in  Joannelli's 
"  Novus  thesaurus  musicae  "  (1568  ;  Lamenta- 
tions). Commer  publ.  2  Magnificats  a  4  in 
"  Musica  sacra,"  vol.  xviii. 

Mai'er  [mi-],  Joseph  Friedrich  Bernhard 
Caspar,  cantor  at  Schwabisch-Hall.  Publ. 
"Hodegus  musicus"  (1718),  and  "Museum 
musicum  theoretico-practicum  "  (1732,  2nd  ed. 
1741  as  "  Neu  eroffneter  theoretisch-practischer 
Musiksaal  ;"  a  method  for  several  now  obsolete 
instr.s). 

Mai'er,  Julius  Joseph,  b.  Freiburg,  Baden, 


.Dec.  29,  1821  ;  d.  Munich,  Nov.  21,  1SS9.  He 
studied  for  a  governmental  career,  but  from  1S49 
took  up  music  under  Haussmann  in  Leipzig  ; 
1850,  teacher  of  counterpoint  at  the  Munich  R. 
School  of  Music  ;  1S57-87,  custodian  of  the  im- 
portant musical  department  of  the  Munich  Li- 
brary.— Publ.  "  Classische  Kirchenwerke  alter 
Meister  "  (1845  ;  arr.  f.  male  ch.)  ;  an  "  Auswahl 
englischer  Madrigale  "  (1863)  ;  and  the  valuable 
catalogue  :  "  Die  musikalischen  Handschriften 
der  Kgl.  Hof-  und  Staatsbibliothek  in  Mun- 
chen"(iS79;  Part  I,  "Die  Handschriften  bis 
zum  Ende  des  17.  Jahrhunderts  "). 

Mai'erl,  Anton  von.     See  Mayerl. 

Maillart,  Louis  (called  Aime),  b.  Montpel- 
lier,  Herault,  France,  Mar.  24,  1S17  ;  d.  Mou- 
lins,  Allier,  May  26,  1871.  Pupil,  at  Paris 
Cons.,  of  Guerin  (vln.),  Elwart (harm.),  and  Le- 
borne  (cpt.  and  comp.)  ;  won  the  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1841,  and  spent  2  years  in  Italy,  then 
visiting  Vienna  and  German  cities.  He  wrote 
six  operas  ;  the  first,  Gastibelza  (1847),  was  well 
received  ;  Les  dragons  de  Villars  (1S56)  has  also 
been  successful  in  Germany  as  Das  Glockchen 
des  Eremiten. 

Mailly,  Alphonse-Jean-Ernest,  b.  Brus- 
sels, Nov.  27,  1S33.  Pianist  and  organist  ;  pupil 
of  Girschner  at  Brussels  Cons.,  where  he  was 
app.  piano-teacher  in  1861,  and  organ-teacher 
in  1868.  A  fine  organ-virtuoso,  he  has  given 
concerts  in  Paris,  Amsterdam,  London,  etc. — 
Works  :  Sonatas,  fantaisies,  morceaux  de  genre, 
etc.,  f.  org.;  Serenade  f.  flute,  violin,  'cello,  org., 
and  pf . ;  pf.-trio  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  motets  w.  org.;  etc. 

Main'zer,  Abbe  Joseph,  b.  Trier,  May  7, 
1807  ;  d.  Manchester,  England,  Nov.  10,  1851. 
Studied  music  in  Trier,  and  became  singing- 
teacher  at  the  seminary.  Exiled  during  the 
Polish  Revolution,  he  went  to  Brussels,  Paris 
(where  he  started  the  short-lived  "  Chronique 
musicale  de  Paris"  in  1838),  London  (1841),  and 
finally  to  Manchester,  where  he  established  suc- 
cessful singing-classes  on  Wilhem's  system.  His 
journal,  "  Mainzer's  Musical  Times,"  is  now 
the  "  Musical  Times." — Publ.  a  "  Singschule  " 
(1831)  ;  "Methode  de  chant  pour  les  enfants  " 
(1835;  1838);  "Methode  de  chant  pour  voix 
d'hommes  "  (1836) ;  "  Bibliotheque  elementaire 
du  chant"  (1836)  ;  "  Methode  pratique  de  piano 
pour  les  enfants"  (1837)  ;  "  Abecedaire  de 
chant  "  (1837)  ;  "  Ecole  chorale  "  (1S38) ;  "  Cent 
melodies  enfantines"  (1840) ;  "Singing  for  the 
Million"  (1842) ;  "  Esquisses  musicales,  ou  sou- 
venirs de  voyage  "  (1S38-39) ;  "Musical  Athe- 
naeum, or,  Nature  and  Art,  Music  and  Musi- 
cians, in  Germany,  France,  Italy,  etc."  (1S42). 
— 2  operas  were  unsuccessful. 

Maitland,  John  Alexander  Fuller,  musical 
author  and  critic  ;  b.  London,  Apr.  7,  1S56. 
Took  degree  of  M.A.  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  18S2.  He  wrote  for  the  "  Pall  Mall 
Cazette  "  1882-4  I  Ior  tne  "  Guardian  "  1SS4-9  ; 
in    1S90   succeeded    Ilueffer   as   mus.  critic  of 


371 


MAiTRE— MALLINGER 


•'  The  Times."  Contributor  to  Grove's  Dic- 
tionary (of  which  he  edited  the  Appendix).  Has 
lectured  on  English  musical  history,  and  on  Pur- 
cell  ;  and  has  appeared  as  pianist  at  concerts  of 
the  Bach  Choir. — Works:  "Schumann"  (in 
"  Great  Musicians"  series,  1884)  ;  Catalogue  of 
music  in  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum  (1893)  ; 
"Masters  of  German  Music"  (1S94)  ;  transl., 
with  Clara  Bell,  Spitta's  Life  of  J  .  S.  Bach  (1884, 
3  vol.s)  ;  edited  "  English  County  Songs  " 
(1893),  also  Purcell's  12  Sonatas  for  3  parts  and 
the  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day  (for  the  Purcell 
Soc.)  ;  and  the  Fitzwilliam  Virginal  Book  (with 
Barclay  Squire  ;   1898). 

Maitre  Jehan.     See  Callus. 

Ma'jo,  Francesco  di  (called  Ciccio  di 
Majo),  b.  Naples,  1745  (?)  ;  d.  Rome,  1770.  Dis- 
tinguished composer,  pupil  of  the  Cons,  di  S. 
Onofrio.  For  a  number  of  years,  organist  of 
the  Royal  Chapel,  for  which  he  wrote  5  masses 
(one  f.  double  choir  and  2  orchestras)  and  other 
sacred  music.  He  brought  out  13  operas,  Astrca 
placata  (1760)  being  the  first. 

Majora'no.     See  Cafkakklli. 

Mal'der,  Pierre  van,  early  symphonist  and 
comp.  of  string-quartets  ;  b.  Brussels,  May  13, 
1724;  d.  there  Nov.  3,  176S.  Solo  violinist  at 
the  court  opera  ;  chamber-musician  to  Prince 
Charles  of  Lorraine. — Chief  works  :  18  sympho- 
nies f.  strings,  2  oboes,  and  2  horns  (the  first  6 
publ.  1769),  6  string-quartets  (1757),  6  sonatas 
f.  2  violins  and  bass  ;  violin-pieces.   Also  operas. 

Malherbe,  Charles-Theodore,  comp.  and 
musicograph;  b.  Paris,  Apr.  21,  1863.  Though 
musically  gifted,  he  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  ;  but  then  took  up  music  in 
earnest,  under  A.  Danhauser,  A.  Wormser,  and 
J.  Massenet;  also  publ.  some  original  comp.s, 
and  transcriptions.  After  a  tour  (as  Danhauser's 
secretary)  through  Belgium,  Holland,  and  Swit- 
zerland in  1 880-1,  to  inspect  the  music  in  the 
public  schools,  he  settled  in  Paris;  in  1896  was 
app.  asst.-archivist  to  the  Grand  Opera.  He 
edits  "  Le  Menestrel,"  and  contributes  to  many 
leading  reviews  and  mus.  journals.  His  collec- 
tion of  mus.  autographs  is  probably  the  finest 
private  coll.  in  the  world. — Compositions  :  "  En 
route!"  quickstep  f.  orch.;  "  Cendrillon,"  and  a 
Duo  concertant,  f.  pf.  4  hands;  "  Menuet  de 
Lucette,"  and  other  pf. -pieces;  2  offertories  f. 
org.,  one  in  canon-form,  the  other  w.  vln.,  'cello, 
and  harp  ;  vln. -music,  songs,  and  many  tran- 
scriptions.— Writings  :  "  L'ceuvre  dramatique  de 
Richard  Wagner"  (1SS6)  ;  "  Precis  d'histoire  de 
l'Opera-Comique"(i887);  "  Notice  sur  Ascanio" 
(1890);  "Melanges  sur  R.  Wagner"  (1891)  ; 
"  Histoire  de  la  seconde  Salle  Favart"  [Opera- 
Comique]  (2  vol.s,  1892-3,  "  couronnee  par  l'ln- 
stitut  ") ;  "  Catalogue  des  ceuvres  de  Donizetti  " 
(1897) ;  "  Programmes  et  concerts"  (189S).  M. 
is  also  secretary  of  the  edition  of  Rameau's  com- 
plete works  now  publishing  by  Durand,  editing 
the  historical  and  biographical  notices   therein. 


He  is   Officer  of   the  Acad.,  and  of    Public   In- 
struction ;  and  chevalier  of  several  orders. 

Malibran,  Maria  Felicita  {n/e  (iarcia),  b. 
Paris,  Mar.  24,  1808  ;  d.  Manchester,  Sept.  23, 
1S36.  Daughter  of  Manuel  Garcia,  and  a  most 
eminent  dramatic  contralto.  Taken  to  Naples 
at  3,  at  5  she  played  a  child's  part  in  Path's  op- 
era Agnese.  Two  years  later  she  studied  sol- 
feggi with  Panseron  ;  from  the  age  of  15,  how- 
ever, she  was  her  father's  pupil  in  singing.  Her 
debut  at  II .  M.'s  Th.,  London,  June  7,  1825,  as 
Rosine  in  the  Barbicre,  procured  her  engagement 
for  the  season.  The  family  then  voyaged  to 
New  York,  where  for  two  years  she  was  the  pop- 
ular favorite,  singing  in  Oicllo,  Ronn'o,  Don  Gio- 
vanni, Tancredo,  Cenerentola,  and  the  2  operas 
which  her  father  wrote  for  her,  L'Amante  astuto 
and  La  Figlia  delfaria.  Here  she  married  the 
French  merchant  Malibran ;  he  soon  became 
bankrupt,  and  they  separated.  Returning  to 
Paris,  her  immense  success  led  to  an  engage- 
ment at  a  salary  of  50,000  francs  ;  after  1829  she 
sang  every  season  at  London  ;  also  appeared  at 
Rome,  Naples,  Bologna,  and  Milan  ;  at  her  last 
Naples  engagement  she  received  80,000  francs 
for  40  nights,  with  2^  benefits  ;  at  London, 
1835,  she  had  ^2,775  for  24  nights.  She  mar- 
ried the  violinist  de  Beriot  in  1836,  only  a  few 
months  before  her  death,  which  was  caused  by 
overexertion  in  singing  after  a  severe  fall  from 
her  horse.  As  a  singer  and  actress  she  exercised 
the  fascination  of  a  highly  endowed  personality 
over  her  audiences.  Her  voice  was  of  extraor- 
dinary compass,  but  the  medium  register  had 
several  "  dead  "  tones.  She  composed  numerous 
nocturnes,  romances,  and  chansonnettes,  publ. 
in  album-form  as  "  Dernieres  pensees,  etc." — 
Biographical:  "  Life  of  Mine.  Maria  Malibran 
de  Beriot,"  by  J.  Nathan  (London,  1840)  ; 
"  Cenni  biografici,  etc."  (Venice,  1835)  ;  "No- 
tizie  biografici,  etc."  by  G.  Barbieri  (Milan, 
1836)  ;  "  Loisirs  d'une  femme  du  monde,"  by 
Countess  Merlin  (Paris,  183S  ;  Ger.  transl.  as 
"  Maria  M.  als  Weib  unci  Ki'instlerin,  etc." 
Leipzig,  1839  !  more  romantic  than  trustworthy). 

Malibran,  Alexandre,  violinist  ;  b.  Paris, 
Nov.  10,  1823  ;  d.  there  May  13,  1867.  Spohr's 
pupil  at  Kassel,  where  he  settled.  At  Paris 
(i860)  he  started  the  short-lived  "  L 'union  in- 
strumentale,"  a  mus.  paper;  at  Brussels,  1864, 
the  "  Le  Monde  musical."  Publ.  "  Ludwig 
Spohr  ;  sein  Leben  und  Wirken  "  (i860)  ;  comp. 
a  mass  for  male  ch.  (for  the  Legion  of  Honor)  ; 
also  orch.l  and  chamber-music. 

Mal'linger,  Mr,thilde,  (ne'e  Lichtenegger,) 
dramatic  soprano  ,  b.  Agram,  Feb.  17,  1S47. 
Pupil  (1863-6)  of  Giordigiani  and  Vogl  at 
Prague  Cons.,  and  Lewy  at  Vienna  ;  debut  at 
Munich,  1866,  as  Norma  ;  created  the  role  of 
Eva  in  the  Meistersinger  in  1S6S  ;  in  1869  was 
eng.  at  Berlin  Court  Opera,  and  married  Baron 
v.  Schimmelpfennig.  Since  1890,  singing- 
teacher  in  Prague  Cons. 


372 


MALTEN— MANN 


Mal'ten,  Therese,  dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  In- 
sterburg,  E.  Prussia,  June  21,  1855.  Trained 
by  Gustav  Engel,  Berlin  ;  debut  at  Dresden, 
1873,  as  Pamina  and  Agathe,  secured  her  a  life- 
engagement  there  for  leading  roles  (Armide, 
Fidelio,  Senta,  Elisabeth,  Elsa,  Eva,  Isolde). 
Created  role  of  Kundry  {Parsifal)  at  Bayreuth 
in  1S82. 

Mal'zel,  Johann  Nepomuk,  mechanical  in- 
ventor ;  b.  Ratisbon,  Aug.  15,  1772  ;  d.  on 
board  the  brig  Otis,  bound  for  America,  July 
31,  1838.  Settled  in  Vienna,  1792,  as  a  music- 
teacher  ;  attracted  wide  attention  by  his  "  Pan- 
harmonion  "  (a  sort  of  orchestrion),  an  automa- 
ton-trumpeter, and  an  automatic  chess-player  ; 
he  was  created  "Court  Mechanician"  in  1808. 
He  constructed  the  "  Metronome  "  in  1816  ; 
Winkel,  of  Amsterdam,  was,  however,  the  in- 
ventor. M.  also  made  ear-trumpets  (Beetho- 
ven's, among  others).  He  undertook  long  jour- 
neys to  exhibit  his  inventions. 

MancinelTi,  Luigi,  distinguished  dram, 
comp.  and  cond. ;  b.  Orvieto,  Papal  States,  Feb. 
5,  184S.  Intended  for  a  mercantile  career,  he 
learned  to  play  the  pf.  by  himself,  and  finally 
ran  away  from  home  in  pursuit  of  mus.  teach- 
ing. Though  caught  half-way  to  Florence,  and 
made  to  return,  he  vanquished  parental  resist- 
ance, and  at  14  was  sent  to  Sbolci,  at  Florence, 
to  learn  the  'cello.  Becoming  3rd  'cellist  at  the 
Pergola  Th.,  next  year,  he  earned  his  living  for 
8  years  by  'cello-playing,  teaching,  and  song- 
writing,  lie  had  a  few  theoretical  lessons  from 
Mabellini.  In  1870  he  joined  the  orch.  of  the 
Opera  at  Rome,  cond.  by  Terziani  ;  became  2nd 
cond.  in  1S74,  and  1st  cond.  in  1S75.  In  1881, 
Director  of  the  Bologna  Cons.,  which  he  re- 
formed completely,  making  it  one  of  the  best 
music-schools  in  Italy.  From  1886-8,  he  cond. 
the  opera-seasons  at  Drury  Lane,  London  ; 
1888-95,  cond.  of  the  Royal  Th.,  Madrid,  also 
of  the  Concert  Soc.  (for  3  years).  Since  then 
he  vibrates  between  Covent  Garden,  London, 
and  the  Metropolitan  Opera,  New  York.  He  is 
famous  as  a  conductor,  both  of  Italian  and  Ger- 
man (Wagner)  opera  ;  in  Italy  he  is  called  "  il 
Wagnerista  "  by  reason  of  his  enthusiastic  work 
for  Wagner.  —  Compositions  :  Overture  and 
entr'acte-music  to  Cossa's  Cleopatra  ;  the  3-act 
opera  Isora  di  Provenza  (Bologna,  1884),  and  the 
3-act  opera  seria  Ero  e  Leandro  (first  perf.  in 
Italian  at  the  Royal  Th.,  Madrid,  Nov.  30, 
1897  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  an  oratorio,  several  works  for 
orchestra,  songs,  etc. 

Manci'ni,  Francesco,  comp.  of  some  20 
operas  for  Naples,  where  he  was  b.  1674  ;  stud- 
ied and  taught  at  the  Cons,  di  S.  Loreto,  was 
app.  2nd  maestro  of  the  R.  Chapel  in  1709,  and 
1st  maestro  in  1720.      He  died  in  Naples,  1739. 

Manci'ni,  Giambattista,  vocal  teacher  ;  b. 
Ascoli,  1 716  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  9,  1800,  where  he 
was  singing-master  to  the  Archduchesses. — 
Fubl.  "  Pensieri  e  riflessioni  practiche  sopra  il 


canto  figurato"  (1774;  2nd  ed.  1777;  French 
editions  as  "  L'art  du  chant  figure,"  1776,  and 
"  Reflexions  pratiques  sur  Ie  chant  figure," 
1796). 

Man'cio,  Felice,  b.  Turin,  Dec.  19,  1S40  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Feb.  4,  1897.  Stage-  and  concert- 
singer,  a  pupil  of  Mercadante  and  Hassel- 
Barth.  Debut  1870.  For  some  years  prof,  of 
singing  at  Vienna  Cons. 

Mangeot,  Edouard -Joseph,  b.  Nantes, 
France,  1834  ;  d.  Paris,  May  31,  1S98.  A  prac- 
tical pf. -maker,  he  invented  a  pf.  with  double 
key-board  ("  a  double  clavier  renverse"),  which 
created  a  sensation  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1878,  and  at  London  under  the  hands  of  de 
Kontski.  M.  founded,  in  1SS9,  "  Le  Monde 
musical,"  a  periodical  which  he  himself  edited. 

Man'gold,  (Johann)  Wilhelm,  b.  Darm- 
stadt, Nov.  19,  1796  ;  d.  there  May  23,  1S75. 
Son  and  pupil  of  Georg  M.  [1767-1835]  in  vio- 
lin-playing ;  later  of  Rinck  and  Abbe  Vogler, 
and  of  Cherubini  at  Paris  Cons. ;  chamber-mu- 
sician at  Darmstadt,  from  1825  court  Kapellm., 
pensioned  1858. — Works  :  An  opera,  Merope, 
(1823),  and  2  minor  ones  ;  incidental  and  cham- 
ber-music, overtures,  and  melodies  f.  horn  or 
clar.  w.  pf. ,  which  are  popular. 

Man'gold,  Karl  (Ludwig  Amand),  brother 
of  preceding  ;  b.  Darmstadt,  Oct.  8,  1S13  ;  d. 
Oberstdorf,  Algau,  Aug.  5,  1889.  Pupil  of 
Berton  and  Bordogni  at  Paris  Cons.,  1836-9; 
violinist  in  Darmstadt  court  orch. ;  from  184S-69, 
court  mus.  dir. ;  also  cond.  of  the  Musikverein 
(1S39),  the  Sangerhranz,  the  Caeilia,  and  1S69- 
75  of  the  Mozartverein.— Operas  Das  Kokler- 
mddeken,  Tannhauser  (Darmstadt,  1846  ;  re- 
vived there  in  1S92  as  Der  getreue  Eckart), 
Gudrun,  Dornroschen  ; — oratorios  Abraham, 
JVittekind,  Israel  in  der  1 1  '/isle  ; — concert- 
dramas  Frithjof,  Hermanns  Tod,  Ein  Morgen 
am  Rhein,  Barbarossas  Erwachen ; — a  sym- 
phony-cantata, Elysium  ;  a  dramatic  scene,  Des 
Made  liens  A'lage ;  a  prize-cantata  f.  male  ch., 
soli,  and  orch. ,  Die  IJ  'eisheit  des  Mirza  Sehaffy  ; 
2  symphonies  ;  chamber-music  ;  extremely  pop- 
ular male  quartets  ;  Die  Ifermannsselilaelit, 
"  psean  "  f.  soli,  mixed  ch.,  and  orch. ;  choruses, 
part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Man'gold,  Karl  Georg,  d.  London,  Nov.  1, 
1887,  aged  75.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Hummel  ; 
also  composer  and  teacher. 

Mann,  Arthur  Henry,  b.  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, May  16,  1S50  ;  chorister  at  the  cathedral 
under  Dr.  Buck.  Organist  at  various  churches, 
and  since  1876  organist  and  choir-director, 
King's  College,  Cambridge.  F.  C.  O.,  1871  ; 
Mus.  Bac.  (1S74),  and  Mus.  Doc.  (1882),  Ox- 
ford ;  hon.  member  of  R.  A.  M.,  1896.  Noted 
Handel  scholar  ;  with  E.  Prout  he  discovered  in 
1894,  at  the  Foundling  Hospital,  the  orig.  wind- 
parts  of  the  Messiah  (perf.  that  year,  with  the 
reconstructed  score,  at  King's  Coll.).     Coeditor, 


373 


MANN— MARA 


with  Maitland,  of  the  Fitzwilliam  Catalogue  ; 
edited  Tallis's  motet  for  40  voices  (1888)  ;  mus. 
editor  of  The  Church  of  England  Hymnal 
(1895). — Comp.s  :  An  Ecce  homo  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  Te  Deum  f.  ch.,  orch.,  and  org.;  Evening 
Service  in  E,  f.  do.;  Eve.  Serv.  in  E,  f.  double 
choir  a  capp.;  anthems,  organ-pieces,  part- 
songs. 

Mann,  Johann  Gottfried,  Hendrik,  military 
bandmaster  at  Leyden  ;  b.  The  Hague,  July  15, 
1S58  ;  st.  in  the  R.  School  of  Music  there.- — ■ 
Orchestral  and  vocal  works. 

Manns,  August  (Friedrich),  b.  Stolzenberg, 
n.  Stettin,  Mar.  12,  1825.  The  son  of  a  poor 
glass-blower,  his  talent  was  fostered  by  a  rude 
quintet  (2  vlns.,  'cello,  horn,  and  flute)  formed 
by  his  father,  brothers,  and  himself  ;  the  village 
musician  of  a  near-by  hamlet  taught  him  the 
violin,  clarinet,  and  flute.  At  15  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  Urban,  town-musician  of  Elbing. 
Later  he  became  1st  clar.  of  a  regimental  band 
at  Dantzig  ;  transferred  in  1848  to  Posen,  M. 
came  under  Wieprecht's  eye,  who  got  him  a 
place  as  1st  violin  in  Gungl's  orch.  at  Berlin. 
1S49-51,  conductor  at  Kroll's  Garden  ;  band- 
master of  a  regiment  at  Konigsberg  and  Cologne 
(1854),  when  Schallehn  eng.  him  as  sub-cond. 
of  the  Crystal  Palace  band,  London,  also  to 
play  the  Ej^clar. ,  copy  music,  etc.  Having  ar- 
ranged a  set  of  National  Quadrilles  at  S.'s  re- 
quest, the  latter  publ.  them  as  his  own  work  ; 
M.  promptly  resigned  his  position,  and  published 
the  reason,  which  Schallehn  did  not  refute.  M. 
now  appeared  as  a  violinist  at  Leamington,  and 
1854-5  i°  Wood's  opera-orch.,  Scotland  ;  cond. 
the  Amsterdam  summer  concerts  of  1855,  and 
in  that  autumn  succeeded  Schallehn  as  director 
of  the  music  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  a  position 
still  (1899)  occupied.  The  original  wind-band 
was  changed  at  his  instigation  into  a  full  orch. 
The  renowned  Saturday  Concerts  were  inaugu- 
rated in  1856  ;  39  series,  numbering  1550  con- 
certs, had  been  given  up  to  May,  1895.  During 
his  43  years'  sway  M.  has  given  some  12,000  con- 
certs ;  also  cond.  6  Triennial  Handel  Festivals  ; 
the  Promenade  Concerts  at  Drury  Lane  in  1859  ; 
and  the  orch.l  concerts  of  the  Glasgow  Choral 
Union,  1879-92.  Has  introduced  many  new 
works  by  English  and  foreign  composers.  Nu- 
merous decorations  have  rewarded  his  intelli- 
gent, conscientious,  and  eminently  popular 
labors. 

Manns'feldt,  Hermann,  b.  Erfurt,  Jan.  21, 
1S33  ;  d.  Ems,  Feb.  3,  1892.  Noted  conductor ; 
long  in  Dresden  ;  finally  Kapellm.  of  the  Kur- 
kapelle,  Ems. 

Mann'stadt,  Franz,  b.  Hagen,  Westphalia, 
July  8,  1S52.  Pupil  of  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin  ; 
1874,  Kapellm.  at  Mayence  ;  1876,  of  the  Ber- 
lin Symphony  Orch. ;  1879,  pf. -teacher  at  Stern 
Cons.  Was  for  a  time  Bulow's  asst.-cond.  at 
Meiningen,  and  cond.  the  Berlin  Philharm.; 
then  (1887-93)  Kapellm.  at  the   R.  Th.,  Wies- 


baden, and  pf. -teacher  at  the  Cons. ;  again  cond. 
the  Berlin  Philharm.  (1893-7),  and  then  resumed 
his  former  post  at  Wiesbaden,  succeeding  J. 
Rebicek. — His  brother, 

Mannstadt,  Wilhelm,  b.  Bielefeld,  May  20, 
1837,  cond.  of  singing-societies  and  stage  man- 
ager in  small  Berlin  theatres,  wrote  words  and 
music  of  many  farces  and  operettas,  and  publ.  a 
paper,  "  Der  Kunstfreund,"  in  1874. 

Mans'feldt,  Edgar.  See  Piekson,  Henry 
Hugo. 

Man'tius,  Eduard,  dramatic  tenor ;  born 
Schwerin,  Jan.  18,  1806  ;  d.  Bad  flmenau,  July 
4,  1874.  Pupil  of  Pohlenz  at  Leipzig  ;  debut 
iS3oat  the  Berlin  court  opera  as  Tamino,  and 
sang  there  until  1857. 

Mantova'no,  Alberto.     See  Rita. 

Manzuo'li,  Giovanni,  famous  stage-soprano 
(musico)  ;  b.  Florence,  about  1725.  Sang  in 
Italy,  then  in  Madrid  (1753),  and  London  (1764- 
5)  ;  in  1771  he  was  singer  to  the  Grand  Duke  at 
Florence.      Date  of  death  unknown. 

Mapleson,  Col.  James  Henry,  the  well- 
known  English  impresario,  studied  at  the  R.  A. 
M.,  London  ;  appeared  as  a  singer,  and  also 
played  the  viola  in  an  orchestra.  In  1861  his 
career  as  an  operatic  manager  began  at  the  Ly- 
ceum, with  Italian  opera  ;  he  was  at  H.  M.'s 
Th.  1862-8  ;  in  Drury  Lane,  1869  ;  in  partner- 
ship with  Gye,  1869-71,  then  returning  to  Drury 
Lane  ;  in  1S77  he  reopened  Her  Majesty's  Th. 
His  seasons  in  the  New  York  Acad,  of  Music 
fluctuated  between  success  and  disaster. 

Ma'ra,  Gertrud  Elisabeth  {ne'e  Schmeling), 
wonderful  soprano,  with  the  phenomenal  com- 
pass g—e% ;  b.  Kassel,  J"eb.  23,  1749  ;  d.  Reval, 
Jan.  20,  1833.  Daughter  of  a  poor  musician, 
and  crippled  by  a  fall  in  infancy,  she  took  to  the 
violin  by  instinct  ;  she  was  trained  by  charitable 
aid,  and  taken  as  a  prodigy  (at  9)  to  Vienna,  and 
thence  to  London,  by  her  father.  She  was  a 
natural  singer,  and  was  taught  in  London  by 
Paradisi  ;  her  health  also  greatly  improved,  and 
she  returned  to  Kassel  hoping  to  be  engaged  for 
the  court  opera;  failing  here,  J.  A.  Ililler  en- 
gaged her  at  600  Thaler  per  annum  for  the 
"  Grosses  Concert"  at  Leipzig.  She  sang  here 
from  1766-71,  also  appearing  several  times  at 
the  Dresden  Opera  with  great  success  ;  and  in 
1771  obtained  a  life-engagement  at  the  Berlin 
Court  Opera,  at  3,000  Thaler.  The  caprices  of 
a  vicious  husband  (the  'cellist  Mara,  whom  she 
married  in  1773),  and  the  incredible  tyranny  of 
King  Frederick  II.,  rendered  this  period  of  the 
great  singer's  life  wretched  ;  in  1780  she  fled  to 
Vienna  with  her  husband,  and  proceeded  thence, 
armed  with  letters  of  recommendation  from 
Marie  Antoinette,  to  Paris,  where  the  artistic 
rivalry  between  M.  and  the  Todi  set  the  town  by 
the  ears.  From  17S4-1802  she  made  London 
her  abode,  singing  chiefly  in  concerts,  and 
twice  visited  Italy  ;  obtained  a  decree  of  separa- 


374 


MARA— MARCHESI 


tion  from  her  husband  in  1799  ;  left  London  to 
make  a  long  European  tour,  and  settled  in  Mos- 
cow, but  lost  all  her  property  in  the  conflagra- 
tion of  1812.  She  taught  singing  in  Reval, 
tempted  Fortune  once  more,  with  ill  success,  in 
London,  and  died  poor  at  the  age  of  84. — Bio- 
graphical :  Autobiography  publ.  by  Riesemann 
in  the  "  Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung"  (1S75),  after 
which  Niggli  wrote  a  biogr.  sketch  (1SS1)  ; 
Grosheim  (1823)  and  Rochlitz  (in  "  Fi'irFreunde 
der  Tonkunst,"  vol.  i)  have  also  written  about 
her. 

Ma'ra,  La.     See  Lipsius,  Marie. 

Marais,  Marin,  b.  Raris,  Mar.  31,  1656  [Fe- 
Tis],  d.  there  Aug.  15,  1728  ;  the  greatest  viola- 
da-gam  ba  virtuoso  of  his  time.  Choir-boy  in  the 
Sainte-Chapelle,  taught  by  Chaperon  ;  studied 
the  gamba  under  Hottemann,  then  under  Sainte- 
Colombe  ;  joined  the  Opera  orch.,  and  is  said  to 
have  studied  comp.  with  Lully.  In  16S5  he  en- 
tered the  royal  orch.  as  soloist  ;  pensioned  1725. 
— Publ.  works:  5  books  of  pieces  f.  gamba  (16S6, 
1701,'n,  '17,  '25);  book  of  trios  ("  symphonies  ") 
f.  vln.,  flute,  and  gamba  (1692)  ;  book  of  trios 
("  La  Gamme  ")  f.  vln.,  gamba,  and  clavichord 
(1723)  ;  4  operas  (Alcide,  Ariane  ct  Bacchus, 
Alcyone,  and  Semele)  ;  etc. — His  son  Roland 
followed  him  as  solo  gambist  ;  publ.  2  books  of 
pieces  f.  gamba  with  continuo ;  also  a  "  Nouvelle 
Methode  de  musique  pour  servir  d'introduction 
aux  acteurs  modernes  "  (171 1). 

Marbeck,  John  (or  Merbecke),  English  com- 
poser and  organist,  b.  1523  ;  d.  about  15S1. 
Chorister  in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  1531  ; 
narrowly  escaped  burning  as  a  heretic,  1544  ;  Mus. 
Bac.,Oxon.,  1550;  lay-clerk,  and  organist,  of  St. 
George's  Chapel.  Chief  work,  "  The  Booke  of 
Common  Praier  noted,"  an  adaptation  of  the 
plain  chant  of  earlier  rituals  to  the  first  ritual  of 
Edward  IV.;  reprinted  in  facsimile,  1S44  ;  re- 
publ.  in  Jebb's  "Choral  Responses  and  Lita- 
nies" (1857  ;   vol.  ii). 

Marceau,  James  Herbert,  b.  Napierville, 
Canada,  Oct.  31,  1859.  Graduate  in  Arts  of 
McGill  College  ;  vocal  pupil  of  Paul  Wiallard, 
New  York,  and  of  Mariano  de  Padilla  and  Ch. 
Douallier,  Paris.  Now  (1899)  head  of  vocal 
dept.  at  Quincy  Mansion  School,  Wollaston, 
Mass. 

Marcel'lo,  Benedetto,  famous  comp.  and 
poet;  b.  Venice,  Aug.  1,  16S6  ;  d.  Brescia,  July 
24,  1739.  Music-pupil  of  Gasparini  and  Lotti. 
He  studied  jurisprudence,  filled  various  govern- 
ment positions,  was  a  member  of  the  Council  of 
Forty  for  14  years,  then  Provvcditare  at  Pola 
for  8  years,  and  finally  Camerlengo  at  Brescia. 
His  masterwork  is  the  settings  of  Giustiniani's 
paraphrases  of  the  first  50  Psalms  ("  Estro  poe- 
tico-armonico  ;  Parafrasi  sopra  i  cinquanta  primi 
Salmi";  Venice,  publ.  by  D.  Lovisa,  1724,  '26, 
'27,  in  6  vol.s  folio)  ;  they  are  for  from  1-4 
voices,  w.  basso  continuo  for  organ-  or  clavi- 
cembalo-accomp.  ;  a  few  w.  'cello  obbligato,  or  2 


violas  ;  and  have  been  often  republ.  (recently  by 
Carli  in  Paris).  He  also  publ.  5-p.  "  Concerti 
grossi  "  (1701),  "  Sonate  per  cembalo,"  "  Sonate 
a  cinque, e  fiauto  solo  con  basso  continuo"  (1712), 
"  Canzoni  madrigaleschi  ed  Arie  per  camera  a 
2-4  "  (1717)  ;  a  biting  satire  on  operatic  abuses, 
"II  teatro  alia  moda,  o  sia  Metodo  sicuro  e  facile 
per  ben  comporre  ed  eseguire  opere  italiane  in 
musica"  (1720?;  oft-reprinted);  the  pamphlet 
"  Lettera  famigliare  .  .  ."  (1705)  is  a  not  wholly 
just  critique  of  madrigals  by  Lotti.  2  oratorios, 
3  dramatic  works,  and  several  cantatas  remained 
in  MS.  Some  of  M.'s  sonnets,  libretti,  etc.,  were 
composed  by  other  musicians. 

Marchand,  Louis,  French  organist  at  Nevers, 
Auxerre,  and  Paris  ;  b.  Lyons,  Feb.  2,  1669  ;  d. 
in  poverty  at  Paris,  Feb.  17,  1732  ;  a  virtuoso 
known  to  fame  chiefly  by  his  failure  to  meet  J.  S. 
Bach  at  Dresden,  1717,  in  open  competition.  He 
taught  in  Paris,  and  publ.  3  books  of  clavecin- 
music  and  one  of  organ-pieces. 

Marchant,  Arthur  William,  org.  andcomp. ; 
b.  London,  Oct.  18,  1850.  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon., 
1S79.  Organist,  1871-80,  in  several  English 
churches  ;  1SS0-2,  org.  and  choirmaster  of  St. 
John's  Cath.,  Denver,  Colorado;  returned  to 
Britain,  and  since  1895  has  been  org.  of  St. 
John's  Episc.  Ch.,  Dumfries. — Works:  Psalm 
48,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  ;  A  Morning  and  an 
Evening  Service  ;  anthems,  songs,  duets,  trios, 
etc.  ;  "  Suite  de  pieces  "  f.  vln.  and  pf.  ;  pf. -mu- 
sic ;  organ-music  ;  "  500  Fugue  Subjects  and 
Answers,  Ancient  and  Modern  "  (a  Primer  ;  No- 
vello) ;  and  a  pamphlet  on  "Voice  Culture." 

Marche'si,  Luigi,  ("  Marchesi'ni,")  cele- 
brated soprano  (musica);  b.  Milan,  1755;  d. 
Inzago,  Dec.  14,  1829.  Sang  in  principal  Italian 
cities  from  1773,  and  was  considered  the  greatest 
singer  in  Italy  in  1780;  1785-8S  in  St.  Peters- 
burg with  the  Todi  ;  then  several  years  in  Lon- 
don ;  retired  1806. 

Marche'si  de  Castrone,  Salvatore,  {recte 
Cavaliere  Salv.  de  Castrone,  Marchese  della 
Rajata,)  baritone  stage-singer  and  famous 
teacher  ;  b.  Palermo,  Jan.  15,  1S22.  Studied 
law  and  music  together  at  Palermo  and  Milan, 
music  under  Raimondi,  Lamperti,  and  Fontana  ; 
exiled  after  participation  in  the  Revolution  of 
1848,  he  went  to  New  York,  where  his  stage-de- 
but took  place  (Ernani).  Going  to  London,  he 
studied  with  Garcia,  was  successful  as  a  concert- 
singer,  and  married  (1852)  Mathilde  Graumann, 
with  whom  he  sang  in  opera  at  Berlin,  Brussels, 
London,  and  Italy,  and  gave  vocal  instruction 
(1S54)  at  tne  Vienna  Cons.  After  this  they  lived 
for  some  years  in  Paris  ;  taught  in  the  Cologne 
Cons.  1865-9,  and  again  at  Vienna  1S69-81,  since 
which  date  they  have  resided  in  Paris. — Works  : 
Beautiful  songs  on  German,  French,  and  Italian 
texts  ;  "  20  Vocalizzi  elementari  e  progressivi," 
and  others  ;  a  Vocal  Method  ;  Italian  transla- 
tions of  modern  French  and  German  opera-li- 
bretti, etc. 


375 


MARCHESI— MARINI 


Marche'si  de  Castrone,  Mathilde  {ne'e 
Graumann),  famous  vocal  teacher  ;  b.  Frankfort- 
on-M.,  Mar.  26, 1826.  Pupil  of  Nicolai  in  Vienna, 
and  Garcia  in  Paris  (1S45).  Excellent  concert- 
singer  ;  married  Salvatore  M.  (see  above).  Be- 
sides a  vocal  method,  and  24  books  of  Vocalises, 
she  has  publ.  "  Marchesi  and  Music.  Passages 
from  the  Life  of  a  Famous  Singing-teacher " 
(New  Vork,  1897),  her  Memoirs  in  English,  being 
an  enlargement  of  a  previous  work,  "  Aus 
meinem  Leben  "  (Dusseldorf,  1887?),  which  was 
preceded  by  "  Erinnerungen  aus  meinem  Leben" 
(Vienna,  1S77). 

Marchesi'ni.     See  Marchesi,  Luigi. 

Marchet'ti,  Filippo, opera-composer;  b.  Bo- 
lognola,  Italy,  Feb.  26,  1835.  Pupil  of  Lillo 
and  Conti  at  the  Royal  Cons.,  Naples,  1850-4  ; 
his  maiden-opera,  Gentile  da  Varano  (Turin, 
teatro  Nazionale,  1S56),  was  extremely  well  re- 
ceived ;  La  Demente  (1857)  less  so  ;  he  lived  in 
Rome  1860-3  as  a  singing-teacher,  and,  failing 
to  bring  out  II  Paria,  he  went  to  Milan,  and 
wrote  his  Giulietta  e  Borneo  (text  by  M.  M.  Mar- 
cello),  which  was  a  brilliant  success  at  Trieste 
(1865)  and  at  La  Scala,  Milan.  Ruy-Blas  (La 
Scala,  Apr.  3,  1S69),  a  sensational  success  in 
Italian  towns,  was  less  fortunate  in  Dresden 
(1879).  Later  works  :  U 'Amove  alia provd  (Tu- 
rin, 1873),  Gustavo  IVasa  (ib.,  '75),  and  Don 
Giovanni  d'A  ustria  (Turin,  '80) — show  a  falling- 
off.  M.  has  publ.  much  vocal  chamber-music, 
and  has  written  symphonies,  choruses,  and 
church-music  ;  since  18S1,  Director  of  the  R. 
Accad.  di  Santa  Cecilia,  Rome. 

Marchet'tus  of  Padua  [Marchetto  da  Pa- 
dova  ;  Marchetto  is  the  dimin.  of  Marco],  learned 
theorist,  living  in  Cesena  about  1270,  then  at 
Verona  and  Naples  ;  died  about  1320.  Wrote  2 
important  essays  :  "  Lucidarium  in  arte  musicae 
planae,"  and  "  Pomerium  in  arte  musicae  men- 
suratae  "  ;  both  publ.  by  Gerberin  "  Scriptores," 
vol.  iii. 

Marechal,  Henri-Charles,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  22, 
1842.  Pupil  of  Cons.;  Grand  prix  de  Rome 
1870.  Debut  as  dram.  comp.  with  the  i-act 
opera  comique  Les  amoureux  de  Catherine  (Op.- 
Com.,  1876)  ;  has  also  prod.  La  Taverne  des 
Trabans,  3-act  opera  com.  (Op. -Com.,  '81)  ; 
I'Jitoile,  i-act  do.  (Th.-d'Appl.,  '89)  ;  D/idamie, 
2-act  opera  (Gr.  Opera,  '93)  ;  Calendal,  4-act 
opera  (Rouen,  '94)  ;  2  others  await  performance. 
— Further,  musique  de  scene  for  the  stage-pieces 
V Ami  Fritz  ('76),  Les Rantzau  ('82),  S//iilis('S4), 
Crime  et  chdtiment  ('88)  ;  the  sacred  drama  Le 
miracle  de  Nairn  ('91)  ;  orchestral  and  sacred 
music,  children's  choruses,  pf. -pieces,  songs. 

Maren'co,  Romualdo,  b.  Novi  Ligure,  Italy, 
Mar.  1,  1 841.  Violinist  ;  then  2nd  bassoon  in 
the  Doria  Th.,  Genoa,  for  which  he  wrote  his 
first  ballet,  Lo  sbarco  di  Garibaldi  a  Marsala. 
He  now  studied  counterpoint  under  Fenaroli 
and  Mattei  ;  travelled  ;  and  became  in  1873 
Director  of  Ballet  at  La  Scala,  Milan.      He  has 


prod,  over  20  ballets  (Sieba,  Excelsior,  Sport 
I  i"i()')]),  also  the  operas  Lorenzino  de'  Medici 
(Lodi,  1874),  I Moncada  (Milan,  1880),  Le  Viable 
azi  corps  (Paris,  1S84),  and  the  "  idilio  giojoso  " 
Strategia  d'amore  (Milan,  1S96). 

Maren'zio,  Luca,  famous  madrigal-composer; 
b.  Coccaglio,  n.  Brescia,  about  1550  ;  d.  Rome, 
Aug.  22,  1599.  Pupil  of  Contini  ;  until  1591  in 
the  service  of  Sigismund  III.  of  Poland  ;  then 
maestro,  in  Rome,  to  the  Cardinals  d'Este  and 
Aldobrandini  ;  cantor  of  the  Papal  Chapel,  1595. 
It  is  said  that  he  died  broken-hearted  from  love. 
He  was  called  "  il  piu  dolce  cigno  d'ltalia,"  and 
"  il  divino  compositore,"  by  his  contemporaries. 
His  madrigals,  in  which  he  is  unsurpassed,  were 
publ.  as  follows  :  9  books  a  5  (15S0-89)  ;  6 
books  a  6  (1582-91)  ;  1  book  a  4-6  (158S)  ;  1 
book  of  5-p.  Madrigali  spirituali  (15S4)  ;  2  books 
of  Mottetti  a  4  (1588,  '92)  ;  1  book  of  Mottettirt 
12  (1614) ;  a  book  of  Sacri  concenti  a  5-7  (1616)  ; 
6  books  of  Villanelle  ed  Arie  alia  napoletana 
(1584-1605)  ;  also  antiphones  and  other  church- 
music.  Some  pieces  in  modern  notation  are  in 
Proske's  "  Musica  divina,"  Choron's  "  Principes 
de  composition,"  Padre  Martini's  work  on  Coun- 
terpoint, etc. 

Mares,  Johann  Anton,  inventor  of  the 
Russian  "  hunting-horn  music,"  in  which  each 
player  has  a  horn  producing  a  single  tone  ;  b. 
Chotebor,  Bohemia,  1719  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg, 
May  30,  1794.  Pupil  of  Hampel  in  Dresden, 
and  of  Zika  (vln.)  in  Berlin  ;  went  to  Russia  in 
1748,  where  he  became  Imp.  chamber-musician. 

Ma'retzek,  Max,  opera-impresario,  and  sing- 
ing-teacher ;  b.  Brtinn,  Moravia,  June  28,  1821; 
d.  Pleasant  Plains,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  May 
14,  1S97.  Pupil  of  Seyfried  in  Vienna  ;  orch.- 
conductor  in  Germany,  P' ranee,  and  London  (II. 
M.'s  Th.,  1844);  went  to  New  York  in  1S48  ; 
from  1S49-78,  manager  of  opera  in  New  York, 
Mexico,  and  Havana.  ■ —  Works  :  3-act  opera 
Hamlet  (Briinn,  1843);  3-act  opera  Sleepy  //<>/- 
I070  (New  York,  Acad,  of  Music,  1879)  ;  orch.l 
and  chamber-music,  pf. -pieces,  and  songs. 

Maria'ni,  Angelo,  noted  conductor  ;  b.  Ra- 
venna, Oct.  11,  1822  ;  d.  Genoa,  June  13,  1873. 
Pupil  of  Rossini  at  the  Bologna  Liceo  ;  opera- 
conductor  at  Messina,  1844  ;  then  at  Milan  and 
Vicenza ;  1845-8,  court  cond.  at  Copenhagen  ; 
volunteer  in  Italy  during  the  Revolution  ;  1852, 
cond.  in  La  Fenice  Th.,  Venice  ;  later  at  Bo- 
logna ;  finally  (1S73)  again  in  Genoa. 

Marin,  Marie- Martin- Marcelle  de,  re- 
nowned harpist  ;  b.  Bayonne,  France,  Sept.  8, 
1769  ;  d.  (?).  He  had  a  few  lessons  of  Hoch- 
brucker,  but  was  principally  self-taught  ;  made 
long  artistic  tours,  and  settled  in  Toulouse.  His 
"  truly  classic  "  comp.s  f.  harp  include  6  sonatas, 
4  sets  of  variations  f .  solo  harp,  1  duo  w.  pf. ;  1 
duo  w.  vln.;  a  quintet  f.  harp  and  strings  ;  songs 
w.  harp-accomp.,  etc. 

Mari'ni,  Biagio,  b.  Brescia  ;  d.  Padua  about 
1660  ;  composer  and   1st  violin  to  the  Duke  of 


376 


MARINI— MARPURG 


Parma  from  1623  ;  publ.  a  considerable  amount 
of  vocal  and  instrumental  chamber-music  note- 
worthy for  the  then  unusual  demands  made  on 
the  performers. 

Mari'ni,  Carlo  Antonio,  a  native  of  Ber- 
gamo ;  violinist  and  composer  of  instrumental 
chamber-music,  publ.  1696,  '98,  etc. 

Ma'rio,  Giuseppe,  Conte  di  Candia,  dis- 
tinguished dramatic  tenor;  b.  Cagliari,  Sard., 
Oct.  17,  1S10  ;  d.  Rome,  Dec.  II,  18S3.  After 
tenyearsin  the  Turin  Military  Academy,  he  joined 
the  regiment  of  which  his  father  was  the  colonel ; 
but  fled  to  Paris  in  1836  with  a  ballet-dancer, 
studied  with  Bordogni  and  Poncharde  in  the 
Cons.,  and  made  his  debut  at  the  Opera  in  Ro- 
bert le  Diable  (Nov.  30,  1838)  ;  went  over  to  the 
Italian  Opera  in  1840,  and  won  triumphs  by  the 
freshness  and  power  of  his  voice,  united  with 
the  charm  of  a  fine  presence  and  finished  vocal 
style.  He  sang  also  in  London  and  St.  Peters- 
burg ;  for  many  years  as  the  constant  partner  of 
Giulia  Grisi,  whom  he  married.     Retired  1867. 

Marius,   maker  of  clavecins  in  Paris  at  the 

beginning  of  the  17th  century,  invented  a  ham- 
mer-action (never  practically  employed),  draw- 
ings of  which  are  in  vol.  iii  of  "  Machines  et 
inventions  approuvees  par  l'Academie  des  sci- 
ences" (1713-19).     Cf.  Cristofori. 

Mark,  Paula,  dramatic  soprana ;  b.  about 
1870.  A  pupil  of  the  Vienna  Cons.,  she  was 
immediately  engaged  at  Leipzig  after  her  debut 
(1890)  in  the  City  Th.,  and  sang  there  with 
growing  success  until  1893,  when  she  accepted 
a  Mattering  call  to  the  Vienna  Court  Opera.  In 
1S97,  after  an  obstinate  throat-disorder  had  been 
finally  cured,  she  cancelled  her  contract,  and  mar- 
ried her  physician,  "  Hofrath  "  Neusser.  Her 
retirement  from  the  stage  was  universally  re- 
gretted. 

MarkulF,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Reichen- 

bach,  n.  Elbing,  Feb.  17,  1S16  ;  d.  Danzig, 
Apr.  30,  1S87.  Trained  at  Elbing  by  his  father 
and  Kloss,  both  organists,  and  Schneider  at 
Dessau  (1833-5)  ;  from  1836,  first  organist  at 
the  Marienkirche,  Danzig.  He  also  conducted 
the  Gesangverein,  appeared  as  a  concert-pianist 
and  organist,  and  was  a  most  successful  teacher. 
In  1847,  Royal  Music-Director.  Critic  for  the 
Danzig  "  Zeitung." —  Works:  The  operas 
Maja  und  Alpino,  oder  die  bezauberte  Rose 
(1S43)  ;  Dcr  Konig  von  Zion  (184S)  ;  Das  Wal- 
purgisfest  (1855)  ;  2  oratorios,  Johannes  der 
Taufer,  and  Das  Gedachtniss  der  Entschlafenen 
(prod,  by  Spohr  at  Kassel,  1S56  ;  publ.)  ;  the 
86th  Psalm,  f.  soli,  ch. ,  and  orch.;  symphonies  ; 
— he  publ.  numerous  pieces  f.  pf.  and  f.  org.; 
songs  ;  a  "  Choralbuch  "  cont.  136  chorals  (Dan- 
zig, 1S45) ;  arrangements  of  classical  works  ;  etc. 

Mark'wort,  Johann  Christian,  writer  ;  b. 
Riesling,  n.  Brunswick,  Dec.  13,  1778  ;  d.  Bes- 
sungen,  n.  Darmstadt,  Jan.  13,  1866.  A  theo- 
logical student,  he  adopted  the  career  of  a  tenor 


on  the  stages  at  Feldsberg,  Trieste,  Munich, 
and  Darmstadt,  where  he  was  chorus-director 
1S10-30,  then  pensioned. — Publ.  "  Umrisseiner 
Gesammttonwissenschaft  uberhaupt  wie  auch 
einer  Sprach-  und  Tonsatzlehre  und  einer  Ge- 
sang-,  Ton-  und  Rede-Vortraglehre "  (1826); 
"  Uber  Klangveredelung  der  Stimme  ..." 
(1847)  ;  and  an  elementary  pf. -method.  Shorter 
essays  in  mus.  papers. 

Marmontel,  Antoine  -  Francois,  b.  Cler- 
mont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dome,  July  18,  1816 ; 
d.  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1S98.  Studied  in  Paris  Cons. 
under  Zimmerman  (pf.),  Dourlen  (harm.), 
Halevy  (fugue),  and  Lesueur  (comp.)  ;  won  1st 
prize  for  pf. -playing  in  1832.  In  1S37  he  left 
Lesueur's  class  to  accept  the  direction  of  a  class 
in  solfeggio ;  in  1848  he  succeeded  Zimmer- 
man as  head  of  a  pf. -class,  and  won  endur- 
ing fame  in  this  capacity  ;  among  his  pupils 
were  Bizet,  Jos.  Wieniawsky,  V.  d'lndy,  Th. 
Dubois,  E.  Guiraud,  H.  Fissot,  Paladilhe,  Th. 
Lack,  A.  and  E.  Duvernoy,  L.  Diemer,  F. 
Thome,  F.  Plante,  etc.  M.  gave  up  his  class  in 
1S87.  He  publ.  much  piano-music,  chiefly  di- 
dactic :  "  L'art  de  dechiffrer"  (100  easy  stud- 
ies) ;  "  Ecole  elementaire  de  mecanisme  et  de 
style "  (24  studies;  op.  6);  Etudes  (op.  9,  45, 
62,  80,  85);  "Ecole  de  mecanisme"  (op.  105- 
7)  ;  5  Etudes  de  salon  (op.  108)  ;  "  L'art  de 
dechiffrer  a.  4  mains"  (op.  Ill);  also  sonatas, 
serenades,  characteristic  pieces,  sa  to  ;i -music, 
dances,  etc. — His  writings  include  a  "  Petite 
grammaire  populaire "  ;  "L'art  classique  et 
moderne  du  piano"  (1876,  in  2  vol.s  :  vol.  i, 
"  Conseils  d'un  professeur  sur  l'enseignement 
technique  et  l'esthetique  du  piano";  vol.  ii, 
"  Vade-mecum  du  professeur  de  piano  ")  ;  "  Les 
pianistes  celebres  "  (187S)  ;  "  Symphonistes  et 
virtuoses  (1880);  "  Virtuoses  contemporains " 
(1SS2) ;  "Elements  d'esthetique  musicale,  et 
considerations  sur  le  beau  dans  les  arts" 
(1SS4)  ;  "  Histoire  du  piano  et  de  ses  origines 
.    •    ."(1885). 

Mar'purg,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  important 
theorist  ;  b.  Seehausen  in  the  Altmark,  Oct.  1, 
1718  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  22,  1795.  While  secre- 
tary to  Gen.  v.  Rothenburg  at  Paris  (1746-9), 
he  made  acquaintance  with  Rameau  and  his 
theories  ;  after  a  short  stay  in  Berlin,  and  a  pro- 
longed sojourn  in  Hamburg,  he  was  app.  (1763) 
Director  of  the  Prussian  lottery  at  Berlin. — 
Writings  :  "  Die  Kunst,  das  Clavier  zu  spielen  " 
(1750-1  ;  2  vol.s,  often  republ.)  ;  "  Anleitung 
zum  Clavierspielen,  der  schonen  Ausiibung  der 
heutigen  Zeit  gemass  entworfen "  (1755;  2nd 
ed.  1765  :  also  in  French  [by  M.  himself],  and 
Dutch);  "  Abhandlung  von  der  Fuge "  (his 
magnum  opus ;  1753-4,  in  2  parts:  French  ed. 
by  M.,  1756  ;  modern  revision  by  Sechter)  ; 
"  Handbuch  beim  Generalbass  und  der  Compo- 
sition "  (1755-S  ;  3  parts;  supplem.  1760;  2nd 
ed.  1762  :  French  by  Choron  and  Lafage, 
1S36-8  ;  Swedish,    1782)  ;    a  German  transl.   of 


377 


MARPURG— MARTIN 


d'Alembert's  "  Elements  de  la  musique  "  ("  Sys- 
tematische  Einleitung  in  die  raus.  Setzkunst " 
ace.  to  Rameau  ;  1757) ;  "  Anleitung  zur  Musik 
liberhaupt  und  zur  Singkunst  insbesondere " 
(1763)  ;  "  Neue  Methode,  allerlei  Arten  von 
Temperaturen  dem  Claviere  aufs  bequemste 
mitzutheilen  "  (1779);  and  others. — He  comp. 
6  clavichord-sonatas,  some  books  of  pf. -pieces 
and  organ-music,  songs  (sacred  and  secular), 
and  an  unfinished  4-p.  mass.  (See  Appendix.) 

Mar'purg,  Friedrich,  great-grandson  of  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  Paderborn,  Apr.  4,  1825;  d.  Wies- 
baden, Dec.  2,  1SS4.  Early  developed  violinist 
and  pianist  ;  studied  comp.  later  under  Men- 
delssohn and  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig,  became 
Kapellm.  at  the  Konigsberg  Th.,  afterwards  at 
Mavence,  1S64  at  Sondershausen,  and  in  1868 
succeeded  Mangold  as  court  mus.  dir.  at  Darm- 
stadt ;  Kapellm,  at  Freiburg  1873,  and  Laybach 
1875,  then  going  to  Wiesbaden,  and  becoming 
cond.  of  the  Cacilienverein. — Operas  :  Musa, 
der  letzte  Maurenkonig  (Konigsberg,  1855), 
Agnes  von  Hohenstauffen  (Freiburg,  1S74),  and 
Die  Lichtensteiner  (not  perf.). 

Marsch'ner,  Heinrich  (August),  remark- 
able opera-composer;  b.  Zittau,  Saxony,  Aug.  16, 
1795  [not  1796]  ;  d. 
Hanover,  Dec.  14, 
1861.  He  had 
piano-lessons  from 
his  sixth  year,  and 
surpassed  three  suc- 
cessive teachers  ; 
also  sang,  until  his 
voice  broke,  in  a 
church-choir  at 
Bautzen,  where 
he  was  taught  by 
Bergt,  the  organist, 
while  studying  at 
the  Gymnasium. 
He  entered  Leipzig 

Univ.  in  1813  as  a  law-student  ;  but  his  passion 
for  music,  and  Rochlitz's  advice,  decided  his 
vocation.  Now  a  pupil  of  cantor  Schicht,  he  be- 
gan composing  minor  pieces  ;  in  181 7  he  was 
invited  to  Vienna  by  Count  Thaddaus  von  Ama- 
dee,  and  met  Beethoven.  Obtaining,  through 
the  count's  aid,  a  place  as  music-teacher  in 
Pressburg,  he  wrote  his  first  (i-act)  opera,  Der 
Kyffhauserberg  (not  perf.)  ;  Saidor  (3  acts  ; 
Pressburg,  1819)  and  Heinrich  IV.  tend  d'Att- 
bignd  followed  ;  the  latter,  brought  out  at  Dres- 
den, 1820,  by  Weber,  caused  him  to  invite  M. 
thither,  and  1821  found  the  latter  in  the  Saxon 
capital,  where,  in  1823,  he  was  made  director  of 
the  German  and  Italian  operas,  jointly  with 
Weber  and  Morlacchi.  After  Weber's  death 
(1826),  M.  became  Kapellm.  of  the  Leipzig  the- 
atre, where  he  prod.  Der  Vampyr  (1828)  and 
Der  Templer  und  die  Jiidin  (1829),  the  latter 
carrying  his  fame  throughout  Germany  ;  in  1831 
he  was  app.  court  Kapellm.  at  Hanover,  and 
retained  this  post  28  years  ;  his  liberal  opinions, 


freely  expressed,  caused  his  retirement  on  pen- 
sion in  1859.  In  Hanover  his  greatest  work, 
Hans  Heiling,  was  written  ;  it  was  first  per- 
formed on  May  24,  1833,  at  Berlin,  with  tumul- 
tuous applause  ;  with  Der  Vampyr,  and  Tem- 
pler und  Jiidin,  it  is  still  on  the  repertory  of 
most  German  theatres.  In  these  romantic 
operas  Marschner  stands  between  Weber  on  the 
one  hand,  and  Wagner  on  the  other,  though 
nearer  to  the  former.  His  is  one  of  the  great 
names  in  the  annals  of  German  opera.  His 
other  dramatic  works  {Der  Holzdieb,  Dresden, 
1825  ;  Laeretia,  Danzig,  1S26  ;  Des  Falkners 
Brant,  Leipzig,  1S32  ;  Das  Schloss  am  Alna, 
Berlin,  1838  ;  Der  Balm,  Hanover,  1837  ;  Adolf 
von  Nassau,  Hanover,  1843  ;  and  Austin,  Han- 
over, 185 1)  have  disappeared  from  the  stage.  A 
posthumous  opera,  Hjarne  der  Sangerkonig,  was 
prod,  at  Frankfort,  1863  ;  also  in  1883,  at 
Munich,  as  Konig  Hjarne  und  das  Tyrfing- 
schwert.  He  also  wrote  music  to  Kleist's/V/MS 
Friedrich  von  Hamburg,  Hall's  AH  Bala, 
Kind's  Schon  Ellen,  Rodenberg's  Waldmiillers 
Margaret,  etc. ;  he  publ.  some  20  sets  of  songs, 
and  10  sets  of  4-part  male  choruses  ("  Zigeuner- 
leben,"  and  others,  are  very  fine)  ;  his  pf.- 
comp.s  were  popular  at  the  time,  but,  with  his 
chamber-music,  are  now  hardly  played. 

Marsch'ner,  Franz,  b.  Leitmeritz,  Bohemia, 
Mar.  26,  1855.  Pupil  of  Lugert  and  Skuhersky 
at  Prague  Cons.,  and  of  Bruckner  at  Vienna  ; 
since  1886,  teacher  in  the  Female  Teachers' 
Seminary,  Vienna. — Publ.  an  "  Entwurf  einer 
Neugestaltung  der  Theorie  und  Praxis  des  kunst- 
gemassen  Anschlags  "  (on  piano-touch  ;  Vienna, 
1888),  etc. 

Marsick,  Martin- Pierre -Joseph,  distin- 
guished violinist  ;  b.  Jupille,  n.  Liege,  Bel- 
gium, Mar.  9,  1848.  Pupil,  at  Liege  Cons.,  of 
Desire-Heynberg  ;  at  12,  organist  of  the  cathe- 
dral, and  a  fine  vocalist  ;  1865-7,  pupil  of  Leo- 
nard at  Brussels  Cons.;  1868-9  of  Massenet  at 
Paris iL'ons.,  taking  1st  prize  for  violin-playing  ; 
1870-1  of  Joachim  at  Berlin.  After  a  brilliant 
debut  at  Paris  in  the  "Concerts  populaires" 
(1873),  he  undertook  long  artistic  tours  in  Eu- 
rope and  (1895-6)  to  the  United  States.  In 
1892  he  succeeded  Massart  as  violin-prof,  at 
the  Paris  Cons. — Works  :  3  violin-concertos  ; 
Adagio  scherzando  ;  Adagio  in  G  min. ;  2  Re- 
veries ;  Songe  ;  Romance  ;  Tarentelle  ;  Agitato  ; 
Intermezzo  ;  Berceuse  ;  and  other  concert-pieces 
for  violin. 

Marteau,  Henri,  excellent  violinist,  a  native 
of  Rheims,  studied  in  the  Paris  Cons.,  taking 
1st  prize  in  1892  for  violin-playing.  American 
tours,  1S93,  1898  ;  Russian  tour,  spring  of 
1899. 

MarteFH,  Eutalindo.      Pen-name  of  Teo- 

DORO  COTTRAU. 

Martia'nus  Capella.     See  Capeli.a. 
Martin,  Jean-Blaise,  famous  dramatic  bari- 
tone ;  b.  Paris,  Oct.  14,  1769;  d.  there  Oct.  18, 


373 


MARTIN—  MARTUCCI 


1S37.  Debut  Th.  cle  Monsieur,  1788  ;  sang  at 
the  Th.  Feydeau  and  Th.  Favart  until  they 
were  united  as  the  Opera-Comique  in  1801,  then 
at  this  last  till  1S23. 

Martin,  Pierre-Alexandre,  inventor  of  the 
"percussion"  action  in  the  harmonium  (little 
hammer  striking  the  reed  to  insure  prompt 
speaking),  was  an  organ-builder  at  Paris,  where 
he  died  in  Dec,  1879. 

Martin  y  Solar,  Vicente,  b.  Valencia, 
Spain,  1754  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  May,  1810. 
Organist  at  Alicante  ;  going  to  Madrid,  he  wrote 
some  airs  for  an  Italian  singer,  who  advised  him 
to  try  his  fortune  in  Italy.  Here  his  operas 
speedily  won  popularity,  although  Cimarosa  and 
Paisiello  were  his  rivals  ;  in  Vienna,  La  cosa  rara 
(1785,  his  masterwork)  was  greeted  with  enthu- 
siasm ;  even  in  rivalry  with  Mozart,  he  held  his 
own  at  the  time.  From  17S8-1801  he  directed 
the  Italian  opera  at  St.  Petersburg  ;  on  the  in- 
troduction of  French  opera,  he  fell  from  favor, 
and  supported  himself  by  teaching.  His  10 
operas,  several  ballets,  etc.,  are  forgotten. 

Martinez,  Marianne  di,  b.  Vienna,  May  4, 
1744;  d.  there  Dec.  13,  1S12.  Vocalist  and 
pianist,  pupil  of  Metastasio  and  Haydn. — 
Works  :  Oratorios,  motets,  psalms,  symphonies, 
pf. -concertos,  etc.  (all  MS.,  in  poss.  of  the  Ge- 
selhchaft  der  Musikfreunde). 

Marti'ni,  Giambattista,  best  known  as 
Padre  Martini;  b.  Bologna,  Apr.  25,  1706; 
d.  there  Aug.  3,  1784.  His  mus.  education  was 
conducted  by  his  father,  a  violinist  ;  by  Padre 
Predieri  (clavichord  and  voice)  ;  and  Riccieri 
(cpt).  In  1725  he  became  in.  di  capp.  at  the 
church  of  San  Francesco,  and  took  holy  orders 
in  1729.  In  his  eager  study  of  mathematics 
and  counterpoint  he  was  seconded  by  Zanotti 
and  1'erti,  ;;/.  di  <'<ipp.  at  San  Petronio  ;  his 
masses  and  oratorios  rendered  him  famous 
throughout  Europe  as  a  composer,  and  his  re- 
nown as  a  learned  theorist  was  still  greater. 
Students  of  all  nationalities  sought  his  instruc- 
tion (among  them  Gluck,  Mozart,  G retry,  Jom- 
melli,  Mattei),  and  recognized  authorities  in 
musical  science  and  history  submitted  knotty 
questions  to  him  for  settlement.  The  greater 
part  of  his  magnificent  musical  library  went  to 
the  Liceo  Musicale  of  Bologna  ;  the  rest  to  the 
Vienna  Library.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Ac- 
cademia  Filarmonica  of  Bologna  ;  also  of  the 
Accad.  Arcadica  of  Rome,  in  which  his  "Arca- 
dian" title  was  "  Aristosseno  Anfioneo"  (Aris- 
toxenos  Amphion).  Of  his  compositions,  in  the 
style  of  the  Roman  school  (of  which  he  was 
a  warm  partisan),  the  following  were  publ.; 
"  Litaniae  atque  antiphoniae  finales  .  .  .,"1 
a  4,  w.  org.  and  instr.s  (1734);  12  "  Sonate 
d'intavolatura  per  l'organo  e  cembalo  "  (1742) ; 
6  ditto  (1747)  ;  "  Duetti  da  camera  a  diversi 
voci "  (1763).  In  MS.  are  2  oratorios,  masses, 
a  "  farsetta,"  3  intermezzi,  etc. — His  principal 
work  is  a    "  Storia  della  musica  "  (3  vol.s  ;   Bo- 


logna, 1757,  '70,  '81),  treating  only  of  ancient 
music  ;  the  "  Esemplare  ossia  saggio  fondamen^ 
tale  pratico  di  contrappunto "  (2  vol.s;  1774, 
'75)  is  a  coll.  of  contrapuntal  models  ;  he  also 
wrote  "  Regole  per  gli  organisti  per  accompa- 
gnare  il  canto  fermo"  (1756  ?),  other  learned  dis- 
sertations and  essays,  etc. — Delia  Valle  wrote 
an  "  Elogio  del  P.  Giamb.  Martini"  (Bologna, 
1784),  and  "  Memorie  storiche  del  P.  M.  Giov. 
Batt.  Martini"  (1785). 

Marti'ni  {rede  Schwar'zendorf),  Jean 
Paul  Egide,  b.  Freistadt  in  the  Palatinate, 
Sept.  1,  1741  ;  d.  Faris,  Feb.  19,  1816.  In 
1760  he  settled  in  Nancy,  and  Italianized  his 
name;  went  to  Paris  in  1764,  and,  by  winning 
a  prize  for  a  military  march,  gained  favor  in 
high  circles,  was  app.  officer  a  la  suite  of  an 
Hussar  regiment,  and  wrote  more  band-music, 
also  bringing  out  in  1771  an  opera,  V Amoureux 
de  quinze  ans,  with  triumphant  success  at  the 
Italian  Opera.  Leaving  the  army,  he  became 
mus.  dir.  to  the  Prince  of  Conde,  later  to  the 
Comte  d'Artois.  He  purchased  the  reversion 
of  the  office  of  First  Intendant  of  the  king's 
music,  a  speculation  brought  to  naught  by  the 
Revolution,  which  caused  him  to  resign  in  haste 
his  position  as  conductor  at  the  Th.  Feydeau, 
and  flee  to  Lyons  in  1792.  App.  Cons.  Inspec- 
tor in  1794,  he  lost  this  place,  too,  at  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  number  of  teachers  in  1S02  ;  but  at 
the  Restoration  in  1814  he  claimed  and  received 
the  post  of  Royal  Intendant.  He  wrote  12 
operas  ;  2  cantatas  ;  masses,  requiems,  psalms, 
and  other  church-music  ;  also  chamber-music, 
military  music,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Martuc'ci,  Giuseppe,  noteworthy  composer  ; 
b.  Capua,  Jan.  6,  1S56.  A  pupil  of  his  father 
(a  trumpet-player),  he 
made  his  pianistic 
debut  at  Naples, 
1867,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Cons., 
studying  under  Cesi, 
Costa,  Serrao,  and  L. 
Rossi,  till  1872.  In 
1S74  he  was  app.  pro- 
fessor in  the  Cons. 
He  cond.  the  orches- 
tral concerts  establ.  by 
Prince  d'Ardore,  and 
was  also  the  director 
of  the  Neapolitan  So- 
cieta  del  Quartetto. 
From  1875  he  travelled  as  a  successful  concert- 
pianist  in  Italy,  Germany,  France,  and  Eng- 
land. Since  1S86,  Director  of  the  Bologna 
Cons. — Works  :  Symphony  in  I)  min.,  op.  75  ; 
pf.-concerto  in  B  min.,  op.  66  ;  pf. -quintet  in 
C,  op.  45  ;  string-quartets  ;  pf.-trio  in  Eb,  op. 
62  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello  in  F %  min.,  op.  52  ; 
3  pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  op.  67  ;  3  pieces  f. 
'cello  and  pf.,  op.  6g  ;  many  interesting  pf.- 
pieces  (caprices,   romances,    etudes,   etc.;  e.g., 


379 


MARTY— MASCAGNI 


"  Trois    morceaux    pour    piano,"    op.    76)  ;    an 
organ-sonata  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Marty,  Georges-Eugene,  b.  Paris,  May  r6, 
i860.  Attended  the  Cons.  1872-82,  winning 
the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  with  the  cantata 
Edith  ;  since  1S94,  prof,  for  ensemble-singing 
in  the  Cons.;  1S95-6,  chorusmaster  and  con- 
ductor of  the  Concerts  de  l'Opera. — Works  : 
For  orch.,  Ballade  d'hiver  ;  Ouverture  de  Bal- 
thazar ;  Matinee  de  printemps  ; — -Lysic,  i-act 
pantomime  (1888)  ;  Le  Due  de  Ferrare,  3-act 
opera  (fragments  perf.  in  the  Cone,  de  l'Opera, 
1S96)  ;  La  grande  Mademoiselle  (not  perf.)  ;  the 
dram,  poem  Merlin  enchante" j  several  orches- 
tral suites,  much  pf. -music,  choruses,  songs, 
etc. 

Marx,  Adolf  Bernhard,  celebrated  theorist 
and  writer  ;  b.  Halle,  May  15,  1799  I  d.  Berlin, 
May  17,  1866.  Intended  for  the  law,  he  ma- 
triculated at  the  Univ.  of  Halle,  but  likewise 
studied  music  with  Turk,  and  gave  up  a  subse- 
quent legal  appointment  at  Naumburg  to  gratify 
his  love  for  art.  He  continued  the  study  of 
composition  in  Berlin  under  Zelter  while  gain- 
ing a  livelihood  by  teaching  ;  founded,  with 
Schlesinger,  the  "  Berliner  allgemeine  musika- 
lische  Zeitung  "  in  1824,  which  he  edited  with 
conspicuous  talent,  as  a  warm  advocate  of  Ger- 
man masters,  until  its  cessation  in  1830.  Took 
the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  at  Marburg,  1827  ;  lec- 
tured on  music  at  the  Berlin  Univ.,  and  was 
app.  prof,  in  1830,  and  mus.  dir.  in  1832. 
With  Kullak  and  Stern  he  founded  the  Berlin 
Cons,  in  1850,  retiring  from  it  in  1S56  to  devote 
himself  to  literary  and  University  work,  and  the 
teaching  of  composition.  His  intimate  friend- 
ship with  Mendelssohn  was  dissolved  by  the 
latter's  disparagement  of  his  (Marx's)  composi- 
tions, which  have,  in  fact,  not  stood  the  test  of 
time  (an  opera,  a  melodrama,  2  oratorios,  sym- 
phonies, etc.)  ;  his  writings  on  musical  theory 
and  aesthetics  are  valuable  :  "  Die  Lehre  von 
der  musikalischen  Komposition  "  (4  vol.s,  sev- 
eral times  reprinted,  new  edition  by  Hugo  Rie- 
mann)  ;  "Allgemeine  Musiklehre  "  (1839;  9th 
ed.  1875  ;  transl.  into  English)  ;  Uber  Malerei 
in  der  Tonkunst "  (1828);  "Uber  die  Geltung 
Ilandel'scher  Sologesange  fur  unsre  Zeit" 
(1829)  ;  "  Die  alte  Musiklehre  in  Streit  mit 
unsrer  Zeit"  (1S42)  ;  "Die  Musik  des  19. 
Jahrhunderts  und  ihre  Pflege  "  (1855)  ;  "  Lud- 
wig  van  Beethovens  Leben  und  Schaffen " 
(1S58  ;  3rd  ed.  1S75)  ;  "  Gluck  und  die  Oper" 
(1863;  2  vol.s) ;  "  Anleitung  zum  Yortrag  Bee- 
thoven'scher  Klavierwerke  "  (1863);  "  Erinne- 
rungen  aus  meinem  Eeben  "  (1S65  ;   2  vol.s). 

Marx'sen,  Eduard,  b.  Nienstadten,  n.  Al- 
tona,  July  23,  1806;  d.  Altona,  Nov.  18,  1887  (8  ?). 
Pupil  of  his  father,  an  organist,  and  Clasing  ; 
later  of  Seyfried  and  Bocklet,  Vienna.  Music- 
teacher  in  Hamburg  (the  teacher  of  Brahms) ; 
1875,  "  Royal  Music-director." 

Marzials,  Theodor,  noted  song-composer  ; 


b.  Brussels,  Dec.  21,  1850.  Studied  with  M.  L. 
Lawson  in  London;  later  in  Paris  and  Milan. 
Since  1S70,  superintendent  of  the  mus.  dept.  in 
the  British  Museum.  He  is  an  excellent  bari- 
tone singer,  a  circumstance  which  has  been  con- 
ducive to  the  introduction  and  popularization  of 
his  songs  :  ("A  Summer  Shower,"  "  Twicken- 
ham Ferry,"  "The  Garland,"  "Ask  nothing 
more,"  "  The  Buttercup  Queen,"  "  Three  Sailor- 
boys,"  "  The  Miller  and  the  Maid,"  "  Leaving, 
yet  loving,"  "  Come  back  in  dreams,"  "  Never 
to  know,"  "  That  sweet  story  of  old,"  etc.). 

Mar'zo,  Eduardo,  b.  Naples,  Italy  ;  studied 
there  under  Nacciarone,  Miceli,  and  Pappalardo. 
He  went  to  New  York 
in  1867  as  a  boy-pian- 
ist ;  conducted  opera- 
and  concert-compa- 
nies for  many  years, 
and  was  accompanist 
to  numerous  great 
artists  (Carlotta  Patti, 
Mario,  T  i  t  j  e  n  s  , 
Sauret,  Sarasate)  on 
tours  in  America. 
Org.  at  St.  Agnes' 
(R.  C.)  church  ;  then 
at  All  Saints'. 
Knighted  by  the  King 
of      Italy     in     1SS4 ; 

elected  member  of  the  R.  Acad,  of  S.  Cecilia, 
Rome,  in  1892.  Residing  (1899)  in  New  York 
as  a  teacher  of  singing,  composer,  and  per- 
former.—  Publ.  works  :  6  masses  (3  w.  orch.)  ; 
3  Vespers  ;  3  Te  Deums  (Engl.)  ;  2  anthems 
(do.)  ;  5  anthems  (Latin)  ;  23  sacred  songs  (Engl, 
and  Lat.)  ;  26  songs  ;  a  Collection  containing  1 
mass  and  12  motets  (orig.)  ;  4  collections  of 
sacred  motets  ;   7  pf. -pieces  ;  etc. 

Masca'gni,  Pietro,  b.  Leghorn,  Dec.  7, 
1863.  His  father,  a  baker  by  trade,  wished  him 
to  study  j  u  rispru- 
dence ;  but  he  learned 
piano-playing  by 
stealth,  later  attend- 
ing Soffredini's  music- 
school,  where  he 
studied  pf.,  harm., 
cpt.,  and  comp.  His 
father,  discovering  , 
this,  confined  him  to 
the  house,  whence  he 
was  freed  by  an  uncle, 
who  promised  to  take 
care  of  the  14-year- 
old  boy.  He  comp. 
a  2 -act  opera,  77 
Filanda,  and  Schiller's  "  Hymn  to  Joy."  Upon 
his  uncle's  death,  Count  Florestan  supported 
him  while  studying  at  Milan  Cons,  under  Pon- 
chielli  and  Saladino.  After  a  long  struggle  as 
cond.  of  various  small  opera-troupes,  he  became 
cond.  of  the  musical  society  at  Cerignola.  When 
the    music-publisher    Sonzogno  offered   a    prize 


3S0 


MASCIIEK— MASON 


for  a  i -act  opera,  M.  sent  in  Cavalleria  rusticana, 
which  created  a  veritable  sensation  at  its  first 
performance  (Costanzi  Th.,  Rome,  May  17, 
1890),  and  has  since  been  heard  the  world  over. 
The  general  enthusiasm  which  the  work  pro- 
duced at  first  hearing  has  been  termed  "an 
acute  attack  of  Mascagnitis,"  and  notable  critics 
have  unmercifully  condemned  the  music,  while 
admitting  the  dramatic  force  of  the  libretto. 
Music  and  text  certainly  work  in  wonderful 
harmony  in  the  swift  and  gloomy  tragedy.  So 
far,  it  has  remained  M.'s  masterpiece.  He 
brought  out  L'Amico  Fritz  (Rome  and  Berlin, 
1891),  and  I  Rantzau  (Florence,  1892),  neither 
of  which  met  expectations  ;  there  followed  the 
4-act  opera  seria  Guglielmo  Ratcliff  (Milan,  La 
Scala,  Feb.  17,  1895  ;  mod.  succ),  the  2-act 
opera  seria  Silvano  (ibid,  1895  ;  fiasco),  and 
in  the  same  year  M.  was  app.  Director  of  the 
Rossini  Cons,  at  Pesaro  ;  then  came  the  1- 
act  "  bozzetto  "  /kmetto  (Pesaro,  1896;  sttcces 
d'estimc),  and  the  3-act  opera  Iris  (Rome,  Co- 
stanzi Th.,  Nov.  22,  1898  ;  success  not  brilliant  ; 
its  prod,  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  Jan.  19,  1899, 
partly  revised,  met  with  only  fair  success). 
Among  various  "occasional"  comp.s,  a  Hymn 
in  honor  of  Admiral  Dewey  (July,  1899)  may  be 
noticed. — The  vogue  of  Cai'.  rusticana  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  seemingly  endless  crop  of  i-act 
"realistic  "  music-dramas  which  has  sprung  up 
on  every  side. 

Maschek,  Vincenz,  b.  Zwikovecz,  Bohemia, 
Apr.  5,  1755  ;  d.  Prague,  Nov.  15,  1831.  Pupil 
of  Seegert  and  Dussek  ;  virtuoso  on  the  pf.  and 
harmonica  ;  after  long  tours,  he  settled  in  Prague 
as  an  organist  and  music-dealer. — Works  :  Bo- 
hemian operas,  masses,  symphonies,  chamber- 
music,  pieces  f.  pf.  and  harmonica,  etc. — His 
brother  Paul  (1761-1S26)  was  a  good  pianist, 
and  died  as  a  teacher  in  Vienna. 

Maset'ti,  Umberto,  b.  Bologna,  Feb.  18, 
1869;  studied  at  the  Cons,  there  under  dal- 
l'Olio,  Busi,  and  Martucci,  graduating  in  1890. 
Since  1S95,  prof,  of  singing  in  the  above  Cons.; 
is  also  a  member  of  the  R.  Philharm.  Acad. — 
Works  :  The  3-act  opera  Vindice  (Bologna, 
1891  ;  succ.)  ;  a  Messa  di  gloria  for  solo  voices  ; 
a  Requiem  f .  4  voices  and  orch. ;  a  Scherzo  sin- 
fonico  f.  orch.;   and  numerous  songs. 

Masi'ni,  Francesco,  b.  Florence,  July  16, 
1804  ;  d.  Paris,  in  extreme  poverty,  Aug.  20, 
1S63.  Since  1830  he  had  lived  in  Paris  as  a 
composer  of  very  popular  songs. 

Mason,  Lowell,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  24, 
1792;  d.  Orange,  N.  J.,  Aug.  11,  1872.  A  self- 
taught  musician,  at  i6he  directed  thechurch-choir 
at  Medfield ;  1812-27,  bank-clerk  at  Savannah, 
Ga*. ,  still  teaching  and  conducting  ;  1827,  went  to 
Boston,  becoming  president  of  the  Handel  and 
Haydn  Soc,  and  establishing  classes  on  Pesta- 
lozzi's  system,  teaching  it  from  1828  in  the  pub- 
lic schools.  Founded  the  Boston  Acad,  of  Mu- 
sic  in    1S32,  with    G.  J.   Webb;  in    1835,    hon. 


Mus.  Doc.  (N.  Y.  Univ.).  Studied  mus.  peda- 
gogic methods  in  Germany,  etc.,  in  1837,  pub- 
lishing his  experiences  in  "  Musical  Letters  from 
Abroad  "  (New  York,  1853).  He  became  wealthy 
through  the  sale  of  his  popular  collections  of 
music:  "Boston  Handel  and  Haydn  Coll.  of 
Church  Music"  (1822);  "Juvenile  Psalmist" 
(1829);  "Juvenile  Lyre"  (1830);  "Sabbath 
School  Songs  "  (1836)  ;  "  Boston  Academy  Coll. 
of  Church  Music  "  (1836) ;  "  Lyra  sacra  "  (1837); 
"Boston  Anthem  Book  "(1839);  "The  Psal- 
tery" (1845);  "  Cantica  Laudis  "  (1850);  "New 
Carmina  sacra  "  (1852)  ;  "The  Song  Garden" 
(1866)  ;  etc. 

Mason,  William,  distinguished  Amer.  pian- 
ist and  pedagogue;  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  24, 
1S29.  The  son  of 
Lowell  Mason,  his 
opportunities  for 
study  were  excel- 
lent ;  after  pf. -les- 
sons from  Henry 
Schmidt  in  Bos- 
ton, and  frequent 
public  appearances 
(first  in  Boston, 
Mar.  7,  1S46,  at 
an  Acad,  of  Music 
concert),  he  stud- 
ied in  Leipzig 
(1S49)  under  Mo- 
scheles,  Haupt- 
mann,    and    Rich- 

ter,  in  Prague  under  Dreyschock,  and  under 
Liszt  at  Weimar.  (In  1877  Liszt  wrote  him  : 
"  24  years  ago,  as  a  student,  you  already  shone 
brightly  as  a  virtuoso,  and  often  surprised  me 
most  agreeably  by  your  talent.  I  am  delighted 
that  the  latter  is  now  firmly  established,  assuring 
you  the  fame  of  an  excellent  artist.")  He  played 
in  Weimar,  Prague,  and  Frankfort  ;  1S53,  in 
London  ;  1854-5,  as  a  ripe  concert-pianist,  in 
various  American  towns,  settling  1S55  in  New 
York.  With  Th.  Thomas,  Bergmann,  Mosen- 
thal,  and  Matzka,  he  founded  the  "  Mason  and 
Thomas  Soirees  of  Chamber-music,"  a  series  of 
classic  concerts  continued  until  1S68  ;  since  then 
he  has  won  wide  celebrity  as  a  composer  and 
teacher.  In  1872  Yale  College  conferred  on  him 
the  hon.  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  —  His  principal 
text-book  for  piano-playing  is  "  Touch  and 
Technic,  a  Method  for  Artistic  Piano-playing" 
(op.  44);  others  are  "A  Method  for  the  Pf. " 
with  E.  S.  Hoadley  (1S67)  ;  "  System  for  Begin- 
ners" (1871) ;  and  "Mason's  Pianoforte-Tech- 
nics" 1S7S.  His  comp.s,  classical  in  form  and 
refined  in  style  and  treatment,  inch  a  Serenata  f. 
'cello  and  pf.;  among  some  40  numbers  f.  pf. 
solo  may  be  named  op.  4,  Amitie  pour  moi  ;  op. 
6,  Silver  Spring  ;  op.  12,  Ballade  in  B  ;  op.  13, 
Monody  in  BJ7;  op.  20,  Spring  Dawn,  mazurka- 
caprice  ;  op.  24,  Reverie  poetique  ;  op.  34,  Ber- 
ceuse ;  op.  39,  Serenata;  op.  41,  Scherzo;  op. 
50,  Capriccio  fantastico. 


33l 


MASON— MASZKOWSKY 


Mason,  Luther  Whiting,  b.  Turner,  Maine, 
Apr.  3,  1828;  d.  Buckfield,  Me.,  July  14,  1896. 
Chiefly  self-taught  ;  1853,  supt.  of  music  in  Lou- 
isville (Ky.)  schools,  later  in  Cincinnati,  where 
he  invented  the  "National  System"  of  music- 
charts  and  books  (Ginn  &  Co.,  Boston),  which 
had  instant  success,  and  made  him  famous.  Set- 
tled in  Boston  1865,  and  reformed  mus.  instruc- 
tion in  the  primary  schools  ;  in  1879  he  was  in- 
vited by  the  Japanese  government  to  superintend 
music  in  the  schools  of  Japan,  where  he  labored 
3  years  with  notable  results  (school-music  in 
Japan  is  termed  "Mason-song").  Spent  some 
time  in  Germany  perfecting  his  principal  work, 
"The  National  Music-Course "  (in  German  as 
"  Die  neue  Gesangsschule  "). 

Mas'sa,  Nicolo,  b.  Calice  Ligure,  Italy, 
1S54  ;  d.  Genoa,  Jan.  24,  1S94.  Pupil  of  Milan 
Cons.  Successful  opera-composer.— Works  :  // 
Conte  di  Chatillon  (Parma,  Regio  Th.,  1S82) ; 
Salammbb  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1884?);  4-act 
opera  seria  Eros  (Florence,  Pagliano  Th.,  1895). 

Massaini,  Tiburzio,  16th-century  contra- 
puntist ;  b.  Cremona.  Augustine  monk  ;  ;;/.  di 
capp.  at  Santa  Maria  del  Popolo,  Rome  ;  then  to 
Emperor  Rudolph  II.  at  Prague  (1580)  ;  was 
living  in  Rome  in  1605.  Madrigals,  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  etc.,  are  preserved  in  collections 
of  the  time,  also  in  MS.  at  Rome. 

Massart,  Lambert-Joseph,  eminent  violin- 
ist ;  b.  Liege,  July  19,  1811  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  13, 
1892.  Pupil  of  R.  Kreutzer  at  Paris,  where  he 
was  refused  admission  to  the  Cons.,  as  a  for- 
eigner, by  Cherubini,  but  became  so  famous  a 
teacher  that  he  was  app.  prof,  of  violin  there 
(1S43-90).  II.  Wieniawski,  Marsick,  Sarasate, 
and  Teresina  Tua  were  his  pupils. — His  wife, 
Louise-Aglae  M.  (nee  Masson),  pianist,  and 
(1S75)  Farrenc's  successor  as  Cons. -teacher  ;  b. 
Paris,  June  10,  1S27  ;  d.  there  July  26,  1887. 

Masse,  Felix-Marie,  called  Victor,  opera- 
comp.  ;  b.  Lorient,  Morbihan,  France,  Mar.  7, 
1822  ;  d.  Paris,  July  5,  1884.  From  1834-44, 
pupil  of  Zimmerman  (pf.)and  Hale'vy  (theory) 
at  the  Paris  Cons.,  winning  the  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  with  his  cantata,  Le  Renewal  de  Tanger 
(perf.  3  times  at  the  Opera,  1845).  While  in 
Rome  he  prod,  a  solemn  mass,  and  sent  home 
an  Italian  opera,  La  Favorita  e  la  schiava.  After 
his  return,  his  romances  had  great  vogue,  and 
his  first  French  opera,  La  Chambre  gothique 
(Op. -Com.,  1849),  was  very  successful.  His 
greatest  hit  was  Les  twees  de  Jeannette  (Op.- 
Com.,  1853  ;  1  act)  ;  others  well-received,  but 
short-lived  {La  Chanteuse  voile"e,  1S50  ;  Galathde, 
1852  ;  La  Fiancee  die  diable,  1855  ;  Miss 
Fauvette,  1855  ;  Les  Saisons,  1855  ;  La  reine 
Topaze,  1856  ;  Le  cousin  de  Marivaux,  1857  ; 
Les  Chaises  a  porteurs,  1858  ;  La  fee  Carabosse, 
1859  ;  Mariette  la  promise,  1862  ;  Le  mule  de 
J'e'dro,  1863;  Fior  d'Aliza,  1866;  Le  Fils  die 
brigadier,  1867  ;  Paul  et  Virginie,  [876;  Une 
unit    de   Cleopdtre,    1S77  ;    5   not   perf.).  — 1S60, 


chorusmaster  at  the  Opera  ;  1S66,  Leborne's 
successor  as  prof,  of  counterpoint  at  the  Cons. ; 
1872,  Auber's  successor  in  the  Academic  He 
retired  in  1880. 

Massenet,  Jules  (-Emile-Frederic)^  gifted 
French  composer  ;  b.  Monteaux,  n.  St -Etienne 
(Loire),  France,  May 
12,  1842.  Pupil  of 
Laurent  (pf.),  Reber 
(harm.),  Savard  and 
Ambr.  Thomas 
(comp.);  after  taking 
first  prizes  for  piano- 
playing,  and  fugue, 
he  carried  off  the 
Grand  prix  de  Rome 
with  the  cantata 
David  Rizzio  (1863). 
Prof,  of  composition 
at  the  Cons.,  from 
1S78  until  his  resig- 
nation in  1896  ;  in 
1S78  he  succeeded  to  the  chair  in  the  Academie 
vacated  by  Bazin  ;  he  is  a  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor,  and  Vice-President  of  the  Soc. 
of  Dramatic  Authors — Works  :  The  i-act  comic 
opera  La  Grand'  Tante  (1867)  ;  the  3-act  do. 
Don  Cesar  de  Bazan  (1872) ;  the  5-act  opera  Le 
Roi  de  Lahore  (1877)  ;  He'rodiade,  4  acts  (1884)  ; 
Le  Cid,  4  acts  (1885)  ;  Esclarmonde,  4-act  fairy- 
opera  (1889)  ;  Le  Mage,  5  acts  (1891)  :  Werther, 
3-act  lyric  drama  (1892)  ;  Thai's,  3-act  lyric  com- 
edy (1894)  ;  Le  portrait  de  Manon,  i-act  comic 
opera  (1894)  ;  La  Navar raise,  2-act  lyric  episode 
(London,  1894;  Paris,  1S95);  5-act  opera  Sap/10 
(Op. -Com.,  Nov.  27,  1S97,  Calve  as  Sapho)  ; 
opera  Cendrillon  (MS.).  He  has  siso  written  the 
music  to  de  Lisle's  Erinnyes  (1873),  and  to  Sar- 
dou's  Crocodile  (1886)  and  Thdodora  (1884)  ;  the 
4-act  sacred  drama  Marie-Magdeleine  (Odeon 
Th.,  1S73)  ;  Eve,  a  mystery  in  3  parts  (1875); 
La  Vierge,  oratorio  (1880)  ;  5  orchestral  suites 
(Poeme  d'avril  ;  Suite  d'orchestre  ;  Poeme  de 
souvenir ;  Scenes  hongroises  ;  Scenes  pitto- 
resques)  ;  an  orch.l  overture  "  Phedre,"  and 
others;  orchestral  fantaisies  (Scenes  napolitaines, 
Scenes  alsaciennes)  ;  pf. -pieces,   romances,  etc. 

Masut'to,  Giovanni,  b.  Treviso,  July  30, 
1S30  ;  d.  Venice,  Jan.  1,  1894.  Mus.  critic  for 
several  Venetian  papers  ;  publ.  "  I  maestri  di 
musica  italiani  del  secoloXIX  "  (Venice,  3rd  ed. 
1884),  and  "Delia  Musica  sacra  in  Italia." — 
His  son, 

Masut'to,  Renzo,  b.  Treviso,  Apr.  25,  1858, 
is  bandmaster  of  the  27th  Italian  infantry  regi- 
ment, also  a  concert-pianist  and  violinist,  and  a 
noteworthy  composer  (2  operas  ;  overtures;  yf.- 
pieces  ;  songs). 

Maszkow'sky  [-kov'-],  Raphael,  b.  Lem- 
berg,  1838.  Pupil  of  the  Conservatories  at 
Vienna  and  Leipzig  ;  1S85,  cond.  of  the  "  Im- 
thurneum  "  at  Schaffhausen  ;   1889,  mus.  dir.  at 


382 


MATERNA—  MATTIlAl 


Koblenz  ;  in  1890  succeeded  Bruch  as  cond.  of 
the  Breslau  Orchestral  Soc. 

Mater'na,  Amalie,  great  dramatic  soprano  ; 
b.  St.  Georgen,  Styria,  July  10,  1847.  On  the 
death  of  her  father,  a  schoolmaster,  she  sang  in 
churches  and  concerts  at  Graz  ;  also  made  her 
debut  in  opera  as  a  soubrette.  After  her  mar- 
riage to  Karl  Friedrich,  an  actor,  they  were  en- 
gaged at  the  Carl  Theatre,  Vienna,  where  she 
sang  in  operettas  ;  she  was  engaged  at  the  Vienna 
Court  Opera  from  iS6g-g6  as  prima  donna,  then 
retiring  (she  has,  however,  sung  in  New  Vork 
since  then).  Her  impersonation  of  Wagner 
roles  was  particularly  fine  ;  she  created  Briinn- 
hilde  at  Bayreuth  in  1876. 

Mathews,  William  Smythe  Babcock,  b. 
New  London,  N.  1L,  May  8,  1S37.  He  studied 
with  local  teachers  ;  later  at  Lowell  and  Boston  ; 
taught  pf.  at  Macon,  Ga.,  1860-3,  then  at  Green- 
boro,  N.  C,  and  Marion,  Ala.  ;  organist  of  Cen- 
tenary M.  E.  Ch.,  Chicago,  1867-93  ;  corre- 
spondent for  "  Dwight's  Journal  of  Music" 
1866-72  ;  editor  of  the  "Musical  Independent" 
1868-72  ;  mus.  critic  of  Chicago  "  Times," 
"Morning  News,"  and  "Tribune "  (1878-86)  ; 
founder  (1891)  and  editor  of  the  monthly  maga- 
zine "Music  ." — Publ.  works:  "Outlines of  Mus. 
Form  "  (1S67);  "Emerson Organ-Method,"  with 
L.  O.  Emerson  (1870)  ;  "  Mason's  Pf. -Tech- 
nics," with  Dr.  Win.  Mason  (1876)  ;  "  How  to 
Understand  Music"  (vol.  i,  1S80  ;  vol.  ii,  1S88); 
"100  Vears  of  Music  in  America"  (1889)  ;  "Pop- 
ular History  of  Music"  (18S9)  ;  "  Pronouncing 
Dictionary  of  Mus.  Terms"  (1896);  "Music, 
Its  Ideals  and  Methods  "  (1897) ;  and  half  ascore 
of  instructive  works  of  various  descriptions. 

Mathias,  Georges  (-Amedee-Saint-Clair), 
b.  I'aris,  Oct.  14,  1826.  Pupil  of  Savard,  Bazin, 
Barbereau,  and  Halevy  (in  comp.)  at  the  Cons., 
and  of  Kalkbrenner  and  Chopin  (pf.).  Prof,  of 
pf.  at  the  Cons.,  1S62  ;  of  late  years  has  lived  in 
retirement  as  a  composer. — Works  :  Symphony, 
op.  22  ;  overtures  to  Hamlet  and  Alazeppa  ;  2 
pf. -concertos  ;  6  pf. -trios  ;  5  morceaux  sympho- 
niques  f.  pf.  and  strings  ;  pf. -etudes  ("Etudes 
de  style  et  de  mecanisme,"  op.  28  ;  "  Etudes  de 
genre,"  op.  10);  "  (Euvreschoisis  pour  le  piano," 
a  coll.  of  excellent  pieces  for  2  and  4  hands  ;  etc. 

Mathieu,   Adolphe-  Charles  -Ghislain,   b. 

Mons,  Belgium,  June  22,  1804  ;  custodian  of 
MSS.  in  the  Brussels  Library  ;  publ.  the  mono- 
graph "Roland  de  Lattre "  (183S,  2nd  ed. 
1840). 

Mathieu,  Emile  (-Louis-Victor),  b.  Lille, 
France,  of  Belgian  parentage,  Oct.  18,  1844. 
After  preliminary  study  at  the  Louvain  Music- 
school,  he  entered  Brussels  Cons.  (Bosselet, 
harmony  ;  Fetis,  cpt.  and  fugue  ;  Aug.  Dupont, 
pf.),  taking  1st  harmony-prize  in  1861,  and  1st 
pf. -prize  in  1863  ;  from  1867-73,  prof,  of  pf. 
and  harmony  at  Louvain  Music-school  ;  1873-4, 
c /it-/'  d'orckestre  at  the  Chatelet  Th.,  Paris; 
1881-9S,  Director  of  the  Louvain  Music-school ; 


since  Nov.,  1S9S,  Dir.  of  the  R.  Cons,  at 
Ghent.  In  1869,  and  again  in  1871,  he  won  the 
2nd  Grand  prix  de  Rome  at  Brussels  ;  he  is  a 
Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  Leopold  (1885),  and 
Officer  since  1896  ;  corr.  member  of  the  R. 
Belgian  Acad,  since  1S97. — Works  :  i-act  com. 
opera  I'Echange  (Liege,  1863);  com.  opera 
Bathyle  (Brussels,  1893)  ;  2-act  com.  opera 
Georges  Dandin  (Brussels,  1S77) ;  i-act  com. 
opera  La  Bernoise  (Brussels,  1880);  4-act  lyric 
tragedy  Richilde  (Brussels,  1888) ;  3-act  opera 
/' Enfance  de  Roland  (Brussels,  1895);  music  to 
Sejour's  Cromwell  (Paris,  1874)  ;  a  ballet,  /•'//- 
meurs  de  Kiff  (Brussels,  1S76)  ;  the  cantatas  La 
demiere  nuitde  Faust,  Le  songe  de  Colomb,  Tor- 
quato  Tasso's  dood,  Debout,  peuple  !  and  2  chil- 
dren's cantatas,  Les  Bois  and  I'Ecole  frater- 
nelle ;  3  grand  "poemes  lyriques  et  sympho- 
niques,"  Le  LLoyoux,  Freyhir,  and  Le  Sorbier  ; 
3  orch.l  symphonic  poems  ;  a  violin-concerto  ;  a 
Te  Deum  ;  male  choruses  ;  French  and  Flemish 
songs.  All  are  publ.,  excepting  the  large  can- 
tatas, the  first  two  operas,  the  orch.l  symphonic 
poems,  Cromwell,  and  the  Te  Deum.  M.  also 
wrote  the  texts  of  Richilde,  VEnfance  tie  Ro- 
land  (both  transl.  into  German  by  Fremery),  and 
the  3  "  Poemes  lyr.  et  symph." 

Matte'i,  Abbate  Stanislao,  b.  Bologna, 
Feb.  10,  1750  ;  d.  there  May  12,  1825.  He 
succeeded  his  teacher,  Padre  Martini,  as  ;//.  di 
capp.  at  San  Francesco  ;  was  later  maestro  at 
S.  Petronio,  and  prof,  of  counterpoint  at  the 
Liceo  Filarmonico  from  its  organization  (1S04). 
Among  his  pupils  were  Rossini,  Donizetti,  Pa- 
cini, Tadolini,  etc.  Eminent  comp.  of  sacred 
music  ;  publ.  "  Pratica  d'accompagnamento 
sopra  bassi  numerati  .  .  ."  (3  parts  ;  Bologna, 
1S25-30  ;  new  ed.  by  Ricordi). 

Matte'i,  Tito,  b.  Campobasso,  n.  Naples, 
May  24,  1841.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Maggoni, 
Farisi,  Ruta,  Conti,  and  Thalberg  ;  at  n  (!) 
created  "  Professore "  of  the  Accad.  di  Santa 
Cecilia,  Rome  ;  received  a  special  gold  medal 
for  playing  before  Pope  Pius  IX.,  and  was  app. 
pianist  to  the  King  of  Italy.  After  Continental 
tours,  he  settled  about  1S65  in  London,  becom- 
ing cond.  at  Her  Majesty's  Th. — Works: 
Opera  Maria  di  Gaud  (H.  M.'s  Th.,  London, 
1SS0) ;  comic  opera  La  Prima  Donna  (1S89); 
ballet  The  Spider  and  the  T-'/r  (1S93)  ;  all  suc- 
cessful ;  much  brilliant  pf. -music  ;  very  popular 
songs. 

Matte'is,  Nicola,  Italian  violinist  who  set- 
tled 1672  in  London.  Publ.  4  books  of  "  Ayres, 
Preludes,  Fugues  and  Allemands "  f.  violin  ; 
and  a  "  Guide  to  Playing  a  true  Base  upon  the 
Guittare." — His  son,  Nicola  (d.  1749),  nved  in 
Vienna,  and  in  Shrewsbury,  England.  He  was 
Burney's  teacher. 

Matthai,  Heinrich  August,  b.  Dresden, 
Oct.  30,  1781  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  4,  1835.  Ex- 
cellent violinist,  Campagnoli's  successor  (1S17) 
as  first  Concertmeisler  at  the  Gewandhaus. 


583 


MATTHESON— MAYER 


Mat'theson,  Johann,  b.  Hamburg,  Sept.  28, 
1681  ;  d.  there  Apr.  17,  1764.  Of  thorough 
general  education,  a  student  of  law,  and  master 
of  several  languages,  his  decided  mus.  talent 
was  developed  by  Braunmuller,  Pratorius,  and 
Kellner  ;  at  9  he  sang,  composed,  and  played 
the  organ  and  harpsichord  ;  entered  the  opera- 
chorus  1690,  and  1697-1705  sang  operatic  tenor 
roles,  also  bringing  out  5  operas  ;  he  befriended 
Handel  in  1703,  but  afterwards  broke  with  him  ; 
and  1705  became  tutor  in  the  English  ambassa- 
dor's family  ;  1706,  secretary  of  legation  ;  later, 
ambassador  ad  interim.  From  1715-28,  mus. 
dir. ,  and  cantor,  at  the  Hamburg  Cathedral  ; 
deafness  then  obliged  him  to  resign  the  former 
post.  His  comp.s  include  8  operas,  24  oratorios 
and  cantatas,  a  Passion,  a  mass,  suites  f.  clavi- 
chord, 12  fiute-sonatas  w.  violin  ;  etc.  (88  publ. 
works;  some  in  Pauer's  "Old  German  Com- 
posers ").  A  partial  list  of  his  writings,  impor- 
tant for  their  promulgation  of  advanced  views, 
brushing  aside  traditional  prejudices,  follows  : 
"Das  neu-eroffnete  Orchester,  oder  grundliche 
Anleitung,  wie  ein  galant  homme  einen  vollkom- 
menen  Begriff  von  der  Hoheit  und  Wiirde  der 
edlen  Musik  erlangen  moge "  (1713)  ;  "Das 
beschiitzte  Orchester"  [versus  Buttstedt's  "  Ut, 
re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  tota  musica  "]  (1717)  ;  "Die 
exemplarische  Organistenprobe "  (1719  ;  2nd 
ed.  as  "  Grosse  Generalbass-Schule,"  (1731)  ; 
"  Critica  musica"  (2  vol.s  ;  1722);  "Der 
brauchbare  Virtuos "  (1720);  "Das  forschende 
Orchester"  (1721)  ;  "  De  eruditione  musica" 
(1732);  "Der  vollkommene  Capellmeister " 
(J739)  I  "  Grundlagen  einer  Ehrenpforte,  worin 
der  tiichtigsten  Capellmeister,  Componisten, 
etc.,  Leben,  Werke,  etc.,  erscheinen  sollen " 
(1740);  "  Die  neueste  Untersuchung  der  Sing- 
spiele"  (1744);  "  Mithridat,  wider  den  Gift 
einer  welschen  Satyre  des  Salvator  Rosa,  ge- 
nannt :  La  Musica,  uebersetzt  und  mit  Anmer- 
kungen,  etc."  (1749);  "  Georg  Friedrich  Plan- 
dels  Lebensbeschreibung "  (1761)  ;  and  many 
others,  both  publ.  and  in  MS. 

Matthias  (or  Mattheus)  Le  Maitre.     See 

Le  Maistke. 

Matthias  Hermann.  See  Hermann,  Mat- 
thias. 

Mat'thieux,  Johanna.     See  Kinkel. 

Mat'thison-Han'sen,  Hans.  Danish  or- 
ganist and  composer  ;  b.  Elensburg,  Feb.  6, 
1807  ;  d.  Roeskilde,  Jan.  7,  1S90.  Tupil  of 
Weyse  at  Copenhagen  ;  in  1S32,  organist  of 
Roeskilde  Cathedral,  a  very  important  position. 
— Works:  Oratorio  Johannes  :  church-cantatas, 
psalms  w.  orch.,  chorals  w.  variations,  organ- 
symphonies  (sonatas),  preludes,  postludes,  fan- 
tasias, etc.,  f.  organ. — His  son, 

Mat'thison-Han'sen,  Gotfred,  b.  Roes- 
kilde, Nov.  30,  1832  ;  organist  in  1859  °f  tne 
German  Friedrichskirche  at  Copenhagen.  Win- 
ning the  Ancker  scholarship,  he  studied  at  Leip- 
zig during  the  winter  of  1862-3.      Founded,  with 


Grieg,  Nordraak,  and  Ilorneman,  the  concert- 
society  "  Euterpe"  ;  1867,  organist  at  St.  John's, 
and  organ-teacher  at  Copenhagen  Cons.;  from 
1S77,  asst. -organist  to  his  father.  Successful 
German  tours  {Tonkiinstler-Versammlung  at 
Hanover,  1877).  Now  organist  of  Trinity  Ch., 
Copenhagen. — Works:  Op.  5,  pf.-trio  ;  op.  11, 
violin-sonata  ;  op.  14,  pf. -ballade  ;  op.  15,  fan- 
tasia f.  org.;  op.  16,  'cello-sonata  ;  op.  19,  con- 
cert-pieces f.  org. 

Mattio'li,  Lino,  'cellist  and  vocal  teacher  ;  b. 
Parma,  Ttaly,  1853  I  graduated  from  the  Cons, 
there  with  high  honors.  Now  living  in  Cincin- 
nati.     Has  written  many  songs. 

Mau'rer,  Ludwig  Wilhelm,  distinguished 
violinist  ;  b.  Potsdam,  Feb.  S,  1789  ;  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  Oct.  25,  1878.  Played  in  public  at 
Berlin  when  only  13  ;  entered  the  Royal  Orch.; 
from  1806-18,  in  Russia,  giving  concerts,  etc.; 
visited  Berlin  and  Paris,  and  then  became  Con- 
certmeister  in  Hanover ;  revisited  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1832,  and,  after  travelling  in  1845, 
settled  in  Dresden.  His  most  famous  comp.s 
are  the  Symphonie  concertante  for  4  violins  w. 
orch.,  and  the  A  major  violin-concerto  ;  also 
wrote  7  other  concertos,  a  double  concerto,  2 
concertinos,  2  string-quartets,  duos  concertants 
for  violins,  airs  varies,  fantasias,  etc.;  and  3 
operas. 

Maurin,  Jean-Pierre,  b.  Avignon,  Feb.  14, 
1822  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  16,  1894.  Violin-pupil  of 
Baillot  and  Habeneck  at  Paris  Cons.,  where  he 
succeeded  Alard  as  teacher  in  1875.  Co-founder 
of  the  "  Societe  des  derniers  quatuors  de  Bee- 
thoven." 

May,  Edward  Collett,  celebrated  organist 
and  singing-teacher  ;  b.  Greenwich,  England, 
Oct.  29,  1806  ;  d.  London,  Jan.  2,  1S87.  Pupil 
of  Th.  Adams,  C.  Potter,  and  Crivelli  ;  organist 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1S37-69  ;  prof,  of  vocal 
music  at  Queen's  College,  London.  A  disciple 
of  Hullah,  he  taught  in  numerous  schools  and 
private  classes,  doing  much  to  popularize  singing 
among  the  masses. — Publ.  "  Progressive  Vocal 
Exercises  for  Daily  Practice"  (1853)  ;  songs. 

Maybrick,  Michael,  (pseudonym  Stephen 
Adams,)  baritone  singer  in  opera  and  concert  ; 
b.  Liverpool,  1844.  Organ-pupil  of  Best  ;  1S66- 
8  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  (Plaidy,  Moscheles,  Rich- 
ter),  and  vocal  pupil  of  Nava  at  Milan,  lie  has 
sung  at  the  principal  concerts  in  London  and 
the  provinces,  and  toured  the  United  States  and 
Canada  in  1SS4.  Many  of  his  songs  (sung  by 
himself)  have  great  vogue  ("  Nancy  Lee  "). 

May'er,  Charles,  pianist,  b.  Konigsberg, 
Mar.  21,  1799  I  d.  Dresden,  July  2,  1S62.  Pupil 
of  Field  in  St.  Petersburg,  and  in  1814,  a  finished 
player,  accompanied  his  father  on  a  tour  to  Paris 
via  Warsaw,  Germany,  and  Holland  ;  lived  18 19 
in  St.  Petersburg,  then  making  a  tour  to  Stock- 
holm, Copenhagen  (where  he  was  app.  court 
pianist),  Hamburg,  Leipzig,  and  Vienna,  settling 
in   Dresden,    1S46.       His  pf. -music   (about  350 


384 


M  A  VER— MAZZOCCHI 


opus-numbers)  is  well-written  and  effective.  He 
was  a  fascinating  player  and  an  excellent  teacher. 
— Works  :  Many  valuable  studies  and  educational 
pieces  ;  Grand  Concerto,  op.  70,  Concerto  sym- 
phonique,  op.  89  ;  Concert-Polonaise,  op.  238  ; 
Grande  Fantaisie  dramatique,  op.  54  ;  Toccata 
in  E  ;  Valses-Etudes  (op.  69,  71,  83,  116,  122, 
131,  133,  157)  ;  brilliant  concert-pieces,  fantasias, 
variations,  etc. 

May'er,  Emilie,  composer  ;  b.  Friedland, 
Mecklenburg,  May  14,  1S21.  Pupil  of  Lowe, 
Marx,  and  Wieprecht  ;  settled  in  Berlin. — 
Works  :  7  symphonies  and  12  grand  overtures  ; 
an  operetta,  Die  Fischerin ;  pf. -concerto  ;  the 
nSth  Psalm,  w.  orch.;  14  string-quartets  ;  2  pf.- 
quartets  ;  12  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  11  pf.- 
trios  ;  other  pf. -music  ;  over  150  songs  ;  etc. 
(about  50  numbers  were  publ.). 

May'er,  Wilhelm(pseudonym  W.A.Remy), 
b.  Prague,  June  10,  1831  ;  d.  Graz,  Jan.  23, 
189S.  Music-pupil  of  C.  F.  Pietsch  ;  law-student, 
graduated  as  Dr.jur.  in  1856,  and  held  a  govern- 
ment appointment  till  1S61.  Gave  up  the  law 
in  1862,  and  became  conductor  of  the  Graz  Mus. 
Society,  resigning  in  1870  to  apply  himself  to 
teaching  and  composing.  As  a  teacher  of  piano, 
and  more  especially  of  counterpoint  and  compo- 
sition, he  was  very  eminent  ;  among  his  pupils 
were  F.  Busoni,  W.  Kienzl,  Reznicek,  F.Wein- 
gartner,  R.  Sahla,  etc. — Works:  3  symphonies  ; 
symphonic  poem  "  Helene  "  ;  overture  '.'. Sarda- 
napel"  ;  "  Slavisches  Liederspiel"  and  "Ostliche 
Rosen  "  (fantasias  f.  2  pf.s  w.  orch.)  ;  and  a 
concert-opera  // 'a Idfraulein  (Graz,  1876)  ;  songs, 
part-songs,  etc. 

May'erhoff,  Franz,  b.  Chemnitz,  Jan.  17, 
1864;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons. ;  theatre-A'^/t'/Zw. 
at  Liibeck  (1SS3),  Memel,  and  Tilsit  ;  since  1885 
in  Chemnitz  ;  iSSS  cantor  of  the  Petrikirche  ; 
cond.  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  Has  comp.  sacred 
choruses,  songs,  etc. 

May'erl  (or  Maierl),  Anton  von,  b.  Bozen  ; 
d.  Innsbruck,  1S39  ;  pupil  of  Ladurnerand  Ett  ; 
church-comp.  (publ.  a  Stabat  Mater). 

May'lath,  Heinrich,  b.  Vienna,  Dec.  4, 
1833.  Pupil  of  his  father  in  pf.-plaving  ;  on 
tours  1863-5  ;  in  Russia  till  1S67  ;  then  settled 
as  a  teacher  in  New  York.  Classical  pianist  and 
thorough  musician  ;  wrote  excellent  instructive 
pf. -music,  and  concert-pieces  of  depth  and  some 
difficulty. 

Maynard,  Walter.  Pen-name  of  Tn.  W. 
Beale. 

Mayr,  (Johann)  Simon,  famous  teacher  and 
dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Mendorf,  Bavaria,  June 
14,  1763  ;  d.  Bergamo,  Dec.  2,  1845.  Pupil  of 
the  Jesuit  Seminary,  Ingolstadt  ;  then  of  Lenzi 
at  Bergamo,  whither  he  had  gone  as  the  tutor 
of  a  Swiss  nobleman,  De  Bessus  ;  later  of  Ber- 
toni  at  Venice,  settling  here  as  a  composer,  and 
bringing  out  oratorios,  a  Passion,  a  requiem,  and 
other  masses  and  church-music,  until,  by  Pic- 
cinni's  advice,  he  wrote  the  very  successful  opera 

25  385 


Saffo,  ossia  i  riti  d' Apollo  Leucadio  (1794),  after 
which  he  brought  out,  in  30  years,  about  70 
others.  These  works,  in  which  the  more  elaborate 
harmonization  and  orchestration  of  German  type 
influenced  contemporary  Italian  production  (to 
its  benefit),  heH  the  Italian  stage  between  Ci- 
marosa  and  Rossini  {circa  1S00-1815).  In  1802 
Mayr  became  m.  di  capp.  at  Santa  Maria  Mag- 
giore,  in  Bergamo,  and,  at  the  foundation  of  the 
Mus.  Inst,  there  in  1S05,  its  Director.  His 
most  eminent  pupil  was  Donizetti.  He  publ. 
"  Preve  notizie  istoriche  della  vita  e  delle  opere 
di  Giuseppe  Haydn  "  (1809)  ;  theoretical  works 
in  MS. — Alborghetti  and  Galli  wrote  "  Doni- 
zetti e  Mayr,  notizie  e  documenti  "  (Bergamo, 
1875). 

Mayr'berger,  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  June  9.,  1828  ; 
d.  Pressburg,  Sept.  23,  1881.  Pupil  of  Preyer  ; 
from  1864,  Kapellm.  of  Pressburg  Cathedral. — 
Works  :  Opera  Melusina  (Pressburg,  1S76)  ; 
burlesque  opera  Die  Entfiihrung der  Prinzcssin 
Europa  (1868);  music  to  Oehlschlagel's  drama 
Yrsa  :  male  choruses,  songs,  etc. 

May'seder,  Joseph,  celebrated  violinist  and 
comp.;  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  26,  1789  ;  d.  there  Nov. 
21,  1863.  Pupil  of  Suche  and  Wranitzky  ;  de- 
but as  violinist  in  1800  ;  studied  pf.  and  comp. 
with  E.  Forster  in  1802  ;  played  in  the  famous 
Schuppanzigh  Quartet  (2nd  violin)  ;  entered  the 
court  orch.  in  1S16,  became  solo  violinist  at  the 
court  opera  in  1S20,  and  Imperial  chamber-vir- 
tuoso in  1835,  also  playing  in  the  Cathedral 
(Stephankirche).  He  never  went  on  tours,  and 
rarely  gave  concerts  ;  yet  he  was  a  finished  vir- 
tuoso, admired  even  by  Paganini.  An  eminently 
successful  teacher,  and  a  composer  of  well-writ- 
ten and  effective  soli  and  concerted  pieces  (3 
violin-concertos,  2  concertinos,  3  string-quintets, 
7  string-quartets,  4  pf. -trios,  a  fantasia  f.  pf. 
and  vln.;  also  variations,  polonaises,  rondos, 
duets,  studies,  etc.,  f.  violin  ;  many  published  ; 
others  MS.). 

Mazas,  Jacques-Fereol,  violinist  ;  b.  Be- 
ziers,  F ranee,  Sept.  23,  1782  ;  d.  1849.  Pupil 
at  Paris  Cons,  of  Baillot,  1S02-5,  winning  1st 
prize  ;  joined  the  orch.  of  the  Italian  Opera  ; 
toured  Europe  1811-29,  taught  in  Orleans,  and 
from  1837-41  was  Director  of  the  town  Music- 
School  at  Cambrai.  His  tone  was  powerful  and 
mellow,  his  compositions  very  effective  ;  he 
wrote  a  Method  for  Violin,  and  numerous  valu- 
able studies  ;  a  Meth.  f.  Viola  ;  concertos,  string- 
quartets,  trios,  violin-duets,  fantasias,  variations, 
romances,  etc.;  also  3  operas. 

Mazzin'ghi,  Joseph,  b.  London,  Dec.  25, 
1765  ;  d.  Bath,  Jan.  15,  1S44.  Of  noble  Cor- 
sican  parentage  ;  pupil  of  J.  C.  Bach,  Anfossi, 
and  Sacchini  ;  17S4,  mus.  dir.  of  King's  Th. ; 
music-teacher  to  Princess  of  Wales.  He  wrote 
(mostly  with  Reeve)  several  operas,  melodramas, 
etc.;  also  comp.  many  songs,  glees,  trios,  etc., 
and  sonatas  and  other  pf-music.   ■ 

Mazzoc/chi,    Domenico,   b.   Civita   Castel- 


MAZZUCATO— MEHUL 


lana,  Rome,  about  1590;  d.  about  1650.  A 
learned  Roman  lawyer,  he  was  a  music-pupil  of 
Nanini,  and  publ.  a  book  of  "  Madrigali  a  5 
voci  in  partitura"(i64o)in  which  appear,  for  the 
first  time,  the  conventional  mus.  signs  for  the 
crescendo  and  decresc.  (  -^==^-  ~^===~~  ),  piano 
(p),  forte  (/),  and  trillo  (fr),  which  he  explains 
in  a  Preface.  Also  comp.  madrigals  and  motets, 
an  opera,  an  oratorio,  etc. 

Mazzuca'to,  Alberto,  b.  Udine,  July  28, 
1S13  ;  d.  Milan,  Dec.  31,  1877.  He  renounced 
the  study  of  mathematics  for  music,  his  teacher 
being  Bresciano  at  Padua,  where  his  first  opera, 
La  Fidanzata  di  Lammermaor ,  was  successfully 
performed  in  1834  !  si-x  others  had  similar  tem- 
porary success,  but  were  thrown  into  the  shade 
by  Verdi's  fresher  style  ;  his  other  comp.s  have 
also  left  no  lasting  impression  ;  but  he  was  really 
eminent  as  a  violinist  (leader  at  La  Scala,  Milan, 
1859-69),  and  still  more  so  as  a  teacher.  From 
1839-51  he  taught  a  girls'  vocal  class  at  the 
Cons.;  1851,  teacher  of  composition;  1852, 
lecturer  on  history  and  aesthetics  ;  1872,  suc- 
ceeded Lauro  Rossi  as  Director.  For  several 
years  he  was  editor  of  the  Milanese  "  Gazzetta 
Musicale "  (founded  1845);  wrote  "  Principi 
elementari  di  musica  di  Asioli,  riformati  ed  am- 
pliati"  (Milan  ;  Ricordi)  ;  also  publ.  an  Atlas 
of  Ancient  Music  ("  Atlante  della  musica  antica 
.  .  .")  with  an  historical  preface;  a  "  Trattato 
d'estetica  musicale "  ;  and  Italian  translations 
of  Garcia's  Singing-Method,  Berlioz's  Instru- 
mentation, Fetis's  Harmony,  Segond's  "  Hygi- 
ene for  Singers,"  and  Panofka's  "  Vocal  Abe." 

Mead,  Olive,  b.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  22, 
1874.  Began  study  of  violin  at  7  ;  pupil  of  Jul. 
Eichberg,  and  later  of  Fr.  Kneisel.  Talented 
concert-violinist  ;  has  played  in  many  concerts 
in  New  England  cities,  New  York,  etc. 

Me'deritsch,  Johann,  called  Gallus,  Bohe- 
mian pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Nimburg,  about 
1765  ;  was  living  at  Lemberg  in  1S30.  Mus. 
director  at  Ofen  1794-6  ;  resided  chiefly  in  Vi- 
enna, where  he  prod,  several  Singspiele  and  ope- 
rettas, music  to  Macbeth  and  other  dramas,  and 
publ.  considerable  chamber-music,  sonatas  and 
variations  f.  pf.,  etc. 

Meerens,  Charles,  b.  Bruges,  Dec.  16,  1831. 
Studied  'cello-playing  under  Bessems,  Dumont, 
and  Servais  ;  then  became  a  tuner  in  his  father's 
piano-factory,  and  devoted  himself  later  to  acous- 
tical researches. — Writings  :"  I,e  Metro-metre, 
ou  moyen  simple  de  connaitre  le  degre  de  vitesse 
d'un  mouvement  indique "  (1859);  "Instruc- 
tion elementaire  de  calcul  musical"  (1S64)  ; 
"  Phenomenes  musico-physiologiques  "  (1868); 
"  Hommage  a  la  memoire  de  M.  Delezenne  " 
(1869);  "  Examen  analytique  des  experiences 
d'acoustique  musicale  de  M.  A.  Cornu  et  E. 
Mercadier  "  (1S69)  ;  "  Le  Diapason  et  la  nota- 
tion musicale  simplifies  "  (1873);  "Memoire 
sur  le  diapason"  (1S77) ;  "  Petite  methode  pour 
apprendre  la  musique  et  le  piano"  (187S)  ;  and 


"La  Gamme  majeure  et  mineure  "  (1890;  2nd 
ed.  ]  892). 

Meerts,  Lambert  (-Joseph),  b.  Brussels, 
Jan.  6,  1800  ;  d.  there  May  12,  1863.  Violin- 
ist ;  pupil  of  Lafont  and  Habeneck  at  Paris  ; 
from  1835,  prof,  at  Brussels  Cons.  Among 
his^  important  instructive  works  for  the  violin  are 
"  Etudes  pour  violon  avec  accompagnement  d'un 
second  violon  ";  "  Mecanisme  du  violon"  (ad- 
vanced studies);  "12  etudes  "  on  double-stop- 
ping ;  3  books  on  the  2nd,  4th,  and  6th  positions  ; 
12  books  of  studies  on  rhythm,  on  motives  by 
Beethoven  ;  3  studies  on  the  fugued  and  staccato 
styles  ;  12  studies^on  bowing;  6  2-part  fugues 
for  solo  violin  ;  3  Etudes  brillantes. 

Mees,  Arthur,  b.  Columbus,  Ohio,  Feb.  13, 
1850.  Pupil  at  Berlin,  1873-6,  of  Th.  Kullak 
(pf.),  Weitzmann  (theory),  and  II .  Dorn  (score- 
reading  and  conducting).  He  was  for  6  years 
cond.  of  the  Cincinnati  May  Festival  chorus  ; 
asst.-cond.  of  American  Opera  ;  cond.  of  sing- 
ing-societies in  New  York,  Albany,  etc. ;  since 
1896,  chorus-conductor,  and  asst.-cond.  of  the 
Thomas  Orch.,  in  Chicago.  Has  publ.  "  Piano 
Studies"  (based  on  passages  from  important 
pf. -works)  ;  wrote  analytical  programs  for  the 
New  York  Philharm.  Soc.  (1887-96),  and  since 
then  for  the  Thomas  Orch. 

Meh'lig,  Anna,  pianist  ;  b.  Stuttgart,  June 
II,  1843,  where  she  studied  with  Lebert,  and 
later  at  Weimar  with  Liszt  (1S69)  ;  was  long 
considered  the  principal  exponent  of  the  "  Stutt- 
gart "  school  of  pf. -playing,  but  since  her  mar- 
riage with  the  merchant  Falk  of  Antwerp  has 
been  less  before  the  public.  Her  tours  on  the 
Continent,  also  to  England  and  (1869-70)  in 
America,  have  been  successful. 

Mehr'kens,    Friedrich    Adolf,    b.    N'euen- 

kirchen,  n.  Otterndorf-on-Elbe,  Apr.  22,  1840  ; 
pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  1861-2  ;  settled  in  Ham- 
burg as  pianist,  teacher  and  conductor  of  sing- 
ing-societies ;  since  1S71,  cond.  of  the  Bacli- 
Gesellschaft.  Has  written  a  symphony,  a  Te 
Deum,  and  minor  works. 

Mehul,  Fltienne-Nicolas,  French  opera- 
composer  ;  b.  Givet,  Ardennes,  June  22,  1763  ; 
d.  Paris,  Oct.  18,  1817.  By  dint  of  hard  work, 
and  with  the  friendly  aid  of  a  blind  old  organist, 
he  learned  to  play  the  organ,  and  at  ten  was  or- 
ganist of  the  Couvent  des  Recollets  at  Givet. 
The  fame  of  Wilhelm  Hanser,  organist  at  Laval- 
dieu  monastery,  attracted  the  boy  ;  the  abbot  ad- 
mitted him  as  a  novice,  so  that  he  might  be  taught 
by  Manser,  whose  assistant  he  became  in  1 777- 
Next  year  he  went  to  Edelmann  in  Paris  for  les- 
sons in  piano-playing  and  composition,  support- 
ing himself  by  teaching.  Hearing  Gluck's 
Iphigdnie  en  Tauride,  he  was  moved  to  seek  an 
introduction  to  the  master,  by  whose  advice  he 
turned  from  sacred  to  dramatic  composition.  For 
the  sake  of  practice  he  wrote  three  operas  (Psyche*, 
Anacrdon,  Lausus  et  Lydie)  ;  a  fourth,  Alonzo  et 
Cora,  though  accepted  by  the  Academie  de  mu- 


386 


MEIBOM— MEINERS 


sique,  was  not  perf.  until  1791  ;  meanwhile 
Euphrosyne  et  Coradin,  an  le  tyran  corrige", 
came  out  at  the  Th. 
Italien  in  1790  with 
great  success  ;  good 
fortune  likewise  at- 
tended the  produc- 
tion of  Stratonice 
(1792),  Le  congres 
des  rois  (1793,  writ- 
ten with  11  others), 
Le  jugement  de 
PAris  (ballet;  1793), 
Le  jeune  sage  et  le 
vieux  Jon  (1793), 
Horatius  Codes 
(1794),  Phrosine  et 
Milidore  (1794),  and 
Lm  caverne  (1795)  ;  in  th.s  year  M.  was  app.  one 
of  the  four  Inspectors  of  the  newly  established 
Conservatoire,  and  also  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academic  In  1797  3  operas,  Doria,  La  toupie 
et  le  papillon,  and  Le  jeune  Henri,  were  produced; 
the  last  was  hissed  off  the  stage,  after  the  over- 
ture had  been  twice  repeated  in  response  to  clam- 
orous applause,  because  of  the  reverence  still  felt 
by  republican  France  for  the  hero,  Henri  IV.; 
this  overture  still  survives.  Now  followed  Le 
pout  de  Lodi  (1797),  Adrien  (1798),  Ariodant 
(1799),  Epicure  (1800),  Bion  (1801),  I'Lrato,  ou 
Vemportd  (1801  ;  a  vain  attempt  to  imitate  the 
Italian  opera-buffa  style,  but  so  successful  with 
the  public  that  M.  employed  this  lighter  vein  in 
several  subsequent  works),  Une  Folie  (1802),  Le 
Trfaor  suppose1 (1802),  [annua  (1802),  /' ' Heureux 
malgre"  lui  (1802),  Helena  (1803),  Le  baiser  et  la 
quittance  (1S03,  with  Boieldieu,  Isouard,  and 
Kreutzer),  Uthal,  Gabrielle  d' Estre'es  (both  1S06), 
and  on  Feb.  17,  1807,  at  the  Theatre  Feydeau,  his 
greatest  work,  the  3-act  opera  Joseph,  which 
at  first  obtained  only  a  sitcccs  d'estime  in  Paris, 
though  much  better  received  in  the  French  prov- 
inces and  Germany.  For  four  years,  M.  wrote 
only  the  ballets  L.e  retour  d'  Ulysse,  and  Perse'e 
et  Andromede  ;  Les  Amazones,  on  la  fondation 
de  Thebes  (1811),  Le  Prince  troubadour  (1813), 
V Oriflamme  (1S14  ;  with  Berton,  Kreutzer,  and 
Paer),  and  La  Journee  anx  aventures  (1S16), 
were  still  performed  before  his  death  ;  Valentine 
de  Milan  was  completed  by  Daussoigne-Mehul, 
and  brought  out  in  1822  ;  several  other  operas 
have  never  been  performed.  Mehul's  fame  rests 
wholly  upon  his  operas,  in  which  he  develops  a 
robust  dramatic  style  and  fine  orchestral  effects. 
His  overtures  are  often  masterly  ;  his  sympho- 
nies were  correctly  written,  but  uninspired,  and 
his  pf. -sonatas  were  insignificant  ;  some  choral 
works  ("  Chant  du  depart,"  "  Chant  de  victoire," 
"Chant  de  retour,"  etc.)  attained  a  certain 
vogue.  He  fell  a  victim  to  consumption,  and 
his  death  was  probably  hastened  by  chagrin  at 
the  comparatively  slight  success  of  the  last 
operas,  due  in  part  to  Spontini's  increasing  celeb- 
rity.—  Biographies  by  Vieillard  (1859),  and  A. 
Pougin  (18S9). 


Mei'bom  (or  Meibo'mius),  Marcus,  b.  Ton- 
ning,  Schleswig,  in  1626  ;  d.  Utrecht,  1711.  An 
erudite  philologian,  for  some  years  prof,  and 
librarian  at  Upsala  University  ;  lived  thereafter 
principally  in  Utrecht,  ending  in  such  poverty 
that  he  had  to  sell  part  of  his  library.  His  chief 
work  is  "  Antiquae  musicae  auctores  septem, 
graece  et  latine,  Marcus  Meibomius  restituit  ac 
notis  explicavit "  (Amsterdam,  1652  ;  2  vol.s)  ;  it 
contains  treatises  on  music  by  Aristoxenos,  Eu- 
clid ("  Introductio  harmonica"),  Nicomachos, 
Gaudentius  Philosophos,  Bacchius  Senior,  Aris- 
tides  Quintilianus,  and  M.  Capella  (Book  ix  of 
the  "  Satyricon  "). 

Mei'fred,  Joseph-Jean-Pierre-Emile,  horn- 
virtuoso  ;  b.  Colmars,  Basses-Alpes,  Nov.  22, 
1791  ;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  29,  1867.  Pupil  of  Dau- 
prat  at  Paris  Cons.,  where  he  was  prof.  1833-65. 
Wrote  "  De  l'etendue,  de  l'emploi  et  des  res- 
sources  du  cor  en  general,  et  de  ses  corps  de 
rechange  en  particulier  ..."  (1829)  ;  "  Me- 
thode  pour  le  cor  a  deux  pistons";  "  Methode 
de  cor  chromatique "  (avec  3  pistons);  horn- 
duets,  etc. 

Mei'land,  Jakob,  b.  Senftenberg,  Upper  Lu- 
satia,  in  1542  ;  d.  Celle,  1577.  Notable  German 
contrapuntist,  who  publ.  1564-77  several  books 
of  sacred  songs,  motets,  etc. 

Meinar'dus,  Ludwig  (Siegfried),  composer 
and  writer;  b.  Hooksiel,  Oldenburg,  Sept.  17, 
1827  ;  d.  Bielefeld,  July  12,  1896.  Pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons.  1S46-7  ;  then  until  1S49  private 
pupil  of  F.  A.  Riccius  ;  also  studied  a  short  time 
in  Berlin,  in  Weimar  with  Liszt,  and,  after  act- 
ing as  theatre-cond.  at  Erfurt  and  Nordhausen, 
with  Marx  at  Berlin.  1853-65,  cond.  of  the 
Singakademie  at  Glogau  ;  then  teacher  in  Dres- 
den Cons.;  from  1874  till  1887  he  lived  in  Ham- 
burg as  a  composer  and  critic,  then  going  to 
Bielefeld.  From  the  Grand  Duke  of  Oldenburg 
he  received  the  title  of  "  Musikdirector"  in  1S62. 
— Principal  compositions  :  Opera  Bahnesa  (not 
perf.)  ;  the  oratorios  Simon  Petrus,  Gideon, 
Konig  Salomo,  Luther  in  Warms,  and  Odrunj 
the  choral  ballades  Rolands  Schwanenlied,  Fran 
Hi  ft.  Die  Nonne,  Jung  Baldurs  Si  eg ;  "  Deutsche 
Messgesange,"  f.  chorus  and  org.  ;  "  Wander- 
lied,"  f.  ch.  and  wind-instr.s  ;  "  Passionslied," 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. ; — 2  symphonies,  a  pf. -quin- 
tet, 3  pf. -trios,  string-quartets,  an  octet  f.  wind, 
sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  a  sonata  f.  'cello  and  pf. , 
pf. -pieces,  songs. — Writings:  "  Kulturgeschicht- 
liche  Briefe  fiber  deutsche  Tonkunst "  (2nd  ed. 
1872);  "  Ein  Jugendleben"  (1S74,  2  vol.s;  a 
sort  of  autobiography)  ;  "  Ruckblick  auf  die 
Anfangeder  deutschen  Oper  "  (1878)  ;  "Matthe- 
son  und  seine  Verdienste  um  die  deutsche  Ton- 
kunst"  (1879);  "Mozart:  ein  Kvinstlerleben " 
(1S82)  ;  "  Die  deutsche  Tonkunst  im  18. -19. 
Jahrhundert"  (1887). 

Mei'ners,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Milan, 
1S26  ;  d.  Cortenova,  Como,  Aug.  6,  1S97.  Pupil 
1833-43  of  Milan  Cons.,  where  he  wrote  the 
operas  Francesco  da  Rimini  (not   perf.)  and   // 


387 


MEISTER— MENDELSSOHN 


Disertore  svizzero  (1842).  Studied  further  with 
Donizetti,  and  at  Vienna  with  Sechter  ;  then  be- 
came in.  di  capp.  at  the  basilica  in  Yercelli,  writ- 
ing sacred  music.  He  was  for  a  time  theatre  - 
cond.  a"t  Turin,  and  later  prof,  at  the  Guildhall 
School  of  Music,  London,  for  some  years. — 
Other  operas  :  Elodia  di  San  Mauro  (Milan, 
1855)  \Riccardo ///(Milan,  1857)  ;  Veronica  Cybo 
(Florence,  1866);  and  Gabriella  di  Thetschen 
not  prod.). 

Mei'ster,  Karl  Severin,  b.  Konigstein  (Tau- 
nus),  Oct.  23,  1S1S  ;  d.  Sept.  30,  1881,  at  Mon- 
tabaur  (Westerwald),  where  from  1851  he  had 
been  head-teacher  at  the  Seminary  and  town 
musical  director.  Wrote  the  valuable  work  "  Das 
katholische  deutsche  Kirchenlied  in  seinen  Sing- 
weisen  von  den  fruhesten  Zeiten  bis  gegen  Ende 
des  17.  Jahrhunderts"  (1862);  continued  by 
Baumker  (2nd  vol.  1883);  vol.  i,  revised  ed., 
1886.  Also  publ.  organ-accompaniments  to  the 
hymns  in  the  "  Gesangbuch  "  of  the  Limburg 
diocese  ;  a  Method  of  Modulation  ;  hymns  for 
male  choir  ;  cadenzas  and  preludes  for  organ  ; 
etc. 

Mela,  Vincenzo,  opera-composer  and  singer  ; 
b.  Isola  della  Scala,  Verona,  in  1821  ;  d.  Co- 
logna  Veneta,  Nov.,  1897. — Works:  II  Feuda- 
torio  (Verona,  1853)  ;  L'Alloggio  militare  (1855  ; 
farce)  ;  //  Convento  di  San  Nicola  (1858)  ;  La 
Testa  di  bronzo  (1855);  Cristoforo  Colombo 
(1857);  //  Casino  di  campagna  (Milan,  1865; 
Paris,  1866,  in  which  the  principal  role  was 
sung  by  his  own  daughter,  called  "la  teno- 
ressa,"  her  voice  being  said  to  resemble  that  of 
a  tenor  in  quality). 

Mel'ba,  Nellie,  operatic  soprano  and  colora- 
tura singer  ;  b.  Melbourne,  Australia,  in  1865. 
(Her  real  name  is  Mitchell,  "  Melba"  being  a 
stage-name  imitated  from  Melbourne.)  Studied 
in  Paris  under  Mme.  Marchesi  ;  brilliant  debut 
at  the  Theatre  de  la  Monnaie,  Brussels,  in  Oct., 
18S7,  as  Gilda  in  Rigoletto,  followed  by  appear- 
ances in  London  (Covent  Garden,  May,  18S8), 
Paris  (Grand  Opera,  May,  1889),  St.  Petersburg 
(May,  1890),  Nice  (1892),  Milan  (La  Scala, 
March,  1893),  Stockholm  and  Copenhagen  (Oct., 
1893),  New  York  (Metropolitan  Opera,  Dec.  4, 
1893)  ;  etc. — Favorite  roles  are  Lucia,  Ophelie, 
Juliette,  Nedda. 

MeFcer,  Heinrich  von,  b.  Warsaw,  Oct.  25, 
1869.  Pianist  and  composer  ;  his  Concertstilck 
in  E  min.,  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  took  the  Rubinstein 
prize  in  1895  ;  he  has  also  written  a  pf.-trio  in 
G  min.,  and  other  pf. -music. 

MePchior,  Edward  A.,  b.  Rotterdam,  Nov. 
6,  i860;  music-teacher  there.  Publ.  a  "We- 
tenschappelyk  en  biografisch  woordenboek  der 
Toonkunst "  (1889),  in  which  contemporary 
P)utch  musicians  are  well  represented. 

Melchio'ri,  Antonio,  b.  Parma,  Nov.  25, 
1827;  d.  Milan,  July,  1897.  Violinist  and 
teacher;     composed     "  balli     teatrali "     for     La 


Scala  and  La  Canobbiana  (theatres)  ;  also 
"  pezzi  "  for  violin,  and  "  ballabili  "  for  piano. 

Mel'gunow,  Julius  von,  b.  Govt,  of  Kos- 
troma, Russia,  in  1S46.  Pupil  of  Henselt  and 
the  Rubinsteins  ;  also  of  Moscow  Cons,  and  R. 
Westphal,  whose  system  of  rhythmic  articula- 
tion he  applied  to  Bach's  preludes  and  fugues. 
Publ.  a  coll.  of  Russian  folk-songs,  harmon- 
ized. 

Melo'ne,  Annibale  (imperfect  anagram  Ale- 
manno  Benelli  or  Bonelli).  See  Bottrigari, 
Ercole. 

Meluz'zi,  Salvatore,  distinguished  church- 
comp. ;  b.  Rome,  July  22,  1813  ;  d.  there  Apr. 
17,  1S97.  He  was  in.  di  capp.  at  the  basilica  of 
St.  Peter's  in  the  Vatican,  and  for  45  years  had 
been  director  of  the  Cappella  Giulia.  Thor- 
oughly versed  in  the  old  Italian  masters,  a  fine 
organist  and  eminent  composer,  his  works  in- 
clude masses,  requiems,  antiphones,  motets, 
hymns,  psalms,  a  fine  Stabat  Mater,  and  a  beau- 
tiful Miserere. 

Membree,  Edmond,  b.  Valenciennes,  Nov- 
14,  1820  ;  d.  chateau  Damont,  n.  Paris,  Sept- 
10,  1882.  Pupil,  at  Paris  Cons.,  of  Alkan  and 
Zimmerman  (pf.),  and  Carafa  (comp.) — Works  : 
The  operas  Francois  J'illon  (Grand  Opera, 
1S57),  VEsclave  (ibid.,  1875),  Les  Farias  (Op.- 
Popul.,  1876),  and  La  courte  echette  (Op. -Com., 
1879) <  music  to  choruses  of  (Fdipe  roi  ;  cantata 
Fingal j  chansons,  ballads,  etc.  Two  operas, 
ColomSa  and  Freygkor,  were  not  perf. 

Men'del,  Hermann,  writer ;  b.  Halle,  Aug. 
6,  1S34  ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  26,  1S76.  Pupil  of 
Mendelssohn  and  Moscheles  in  Leipzig,  and  of 
Wieprecht  (1853)  in  Berlin.  Active  contributor 
to  the  "Echo,"  "Der  Tonhalle,"  the  "  Thea- 
terdiener,"  and  the  "  Berliner  Montagszeitung"  ; 
founder  (1870)  and  editor  of  the  "Deutsche 
Musiker-Zeitung,"  in  which  appeared  his  inter- 
esting biographical  sketch  of  Nicolai.  He  also 
publ.  "  G.  Meyerbeer,  eine  Biographie"  (1868), 
and  "  G.  Meyerbeer,  sein  Leben  und  seine 
Werke"  (1869);  edited  "Mode's  Opernbiblio- 
thek  "  (about  90  opera-libretti  with  preface,  short 
review,  biography,  etc.),  and  a  "  Volkslieder- 
buch."  His  great  work  was  the  "  Musikalisches 
Conversations-Lexikon "  (1S70-83,  written  by 
M.  to  letter   M  ;  completed  by  Reissmann). 

Men'delssohn,  Felix,  (full  name  Jacob 
Ludwig  Felix  Mendelssohn-BarthoPdy,)  b. 

Hamburg,  Feb.  3,  iSog  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  4, 
1S47.  Grandson  of  the  philosopher  Moses  Men- 
delssohn; son  of  the  banker  Abraham  M.,  who 
removed  to  Berlin  in  1812,  during  the  French  oc- 
cupation of  Hamburg  ;  his  mother  was  Lea  Sa- 
lomon-Bartholdy,  of  Berlin,  and  from  her  he  re- 
ceived his  first  piano-lessons,  in  company  with 
his  elder  sister  Fanny  [1S05-47].  These  lessons 
were  continued  by  L.  Perger ;  M .  's  other  teachers 
were  Zelter  (theory),  and  Hennings  (violin)  ;  also 
Mme.  Bigot  for  a  short  time  in  1816  at  Paris, 
whither    M.   had  accompanied   his  father   on  a 


388 


MENDELSSOHN 


business  trip.  On  Apr.  it,  iSig,  he  entered  the 
Singakademie  (cond.  by  Zelter)  as  an  alto  ;  on 
Sept.  iS  a  composition  by  M.,  the  igth  Psalm, 
was  performed  by  the  Akademie,  of  which,  after 
the  change  of  his 
voice  to  a  tenor  in 
his  16th  year,  he  still 
remained  a  favorite 
member.  M.'s  talent 
for  composition  was 
likewise  fostered  by 
the  Sunday  perform- 
ances of  a  small 
orchestra  at  his  fa- 
ther's house,  his  own 
works  rinding  speedy 
production.  In  1S25 
his  father  again  took 
him  to  Paris,  to  ask 
Cherubini's    opinion 

on  the  adoption  of  a  musical  career  by  Eelix  ;  this 
opinion  was  strongly  affirmative,  and  the  master 
even  offered  to  undertake  the  boy's  further  train- 
ing, but  the  elder  Mendelssohn  considered  the 
home  atmosphere  preferable.  Indeed,  M.'s 
genius  could  nowhere  have  been  more  health- 
fully stimulated  ;  as  early  as  1S20  he  was  regu- 
larly engaged  in  composition,  producing  in  that 
year  between  50  and  60  movements  (a  cantata, 
In  rUhrend  feierlichen  Tonen  ;  a  little  musical 
comedy  for  voices  and  pf . ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  2  pf. -so- 
natas ;  a  sonata  for  violin  and  pf. ;  2  songs  for  4 
men's  voices  ;  songs,  etc.)  ;  this  many-sided  ac- 
tivity is  characteristic  of  his  work  through  life. 
As  a  piano-plaver,  his  debut  was  even  earlier — 
on  Oct.  24,  1818,  he  played  at  a  public  concert 
the  piano-part  of  a  trio  with  2  horns,  by  Wolffl. 
In  1821  his  talent  for  extemporizing  was  already 
noteworthy  ;  being  presented  to  Goethe  in  that 
year,  and  requested  to  execute  a  Bach  fugue, 
his  memory  played  him  false,  but  not  his  quick 
wit,  for  he  extemporized  the  forgotten  develop- 
ment !  The  overture  to  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream  was  written  in  1826,  and  is  a  most  aston- 
ishing proof  of  the  young  composer's  mental 
maturity,  showing  no  less  mastery  and  finish  of 
form  than  the  remaining  numbers  composed  fif- 
teen years  later.  In  1827  his  opera,  Die  Iloeli- 
zeit  des  Camacho,  was  performed  with  much  ap- 
plause at  the  Berlin  Opera,  but  was  nevertheless 
soon  withdrawn  by  Spontini,  then  general  mu- 
sical director  with  almost  unlimited  powers,  who 
had  a  dislike  to  M.  In  no  single  instance  is  the 
thoroughness  of  M.'s  musical  training  more  ap- 
parent than  in  his  determination  to  bring  out 
Bach's  "Passion  ace.  to  St.  Matthew "  in  the 
Singakademie  ;  in  spite  of  Zelter's  opposition, 
grudgingly  withdrawn,  the  performance  (the 
first  anywhere  since  Bach's  death)  took  place 
on  March  11,  1829,  and  gave  the  initial  im- 
pulse to  the  successful  Bach  propaganda  in 
which  M.  was  long  the  leading  figure.  In 
1830,  M.  declined  the  proffered  chair  of  music 
at  the  Berlin  University  in  favor  of  Marx. 
His    first    journey   to    England,    undertaken    at 


Moscheles'  suggestion,  had  been  made  in  the 
preceding  year  ;  on  May  25  (1829)  he  conducted 
his  symphony  in  C  minor  seated,  after  the  fash- 
ion of  the  time,  at  the  piano  ;  some  months 
after  this  performance  the  London  Philharmonic 
Society,  to  which  he  dedicated  the  symphony, 
elected  him  an  honorary  member.  Later  he 
played  the  Concertstiick  by  Weber,  and  (for  the 
first  time  in  England)  Beethoven's  concerto  in 
Eb.  Here  it  should  be  remarked,  that  M.  was 
not  only  a  pianist  of  the  highest  rank,  but  also 
a  finished  organist.  Following  this  active  con- 
cert-season, a  long  pleasure-tour  through  Scot- 
land stimulated  his  teeming  imagination.  This 
was  followed,  1830-32,  by  travels  through  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Italy  and  Switzerland  to  Paris  ; 
he  then  made  his  second  visit  to  London,  where 
he  conducted  the  "Hebrides"  overture,  and 
played  his  G  min.  concerto  and  B  min.  Capric- 
cio  brilliant.  Here,  too,  his  first  book  of  6 
"  Songs  without  Words,"  finished  in  Venice, 
1830,  was  published.  In  England,  now  and 
later,  he  found  the  musical  environment  far  more 
genial  than  in  Berlin,  where,  for  some  reason, 
he  was  not  generally  popular — witness  his  fail- 
ure, in  competition  with  Rungenhagen,  to  obtain 
the  conductorship  of  the  Singakademie  on  his 
return  in  1833.  And  this  after  he  had  arranged 
a  series  of  concerts  for  the  benefit  of  the  Or- 
chestral Pension-Fund,  himself  conducting  his 
"Reformation"  symphony,  the  three  overtures 
"  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  "  Hebrides,"  and 
"Calm  Sea  and  Prosperous  Voyage,"  etc.  He 
was  called  to  conduct  the  Lower  Rhine  Musical 
Festival  at  Diisseldorf  in  May,  1833;  after  a  short 
visit  to  London,  he  returned  to  Diisseldorf  to  take 
charge,  as  Town  Musical  Director,  of  the  church- 
music,  the  opera,  and  two  singing-societies,  all 
for  the  annual  salary  of  600  Thaler  (about  $450)! 
He  gave  most  of  the  theatrical  work  into  the 
hands  of  Julius  Rietz  within  six  months  ;  after 
conducting  the  Lower  Rhine  Festival  at  Co- 
logne, June  7-9,  1835,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
conductorship  of  the  Gewandhaus  Orchestra  in 
Leipzig — an  epoch-making  point,  not  only  in  his 
personal  career,  but  for  the  musical  life  of  Leip- 
zig and  the  world.  Leipzig  was  not  slow  to  re- 
spond to  his  masterly  activity  as  a  conductor, 
composer,  and  player  ;  the  University  created 
him,  in  1S36,  Dr.  pliil.  honoris  eausa  ;  he  in- 
fused new  life  into  the  orchestra,  and,  by  calling- 
Ferdinand  David  to  his  aid,  gave  it  a  leader  who 
not  merely  (and  most  ably)  seconded  his  own  ef- 
forts, but  who,  by  native  force  of  character  and 
musicianlv  ability,  gave  a*  tone  of  precision  and 
pliability  to  this  body  of  players  which  is  still  a 
tradition  of  vital  force  in  the  Gewandhaus.  M.'s 
oratorio  Paulus  was  brought  out  at  the  Lower 
Rhine  Festival  in  Diisseldorf,  May  22-24,  1836, 
he  himself  conducting.  On  March  28,  1837,  he 
married  Cecile  Charlotte  Sophie  Jeanrenaud  of 
Frankfort,  the  daughter  of  a  French  Protestant 
clergyman.  Five  children,  Carl,  Marie,  Paul, 
Felix  and  "  Lili "  (Plisabeth)  were  born  to 
them,  and  their  union  was  happy.      During  four 


339 


MENDELSSOHN 


weeks  of  this  year  M.  was  in  England,  and  con- 
ducted J' a ul us  (St.  Paul)  at  the  Birmingham 
Festival.  In  1S41  Friedrich  Wilhelm  IV.  in- 
vited M.  to  Berlin  to  take  charge  of  the  grand 
orchestral  and  choral  concerts  ;  but  M.  found 
the  attitude  of  the  court,  the  musicians,  and 
even  the  public,  more  or  less  openly  hostile,  and 
wished  to  resign  in  October,  1S42,  but,  at  the 
King's  especial  request,  remained  to  organize 
the  music  in  the  cathedral  ;  the  chosen  body  of 
singers  later  became  famous  as  the  "  Domchor" 
(cathedral-choir).  M.  also  received  the  title  of 
Royal  General  Musical  Director  ;  residence  in 
Berlin  was  not  required.  Late  in  1842,  with 
yon  Falkenstein,  Keil,  Kistner,  Schleinitz,  and 
Seeburg  as  directors,  and  Schumann,  Haupt- 
mann,  David,  Becker,  and  Pohlenz  as  teachers, 
Mendelssohn  organized  the  Conservatorium  of 
Music  at  Leipzig  (from  the  beginning  under  the 
patronage  of  the  King  of  Saxony,  and  since 
1876  the  "Royal"  Cons.);  it  was  opened  on 
Jan.  16,  1843.  M.  himself  taught  when  his 
other  manifold  duties  permitted.  The  financial 
nucleus  of  the  foundation  was  a  legacy  from 
Blumner  of  20,000  Thaler  ($15,000),  left  at  the 
disposal  of  the  King  of  Saxony  for  the  promotion 
of  art  ;  M.  had  made  a  special  journey  to  Dres- 
den to  interest  the  King  in  the  conservatory- 
project.  During  his  frequent  absences,  Hiller 
conducted  the  Gewandhaus  Concerts  1843-4, 
and  Gade  1844-5  ;  in  the  autumn  of  1845,  M. 
resumed  the  baton.  During  the  summer  of 
1S44  he  conducted  the  Philharmonic  Concerts  in 
London,  and  took  part,  as  a  pianist,  in  numerous 
other  concerts,  everywhere  receiving  a  most  en- 
thusiastic welcome.  This  was  his  eighth  visit 
to  Britain  ;  his  ninth  was  made  memorable  by 
his  conducting  the  first  performance  of  Elijah 
(at  Birmingham,  August,  1846).  Returning  to 
Leipzig,  he  resigned  the  Gewandhaus  conduc- 
torship  to  Gade,  and  the  superintendency  of  the 
piano-department  to  Moscheles,  whom  he  in- 
vited from  London  to  accept  the  position.  For 
several  years  he  had  been  jaded  by  overwork  ; 
the  sudden  death  of  his  favorite  sister,  Fanny, 
was  a  shock  which  his  overwrought  nervous  sys- 
tem could  not  withstand,  and  in  a  few  months 
he  followed  her. — Mendelssohn  left  no  mark  as 
a  dramatic  composer,  although  he  long  and 
eagerly  sought  after  a  suitable  libretto.  Besides 
Die  Hochzeit  des  Camacho  he  left  fragments  of 
the  opera  Lorelei  (an  Ave  Maria,  a  vintage 
chorus,  and  the  beautiful  finale  to  Act  I)  ;  the 
operetta  Son  and  Stranger,  op.  89  ;  and  5  small 
unpubl.  operas.  His  grandest  productions  are 
the  oratorios  Paulas  (St.  Paul)  and  Elias  (Elijah), 
op.  36  and  70  respectively,  the  greatest  works  of 
their  kind  since  the  time  of  Handel  and  Haydn  ; 
Christus,  op.  97,  is  unfinished.  Other  important 
vocal  works  with  orch.  are  the  symphony-cantata 
Lobgesang,  op.  52  ;  the  ballade  Die  erste  Wal- 
purgisnacht,  op.  60,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  2 
"  Festgesange,"  An  die  Kiinstler  (f.  male  ch. 
and  brass),  and  Zur  Sacularfeier  der  Buch- 
druckerkunst  ("  Gutenberg   Cantata,"    f.    male 


ch.  and  orch.)  ;  music  to  the  choruses,  etc.,  of 
Antigone  (op.  55),  Athalie  (op.  74),  CEdipus  in 
Colonos  (op.  93),  and  A  Midsummer  A'ight's 
Dream  (op.  61)  ;  Hymn  f.  alto  solo,  ch.,  and 
orch.  (op.  96)  ;  Lauda  Sion  f.  ch.  and  orch.  (op. 
73) ;  Tu  es  Petrus,  f.  5-p.  ch.  w.  orch.  (op. 
in);  Psalms  115  (op.  31)  and  95  (op.  46)  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  Psalms  114  (op.  51)  and  98  (op. 
91),  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  prayer  "  Verleih'  uns 
Frieden,"  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  soprano  concert-aria 
"  Infelice  !",  w.  orch.  (op.  94). — Vocal  works 
without  orch.  are  Psalm  42,  f.  ch.  and  organ  ; 
Fsalms  2,  22,  and  43,  a  S,  a  cappella  ;  Funeral 
Song  f.  mixed  ch.  (op.  116);  Kyrie  eleison  f. 
double  ch.;  6  anthems  ("  Spriiche  ")  f.  8-p.  ch. 
(op.  79);  3  motets  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  organ  (op.  23)  ; 
3  motets  f.  female  ch.  and  organ  (op.  39)  ;  3 
motets  f.  solo  and  ch.  a  cappella  (op.  69)  ;  21 
quartets  for  men's  voices,  and  28  quartets  for 
mixed  voices  (among  these  vocal  quartets  are 
some  of  his  finest  and  most  popular  composi- 
tions) ;  13  vocal  duets  ;  and  83  songs  for  solo 
voice  w.  pf.  ("Es  ist  bestimmt  in  Gottes  Rath," 
"  "Wer  hat  dich,  du  schoner  Wald,"  "  O  Thaler 
weit,  o  Hohen,"  and  many  others,  have  become 
genuine  folk-songs  in  Germany). — Orchestral 
works: '4  symphonies  (op.  11,  in  C  min.;  op. 
56,  in  A  min.,  "  Scotch  "  ;  op.  90,  in  A,  "  Ital- 
ian "  ;  op.  107,  in  D,  "  Reformation  ") ;  the  con- 
cert-overtures "A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream" 
(Sommcrnaihtstraum  ;  op.  21),  "Hebrides" 
(Die  Fingalshohle j  op.  26),  "Calm  Sea  and 
Prosperous  Voyage  "  (Meeresstille  und  glilckliche 
Fahrt ;  op.  27),  "The  lovely  Melusine"  (Die 
schone  Melusine  j  op.  32),  "  Kuy  Bias  "  (op.  95), 
and  the  "  Trumpet  "  overture  (op.  101) ;  also  an 
overture  for  wind-band  (op.  24)  ;  Andante, 
Scherzo,  Capriccio,  and  Fugue,  f.  string-orch. 
(op.  81);  Funeral  March  (op.  103)  and  March 
(op.  108);  pf.-concerto  No.  1,  in  G  min.  (op. 
25),  and  No.  2,  in  D  min.  (op.  40)  ;  Capriccio 
brilliant  f.  pf.  w.  orch.  (op.  22) ;  Rondo  bril- 
lant,  f.  do.  (op.  29) ;  Serenade  and  Allegro  gio- 
joso,  f.  do.  (op.  43)  ;  1  violin-concerto  in  E  min. 
(op.  64  ;  a  classic,  and  one  of  the  finest  of  its 
class  ;  while  writing  it,  M.  constantly  consulted 
and  often  deferred  to  David's  judgment.) — 
Chamber-music  :  An  octet  f.  strings,  op.  20  ; 
2  string-quintets,  op.  iS,  S7  ;  a  pf.-sextet,  op. 
no;  7  string-quartets,  op.  12,  13,  44  [3],  80, 
Si  ;  3  pf. -quartets,  op.  1,  2,  3  ;  2  pf. -trios,  op.  49, 
66  ;  2  trios  f.  clar. ,  basset-horn,  and  pf.,  op. 
113,  114;  2  sonatas  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op.  45, 
58;  a  sonata  f.  violin  and  pf. ,  op.  4;  Varia- 
tions concertantes  (op.  17)  and  Lied  ohne 
Worte  (op.  109),  f.  'cello  w.  pf. — Pianoforte- 
music  :  3  sonatas,  op.  6,  105,  106;  Capriccio, 
op.  5  ;  Charakterslucke,  op.  7  ;  Rondo  capric- 
cioso,  op.  14;  Fantasia  on  "The  last  rose 
of  summer,"  op.  15;  3  Fantasias,  op.  16;  the 
original  and  popular  "Songs  without  Words  " 
(Lieder  o/ine  Worte),  in  8  books  (op.  19b,  30,  38, 
53,  62,  67,  85,  102)  ;  Fantasia  in  F  #  min.,  "  So- 
nate  ecossaise,"  op.  28  ;  3  Caprices,  op.  33  ;  6 
preludes   and   fugues,    op.    35  ;   Variations   seri- 


390 


MENDES— MERCADANTE 


euses,  op.  54  ;  6  Kinderstiicke,  op.  72  ;  Varia- 
tions in  E I7,  op.  82  ;  do.  in  Bb,  op.  83  ;  3  pre- 
ludes and  3  studies,  op.  104  ;  Albumblatt,  op. 
117  ;  Capriccio  in  E,  op.  118  ;  Perpetuum 
mobile,  op.  119;  etc.; — 4-hand  Variations  in  Bb, 
op.  83a  ;  4-hand  Allegro  brillant,  op.  92  ;  Duo 
concertant  (with  Moscheles)  f.  2  pf.s,  on  the 
march-theme  in  Preciosa. — Organ-music  :  3 
Preludes  and  Fugues,  op.  37  ;  6  Sonatas,  op.  65  ; 
Preludes  in  C  min. 

Biographies:  ''Felix  M.-B.:  ein  Denkmal," 
by  Lampadius  (1S48  ;  Engl,  transl.  by  Gage, 
Phila.,  1865,  London,  187S)  ;  the  same  enlarged 
as  "  F.  M.-B.,  ein  Gesammtbild  seines  Lebens 
und  Schaffens"  (1886);  "Sketch  of  the  Life 
and  Works  of  the  late  F.  M.",  by  Benedict  (2nd 
ed.  1853) ;  "  Reminiscences  of  F.  M.",  by  J. 
Schubring  (1S66)  ;  "  Meine  Erinnerungen  an 
F.  M.",  by  E.  Devrient  (1S69  ;  also  in  Engl.)  ; 
"  Goethe  und  F.  M.",  by  Carl,  M.'s  eldest  son 
(1871  ;  also  in  Engl.,  1872  ;  2nd  ed.  1S74)  ;  by 
Miller  (1S74,  German  and  Engl.,  the  latter  as 
"Mendelssohn,  Letters  and  Recollections"); 
"Die  Familie  M.",  by  S.  Hensel  (1S79  ;  3 
vol.s)  ;  "Ferdinand  David  und  die  Familie 
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,"  by  J.  Eckardt  (18SS)  ; 
an  excellent  57-page  sketch  in  Grove's  Diction- 
ary ;  many  compilations  and  essays  (by  Reiss- 
mann,  Elise  Polko,  La  Mara,  Ferd  Gleich,  J. 
Sittard,  etc.).  Mis  letters  are  scattered  : 
"  Reisebriefe "  from  1830-32,  edited  by  his 
brother  Paul  (1861  ;  2  vol.s),  and  "  Briefe  "  by 
the  same,  from  1833-47  (x863,  also  in  Engl.)  ; 
"  Briefe  von  F.  M.-B.  an  I.  und  C.  Moscheles" 
(1S88  ;  Ger.  and  Engl.)  ;  "  Brief wechsel  zwi- 
schen  F.  M.-B.  und  Julius  Schubring,"  edited  by 
Schubring  (1892)  ;  some  in  L.  Nohl's  "  Musiker- 
briefe "  (1867);  and  S  letters  to  Frau  Voigt 
(1871). 

Mendes,  Catulle,  poet,  dramatist,  novelist ; 
b.  Bordeaux,  May  22,  1841,  has  written  the  li- 
bretti of  several  popular  operas  and  operettas, 
e.  g. ,  Le  Capital ne  Fracasse  (music  by  Pessard), 
Gwendoline  (Chabrier),  La  Femme  de  Tabarin 
(Chabrier),  Isoline  (Messager),  Le  docteur  Blanc 
(Pierne). 

Mengal,  Martin-Joseph,  horn-virtuoso  ;  b. 
Ghent,  Jan.  27,  1784  ;  d.  there  July  3,  1851. 
Pupil  of  Duvernoy  (horn),  Catel  (harm.),  and 
Reicha  (comp.)  in  Paris  Cons.;  belonged  to  the 
Imperial  Guard,  the  orch.  of  the  Odeon,  and 
that  of  the  Th.  Feydeau  ;  after  failure  as  a 
theatre-manager  in  Ghent,  he  became  conductor 
there  and  in  Antwerp,  and  in  The  Hague  ;  from 
J835,  Director  of  Ghent  Cons. — Brought  out  5 
operas,  and  wrote  2  horn-concertos,  chamber- 
music  f.  wind  and  strings,  duos  f.  horn  and 
harp,  fantasias  f.  horn  and  pf.,  etc. 

Men'gewein,  Karl,  b.  Zaunroda,  Thuringia, 
Sept.  9,  1S52  ;  from  1881-6  teacher  at  Freuden- 
berg's  Cons.,  Wiesbaden,  and  with  the  latter 
founded  a  Cons,  at  Berlin  in  1886. — Works  : 
Oratorio  Johannes  der  Tanfer  (1S92)  ;  festival 
cantata  Martin  Luther ;  operetta  Schulmeisters 


Brautj 'ah r I  (Wiesbaden,  1884) ;  overture  "Dorn- 
roschen  "  ;  a  requiem,  female  choruses,  etc. 

Mengoz'zi,  Bernardo,  b.  Florence,  1758  ; 
d.  Paris,  March,  1S00.  Pupil  of  P.  Potenza  at 
Venice  ;  sang  on  Italian  stages,  and  at  concerts 
in  London  and  Paris,  also  for  years  at  the  Th. 
de  Monsieur.  Me  brought  out  13  operas  and  a 
ballet  in  Paris  ;  from  1795  was  prof,  of  singing 
in  the  Cons. ;  and  wrote  the  greater  part  of  the 
"  Methode  de  chant  du  Cons."  publ.  by  Langle. 

Men'ter,  Joseph,  b.  Deutenkofen,  Bavaria, 
Jan.  19,  1S08  ;  d.  Munich,  Apr.  iS,  1856. 
'Cello-pupil  of  Moralt  at  Munich,  where  he 
entered  the  court  orch.  in  1833.  Won  fame  by 
tours  in  Germany,  Austria,  Belgium,  Holland, 
and  England.  Wrote  fantasias,  etc.,  f.  'cello  w. 
orch. — His  daughter, 

Men'ter  [Menter-Popperj,  Sophie,  dis- 
tinguished pianist  ;  b.  Munich,  July  29,  1848  ; 
pupil  there  of  Schonchen,  later  of  Lebert  and 
Niest.  Debut  1S63  ;  in  1S67,  after  sensational 
successes  at  Frankfort,  Tausig  persuaded  her  to 
study  with  him  ;  she  met  Liszt  in  1869,  who 
recognized  and  zealously  promoted  her  wonder- 
ful talent.  Married  the  'cellist  Popper  in  1872 
(divorced  1886).  Court  pianist  to  the  Prince  of 
Hohenzollern  and  the  Emperor  of  Austria.  Pro- 
fessor at  St.  Petersburg  Cons.,  1878-87  (?). 
Both  in  technique  and  style  her  playing  ap- 
proaches perfection.  Wassily  Sapellnikoff  was 
her  pupil.  Resides  at  her  country-seat,  Castle 
Itter,  in  the  Tyrol. 

Mer'becke,  John.     See  Marbeck. 

Mercadan'te,    Francesco  Saverio,  b. 

tamura,  Sept.  17,  1795  ;  d.  Naples,  Dec. 
1870.  Favorite 
pupil  of  Zingarelli 
in  the  R.  Collegia 
di  Musica,  Naples  ; 
after  having  comp.  2 
symphonies  (praised 
by  Rossini),  concer- 
tos, quartets,  a  4-p. 
mass  w.  orch.,  and 
a  cantata,  his  career 
as  a  dramatic  com- 
poser began  with 
L'apoteosi  d' ' Ercole 
(San  Carlo  Th.,  Na- 
ples, Jan.  4,  1819), 
a  grand  success.  Up  to  1866  he  produced  about 
60  operas  with  fluctuating  fortune,  the  last  being 
Virginia  (Naples,  Apr.  7,  1S66).  His  greatest 
triumphs  were  won  with  Elisa  e  Claudio  (Milan, 
La  Scala,  Oct.  30,  1S21  ;  the  work  which  secured 
his  fame),  /  Briganti  (Paris,  Th.  Italien,  Mar. 
22,  1836),  //  Giuramento  (Milan,  La  Scala,  Mar. 
ir,  1837  ;  considered  his  best),  and  //  Bravo 
(ibid.,  Mar.  9,  1839).  He  composed  operas  for 
different  cities,  residing,  after  the  manner  of 
Italian  opera-composers,  in  the  city  for  which 
he  was  writing  ;  thus  he  lived  in  Rome,  Bologna, 
Turin,  Milan,  Venice,  Madrid  (1827-8),  Lisbon 


Al- 
17, 


39 1 


MERCADIER— MERTKE 


(1S27-S-9),  Paris,  and  Vienna  (where  he  prod.  3 
operas  in  1824).  In  1833  he  succeeded  l'ietro  Ge- 
nerali  as  m.  di  capp.  at  Novara  Cathedral  ;  here  he 
lost  the  sight  of  one  eye,  and  in  1862  total  blind- 
ness ensued.  In  1S39  he  became  m.  di  capp.  at 
Lanliano  ;  and  in  1840  succeeded  Zingarelli  as 
director  of  the  Naples  Cons. — Other  works  :  A 
Messa  solenne,  and  some  20  other  masses  ;  Le  7 
parole  di  Nostro  Signore,  f.  4  voices  w.  string- 
quartet  ;  a  Salve  Regina,  a  De  profundis,  2  Tan- 
tum  ergo,  litanies,  vespers,  psalms  ;  cantatas, 
hymns  (one  to  Garibaldi  in  1S61  ;  to  Rossini  in 
1866)  ;  funeral  symphonies  to  Rossini,  Doni- 
zetti, Bellini,  Pacini ;  orchestral  fantasias  ("  L'au- 
rora,"  "  La  rimembranza,"  "  II  lamento  dell' 
Arabo,"  "  II  lamento  del  Bardo  "  (written  after 
he  had  become  blind)  ;  pieces  for  various  instr.s  ; 
many  songs  ;  solfeggi  for  the  Conservatory;  etc. 

Mercadier,  Jean- Baptiste,  b.  Belesta, 
Ariege,  I" ranee,  Apr.  iS,  1750  ;  d.  Foix,  Jan. 
14,  1S15.  Wrote  "  Nouveau  systeme  de  musique 
theorique  et  pratique"  (1776),  a  critique  of  Tar- 
tini's  and  Rameau's  systems,  favoring  Rameau. 

Mereaux,    Jean-Nicolas-Amedee  Lefroid 

de,  b.  Paris,  1745  ;  d.  there  1797.  Organist  ; 
prod.  7  operas,  etc.;  also  oratorios  and  can- 
tatas.—  His  son,  Joseph-Nicolas  Lefroid  de 
M.,  b.  Paris,  1767,  was  an  organist  and  pianist, 
and  wrote  pf. -sonatas  ;  his  son,  Jean-Amedee 
Lefroid  de  M.,  b.  Paris,  1803,  d.  Rouen,  Apr. 
25,  1874  ;  pianist,  pupil  of  Reicha  ;  publ.  an 
interesting  coll.  of  clavecin-music,  "  Les  clave- 
cinistes  de  1637  a  1790"  (1867)  ;  comp.  pf.- 
music,  etc. 

Meriel,  Paul,  b.  Mondoubleau,  Loire -et- 
Cher,  Jan.  3,  1818  ;  d.  Toulouse,  March,  1897. 
As  a  boy  he  earned  his  living  as  violinist  in  an 
orch.;  taught  later  by  Aless.  Nepoleano  and 
Somma.  Became  chef  d' ore hestreol  a  travelling 
orch.;  prod,  a  comic  opera,  Corne'lius  I'argen- 
tier,  at  Amiens  ;  then  settled  in  Toulouse, 
bringing  out  a  symphony,  "  Le  Tasse " 
("  Tasso  "),  a  dramatic  oratorio,  Cain,  chamber- 
music,  and  a  4-act  grand  opera  I'Armoriqtte,  of 
which  he  wrote  text  and  music.  Then  app. 
Director  of  the  Toulouse  Cons.;  later  chev.  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor.  Afterwards  prod,  the 
i-act  comic  opera  Les  precieuses  ridicules,  and 
the  comic  operas  Le  Re  tour  au  pays,  I '  Orpheon 
en  voyage,  and  Les  Pdques  de  la  Reine  (1886). 

Merk,  Joseph,  'cello-virtuoso ;  b.  Vienna, 
Mar.  15,  1795  ;  d.  Ober-Dobling,  June  16, 
1852.  Trained  by  SchindlScker  ;  in  1818,  1st 
'cello  at  the  court  opera  ;  1823,  teacher  at  the 
Cons.;  1834,  Imp.  chamber-virtuoso.  Many 
successful  tours  in  Germany  and  Italy. — Works 
(f.  'cello)  :  Concerto,  concertino,  fantasias, 
polonaises,  etc.;  his  'cello-etudes,  op.  it  and 
20,  are  excellent. 

Mer'kel,  Gustav  (Adolf),  b.  Oberoderwitz, 
Saxony,  Nov.  12,  1827  ;  d.  Dresden,  Oct.  30, 
1885.  Pupil  uf  Toh.  Schneider  (org.)  and  Jul. 
Otto  (cpt.)  ;   also  aided   by  Schumann  and  Reis- 


siger.  Org.  of  the  Waisenhauskirche,  Dresden, 
1858  ;  of  the  Kreuzkirche,  1S60  ;  of  the  Catholic 
Court  Ch.,  1864. 
Taught  in  the  Cons, 
from  1 861 ;  cond.  the 
Dreyssig  Singakade- 
mie  1867-73. — Val- 
uable organ-works (9 
sonatas,  op.  30  [f.  4 
hands,  w.  double 
pedal],  op.  42,  80, 
115,  118,  137,  140, 
183 ;  3  fantasias ; 
30  pedal-studies; 
chorals  and  fugues  ; 
an  Organ  -  method  ; 
etc.);  also  pf. -pieces, 
motets,  songs. 

Mer'kel,  Karl  Ludwig,  medical  prof,  at 
Leipzig  Univ.;  publ.  "  Anatomie  und  Physiolo- 
gic des  menschlichen  Stimm-  und  Sprachor- 
gans  "  (1856  ;  2nd  ed.  1S76)  ;  and  "Die  Eunk- 
tionen  des  menschlichen  Schlund-  und  Kehl- 
kopfes  "  (1862). 

Merklin',  Joseph,  famous  organ-builder  ;  b. 
Oberhausen,  Baden,  Jan.  17,  1S19.  Trained  in 
the  workshops  of  his  father,  organ-builder  at 
Ereiburg,  and  Walcker  ;  established  himself  in 
Brussels,  1S43  ;  won  a  medal  at  the  National 
Exposition  of  1847  ;  took  his  brother-in-law,  F. 
Schutze,  into  partnership,  changing  the  firm- 
name  to"  Merklin,  Schutze  etCie."in  1853,  and 
to  "  Merklin-Schtitze"  in  1S58.  In  1855  they 
bought  out  Ducroquet  of  Paris,  and  established 
a  branch-establishment  in  that  city. 

Mersenne,  Marie,  b.  Oize  (Maine),  France, 
Sept.  8,  15S8  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  I,  1648.  Fran- 
ciscan monk,  living  in  Paris. — Wrote  "  Traite 
de  l'harmonie  universelle  "  (1627),  later  expanded 
to  "  Harmonie  universelle"  (1636-7;  2  large 
folio  vol.s  with  illustrations  and  musical  exam- 
ples ;  includes  a  "  Traite  des  instruments,"  de- 
picting and  describing  all  instr.s  of  the  17th 
century  ;  his  most  important  work)  ;  "  Quaes- 
tiones  celeberrimae  in  Genesin  "  (1623  ;  chiefly 
on  Hebrew  music)  ;  "Questions  harmoniques  " 
(1634)  ;  "  Les  preludes  de  l'harmonie  univer- 
selle" (1634);  "Harmonicorum  libri  XII" 
(1635  ;  enlarged  ed.  1648)  ;  etc. 

Mertens,  Joseph,  b.  Antwerp,  Feb.  17, 
1S34.  1st  violin  at  the  Opera  there  ;  violin- 
teacher  at  the  Cons.;  cond.  the  Flemish  Opera, 
Brussels,  1878-9.  Brought  out  a  number  of 
Flemish  and  French  operettas  and  operas  with 
local  success  ;  De  zwarte  Kapitein (The  Hague, 
1877)  was  also  prod,  in  Germany. 

Mert/ke,  Eduard,  pianist ;  b.  Riga,  June 
T7>  x833  !  d.  Cologne,  Sept.  25,  1895.  Pupil  of 
S.  von  Liitzau  (pf.)  and  Agthe  (theory).  Played 
in  public  at  ten  ;  succ.  concerts  in  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Moscow,  1850;  from  1853-9,  1st  vio- 
lin in  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig  ;  pianistic  tour 
in    Norway  and   Sweden,  1S59  ;  after   living    at 


392 


MERULA— METRA 


Wesserling  (Alsatia),  Lucerne,  Freiburg,  and 
Mannheim,  he  was  app.  (1869)  teacher  of  pf. 
at  the  Cologne  Cons. — Works  :  Lisa,  oder  die 
Sprache  des  Herzens,  opera  (Mannheim,  1872)  ; 
the  posth.  opera  Kyrill  von  Thessalonica  ;  2 
cantatas,  Fes  Liedes  I  rerklarung  and  Blumen- 
geister  (f.  sopr.  and  alto  soli,  fern,  chorus,  and  2 
pf.s) ;  pf. -suite  in  G  min.,  op.  8  ;  4  pf. -pieces,  op. 
7  ;  Nocturne  and  Valse,  op.  23  ;  technical  exer- 
cises and  School  of  Octaves  f.  pf . ;  arr.s  of  Men- 
delssohn's, Weber's,  and  Hummel's  concerted 
pieces,  f.  pf.  w.  2nd  pf. ;  edited  Chopin's  works  ; 
publ.  a  coll.  of  "  Melodies  of  the  Ukraine." 

Me'rula,  Tarquinio,  early  composer  for  vio- 
lin, and  a  native  of  Bergamo  ;  publ.  "  Canzoni 
ovvero  sonate  per  chiesa  e  camera  a  2  e  3  "  (4 
books;  1623-51);  other  sonatas  in  his  "  Con- 
certi  spirituali  "  (162S)  and  "  Pegaso  musicale  " 
(1640). 

Me'rulo  {recte  Merlotti),  Claudio,  called 
"da  Coreggio"  because  born  in  Coreggio, 
Apr.  S,  1533  ;  d.  Parma,  May  4,  1604.  A  pupil 
of  Menon  and  G.  Donati  ;  organist  at  Brescia  ; 
from  July  2,  1557,  organist  of  the  2nd  organ  at 
San  Marco,  Venice,  and  from  1566-S6  Pado- 
vano's  successor  as  1st  organist  there.  There- 
after court  organist  to  the  Duke  of  Parma.  One 
of  the  greatest  organists  of  the  time,  he  stands 
at  the  head  of  the  Venetian  School,  and  his 
works  open  a  new  era  of  independent  composi- 
tion for  the  king  of  instruments:  "  Toccate 
d'intavolatura  d'organo  "  (1604  ;  2  books),  and 
"  Ricercari  d'intavolatura  d'organo"  (1605). 
Among  his  pupils  were  Angleria,  Bonizzi,  and 
Conforti.  He  also  prod,  an  opera  in  madrigal- 
style,  La  Tragedia  (Venice,  1574),  and  publ.  4 
vol.s  of  madrigals  a  3-5  (1566-1604),  2  vol.s  of 
motets  (7  5  (1578),  "  Ricercari  da  cantare  "  a  4 
(1607,  1608),  and  "Canzoni  alia  francese " 
(1620). — "  Memorie  "  by  Catelani  (i860). 

Merz,  Karl,  b.  Bensheim,  n.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  Sept.  19,  1836  ;  d.  Wooster,  Ohio,  Jan. 
30,  1890.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  F.  J.  Runkel. 
Went  to  the  United  States  in  1854,  and  lived  in 
Philadelphia  and  other  citiesasa  teacher.  Con- 
tributed mus.  articles  to  "Music  and  Culture" 
and  other  periodicals. 

Messager,   Andre   (-Charles-Prosper),  b. 

Montlucon,  Allier,  France,  Dec.  30,  1855. 
Pupil  of  the  Niedermeyer  School  ;  then  of  Saint- 
Saens.  Org.  of  the  choir  at  St.-Sulpice,  1874  ; 
chef  d'orchestre  at  Brussels  ;  org.  at  Saint- Paul- 
Saint-Louis  ;  then  maitre  c/e  chapelle  at  Sainte- 
Marie  des  Batignolles  ;  in  1S98  app.  by  Carre 
orchestral  conductor  of  the  Opera-Comique. — 
After  bringing  out  several  ballets  at  the  Folies- 
Bergere,  he  prod,  the  3-act  comic  opera  Francois 
les  bus  bleus  at  the  Folies-Dramatiques,  1883 
(completing  Bernicat's  unfinished  score)  ;  since 
then  about  20  more  similar  stage-pieces  have 
appeared,  the  latest  being  the  operetta  La  Fian- 
cee en  Icteric  (1896  ;  mod.  succ),  the  5-act  comic 


opera  I.e  Chevalier  </' '  Ifanncntal  (Op. -Com., 
1896),  the  operetta  Les  ftites  Michu  (1897  ; 
succ),  and  the  operetta  Veronique (1898  ;  succ). 
La  Basoche,  3-act  comic  opera  (Op. -Com.,  1890), 
was  prod,  at  Bremen,  1892,  as  Zioei  Lvbnioe. — 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Mes'serschmidt-Griin'ner  (Frau),  b.  Vi- 
enna, about  1847  ;  d.  there  Oct.  15,  1895  ;  cele- 
brated for  organizing  at  Vienna,  in  1870,  the 
first  Ladies'  Orchestra,  a  successful  and  widely 
imitated  enterprise. 

Mestri'no,  Niccolo,  b.  Milan,  1748  ;  d. 
Paris,  Sept.,  1790.  Solo  violin  in  the  orches- 
tras of  Prince  Esterhazy  and  Count  Erdody  ; 
successful  concerts  in  Italy,  Germany,  and 
(1786)  Paris,  where  he  settled  as  a  teacher  ; 
1789,  cond.  of  the  Th.  de  Monsieur. — Publ.  12 
violin-concertos,  duets,  etudes  and  caprices  f. 
vln.,  and  sonatas  f.  do.  w.  figured  bass. 

Metasta'sio,  Pietro  Antonio  Domenico 
Bonaventura  (son  of  the  Papal  soldier  Tra- 
passi,  but  changed  his  name  at  the  instance  of 
Gravina,  his  patron)  ;  b.  Rome,  Jan.  3,  169S  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Apr.  12,  17S2.  Celebrated  poet  and 
dramatist  ;  from  1730  until  his  death  he  was 
court  poet  at  Vienna.  Of  34  opera-texts  writ- 
ten by  him,  and  set  to  music  by  Gluck,  Hasse, 
Porpora,  Handel,  Jommelli,  Caldara,  Galuppi, 
and  others,  Mozart's  La  Clemenza  di  Tito  (1791) 
alone  still  holds  the  stage.  His  libretti  were 
less  remarkable  for  dramatic  power  than  for 
graceful  and  melodious  verse  ;  some  have  been 
composed  30  or  40  times. 

Meth'fessel    [mat-],    Albert    Gottlieb,  b. 

Stadtilm,  Thuringia,  Oct.  6,  1785;  d.  Hecken- 
beck,  n.  Gandersheim,  Mar.  23,  1S69.  1832— 
42,  court  composer  at  Brunswick,  then  retiring 
on  pension. — Works  :  Opera  Der  Prinz  von 
Basra  ;  oratorio  Fas  befreite  Jerusalem  ;  sona- 
tas and  sonatinas  f .  pf. ;  and  still  popular  songs 
and  part-songs,  publ.  in  his  "  Liederbuch," 
"  Liederkranz,"  and  other  collections. — His 
brother,  Methfessel,  Friedrich,  b.  Stadtilm, 
Aug.  27,  1771  ;  d.  there  May,  1807  ;  publ. 
songs  w.  guitar-accomp. — Ernst  Methfessel, 
a  relative  ;  b.  Miilhausen,  1802  ;  d.  Bern,  Nov. 
19,  1S78,  as  mus.  cond.  [Not  the  same  as 
Ernst  M.  (1811-1S86),  conductor  at  Winter- 
thur.] 

Metra,  (Jules-Louis-)  Olivier,  b.  Rheims, 
June  2,  1830  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  22,  18S9.  An  ac- 
tor's son,  and  himself  a  boy-actor,  he  was  taught 
music  by  Ed.  Roche,  and  was  in  turn  violinist, 
'cellist,  and  double-bass  player  in  minor  Parisian 
theatres.  Pupil  in  Paris  Cons,  of  Elwart  (1S49- 
54),  then  of  Ambr.  Thomas  for  a  short  time, 
then  conducting  the  orch.  at  the  Th.  Beau- 
marchais,  and  successively  at  the  dance-halls 
Robert,  Mabille,  Chateau  des  Fleurs,  Athenee 
musicale,  Elysee  -  Montmartre,  Casino  -  Cadet, 
Frascati  ;  the  masked  balls  at  the  Opera-Co- 
mique   (1S71)  ;   the   orch.   at  the   Folies-Bergere 


393 


METTENLEITER— MEYERBEER 


(1872-7)  ;  the  balls  at  the  Th.  de  la  Monnaie, 
Brussels  (1874-6)  ;  finally  the  Opera  balls.  His 
waltzes  ("  Ee  tour  du  monde,"  "  La  vague," 
"  Les  roses"),  mazurkas,  polkas,  quadrilles, 
etc.,  are  extremely  popular  ;  at  the  Folies-Ber- 
gere  he  prod.  18  operettas  and  ballet-divertisse- 
ments ;  and  at  the  Opera  the  3-act  ballet  Yedda 
(1879  !  mocl.  succ.). 

Met'tenleiter,  Johann  Georg,  b.  St.  Ul- 
rich,  n.  Ulm,  Apr.  6,  1812  ;  d.  Ratisbon,  Oct. 
6,  1S58,  as  choirmaster  and  organist  at  the  ca- 
thedral. An  erudite  church-composer,  he  publ. 
"  Manuale  breve  cantionum  ac  precum  "  (1852), 
and  an  "Enchiridion  chorale  .  .  ."  (1855), 
both  with  added  organ-accompaniments  ;  also 
Psalm  95,  for  6  male  voices  (1S54)  ;  other  works 
in  MS.  (masses  ;  a  Stabat  Mater  ;  2  Misereres  ; 
Ave  Maria  f.  double  chorus,  etc.). — Biography, 
"  J.  G.  M.,  ein  Kiinstlerbild,"  publ.  1866  by  his 
brother, 

Met'tenleiter,  Dominicus,  b.  Tannenhau- 
sen,  Wt'irttemberg,  May  20,  1822  ;  d.  Ratisbon, 
May  2,  1S6S  ;  Dr.  theol.  and/////./  wrote  "  Mu- 
sikgeschichte  der  Stadt  Regensburg "  (1866), 
"  Musikgeschichte  der  Oberpfalz  "  (1867)  ;  and 
contributed  to  his  brother's  "Enchiridion." 
His  fine  mus.  library  was  united  with  Proske's 
in  the  Bishop's  Library,  Ratisbon. 

Metz'dorff,  Richard,  b.  Danzig,  June  28, 
1S44.  Pupil  at  Berlin  of  Fl.  Geyer,  Dehn,  and 
Kiel  ;  Kapellmeister  successively  at  Dtisseldorf 
(1865),  Berlin,  Nuremberg,  Brunswick,  and 
Hanover.  In  1875  he  prod,  the  grand  opera 
Rosamunde  at  Weimar  ;  in  1S93  the  opera  Hag- 
bart  und  Signe,  also  at  Weimar,  with  great  suc- 
cess. Has  also  written  3  symphonies  (in  F,  D 
min.  ["tragic"],  and  Ep);  overture  "  A'ing 
Lear"  ;  Fran  Alice,  ballade  f.  contralto,  ch.,  and 
orch. ;  Phantasiestiick  f.  orch.;  a  symphonic  con- 
certo f.  violin  w.  orch.,  op.  48  ;  a  pf. -quintet  ;  a 
string-quartet  ;  pf. -trios  ;  sonatas  and  other  pf.- 
pieces  ;  songs. 

Metz'ler  &  Co.,  music-publishers  in  Lon- 
don. Valentine  M.  founded  the  firm  about  1790 
as  a  business  for  selling  instr.s  ;  the  publishing 
department  was  added  in  1816. 

Metz'ler-Lowy,  Pauline,  alto  stage-singer  ; 
b.  Theresienstadt,  1850  (?).  Eng.  at  Leipzig 
City  Th.  1875-87.  Married  the  piano-teacher 
Ferdinand  Metzler  in  1881.  Is  now  an  admired 
concert-singer. 

Meur'sius,  Johannes,  b.  Loozduinen,  near 
The  Hague,  Feb.  9,  1579  ;  d.  as  prof,  at  SorS 
Acad.,  Denmark,  Sept.  20,  1639.  Learned  phi- 
lologist ;  publ.  the  Greek  text,  with  Latin  notes, 
of  "  Aristoxenos,  Nikomachos,  Alypius"  (1616); 
and  "  Orchestra,  sive  de  saltationibus  veterum  " 
(1618). 

Meu'sel,  Johan  Georg,  b.  Eyrichshof,  Mar. 
17,  1743  ;  d.  Erlangen,  Sept.  19,  1820,  as  prof, 
of  history  in  the  Univ. —  Publ.  "  Deutsches 
Kiinstler- Lexicon"  (1778,  1789;  2  vol.  s;  2nd  ed. 


1808-9;  suppl.  1814)  ;  "  Das  gelehrte  Deutsch- 
land  "  (as  the  4th  ed.  of  Hamburger's  work,  ed- 
ited by  M.;  1783-4,  4  vol.s,  and  3  supplemen- 
tary vol.s  1786-8  ;  5th  ed.  1802-20,  in  17  vol.s); 
"  Deutsches  Museum  fur  Kiinstler  und  Lieb- 
haber"  (a  periodical  ;  1772-89)  ;  "  Miscellaneen 
artistischen  Inhalts  "  (1779-83). 

Mey'er,  Joachim,  b.  Perleberg,  Branden- 
burg, Aug.  10,  1661  ;  d.  Gottingen,  Apr.  2, 
1732,  as  prof,  of  music.  Publ.  "  Unvorgreif- 
liche  Gedanken  iiber  die  neulich  eingerissene 
theatralische  Kirchenmusik "  (1726;  attacking 
the  new-fangled  church-cantatas)  ;  to  Matthe- 
son's  reply,  "  Gottingischer  Ephorus,"  Meyer 
responded  with  "  Der  anmaassliche  hambur- 
gische  Criticus  sine  crisi  ..."  (172S). 

Mey'er,  Leopold  von  (called  "  de  Meyer"), 

b.  Baden,  n.  Vienna,  Dec.  20,  1S16  ;  d.  Dres- 
den, Mar.  6,  1883.  Piano-virtuoso  of  great 
technical  ability  ;  pupil  of  Czerny  and  Fischhof. 
From  1835,  after  his  debut,  he  spent  most  of  his 
life  on  extended  pianistic  tours  throughout  Eu- 
rope and  America  (1845-7),  sojourning  1867-8 
in  Vienna,  lie  abjured  classical  music  in  favor 
of  his  own  shallow  compositions,  chiefly  light 
saL '//-pieces  and  dances,  which  he  played,  how- 
ever, in  peculiarly  effective  style,  somewhat 
marred  by  his  extravagant  contortions.  Hisvalse, 
"Souvenir  de  Vienne,"  is  op.  180.  —  Cf.  "The 
Biography  of  L.  de  M."  (London,  1S45). 

Mey'er,  Julius  Eduard,  b.  Altenburg,  Ger- 
many, Sept.  5,  1S22  ;  pupil  of  Schumann,  Mo- 
scheles,  Hauptmann,  and  David  at  Leipzig; 
became  a  vocal  teacher  at  Mendelssohn's  sug- 
gestion, taught  successfully,  and  settled  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1852,  remaining  here  till 
his  death  on  Sept.  20,  1899,  despite  two  offers 
of  a  vocal  professorship  at  the  Leipzig  Cons. 

Mey'er,  Jenny,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  26,  1834  ;  d. 
there  July  20,  1894.      Excellent  concert-singer,        • 
taught  singing  from  1S65  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  of 
which  she  became  owner  and  directress  in  1SS8. 

Mey'er,  Waldemar,  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  4,  1S53. 
Violinist;  pupil  of  Joachim;  from  1873-81, 
member  of  the  Berlin  Court  Orch.;  since  then, 
concert-player  of  repute. 

Mey'er,  Gustav,  b.  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
June  14,  1859.  Pupil  thereof  Robert  Schwalm  ; 
from  1880-4,  °f  Reinecke  and  Jadassohn  in 
Leipzig  Cons.  Held  positions  as  Kapellm.  in 
Liegnitz,  Gorlitz,  Eisenach,  Dorpat,  Breslau 
(5  years),  Stettin,  and  finally,  since  1895,  at  the 
Leipzig  City  Theatre. — Works  :  The  4-act  farce 
with  songs,  Aus  bewegter  Zeit  (Bremen)  ;  ballet- 
pantomme  Kiinstlerfest  (Breslau) ;  3-act  operetta 
Der  Hochstapler  (Leipzig,  Old  Th.,  1897  ;  prod, 
since  then  in  Munich,  Prague,  Stettin,  Magde- 
burg, Nuremberg,  and  Liverpool  [in  English])  ; 
the  ballet  Eleklra  (Leipzig);  and  upwards  of  30 
melodious  songs. 

Mey'erbeer,  Giacomo,  the  famous  dramatic 
composer,  born  Berlin,  Sept.  5,  1791,  died  Paris, 


394 


MEYERBEER 


May  2,  1864.  Of  Jewish  family,  his  real  name 
was  Jakob  Liebmann  Beer ;  a  wealthy  rel- 
ative made  him  his  heir  on  condition  that  he 
should  prefix  the  name  "  Meyer  "  to  his  patro- 
nymic ;  and  "  Giacomo  "  (Jacob  Italianized  )  was 
later  assumed  as  an  artist-name.  He  was  a 
piano-pupil  of  Lauska  and  Clementi,  and  played 
in  public  at  7  ;  began  the  study  of  theory  under 
Zelter,  but  soon  left  this  strict  master  for  Anselm 
Weber,  and  from  1810-12  lived  and  studied 
with  Abbe  Vogler  at  Darmstadt,  C.  M.  von 
Weber  and  Gansbacher  being  his  fellow  pupils. 
Here  he  wrote  an  oratorio,  Gott  unci  die  Natur 
(Singakademie,  Berlin,  1S11),  and  2  operas,  feph- 
thas  GelUbde  (Court  Opera,  Munich,  1813)  and 
Abimelek,  oderdie  beiden Kalifen  (Munich,  1S13); 
the  first  two  were 
failures,  but  Abi- 
melek was  accepted 
for  Vienna,  and 
thither  M.  repaired. 
Already  a  brilliant 
pianist,  Hummel's 
suave  style  so  im- 
pressed him  that  he 
deferred  his  own 
debut  at  Vienna  for 
several  months,  suc- 
cessfully working 
to  acquire  the  same 
fluent  ease  and  fin- 
ish. His  opera  was 
rather  coolly  re- 
ceived in  Vienna 
(and  later,  as  I  Firth  und  Gast,  in  Prague  and 
Dresden)  ;  still,  despite  pianistic  triumphs,  he 
felt  dramatic  composition  to  be  his  real  vocation. 
Acting  on  Salieri's  suggestion  that  Italian  melody 
would  prove  a  corrective  for  his  heavy  contra- 
puntal style,  M.went  to  Venice  in  1815;  the  vogue 
of  Rossini's  operas  indicated  the  path  to  popu- 
larity, and  M.  entered  it  with  a  series  of  operas 
in  the  Italian  vein — Romilda  e  Costanza  (I'adua, 
1815),  Semiramide  riconosciuta  (Turin,  1S19), 
Emma  di  Resburgo  (Venice,  1S19  ;  in  Germany 
as  Emilia  von  Leicester),  Margherita  d'Angiu 
(La  Scala,  Milan,  1S20),  L'esule  di  Granata 
(Milan,  1822),  and  //  crociato  in  Egitto  (Venice, 
1S24),  this  last  with  immense  success.  While 
writing  it,  he  had  visited  Berlin  with  the  vain  hope 
of  bringing  out  a  3-act  German  opera,  Das  Bran- 
denburger  Thor,  and  embraced  the  opportunity  to 
call  on  his  old  friend  Weber,  in  Prague,  whose 
strong  remonstrances  against  M.'s  Italian  trans- 
formation of  himself  seem  to  have  borne  fruit. 
Certain  it  is,  that  for  six  years  M.  produced  no 
niDre  operas.  In  1826  he  went  to  Paris  to  prepare 
the  first  representation  of  //  crociato.  After 
this,  his  father's  death,  his  own  marriage,  and 
the  death  of  two  of  his  children,  also  serve  to  ex- 
plain his  silence.  But  at  this  time  he  was  also, 
on  Mendel's  authority,  immersed  in  the  study  of 
French  opera,  from  Lully  onward  ;  the  result 
being  Meyerbeer's  third  style  of  operatic  com- 
position,   in   which  "he  united    to  the    flowing 


melody  of  the  Italians  and  the  solid  harmony  of 
the  Germans  the  pathetic  declamation  and  the  va- 
ried, piquant  rhythm  of  the  French."  Combin- 
ing with  these  M.'s  undeniable  fecundity  and 
originality  of  orchestral  effect,  and  the  theatrical 
ability  and  routine  of  his  librettist,  Scribe,  it  is 
no  wonder  that  M.'s  first  French  "  grand  opera," 
Robert  le  Diable  (Grand  Opera,  Nov.  21,  1831), 
fairly  electrified  the  Parisians,  and  (incidentally) 
caused  the  Opera  to  prosper  financially.  Les 
Huguenots  followed  on  Feb.  20,  1836,  and  was 
recognized  by  cultured  critics  as  vastly  superior 
to  Robert ;  though  the  general  public,  enjoying 
the  flamboyant  unrealities  of  the  latter,  was  dis- 
appointed at  first.  Two  years  later  M.  began 
the  composition  of  VAfricaine,  which  was  des- 
tined to  occupy  him  through  life  ;  irritated  by 
the  composer's  continual  demand  for  changes, 
Scribe  after  a  while  testily  withdrew  the  libretto, 
but  was  mollified  by  M.'s  entering  heart  and 
soul  into  the  composition  of  another  of  his 
texts,  Le  PropJictc,  finished  in  the  year  1842-3. 
After  the  production  of  Les  Huguenots  at  Ber- 
lin, 1S42,  M.  was  called  to  that  city  by  Ring 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  IV.  as  General  Mus.  Direc- 
tor. Here  his  opera,  Das  Feldlager  in  Schle- 
sieu  (4S43),  achieved  only  moderate  success  until 
Jenny  Lind  assumed  the  role  of  Vielka  in  1S44. 
He  visited  Vienna  and  London  in  1847  ;  on  his 
return  to  Berlin,  he  brought  out  Wagner's  Rienzi. 
In  1849  Le  Prophete  was  at  last  produced  at  the 
Grand  Opera,  Paris,  on  April  16  ;  in  1854  it  was 
followed  by  lEioile  du  ATord  at  the  Opera-Co- 
mique  (much  of  the  music  taken  from  Das  Feld- 
lager in  Sc  hie  si  en),  where  Dinorah,  on  le  Par- 
don de  Ploermel,  was  brought  out  in  1S59.  Last 
in  the  series  was  /' A fricaine  (Grand  Opera,  Apr. 
28,  1865),  just  a  year  after  his  death  ;  he  had 
returned  to  Paris  to  take  charge  of  the  rehear- 
sals in  the  spring  of  1864. — M.'s  fame  is  insep- 
arably knit  with  his  dramatic  music,  the  popu- 
larity of  which  has  long  been  on  the  wane. — 
Other  works :  Incidental  music  to  Struensee 
(tragedy  by  Michael  Beer,  his  brother  ;  Berlin, 
1846),  one  of  his  finest  works  ;  choruses  to 
JSLschylus  Eitnienides;  festival-play  Das  Llo/Jcst 
von  Ferrara  ;  monodrama  Thevelindens  Liebe,  f. 
sopr.  solo, ch.,  with  clar.  obbligato  (Vienna,  1S13); 
"Gutenberg"  cantata;  cantata  Maria  und  ihr 
Genius,  for  the  silver  wedding  of  Prince  and 
Princess  Carl  of  Prussia  ;  Serenade  "  Brautge- 
leite  aus  der  Heimath,"  for  the  wedding  of 
Princess  Luise  of  Prussia  ;  cantata  Der  Genius 
der  Alusik  am  Grabe  Beethovens ;  ode  to  Rauch 
(the  sculptor),  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  7  sacred 
odes  by  Klopstock,  f.  4  voice-parts'  a  cappellaj 
Festhymnus  for  the  Ring  of  Prussia's  silver  wed- 
ding, f.  4  voices  and  chorus;  "  Freundschaft,"  f. 
4-part  male  ch. ;  Psalm  91,  a  8  ;  Pater  noster  a 
4  w.  organ  ;  in  MS.  are  12  Psalms  f.  double 
choir,  a  Te  Deum,  a  Stabat  Mater,  and  a  Mise- 
rere "  Quarante  melodies  a  une  et  plusieurs 
voix"  were  publ.  in  Paris  (Brandus) ;  others  are 
"  Neben  dir,"  f.  tenor  w.  'cello  obbl.;  "  Des 
Jagers    Lied,"  f.    bass  w.    horns   obbl.;  "Des 


395 


MEYER-HELMUND— MICIIAELIS 


Schafers  Lied,"  f.  tenor  w.  clar.  obbl. ;  "  A  Yene- 
zia,"  barcarolle;  "  Dichters  Wahlspruch, "  canon 
f.  3  voices. — Instrumental:  3  "  Fackeltanze" 
for  wind-band,  also  scored  f.  orch.,  for  the 
weddings  of  the  King  of  Bavaria,  and  the  Prin- 
cesses Charlotte  and  Anna  of  Prussia  ;  Grand 
March  for  the  Schiller  Centenary  (1859)  ;  over- 
lure  in  march-form  (for  opening  of  London  Ex- 
hibition, 1862)  ;  Coronation  March  for  King 
Wilhelm  I.  (1863);  pf. -music  in  MS.  — Bio- 
graphical :  A  de  Lasalle,  "  M.,  sa  vie  et  le  cata- 
logue deses  ceuvres '"(1864)  ;  A.  Pougin,  "  Mey- 
erbeer" (1S64);  H.  Blaze  de  Bury,  "  M.,  sa 
vie,  ses  ceuvres  et  son  temps  "  1865)  ;  Ella,  "  Per- 
sonal Memoir  of  M.,  with  an  analysis  of  Les 
Huguenots"  (1868);  II.  Mendel,  "  G.  M." 
(1868)  ;  the  same  in  epitome,  "  M.,  sein  Leben 
und  seine  Werke"  (1869) ;  J.  Schucht  (1869); 
etc. — M.  left  by  will  10,000  Thaler  ($7,500)  for 
the  foundation  of  a  Meyerbeer  Scholarship ; 
only  Germans  under  28,  and  pupils  of  the  Ber- 
lin "  Hochschule,"  the  Stern  Cons.,  and  the  Co- 
logne Cons.,  may  compete.  Competitors  must 
submit  a  vocal  fugue  a  8  (for  double  chorus),  an 
overture  f.  full  orch.,  and  a  dram,  cantata  a  3, 
w.  orch.  (text  of  cantata,  and  text  and  theme  of 
fugue,  are  given).  Six  months  in  Italy,  six  in 
Paris,  and  six  more  in  Vienna,  Munich,  and 
Dresden  together,  is  the  plan  of  study  mapped 
out  for  the  winner  of  the  scholarship. 

Mey'er-Hel'mund,  Erik,  b.  St.  Petersburg, 
April  13  (25,  N.  S.),  1861.  His  first  instruc- 
tion was  received  from  his  father  ;  subsequently 
he  studied  in  Berlin  under  Kiel  and  Stockhausen. 
I  le  is  best  known  to  the  general  public  as  a  song- 
composer,  and  three  score  or  more  of  his  light 
and  graceful,  but  highly  effective  vocal  numbers 
have  been  published,  to  the  majority  of  which 
he  himself  has  written  the  words.  As  an 
opera-composer  he  has  also  been  in  evidence 
since  the  production  of  his  comic  opera  Mar- 
gitta  at  Magdeburg,  in  1889;  it  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  Die  beiden  Klingsberg  (?),  Der  Liebes- 
kampf '(2  acts;  Dresden,  1S92  ;  succ),  the  bal- 
let Rubezahl  [or  Der  Berggeisi]  (Leipzig,  1893  ; 
v.  succ),  and  the  i-act  burlesque  opera  Tischka 
(Riga,  1894). 

Mey'er-Lutz,  Wilhelm,  b.  Munnerstadt,  n. 
Kissingen,  1S29.  Pupil  of  Eisenhofer  and  Kel- 
ler, Wtirzburg  ;  since  1848  in  England  (org.  at 
Birmingham,  Leeds,  and  St.  George's  R.  C.  Ch., 
London),  also  1S51-5  cond.  at  Surrey  Th.,  and 
since  1869  at  Gaiety  Th.  lias  brought  out  8 
operas,  and  several  masses;  also  chamber-music. 

Mey'er-Ol'bersleben,  Max,  b.  Olbersleben, 
n.  Weimar,  Apr.  5,  1850.  Pupil  of  his  father; 
then  of  Muller-Hartung  and  Liszt  at  Weimar. 
On  Liszt's  recommendation  he  received  a  liberal 
allowance  from  the  Duke  for  further  study  ; 
passed  two  years  at  Munich  under  Cornelius, 
Rheinberger,  and  Wullner  ;  a  year  at  Brussels  ; 
then  another  at  Munich.  In  1876,  teacher  of 
pf.  and  theory  at    Muller-IIartung's   Orchestra- 


School,  Weimar  ;  in  1877,  teacher  of  cpt.  and 
comp.  at  the  R.  Cons,  of  Music, Wtirzburg;  cond. 
of  the  famous"  WurzburgerLiedertaf el"  in  18 79; 
"  Royal  Prof."  in  1885;  in  1896,  elected  member 
of  Board  of  Directors  of  the  "  Deutscher  Sanger- 
bund,"  and  directed,  with  Kremser,  the  Fifth 
National  Sangerfest  at  Stuttgart. — As  a  com- 
poser, his  talent  was  early  shown  by  chamber- 
music,  pf. -pieces,  and  songs  ;  his  numerous  cho- 
ruses take  high  rank  ;  a  3-act  romantic  opera 
Clare  Del /in  (Wtirzburg,  1896)  has  been  suc- 
cessful, and  a  new  3-act  comic  opera,  Der  Haubt n 
Krieg,  has  been  accepted  for  the  Munich  Opera. 
— Otherworks:  2  overtures,  "  Feierklange"  and 
"Festouverti'ire" ;  pf.-trio,  op.  7;  3  pes.  f.  pf. 
and  'cello,  op.  10  ;  sonata  f.  via.  and  pf.,  op.  14; 
sonata  f.  flute  and  pf.,  op.  17  ;  22  male  choruses 
(of  which  op.  52,  "  Konradin,"  op.  45,  "  Gothen- 
treue,"  and  op.  56,  "  Dance  Kingdoms,"  are  w. 
orch.)  ;  7  mixed  choruses  (op.  40,  "  Das  begra- 
bene  Lied,"  and  op.  54,  "  Der  Blumen  Rache," 
w.  orch.);  9  3-part  female  choruses  (op.  51,  "The 
Blind  Elf,"  is  a  cantatina  f.  sopr.  and  alto  soli, 
female  ch.,  w.  pf.  or  orch.)  ;  about  30  character- 
istic pf. -pieces  in  modern  and  original  style  ;  and 
40  or  50  songs  for  one  voice  ("  Loreley  "  is  a 
dramatic  scene  w.  orch.  or  pf.). 

Mezeray,  Louis-Charles-Lazare-Costard 

de,  b.  Brunswick,  Nov.  5,  1S10  ;  d.  Asnieres,  n. 
Paris,  April,  1887.  At  15,  2nd  leader  in  the 
Strassburg  Th.-orch.  ;  studied  under  Talliez  and 
Wachethal,  and  brought  out  a  little  opera,  Le 
Sicilien  ;  at  17,  maitre  de  chapelle  at  the  Liege 
Th.,  also  cond.  of  the  Cons,  concerts  and  the 
Concerts  Gretry.  In  1830,  1st  cond.  at  the 
Court  Th.,  The  Hague  ;  in  1832  he  prod,  the 
heroic  opera  Guillaume  de  Nassau ;  studied 
under  Reicha  in  Paris  (1833),  was  cond.  at  Ghent, 
Rouen,  and  Marseilles,  and  baritone  singer  at 
Bordeaux,  Montpellier,  Antwerp,  and  Nantes  ; 
finally  (1843)  1st  m.  de  chap,  at  the  Grand  Thea- 
tre, Bordeaux,  which  under  his  30  years'  sway 
won  a  high  reputation.  He  founded  the  Societe 
Sainte-Cecile  in  1843. 

Mice'li,  Giorgio,  b.  Reggio  di  Calabria, 
Italy,  Oct.  21,  1S36  ;  d.  Naples,  Dec.  2,  1895. 
Studied  in  Naples  under  N.  Gallo  and  G.  Lillo; 
his  first  opera,  Zoe,  was  successful  (1S52).  In 
1872,  Director  of  the  R.  Educandati  Femmenili, 
Naples  ;  18S7-94,  Dir.  of  Palermo  Cons. — 
Works  :  Operas  (all  first  given  in  Naples)  : 
Zoe  (1S52),  Gli  amanti  sessagenari  (1853),  // 
conic  di  Rossiglione  (1S54  ;  v.  succ),  La  Som- 
nambule  (French  operetta,  1869  ;  reproil.  in 
Italian,  1871,  as  L ' Ombra  bianco),  La  La/a 
(1875),  11  Convito  di  Baldassare  (1878),  and  2 
biblical  operas,  La  leggenda  di  Pisa  (1S85)  and 
La  Figlia  di  Jefle  (1886).  Also  church-  and 
chamber-music 

Michae'lis,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Leip- 
zig'- 1770;  d.  there  as  "  Docent "  (reader)  at  the 
University,  Aug.  1,  1834.  — Publ.  "  Ueber  den 
Geist    der  Tonkunst  mit    Riicksicht   auf    Rants 


396 


MICHAELIS— MILILOTTI 


Kritik  der  aesthetischen  Urtheilskraft  "  (2  vol.s, 
1795,  1800)  ;  "  Entvvurf  der  Aesthetik,  als  Leit- 
faden  bei  akademischen  Vorlesungen  "  (1796)  ; 
"  Catechismus  iiber  J.  B.  Logiers  System  der 
Musikwissenschaft"  (182S);  short  essays  ;  trans- 
lation of  Busby's  "  Hist,  of  Music"  (1820)  ;  etc. 
Michae'lis,  Gustav,  b.  Ballenstedt,  Jan.  23, 
182S  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  20,  1887. — Kapellm.  at 
the  Wallner  Th.,  Berlin  ;  prod.  mus.  farces  and 
operettas. 

MichaeTis,  Theodor,  brother  of  preceding, 
b.  Ballenstedt,  Mar.  15,  1S31  ;  d.  Hamburg, 
Nov.  18,  1887.  Orchestral  player.  Comp.  "  Die 
tiirkische  Schaarwache,"  "Die  Schmiede  im 
Walde,"  and  other  popular  open-air  pieces. 

Michel  (the  clarinettist).     See  Yost. 

MicheTi,  Romano,  Roman  contrapuntist  ;  b. 
about  1575  ;  d.  about  1660.  Pupil  of  Soriano  and 
Mannini  ;  from  1625  in.  dicapp.sX  the  church  S. 
Luigi  de'  Francesi.  Remarkable  canon-writer. 
Publ.  "  Musica  vaga  ed  artificiosa"  (1615  ;  50 
"  motets  and  artistic  canons  ");  "  Madrigali  a  sei 
voci  in  canoni  "  (1621)  ;  "  Canoni  musicali  com- 
posti  sopra  le  vocali  di  piu  parole  .  .  .  "(1645); 
and  masses,  complines,  psalms,  responses,  etc.  ; 
also  "  Lettere  di  Romano  Micheli  romano  alii 
musici  della  Cappella  di  N.  S.  ed  altri  musici 
romani  "  (1618  ;  explaining  canons  of  a  kind  in- 
vented by  himself). 

Mick'witz,  Harald  von,  pianist  ;  b.  Hel- 
singfors,  May  22,  1859.  Pupil  of  Brassin  and 
Rimsky-Korsakov  at  St.  Petersburg  Cons. ,  and 
of  Leschetizky  at  Vienna  (1880-3).  1886,  teacher 
of  advanced  piano-classes  at  the  Karlsruhe  Cons. ; 
1893  ditto  at  Wiesbaden  Cons.  Has  publ.  ele- 
gant pf. -music. 

Mieksch.     See  Miksch. 

Mierzwin'ski,  Ladislas,  tenor  singer  ;  b. 
Warsaw,  Oct.  21,  1850.  Natural  singer  of 
short-lived  celebrity. 

MihaTovich,  Edmund  von,  b.  Fericsancze, 
Slavonia,  Sept.  13,  1S42.  Pupil  (1865)  of  Haupt- 
mann  at  Leipzig  ;  later  at  Munich  of  v.  Billow 
(pf.)  ;  living  as  a  composer  in  Pesth.  A  disciple 
of  the  neo-German  school. — Works  :  The  roman- 
tic opera  Hagbarth  und  Signe  (Dresden,  1882); 
the  3-act  opera  Toldi  (Pesth,  1893  ;  succ.)  ;  bal- 
lads f.  full  orch.  ("  Das  Geisterschiff,"  "  Hero 
und  Leander,"  "La  ronde  du  sabbat "  [V. 
Hugo],  "  Die  Nixe  ")  ;  a  symphony,  pf. -music, 
etc. 

Miksch,  Johann  Aloys,  b.  Georgenthal, 
Bohemia,  July  19,  1765  ;  d.  Dresden,  Sept.  24, 
1845.  Choir-boy  in  Dresden,  1777;  "  Cere- 
moniensanger  "  at  the  Court  Church,  1786  ;  bari- 
tone singer  in  the  Italian  Opera,  1797  ;  chorus- 
master  of  the  German  Opera,  1820,  pensioned 
1831.  A  celebrated  singing-teacher;  theSchroder- 
Devrient,  A.  Mitterwurzer,  and  Agnes  Schebest, 
were  his  pupils. 

Mi'kuli,  Karl,  b.  Czernowitz,  Bukowina, 
Oct.  22,  1821  ;  d.  Lemberg,    May  21,  1897.      A 


student  of  medicine  at  Vienna  (1839),  his  pro- 
nounced talent  for  music  won  him  over  ;  in  1844 
he  went  to  Paris,  and  studied  under  Chopin  (pf.) 
and  Reicha  (comp.),  returning  home  on  the  out- 
break of  the  revolution  of  184S.  After  highly 
successful  pianistic  tours  through  Russir,  Ruma- 
nia, and  Galicia,  hevvasapp.  Artistic  Director  of 
the  Lemberg  Cons,  in  1S5S  ;  in  iSSS  he  founded  a 
music-school  of  his  own,  which  was  well  attended. 
His  edition  of  Chopin's  works,  containing  numer- 
ous emendations  made  by  Chopin  as  marginal 
notes  in  M.'s  student-copies,  is  regarded  as  a 
standard.  He  has  publ.  a  number  of  pf. -pieces 
generally  influenced  by  Chopin's  style. 

MilanoPlo,  Teresa  and  Maria,  sisters  ;  b. 
Savigliano,  n.  Turin,  Aug.  28,  1827,  and  July 
19,  1832,  respectively.  Teresa,  a  pupil  of 
Caldera  and  Morra  at  Turin,  became  a  celebrated 
violinist,  travelling  in  Italy,  F ranee,  Belgium, 
Holland,  and  England  from  1836  ;  from  1838 
with  her  sister  Maria  (also  a  violinist),  who  died 
of  consumption  in  Paris,  Oct.  21,  1S48.  Teresa, 
after  her  marriage  in  1857  to  the  military  engi- 
neer Parmentier,  ceased  to  appear  in  public. 
She  lives  in  Toulouse. 

Milcb/meyer,  Philipp  Jakob,  b.  Frankfort- 
on-Main,  1750;  d.  as  a  pf. -teacher  in  Strass- 
burg,  Mar.  15,  1813.  From  17S0,  court  mechani- 
cian at  Mayence.  Invented  a  3-manua]  piano- 
forte ;  publ.  "  Anfangsgri'mde  der  Musik  .  .  ." 
(a  pf. -method  ;   1797). 

Mil'de,  Hans  Feodor  von,  stage  baritone, 
the  creator  of  Telramund  in  Lohengrin  at 
Weimar,  1850,  and  a  life-member  of  the  Weimar 
Court  Opera,  was  born  on  the  estate  Petronek, 
near  Vienna,  Apr.  13,  1821,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Hauser  and  Manuel  Garcia.  —  His  wife  Rosa 
{tide  Agthe),  b.  Weimar,  June  25,  1827,  created 
the  role  of  Elsa,  and  sang  at  Weimar  till  1876. 

Mil'der-Haupt'mann,  Pauline  Anna,  dra- 
matic soprana ;  b.  Constantinople,  Dec.  13,  1785  ; 
d.  Berlin,  May  29,  1838.  She  was  "  discovered  " 
by  Schikaneder,  and  taught  by  Tomaschelli  and 
Salieri  at  Vienna.  Debut  1803  ;  sang  in  the 
Vienna  Court  Opera  ;  Beethoven  wrote  the  role 
of  Fidelio  for  her.  Prima  donna  in  Berlin,  1816- 
29,  leaving  on  account  of  difficulties  with  Spon- 
tini.  Toured  Russia,  Sweden,  etc.;  farewell 
appearance  Vienna,  1836.  Her  voice  was  so 
powerful  that  Haydn  said  to  her"  Liebes  Kind, 
Sie  haben  eine  Stimme  wie  ein  Haus "  [Dear 
child,  you  have  a  voice  like  a  house]. 

Mild'ner,  Moritz,  1>.  Turnitz,  Bohemia,  Nov. 
7,  1812  ;  d.  Dec.  4,  1865,  at  Prague,  where  he  had 
been  a  violin-pupil  of  Pixis  in  the  Cons.,  teach- 
ing there  from  1842.  He  was  a  leader  in  the 
theatre-orch. ;  among  his  pupils  were  Laub, 
Hrimaly,  and  Zajic. 

Mililot'ti,  Leopoldo,  b.  Ravenna,  Aug.  6, 
1835.  Settled  in  Rome,  where  he  had  studied 
music,  as  a  singing-teacher.  Publ.  many  beauti- 
ful songs,  ami  wrote  (with  his  brother  Giuseppe 
[1833-1883]),  2  operettas,  La  vendetta  d'unfol- 


397 


MILLARD— MINGOTTI 


letto,   and     ( Tn    sogno   nella    luna    (both    Rome, 
IS75). 

MilTard,  Harrison,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov. 
27,  1830.  Sang'  in  a  church-choir,  and  at  10  in 
the  chorus  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Soc. 
Studied  1S51-4  in  Italy;  tenor  concert-singer; 
toured  Great  Britain  with  Catherine  Hayes.  Re- 
turned to  Boston  1854  ;  settled  in  New  York, 
1S56,  as  a  singer,  composer,  and  vocal  instructor. 
— Works  :  The  4-act  Italian  opera  Deborah  (not 
perf.)  ;  Grand  Mass  ;  Church-services  ;  4  Te 
Deums  ;  he  is  a  noted  song-composer,  having 
publ.  over  350  songs,  besides  adaptations  from 
the  French,  Italian,  and  German. 

Miller,  Edward,  English  composer  and 
theorist  ;  b.  Norwich,  1735  ;  d.  Doncaster, 
Sept.  12,  1S07.  Apprenticed  to  a  street-paver, 
he  ran  away  and  studied  music  under  Burney  at 
Lynn.  Organist  at  Doncaster,  1756-1807  ;  Mus. 
Doc,  Cambridge,  1786. — Publ.  6  solos  f.  Ger- 
man flute  (with  remarks  on  double-tonguing  ; 
1752)  ;  6  harpsichord-sonatas  ;  elegies,  songs, 
and  an  ode,  w.  instr.l  parts  ;  psalms  and  hymns  ; 
etc.;  also  "  Institutes  of  Music,  or  Easy  Instruc- 
tions for  the  Harpsichord"  (1771);  "Elements 
of  Thorough-bass  and  composition  "  (1787)  ;  etc. 

Milleville,  Francesco,  b.  about  1565  at 
Ferrara  ;  pupil  of  his  father,  Alessandro  M., 
organist  and  composer  to  the  Ducal  court.  Was 
for  a  time  in  the  service  of  the  King  of  Poland, 
then  of  the  Emperor  Rudolf  II. ;  returned  to  Italy 
in  1614,  and  acted  as  m.  di  capp.  at  Milan,  Vol- 
terra,  and  Chioggia.  He  was  the  teacher  of 
Frescobaldi. — Publ.  6  books  of  Madrigals  a  3 
(1614-24);  7  of  motets  a  2-4  (up  to  1626);  1  mass 
a  4  and  la  8(1617);  masses  and  psalms  a  3  (1620); 
r  mass  (7  8,  a  Dixit,  a  Magnificat  and  a  motet  a  9 
(1626)  ;  etc. 

Mil'locker,  Karl,  operetta -composer ;  b. 
Vienna,  May  29,  1842.  Studied  in  the  Cons, 
there  ;  theatre-A'iz- 
pellm.  atGraz,  1864 ; 
at  the  Harmonie 
Th.in  Vienna,  1866; 
since  1869,  at  the 
Th.  an  der  Wien. 
—  Works:  Der 
to  die  (/as/  and  Die 
beiden  Binder  (both 
P  e  s  t  h  ,  1  S  6  5) ; 
Diana  (Vienna, 
1S67)  ;  Die  Frau- 
cninsel  (  P  e  st  h  , 
1878)  ;  and  the  fol- 
lowing (all  at  Vi- 
enna) :  />,■/■  Regi- 
me a  t  s  t  a  111  b  o  it  r 
(1869),  Drei  Paar  Schuhe  (1870),  Die  Musik 
des  Teu/els  (1870),  Ein  Abenteuer  in  Wien 
(1873),  Das  verwunschene  Schloss  (1878,  with 
songs  in  Upper  Austrian  dialect),  Grafin  Du- 
barry  (1879),  Apajune  der  Wassermann  (1880), 
Die  Jung/)  an  von  Belleville  (1881),  Der  Bettel- 


student  (Dec.  6,  1881  ;  popular  everywhere  ;  in 
Italian  as  11  Gnitarrerd),  Gasparone  (1884),  Der 
Feldprediger  (1884),  Der  Viceadmiral  (1886), 
Der  Dieb  (1886  [Berlin]),  Die  Sieben  Schwaben 
(1887),  Der  arine  Jonathan  (1890),  Das  Sonn- 
tagski iid  (1892),  Der  Probekuss  (1S95),  and  Das 
Xordlicht  (1897).  M.'s  music  is  melodious  and 
sprightly,  and,  like  the  instrumentation,  well 
suited  to  the  situations.  He  has  also  brought 
out  a  number  of  mus.  farces,  and  for  years  con- 
tributed piano-pieces  to  the  monthly  "  Musika- 
lische  Presse." 

Mills,  Sebastian  Bach,  noted  pianist  ;  b. 
Cirencester,  England,  Mar.  1,  1838  ;  d.  Wies- 
baden, Dec.  21,  1898. 
Taught  by  his  father, 
by  C.  Potter,  and  by 
Sterndale  Bennett,  he 
played  before  Queen 
Victoria  at  the  age  of 
7  ;  studied  later  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons.  (Mo- 
scheles,  Plaidy,  Karl 
Mayer,  Julius  Rietz, 
and  Hauptmann);  later 
the  pf.  with  Liszt. 
Was  organist  of  the  R. 
C.  Cath.,  Sheffield,  in 
1855  ;  played  in  a  Ge- 
wandhaus  Concert  on  Dec.  2,  it 
New  York  in  1859,  where  he  was  so  well  received 
at  his  debut  in  Schumann's  Concertstiick  (with 
the  Philharm.  Soc),  that  he  settled  there.  In 
1859,  '°7»  and  '78,  he  made  brilliant  tours  in 
Germany  ;  he  also  toured  America,  and  up  to 
1S77  played  in  New  York  in  every  season.  He 
did  yeoman  service  in  the  cause  of  good  music  in 
the  United  States  ;  and  was  a  most  successful 
teacher. — Works  :  Pf. -music  (Barcarolle  veni- 
tienne,  op.  12  ;  2  Tarantellas,  op.  13,  20;  Mur- 
muring Fountain,  op.  22;  Recollections  of  Home, 
op.  23  ;  Fairy  Fingers,  op.  24  ;  polka  "  Toujours 
gai,"op.  25  ;  etc.). 

Mills,  Watkin,  b.  Painswick,  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  about  1861.  Bass-baritone 
singer  (basso  cantante)  in  oratorio  and  concert, 
with  a  compass  from  E  p  to  f1.  Pupil  of  Edwin 
Holland  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  and  of  F.  Blasco, 
Milan  ;  later  of  Sir  J.  Barnby,  Randegger,  and 
Blume.  Very  succ.  debut  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
May  17,  1884.  Has  filled  many  engagements 
in  oratorio,  in  which  his  popularity  is  great.  In 
America  1S94-5. 

Milton,  John,  father  of  the  English  poet  ;  d. 
1646  (7  ?).  A  scrivener  in  Bread  Street,  Cheap- 
side,  London,  he  was  an  excellent  musician  ; 
his  fine  6-part  madrigal  "  Fayre  Oriana  in  the 
Morne  "  was  published  in  the  "  Triumphes  of 
Oriana"  (1601)  ;  4motets  were  publ.  in  "  Teares 
and  Lamentacions"  (1614)  ;  also  psalm-tunes  in 
Ravenscroft's  "Whole  Booke  of  Tsalms " 
(1621). 

Mingot'ti,  Regina,  ne'e  Valentini,  famous 


398 


MINOJA— MOLIQUE 


soprano;  b.  Naples,"  172S  ;  d.  (?).  Pupil  of 
Porpora,  and  the  rival  at  Dresden  of  Faustina 
Hasse  ;  they  left  the  Dresden  stage  in  the  same 
year  (1751),  and  M.  then  sang  for  two  years  at 
Madrid  under  Farinelli  ;  later  in  London,  Italy, 
Munich  (1763),  and  Neuberg-on-Danube  (1787). 

Mino'ja,  Ambrosio,  b.  Ospedaletto,  n.  Lodi, 
Oct.  21,  1752  ;  d.  Milan,  Aug.  3,  1S25.  From 
1814-24,  prof,  of  corap.  at  the  R.  Cons.,  Milan  ; 
from  17S9-1S09  also  maestro  al  cembalo  at  La 
Scala,  where  his  opera  Tito  nelle  Gallic  was 
prod,  in  1787. — Works  :  A  symphony  ;  cantatas  ; 
hymns  ;  a  De  Profundis  a  3  ;  celebrated  Sol- 
feggi (M.  was  an  excellent  singing-teacher) ;  and 
"  Lettere  sopra  il  canto  "  (Milan,  1812  ;  publ.  in 
German  as  "  Ueber  den  Gesang  "). 

Miolan-Carvalho.  See  Carvalho-Miolan. 

Mirande,  Hippolyte,  born  Lyons,  May  4, 
1862.  Pupil  of  Dubois  and  Guiraud  in  Paris 
Cons.;  1SS6-90,  prof,  in  the  Acad,  of  Music 
and  the  Cons.,  at  Geneva  ;  since  iSgo,  Secre- 
tary-General of  the  Grand  Th.,  Lyons,  and  prof . 
of  mus.  history  at  the  Lyons  Cons.  He  is  also 
critic  for  the  Lyons  "  Progres,"  and  organist  at 
the  synagogue. — Works:  Une  fete  Directoire, 
ballet  (Lyons,  1S95  ;  45  representations  up  to 
1S9S) ;  overtures  "  Rodogune,"  "  Frith jof," 
"  Macbeth,"  "  Promethee,"  and  "  La  mort  de 
Roland";  Suite  de  ballet  f.  pf.  4  hands;  pf.- 
music  ;  songs. 

Mi'rus,  Eduard,  b.  Klagenfurt,  1S56.  At- 
tended Hanslick's  lectures  in  Vienna  Univ.; 
studied  singing  in  Italy  ;  after  some  experience 
as  a  baritone  stage-singer,  he  settled  in  Vienna 
(1S91).     Has  publ.  some  songs. 

Mi'ry,  Karel,  b.  Ghent,  Aug.  14,  1823  ;  d. 
there  Oct.  5,  1SS9.  Pupil  of  Mengal  and  Ge- 
vaert.  He  wrote  iS  Flemish  operas  and  ope- 
rettas for  Brussels,  Antwerp,  and  Ghent,  where 
he  was  prof,  of  harm,  and  Vice-Director  of  the 
Cons. 

Mis'sa,  Edmond-Jean-Louis,  dram.  comp. ; 
b.  Rheims,  Marne,  June  12,  1861.  Pupil  of 
Massenet  at  Paris  Cons.;  won  the  Prix  Cressent. 
Residing  (1899)  in  Paris  as  a  comp.  and 
teacher. — Works  :  Juge  et  Par  tie,  2-act  opera 
comique  (Op. -Com.,  1886)  ;  LyJia,  i-act  do. 
(Dieppe,  1887);  Le  Chevalier  timide,  r-act  do. 
(Paris,  Menus-Plaisirs,  1S87)  ;  La  belle  Sophie, 
3-act  opera  (ibid.,  iSSS) ;  Doctoresse,  i-act  pan- 
tomime (188S)  ;  La  Princesse  Nangara,  3-act 
opera  (Rheims,  1S92);  Mariage  galant,  3-act 
opera  (Paris,  1892)  ;  Tararaboum-revue  (1S92)  ; 
l' Note,  3-act  pant.  (1893)  ;  lyric  comedy  Dinah 
(3  acts,  1S94)  ;  Le  dernier  des  Marigny,  4-act 
revue  (1896)  ;  Les  deux  Peuples,  i-act  (1896)  ; 
Ninon  de  Lenclos,  4-act  lyric  episode  (1895) ; 
also  orch.l  music,  pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Mit/terwurzer,  Anton,  baritone  stage- 
singer;  b.  Sterzing,  Tyrol,  Apr.  12,  1818  ;  d. 
Dobling,  n.  Vienna,  Apr.  2,  1S72.  Pupil  of 
Gansbacher,  his  uncle  ;  choir-boy  at  St.  Ste- 
phen's, Vienna  ;  stage-debut   Innsbruck,  as  the 


Jager  in  Das  Nachtlager  roj/  Granada.  Sang 
in  Austrian  provincial  theatres  ;  eng.  1S39  at 
Dresden  Court-Opera  ;  pensioned  1870.  Fa- 
vorite roles:  Flying  Dutchman,  Hans  Heiling, 
Don  Giovanni,  Hans  Sachs,  etc. 

Miz'ler,  Lorenz  Christoph,  (later  ennobled 
as  Mizler  von  Rolof,)  b.  Heidenheim,  Wurttem- 
berg,  July  25,  171 1  ;  d.  Warsaw,  March,  1778. 
Pupil  of  J.  S.  Bach  on  the  clavichord  and  in 
comp.;  graduate  of  Leipzig  Univ.  ("  Disserta- 
tio,  quod  musica  ars  sit  pars  eruditionis  musi- 
cae,"  1734  ;  2nd  ed.  1736)  ;  lecturer  at  the  Univ., 
1736  ;  establ.  the  "  Societal  der  musikalischen 
Wissenschaften,"  1738  ;  from  1743,  private  tutor 
in  Warsaw.  His  "  Neu  eroffnete  musikalische 
Bibliothek  ..."  (1736-54)  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est mus.  periodicals.  Publ.  "  Die  Anfangs- 
griinde  des  Generalbasses,  nach  mathematischer 
Lehrart  abgehandelt  "  (1739)  ;  a  transl.  of  Fux's 
Gradus  as  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum,  oder  An- 
fi'ihrung  zur  regelmassigen  mus.  Composition  " 
(1742)  ;  etc. 

Mode'na,  Giulio  di.     See  Segni. 

Moder'nus,  Jacobus  {recte  Jacques  Mo- 
derne  ;  also  called  Grand  Jacques,  or  J.  M.  de 
Pinguento,  by  reason  of  his  stoutness)  ;  mattre 
de  chap,  at  Notre-Dame,  Lyons  ;  music-printer 
there  1732-58,  publishing  chiefly  works  by 
French  contrapuntists.  Also  comp.  4-part  chan- 
sons, and  5-  or  6-p.  motets,  all  probably  lost. 

Mohr,  Hermann,  b.  Nienstedt,  Oct.  9, 
1830  ;  d.  Philadelphia,  May  26,  1S96.  Pupil 
of  the  Teachers'  Seminary,  Eisleben  ;  went  to 
Berlin  in  1S50  ;  founded  the  Luisenstadt  Cons, 
there  ;  taught  in  Zeckwer's  Cons.,  Phila.,  from 
1886. — Works  :  Cantata  Bergmannsgruss  ;  male 
choruses  (e.g.,  "  Jauchzend  erhebt  sich  die 
Schopfung,"  "Am  Altare  der  Wahrheit ")  ; 
songs  ;  instructive  pf. -pieces  ;  etc. 

Moh'ring,  Ferdinand,  b.  Alt-Ruppin,  Tan. 
iS,  1S16  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  May  1,  1887.  Pupil 
for  composition  of  the  Berlin  Akademie  ;  in 
1S40,  org.  and  mus.  dir.  at  Saarbriicken  ;  1S44, 
"  Royal  Music-Director  ";  1845,  org.  and  sing- 
ing-teacher at  Neu-Ruppin. — Works  :  2  unsucc. 
operas,  Das  Pfarrhaus,  and  Schloss  Warren  ; 
many  male  choruses  (e.g.,  "  Normannenzug  "), 
widely  known  and  appreciated  ;  other  music  in 
MS. 

Moir,  Frank  Lewis,  b.  Market  Harborough, 
Engl.,  Apr.  22,  1S52.  While  a  student  of  paint- 
ing at  S.  Kensington,  he  also  learned  music  ; 
won  scholarship  in  the  Xat.  Training  School 
(1S76),  and  has  made  a  name  as  a  song-com- 
poser.— Works:  Acomicopera,  The  Royal  Watch- 
man ;  church-services;  madrigal  "When  at 
Chloe's  eyes  I  gaze"  (Madr.  Soc.  prize,  1881)  ; 
duets;  many  songs;  "Melody"  in  A,  f.  vln. 
and  pf. ;  etc. 

Molique,  Wilhelm  Bernhard,  famous  vio- 
linist and  comp.;  b.  Nuremberg,  Oct.  7,  1802  ; 
d.  Kannstadt,  May  10,  1S69.  His  first  teacher 
was  his  father,   a   town-musician  ;    King  Maxi- 


399 


MOLLENHAUER—  MONK 


%' 


milian  I.,  hearing  of  his  extraordinary  talent,  had 
him  trained  (1S16)  by  Rovelli  at  Munich.  A 
member  of  the  court 
orch.  at  Vienna  in 
1818, in  1820  he  suc- 
ceeded Rovelli  as 
leader  in  the  Munich 
orch.  After  finish- 
ing-lessons from 
Spohr,  he  made  his 
first  artistic  tour  in 
1S22  ;  in  1S26  Lind- 
paintner  called  him 
to  Stuttgart  as  lead- 
er, with  the  title  of 
"  Musikdirector." 
He  won  celebrity 
abroad  by  extended 
tours  in  Holland,  Russia,  England,  and  France. 
The  political  crisis  of  1849  caused  him  to  settle 
in  London,  where  he  remained  (excepting  a 
visit  to  Stuttgart,  Munich,  and  Frankfort,  in 
1S59)  until  1866,  enjoying  deserved  success  as  a 
soloist,  quartet-player,  and  teacher.  He  retired 
to  Kannstadt  in  1866. — Works  :  The  oratorio 
Abraham  (Norwich  Festival,  i860  ;  comp.  in  3 
months)  ;  2  masses,  a  symphony,  2  pf. -trios  ; 
his  highly  prized  compositions  for  violin  include 
the  6  concertos  (real  classics),  a  concertino,  8 
string-quartets  ;  concertantes  f .  violin  and  pf. , 
and  f.  violin  and  flute  ;  violin-duets  ;  fantasias, 
rondos,  etc.,  f.  solo  vln.;  besides  a 'cello-con- 
certo, concertantes  f.  flute  and  pf . ;  etc. 

Mol'lenhauer,  three  brothers,  born  in  Erfurt  : 
(1)  Friedrich  (1S1S),  violinist  and  comp.;  (2) 
Heinrich  (1825),  tine  'cellist  ;  and  (3)  Eduard 
(Apr.  12,  1827),  violinist,  1841  pupil  of  Ernst, 
1843  of  Spohr  ;  went  to  New  York  in  1853, 
establ.  a  violin-school  for  advanced  students, 
and  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  "  Conser- 
vatory system  "  in  America. — Works  :  Opera 
The  Corsican  Bride  (New  York,  1S61)  ;  comic 
operas  Breakers  (N.  Y.,  1S81)  and  The  Masked 
Ball ;  3  symphonies,  one  being  the  "  Passion"; 
string-quartets,  violin-pieces  ;  songs. 

Mol'ler  (or  Moller),  Joachim.     See  Burgk. 

Molloy,  James  Lyman,  b.  Cornolore,  King's 
County,  Ireland,  1837.  An  amateur  comp.  and 
writer,  whose  operettas  (Students'  Frolic,  My 
Aunt's  Secret,  Very  Catching),  numerous  songs, 
and  Irish  melodies  with  new  accompaniments, 
have  enjoyed  considerable  vogue. 

Momigny,  Jerome-Joseph  de,  b.  Thilippe- 
ville,  Jan.  20,  1762  ;  d.  (?).  At  12,  org.  at 
St.-Omer,  later  at  Ste.-Colombe,  and  1785  at 
Lyons  ;  establ.  a  music-business  in  Paris,  1800  ; 
lived  later  in  Tours. — Comp.  string-quartets, 
string-trios,  pf. -sonatas,  vln. -sonatas,  an  opera, 
Arlequin-Cendrillon,  cantatas,  etc.  Wrote 
"  Cours  complet  d'harmonie  et  de  composition 
d'apres  une  theorie  neuve"  (1806;  bases  the 
scales  on  the  c>\  trtone-series  up  to  13);  and 
other  books  supporting  his  theories. 


Momolet/to.     See  Al*bertini,  Michael. 

Monaste'rio,  Gesti,  b.  Totes,  Spain,  Mar. 
21,  1836.  Distinguished  violinist  ;  debut  1845 
as  "infant  prodigy";  studied  Brussels  Cons., 
1849-51,  under  de  Beriot  ;  after  long  and  bril- 
liant tours,  he  founded  the  Quartet  Soc.  at  Ma- 
drid in  1861.  Influential  in  forming  taste  for 
classical  music  in  Spain.  Court  violinist  ;  prof, 
in,  and  (1894)  Director  of,  Madrid  Cons.,  suc- 
ceeding Arrieta.  Has  publ.  various  violin - 
pieces,  some  of  which  (e.g.,  "  Adieux  a  l'Al- 
hambra  ")  are  very  popular. 

MonbelTi,  Marie,  famous  stage-soprano  ;  b. 
Cadiz,  Feb.  13,  1S43.  Pupil  of  Mme.  Eugenie 
Garcia  in  Paris  ;  from  1S69,  prima  donna  at 
Covent  Garden,  London,  after  sensational  tours 
with  Ullmann. 

Mondonville,    Jean-Joseph  Cassanea  de 

[de  Mondonville  was  his  wife's  maiden  name], 
b.  Narbonne,  Dec.  25,  171 1  ;  d.  Belleville,  n. 
Paris,  Oct.  8,  1772.  A  violinist  in  the  Concerts 
spirituels,  Paris,  he  prod,  successful  motets,  ami 
succeeded  Gervais  in  1744  as  Intendant  of  the 
"  musique  de  la  chapelle  "  at  Versailles  ;  1755— 
72,  cond.  of  the  Concerts  spirituels,  succeeding 
Royer. — Also  comp.  operas  and  oratorios. 

Moniusz'ko,  Stanislaw,  b.  Ubiel,  Govt,  of 
Minsk,  Lithuania,  May  5,  1813  ;  d.  Warsaw, 
June  4,  1872.  Pu- 
pil of  the  organist 
A.  Freyer  in  War- 
saw, and  of  Run- 
genhagen  in  Berlin 
1837-9,  earning 
his  living  there  as 
an  organist  and  mu- 
sic-teacher. Then 
settled  in  Wilna. 
H  i  s  career  as  a 
composer  began 
with  songs,  of 
which,  after  long 
waiting,  he  publ. 
6  books  in  Wilna  ;  he  also  wrote  many  masses 
with  accomp.  of  org.  or  orch.,  several  cantatas 
w.  orch.,  the  "  Ostrobramer  Litany"  f.  ch.  and 
orch.,  and  other  church-music  ;  but  his  most 
famous  works  are  his  15  national  (Polish)  operas, 
written  in  melodious  and  graceful  style  ( The 
Lottery,  Ideal  [1846],  The  New  Don  Quixote, 
Night-camp  in  the  Apennines,  Idylle,  Betty, 
The  Gypsies,  Halka,  Jawnuta  [The  Paria],  The 
Raftsman,  Verbum  nobile,  Rokitschana,  The 
Countess,  The  Haunted  Castle,  Beata,  and  Tea 
[unfinished]).  In  1S5S  he  was  app.  Director  of 
the  Warsaw  Opera  ;  later  prof,  at  the  Cons. — 
Biography  in  Polish  by  A.  Walicki  (Warsaw, 
i373). 

Monk,  Edwin  George,  b.  Frome,  Somerset- 
shire, Engl.,  Dec.  13,1819.  Organist  and  comp., 
pupil  of  G.  A.  Macfarren  ;  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon., 
1S48  ;  Mus.  Doc,  1S56.  1S59-S3,  Camidge's 
successor  as  organist  of  York  Minster. — Works: 


400 


MONK— MONTEVERDE 


Ode  to  the  Nativity  [Milton];  ode  "The  Bard"; 
unison  service  in  A  ;  other  comp.s  ;  edited  "An- 
glican Chant  Book"  ;  "  Anglican  Choral  Service 
Book  "  ;  "  Anglican  Hymn  Book  "  (with  Single- 
ton) ;  "  The  Psalter  and  Canticles  pointed  for 
chanting"  (with  Ouseley )  ;  and  "Anglican 
Psalter  Chants  "  (with  Ouseley) 

Monk,  William  Henry,  b.  London, Mar.  16, 
1S23  ;  d.  Stoke  Newington,  London.  Mar.  18, 
18S9.  Pupil  of  T.  Adams,  J.  A.  Hamilton,  and 
G.  A.  Griesbach.  Org.  in  various  London 
churches  ;  1847  choirmaster,  1S49  organist,  and 
1874  prof,  of  vocal  music  in  King's  College, 
London  ;  prof,  of  music  at  the  School  for  the 
Indigent  Blind,  185 1  ;  prof,  in  Nat.l  Training 
College,  1876;  in  Bedford  Coll.,  London,  1878; 
Mus.  Doc.  lion,  causa  (Durham),  1882.  He  ed- 
ited for  the  Church  of  Scotland  "  The  Book  of 
Psalms  in  Metre,"  "  Scottish  Hymnal,"  "The 
Psalter,"  and  "Book  of  Anthems";  was  the 
mus.  editor  of  "  Hymns,  Ancient  and  Modern," 
and  comp.  many  popular  hymn-tunes  ("  Even- 
tide "),  also  anthems,  chants,  etc.  ;  he  edited 
"The  Parish  Choir,"  and  lectured  in  London, 
Edinburgh,  etc. 

Monpou,  (Francois-Louis-)  Hippolyte,  b. 

Paris,  Jan.  12,  1804;  d.  Orleans,  Aug.  10,  1841. 
At  nine  a  choir-boy  in  Notre-Dame,  he  was  a 
pupil  of  Choron's  school  in  1817,  becoming  later 
accompanist  and  "  coach  "  in  the  institution  un- 
til 1830,  when  he  obtained  a  certain  vogue  as  a 
song-composer  and  writer  of  light  operas,  which 
his  defects  in  mus.  training  and  temperament 
rendered  short-lived. 

Monsigny,  Pierre-Alexandre,  b.  Fauquem- 
bergue,  n.  St.-Omer,  Oct.  17,  1729  ;  d.  Paris, 
Jan.  14,  1S17.  Forced  at  an  early  age,  by  his 
father's  death,  to  support  his  family,  he  obtained 
a  clerkship  in  1749,  and  later  the  post  of  mailre 
if  hotel  to  the  Duke  of  Orleans  ;  renouncing 
former  musical  studies  until,  in  1754,  a  perform- 
ance of  Pergolesi's  Serva  padrona  so  tired  his 
imagination,  that  he,  after  a  five-months'  course 
of  harmony  under  Gianotti,  succeeded  in  scor- 
ing a  i-act  comic  opera,  Les  Aveux  indiscrets, 
most  successfully  prod,  at  the  Th.  de  la  Foire  in 
1759.  The  same  theatre  having  brought  out  in 
quick  succession  and  with  increasing  success  3 
more  operas  of  his,  Le  Maitre  en  droit  and  Le 
Cadi  dupe  (1760),  and  On  ne  s' a  rise  jamais  de 
tout  (1761),  the  Comedie  Italienne,  jealous  of  its 
rival's  good  fortune,  closed  it  by  exercise  of  a 
vested  privilege,  and  took  over  its  best  actors. 
M.  thenceforward  wrote  exclusively  for  the 
Comedie  Italienne  :  /.(■  Roi  et  le  fermier  (1762), 
Rose  et  Colas  (1764),  Aline,  rente  de  Golconde 
(1766),  V lie  sonnante  (1768), Le  D/serteur(i 769), 
Le  Faucon  (1772),  La  belle  Arsene  (1773),  Le 
rendezvous  Hen  employe  (1774),  were  a  series  of 
triumphs  culminating  in  Fdlix,  on  V enfanttrouve" 
(1777).  Here  M.  stopped  abruptly  ;  either  fear- 
ful that  he  had  done  his  best,  or  (as  he  himself 
modestly  explained  it)  for  lack  of  ideas.  He 
lost  a  government  position,  and  the  stewardship 

26  401 


of  the  Duke  of  Orleans'  estates,  in  the  Revolu- 
tion, but  the  Opera-Comique  allowed  him  a  pen- 
sion of  2400  francs,  and  he  was  made  Inspector 
of  Instruction  at  the  Cons,  (resigning  in  1802). 
In  1813  he  was  elected  to  Gretry's  chair  in  the 
Academic  He  had  a  wonderful  gift  of  melody, 
and  rare  sensibility  in  dramatic  expression,  but 
his  theoretical  training  was  deficient  ;  still,  he 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  creators  of  French 
comic  opera. — Biographies  by  Quatremere  de 
Ouincy  (1818),  Alexandre  (1819),  and  Hedouin 
(1820). 

Monte,  Filippo  de  [Philippe  de  Mons,  or 
Philippus  de  Monte],  b.  Mons  (or  Malines), 
1521;  d.  Vienna,  July  4,  1603.  Kapellmeister 
to  Emperor  Maximilian  II.  ;  later  to  Rudolf  II. 
Celebrated  contrapuntist  ;  works  still  extant  are 
masses  a  5-8  (1557),  mass  tf  6,  Benedicta  es  (1580), 
masses  a  4-5  (1588),  6  books  of  motets,  a  5-6 
(1569-84),  2  of  motets  a  6  and  12  (1585,  '87),  19 
of  madrigals  a  5  (1561-SS),  8  of  madrigals  a  6 
(1565-92),  canzonets  and  madrigals  a  7,  "  La 
fiammetta  "  (1598),  "  Madrigali  spirituali"  a  5 
(1581),  and  French  chansons  and  "  Sonnets  de 
Pierre  de  Ronsard  "  (1576,  a  5-7).  Some  of  these 
are  also  in  collections  ;  a  few  others  are  found  in 
modern  works  (Hawkins'  "History"  has  a  mad- 
rigal a  4;  Dehn's  "  Sammlung  "  and  Commer's 
"  Collectio,"  each  contains  a  motet). 

Montdclair,  Michel  Pignolet  de,  b.  Chau- 
mont,  1666;  d. Saint-Denis,  n.  Paris,  Sept.,  1737. 
One  of  the  earliest  plaverson  the  modern  double- 
bass,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Opera  orch.,  Paris, 
1707-37.  He  prod,  at  the  Opera  Les  Fetes  de 
I'e'te,  ballet-opera  (1716),  and  jep/ite',  3-act  grand 
opera  (1732) ;  also  comp.  cantatas,  a  requiem 
(1736),  6  trios  (sonatas)  for  2  violins  and  bass, 
"  Brunettes  "  for  flute  and  violin,  flute-duos,  etc. 
— Wrote  "  Methode  pourapprendre  la  musique  " 
(1700;  revised  ed.s  1709,  1736),  and  a  "  Me- 
thode pour  apprendre  a  jouer  du  violon  "  (1720  ; 
a  pioneer  violin-method  ;  2nd  ed.  1736). 

Montever'de  [signed  his  name  Monte- 
verdi], Claudio  (Giovanni  Antonio),  b.  Cre- 
mona [bapt.  May  15],  1567  ;  d.  Venice,  Nov. 
29,  1643.  He  began  his  career  as  a  viola-player 
in  the  orch.  of  Duke  Gonzaga  of  Mantua,  and 
studied  counterpoint  under  the  Duke's  maestro, 
Ingegneri.  His  first  published  works,  Canzo- 
nette  a  3  (15S4)  and  5  books  of  madrigals  a  5 
(1587-99),  foreshadowed  his  course  as  a  com- 
poser ;  the  harmonic  progressions  show  a  strong 
feeling  for  modern  tonality,  and  the  dominant 
seventh  and  other  dissonances  enter  without 
preparation.  M.  was  one  of  the  reformers  at- 
tacked by  Artusi  in  the  pamphlet  "  L'Artusi, 
ovverodelle  imperfettioni  della  moderna  musica" 
(1600)  ;  he  was,  indeed,  heartily  in  sympathy 
with  the  efforts  of  the  Florentines  Caccini  and 
Peri  to  establish  a  modern  musical  drama.  In 
1603,  he  succeeded  Ingegneri  as  maestro  to  the 
Duke,  and  wrote,  for  the  wedding  of  the  latter's 
son  with  Margherita  of  Savoy,  his  first  dramatic 
work,   Orfeo,  received   with  unbounded  enthu- 


MOORE— MORELLI 


siasm.  In  1608  he  set  to  music  Rinuccini's 
Arianna,  and  a  ballet,  Ballo  delle  ingrate. 
Meantime  he  had  not  only  continued  secular 
composition  in  the  smaller  forms  (Scherzi  musi- 
cali  a  tre  voci "  in  the  French  chanson-style 
[1607]),  but  had  also  won  fame  as  a  sacred  com- 
poser (vespers  and  motets  were  publ.  1610)  ;  and 
in  1613  was  elected  to  succeed  Martinengo  as 
maestro  di  cappella  at  San  Marco,  Venice,  at  a 
salary  of  300  ducats  (raised  to  500  in  1616),  and 
a  house,  besides  travelling  expenses.  For  sev- 
eral years  his  duties  as  composer  for  the  church, 
and  chorusmaster,  absorbed  his  attention  ;  in 
1624  his  epico-dramatic  //  combattimento  di 
Tancredi  e  Clorinda,  in  which  a  narrator 
("  testo  ")  connects  the  dialogue,  was  brought 
out  at  the  palace  of  Senator  Mocenigo  ;  in  1627 
he  wrote  5  dramatic  intermezzi  in  episodes  from 
"  Bradamante  "  and  "Dido"  for  the  court  of 
Parma,  and  in  1630 an  opera,  Proserpine  rapita, 
was  performed  at  the  wedding  of  Mocenigo's 
daughter.  In  1637  the  first  opera-house  was 
opened  at  Venice,  the  Teatro  di  S.  Cassiano, 
followed  by  a  dozen  more  within  sixty  years  ;  up 
to  this  time  operas  had  been  performed  at  the 
palaces  of  the  nobilitv.  M.  now  produced 
the  operas  Adone  (Teatro  SS.  Giovanni  e 
Paolo,  Venice,  1639),  Le  Nozze  di  Enea  con 
Lavinia  (ibid.,  1641),  II  ritorno  di  Ulissc 
in  patiia  (T.  S.  Cassiano,  1641),  and  U Incorona- 
zione  di  Poppea  (SS.  Giovanni  e  Paolo,  1642). 
His  dramatic  works  have  earned  for  M.  the  title 
of  "the  father  of  the  art  of  instrumentation"; 
he  enlarged  the  orchestra,  selected  and  com- 
bined with  skill  the  instruments  accompanying 
the  voices,'  and  first  employed  the  tremolo  of 
strings  (Orpheus'  lament,  in  II  combattimento  di 
Tancredo,  is  accomp.  by  bass  viols  tremolo) ; 
besides  this,  his  recitative  is  far  freer  and  more 
dramatic,  sometimes  expanding  to  an  arioso, 
and  of  a  sentiment  and  force  greatly  surpassing 
the  monotonous  first-fruits  of  the  stile  rappresen- 
tati-uo.  Orfeo  (publ.  1609),  and  Ulisse  (MS.  in 
the  Vienna  Library),  are  his  sole  extant  music- 
dramas;  the  former  was  republ.  1881  by  the 
"  Gesellschaft  fur  Musikforschung"  (vol.  x). 
3  more  books  of  madrigals  were  publ.;  Book  vi, 
a  5,  with  a  "dialogue"  a  7  (1614),  Book  vii, 
"  II  concerto,"  a  1-6,  and  some  songs  (1619), 
and  Book  viii,  "  Madrigali  guerrieri  ed  amorosi 
con  alcuni  opuscoli  in  genere  rappresentativo" 
(1638).  A  few  detached  madrigals  and  other 
numbers  have  been  reprinted  in  modern  works. 
Besides  the  vespers  and  motets  (1610),  a  mass 
a  6,  masses  a  4,  psalms  a  1-8,  with  litanies  to 
the  Virgin  (1650),  and  "  Selva  morale  e  spiritu- 
ale "  (a  collection  of  masses,  psalms,  hymns, 
Magnificats,  motets,  Salves,  and  a  Lamento 
from  Ana  una  ;  in  MS.  in  the  Vienna  Library), 
have  been  preserved. 

Moore,  Thomas,  the  famous  poet,  was  born 
in  Dublin,  May  28,  1779  ;  died  Sloperton  Cot- 
tage, near  Devizes,  Feb.  25,  1852.  lie  had  no 
regular  musical  training,  but  picked  up  an  ama- 


teurish knowledge  of  piano-playing  with  the 
aid  of  the  organist,  William  Warren,  and  pos- 
sessed a  naturally  pleasing  voice.  He  set  to 
music  many  of  his  125  Irish  songs  ;  and  sang 
them  with  great  effect  to  his  own  accompani- 
ment, in  the  home-circle.  Some  of  his  original 
melodies  are  "  Love  thee,  dearest,"  "  When 
'midst  the  gay,"  "One  dear  smile,"  and  "The 
Canadian  Boat-song."  lie  also  composed  short 
concerted  vocal  pieces;  the  terzetto  "O  lady 
fair,"  and  the  3-part  glee  "  The  Watchman," 
won  wide  popularity. 

MoraTes,  Cristofano  [Cristofero],  a  na- 
tive of  Sevilla,  entered  the  Papal  chapel  about 
1540.  Compositions  by  this  eminent  Spanish 
contrapuntist  are  still  sung  at  Rome.  Modern 
reprints  of  motets  and  parts  of  masses,  etc.,  are 
in  coll.s  by  Eslava,  Choron,  Martini,  Proske,  and 
Rochlitz  ;  2  books  of  masses  (Book  i  at  Paris, 
n.d.,  2nd  ed.  1546;  Book  ii  154.1,  oft  republ.). 
Magnificats  a  4  (1541,  etc.),  motets  a  4  (2 
books,  1543,  '46),  motets  a  5(1543),  and  Lamen- 
tations a  4-6  (1564),  appeared  during  his  life- 
time. 

Mo'ralt,  Joseph,  the  eldest  in  a  famous  Mu- 
nich quartet-party  of  brothers,  and  1st  violin  ; 
b.  Schwetzingen,  n.  Mannheim,  Aug.  5,  1775  ; 
d.  1828  at  Munich  as  orchestral  leader  ; — Jo- 
hann  Baptist,  the  2nd  violin  ;  b.  Mannheim, 
Jan.  10,  1777  ;  d.  Munich,  Oct.  7,  1825  ;  also 
comp.  symphonies,  quartets,  and  concertantes 
and  duos  f.  violin  ;• — Philipp,  the  'cellist,  b. 
Munich,  1780  ;  d.  there  1829  ; — and  Georg,  the 
tenor,  b.  Munich,  1781  ;  d.  there  1818. 

Mo'ran-Ol'den,  Fanny,  distinguished  dra- 
matic soprano  ;  b.  Oldenburg,  Sept.  28,  1855. 
Taught  by  Haas  at  Hanover,  and  Auguste 
Gotze  at  Dresden,  she  made  her  debut  as 
"Fanny  Olden"  (her  real  name  was  Tappen- 
horn)  at  a  Gewandhaus  concert  in  1S77  ;  sang 
the  role  of  Norma  at  Dresden  a  few  months 
later,  and  was  eng.  as  leading  soprano  at  Frank- 
fort in  the  autumn  of  187S.  From  1884  she 
sang  in  opera  at  Leipzig  (City  Th.).  Sang  in 
New  York  in  188S-9.  Twice  married  :  in  1879 
to  the  tenor  Karl  Moran,  and  in  1S97  to  Herr 
Bertram,  court  singer  at  Munich. 

More,  Felicite.     See  Pradher. 

Morel,  Auguste-Frangois,  self-taught  dra- 
matic composer  ;  b.  Marseilles,  Nov.  26,  1809  ; 
d.  Paris,  Apr.  22,  1SS1.  From  1836-50  in 
Paris  as  a  song-composer  and  writer  ;  also  set 
to  music  Autran's  La  fille  d'Eschyle  (1848),  and 
a  ballet,  VEtoile  du  marin  (1S50);  then  returned 
to  Marseilles,  becoming  director  of  the  Cons, 
there  in  1852.  Prod,  a  grand  opera,  Le  Jttge- 
meiil  de  Dien  (Grand  Th.,  i860)  ;  wrote  much 
tine  chamber-music  (a  string-quintet,  5  string- 
quartets,  and  a  pf.-trio),  for  which  he  twice  won 
the  Prix  {'harder ;  also  2  symphonies,  over- 
tures, cantatas,  etc. 

MorelTi,  Giacomo,  b.  Venice,  Apr.  14,  1745  ; 
d.  there  May  5,  1819.      Librarian  at  San  Marco, 


402 


MO  RE  LOT— MORNINGTON 


and  the  discoverer  of  the  fragments  of  Aris- 
toxenos'  "Art  of  Rhythm,"  which  he  publ.  in 
I7S5. 

Morelot,  Stephen,  b.  Dijon,  Jan.  12,  1S20  ; 
Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Jurisprudence  there,  and 
a  connoisseur  of  sacred  music.  Co-editor  from 
1845  of  Danjou's  "  Revue  de  la  musique  reli- 
gieuse,  populaire  et  classique";  sent  to  Italy  in 
1S47  by  the  Ministry  of  Tub.  Instruction  to 
study  church-music  and  sacred  song.  Publ. 
numerous  essays,  among  them  "  De  la  musique 
au  XVe  siecle  ..."  (1S56  ;  pp.  2S,  and  24 
music-pages  containing  several  motets  and  chan- 
sons by  Dunstable,  Ilaynes,  and  Binchois  in 
modern  notation),  "  Elements  de  l'harmonie  ap- 
pliques a  l'aecompagnement  du  plain-chant, 
d'apres  les  traditions  des  anciennes  ecoles"  (1S61 ; 
pp.  196  ;  an  excellent  work).  His  "  Manuel  de 
Psalmodie  en  faux-bourdons  a  4  voix  ..." 
(1855)  is  an  ingenious  attempt  to  revive  the 
ancient  style  of  harmonization. 

Moret'ti,  Giovanni,  b.  Naples,  1S07 ;  d. 
Ceglie,  n.  Naples,  Oct.,  1SS4.  Pupil  of  Casella, 
Furno,  Tritto,  Zingarelli,  etc.,  at  Naples  Cons.; 
was  leader  at  several  theatres,  and  m.  di  capp. 
at  the  San  Carlo.  From  1S29-57  he  wrote  22 
operas  ;  also  comp.  12  masses,  a  Requiem,  lita- 
nies, and  other  church-music. 

Morgan,  George  Washbourne,  b.  Glouces- 
ter, Engl.,  Apr.  9,  1822  ;  d.  Tacoma,  Washing- 
ton, in  July,  1S92.  Sang  in  the  Philh.  Glouces- 
ter chorus,  1834  ;  articled  to  John  Amott  ;  org. 
in  several  churches,  and  cond.  of  the  Gloucester 
Philh.  about  1845  ;  went  to  New  York  in  1S53  ; 
org.  at  St.  Thomas's  (1S54-5),  Grace  Ch.  (1S55- 
68),  St.  Ann's  R.  C.  Ch.  (1S6S-9),  St.  Stephen's 
R.  C.  Ch.  (1869-70),  Brooklyn  Tabernacle  (1870- 
S2),  and  the  Dutch  Ref.  Ch.  at  Madison  Av. 
and  29th  St.  (1S86-8).—  Works  :  A  Morning  Ser- 
vice, and  anthem  f.  quartet,  ch.  and  orch.;  bal- 
lads and  songs  ;  organ-  and  pf. -music. 

Morgan,  John  Paul,  b.  Oberlin,  Ohio,  Feb. 

13,  1S41  ;  d.  Oakland,  Cal.,  in  Jan.,  1S79.  Tal- 
ented organist,  for  many  years  in  New  York. 
Composed  church-music,  chamber-music,  organ- 
pieces,  songs.  Made  the  best  English  transla- 
tion of  Richter's  "  Manual  of  Harmony"  (New 
York,  1867). 

Morja.     Pen-name  of  Moriz  Jaffe. 

Morlac'chi,    Francesco,    b.   Perugia,  June 

14,  17S4  ;  d.  Innsbruck,  Oct.  28,  1S41.  Pupil 
of  Mazzetti  and  Caruso  in  Perugia,  of  Zingarelli 
at  Loreto,  and  of  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna, 
where  he  received  the  diploma  of  "maestro 
compositore "  from  the  Liceo  Filarmonico  in 
1S05.  Besides  a  coronation-cantata  for  Napo- 
leon (as  King  of  Italy),  he  prod,  a  Te*Deum,  a 
Miserere  a  16,  a  Pater  noster,  a  cantata,  and 
other  church-music.  His  dramatic  firstling  was 
a  farce,  //  Simoncino  (Parma,  1803)  ;  an  ope- 
retta, //  Porta  spiantato,  0  il  Poeta  in  campagna, 
(Florence,  1S07),  and  a  comic  opera  II Ri'tratto, 


ossia  la  Forza  deir  astrazione  (Verona,  1807), 
aided  his  growing  reputation;  7  more  were 
prod,  up  to  1 8 10,  when  he  was  eng.  as  A'a- 
pellm.  for  the  Italian  Opera  at  Dresden,  his 
tenure  for  life  being  confirmed  in  1S11.  Here, 
according  to  Chilesotti  in  "I  nostri  maestri  del 
passato,"  M.  formed  a  classic  style  blending 
Italian  vivacity  with  German  philosophical  pro- 
fundity ;  he  brought  out  11  more  operas  in 
Dresden  and  Italy,  and  wrote  much  sacred  mu- 
sic :  Requiem  for  the  King  of  Saxony,  10  grand 
masses  w.  orch.,  a  Passion-oratorio  (1S12),  the 
oratorios  Isacco  (18 17)  and  La  morte  di  Abcle 
(1821),  cantatas,  hymns,  etc.;  besides  organ- 
pieces  and  songs. 

Morley,  Thomas,  English  contrapuntist  ; 
b.  about  1557  ;  d.  1604.  A  pupil  of  Byrd  ; 
Mus.  Bac,  Oxford,  1588  ;  Gentleman  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  1592,  also  Epistler  and  Gospel- 
ler.— Publ.  compositions:  "  Canzonets,  or  Lit- 
tle Short  Songs  to  three  voyces  "  (1593)  ;  "  Mad- 
rigalls  to  foure  Voyces"  (1594);  "The  First 
Booke  of  Ballets  to  five  voyces"  (1595;  re- 
printed 1S42  in  score  by  the  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.)  ; 
"  The  First  Booke  of  Canzonets  to  Two  Voyces  " 
(T595)  ;  "Canzonets,  or  Little  Short  Aers  to 
five  and  sixe  voices  "  (1597)  ;  "  The  First  Booke 
of  Aires  or  Little  Short  Songes  to  sing  and  play 
to  the  Lute  with  the  Base-Viol"  (1600;  con- 
tains the  song  "  It  was  a  lover  and  his  lass" 
from  As  you  like  it,  reprinted  in  Knight's 
"  Shakspere,"  and  Chappell's  "  Popular  Music 
of  the  Olden  Time"). — M.'s  works  are  unu- 
sually melodious  for  the  period,  and  many  of 
the  madrigals  and  ballets  are  still  popular  ;  the 
canzonets  a  3-4,  and  madrigals,  were  publ.  in 
modern  score  by  Holland  and  Cooke  ;  5  sets  of 
harpsichord-lessons  are  in  "  Queen  Elizabeth's 
Virginal  Book";  services  and  anthems  are  in 
Barnard's  and  Boyce'scoll.s. — M.  edited  "  Can- 
zonets or  Little  Short  Songs  to  Foure  Voyces, 
selected  out  of  the  best  approved  Italian  au- 
thors "  (159S)  ;  "Madrigals  to  five  voyces, 
[ditto]  "  (1598)  ;  and  "  The  Triumphes  of  Ori- 
ana,  to  five  and  sixe  voyces,  composed  by  divers 
several  authors"  (1601  ;  reprinted  in  score  by 
Wm.  Hawes). — He  wrote  the  first  regular  trea- 
tise on  music  publ.  in  England:  "A  Plaine 
and  Easie  Introduction  to  Practicall  Musicke 
.  .  ."  (1597  ;  an  excellent  work  ;  publ.  in  Ger- 
man as  "  Musica  practica ")  ;  and  edited  the 
curious  treatise,  "The  First  Booke  of  Consort 
Lessons,  made  by  divers  exquisite  Authors  for 
sixe  Instruments  to  play  together,  viz.  the 
Treble  Lute,  the  Pandora,  the  Citterne,  the 
Base  Violl,  the  Flute,  and  the  Treble  Violl" 
(1599  ;  rev.  ed.  161 1). 

Mornington,    Garret    Colley   Wellesley, 

Earl  of  ;  the  father  of  Wellington  ;  b.  Dangan, 
Ireland,  July  19,  1735  ;  d.  May  22,  17S1.  He 
excelled  as  a  glee-composer.  In  1776  and  '77 
the  Catch  Club  awarded  him  prizes  for  catches  ; 
and  in  1779  Inr  tne  Rlee  "  Here  in  a  cool  grot." 
Sir  II.  R.  Bishop  edited  a  complete  coll.  of   his 


4U3 


MORSE— MOSCIIELES 


glees  and  madrigals  (1846).  He  was  Mus. 
Doc,  Dublin,  and  prof.  1764-74  at  Dublin 
Univ. 

Morse,  Charles  Henry,  b.  Bradford,  Mass., 
Jan.  5,  1853.  Graduate  (a)  of  the  New  Engl. 
Cons.,  Boston,  1873,  under  J.  C.  D.  Parker 
(pf.),  S.  A.  Emery  (harm.),  and  Geo.  E.  Whit- 
ing (org.)  ;  (b)  of  the  Boston  Univ.  College  of 
Music,  1876,  under  Parker,  J.  K.  Paine,  and 
Whiting.  Then  st.  pf.  1  year  with  Perabo,  and 
3  years  w.  Baermann.  Mus.  Bac.,  Boston  Univ., 
1879.  Teacher  of  pf.  and  org.  at  N.  E.  Cons., 
1873-S  ;  Mus.  Dir.  at  Wellesley  College,  1S75- 
84  ;  founder  and  director  of  the  Northwestern 
Cons,  of  Music,  Minneapolis,  1SS5-91  ;  since 
1891,  org.  and  choirmaster  at  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn.  Pres.  of  N.  Y.  State  M.  T.  A., 
1874-6;  Pres.  of  Alumni,  and  Trustee,  of  N. 
E.  Cons.;  co-founder,  and  first  "  Sub-Warden," 
of  A.  G.  O.  Excellent  organist  and  chorus- 
cond. ;  teacher  of  organ-playing  and  voice- 
building. — Publ.  a  Choral  Song,  Agnus  Dei, 
anthems,  Christmas  Carols  ;  many  arr.s  f.  org., 
and  several  valuable  compilations  ("The  Con- 
temporary Organist,"  "A  March-Album," 
"  The  Church-Organist,"  "  The  Junior  Church- 
Organist"). 

Mortier  de  Fontaine,  Henri-Louis-Sta- 
nislas, pianist  ;  b.  May  13,  1816,  Wisniewiec, 
Volhynia,  Russia  ;  d.  Balham,  London,  May  10, 
18S3.  Debut  Danzig,  1832  ;  1833  in  Paris  ; 
1837,  Italy  ;  1842,  again  in  Paris,  going  to  Rus- 
sia in  1S50,  and  settling  in  St.  Petersburg  1853- 
60  as  a  teacher;  taught  1860-8  in  Munich; 
travelled  ;  and  spent  his  last  years  in  London. 
Noted  as  the  first  to  play  in  public  one  of  the  5 
last  Beethoven  sonatas  (op.  106). 

Mortimer,  Peter,  a  Moravian  brother  ;  b. 
Tutenham,  Surrey,  Dec.  5,  1750;  d.  Dresden, 
Jan.  8,  1828.  Wrote  a  valuable  treatise  on  the 
old  church-modes,  "  Der  Choralgesang  zur  Zeit 
der  Reformation  "  (1821). 

Mosca,  Giuseppe,  b.  Naples,  1772;  d. 
Messina,  Sept.  14,  1839.  Pupil  of  Fenaroli  ; 
accompanist  at  the  Th.  Italien,  Paris,  1803-9  ! 
111.  di  eapp.  at  Palermo  Th.,  18 17-21  ;  mus.  dir. 
of  Messina  Th.,  from  1823.  Very  prolific 
opera-composer  ;  44  operas  (comic  or  serious), 
and  2  ballets,  were  prod,  on  leading  Italian 
stages. — His  brother, 

Mosca,  Luigi,  b.  Naples,  1775  ;  d.  there 
Nov.  30,  1824.  Likewise  a  pupil  of  Fenaroli, 
and  a  dramatic  comp.,  having  prod.  16  operas, 
lie  was  maestro  al  cembalo  at  the  San  Carlo  Th., 
and  later  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Cons,  di  San 
Sebastiano.  Also  comp.  an  oratorio,  Joas,  a 
festival  mass,  etc. 

Mo'scheles  [mo'-she-less],  Ignaz,  eminent 
pianist,  pedagogue,  and  composer  ;  b.  Prague, 
May  30,  1794  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  10,  1S70.  His 
father  was  a  Jewish  merchant.  From  1804  he 
was  trained  by  Dionys  Weber  at  the  Prague 
Cons.,  and  at   14  played  publicly  a  concerto  of 


his  own  composition.  On  his  father's  death, 
shortly  after, he  went  to  Vienna  to  study  under  Al- 
brechtsberger  (cpt.) 
and  Salieri  (comp.), 
earning  his  living  as 
a  pianist  and  teacher. 
His  conspicuous  tal- 
ents won  him  access 
to  the  best  circles  ; 
he  prepared  the  pf.- 
score  of  Beethoven's 
Fidelio  under  the 
composer's  supervis- 
ion, and  entered  into 
friendly  rivalry  with 
Meyerbeer,  then  a 
brilliant  pianist,  and 
Hummel.  On  tours 
to  Munich,  Dresden  and  Leipzig  (1816),  and  to 
Paris  (1S20),  his  remarkable  playing  was  much 
applauded  ;  he  was  the  pioneer  in  developing 
the  various  modifications  of  tone  by  touch,  after- 
wards exploited  by  Liszt  and  his  following  of  the 
"orchestral"  school.  In  1821  M.  settled  in 
London  ;  though  he  made  frequent  trips  to  the 
Continent,  and  gave  Mendelssohn  piano-lessons 
at  Berlin  in  1S24.  He  had  increasing  success  in 
London  both  as  a  teacher  and  composer,  and  his 
concerts  were  thronged.  His  friendship  with 
Mendelssohn  was  cemented  by  the  latter's  re- 
peated visits  to  London  ;  and  in  1846  he  was 
persuaded  to  join  Mendelssohn's  staff  of  teachers 
in  the  newly  founded  Leipzig  Conservatorium. 
Here  he  contributed  in  no  small  measure  to  the 
fame  of  the  institution,  and  trained  a  host  of 
pupils  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe.  He  was 
noted  for  his  sympathetic  interpretation  of  com- 
positions of  the  most  various  schools,  and  for 
fine  flights  of  free  improvisation  ;  his  playing  was 
energetic,  brilliant,  and  strongly  rhythmical — 
features  equally  characteristic  of  his  composi- 
tions, in  which  a  sustained  loftiness  of  style  is 
blended  with  no  mean  emotional  power. — 
Works  (142  opus-numbers  ;  those  up  to  op.  80 
appeared  before  1830)  :  8  pf. -concertos  :  —  No. 
1,  op.  45  ;  No.  2,  op.  56  in  EJ7  ;  No.  3,  op.  60 
in  G  min.;  No.  4,  op.  64  ;  No.  5,  op.  87  in  C  ; 
No.  6,  op.  90  in  \\\)  ("  fantastique  ")  ;  No.  7, 
op.  93  ("  pathe'tique ") ;  No.  8,  op.  96  ("pas- 
toral ") ;  Nos.  3,  5,  and  6,  are  favorites  ; — also 
f.  pf.  and  orch.,  Marche  d' Alexandre,  op.  32; 
Souvenirs  d'Irlande,  op.  62  ;  Anklange  aus 
Schottland,  op.  75  ;  Souvenirs  de  Danemark, 
op.  72  ; — f.  pf.  w.  other  instr.s,  Grand  septuor 
(pf.,  vln.,  via.,  clar.,  horn,  'cello,  d.-bass),  op. 
88;  Grand  sextuor  (pf.,  vln.,  flute,  2  horns, 
'cello),  op.  35  ;  Var.s  on  an  Austrian  melody 
(pf.,  2  vln.s,  via.,  'cello,  d.-bass),  op.  42  ;  pf.- 
trio,  op.  84  ;  duos  w.  violin,  w.  horn,  and  w. 
guitar  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  121  ;  etc. — 
f.  2  pf.s,  Hommage  a  Handel,  op.  92  (very  ef- 
fective) ;  Duo  concertant  on  Preeiosa,  op.  S7I)  ; 
Pes  Contrastes,  op.  115  (2  pf.s,  8  hands); — f. 
pf.  4  hands,  Sonata  in  E[?,  op.  47,  and  Sonate 
symphonique  in  B  min.,  op.   112; — f.   pf.  solo, 


404 


MOSEL— MOSZKOWSKI 


Sonate  caracte'ristique,  op.  27  ;  Sonate  melanco- 
lique,  op.  49  ;  Allegro  di  bravura,  op.  51  ;  La 
Tenerezza  (rondo),  op.  52  ;  Les  Charmes  de 
Paris,  op.  54  ;  also  excellent  studies  (24  Charac- 
teristic St.,  op.  70  ;  12  ditto,  op.  95  ;  54  Etudes 
de  concert,  op.  11 1  ;  "  1' Ambition,"  and  "  l'En- 
jouement  "  [2  etudes]  ;  etc.).  —  Mis  wife,  Char- 
lotte M.,  rUe  Embden,  (d.  Detmold,  Dec.  13, 
13S9,)  wrote  "  Aus  Moscheles'  Leben.  Nach 
Briefen  und  Tagebiichern  herausgegeben " 
(1872  ;  2  vol.s  ;  Engl,  transl.  by  Coleridge). 
His  correspondence  with  Mendelssohn  was 
publ.  188S  (Cer.  and  Engl.). 

Mo'sel,  Ignaz  Franz,  Edlervon,  b.  Vienna, 
Apr.  1,  1772  ;  d.  there  Apr.  8,  1844.  Composer 
(operas,  overtures,  etc.),  conductor,  vice-director 
of  the  court'  theatres  (1S20),  and  from  1829  cus- 
todian of  the  Imperial  Library. — Wrote  "  Ver- 
such  einer  Aesthetik  des  dramatischen  Tonsaztes" 
(18 1 3)  ;  "  Ueber  das  Leben  und  die  Werke  des 
Antonio  Salieri  "  (1S27)  ;  "  Ueber  die  Original- 
partitur  des  Requiems  von  W.  A.  Mozart" 
(1829)  ;  "  Geschichteder  Ilofbibliothek"  (1835) ; 
and  "  Die  Tonkunst  in  Wien  wahrend  der  letzten 
fiinf  Decennien  "  (1818,  in  the  Vienna  "  Allgem. 
musikal.  Zeitung  "  ;  separate  reprint  1S40). 

Mo'senthal,  Joseph,  b.  Kassel,  Nov.  30, 
1834  ;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  6,  1896.  Pupil  of  his 
father  and  Spohr  ;  for  4  years  leader  of  2nd  violins 
in  the  court  orch.  cond.  by  Spohr.  Went  to 
America  1S53  ;  became  organist  and  choirmaster 
in  Calvary  Ch.,  New  York,  in  1S60,  resigning 
in  1S87.  From  1S67  to  the  day  of  his  death,  he 
was  cond.  of  the  N.  Y.  Mendelssohn  Glee  Club  ; 
played  for  forty  years  with  the  first  violins  in  the 
Philharm.  Orch.;  and  was  2nd  violin  in  the 
Mason  and  Thomas  Quartet  during  the  12  years 
of  its  existence. — Publ.  works  :  Anthems,  hymns, 
etc.,  for  the  Episcopal  church  ;  part-songs  f . ' 
male  ch.  ("  Thanatopsis,"  "  Blest  pair  of  Sirens," 
"  Music  of  the  Sea,"  etc.)  ;  "Sunday  Lyrics" 
(6  songs)  ;  psalm  "  The  earth  is  the  Lord's  "  ; 
numerous  songs. 

Mo'ser,  Karl,  violinist  ;  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  24, 
1774  ;  d.  there  Jan.  27,  1851.  Pupil  of  Bottcher 
and  Haacke.  Joined  the  royal  orch.;  then 
travelled  for  several  years,  and  rejoined  it  in 
1811.  Received  the  title  of  "  Royal  Kapellm." 
His  son  August,  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  20,  1825,  died 
while  touring  America  in  1S59  !  ne  publ.  a  few 
violin-pieces. 

Mose'wius,  Johann  Theodor,  b.  Konigs- 
berg,  Sept.  25,  178S  ;  d.  Schaffhausen,  Sept.  15, 
1858.  Opera-singer  in  Konigsberg  and  Breslau  ; 
in  1829,  Univ.  Mus.  Dir.  in  Breslau,  and  1831 
Dir.  of  the  Acad.  Inst,  for  Church-music.  By 
establishing  the  Singakademie  (1825),  and  giving 
masterly  performances  of  the  finest  classical 
works  from  Bach  to  Beethoven,  he  exercised  a 
mighty  influence  on  the  musical  life  of  Breslau. 
— Publ.  "J.  S.  Bach  in  seinen  Kirchencantaten 
und  Choralgesangen  "  (1845),  and  "  J.  S.  Bachs 
Matthauspassion  "  (1852). 


Moson'yi,  (real  name  Michael  Brandt,)  b. 
Boldog-Aszony,  Hungary,  Sept.  31,  1S14  ;  d. 
Pesth,  Oct.  31,  1870.  At  first  a  piano-teacher, 
and,  as  a  composer,  a  disciple  of  the  classic 
school,  he  became  enamoured  of  the  national 
music.  Liszt  (who  later  regarded  him  as  the 
noblest  representative  of  Hungarian  music)  pro- 
posed in  1S57  to  bring  out  M.'s  German  opera 
Maximilian,  but  ventured  to  suggest  some 
changes,  whereupon  the  composer  threw  the 
MS.  into  the  fire.  From  1842  he  lived  in  Pesth  ; 
the  transformation  of  his  style  took  place  about 
i860,  and  in  1861  he  prod,  an  Hungarian  opera, 
Szep  Ilonka ;  a  second,  Almos,  was  not  perf. 
His  other  works  are  a  funeral  symphony  for 
Count  Szechenyi  ;  a  symphonic  poem,  "  Triumph 
and  Mourning  of  the  Honved  "  ;  an  overture  with 
the  national  song  "  Szozat "  ;  piano-pieces 
("Studies  for  the  improvement  of  Hungarian 
music"  ;   "Childhood's  Realm")  ;  etc. 

Mosz'kva,  Prince  of  the  [Joseph  Napoleon 
Ney,  eldest  son  of  Marshal  Ney]  ;  b.  Paris, 
May  8,  1803  ;  d.  St.-Germain-en-Laye,  July  25, 
1S57.  A  senator,  and  Brigadier-Gen.  under 
Napoleon  III.,  he  was  a  thorough  and  talented 
musician.  In  1843  he  establ.  the  "  Soc.  de 
musique  vocale,  religieuse  et  classique "  (for 
prod,  works  of  the  i6th-i7th  centuries),  himself 
conducting  the  concerts  in  his  palace  ;  the 
society  publ.  11  vol.s  of  these  works.  He 
brought  out  2  successful  operas  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  Le  Cent-suisse  (1840),  and  Yvonne 
(1855)  ;  also  prod,  a  solemn  orch.l  mass  in  1831. 

Moszkow'ski  [-kov],  Moritz,  concert- 
pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Breslau,  Aug.  23, 
1854.  His  father,  a 
Polish  gentleman  of 
independent  means, 
early  recognized  his 
son's  mus.  talent.  M. 
was  trained  at  home, 
in  the  Dresden  Cons., 
and  at  the  Conserva- 
tories of  Stern  and 
Kullak  in  Berlin,  in 
which  latter  he  taught 
for  several  years.  His 
first  public  concert,  at 
Berlin,  1  S  7  3  ,  was 
highly  successful,  and, 
followed  by  tours  to 
other  German  cities, 
and  to  Warsaw  and  Paris,  establ.  his  fame  as  a 
pianist.  Until  1897,  M.  made  Berlin  his  head- 
quarters ;  he  then  removed  to  Paris. — As  a  com- 
poser he  is  most  widely  known  by  his  elegant 
and  dainty  sa/on-mw&\c  for  piano  ;  the  "  Spanish 
Dances  "  brought  his  pieces  into  vogue,  and  the 
concert-studies,  concert-waltzes,  gavottes,  "Skiz- 
zen,"  a  Tarantella,  a  Humoresque,  etc.,  have 
also  won  favor  among  pianists.  In  larger  forms 
he  has  successfully  produced  an  opera,  BoabJil, 
Jer  Maurenkonig  (Berlin,  1892),  the  music  to 
Grabbe's   Don  Juan  and  Faust  (1896),  a  sym- 


405 


MOSZKOWSKI— MOZART 


phonic  poem  "  Jeanne  d'Arc,"  a  "  Phantastischer 
Zug  "  I.  orch.,  2  orch.l  suites,  and  a  violin-con- 
certo.     About  60  opus-numbers  have  appeared. 

Moszkow'ski,  Alexander,  brother  of  Mo- 
ritz  ;  b.  Pilica,  Poland,  Jan.  15,  1851.  Living 
in  Berlin  as  raus.  critic  for  the  "  Deutsches  Mon- 
tagsblatt"  and  joint-editor  of  the  "Berliner 
Wespen."  Has  publ.  the  humorous  booklets 
"Anton  Notenquetschers  Neue  Humoresken" 
(1893),  and  "Anton  Notenquetschers  heitere 
Dichtungen  "  (1894). 

Mottl,  Felix,  born  at  Unter-St.  Yeit,  near 
Vienna,  Aug.  24  [correct  date],  1856.  His  tine 
boy-soprano  voice  gained  him  admission  to  the 
Lowenberg  "Konvikt";  he  studied  thereafterat 
the  Vienna  Cons,  under  llellmesberger  (con- 
ducting), Dessoff  (comp.),  Bruckner  (theory), 
and  Scheuer  and  Door  (pf. ),  graduating  with 
high  honors.  He  cond.  the  Academical  Wag- 
nerverein  for  some  time,  and  in  1880  [correct 
date]  succeeded  Dessoff  as  court  Kapellm.  at 
Karlsruhe,  where  he  also  cond.  the  l'hilharm. 
Concerts  until  1S92  ;  in  1893  the  Grand  Duke 
app.  him  General  Musical  Director.  In  1886 
he  acted  as  conductor-in-chief  at  Bayreuth,  and 
his  distinguished  success  in  that  capacity  won 
the  flattering  offer  of  an  appointment  as  court 
Kapellm.  of  the  Berlin  Opera,  which  he  de- 
clined. In  1S98  he  was  also  obliged  to  decline 
a  similar  call  to  Munich.  Asa  "  travelling  con- 
ductor "  M.  has  given  successful  concerts  in 
London  (1893,  '94)  and  Paris.  In  1892  he  mar- 
ried Henriette  Standhartner,  "  k.  k.  Hofopern- 
sangerin  "  in  Vienna,  now  Grand  Ducal  "  Ram- 
mer- und  Hofopernsangerin  "  at  Karlsruhe. — 
His  operas,  Agnes  Bernauer  (Weimar,  1880), 
and  the  i-act  Fiirst  und  Sanger  (Karlsruhe, 
1893),  were  well  received  ;  he  has  also  prod, 
a  "  Festspiel,"  Eberslein  (Karlsruhe,  1SS1), 
songs,  etc.  In  1890  he  brought  out  Berlioz's 
Lcs  Troyens  (Parts  I  and  II  ;  Karlsruhe).  M. 
is  one  of  the  most  enterprising  and  energetic 
among  contemporary  baton-wielders. 

Mount-Edgcumbe,  Richard,  Earl  of,  Eng- 
lish amateur  composer  ;  b.  Sept.  13,  1764  ;  d. 
Richmond,  Surrey,  Sept.  26,  1839.  Prod,  an 
opera,  Zenobia,  at  the  King's  Th.,  London, 
1800.  Wrote  "  Mus.  Reminiscences  of  an  Ama- 
teur ..."  chiefly  on  Ital.  opera  from  1773- 
1823  (London,  1823  ;  4th  ed.  1S34). 

Mouret,  Jean-Joseph,  b.  Avignon,  16S2 ;  d. 
in  Charenton  insane  asylum,  Dec.  12,  1738. 
Cond.  of  the  Concerts  spirituels,  and  comp.  to 
the  Comedie  Italienne.  He  prod,  ephemeral 
operas  and  ballets. 

Moussorgsky.     See  Mussorgski. 

Mouton,  (Jean  de  Hollingue,  called  Mou- 
ton,)  important  contrapuntist  ;  b.  I  lolling  (?),  n. 
Metz  ;  d.  St.-Quentin,  Oct.  30,  1522.  A  pupil 
and  follower  of  Josquin  ;  chapel-singer  to  Louis 
XII.  and  Francis  I.;  canon  at  Therouanne  and 
St.-Quentin.      He  was  Willaert's   teacher. — Ex- 


tant comp.s  :  Nine  masses  :  5  printed  by  Pe- 
trucci  (1508;  2nd  ed.  1515),  2  "sine  nomine," 
"Alleluia,"  "Alma  redemptoris,"  and  "  Regina 
mearum";  this  last  also  in  Attaignant's  coll. 
(1532)  as  "  Missa  d'Allemaigne,"  with  another, 
"'Pu  es  potentia";  "Alma  redemptoris,"  and 
one  of  the  above  unnamed  masses  as  "  Dites 
moy  touttes  vos  pensees,"  are  in  Antiquis'  "  XV 
Missae  "  (1516);  and  J.  Moderne  printed  "Quern 
dicunt  homines  "  in  his  "  Liber  X  missarum  " 
(1540)  ;  finally  2  in  MS.,  "  Missa  de  sanctatrini- 
tate"  (Ambras  Coll.,  Vienna),  and  "  M.  sine 
cadentia"  (Cambrai).  (MSS.  of  most  of  these 
are  in  the  Munich  Library.) — Many  motets  :  Pe- 
trucci  printed  21  in  the  "  Mottetti  della  corona" 
(1514-19)  ;  Le  Roy  and  Ballard  printed  22  in 
1555  ;  some  are  in  Books  vii-xi  of  Attaignant's 
collection  (1534),  also  in  his  "  XII  Motetz" 
(1529),  and  in  Ott's  "  Novem  et  insigne  opus" 
(1537)  ;  etc.  Montan-Neuber  printed  a  Gospel 
narrative  in  "  Evangeliadominicarum  "  (1554-6); 
Petrejus  publ.  psalms,  and  T.  Susato  chansons. 
Glarean's  "  Dodekachordon  ''  contains  some  mo- 
tets, etc.;  3  motets  and  a  hymn  are  in  the  histo- 
ries of  Burney,  Forkel,  Plawkins,  and  Busby  ; 
also  in  Commer's  "  Collectio." 

Mouzin,  Pierre-Nicolas  (called   E'douard), 

b.  July  13,  1S22,  at  Metz,  where  he  studied  in 
the  branch  of  the  Paris  Cons.,  becoming  a 
teacher  there  in  1842,  and  Director  in  1854; 
from  1871  (after  the  Franco-German  war),  teacher 
in  the  Paris  Cons. — Works  :  2  operas  ;  cantatas, 
symphonies,  church-music,  songs  ;  historical 
sketches  of  the  Metz  Music-school  and  the  "  So- 
ciete  chorale  de  l'Orpheon  "  there  ;  also  a  "  Pe- 
tite grammaire  musicale  "  (1S64). 

Mo'zart,  (Johann  Georg)  Leopold,  the 
father  of  Wolfgang  Amadeus  ;  b.  Augsburg, 
Nov.  14,  1719;  d.  Salzburg,  May  28,  17S7.  A 
poor  bookbinder's  son,  he  learned  music  as  a 
choir-boy  in  Augsburg  and  at  Salzburg,  whither 
he  went  to  study  law,  supporting  himself  by 
giving  music-lessons.  An  excellent  violinist,  he 
entered  the  Prince-Bishop's  orch.  in  1743,  was 
app.  court  composer  in  1762,  and  mce-A'apc/hn. 
He  married  Anna  Maria  Pertlin  of  Salzburg  in 
1747  ;  of  their  7  children  only  two,  "Nannerl" 
and  Wolfgang,  passed  the  age  of  one  year.  The 
parents  devoted  their  lives  to  the  musical  edu- 
cation of  these  two  (cf.  Mozart,  W.  A.).  Leo- 
pold M.  was  a  noteworthy  composer  :  12  orato- 
rios, other  sacred  music,  operas  (probably  writ- 
ten by  his  son),  pantomimes,  etc. ;  many  sym- 
phonies (iS  publ.),  serenades,  divertimenti  (the 
"  Musikalische  Schlittenfahrt  "  was  publ.),  con- 
certos, chamber-music  (6  trio-sonatas  f.  2  vio- 
lins w.  basso  continuowere  publ.),  organ-music, 
pf. -music  (12  pieces,  "  Der  Morgen  und  der 
Abend,"  were  publ.).  His  celebrated  violin- 
method,  "  Versuch  einer  grundlichen  Vioiin- 
schule"  (1756;  2nd  rev.  ed.  1770;  then  often 
republ.  up  to  1804  ;  in  French  1770  and  1801  ; 
also  in  Dutch),  is  thought  to  be  the  earliest  after 
Geminiani's  (1740). 


406 


MOZART 


Mo'zart,     (Maria)    Anna     ["Nannerl"], 

daughter  of  Leopold  ;  b.  Salzburg,  July  30, 1751  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  29,  1829.  Taught  by  her  father 
from  1759,  shequicklydeveloped  into  an  excellent 
pianist,  at  first  the  equal  of  her  gifted  brother  ; 
but  after  their  Vienna  trip  in  1768  she  remained 
at  home,  aided  in  supporting  the  family  by 
teaching,  and  in  1784  married  Baron  von  Berch- 
thold  zu  Sonnenburg.  After  his  death  she  re- 
sumed lesson-giving  ;  in  1820  her  eyesight  failed. 

Mo'zart  [mo'tsart],  Wolfgang  Amadeus, 
(baptismal  names  Johannes  Chrysostomus 
Wolfgangus 


k 


Theophilus,)  was 
born  in  Salzburg, 
Jan.  27,  1756  ;  died 
in  Vienna,  Dec.  5, 
1 791.  In  his  fourth 
year  he  manifested 
such  eager  and  in- 
telligent interest  in 
his  sister's  clavi-  , 
chord-lessons,  that 
his  father  began 
teaching  him,  as 
well  ;  he  also  com- 
posed little  pieces. 
His  progess  was  so 
rapid  that  in  Janu- 
ary, 1762,  the  father  ventured  to  introduce  his 
children  to  the  public  on  a  concert-trip  to  Munich, 
and  in  September  to  Vienna;  the  Emperor, 
Francis  I.,  frequently  invited  the  children  to  the 
palace,  where  Wolfgang  was  wholly  at  his  ease 
amid  the  brilliant  assemblage,  caring  only  for 
the  approval  of  connoisseurs.  Some  of  the  pieces 
which  he  played  were  sonatas  by  D.  Paradiesand 
J.  C.  Bach,  and  a  concerto  by  Lucchesi.  While 
in  Vienna,  a  small  violin  was  given  him,  on  which 
he  learned  to  play  without  instruction  ;  he  learned 
the  organ  in  the  same  manner,  after  the  use  of 
the  pedals  had  been  explained.  A  longer  jour- 
ney, to  Paris,  was  undertaken  in  1763  ;  the 
brother  and  sister  gave  private  and  public  con- 
certs on  the  way,  and  in  Frankfort  Wolfgang 
played  concertos  both  on  the  harpsichord*  and 
the  violin  ;  accompanied  symphonies  on  the 
harpsichord  ;  and  finished  by  long  improvisations 
"out  of  his  head."  In  Paris  the  pair  played  before 
the  royal  family,  and  gave  two  brilliant  public 
concerts.  Here  Wolfgang's  first  publ.  composi- 
tions appeared,  op.  1  and  2,  each  comprising  "II 
Sonates  pour  le  clavecin "  [2  harpsichord-so- 
natas] with  violin  a  J  lib.  The  travellers' recep- 
tion in  England  (1764)  was  so  cordial,  that  they 
remained  there  about  15  months  ;  the  King  tried 
M.'s  faculty  for  sight-reading  with  works  by 
Bach,  Handel,  Abel,  etc.,  and  greatly  admired 
his  playing.      Here  Wolfgang  composed  six  so- 


*The  clavichord  and  harpsichord  were  his  instru- 
ments up  to  1777,  when  he  visited  Augsburg  and  tried 
the  new  pianofortes  constructed  by  Stein  ;  with  which 
he  was  so  delighted  that  he  thenceforward  played  on, 
and  wrote  for,  the  pianoforte. 


natas  for  violin  and  harpsichord,  and  his  first 
symphonies,  which  were  performed  repeatedly. 
Of  his  marvellous  progress  his  father  wrote  home : 
"  Our  high  and  mighty  Wolfgang  knows  every- 
thing in  this,  his  eighth  year,  that  one  can  re- 
quire of  a  man  of  forty."  On  the  return-journey 
they  passed  through  Lille,  The  Hague,  Paris, 
Dijon,  Bern,  Zurich,  Donaueschingen,  Ulm, 
Munich,  etc.  ;  and  arrived  in  Salzburg  in  No- 
vember, 1766,  having  been  absent  three  years. 
After  an  interval  of  rest  and  serious  study,  dur- 
ing which  M.  composed  his  first  oratorio (1767), 
they  revisited  Vienna  in  1768,  and  M.  wrote,  at 
the  Emperor's  request,  his  first  opera,  La  fuita 
semplice ;  its  production  was  prevented  by  in- 
trigues, although  Hasse  and  Metastasio  declared 
that  thirty  operas,  in  no  way  equal  to  the  boy's, 
had  been  given  there  (it  was  brought  out  at  Salz- 
burg in  1769).  However,  the  "  Liederspiel " 
Bastien  und  Bastienne  was  privately  performed  ; 
and  M.  made  his  first  appearance  at  a  large  pub- 
lic concert  as  a  conductor,  directing  his  own 
Solemn  Mass  (Dec.  7,  176S).  Returning  to  Salz- 
burg, he  was  appointed  Concertmeister  to  the 
Archbishop.  For  the  purpose  of  broadening  his 
son's  education,  Leopold  Mozart  decided  on  an 
Italian  tour,  leaving  home  in  Dec,  1769.  The 
program  of  a  concert  at  Mantua,  Jan.  16,  1770, 
exhibits  M.'s  versatility  at  the  age  of  14  : — A 
Symphony  of  his  own  composition  ;  a  Clavichord- 
concerto,  which  will  be  handed  to  him,  and  which 
he  will  immediately  play  prima  vista  j  a  Sonata 
handed  him  in  like  manner,  which  he  will  pro- 
vide with  variations,  and  afterwards  repeat  in 
another  key  ;  an  Aria,  the  words  for  which  will 
be  handed  to  him,  and  which  he  will  immediately 
set  to  music  and  sing  himself,  accompanying 
himself  on  the  clavichord  ;  a  Sonata  for  clavi- 
chord on  a  subject  given  him  by  the  leader  of  the 
violins  ;  a  Strict  Fugue  on  a  theme  to  be  selected, 
which  he  will  improvise  on  the  clavichord  [harp- 
sichord ?]  ;  a  Trio,  in  which  he  will  execute  a 
violin-part  all'improvviso;  and  finally,  the  latest 
Symphony  composed  by  himself.  —  It  was  in 
Rome  that  M.,  after  twice  hearing  Allegri's 
famous  Miserere,  wrote  out  the  entire  score  from 
memory,  without  a  mistake.  This  journey  was 
a  veritable  triumphal  progress  ;  his  concerts 
were  crowded,  his  genius  recognized  by  the 
highest  musical  authorities  ;  the  Pope  conferred 
on  him  the  order  of  the  Golden  Spur,  and  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Bologna  Philharmonic 
Academy,  after  passing  the  required  examina- 
tions. At  Milan  his  3-act  opera  seria  MitriJatc, 
re  diPonto,  was  enthusiastically  received  on  Dec. 
16,  1770,  and  had  20  consecutive  performances 
under  M.'s  own  direction.  He  returned  to  Salz- 
burg in  March,  1771  ;  but  in  August  again 
visited  Milan  to  bring  out  a  dramatic  serenade, 
Ascanio  in  Alba,  written  for  the  wedding  festivi- 
ties of  Archduke  Ferdinand  ;  it  quite  eclipsed 
Hasse's  festival  opera  Ruggiero.  Next  year  his 
friendly  protector,  the  Archbishop  of  Salzburg, 
died  ;  his  unmusical  successor,  Hieronymus, 
Count  of  Colloredo,  cared  little  for  M.'s  genius, 


407 


MOZART 


and  in  the  end  heaped  indignities  upon  him.  It 
was  for  his  installation  that  M.'s  dramatic  11 
sogno  di  Scipione  was  penned.  Lucio  Silla 
(1772)  and  La  finta giardiniera  (1775)  were  the 
occasion  of  trips  to  Milan  for  their  production. 
In  April,  1775,  //  re pastore  was  brought  out  at 
Salzburg  during  Archduke  Maximilian's  visit. 
M.'s  insufficient  income  caused  him  to  resign 
his  position  in  1777  ;  accompanied  by  his  mother, 
he  repaired  to  Munich,  in  hopes  of  obtaining  an 
appointment  commensurate  with  his  abilities  ; 
disappointed  here,  and  also  in  Augsburg  and 
Mannheim,  they  journeyed  to  Paris,  where  a 
symphony  of  M.'s  was  performed  at  a  Concert 
spirituel.  But  the  war  between  the  Gluckists  and 
l'iccinnists  was  at  its  height,  and  little  attention 
was  paid  to  the  young  composer.  He  had  the 
further  misfortune  to  lose  his  mother,  who  died 
July  3,  1778.  His  expectations  unrealized,  M. 
resumed  his  function  of  Concertmeister  at  Salz- 
burg, also  succeeding  Adlgasser  as  court  organ- 
ist in  1779,  with  a  salary  of  400  florins.  The 
opera  Idomeneo  (Munich,  Jan.,  1781)  was  the 
first  dramatic  work  in  his  mature  (classic)  style. 
In  the  summer  of  that  year  M.  definitively  left 
the  service  of  the  Archbishop,  whose  treatment 
had  grown  unbearable  ;  and  settled  in  Vienna. 
(Kozeluch  declined  the  Archbishop's  offer  of 
Mozart's  place,  at  a  salary  of  1,000  florins,  with 
the  remark,  "  If  he  lets  such  a  man  go,  how 
would  he  treat  me  !")  Commissioned  by  the 
Emperor  to  write  an  opera,  M.  composed  Bel- 
monte  und  Constance,  oder  Die  Entjiihrung  aits 
Jem  Serai/,  which  was  most  successfully  pro- 
duced, despite  the  machinations  of  the  theatrical 
clique,  in  July,  17S2  ;  a  month  later  he  married 
Constance  Weber,  the  sister  of  his  youthful  flame 
Aloysia,  whom  he  had  met  in  Mannheim.  A 
period  of  real  poverty  set  in.  His  wife  was  a 
careless  housekeeper,  and  he  himself  an  improvi- 
dent liver,  fond  of  pleasant  company  and  fine 
dress,  of  dancing,  bowling,  billiards,  and  kindred 
pleasures  (but,  despite  allegations  to  the  con- 
trary, never  dissipated  or  dissolute)  ;  the  meagre 
receipts  for  compositions  and  concerts  were 
quickly  spent,  and,  though  an  indefatigable 
worker,  he  was  never  free  from  pecuniary  anxie- 
ties. A  musical  comedy,  Der  Schauspieldirec- 
tor,  was  produced  at  Schonbrunn  in  February, 
1786  ;  on  May  1  his  admirable  opera  buffa  Le 
nozze  di  Figaro  (Marriage  of  P'igaro)  came  near 
failing  in  Vienna  through  the  intentional  lapses 
of  the  jealous  Italian  singers  (at  that  time  Paisi- 
ello,  Sarti,  and  Cimarosa,  were  the  supreme 
arbiters  of  musico-dramatic  taste  in  Vienna).  But 
the  hearty  and  spontaneous  welcome  accorded  to 
this  masterpiece  and  its  author  in  Prague,  par- 
tially made  up  for  this  rebuff  ;  he  was  invited  to 
lodge  in  the  palace  of  Count  Thun,  and  every 
attention  was  bestowed  on  him.  Next  year,  the 
unexampled  success  of  his  grandest  work,  Don 
Giovanni  [Don  Juan]  at  Prague,  coupled  with 
the  fear  that  M.  might  accept  favorable  offers 
to  go  to  England,  moved  the  Emperor  to  show 
tardy  and    scanty  recognition  of  his  genius  by 


appointing  him  "chamber-composer"  at  800 
florins  annually  (Gluck,  just  deceased  as  court 
composer,  had  2,000  florins).  In  this  year(i78S) 
M.  ceased  giving  public  concerts  at  Vienna, 
appearing  there  but  once  more,  in  1791.  In 
1789  he  accompanied  Prince  Carl  Lichnowski  to 
Berlin,  on  the  way  playing  before  the  Dresden 
court,  and  in  the  Thomaskirche  at  Leipzig.  King 
Friedrieh  Wilhelm  II.,  after  hearing  him  at 
Potsdam,  offered  him  the  post  of  1st  Royal  Jfape//- 
meister,  with  3,000  Thaler  ($2,250)  a  year  ;  but 
M.,  with  simple  trust  in  and  loyalty  to  his  "good 
Kaiser,"  refused  the  benevolent  offer — his  last 
opportunity,  as  it  proved,  of  ridding  himself  of 
money-troubles.  For  the  Emperor's  only  re- 
sponse to  the  news  of  the  King's  offer,  was  an 
order  for  a  new  opera  {Co si  fan  tutle  ;  Vienna, 
Jan.  26,  1790),  which  seems  to  have  made  little 
impression  beside  the  fashionable  Italian  works. 
In  October  M.  attended  the  coronation  of  Em- 
peror Leopold  II.  at  Frankfort,  full  of  joyful 
anticipations  which,  as  usual,  were  not  realized. 
He  came  back  to  Vienna  in  time  to  bid  farewell 
to  his  fatherly  friend  Haydn,  then  about  to  set 
out  for  London.  For  the  coronation  of  Leopold 
II.  at  Prague,  as  King  of  Bohemia,  M.  was  in- 
vited to  write  a  festival  opera  ;  and  La  clemenza 
di  Tito  was  performed  on  Sept.  6,  1791,  the  eve 
of  the  ceremony.  Already  suffering  from  ill- 
ness, overwork,  and  the  excitement  and  fatigue 
of  the  journey,  he  returned  to  Vienna,  and  still, 
at  Schikaneder's  entreaty,  composed  Die  Zaitber- 
Jlote  [Magic  Flute]  (Vienna,  Sept.  30,  1791). 
The  writing  of  his  last  work,  the  Requiem,  was 
interrupted  by  fainting  fits,  and  in  his  morbid 
depression  of  spirits  he  imagined  that  he  had 
been  poisoned.  The  Requiem  was  just  com- 
pleted when  he  died  (v.  Engl's  pamphlet  on  the 
Mozart  Centenary,  1891).  The  immediate  cause 
of  his  death  was  malignant  typhus  ;  the  funeral 
was  in  the  open  air,  near  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral, 
and  the  coffin  was  accompanied  by  a  few  friends 
only  part  way  to  the  cemetery  of  St.  Marx,  where 
he  was  buried  in  the  ground  allotted  to  paupers. 
Thus  even  his  last  resting-place  is  not  exactly 
known.  A  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory 
in  the  above  cemetery  in  1859;  Salzburg  had 
honored  him  with  a  grand  monument  in  1841. 

Mozart  is  one  of  the  brightest  stars  in  the 
musical  firmament.  In  his  music  breathes  the 
warm-hearted,  laughter-loving  artist,  living  in 
and  for  art,  whose  genial  nature  all  the  slings 
and  arrows  of  outrageous  fortune  might  wound, 
but  could  not  embitter.  Joy  is  the  keynote  of 
his  compositions  ;  the  rare  note  of  tragedy  or 
mourning  is  but  a  brief  minor  episode.  From 
an  instinctive  repugnance  to  demonstrative  ex- 
cess of  feeling,  flowed  plastic  serenity  of  form  ; 
in  his  heartfelt  melody  German  depth  of  emotion 
is  expressed  with  Italian  frankness,  making  his 
great  dramatic  works  perennially  fresh.  That 
his  piano-works  are  less  so,  is  due  chiefly  to  a 
century  of  progress  in  technical  means  of  ex- 
pression ;  yet  his  D-major  concerto  of  1788  (for 
example)  still   charms   by   suave   euphony,    like 


408 


MOZART 


many  lesser  pieces.  Among  his  symphonies  the 
"Jupiter,"  in  C,  and  those  in  G  minor  (17S9) 
and  Ej?,  are  prominent.  In  finish  of  form, 
Cherubini  and  Mendelssohn  are  most  akin  to 
M. ;  in  soulful  melody,  Schubert  is  his  lineal  suc- 
cessor. Like  Schubert  and  Mendelssohn,  his 
productivity  was  astounding,  and  embraced  all 
departments  of  musical  composition. — The  cata- 
logue of  Breitkopf  &  Hartel's  complete  edition 
(1876-86)  of  M.'s  works  gives  a  detailed  list  ;  it 
contains  :  (1)  Church-music  [Series  1-4]  :  15 
masses,  4  litanies,  1  Dixit,  1  Magnificat,  4 
Kyries,  a  madrigal,  a  Veni  Sancte,  a  Miserere, 
an  Antiphone,  3  Regina  coeli,  a  Te  Deum,  2 
Tantum  ergo,  2  German  church-songs,  9  offer- 
tories, a  De  profundis,  an  aria,  a  motet  f.  sopr. 
solo,  a  4-p.  motet,  a  Graduale,  2  hymns,  a  Pas- 
sion cantata,  and  the  cantatas  Davidde  peni- 
tenie,  and  (masonic)  Maurerfreude  and  Kleine 
Freimaurercantate. — (2)  Stage-works  [Series 
5]  :  Die  Schuldigkeit  des  ersten  Gebots  (only  par- 
tially by  M.),  Apollo  ft  ffyacirithus  (Latin 
comedy  w.  music),  Baslien  ct  Bastienne,  La 
finta  semplice,  Mitridate,  Ascanio  in  Alba,  II 
sogno  di  Scipione,  Lucio  Silla,  La  finta  giardi- 
niera,  lire pas/ore,  Zaide  (German  operetta  ;  un- 
finished), Thamos,  Konig  in  Agypten  (heroic 
drama  ;  choruses  and  entr'actes  ;  Berlin,  1786), 
Idomeneo,  re  di  Crela,  ossia  Ilia  ed  Uainanie, 
Belmonte  mid  Constance,  Der  Schauspieldirector, 
Le  nozze  di  Figaro,  Don  Giovanni,  Cosl  Jan 
tutte,  La   clemenza   di  Tito,   Die   Zaitberjiote. — 

(3)  Vocal  concert-music  [Series  6]  :  27  arias, 
and  1  rondo,  f.  sopr.  w.  orch. ;  1  alto  aria  ;  8 
tenor  arias  ;  5  arias  and  an  arietta  f.  bass  ;  a 
German  warsong  ;  a  duet  f.  2  soprani  ;  a  comic 
duet  f.  sopr.  and   bass;  6  terzets  ;   1   quartet. — 

(4)  Songs,  etc.  [Series  7]  :  34  songs  f.  solo 
voice  w.  pf. ;  a  song  w.  ch.  and  org.;  a  3-part 
chorus  w.  org. ;  a  comic  terzet  w.  pf . ;  20  canons 
a  2-12. — (5)  Orchestral  works  [Series  8-1  i]  : 
41  symphonies,  2  symphonic  movements,  31 
divertimenti,  serenades,  and  cassations,  9 
marches,  25  dances,  "  Masonic  Funeral-music," 
"A  musical  jest"  f.  string-orch.  and  2  horns; 
further  (f.  various  instr.s)  a  sonata  f.  bassoon 
and  'cello,  an  Adagio  f.  2  basset-horns  w.  bas- 
soon, an  Adagio  f.  2  clarinets  and  3  basset- 
horns,  an  Adagio  f.  harmonica,  Adagio  and  Al- 
legretto f.  harmonica,  flute,  oboe,  viola,  and 
'cello,  Phantasie  f.  Glockenspiel,  Andante  f. 
barrel-organ. — (6)  Concertos  and  solo  pieces 
w.  orch.  [Series  12  and  16]  :  6  violin-con- 
certos, 6  soli  f.  violin,  a  "  Concertone "  f.  2 
violins,  a  "  Concertante  "  f.  violin  and  viola,  a 
bassoon-concerto,  a  concerto  f.  flute  and  harp, 
2  flute-concertos,  an  Andante  f.  flute,  4  horn- 
concertos,  a  clarinet-concerto,  25  pianoforte- 
concertos,  a  Concert  Rondo  f.  pf.,  a  double 
concerto  f.  2  pf.s,  a  triple  concerto  f.  3  pf.s. — 
(7)  Chamber-music  [Series  13-15,  17,  18]:  7 
string-quintets  (\v.  2  violas)  ;  a  quintet  f.  violin, 
2  violas,  horn  [or  'cello],  and  'cello  ;  a  quintet 
f.  clar.  and  strings  ;  26  string-quartets  ;  a 
"Nachtmusik"  f.  string-quintet  (incl.    double- 


bass)  ;  Adagio  and  Fugue  f.  string-quartet ;  a 
quartet  f.  oboe  w.  string-trio  ;  a  divertissement 
f .  string  trio  ;  2  duos  f.  vln.  and  via. ;  1  duo  f. 
2  vln  s  ;  a  quintet  f.  pf.,  horn,  oboe,  clar.,  and 
bassoon  ;  2  pf. -quartets  ;  7  pf. -trios  ;  1  pf. -trio 
w.  clar.  and  viola  ;  42  violin-sonatas  ;  an  Al- 
legro f.  pf.  and  vln.;  2  sets  of  variations  f.  pf. 
and  vln. — (S)  Pianoforte-music  [Series  19- 
22]  :  (a)  4  hands,  5  sonatas,  and  an  Andante  w. 
variations  ;  (b)/.  2 pf.s,  a  Fugue,  and  a  Sonata  ; 
(c)  solo  pieces,  17  sonatas  ;  a  Fantasia  and 
fugue;  3  Fantasias;  15  sets  of  variations;  35 
cadences  to  pf. -concertos  ;  several  minuets  ;  3 
rondos,  a  suite,  a  fugue,  2  Allegros,  an  Allegro 
and  Andante,  Andantino,  Adagio,  Gigue. — (9) 
For  Organ  [Series  23]  :  17  sonatas,  mostly  w. 
2  violins  and  'cello  ; — Suitlement  [Series  24]  : 
Unfinished  works,  doubtful  works,  and  arrange- 
ments. 

Biographical.  Otto  Jahn's  "  W.  A.  Mo- 
zart" (1S56-9,  4  vol.s  ;  2nd  ed.  1867,  2  vol.s  ; 
3rd  ed.  1891-3,  rev.  by  Deiters  ;  Engl,  transla- 
tion by  Pauline  I).  Townsend,  3  vol.s,  London, 
18S2)  is  an  exhaustive  and  reliable  work,  quite 
replacing  the  earlier  Lives  by  Niemtschek 
(1798),  Nissen  (1S28),  Ulibischeff  (1844), 
Holmes  (1S45),  etc.  Other  publications  of  value 
are  Ludwig  Nohl's  "  Die  Zauberflote  "  (1862), 
"  Mozart's  Leben"  (2nd  ed.  1876,  Engl,  transl. 
by  Mrs.  Wallace,  1S77),  "Mozart's  Briefe " 
(Salzburg,  1S65  ;  2nd  ed.  1877),  and  "  M.  nach 
Schilderungen  seiner  Zeitgenossen "  (1880); — 
Pohl's  "  Mozart  und  Haydn  in  London  "  (1867, 
2  vol.s)  ;  Freiherr  von  Prochazka's  "  Mozart  in 
Prag  "  (Prague,  1892);  and  von  Kochel's  excel- 
lent "  Chronologisch-thematisches  Verzeichniss 
sammtlicher  Tonwerke  W.  A.  Mozart's"  (1S62  ; 
Suppl.  1SS9). 

There  should  be  mentioned,  finally,  (1)  the 
Mozart  Scholarship,  based  on  the  surplus  re- 
ceipts of  a  Musical  Festival  given  by  the  Frank- 
fort "  Liederkranz "  on  June  25,  1838.  The 
interest  of  the  fund,  amounting  in  1896  to  1500 
marks,  is  applied  quadrennially  to  the  aid  of 
talented  young  composers  of  limited  means  ;  and 
(2)  the  Mozarteum  at  Salzburg,  a  celebrated 
municipal  musical  institute  founded  in  memory 
of  Salzburg's  greatest  son  ;  it  consists  of  an  or- 
chestral society,  pledged  to  perform  M.'s  church- 
music  in  the  14  churches  of  the  town,  and  to  give 
12  philharm.  concerts  yearly  ;  a  music-school, 
in  which  the  musicians  of  the  orchestra  give  in- 
struction ;  and  an  interesting  museum  of  Mozart 
relics,  etc. 

Mo'zart,  Wolfgang  Amadeus,  son  of  the 
great  composer  ;  b.  Vienna,  July  26,  1791  ;  d. 
Rarlsbad,  July  30,  1S44.  Talented  pianist  and 
composer,  pupil  of  A.  Streicher,  Albrechtsberger, 
and  Neukomm.  Founded  the  Cecilia  Society  at 
Lemberg,  where  he  lived  many  years  as  a  music- 
teacher,  then  going  to  Vienna  and  Karlsbad. — 
Works  :  2  pf.-concertos,  a  string-quartet,  a  pf.- 
trio,  a  violin-sonata,  a  pf.-sonata,  variations, 
polonaises,  etc.,  f.  pf. 


409 


MUCK— MULLER 


Muck,  Karl,  1).  Darmstadt,  Oct.  22,  1859. 
Student  of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg  and  Leip- 
zig {Dr.  phi  I.)  ;  pupil  of  the  Leipzig  Cons,  for 
3  years  ;  then  cond.  at  Zurich,  Salzburg  (1881), 
Brunn  (1882),  Graz  (1SS4  ;  Styrian  Mus.  Soc.), 
and  Prague  (1886  ;  German  <  >pera).  Since  1892, 
court  Kapellm.  of  the  Royal  Opera,  Berlin. 

Mudie,  Thomas  Molleson,  b.  Chelsea, 
Engl.,  Nov.  30,  1809;  d.  London,  July  24, 
1876.  Pupil  of  Crotch  and  Potter  at  the  R.  A. 
M.,  1S23-32  ;  prof,  of  pf.  there,  1832-44;  or- 
ganist at  Calton,  Surrey,  1S34-44  ;  then  taught 
in  Edinburgh,  and  returned  to  London  in  1863. 
— Works:  Symphonies  in  C,  B|%  F,  and  D; 
string-quintets,  -quartets,  -trios,  etc.;  pf.-music; 
anthems,  sacred  duets  and  songs,  songs,  etc. 
Macfarren  praises  3  symphonies,  a  quintet,  and 
a  trio,  prod,  by  the  Soc.  of  Brit.  Mus. 

Muffat,  Georg,  noteworthy  comp.;  b.  (?); 
d.  Passau,  Feb.  23,  1704.  lie  studied  Lully's 
style  in  Paris  for  6  years,  was  org.  of  Strassburg 
Cath.  till  1675,  to  the  Bishop  of  Salzburg  till 
16S7,  then  org.  and  (1695)  Kapellm.  to  the 
Bishop  of  Passau. — Publ.  "  Armonico  tributo  " 
(1682;  instr.l  sonatas);  "  Suavioris  harmoniae 
instrumentalis  hyporchematicae  florilegium " 
(1685  ;  50  dance-pieces  f.  4  and  8  violins)  ; 
ditto,  Tart  ii  (169S  ;  f.  do.;  62  pieces);  "Ap- 
paratus musico-organisticus"  (1690  ;  12  toccatas, 
a  chaconne,  and  a  passagaclia)  ;  and  "Auser- 
lesener  .  .  .  Instrumentalwerke  erste  Samm- 
lung"  (1701 ;  12  concertos  f.  strings). — His  son, 

Muffat,  August  Gottlieb,  b.  Apr.  17,  1683; 
d.  Vienna,  P)ec.  10,  1770.  Pupil  of  Fux  ;  Imp. 
court  org.  at  Vienna,  171 7  ;  pensioned  1764. — 
Publ.  "72  Versetten  oder  Fugen,  sararat  12 
Toccaten  .  .  ."(1726;  f.  organ);  and  "  Com- 
ponimenti  musicali"  (1727;  f.  harpsichord,  w. 
treatise  on  graces). 

Miihl'dorfer,  Wilhelm  Karl,  b.  Graz,  Styria, 
Mar.  6,  1S37  [son  of  Wilhelm  M.,  court  In- 
spector of  Theatres  at  Mannheim  ;  b.  1S03  ;  d. 
Mannheim,  Apr.  22,  1S97].  Studied  at  Linz- 
on-Danube,  and  Mannheim  ;  began  his  stage- 
career  as  an  actor  at  Mannheim;  1855,  Kapellm. 
at  the  City  Th.,  Ulm  ;  1867-81,  2nd  Kapellm. 
at  Leipzig;  since  then,  1st  Kapellm.  at  Cologne. 
— Operas  Im  Kyffhauser  (1855);  Der  Comman- 
dant von  Konigstein  j  Prinzessin  Rebenbliithe ; 
Der  Goldmacher  von  Strassburg  (Hamburg, 
1886);  lyric-romantic  opera  Iolanthe  (Cologne, 
1890  ;  succ);  the  ballet  Waldeinsamkeit  (1S69) ; 
incid.  music  to  several  dramas  ;  overtures  ;  part- 
songs  ;  songs. 

Miih'ling,  August,  b.  Raguhne,  Sept.  26, 
1786;  d.  Magdeburg,  Feb.  3,  1847,  as  R.  Mus. 
l)ir.  and  cathedral-organist. — Works  :  Oratorios 
Abbadona  and  Bonifazius ;  orch.l  pieces;  publ. 
sacred  duets  and  songs  (e.  g.,  40  poems  from 
Spitta's  "  Psalter  und  llarfe"). 

Mul'ler  {rede  Schmidt),  Adolf,  Sr.,  b. 
Tolna,  Hungary,  Oct.  7,  1801  ;  d.  Vienna,  July 
29,  1S86.      In    1826,    singer    in    the    Karnthner 


court  theatre  ;  1828,  Kapellm.  and  composer  at 
the  Th.  an  tier  Wien,  Vienna.  Brought  out 
sixty  or  more  "  Singspiele,"  mus.  farces,  etc.,  2 
operas,  and  many  instrumental  and  vocal  pieces, 
all  of  mediocre  quality. — His  son, 

MuTler,  Adolf,  Jr.,  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  15, 
1839  ;  since  1S75  cond.  of  the  German  Opera  at 
Rotterdam.  Has  prod,  the  operas  Heinrich  der 
Goldschmidt,    Waldmeisters    Brautfakrt,     Van 

Dyek ;  and  the  operettas  Das  Gespenst  in  der 
Spinnstube,  J~>er  kleine  Prinz,  Der  ffofnarr, 
Der  Liebeshof,  Des  Teufels  Weib,  Die  Kammer- 
jungfer  (1890),  Der  Millionen-Onkel  (1892), 
Lady  Charlatan  (1S94),  and  Der  Blondin  von 
Namur  (Vienna,  1898  ;  succ). 

MuTler,  August,  eminent  double-bass 
player;  b.  1810  ;  d.  Nov.  (Dec.  ?)  25,  1867,  as 
Concertmeister  in  Darmstadt.  —  Publ.  variations, 
etc.,  f.  double-bass. 

MiilTer,  August  Eberhard,  b.  Nordheim, 
Hanover,  Dec.  13,  1767  ;  d.  Weimar,  Dec.  3, 
1817.  In  1789,  organist  of  St.  Ulrich's,  Magde- 
burg ;  in  1794,  of  the  Nikolaikirche,  Leipzig; 
in  1800,  asst.  to  Jolt.  Adam  Pliller,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1804  as  cantor  of  the  Thomas- 
schule,  and  mus.  dir.  of  the  Thomas-  and  Niko- 
laikirche. In  1S10,  court  Kapellm.  at  Weimar. 
—  Publ.  3  concertos  and  iS  sonatas  f.  pf.,  and 
many  lesser  pieces  ;  cadenzas  to  Mozart's  con- 
certos ;  suites,  choral  variations,  and  a  sonata  for 
organ  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  2  violin-sonatas  ;  11  concertos 
and  one  fantasia  f.  flute  and  orch. ;  flute-duos  ; 
vocal  pieces  ;  1 1  church-cantatas  ;  motets  ;  an 
operetta,  Der  P olter  abend  ;  etc.  Also  an  ex- 
cellent pf. -method  (1805  ;  really  the  6th  ed.  of 
Lohlein's  "  Pianofortc-Schule,"  rev.  by  M.;  on 
it  Kalkbrenner's  method  is  based  ;  Czerny  publ. 
the  8th  ed.  in  1S25)  ;  a  Guide  to  the  interpreta- 
tion of  Mozart's  concertos  ;  a  flute-method  ;  etc. 

Mul'ler,  Bernhard,  b.  Sonneberg,  Jan.  25, 
1824  ;  d.  Meiningen,  Dec.  5,  1883.  Pupil  of 
Bogenhardt  and  Mahr  in  the  Hildburghausen 
Seminary.  1S50,  cantor  in  Salzungen,  where  he 
organized  a  celebrated  church-choir,  the  per- 
formances of  which  in  various  cities  were  looked 
upon  as  events  in  mus.  circles.  He  was  made 
superintendent  of  church-music,  and  music  in 
the  public  schools,  for  the  Duchy  of  Saxe -Meinin- 
gen. 

Mul'ler,  Carl  Christian,  b.  Saxe-Meiningen, 
Tuly  3,  1831.  F.  W.  and  Heinrich  Pfeiffer  were 
his  teachers  for  pf.  and  organ,  Andreas  Zollner 
for  comp.  Went  to  New  York  in  1854  ;  was  at 
first  eng.  in  a  pf. -manufactory,  then  as  leader  of 
the  Barnum's  Museum  orch.  Since  1879,  prof, 
of  harmony  at  the  N.  Y.  College  of  Music. 
Transl.  Sechter's  "  Grundsatze  der  musika- 
lischen  Composition  "  (as  "Fundamental  Har- 
mony"; New  York,  1871,  and  9  subsequent 
editions)  ;  also  supplemented  it  by  4  sets  of 
Tables,  on  primary  instruction,  modulation, 
chord-succession,  and  harmonization  (1882-93). 
— Publ.    works:    For  pf.,   "Pleasant    Recollec- 


410 


MULLER 


tions,"  and  "  Oolden  Hours"  ;  2  organ-sonatas, 
op.  47  ;  sonata  f.  violin  and  pf.,  op.  6l,  in  A  ; 
string-quartet  in  A  min.,  op.  63;  4-part  male 
choruses  ;  songs  ;  and  for  organ,  2  Pastorales,  a 
Scherzo,  "  March  of  the  Crusaders,"  and  "  Res- 
ignation."—  In  MS.,  symphony  in  I)  min.; 
orch.l  suite  in  G  min.;  Idyl  f.  orch.  (on  an  ex- 
cerpt from  "Hiawatha");  overture  to  Nathan 
der  IVeise ;  Romanze  f.  horn,  harp,  and  orch.; 
Schiller's  Die  Kraniche  des  Uncus,  f.  soli,  ch. 
and  orch.;  etc.  (in  all,  69  works). 

MuTler,  Christian,  organ-builder  at  Am- 
sterdam circa  1720-70.  Built  the  great  organ 
at  Haarlem  in  173S  (sixty  registers). 

MuTler,  Franz  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Weimar, 
Nov.  30,  1806  ;  d.  there  Sept.  2,  1S76,  as  govern- 
ment councillor.  One  of  the  first  to  recognize 
Wagner's  real  importance. — Publ.  the  treatises 
"  Tannhauser  "  (1S53),  "  R.  Wagner  und  das 
Musikdrama"  (1S61),  "Der  Ring  des  Nibe- 
lungen  :  eine  Studie "  (1S62),  "Tristan  und 
Isolde"  (1S65),  "  Lohengrin"  (1867),  and  "Die 
Meistersinger  von  Ni'irnberg  "  (1869),  the  last 
three  at  the  desire  of  King  Ludwig  II.  of  Ba- 
varia ;  also  "  Im  Foyer"  (1868;  on  theatrical 
affairs  in  Weimar). 

Miil'ler,  Friedrich,  b.  Orlamiinde,  Dec.  10, 
1786;  d.  Rudolstadt,  Dec.  12,  1S71.  Fine 
clarinettist  ;  1S03,  in  the  royal  orch.  at  Rudol- 
stadt, succeeding  Eberwein  in  1831  as  Kapellm. ; 
pensioned  1S54. — Works  :  2  symphonies  ;  over- 
tures ;  a  hymn  f.  soli  and  mixed  ch.  w.  orch.;  2 
concertos,  2  concertinos,  and  other  clar. -music  ; 
var.s  f.  clar.  and  strings  ;  clar.-etudes  ;  quartets 
and  terzets  f.  horns  ;  var.s  f.  bassoon  w.  orch.; 
a  prize-quartet  f.  clar.  and  strings  ;  4-part  male 
choruses  ;  etc. 

MuTler,  Gustav.     See  Braii-Muller. 

Miil'ler,  Hans,  writer  on  mus.  history  ;  b.  Co- 
logne, Sept.  iS,  1854;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  II,  1897. 
Son  of  the  poet  Wolfgang  Midler  von  Konigs- 
winter.  Dr.  phil.,  Leipzig;  iSSS  teacher,  1889 
Royal  Prof,  of  hist,  of  music,  at  the  Hochschule 
filr  Musik,  Berlin  ;  also  First  Permanent  Sec- 
retary, and  Senator,  of  the  Acad,  of  Fine  Arts. 
— Principal  works  :  "  Die  Musik  Wilhelms 
von  Hirschau"  (1884);  "  Ilucbalds  echte  und 
unechte  Schriften  iiber  Musik  "  (1884)  ;  and  an 
"  Abhandlung  iiber  Mensuralmusik  "  (Leipzig, 
1S86). 

Miil'ler,  Ivan  [Iwan],  clarinettist  ;  b.  Reval, 
Dec.  23,  17S6  ;  d.  Biickeburg,  Feb.  4,  1S54. 
Inventor  of  the  clarinet  with  13  keys  ;  also  of 
the  "  Altclarinet "  (superseded  by  the  basset- 
horn).  Went  to  Paris  in  1809,  and  establ.  a 
clarinet-factory,  which  failed  on  account  of  the 
prejudiced  opposition  of  the  Academy,  despite 
which  the  improved  instr.s  soon  won  general 
popularity.  M.  died  as  court  musician  at  IK'icke- 
burg. — -Publ.  a  Method  for  his  new  instr.s  ;  3 
quartets  f.  clar.  and  strings  ;  a  concertante  f. 
2  clar.s  ;  pieces  for  clar.  and  pf. ;  6  flute-con- 
certos ;  etc. 


Miil'ler,  Johannes,  b.  Koblenz,  July  14, 
1801  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  28,  1S58.  Ordinary  prof, 
of  physiology  at  Bonn,  1830-33. — Wrote  "  Un- 
tersuchungen  fiber  die  menschliche  Stimme " 
(1S37),  "  Uber  die  Compensation  der  physischen 
Krafte  am  menschlichen  Stimmorgan"  (1S39), 
and  valuable  articles  on  the  organs  of  speech 
and  hearing  in  his  "  Handbuch  der  Physiologie 
des  Menschen  "  (1833,  '40  ;   2  vol.s). 

Miil'ler,  Joseph,  b.  1839  ;  d.  Berlin,  June 
18,  1880,  as  seer,  of  the  Hochschule  filr  Musik. 
Editor  (1871-4)  of  the  "  Allg.  mus.  Zeitung." 
Publ.  a  valuable  catalogue,  "Die  musikalischen 
Schatze  der  koniglichen  und  Universitatsbiblio- 
thek  zu  Konigsberg  "  (1870). 

Miil'ler,  Karl,  conductor  ;  b.  Weissensee,  n. 
Erfurt,  Oct.  21,  1S18  ;  d.  Frankfort,  July  19, 
1894.  Pupil  of  Gotze  at  Weimar,  and  violinist 
there  under  Hummel  ;  1S46-60,  mus.  dir.  at 
Minister ;  1S60-92,  cond.  of  the  Cecilia  Soc, 
Frankfort. — Comp.  successful  cantatas  (  Tasso 
in  Sorrenl ;  Rinaldo) ;  overtures;  etc. 

Miil'ler,  Peter,  b.  Kesselstadt,  n.  Hanau, 
June  9,  1791  ;  d.  Langen,  Aug.  29,  1S77. 
While  a  teacher  in  the  Friedberg  Seminary,  he 
wrote  his  renowned  "  Jugendlieder,"  also  male 
choruses,  organ-preludes,  and  2  string-quintets  ; 
in  1839  he  became  pastor  at  Staden,  writing  5 
more  quintets  (often  perf.  at  Darmstadt).  His 
opera  Die  letzten  Tage  von  Pompeii  [after  Bul- 
wer]  was  prod,  at  Darmstadt,  Dec.  25,  1S53. 
Another  opera,  a  string-quartet,  etc.,  are  in  MS. 

Miil'ler  Quartets.  Two  famous  German 
quartet-parties,  their  members  being 

(1)  The  brothers  Karl  (1797-1S73) ;  Gustav 
(1799-1S55)  ;  Theodor(iSo2-iS75)  ;  andGeorg 
(1S03-1S55)  ;  they  were  all  born  in  Brunswick, 
and  belonged  to  the  orchestra  there,  Karl  as 
Coiieertineis/er,  Theodor  as  1st  'cello,  Gustav  as 
symphony-director,  and  Georg  as  Kapellm. 
Their  artistic  tours  included  not  only  all  large 
German  cities,  but  also  Vienna  and  Paris  (1833), 
Copenhagen  (1S38),  St.  Petersburg  in  1S45,  and 
Holland  in  1852. 

(2)  The  four  sons  of  Karl  ;  this  quartet-party 
organizing  in  1855,  after  the  death  of  two  mem- 
bers of  the  first  one):  Karl,  1st  violin,  b.  Apr. 
14,  1S29  ;  Hugo,  2nd  violin,  b.  Sept.  21,  1S32  ; 
d.  June  26,  1SS6  ;  Bernhard,  viola,  b.  Feb.  24, 
1S25  ;  and  Wilhelm,  'cello,  b.  June  1,  1834. 
For  ten  years  they  held  the  position  of  court 
quartet  at  Meiningen  ;  then,  after  extended 
and  successful  travels,  they  settled  in  Rostock  as 
members  of  the  orch.,  Karl  being  appointed 
Municipal  Mus.  Dir.  The  party  was  broken  up 
by  the  appointment  of  Wilhelm  (1S73)  to  succeed 
Sweerts  as  1st  'cello  in  the  R.  Orch.  at  Berlin, 
and  prof,  in  the  Hochschule.  Karl  has  since 
lived  at  Stuttgart  and  Hamburg  ;  he  is  also  a 
noted  composer  (Miiller-Berghaus,  Berghaus 
being  the  maiden-name  of  his  wife  Elvira),  his 
works  including  an  operetta,  a  cantata  Jephtlias 
Toe  liter,  an  overture  to  Fiesco,  a  symphony,  con- 
cert-pieces f,  violin  and  f.  'cello,  songs,  etc. 


411 


MULLER— MUSIN 


Mul'ler,  Richard,  b.  Leipzig-,  Feb.  25,  1830. 
Pupil  of  Zollner,  Hauptmann,  and  Rietz  ;  cond. 
of  the  "  Arion "  until  1893,  of  the  "Hellas," 
and  the  "  Liedertafel  "  ;  teacher  of  singing  in 
the  Nikolai  Gymnasium. — Works  :  Die  Lotsen, 
for  chorus  with  connecting  declamation  ;  motets, 
part-songs,  and  songs. 

Miil'ler,  Wenzel,  b.  Tyrnau,  Moravia,  Sept. 
26,  1767  ;  d.  Baden,  n.  Vienna,  Aug.  3,  1835. 
Kapellm.  at  the  Leopoldstadt  Th.,  Vienna,  from 
1S13.  His  200  operas,  "  Singspiele,"  etc.,  were 
extremely  popular  in  their  day,  e.g.,  Das  Neu- 
sonntagskind  (1793),  Die  Schwestern  von  Prag 
(1794),  etc. 

Mul'ler,  Wilhelm  Christian,  b.  Wasungen, 
n.  Meiningen,  Mar.  7,  1752  ;  d.  Bremen,  July 
6,  1831,  as  mus.  director. — Wrote  "  Versuch 
einer  Geschichte  derTonkunst  in  Bremen"  (1799, 
in  the  "  Hanseatisches  Magazin  "),  and  "Ver- 
such einer  Aesthetik  der  Tonkunst  "  (1830). 

Miil'ler,  William,  b.  Hanover,  Feb.  4,  1845. 
The  son  of  a  shoemaker,  and  by  trade  a  thatcher, 
he  was  trained  in  singing  by  II.  Dorn,  Lind- 
huldt,  and  Fischer,  and  made  his  debut  at  Han- 
over in  1868  in  the  opera  Joseph ;  sang  tenor 
roles  there,  and  1874-6  at  Leipzig  ;  since  then 
at  the  court  opera,  Berlin. 

MiilTer-Bergfhaus.  See  Karl  Muller  in 
the  Junior  Muller  Quartet. 

Mul'ler -Har'tung,  Karl  (Wilhelm),  b. 
Suiza,  May  19,  1834.  Pupil  of  Kuhmstedt  at  Ei- 
senach, succeeding  him  in  1S59  as  mus.  director 
and  teacher  at  the  Seminary ;  1864,  "  Professor"  ; 
1865,  dir.  of  church-music  in  Weimar  ;  1869 
opera-A'apell///.,  1S72  Director  of  the  Grand 
Ducal  "  Orchester-  und  Musikschule,"  which  he 
founded.  He  resigned  other  positions  in  18S9. 
— Works  :  Organ-sonatas  ;  part-songs  f.  male 
ch.;  church-music  ;  also  a  system  of  mus.  theory, 
of  which  vol.  i,  "  Harmonielehre,"  appeared  in 
1879. 

Miil'ler-Reu'ter,Theodor,  b.  Dresden,  Sept. 
1,  185S.  Pupil  of  Fr.  and  Alwin  Wieck  (pf.)  ; 
J.  Otto  and  Meinardus  (comp.)  ;  and  the  Hoch 
Cons.,  Frankfort  (1878-9).  Teacher  of  pf.  and 
theory  at  Strassburg  Cons.,  1879-87  ;  went  to 
Dresden  1887,  becoming  cond.  of  the  male 
chorus  "Orpheus"  in  1S88  ;  also  18S9  of  the 
Dreyssig  Singakademie.  1S92,  teacher  in  the 
Cons. — Works  :  The  operas  Ondolina  (Strass- 
burg, 1883),  and  Der  tolle  Graf  (Nuremberg, 
1887);  Paternoster  f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch.;  female 
choruses  w.  pf. ;  male  choruses  with  and  without 
accomp.;  songs  ;  pf. -pieces  and  studies. 

Mul'ler  von  der  Wer'ra,  artist-name  of 
Friedrich  Konrad  Muller,  b.  Ummerstadt, 
Meiningen,  Nov.  14,  1823  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  26, 
1881.  Popular  poet  ;  founder  of  the  "  Deutscher 
Siingerbund  "  ;  editor  of  the  "  Neue  Sanger- 
halle "  1861-71,  and  of  the  "  Allgemeines 
Reichskommersbuch  "  for  students. 

Munck,  Ernest  de.     See  Demunck. 


Mu'ris,  Johannes  de,  eminent  mus.  theorist, 
a  disciple  of  Franco.  Author  of  a  treatise 
"  Speculum  musicae,"  written  (probably)  about 
1325,  in  7  books  (I.  Miscellaneous  ;  II.  On 
Intervals  ;  III.  Mus.  Ratios  ;  IV.  Consonance 
and  Dissonance  ;  V.  Theory  of  Ancient  Music, 
after  Boetius  ;  VI.  Church-modes,  and  Solmisa- 
tion  ;  VII.  Measured  Music,  and  Discant)  ; 
printed  by  Coussemaker  in  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  ii  ; 
2  MSS.  are  in  the  Paris  Library.  Cf.  Dr.  Robert 
Hirschfeld's  dissertation  "  Tohannes  de  Muris  " 
(18S4). 

Mursch'hauser,  Franz  Xaver  Anton,  b. 
Zabern,  n.  Strassburg,  about  1670;  d.  Munich, 
1724,  as  Kapellm.  at  the  Frauenkirche.  Publ. 
organ-pieces,  violin-music,  and  theoretical  works 
of  minor  importance. 

Mur'ska,  lima  di,  famous  dram,  soprano  ;  b. 
in  Croatia,  1836  ;  d.  Munich,  Jan.  16,  1889. 
Pupil  of  the  Marchesis  in  Vienna  ;  debut  at  the 
Pergola  Th.,  Florence,  1862  ;  after  singing  at 
Pesth,  Berlin,  and  Hamburg,  she  was  eng.  at 
Vienna.  London  debut  May  11,  1865,  at  11. 
M.'s  Th.,  as  Lucia  ;  also  sang  Linda,  Amina, 
and  Astrifiammante  ;  and  at  the  Philharm.  on 
May  29.  Up  to  1873  she  was  repeatedly  eng. 
at  II.  M.'s  Th.,  Covent  Garden,  and  Drury 
Lane  ;  sang  in  Paris  and  other  Continental 
cities  ;  visited  America,  Australia,  etc.,  1873-6  ; 
and  England  again  in  1879.  With  a  voice  of 
nearly  3  octaves'  compass,  great  in  coloratura, 
she  united  brilliancy  and  originality  of  acting. — 
Other  roles:  F)inorah,  Isabella,  Martha,  Ophelia, 
Marguerite  de  Valois,  Gilda,  etc. 

Musard,  Philippe,  b.  Paris,  1793  ;  d.  there 
Mar.  31,  1859.  Famous  dance-composer,  pri- 
vate pupil  of  Reicha  ;  first  came  into  public 
view  at  the  promenade  concerts  begun  Nov., 
1S33,  in  a  bazaar  of  the  Rue  St.  Honore,  at 
which  Dufresne's  soli  on  the  cornet  a  pistons 
were  a  novel  feature  ;  M.  also  cond.  the  Opera 
balls  1S35-6,  his  orch.  of  70  pieces  winning 
great  applause.  Up  to  1S52  he  held  first  place 
in  France  as  a  conductor  of  promenade  concerts 
and  dance-composer.  His  quadrilles  and  galops 
enjoyed  immense  popularity  ;  he  was  called  the 
"  king  of  quadrilles."  In  London  he  cond.  the 
promenade  concerts  at  Drury  Lane  from  Oct. 
12,  1840  (his  English  debut),  till  March,  1841, 
and  reappeared  at  the  Lyceum  the  following 
autumn. — His  son  Alfred  (1S2S-S1),  was  like- 
wise an  orch. -cond.  and  quadrille-comp.,  but  of 
mediocre  talent. 

Musin,  Bonaventura.     See  Flri.anetto. 

Musin,  Ovide,  distinguished  violinist ;  b. 
Nandrin,  n.  Liege,  Sept.  22,  1854.  Pupil  of 
Heynberg  and  Leonard  at  Liege  Cons.,  enter- 
ing at  7  and  taking  1st  violin-prize  at  11.  Fol- 
lowing Leonard  to  the  Paris  Cons.,  he  won,  at 
14,  the  gold  medal  for  solo  and  quartet-playing. 
After  teaching  a  year  at  the  Cons.,  he  com- 
menced a  series  of  triumphal  tours  throughout 
Europe.     Later  he  went  to  America,   and    or- 


412 


MUSIOL— NAGELI 


ganized  a  concert-troupe  of  his  own  ;  finally,  he 
made  a  tour  of  the  world,  returned  to  Liege  in 
1897,  and  was  app.  head  of  the  advanced  class 
for  violin  at  the  Cons.  In  1898  he  succeeded 
Cesar  Thomson  as  violin-prof. ;  also  made  ar- 
rangements to  spend  half  his  time  in  New 
York.  He  is  a  brilliant  player,  and  an  excellent 
teacher. 

Mu'siol,  Robert  Paul  Johann,  b.  Breslau, 
Jan.  14,  1S46.  Attended  the  Seminary  at  Lie- 
benthal,  Silesia  ;  from  1873  teacher  and  cantor 
at  Rohrsdorf,  n.  Fraustadt,  Posen  ;  pensioned 
1891. — Publ.  "  Musikalisches  Fremdworter- 
buch";  "  Catechismus  der  Musikgeschichte  "; 
edited  Tonger's  "  Conversations-Lexikon  der 
Tonkunst  "  (1888) and  "  Musikerlexikon"  (1890), 
also  the  10th  ed.  of  J.  Schuberth's  "  Musika- 
lisches Conversations  -  Lexikon  "  (1877) !  and 
wrote  "  Wilhelm  Forster,"  and  "  Theodor  Kor- 
ner  und  seine  Beziehung  zur  Musik  "  (1893). 
Wrote  for  mus.  periodicals  ;  comp.  male  part- 
songs,  pieces  f.  pf.  and  f.  organ,  songs,  etc. 

Mussorg'ski,  Modest  Petrovitch,  b.  Toro- 

petz,  Gov.t  of  Pskov,  Russia,  Mar.  2S  (N.  S.), 
1S39  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  Mar.  28,  1SS1.  He 
entered  a  regiment  at  the  age  of  17  ;  but  was 
drawn  to  music,  and  became  a  pupil  of  Bala- 
kirev,  intimacy  with  whom  and  with  Cui  ren- 
dering him  a  disciple  of  the  neo-Russian  school. 
— Operas  :  Boris  Godunoff  (Imp.  Opera,  St. 
Petersburg,  1S74)  ;  Chovanshtchina  ["  Adhe- 
rents of  Chovanski "]  (St.  Petersburg,  1893); 
also,  f.  pf.,  "  Danse  macabre  russe,"  "Scenes 
d'enfants,"  etc.;  and  songs. 

Mu'zio,  Emanuele,  b.  Zibello,  n.  Farma, 
Aug.  25,  1825.  Pupil  of  Provesi  and  Verdi,  and 
(for  pf.)  of  the  latter's  first  wife,  Margherita 
Barezzi.  In  1852  he  cond.  the  Italian  Opera  at 
Brussels  ;  was  later  in  London  and  New  York 
(Acad,  of  Music),  and  settled  in  Paris  (1875)  as 
a  singing-teacher  (Adelina  and  Carlotta  Patti, 
and  Clara  Louise  Kellogg,  were  his  pupils). — 
Works:  The  operas  Giovanna  la  fazza  (Brus- 
sels, 1S52),  Claudia  (Milan,  1853),  Le  due  Re- 
gine  (Milan,  1856),  and  La  Sorrentina  (Bologna, 
1857)  ;  also  many  songs  and  pf. -pieces. 

Mysliweczek,  Joseph,  called  "  II  Boemo," 
or  "  Venatorini,"  in  Italy;  b.  in  a  village  n. 
Prague,  Mar.  9,  1737  ;  d.  Rome,  Feb.  4,  1781. 
Pupil  of  Ilabermann  and  Segert  at  Prague,  and 
in  1760  publ.  6  symphonies  named  after  the 
months  Jan. -June.  Studied  dramatic  music 
with  Pescetti  at  Venice,  1763  ;  brought  out  a 
successful  opera  at  Parma,  1764  ;  and  was  com- 
missioned to  write  Bellerofonte  for  Naples.  His 
operas,  about  30  altogether,  were  extraordinarily 
popular  with  the  public  and  singers  alike  ;  but 
M.  was  poorly  remunerated,  and  of  extravagant 
habits,  consequently  always  in  financial  difficul- 
ties. Mozart  greatly  admired  his  pf. -sonatas. 
He  also  wrote  2  oratorios,  and  publ.  12  string- 
quartets  and  6  string-trios. 


N 

Naaff,  Anton  E.  August,  poet  and  writer  ; 
b.  Weitentrebelitzsch,  Bohemia,  Nov.  28,  1850. 
Editor,  1SS1,  of  the  Vienna  "  Musikalische 
Welt";  since  1882,  of  the  "  Lyra."  Abt,  Spei- 
del,  Tschirsch,  et  al.,  have  composed  many  of 
his  poems  ("  Es  rauscht  ein  stolzer  Strom  zum 
Meer";  "  Deutsche  sind  wir  und  wollen's  blei- 
ben  ";  etc.). 

Nach/baur,  Franz,  famous  dramatic  tenor  ; 
b.  Schloss  Giessen,  n.  Friedrichshafen,  Mar. 
25>  l!335.  While  attending  the  Polytechnic 
School  at  Stuttgart,  Pischek  noticed  his  fine 
voice,  and  instructed  him  in  singing.  He  sang 
at  Basel  as  a  chorister,  and  then  at  theatres  in 
Luneville,  Mannheim,  Hanover,  Prague,  Darm- 
stadt, and  Vienna  ;  engaged  at  Munich  1S66- 
90,  with  the  title  of  "  Kammersanger ";  then 
pensioned.  He  also  sang  in  Italy,  creating 
Lohengrin  at  Rome,  1S78.  Favorite  roles  were 
Raoul,  Prophet,  Arnold. 

Na'chez,  Tivadar  [Theodor  Na'schitz],  b. 
Pesth,  May  1,  1859.  Brilliant  violin-virtuoso,  a 
pupil  of  Sabatil  at  Pesth,  Joachim  at  Berlin  (3 
years),  and  Leonard  at  Paris  (1  year).  Estab- 
lished himself  at  Paris,  making  tours  on  the  Con- 
tinent, and  finally  went  to  London,  where  he  was 
eminently  successful.  After  further  Continental 
tours,  he  settled  (1S89)  in  London  as  concert- 
player  and  composer. — Works  :  2  concertos  f. 
violin  and  orch.;  2  Hungarian  Rhapsodies,  and 
4  Hung,  dances  ;  2  Romances  and  various  minor 
pieces  f.  vln.  w.  orch. ;  Suite  in  6  movem.,  f.  vln. 
and  pf . ;  Requiem  Mass  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.; 
arrangements  ;  songs. 

Nadaud,  Gustave,  b.  Roubaix,  France,  Feb. 
20,  1S20;  d.  Faris,  Apr.  19,  1893.  Celebrated 
chansonnier  (poet-composer);  15  vol.s  of  his 
works,  each  containing  20  chansons,  have  been 
publ.  ;  also  a  vol.  of  "  Chansons  legeres." 
Monument  in  Roubaix. — He  prod.  3  operettas  : 
Le  docteur  J  rieuxtemps.  La  voliere,  and  Porte  et 
fenetre. 

Na'dermann,  Frangois-Joseph,  harpist  ;  b. 
Paris,  1773  ;  d.  there  Apr.  2,  1S35.  Pupil  of 
Krumpholz  ;  1816  court  harpist  at  Paris,  and 
1825  harp-prof,  at  the  Cons.  In  his  father's 
harp-factory,  continued  by  him  and  his  brother 
Henry  [b.  1780,  asst. -harpist  in  the  King's  mu- 
sic, and  asst. -prof,  in  the  Cons,  till  1S35],  the 
old-fashioned  instr.s  with  crooks  were  made  until 
wholly  driven  out  by  Erard's  inventions.  N. 
publ.  a  great  deal  of  music  for  harp. 

Na'gel,  Julius,  'cellist  ;  b.  Gotha,  1S37  ;  d. 
St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  15,  1892.  Composer  ; 
teacher  in  St.  P.,  from  1865,  at  the  Alexander 
Lyceum. 

Na'gel,  Dr.  Willibald,  contemporary  Ger- 
man writer;  publ.  "  GeSchichte  der  Musik  in 
England  "  down  to  Purcell's  death,  in  2  parts 
(Strassburg,  1S9  [?],  1S97). 

Nageli,  Johann  Hans  Georg,  b.  Wetzikon, 


4*3 


NAGILLER— NARES 


n.  Zurich,  May  if),  1773 ;  cl.  there  Dec.  26, 
1836.  Music-publisher  at  Wetzikon  (establ. 
1792);  founder  and  president  of  the  Swiss  As- 
soc, for  the  Cultivation  of  Music  ;  singing- 
teacher  at  a  primary  school,  applying  the  Pesta- 
lozzian  system.  As  a  song-composer  he  is  best 
known  by  "  Freut  euch  des  Lebens"  (Life  let 
us  cherish),  lie  wrote  "  Gesangsbildungslehre 
nach  Pestalozzischen  Grundsatzen  "  (w.  M.  G. 
Pfeiffer  ;  1812)  ;  "  Christliches  Gesangbuch  " 
[an  "Auszug"  of  the  same]  (1818)  ;  "  Vorle- 
sungen  uber  Musik  mit  Beriicksichtigung  der 
Dilettanten  "  (1826) ;  "MusikalischesTabellwerk 
fiir  Volksschulen  zur  Herausbildung  fi'ir  den 
Figuralgesang"  (1838);  and  a  polemical  pam- 
phlet against  Thibaut,  "  Der  Streit  zwischen  der 
alten  und  neuen  Musik "  (1827) ;  etc.  Monu- 
ment at  Zurich,  1S48. — Biographies  by  Bierer 
(1844),  Keller  (1S4S),  and  Schnabeli  (1873). 

Nagiller,  Matthaus,  b.  Minister,  Tyrol, 
Oct.  24,  1815  ;  d.  July  S,  1S74,  at  fnnsbruck,  as 
cond.  of  the  "  Musikverein." — Works:  An  op- 
era, Herzog  Friedrich  von  Tirol  (Munich,  1S54); 
successful  orch.l  and  choral  comp.s. 

Nani'ni,  Giovanni  Maria,  b.  Vallerano, 
Italy,  about  1540;  d.  Rome,  Mar.  11,  1607. 
Pupil  of  Goudimel  ;  after  completing  his  studies, 
he  officiated  in  Vallerano  as  m.  di  capp.;  but  on 
Palestrina's  resignation  as  maestro  at  Santa 
Maria  Maggiore,  Rome,  he  was  called  thither 
in  1571.  Resigning  in  1575,  he  founded  the 
first  public  school  of  music  opened  in  Rome  by 
an  Italian,  in  which  his  nephew,  Giovanni  Ber- 
nardino, and  Talestrina,  were  active  instructors. 
N.'s  compositions  were  performed  at  the  Sistine 
Chapel;  in  1577  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Papal  choir,  and,  in  1604,  ///.  Ji  eapp.  of  the  Sis- 
tine  Chapel.  His  works  are  among  the  best  of 
the  Palestrina  epoch  ;  the  6-part  motet  "  Hodie 
nobis  coelorum  rex"  is.  still  sung  annually  on 
Christmas  morning  in  the  Sistine  Chapel.  Ha- 
berl  publ.  a  sketch  of  N.  in  the  "  Kirchenmu- 
sikalisches  Jahrbuch"  for  1891,  with  5  hitherto 
unpubl.  Lamentations  a  4.  Other  printed  works 
are  motets  a  3-5  in  canon-form  with  cantus 
firmus  (1586);  4  books  of  madrigals  a  5  (1578— 
86);  canzonets  a  3  (1587);  psalms  in  Constan- 
tini's  "  Psalmi  a  8  voci "  (1614)  ;  other  motets 
and  madrigals  in  coll.s  of  the  time.  3  motets 
a  3,  one  a  4,  and  a  Miserere,  are  in  Proske's 
"  Musica  divina  ";  detached  numbers  in  the  col- 
lections of  Rochlitz,  Tucher,  Luck,  and  Prince 
von  der  Moszkva.  An  admirable  work  in  MS. 
is  the  "Cento  cinquanta  sette  contrappunti  e 
canoni  a  2-1 1  voci,  sopra  del  canto  fermo  intito- 
lato  la  base  di  Costanzo  Festa";  also  a  "  Trat- 
tato  di  contrappunto."        ' 

Nani'ni,  Giovanni  Bernardino,  nephew  of 
Giov.  Maria  ;  b.  Vallerano,  about  1560  ;  d.  Rome, 
1624.  From  1577  in.  di  capp.  at  the  French 
church  of  St. -Louis  ;  later  at  San  Lorenzo  in 
Damaso.  Proske  printed  4  psalms  a  4  in  "Mu- 
sica divina." — Publ.  3  books  of  madrigals  a  5 
(159S-1612) ;  4  of  motets  a   1-5,  w.   organ-bass 


(1608-18) ;  Fsalms  a  4  and  8  (1620)  ;  and  a  "  Ve- 
nite  exultemus  "  a  3,  w.  org.  (1620). 

Napoleon,  Arthur,  pianist  ;  b.  Oporto,  Mar. 
6,  1843.  After  sensational  concerts  at  the  courts 
of  Lisbon  and  London  (1852),  and  Berlin  (1854), 
he  studied  under  Halle  at  Manchester,  made 
tours  throughout  Europe,  and  N.  and  S.  Amer- 
ica. Settled  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1868  (1S71  ?) 
as  a  dealer  in  music  and  instr.s.  Has  publ. 
comp.s  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  solo  pieces  for  pf. ,  etc.  ; 
has  also  acted  as  a  conductor. 

Napra'vnik  [Naprawnik]  Eduard,  b.  Bejst, 

n.  Koniggratz,  Aug.  24,  1839.  Pupil  of  the 
Prague  Organ-School  1853-4;  from  1S56,  teacher 
in  the  Maydl  Inst,  for  Music  in  Prague  ;  1S61, 
Kapellm.  to  Prince  Yussupoff  at  St.  Petersburg  ; 
then  organist,  and  2nd  conductor  at  the  Russian 
Opera,  and  from  1869  1st  cond.  From  1870-82 
he  was  Balakirev's  successor  as  cond.  of  the  sym- 
phony concerts  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  He  is  a  dis- 
tinguished pianist,  conductor,  and  composer. — 
Works:  The  operas  The  Tempest;  The  Inhab- 
itants op  Nishnii  Novgorod  (St.  Petersburg, 
1869);  Harold  {St.  P.,  1886);  Dubroffsky,  in  4 
acts  (St.  P.,  1895  ;  Leipzig,  1897  ;  succ.)  ;  sym- 
phonic poem  "  The  Demon  "  (after  Lermontov's 
poem);  the  overture"  Vlasta"  (1861),  and  others; 
fantasia  f.  pf.  w.  orch.,  op.  39  ;  a  quartet  ;  a 
trio  ;  Bohemian  and  Russian  songs  ;  pf. -music  ; 
etc. 

Nardi'ni,  Pietro,  fine  violinist ;  b.  Fibiana, 
Tuscany,  1722  ;  d.  Florence,  May  7,  1793.  Pu- 
pil of  Tartini  at  Padua  ;  from  1753-67,  solo-vio- 
linist in  the  court  orch.,  Stuttgart;  lived  with 
Tartini  until  the  latter's  death  in  1770  ;  then 
maestro  of  the  court  music  at  Florence.  Both 
Leopold  Mozart  and  Schubert  praised  his  play- 
ing.— Publ.  6  violin-concertos  ;  6  sonatas  f.  vln. 
and  bass  ;  6  violin  solos  ;  6  violin-duets ;  6 
string-quartets  ;  6  flute-trios.  Sonatas  are  in 
Alard's  "  Les  maitres  classiques  "  and  David's 
"  Hohe  Schule  des  Violinspiels  "  ;  others  in  Jen- 
sen's "  Classische  Violinmusik." 

Nares,  James,  English  comp.  and  organist  ; 
b.  Stanwell,  Middlesex,  1715  ;  d.  London,  Feb. 
10,  1783.  Chorister  in  the  Chapel  Royal  under 
Gates  ;  also  studied  with  Pepusch.  Deputy-org. 
of  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor  ;  org.  of  York 
Cath.,  1734  ;  in  1756  he  succeeded  Greene  as 
org.  and  comp.  to  the  Chapel  Royal  ;  Mus.  Doc, 
Cantab.,  1757  ;  Master  of  the  Children,  at  the 
Ch.  Royal,  1757-S0. — Publ.  "  8  Setts  of  Les- 
sons" f.  harpsichord  (1747);  5  Lessons  f.  do. 
(X75S)  ;  "3  Easy  do.";  "II  Principio,  or  A 
Regular  Introduction  to  Playing  on  the  Harpsi- 
chord or  Organ"  (n.  d.)  ;  2  Treatises  on  Singing  ; 
a  dramatic  ode,  "  The  Royal  Pastoral  "  ;  20  an- 
thems in  score  (1778)  ;  Morning  and  Evening 
Service,  with  6  anthems  in  score  (17S8)  ;  a  coll.  of 
catches,  canons,  and  glees  (1772)  ;  etc.  Detached 
pieces  are  in  Arnold's  "Cathedral  Music,"  Page's 
"  llarmonia  Sacra,"  and  Stevens'  "Sacred  Mu- 
sic." 


414 


NARET-KONING— NAUMANN 


Naret-Koning,  Johann  Joseph  David,  b. 

Amsterdam,  Feb.  25,  183S.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of 
David  at  Leipzig  ;  1859-70  leader  of  the  Mann- 
heim orch.,  also  cond.  cf  the  Mus.  Soc.  and  the 
Sangerbund  until  1S7S.  Since  then,  leader  at 
the  City  Th.,  Frankfort,  and  member  of  the 
Heermann  Quartet.      Has  publ.  songs,  etc. 

Nasoli'ni,  Sebastiano,  b.  Piacenza,  about 
176S  ;  d.  (?).  Prolific  opera-composer,  produc- 
ing some  30  operas  from  1788-1816  at  Venice, 
Milan,  Florence,  Naples,  Vicenza,  etc. 

Nata'le,  Pompeo,  choir-singer  at  S.  Maria 
Maggiore,  Rome,  and  the  teacher  of  Pitoni  ; 
publ.  "  Madrigali  e  canzoni  spirituali  a  2,  3  e  4 
voci  col  basso  per  l'organo  "  (1662). 

Nathan,  Isaac,  b.  Canterbury,  1792;  d.  Syd- 
ney, Australia,  Jan.  15, 1S64.  Pupil  of  D;  Corri. 
— Works  :  Music  to  the  comedy  Sweethearts  and 
Wives  (1S23,  very  popular)  ;  an  opera,  The  Al- 
^77/(1824) ;  an  operetta,  The  Illustrious  Stranger 
(1827)  .  "  Musurgia  Vocalis,  an  essay  on  the  His- 
tory and  Theory  of  Music,  and  on  the  Qualities, 
Capabilities,  and  Management  of  the  Human 
Voice  "  (1823,  2nd  ed.  1826)  ;  "  Life  of  Madame 
Malibran  de  Beriot  .  .  .  "  (1836)  "Hebrew  Melo- 
dies "  [Byron],  w. Braham (1822  ;  1861);  songs. 

Na'torp,  Bernhard  Christian  Ludwig,  b. 
Werden-on-Ruhr,  Nov.  12,  1774  ;  d.  Minister, 
Feb.  8,  1846.  Studied  theology  and  pedagogics 
at  Halle  Univ.;  pastor  at  Essen,  1798;  Coun- 
sellor of  the  Consistory  at  Potsdam,  1808  ;  Gen- 
eral Supt.  at  Mt'inster,  1S19. — Publ.  "Anleitung 
zur  Untervveisung  im  Singen  fur  Lehrer  anVolks- 
schulen  "  (2  courses,  1813,  1820;  often  republ.) ; 
"  Lehrbtichlein  der  Singekunst"  (2  courses, 1S16, 
1820)  ,  "  Ueber  den  Gesang  in  der  Kirche  der 
Protestanten  "  (18 17);  "  Ueber  den  Zweck,  die 
Einrichtung  und  den  Gebrauch  des  Melodien- 
buchs  fur  den  Gemeindegesang  in  den  evange- 
lischen  Kirchen  "  (1822),  followed  by  the  "  Me- 
lodienbuch  "  (1S22)  ;  "Choralbuch  fiir  evang. 
Kirchen"  (1829;  harmonized  in  4  parts,  w. 
preludes  and  interludes  by  Rinck)  ;  and  "  Ueber 
Rincks  Praludien  "  (1834). — By  his  labors  the 
singing  in  churches  and  schools  was  greatly  im- 
proved. 

Nau,  Maria  Dolores  Benedicta  Josefina, 
noted  soprano  stage-singer ;  born  of  Spanish 
parents  at  New  York,  Mar.  18,  1818.  Pupil  of 
Mine.  Damoreau-Cinti  at  the  Paris  Cons,  from 
1832,  taking  1st  prize  in  1834  ;  debut  at  the 
Opera,  1836,  as  Page  in  the  Huguenots  ;  sang  in 
minor  roles  here  for  6  years  ;  then  with  much 
success  in  Brussels,  London,  etc.,  and  was  reen- 
gaged at  the  Opera  for  leading  roles  (1844-8). 
In  1S48  she  went  to  London,  and  thence  to 
America  ;  returning  to  London,  she  sang  for  18 
months  at  the  Princess's  Th.  ;  then  again  at  the 
Opera  in  Paris  from  1851-3.  She  revisited 
America  in  1S54,  and  was  welcomed  with  ex- 
travagant enthusiasm  ;  she  retired  in  1S56. 

Nau'bert,  Friedrich  August,  celebrated 
song-composer ;    b.    Schkeuditz,   Saxony,    Mar. 


23,  1S39  ;  d.  Neubrandenburg,  Aug.  26,  1897, 
where  he  was  organist  and  singing-teacher  at  the 
Gymnasium. 

Naudin,  Emilio,  operatic  tenor  ;  b.  Parma, 
Oct.  23,  1823.  Pupil  of  Panizza  at  Milan; 
debut  at  Cremona  ;  sang  in  several  Italian  thea- 
tres, toured  Europe,  and  was  eng.  1S62  at  the 
Th.  Italien,  Paris.  At  Meyerbeer's  testament- 
ary desire  he  created  the  role  of  Vasco  on  the 
production  of  V Africaine  (Opera,  1S65),  but 
soon  returned  to  the  Th.  Italien. 

Nau'e,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Halle,  Nov. 
17,  17S7  ;  d.  there  May  19,  1868.  Pupil  of 
Turk  ;  in  1S13,  mus.  dir.  of  the  Univ.,  and  or- 
ganist. He  spent  an  inherited  fortune  in  col- 
lecting a  fine  mus.  library,  and  on  preparations 
for  the  Halle  Mus.  Festivals  of  1S29  and  1835  ; 
and  died  poor. — Works:  "  Versuch  einer  mu- 
sikalischen  Agende  "  (1818) ;  "  Allgem.  evang. 
Choralbuch  mit  Melodien,  grosstentheils  aus 
den  Urquellen  berichtigt,  mit  vierstimmigen 
Harmonien "  (1829,  w.  histor.  Introd.)  ;  he 
comp.  a  triumphal  march  f.  chorus  and  wind- 
orch.,  church-music,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Nau'enburg,  Gustav,  baritone  concert-singer 
and  excellent  singing-teacher;  b.  Halle,  May 
20,  1803.  He  wrote  valuable  studies  ("  Tag- 
liche  Gesangstudien,"  "  Tagliche  Coloraturstu- 
dien  ") ;  wrote  for  various  mus.  papers  ;  and  publ. 
"  Ideen  zu  einer  Reform  der  christlichen  Kirch- 
enmusik  "  (1854). 

Nau'mann,  Johann  Gottlieb,  b.  Blasewitz, 
n.  Dresden,  Apr.  17,  1741  ;  d.  Dresden,  Oct.  23, 
1 801.  Intended  for  a  school-teacher,  he  was 
trained  in  the  Dresden  Kreuzschule,  where  he 
learned  singing.  In  1757  a  Swedish  musician 
named  Weestrom  offered  to  take  him  to  Italy  ; 
they  travelled  thither  via  Hamburg,  and  Wee- 
strom studied  at  Padua  under  Tartini,  not  al- 
lowing N.,  however,  to  share  the  master's  in- 
struction. On  account  of  this  slight,  and  general 
ill-treatment,  N.  left  his  former  patron  ;  Tartini 
taught  him  gratuitously;  in  1761  he  went  to 
Rome  and  Naples  with  the  violinist  Pitscher  to 
study  dramatic  composition  ;  studied  counter- 
point later  with  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna  ; 
brought  out  his  first  opera  at  the  San  Samuele 
Th.,  Venice;  and  returned  to  Dresden  in  1763, 
receiving  next  year  the  appointment  of  court 
composer  of  sacred  music,  and  of  "  chamber- 
comp."  in  1765.  On  a  second  Italian  tour  he 
brought  out  several  operas  ;  then,  after  refusing 
an  offer  from  Frederick  the  Great,  he  was  app. 
Kapellm.  at  Dresden  (1776),  advancing  in  1786  to 
Kapellm. -in-chief.  In  1777  he  was  also  invited 
to  Stockholm  to  reorganize  the  orchestra,  and 
brought  out  operas  then  and  in  17S0.  In  all  he 
prod.  23  operas  ;  also  a  ballet,  10  oratorios, 
sacred  music  (inch  the  fine  "  Vater  unser,"  after 
Klopstock)  ;  an  elegy,  "  Klopstocks  .Grab  "  ;  18 
symphonies;  sonatas  f.  pf.,  violin,  and  har- 
monica; songs  (new  complete  ed.  by  Breitkopf 
&  1 1  arte!)  ;  etc.  (Mannstein publ.  acatalogueof 
N.'s   comp.s). — Biographical:     Meissner   wrote 


415 


NAUMANN— NEEFE 


"  Bruchstlickeaus  Naumanns  Lebensgeschichte  " 
(2vol.s  ;  Prague,  1803-4)  ;  biographies  also  by  G. 
H.  von  Schubert  (Dresden,  1844),  and  Emil  Nau- 
mann  (in  the  "  Allgem.  deutsche  Biographie  "). 

Nau'raann,  Emil,  grandson  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Berlin,  Sept.  8,  1827  ;  d.  Dresden,  June 
23,  1888.  Pupil  of  Schnyder  von  Wartensee  at 
Frankfort  ;  of  Mendelssohn,  1842  ;  and  of  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  1S43-4  ;  then  attended  Bonn  Univ. 
In  184S  his  first  great  work,  the  oratorio  Christus 
der  Friedensbote ,  was  prod,  at  Dresden  ;  also 
the  opera  Judith.  In  1856  his  treatise  on  "  Die 
Einfuhrung  des  Psalmengesanges  in  die  evang. 
Kirche"  procured  his  appointment  as  mus.  dir. 
in  the  court  church,  Berlin,  for  which  he  comp. 
motets,  psalms,  etc.,  publishing  "  Psalmen  auf 
alle  Sonn-  und  Feiertage  des  evang.  Kirchen- 
jahres "  [vol.s  viii-x  of  Commer's  "  Musica 
sacra"].  The  Univ.  of  Berlin  conferred  on 
him  the  title  of  Dr.  phi  I.  for  "  Das  Alter  des 
Psalmengesanges";  his  masterwork,  "Die 
Tonkunst  in  der  Culturgeschichte "  (2  vol.s; 
1S69,  1S70)  brought  him  that  of  "  Professor." 
He  went  to  Dresden  in  1873,  and  lectured  on 
mus.  history  at  the  Cons. — Other  writings  : 
"  Deutsche  Tondichter  von  Seb.  Bach  bis  auf 
die  Gegenwart "  (1871  ;  often  republ.) ;  "  Ital. 
Tondichter  von  Palestrina  bis  auf  die  Gegen- 
wart" (1876);  "  Illustrirte  Musikgeschichte " 
(1880-85)  > — these  three  consist  largely  of  ex- 
tracts from  other  authors;  —  "  Nachklange  : 
Gedenkblatter  aus  dem  Musik-,  Kunst-  und 
Geistesleben  unsrer  Tage"  (1872);  "  Deutsch- 
lands  musik.  Heroen  und  ihre  Ri'ickwirkung 
auf  die  Nation"  (1873);  "  Musikdrama  oder 
Oper"  (1876;  contra  Wagner);  "  Zukunfts- 
musik  und  die  Musik  der  Zukunft "  (1877); 
"  Uber  ein  bisher  unbekanntes  Gesetz  in  Aufbau 
klassischer  Fugenthemen "  (1878);  "Der  mo- 
derne  musikalische  Zopf  "  (1880) ;  etc. 

Nau'mann,  Karl  Ernst,  (grandson  of  J.  G. 
N.,)  b.  Freiberg,  Saxony,  Aug.  15,  1832.  St. 
in  Leipzig  (1S50)  under  Ilauptmann,  Richter, 
Wenzel  and  Langer  ;  took  degree  of  Dr.  phil. 
at  the  Univ.  in  1858  for  his  dissertation  "  Ueber 
die  verschiedenen  Bestimmungen  der  Tonver- 
haltnisse  und  die  Bedeutung  des  pythagorei- 
schen  und  reinen  Quintensystems  fur  unsre 
Musik";  then  studied  for  2  years  in  Dresden 
under  J  oh.  Schneider  (org.),  soon  afterward 
being  called  to  Jena  as  academical  music-director 
and  organist  ;  "  Professor  "  in  1S77.  Composed 
chiefly  chamber-music  (wrote  the  first  sonata  f. 
viola  and  pf.) ;  publ.  many  valuable  revisions 
and  arrangements  of  classical  works,  especially 
for  the  Bach-Gesellschaft. — Works  :  Salvum  fac 
regem,  f.  male  ch.,  op.  14  ;  Ehre  sei  Gott  in  der 
Hohe,  f.  4-p.  mixed  ch.;  Pastorale  in  F,  f.  small 
orch.,  op.  16  ;  Serenade  in  A  (nonet  f.  strings, 
flute,  oboe,  bassoon,  and  horn),  op.  10  ;  2  string- 
quintets,  op.  6  and  13  ;  string-trio,  op.  12  ;  pf.- 
trin,  op.  7  ;  string-quartet  in  G  min.,  op.  9  ;  etc. 

Na'va,  Gaetano,  singing-master;  b.  Milan, 
Mar,  16,  1802;  d.  there  Mar.  31,  1875.    Taught 


by  his  father  (Ant.  Maria  N.,  1775-1S26),  and 
Pollini  ;  then  at  Milan  Cons.  1S17-24  by  Or- 
landi,  Ray,  Piantanida,  and  Frederici.  App. 
1837  prof,  of  solfeggio  at  the  Cons.;  in  1848, 
maestro  of  choral  singing  and  harmony  for  the 
alumni.  Wrote  a  great  number  of  excellent  sol- 
feggi and  vocalizzi  ;  also  a  "  Metodo  pratico  di 
vocalizzazione ";  church-music,  songs,  pf.- 
pieces,  a  "  Notturino "  f.  harp  and  harmoni- 
flute,  etc. 

Nawra'til  [-vrah'-],  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  7, 
1836.  Pupil  of  Nottebohm  (cpt.).  Excellent 
teacher  ;  Essipoff,  Schiitt,  and  A.  Riickauf  are 
his  pupils. — Publ.  works  :  Psalm  xxx,  f.  soli,  ch. 
and  orch. ;  an  overture  ;  chamber-music  (a  string- 
quartet,  pf. -quintets,  trios). 

Naylor,  John,  Engl,  comp.;  b.  Stanningley, 
n.  Leeds,  June  8,  1838  ;  d.  at  sea,  May  14,  1897. 
Choir-boy  at  Leeds  Parish  Ch.,  while  S.  S.  Wes- 
ley and  R.  S.  Bunton  were  organists.  Org.  of 
Scarborough  Ch.,  1856  ;  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon., 
1863  ;  Mus.  Doc,  1872.  Org.  of  All  Saints', 
Scarb.,  1S73  ;  'n  ^S^,  org.  and  choirmaster 
of  York  Minster,  and  also  (1S92)  cor.d.  of  York 
Mus.  Soc,  succeeding  Burton. — Works  :  4  can- 
tatas, Jeremiah,  The  Brazen  Serpent,  Meribah, 
and  Manna  ;  church-services,  anthems,  hymns, 
part-songs,  organ-pieces,  and  a  well-known  book 
of  chants. 

Naylor,  Sidney,  b.  London,  July  24,  1S41  ; 
d.  Shepherd's  Bush,  Mar.  4,  1S93.  Chorister  at 
the  Temple  Ch.;  pupil  of  Dr.  Hopkins  (org. 
and  harm.).  Organist,  successively,  at  4  Lon- 
don churches  ;  a  skilful  accompanist,  often  tour- 
ing with  Sims  Reeves.  In  1868  he  married 
Miss  Blanche  Cole,  the  well-known  soprano  con- 
cert-singer [d.  London,  Aug.  31,  1888]. 

Ned'bal,  Oscar,  viola-player  in  the  "Bo- 
hemian "  String-quartet  ;  b.  Tabor,  Bohemia, 
Mar.  25,  1874.  St.  in  Prague  Cons.  (comp. 
under  Dvorak).  Wrote  a  Scherzo-Caprice  f. 
orch. ;  sonata  f .  pf.  and  violin  ;  etc. 

Neeb  Heinrich,  b.  Lich,  Upper  Hesse, 
1807  ;  d.  Frankfort,  Jan.  18,  1878.  Pupil  of 
Peter  M tiller  at  Friedberg,  and  Aloys  Schmitt 
at  P'rankfort,  where  he  cond.  the  "  Germania," 
"  Neeb's  Quartet,"  the  "  Teutonia,"  and  the 
"  Neeb'scher  Mannerchor." — Works  :  3  operas, 
Donienico  Baldi,  Der  Cid,  and  Die  schwarzen 
Jdger);  popular  ballads  ("Die  Zobeljagd," 
"Andreas  Hofer";  "Der  todte  Soldat,"  "Der 
sterbende  Trompeter,"  etc.)  ;  a  cantata,  Das 
deutsche  Lied  tind  sein  Sanger.  Other  comp.s 
MS. 

Nee'fe,  Christian  Gottlob,  b.  Chemnitz, 
Feb.  5,  1748  ;  d.  Dessau,  Jan.  26,  1798.  While 
a  law-student  at  Leipzig,  he  had  lessons  in  music 
with  A.  Ililler  ;  acted  as  a  conductor  at  Leipzig 
and  Dresden,  then  of  Seiler's  travelling  opera- 
troupe,  and  (1779)  of  the  Grassmann-IIellmuth 
company  at  Bonn,  where  he  was  app.  deputy- 
organist,  and  succeeded  van  den  Eeden  as  Elec- 
toral   mus.    dir.    in    1782,   also  as    Beethoven's 


416 


NEF— NESSLER 


teacher.  In  1796  he  became  cond.  of  the  Des- 
sau opera. — Works  :  8  vaudevilles  and  operas 
for  Leipzig  and  Bonn  ;  Klopstock's  ode  "  Dera 
Unendlichen,"  f.  4  voices  and  orch.;  double 
concerto  f.  pf.,  violin,  and  orch.;  sonatas,  varia- 
tions, and  fantasias  f.  pf. ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Nef,  [Dr.]  Karl,  contemporary  Swiss  writer  ; 
publ.  "  Die  Collegia  musica  in  der  deutsch- 
reformirten  Schweiz  von  ihrer  Entstehung  bis 
zum  Beginn  des  19.  Jahrhunderts  "  (St.  Gallen, 
1897).  [The  "  Collegia  musica"  were  associa- 
tions of  dilettantes  for  the  cultivation  of  music, 
and  nourished  more  especially  in  the  17th  and 
iSth  centuries.] 

NehrTich,  Christian  Gottfried,  b.  Ruh- 
land,  Upper  Lusatia,  Apr.  22,  1802  ;  d.  Berlin, 
Jan.  8,  1868.  A  vocal  teacher,  who  establ.  a 
school  for  singing  at  Leipzig,  later  going  to 
Berlin.  His  work  "  Die  Gesangskunst  .  .  ." 
(1841),  followed  by  a  "  Gesangschule  fur  gebil- 
dete  Stande  "  (1844),  though  twice  republ.,  had 
no  lasting  success. 

Neid'hardt,  Johann  Georg,  d.  as  Kapellm. 
at  Konigsberg,  Jan.  1,  1739.  His  two  works  on 
temperament  have  a  certain  historical  interest. 

NeidTinger,  William  Harold,  talented  com- 
poser ;  b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July  20,  1863.  Pu- 
pil of  Dudley  Buck.  His  compositions  include 
a  mass,  other  church-music,  mixed  and  male 
choruses,  and  numerous  delightful  songs. 

Neit'hardt,  August  Heinrich,  b.  Schleiz, 
Aug.  10,  1793  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  18,  1861.  Pupil 
of  fibhardt  and  Graner  in  Schleiz  ;  oboist  in  the 
Gardejager  Corps  in  the  War  of  Liberation  ; 
app.  bandmaster  in  i8i6,and  bandmaster  of  the 
Kaiser  Franz  Grenadier  Regt.  in  1822-40  ;  in 
1843,  teacher  of  singing  for  the  Domchor  (Mer- 
lin cathedral-choir),  and  in  1845  its  conductor. 
For  its  improvement  he  inspected  the  Imp.  Choir 
at  St.  Petersburg  in  1846,  and  the  Sistine  Chapel 
at  Rome  in  1S57  ;  under  his  conductorship  the 
Domchor  became  famous. — Works  :  An  opera, 
Juliette  (1834)  ;  fine  music  for  military  band  ; 
male  choruses  ;  songs  (he  set  to  music  Thiersch's 
"  Ich  bin  ein  Preusse  ") ;  horn-quartets  and  -trios, 
pf.-music  ;  his  chief  work  is  "  Musica  sacra  : 
Sammlung  religioser  Gesange  alterer  und  neue- 
rer  Zeit";  vol.s  v,  vii  and  xii  are  by  N.  him- 
self. 

Nei'tzel,  Otto,  b.  Falkenburg,  romerania, 
July  6,  1S52.  Pupil  of  Kullak's  Acad.,  Berlin, 
and  studied  also  at  the  Univ.  (Dr.  phil.,  1875)  ; 
then  made  a  concert-tour,  as  pianist,  with  Pauline 
Lucca  and  Sarasate  ;  and  in  1878  became  cond. 
of  the  "  Musikverein  "  at  Strassburg,  where 
(1S79-81)  he  likewise  conducted  in  the  City  Th. 
Until  1885  he  taught  at  the  Moscow  Cons. ;  then 
at  the  Cologne  Cons.;  since  1S87  also  critic  for 
the  "  Kolnische  Zeitung."  His  operas  Angela 
(Halle,  1S87),  Dido  (Weimar,  188S  ;  N.  wrote 
both  text  and  music),  and  Der  eille  Dessauer 
(Wiesbaden,  1S89),  have  had  fair  success.  Publ. 
a  "  Fuhrer  durch  die  Oper,"  in  3  vol.s. 

27  417 


Nen'na,  Pomponio,  a  native  of  Bari,  Naples, 
publ.  detached  madrigals  in  15S5  and  1594 
(I'halese's  "  Melodia  Olympica")  ;  8  books  of  5- 
p.  madrigals  1609-24,  and  1  book  of  4-p.  madri- 
gals in  163 1  ;  all  now  very  rare. 

Ne'ri,  Filippo,  b.  Florence,  July  21,  1515  ; 
d.  Rome,  May  26,  1595.  He  took  holy  orders 
in  1 551,  and  began  giving  lectures  in  the  oratory 
of  San  Girolamo  (later  at  Santa  Maria,  Valli- 
cella),  for  which  Animuccia,  and  after  his  death 
Palestrina,  composed  the  "  Laudi  spirituali  "  as 
a  kind  of  musical  illustration  of  the  lectures, 
growing  after  many  years  into  the  art-form  of 
the  oratorio,  which  derives  its  name  from  the 
"oratory"  (Ital.  "oratorio")  in  which  the 
lectures  were  held.  The  attendance  on  these 
lectures  increased,  and  in  1575  N.  organized  a 
seminary  for  secular  priests,  recognized  in  1575 
by  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  as  the  "  Congregazione 
dell'  Oratorio." 

Neru'da  [Nor'mann-Neru'da],  Wilma 
Maria  Francisca,  celebrated  violinist  ;  b. 
Brt'inn,  Mar.  29,  1S39.  Her  father  was  an  or- 
ganist. She  studied  under  Jansa,  and  first  played 
in  public  at  Vienna,  1846,  with  her  sister  Amalie, 
a  pianist  ;  thence  making  a  tour  with  her  father, 
sister,  and  brother  Franz  (a  'cellist)  through 
Germany.  In  1S49  she  played  at  a  Philharm. 
concert  in  London  ;  after  prolonged  travels  on 
the  Continent,  chiefly  in  Russia,  she  gave  sensa- 
tional concerts  at  Paris  in  1864,  and  there 
married  Ludwig  Normann.  She  returned  to 
London  in  1869,  and  has  since  then  played  in 
every  winter  and  spring  season  (at  the  Popular 
Concerts,  the  Philharm.,  the  Crystal  Palace, 
Halle's  recitals  and  the  Manchester  Concerts, 
etc.).  She  married  Plalle  in  1888,  and  visited 
Australia  with  him  in  1890  and  1S91.  In  Feb., 
1899,  she  commenced  an  American  tour.  Ad- 
mirers call  her  a  rival  of  Joachim. 

NessTer,  Victor  E.,b.  Baldenheim,  Alsatia, 
Jan.  2S,  1S41  ;  d.  Strassburg,  May  28,  1S90.  A 
student  of  theology  and  music  (Th.  Stern)  at 
Strassburg,  he  prod,  a  successful  opera,  Fleurette, 
in  1864,  and  threw  himself  into  the  arms  of  art. 
Studied  furthurin  Leipzig,  where  he  became  very 
popular  as  chorusmaster  at  the  City  Th.,  cond. 
of  the  "  Sangerkreis,"  and  a  composer  of  operas 
which  strongly  appealed  to  popular  taste  ;  the 
above  theatre  brought  out  his  romantic  fairy 
opera  Dornroschens  Brautfahrt  (1S67),  and  the 
operettas  Die  Hochzeitsreise  (1867),  Nacht- 
wachter  und  Student  (1868),  and  Am  Alexan- 
der tag  (1869)  ;  then  followed  the  operas  Irmen- 
gard  (1876),  Der  Ratten/anger  von  Hameln 
(1879),  Der  wilde  Jager  (1SS1),  and  Der  Trom- 
peler  von  Sdkkingen,  (1SS4);  the  Rdttenfanger 
and  the  Trompeter  have  achieved  more  than 
passing  success  ;  Otto  der  Scliiitz  (1886),  and  Die 
Rose  von  Strassburg  (Munich,  1890),  closed  the 
series. —  Other  works  :  Der  Blunieu  Rac/ie, 
ballade  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  double  chorus 
"  Sangers  Friihlingsgruss,"  f.  men's  voices;  a 
part-song  cycle,  w.  soli  and  pf.-accomp.,  "Von 


NESVADBA— NEUMARK 


der  Wiege  bis  zum  Grabe "  ;  male  quartets  ; 
popular  songs,  also  comic  ("  Drei  Schneider," 
"  F rater  Kellermeister,"  etc.). 

Nesvad'ba,  Joseph,  b.  Vysker,  Bohemia, 
Jan.  19,  1S24 ;  d.  Darmstadt,  June  20,  1876. 
While  studying  philosophy  at  Prague,  he  brought 
out  an  opera,  Blaubart,  at  the  Bohemian  Th.  in 
1S44  ;  then  acted  as  theatre-cond.  at  Karlsbad 
(1848),  Olmiitz,  Briinn,  Graz,  the  Bohemian  Th. 
in  Prague  (1857-8,  as  1st  Kapellm?),  the  Italian 
Opera,  Berlin  (1859-60),  the  City  Th.,  Hamburg 
(1861-3)  ;  and  from  1864  as  court  Kapellm.  at 
Darmstadt,  where  he  prod,  several  ballets.  His 
Bohemian  songs  and  choruses  are  prized  in 
Bohemia. 

Nesvera,  Joseph,  b.  Troskoles,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  24,  1842.  From  1878,  mus.  dir.  of  the 
Episcopal  Ch.  in  Koniggratz  ;  now  Kapellm.  at 
Olmiitz  Cath. — Works  :  Opera  Perdita  (Prague, 
1897  ;  succ.)  ;  masses  ;  a  De  profundis  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  male  and  mixed  choruses  ;  Bo- 
hemian songs  ;  Idyll  f.  3  violins,  2  violas,  'cello 
and  bass  ;  violin-music  and  pf. -pieces. 

Net'zer,  Joseph,  b.  Imst,  Tyrol,  Mar.  18, 
1808  ;  d.  Graz,  May  28,  1S64.  After  studies 
with  local  teachers,  he  went  to  Vienna,  becoming 
a  pupil  of  Gansbacher  and  Sechter.  Brought 
out  the  operas  Die  Belagerung  von  Gothenburg 
(1839),  Mara  (1841),  and  Die  Eroberung  von 
Granada  (1844)  ;  was  Lortzing's  asst.- Kapellm. 
at  Leipzig,  1844-5  ;  in  1846  Kapellm.  at  the 
Th.  an  der  Wien,  Vienna,  producing  there  the 
opera  Die  seltene  Ifochzeit ;  in  1849,  Kapellm. 
at  Mayence,  1853  at  Graz.  Besides  over  100 
songs,  he  also  wrote  symphonies,  overtures,  and 
string-quartets. 

Neu'bauer,  Franz  Christian,  b.  Horzin, 
Bohemia,  1760 ;  d.  Biickeburg,  Oct.  11,  1795. 
A  violinist,  taught  by  the  village  schoolmaster, 
he  led  a  wandering  life  ;  prod,  an  operetta, 
Ferdinand  und  Yariko,  at  Vienna  in  17S6  (?), 
where  he  met  Mozart  and  Haydn  ;  in  1789, 
Kapellm.  to  Prince  Weilburg  ;  later  court  com- 
poser and  Chr.  Fr.  Bach's  successor  as  court 
Kapellm.  at  Biickeburg. — Publ.  12  symphonies  ; 
10  string-quartets  ;  concertos  f.  pf.,  f.  flute,  and 
f.  'cello  ;  other  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. 

Neu'endorff,  Adolf,  b.  Hamburg,  June  13, 
1843  ;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  4,  1897.  Went  to 
America  in  1855  ;  pupil  of  G.  Matzka  and  J. 
Weinlich  (vln.),  and  Dr.  Schilling  (pf.).  Debut 
as  pianist  1859  ;  also  1st  violin  in  the  old  Stadt 
Theatre,  New  York  ;  1861,  tour  of  Brazil  as  vio- 
linist ;  1863,  mus.  dir.  of  German  theatre,  Mil- 
waukee ;  1864-7,  cond.  of  German  opera,  N.  Y. ; 
1867-71,  cond.  of  Stadt  Theatre  {Lohengrin 
given  for  first  time  in  America).  In  1871  he 
brought  Wachtel  over  ;  1872,  cond.  opera  in 
Acad,  of  Music,  N.  Y.  ;  1872-4,  manager  of 
Germania  Th.;  1875,  brought  over  Wachtel  and 
Pappenheim  ;  1S77,  director  and  conductor  of 
Wagner  Festival  at  N.  Y.  (  Walkiire  given  first 
time)  ;  1878,  cond.  of  N.  Y.  Philharm.;  1884-9, 


concert  director  in  Boston  ;  1SS9-91,  cond.  of 
the  Juch  Engl.  Opera  Co.;  1892,  of  English 
grand  opera,  N.  Y. ;  1893-5  in  Vienna,  his  wife, 
Georgine  v.  Januschowsky,  being  prima  donna 
at  the  Imp.  Opera  ;  then  returned  to  N.  Y.,  be- 
coming (1896)  dir.  of  music  in  the  Temple 
Emanu-El  ;  1S97,  cond.  of  the  Metropolitan 
Permanent  Orch.,  succeeding  Seidl. — Works  :  4- 
act  comic  opera  The  Rat-charmer  of  Hamelin 
(1SS0)  ;  do.  Don  Quixote  (1882)  ;  3-actrom.  com. 
opera  Prince  U'oodrnfF  (i§§~])  ;  comic  opera  The 
Minstrel  (1892)  ;  2  symphonies,  overtures,  can- 
tatas, male  quartets,  many  songs,  etc. 

Neu'komm,  Sigismund,  (Ritter  von,)  b. 
Salzburg,  July  10,  1778  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  3,  1858. 
Pupil  of  the  organist  Weissauer,  and  of  M. 
Haydn  forcomp.;  at  15,  Univ.  organist  ;  at  18, 
chorusmaster  at  the  opera.  From  1798  he  stud- 
ied at  Vienna  under  J.  Haydn,  who  showed  him 
fatherly  care.  In  1S07  he  passed  through  Stock- 
holm, where  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Acad.,  to  St.  Petersburg,  there  becoming  cond. 
of  the  German  opera.  iSog  found  him  in  Paris, 
an  intimate  of  G retry  and  Cherubini,  and  pianist 
to  Talleyrand  after  Dussek.  For  his  requiem 
in  memory  of  Louis  XVI.  (Vienna,  1S14),  Louis 
XVII.  ennobled  him  in  1815,  decorating  him 
with  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  In  1816 
he  went  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  was  app.  court 
mus.  dir.  by  Emperor  Dom  Pedro,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Lisbon  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
revolution  in  1S21.  He  was  in  Talleyrand's  ser- 
vice until  1826  ;  then  travelled  for  many  years  ; 
and  finally  resided  alternately  in  London  and 
Paris.  He  was  extremely  popular  in  England 
before  Mendelssohn's  advent  in  1837.  Despite 
his  active  life,  he  was  a  most  industrious  com- 
poser of  fluent  and  interesting  works,  now  mostly 
consigned  to  oblivion.  Besides  much  church- 
music  (5  German  and  2  Engl,  oratorios  [Mount 
Sinai  and  David},  a  complete  Morning  and 
Evening  Service  [for  London],  15  masses,  5  can- 
tatas, psalms  in  Ger.,  Engl.,  Ital.,  and  Latin, 
etc.),  he  prod.  10  German  operas  [Alexander  am 
Indus],  3  Ital.  dram,  scenas,  a  symphony,  5 
overtures  and  7  fantasias  f.  orch.,  military 
marches,  chamber-music  (about  20  numbers),  a 
pf. -concerto  and  many  pf. -pieces,  57  organ- 
pieces,  about  200  French,  English,  Italian  and 
German  songs  ;  etc. 

Neu'mann,  Angelo,  b.  Vienna,  Aug.  18, 
1S38.  Began  a  mercantile  career,  but  deserted 
it  after  vocal  lessons  from  Stilke-Sessi,  and 
after  his  debut  as  a  lyric  tenor  in  1869  ;  sang  at 
theatres  in  Cracow,  Odenburg,  Pressburg,  I  >an- 
zig,  and  the  Vienna  court  opera  (1862-76)  ;  from 
1876-82  he  was  manager  of  the  Leipzig  opera 
under  Forster  ;  then  gathered  together  a  travel- 
ling company  for  prod.  Wagner  operas,  journey- 
ing as  far  as  Italy  ;  from  the  end  of  1882  to  1885 
he  was  manager  of  the  Bremen  opera  ;  then  of 
the  German  opera  in  Prague. 

Neu'mark,  Georg,  poet  and  musician  ;  b. 
Langensalza,  Mar.  6,   1621;  died  July  8,  1681, 


418 


NEUSIEDLER— NICIIOLL 


as  librarian  at  Weimar.  Fubl.  poems  (with 
melodies):  "  Keuscher  Liebesspiegel  "  (1649), 
"  Poetisch  und  musikalisches  Lustwaldchen  " 
(1652;  Partii,i657),  "  Poetisches  Gesprachspiel  " 
(1662).  Wrote  the  words  of  "  Wer  nur  den 
lieben  Gott  lasst  walten." 

Neu'siedler  (or  Newsidler),  Hans,  a  Nu- 
remberg lute-maker  ;  b.  Pressburg  ;  d.  Nurem- 
berg, Jan.,  1563.  Publ.  "  Ein  newgeordnet  kiinst- 
lich  Lautenbuch,  in  zwen  Theyl  getheylt"  (1536  ; 
Part  i,  expl.  of  lute  and  tablature  ;  P.  ii,  "  Fan- 
taseyen,  Preambeln,  Psalmen  und  Muteten  "  in 
tablature)  ;  valuable,  like  other  tablature-books, 
in  showing  exactly  where  the  semitones  were 
employed. 

Neu'siedler  (or  Neysidler),  Melchior,  an 
Augsburg  lutenist,  who  publ.  in  Venice,  1566,  2 
books  of  lute-music  (reprinted  by  Phalese  and 
Jobin  in  1571)  ;  also  a  "  Deutsch  Lautenbuch, 
darinnen  kunstreiche  Motetten  "  (1574  ;  2nd  ed. 
1596  ;  also  in  Italian) ;  in  1587  he  publ.  6 
motets  by  Josquin  in  lute-tablature.  Died  Nu- 
remberg, 1590. 

Neva'da,  Emma,  stage-name  of  Emma 
Wixon,  soprano  stage-singer ;  b.  in  Nevada, 
United  States,  about  i860.  St.  from  1877  with 
the  Marchesi  in  Vienna.  Debut  London,  May, 
18S0,  in  La  Sonnambula ;  sang  at  Trieste  in 
the  autumn  ;  then  in  Florence,  Leghorn,  Na- 
ples, Rome  and  Genoa,  and  obtained  an  engage- 
ment for  21  nights  at  La  Scala,  Milan.  Parisian 
debut  at  the  Opera-Comique,  1883.  Sang  in 
Chicago  at  the  Opera  Festival,  1885,  and  again 
in  iSSg.  Sang  at  the  Op. -Com.,  Paris,  in  spring 
of  1S98;  and  in  Oct.  at  Florence.  She  married 
Dr.  Palmer.  Leading  roles  in  II  Barbiere,  Tra- 
viata,  Sonnambula,  Rigolctto,  Don  Pasquale 
("Spanish  Widow"),  Lakme,  Faust,  Mignon 
(sang  Mignon  a  whole  year  in  Paris),  Havilet, 
Mirella,  Perle  du  BrdsilQ'  Zora  "),  /  Puritani, 
etc. 

Nev'in,  Ethelbert  Woodbridge,  pianist 
and  comp. ;  b.  Edgeworth,  Penn.,  Nov.  25, 
1S62.  Pupil  of  von 
der  Heide  and  W. 
Giinther  (pf.)  at 
Pittsburg  ;  of  von 
Boehme  (voice)  at 
Dresden  (1877-8) ; 
of  Pearce  (N.  Y.) 
and  Lang  and 
Emery  (Boston)  ; 
and  of  I!  ii  1  o  w, 
Klindworth,  and 
K.  Bial  at  Berlin 
(1S84-6).  Living 
(1S99)  as  a  teacher 
and  comp.  in  New 
York.— Works  :  A 
pf. -suite  ;  waltzes,  etc., 
tractive  songs. 

Newsidler;  Neysidler. 

Ney,  Joseph  Napoleon, 


f.    pf. ;    numerous   at- 

See  Neusiedler. 
See  Moszkva. 


Niccolini,  Giuseppe.     See  Nicouni. 

Niccold  de  Malta.     See  Isouard. 

Nich/elmann,  Christoph,  b.  Treuenbrietzen, 
Brandenburg,  Aug.  13,  1717  ;  d.  Berlin,  July 
20,  1762.  Pupil  of  Bach  at  the  Leipzig  Thomas- 
schule,  and  of  Quantz  at  Hamburg  ;  from  1744- 
56,  2nd  cembalist  to  Frederick  the  Great. 
Known  as  the  author  of  "  Die  Melodie,  nach 
ihrem  Wesen  sowohl  als  nach  ihren  Eigen- 
schaften  "  (1755),  which  he  successfully  defended 
against  a  pseudonymous  "  Dunkelfeind."  He 
comp.  (w.  Graun  and  Quantz)  a  pastoral  play, 
Galatea  ;  a  serenade,  Ilsogno  di  Scipione  (1756)  ; 
clavichord-pieces  ;  and  songs. 

Nich'oll,  Horace  Wadham,  composer  ;  b. 
Tipton,  n.  Birmingham,  Engl.,  Mar.  17,  1848. 
Son  of  an  excellent  musician,  John  N.,  his  lirst 
teacher  ;  studied  from  16  to  18  with  the  organist 
Samuel  Prince.  Organist  at  Dudley,  n.  Bir- 
mingham, 1S67-70  ;  at  Stoke-on-Trent,  1S70-1  ; 
in  the  latter  year  he  was  induced  by  an  Ameri- 
can gentleman  to  accompany  him  to  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  where  he  became  org.  at  St.  Paul's  Cath. 
(4  or  5  years),  later  at  the  Third  Presb.  Ch., 
and  also  teacher  at  the  Female  College.  Dur- 
ing this  time  N.  gave  many  recitals  at  Pitts- 
burg, Indianapolis,  and  elsewhere.  Removing 
to  New  York  in  1878,  he  became  editor  of  the 
organ-dept.  in  Freund's  "Music  Trades'  Re- 
view," his  "Church  Articles"  attracting  wide 
attention.  1S79-S0,  org.  at  St.  Mark's.  From 
1S88-95,  N.  was  associated  with  B.  Boekelman 
as  prof,  of  harmony  and  ensemble-playing  at 
Miss  Porter's  school,  Farmington,  Conn.  Reg- 
ular contributor  to  the  "  Musical  Courier"; 
writes  analyses  of  symphonies  for  the  "  Amer. 
Musician"  and  the  "  Art  Journal,"  with  type- 
illustrations  ;  since  1SS3,  regular  reader  of  mu- 
sic-proofs for  G.  Schirmer.  N.  is  also  noted  as 
a  teacher. — As  a  composer,  he  wrote  "  thousands 
of  pages  "  of  contrapuntal  works,  etc.,  as  a  mere 
lad;  an  organ-fantasia  was  publ.  in  the  "Or- 
ganists' Quar.  Journal  "  in  1S72  ;  in  1S77  a  suite 
f.  full  orch.  (op.  3)  was  given  by  Hamerik  at 
Baltimore  with  pronounced  success  ;  in  1S74  the 
"Cloister  Scene"  (op.  6,  f.  ch.  and  orch.)  was 
prod,  at  Pittsburg  by  the  Gounod  Soc. ;  in  1888, 
Seidl  brought  out  at  New  York  the  symphonic 
poem  "Tartarus,"  the  March  from  "  Elsie,  or 
The  Golden  Legend,"  and  the  1st  movem.  of  the 
Second  Symphony.  The  4  oratorios,  a  colossal 
work,  were  completed  1SS0-90. — Works  :  A 
cycle  of  4  oratorios  :  Adam  (op.  16),  Abraham 
(op.  17),  Isaac  (op.  iS),  and  Jacob  (op.  19)  [ail 
MS.]  ;  Elsie,  or  The  Golden  Legend,  op.  4,  f. 
ch.  and  orch.  [MS.]  ;  Cloister  Scene,  op.  6,  f. 
do.  [publ.]  ;  Mass  No.  1,  in  Ep  [publ.]  ; — For 
orch.:  Suite,  op.  3;  symphonic  fantasia,  op. 
5  ;  do.,  op.  7  ;  1st  symphony,  in  G  min.,  "  The 
Nation's  Mourning,"  op.  8;  symphonic  poem 
"  Tartarus,"  op.  n  ;  2nd  symphony,  in  C,  op. 
12;  "  Hamlet,"  psychic  sketch  in  C  maj.,op. 
14  [publ.];  Scherzo-Fugue  f.  small  orch.,  op. 
15; — For    pf.:   Concerto    in    D   min.,  op.   10; 


419 


NICODE— N1COLINI 


numerous  studies  and  charact.  pieces  [several 
are  publ.]  ;  16  pes.  f.  pf.  4  hands  [9  publ.]  ;— 
For  organ  [all  publ.]  :  Fantasia,  12  symph. 
Preludes  and  Fugues  (masterpieces  of  contr. 
ingenuity  ;  6  single,  4  double,  1  triple,  1  quad- 
ruple) ;  3  melodic  pieces  ; — a  sonata,  op.  13, 
f.  pf.  w.  'cello  [publ.]  ;  sonata,  op.  21,  f.  pf. 
and  violin;  "Salve  regina,"  \v.  vln.  and  org. 
ad  lib. ;  several  songs  and  anthems,  also  a 
"  Text-book  on  Harmony"  (New  York). 

Nicode,  Jean-Louis,  gifted  pianist  and 
comp.;  b.  Jerczik,  n.  Posen,  Aug.  12,  1853. 
Taught  by  his  father,  and  the  organist  Hartkas  ; 
ent.  Kullak's  Acad,  der  Tonkunst,  Berlin,  1869 
(Kullak,  pf. ;  Wiierst,  harm.;  Kiel,  cpt.  and 
comp.).  Dwelt  for  some  years  in  Berlin  as  a 
teacher  and  pianist  ;  won  renown  on  a  concert- 
tour  (1S7S)  With  Mine.  Artot  through  Galicia 
and  Rumania;  1878-85,  pf. -teacher  at  Dresden 
Cons.;  till  1S88,  cond.  of  the  Philharm.  Con- 
certs; then  devoted  himself  to  composition.  In 
1897,  temporary  cond.  of  the  Leipzig  "  Riedel- 
Verein,"  succeeding  Kretzschmar.  —  "Works  : 
Symphonic  poem  "  Maria  Stuart,"  op.  4  ;  "  Fa- 
schingsbilder  "  f.  full  orch.,  op.  24  ;  Sinfonische 
VariaHonen  f.  do.,  op.  27  ;  "Das  Meer,"  sym- 
phonic ode  f.  solo,  male  ch.,  full  orch.,  and  or- 
gan, op.  31  ;  2  pieces  f.  string-orch.  w.  2  oboes 
and  2  horns,  op.  32  ;  symphonic  suite  f.  small 
orch.,  op.  17;  "  Erbarmen,"  hymn  f.  alto  w. 
orch.,  op.  33  ;  2  sonatas  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op. 
23,  25  ;  a  number  of  interesting  pieces  f.  pf. 
solo  and  4  hands  ;  songs. 

Ni'colai,  Otto,  gifted  opera-comp. ;  b.  K5- 
nigsberg,  June  9,  1S10 ;  d.  Berlin,  May  11, 
1S49.  A  pf. -pupil 
of  his  father,  a 
singing-teacher,  he 
escaped  from  pa- 
rental tyranny  at 
the  age  of  16,  and 
found  a  protector 
in  fustizrath  Adler 
of  Stargard,  who 
sent  him  to  Berlin 
in  1S27  to  study 
under  Zelter  and 
Klein.  lie  had 
developed  excellent 
ability  as  a  teacher, 
when  the  Prussian 
ambassador  at  Rome,  von  Bunsen,  app.  him 
organist  of  the  embassy  chapel  at  Rome,  where 
he  also  studied  the  old  Italian  masters  under 
Baini.  Going  to  Vienna  in  1S37.  he  was  Ka- 
pellm. at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.  till  Oct.,  1838, 
when  he  returned  to  Rome,  and  launched  out 
on  the  smooth  sea  of  Italian  opera-composition. 
He  had  great  vogue,  partly  in  consequence  of 
his  Italian-looking  patronymic,  bringing  out 
Rosmonda  d'fnghilterra  (Turin,  1838  ;  at  Tri- 
este,   1839,   as   Enrico    //),  II  Templario  [after 

"Ivanhoe"]  (Turin,  1840;  often   at   Vienna  as 
Der  Templer),  Odoardo  e  Gildippe  (Turin,  1841), 


and  77  Proscritto  (Milan,  1842  ;  in  Vienna  as 
Die  Heimkehr  des  Verbannten).  Succeeding 
Kreutzer  as  court  Kapellm.  at  Vienna,  1841-7, 
he  founded  the  Philharmonic  Soc.  in  1842  ;  also 
brought  out  his  Templer  and  Die  Heimkehr 
(see  above).  He  began  to  compose  Die  lustigen 
Weiber  von  Windsor,  the  opera  on  which  his 
fame  rests,  in  Vienna  ;  but  was  called  to  Berlin 
(1847)  as  Kapellm.  of  the  opera  and  of  the  newly 
establ.  Domehor.  His  last-mentioned  opera, 
(in  English  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,) 
came  out  at  Berlin,  Mar.  9,  1849,  only  two 
months  before  his  death  by  a  stroke  of  apoplexy. 
— II.  Mendel  wrote  "Otto  Nicolai  :  eine  Bio- 
graphie "  (Berlin,  1S68).  N.'s  "Tagebiicher" 
(Diary),  edited  by  B.  Schroeder,  with  added 
biogr.  notes,  was  publ.  at  Leipzig,  1893. — N.'s 
other  works  were  a  mass  (dedicated  1S43  to  Fr. 
Wilhelm  IV.),  a  Festival  Overture  on  "  Ein' 
feste  Burg"  (1S44),  a  pf.-concerto,  and  other  pf.- 
pieces  ;  a  symphony,  a  requiem,  and  a  Te  Deum 
(these  3  MS.,  perf.  at  Berlin)  ;  songs  (op.  6,  16), 
and  part-songs. 

Ni'colai,  Willem  Frederik  Gerard,  b.  Ley- 
den,  Nov.  20,  1829  ;  d.  The  Hague,  Apr.  25, 
1S96.  Pupil  (1849)  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles, 
Ilauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz),  and  of  Joh. 
Schneider  at  Dresden  (org.)  ;  1852,  prof,  of  org. , 
pf.,  and  harm,  at  the  R.  Music-school  at  The 
Hague,  becoming  Director  on  Li'ibeck's  death 
(1865).  A  musician  of  modern  tendency,  he  made 
his  mark  as  a  conductor  and  composer.  P'or  25 
years  he  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  "  Cicilia."  In 
1S92  he  was  created  officer  of  the  Paris  Acade- 
mic— Works  :  Oratorio  Bonifacius :  Schiller's 
"  Song  of  the  Bell,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  ;  can- 
tata The  Swedish  Nightingale  (prod.  Dec.  1, 
18S0,  on  the  25th  anniversary  of  Jenny  Lind's 
endowment  of  the  Musicians'  Pension-Fund  at 
The  Hague);  cantata  JahveKs  Wraak  (Utrecht, 
1892);  cantata  Ilanske  van  Gelder  ;  a  symphony, 
and  several  overtures,  songs,  etc. 

Nicoli'ni  (or  Niccolini),  Giuseppe,  b.  Tia- 
cenza,  Jan.  29,  1762  ;  d.  there  Dec.  18,  1842. 
Pupil  of  Insanguine  at  the  Cons,  di  San  Onofrio, 
Naples,  which  he  left  in  1792,  and  in  1793  prod. 
his  first  opera,  La  famiglia  stravagante,  at 
Parma,  which  was  followed  by  some  60  others, 
written  for  Venice,  Milan,  Bergamo,  Piacenza, 
Genoa,  Rome,  etc.  Even  after  his  appointment 
as  maestro  of  Piacenza  Cath.  in  1S19,  he  brought 
out  half  a  dozen  dramatic  works,  but  not  so  suc- 
cessfully as  before  ;  he  devoted  himself  princi- 
pally, however,  to  sacred  composition  (7  orato- 
rios, 40  masses,  2  requiems,  3  Miserere,  2  De 
profundis,  6  litanies,  100  psalms,  cantatas).  Also 
wrote  sonatas  f.  pf.  ;  string-quartets  ;  arias  and 
canzonets  (3  coll.s). 

Nicoli'ni,  stage-name  of  Ernest  Nicholas, 

dramatic  tenor  ;  b.  Tours,  France,  Feb.  23, 
tS-,4  ;  d.  Pau,  Jan.  19,  1898.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons.,  taking  a  second  aeeessit  for  comic  opera 
in  1S55,  when  he  was  eng.  at  the  Opera-Comique 


420 


NICOLO— NIKISCH 


till  1859;  then  went  to  Italy,  and  sang  as  "  Nico- 
lini  "  with  fair  success.  From  1862-70  he  sang 
at  the  Salle  Ventadour,  Paris,  visiting  London  in 
1S66  (St.  James's  Hall,  May  26).  In  1871  he 
sang  in  opera  at  Drury  Lane  ;  from  1S72  for  sev- 
eral years  at  Covent  Garden.  After  starring 
tours  with  Adelina  Patti,  he  married  her  in  1886. 
His  best  roles  were  Lohengrin,  Faust,  and 
Radames. 

Nicolo'.     See  Isouard. 

Niecks,  Frederick  [Friedrich],  b.  Dtissel- 
dorf,  Mar.  3,  1845.  St.  the  violin  under  Lang- 
hans,  Grtinewald,  and  Auer ;  debut  at  12.  In 
1S6S,  organist  at  Dumfries,  Scotland,  and  viola- 
player  in  a  quartet  with  A.  C.  Mackenzie.  After 
2  terms  in  Leipzig  Univ.  (1S77),  and  travels  in 
Italy,  he  won  a  position  in  London  as  critic 
for  the  "Monthly  Mus.  Record"  and  "  Mus. 
Times"  ;  in  1S91,  app.  Ried  Prof,  of  music  in 
Edinburgh  Univ.  (his  inaugural  lecture  on 
"  Mus.  Fducation  and  Culture  "  was  publ.).  By 
his  lectures  and  literary  work  he  has  risen  to  a 
high  place  in  musical  circles. — Works:  "Dic- 
tionary of  Musical  Terms "  (2nd  ed.  1SS4)  ; 
"Frederic  Chopin  as  a  Man  and  a  Musician" 
(18S8  ;  German  ed.  1889  ;  an  impartial  and  valu- 
able work)  ;  and  a  monograph  on  the  history  of 
the  accidentals,  "The  Flat,  Sharp,  and  Natural" 
(iSgo  ;  in  Proceedings  of  the  Mus.  Assoc). 

Nie'den,  zur.     See  Zur  Nieden. 

Nie'dermeyer,  Louis,  b.  Nyon,  Switzerland, 
Apr.  27,  1S02  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  14,  1861.  Pupil 
in  Vienna  of  Moscheles  (pf . )  and  Forster  (comp.) ; 
in  1 8 19,  of  Fioravanti  in  Rome,  and  Zingarelli 
in  Naples,  where  he  was  intimate  with  Rossini, 
and  prod,  the  opera  II Reo per  amore  (1821) ;  lived 
in  Geneva  as  an  admired  song-composer;  and 
settled  in  Paris  in  1S23.  Brought  out  4  unsuc- 
cessful operas  {la  Casa  nel  bosco,  Th.  Italien, 
1828  ;  Stradella,  Opera,  1837  ;  Maria  Stuart, 
Opera,  1S44 ;  and  Lafronde,  Opera,  1853).  He 
then  bent  his  energies  to  sacred  composition,  and 
reorganized  Choron's  institute  for  church-music 
as  the  "  Ecole  Niedermeyer,"  now  a  flourishing 
institution  with  government  subvention  ;  he  also 
founded  (with  d'Ortigue)  a  journal  for  church- 
music,  "  La  Maitrise  "  ;  and  publ.  with  him  a 
"  Methode  d'accompagnement  du  plain-chant" 
(1855  ;  2nd  ed.  1876).  His  masses,  motets, 
hymns,  etc.,  were  well  received;  his  romances 
(Le  lac  ;  Le  soir  ;  La  mer  ;  L'automne  ;  etc.) 
are  widely  known;  he  also  publ.  organ-preludes, 
pf. -pieces,  etc.  His  bust  in  bronze  is  in  the 
foyer  of  the  Grand  Opera. 

Niedt,  Friedrich  Erhardt,  writer  on  music, 
was  a  notary  at  Jena,  and  died  at  Copenhagen  in 
1717. — Works:  "  Musikalische  Handleitung  " 
(method  of  comp.,  in  3  parts,  1700-1717,  the 
last  edited  by  Mattheson)  ;  and  "  Musikalisches 
ABC  zum  Nutzen  der  Lehrer  und  Lernenden  " 
(170S). 

Nie'mann,  Albert,  renowned  dram,  tenor; 
b.  Erxleben,  n.  Magdeburg,  Jan.  15,  1S31.      En- 


dowed with  a  good  natural  voice,  he  appeared 
at  Dessau  (1849,)  in  minor  roles,  and  sang  in  the 
chorus  ;  he  was  then  taken  in  hand  by  F.  Schnei- 
der and  the  baritone  Nusch  ;  after  this  training, 
he  sang  at  Hanover,  then  went  to  study  under 
Duprez  at  Paris,  sang  with  good  fortune  at 
Halle  and  other  towns,  and  was  eng.  at  Hanover 
as  dram,  tenor  1860-6,  since  then  at  the  court 
opera  in  Berlin.  Wagner  eng.  him  to  create 
the  roles  of  Tannhauser  at  Paris,  1861,  and  Sieg- 
mund  at  Bayreuth,  1876.  A  grand  actor,  and 
an  admirable  interpreter  of  dramatic  roles  (Tann- 
hauser, Lohengrin,  Siegmund,  Tristan,  Prophet, 
etc.).     He  retired  in  18S9. 

Nie'mann,  Rudolf  (Friedrich),  b.  Wessel- 
buren,  Holstein,  Dec.  4,  183S  ;  d.  Wiesbaden, 
May  3,  1898.  Pupil  at  Leipzig  Cons.  (1853-6) 
of  Moscheles,  Plaidy,  and  Rietz  ;  then  at  the 
Paris  Cons,  of  Marmontel  (pf.),  and  Halevy 
(comp.);  later  of  Billow  and  Kiel  at  Berlin.  As 
accompanist  to  Wilhelmj,  he  toured  Germany, 
Russia,  and  England  (1S73-7);  lived  for  years 
in  Hamburg;  since  1SS3  at  Wiesbaden.  Piano- 
pieces  (Gavotte,  op.  10),  a  violin-sonata,  op.  iS, 
and  songs,  are  his  chief  works. 

Nie'tzsche,  Friedrich,  the  philosopher  ;  b. 
Rocken,  n.  Llitzen,  Oct.  15,  1S44.  Prof,  of 
classical  philology  at  the  Univ.  of  Basel  1869-79, 
retiring  on  account  of  impaired  eyesight.  At  first 
a  warm  partisan  of  Wagner,  he  publ.  "  Die 
Geburt  der  Tragodie  aus  dem  Geiste  der  Musik  " 
(1S72  ;  2nd  ed.  1874),  and  "  Richard  Wagner  in 
Bayreuth  "  (1S76)  ;  the  first,  especially,  is  fantas- 
tic in  its  enthusiasm.  In  "  Der  Fall  Wagner  " 
(iSSS)  he  as  sharply  opposes  the  former  demi- 
god ;  later  his  intellect  became  wholly  unbal- 
anced. His  unique  philosophical  writings  con- 
tain much  to  interest  musicians. 

Nig'gli,  Arnold,  b.  Aarburg,  Switzerland, 
Dec.  20,  1843.  Studied  law  at  Heidelberg, 
Zurich,  and  Berlin.  Since  1875,  secretary  to  the 
town  council  at  Aarau.  A  diligent  student  of 
mus.  history,  he  publ.,  as  a  "  Sammlung  musi- 
kalischer  Vortrage  "  (Leipzig),  monographs  on 
Chopin,  Schubert,  Faustina  Hasse,  Gertrud 
Elisabeth  Mara,  Paganini,  and  Meyerbeer  ;  also 
on  Schumann  and  Haydn  in  a  coll.  of  lectures 
given  in  Switzerland  (Basel)  ;  a  biography  of 
Jensen  ;  a  valuable  work,  "  Die  Schweizerische 
Musikgesellschaft  :  eine  musik-  und  kulturge- 
schichtliche  Studie"  (18S6)  ;  and  a  "  Geschichte 
des  Eidgenossischen  Sangervereins,  1842-92." 
He  is  an  esteemed  contributor  to  various  mus. 
periodicals. 

Nik'isch,  Arthur,  b.  Szent  Miklos,  Hungary, 
Oct.  12,  1855.  His  father  was  head-bookkeeper 
to  Prince  Liechtenstein.  N.  attended  the  Vi- 
enna Cons.,  studying  with  Dessoff  (comp.),  and 
Hellmesberger  (violin),  graduating  in  1874  with 
prizes  for  violin-playing,  and  for  a  string-sextet. 
He  was  at  first  eng.  as  a  violinist  in  the  court 
orch.;  then  by  Angelo  Neumann  as  2nd  cond.  in 
the  Leipzig  Th.  (he  began  by  conducting  ope- 
rettas in  the  Old  Theatre,  without  score),  later 


421 


NIKITA— NISSEN 


being  placed  on  an  equality  with  Seidl  and  Sucher. 
From  1SS2-9  he  was  1st  Kapellm.  under  Sta- 
gemann's  manage- 
ment ;  then  (1SS9- 
93)  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  as 
cond.  of  the  1!<  >ston 
(Mass.)  Symphony 
Orch.  From  1S93- 
95  he  was  Director 
of  the  Royal  Opera 
in  Pesth,  and  con- 
ducted the  Philhar- 
monic Concerts 
there;  since  1895, 
cond.  of  the  Ge- 
wandhaus  Con- 
certs, Leipzig,  succeeding  Reinecke,  and  of  the 
Philharm.  Concerts,  Berlin.  He  conducts  the 
most  intricate  orch.l  music  without  score. 

Niki'ta,  stage-name  of  Louisa  Margaret 
Nicholson,  dramatic  soprano  and  coloratura 
singer  ;  b.  Philadelphia,  Aug.  iS,  1S72.  Pupil 
for  a  time  of  M.  Le  Roy  in  Washington  ;  sang 
in  various  cities  (Boston,  New  York)  with  a 
travelling  opera-troupe,  then  studied  with  Mau- 
rice Strakosch  in  Paris,  and  sang  in  concerts 
(also  in  Berlin,  Oct.  12  ;  Leipzig,  Nov.  25,  1887  ; 
and  again  in  Germany,  1890)  with  much  success. 
In  1894  she  was  eng.  at  the  Paris  Opera  as 
"prima  donna  soprano." — Sings  leading  roles 
in  Lakme,  Fille  du  regiment,  Manon,  Barbiere, 
Traviafa,  Pecheurs de perles,  Pagli a cci (Nedda). 

Niko'machus,  called  Gerasenus  after  Gerasa 
in  Syria,  his  birthplace.  Greek  writer  on  music 
of  the  2nd  century  A. D.  ;  treatise  "  Harmonices 
Enchiridion,"  printed  1616  by  Meursius,  and 
1652  by  Meibom. 

NiFsson,  Christine,  brilliant  stage-soprano  ; 
b.  on  the  estate  Sjoabel,  n.  Wexio,  Sweden, 
Aug.  20,  1S43.  Her  teachers  were  Baroness 
Leuhausen,  and  F.  Berwald  at  Stockholm  ;  with 
him  she  continued  study  in  Paris,  and  in  1864 
made  her  debut  (as  Violetta  in  La  Traviatd)  at 
the  Th.-Lyrique,  where  she  was  eng.  for  3  years. 
After  successful  visits  to  London,  she  was  eng. 
1868-70  at  the  Paris  Opera  ;  then  made  long 
tours  with  Strakosch  in  America  (1870-2),  and 
sang  in  the  principal  Continental  cities.  In 
1S72  she  married  Auguste  Rouzaud  (d.  18S2)  ; 
her  second  husband  (1S87)  is  Count  Casa  di 
Miranda.  N.  is  still  a  welcome  guest  at  the 
European  capitals.  She  revisited  America  in 
the  winters  of  1873,  '74,  and  '84.  At  London  she 
created  Edith  in  Balfe's  Talismano  (1874),  and 
Elsa  in  Lohengrin  (1875).  Her  voice  is  not 
powerful,  but  sweet,  brilliant,  and  even  ;  com- 
pass about  l\  octaves.  She  excels  as  Marguerite 
and  Mignon. 

Ni'ni,  Alessandro,  b.  Fano,  Romagna,  Nov. 
1,  1805  ;  d.  Bergamo,  Dec.  27,  1880.  Pupil  of 
Palmerini  at  Bologna;  from  1S30-7,  Director  of 
the  School  of  Singing  at  St.  Petersburg  ;  from 


1 .843,  m.  di  ccipp.  at  Bergamo  Cath. — Works: 
The  operas  Ida  della  Torre  (1837),  La  Mare- 
scialla  d'Ancre (1839),  Cristinadi  Svezia (1840), 
Margherita  di  York  (1S41),  Odalisa  (1842), 
Virginia  (1S43),  and  //  Corsaro  (1847)  ;  also 
church-music  (masses,  requiems,  ]  salms,  a  fine 
Miserere  a  cappella,  etc.). 

Nisard,  Theodore,  pen-name  of  Abbe 
Theodule-£leazar  -  Xavier  Normand,  b. 
Quaregnon,  n.  Mons,  Jan.  27,  1812.  He  was  a 
chorister  at  Cambrai,  and  also  studied  music  in 
Douay  ;  attended  the  priests'  seminary  at  Tour- 
nay  ;  and  in  1839  was  app.  director  of  Enghien 
Gymnasium,  occupying  his  leisure  with  the 
study  of  church-music.  In  1S42  he  became 
2nd  chef  de  chant  and  organist  at  St. -Germain, 
Paris  ;  but  soon  devoted  himself  wholly  to  liter- 
ary work. — Publ.  "  Manuel  des  organistes  de  la 
campagne  "  (1840) ;  "  Le  bon  Menestrel  "  (1840  ; 
songs  for  church-seminaries)  ;  "  Le  plain-chant 
Parisien  "  (1846)  ;  a  rev.  ed.  of  Jumilhac's  "  La 
science  et  la  pratique  du  plain-chant "  (1S47  ;  w. 
Le  Clercq)  ;  "  De  la  notation  proportioned  au 
moyenage  "  (1847);  "  Diet,  liturgique,  historique 
et  pratique  du  plain-chant  et  de  musique  d'eglise 
au  moyen  age  et  dans  les  temps  modernes " 
(1854;  w.  d'Ortigue)  ;  "  Methode  de  plain-chant 
pour  les  ecoles  primaires"  (1855),  "Etudes  sur 
la  restauration  du  chant  gregorien  au  XIXe 
siecle  "  (1856);  "  Du  rhythme  dans  le  plain- 
chant"  (1856);  "Methode  populaire  de  plain- 
chant  romain  et  petit  traile  de  psalmodie " 
(J857)  ;  "  L'accompagnement  du  plain-chant  sur 
l'orgue  .  .  ."  (i860)  ;  "  Les  vrais  principes  de 
l'accompagnement  du  plain-chant  sur  l'orgue 
d'apres  des  maitres  du  XVa  et  XVIe  siecles " 
(i860)  ;  monographs  on  Franco  of  Cologne 
(1S56,  in  the  "  Revue  de  mus.  anc.  et  mod."), 
Odo  de  Clugny,  Palestrina,  Lully,  Rameau, 
Abbe  Vogler,  Pergolesi,  et  a  I. — N.  discovered 
the  Antiphonary  of  Montpellier  (neumes  and 
Latin  letter-notation  from  A  to  P). 

Nis'sen,  Georg  Nicolaus  von,  Danish 
Councillor  of  State  ;  b.  Hardensleben,  Den- 
mark, Jan.  22,  1761  ;  d.  Salzburg,  Mar.  24, 
1826.  He  married  the  widow  of  Mozart  in 
1S09,  and  collected  materials  for  a  biography  of 
M.,  publ.  by  his  widow  in  1828  as  "  Biographie 
W.  A.  Mozarts  nach  Originalbriefen." 

Nis'sen  [Nissen-Saloman],  Henriette,  b. 
Gothenburg,  Sweden,  Mar.  12,  1819  ;  d.  Harz- 
burg,  Aug.  27,  1879.  Pupil  (1839)  of  Chopin 
(pf.)  and  Manuel  Garcia  (singing)  at  Paris. 
Debut  at  the  Italian  Opera  as  Adalgisa  {Norma), 
1843,  led  to  immediate  engagement.  Toured 
Italy,  Russia,  Norway,  Sweden,  and  England 
(1845-S)  ;  in  Leipzig  (1849-50  and  1853)  she 
sang  at  most  of  the  Gewandhaus  Concerts,  and 
at  Berlin  rivalled  Jenny  Lind  in  popularity. 
Married  Siegfried  Saloman  in  1850  ;  after  fur- 
ther tours,  became  teacher  of  singing  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  Cons.  (1859). — Eter  Vocal  Method 
was  publ.  in  German,  French,  and  Russian,  in 
1SS1. 


422 


NISSEN— NOSZLER 


Nis'sen,  Erica.     See  Lie. 

Nivers,  Guillaume- Gabriel,  born  near 
Melun,  1617  ;  still  living  in  1701.  In  1640, 
org.  of  St.-Sulpice  ;  1642,  singer  in  the  Royal 
Chapel  ;  1667,  org.  to  the  King,  later  music- 
teacher  to  the  Queen. — Publ.  "  La  Gamine  du 
si  ;  Nouvelle  Methode  pour  apprendre  a  chanter 
sans  muances  "  (1646  ;  4th  ed.  1696  ;  influential 
against  solmisation)  ;  "  Methode  pour  apprendre 
le  plain-chant  de  l'eglise  "  (1667)  ;  "  Traite  de 
la  composition  de  musique  "  (1667)  ;  "  Disserta- 
tion sur  le  chant  gregorien"  (1683)  ;  a  "  Gradu- 
ale  romanum  "  and  an  "  Antiphonarium  roma- 
num  "  (both  1658)  ;  a  book  of  100  original  organ- 
pieces  (1665),  followed  by  two  others  (1671,  '75)  ; 
etc. 

Nob,  Victorine.     See  Stoltz. 

Nohl,  (Karl  Friedrich)  Ludwig,  b.  Iser- 
lohn,  Dec.  5,  1S31  ;  d.  Heidelberg,  Dec.  16, 
1885.  Studied  jurisprudence  at  Bonn  (1S50), 
Heidelberg,  and  Berlin  ;  and  entered  the  legal 
career  against  his  own  desire,  to  please  his  father. 
In  music  he  was  instructed  by  Dehn,  later 
(1857)  by  Kiel,  in  Berlin,  then  having  embraced 
music  as  his  profession.  Lecturer  at  Heidel- 
berg, 1S60  ;  honorary  prof,  at  Munich,  1S65-S  ; 
retired  to  Badenweiler  till  1872,  when  he  settled 
in  Heidelberg  as  a  private  lecturer,  becoming 
prof,  in  1SS0  (the  Univ.  had  created  him  Dr. 
phi  I.  in  1S60). — Works  (most  also  in  English)  : 
"  Beethovens  Leben"  (in  3  vol.s,  1864-77); 
"  Briefe  Beethovens"  (1865)  ;  "  Mozarts  Briefe" 
(1865;  2nd  ed.  1S77);  "Neue  Briefe  Beetho- 
vens" (1867);  "  Musikerbriefe  "  (1867) ;  "Mo- 
zarts Leben"  (2nd  ed.  1S76)  ;  "Beethoven, 
Liszt,  Wagner"  (1874)  !  "  Beethoven  nach  den 
Schilderungen  seiner  Zeitgenossen "  (1880)  ; 
etc. 

Nohr,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Langensalza, 
Thuringia,  Oct.  7,  1S00  ;  d.  Meiningen,  Oct.  5, 

1875.  Pupil  of  Spohr,  Hauptraann,  and  Um- 
breit.  After  successful  tours,  Concertmeister 
(1830)  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Meiningen. — Works  : 
The  operas  Der  Alpenhirt,  Liebeszauber,  Die 
wunderbaren  Lichter,  and  Der  vierjahrige  Pos- 
tal (Meiningen,  1S51)  ;  oratorios  Martin  Luther ; 
Frauenlob,  and  Helvetia ;  orchestral  pieces, 
quintets,  quartets,  violin-pieces  (many  publ.), 
songs. 

Norblin,  Louis-Pierre-Martin,  noted  'cell- 
ist;  b.  Warsaw,  Dec.  2,  17S1  ;  d.  Chateau  Con- 
nantre,  Marne,  July  14,  1854.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons.;  1811-41,  1st 'cello  at  the  Opera;  1S26- 
46,  'cello-prof,  at  Cons. — His  son  Emile  (1821- 
1SS0)  was  also  a  fine  'cellist. 

Nordica,  Lillian  (stage-name  of  Mme.  Lil- 
lian Norton  [-Gower]  -Doeme),  distinguished 
operatic  soprano  ;  b.  Farmington,  Me.,  1859. 
St.  with  John  O'Neill  and  in  N.  E.  Cons., 
Boston  ;     made    her    concert-debut    in    Boston, 

1876.  In  1878  she  travelled  in  Europe  with 
Gilmore's  Band,  as  soloist.  She  then  st.  ope- 
ratic roles  with  San  Giovanni  in  Milan,  making 


her  operatic  debut  at  Brescia  in  La  Traviata, 
and  sang  with  success  in  Genoa,  St.  Petersburg 
(where  the  assassination  of  the  Czar  in  1881  cut 
short  her  engagement),  Danzig,  Konigsberg,  and 
Berlin.  In  1881  she  made  her  first  appearance 
in  Paris  as  Marguerite  at  the  Gr.  Opera.  In 
1882  she  married  Frederick  A.  Gower;  in  18S5 
proceedings  begun  by  her  for  a  separation  were 
suspended  on  account  of  his  mysterious  disap- 
pearance in  a  balloon.  She  did  not  sing  in  public 
again  till  1887,  then  appearing  at  Covent  Garden 
Th. ,  London.  She  first  sang  in  opera  in  America 
at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York, 
1893.  Since  then  she  has  appeared  frequently 
in  opera,  oratorio,  and  concert  in  the  U.  S.  and 
England.  In  1896  Mme.  Nordica  married  Zol- 
tan  F.  Doeme,  a  Hungarian  singer.  Besides 
the  roles  mentioned  she  has  had  great  success  in 
Aida,  Les  Huguenots,  and  in  Wagnerian  parts, 
especially  Elsa,  Isolde,  and  Bri'innhilde. 

Normand.     See  Nisard,  Theodore. 

Nor'man(n),  Ludwig,  b.  Stockholm,  Aug. 
28,  1831  ;  d.  there  Mar.  25,  1884.  Under  the 
patronage  of  Prince  (now  King)  Oscar,  Jenny 
Lind,  and  Lindblad,  he  was  sent  to  Leipzig 
Cons.  (Moscheles,  Hauptmann,  Rietz)  1848-52  ; 
returning  to  Stockholm,  he  became  (1859)  cond. 
of  the  new  Philharm  Soc,  in  1861  prof,  of 
comp.  in  the  R.  Swedish  Acad.,  and  cond.  of 
the  Opera  ;  also  Pres.  of  the  Mus.  Acad. ;  re- 
tired in  1S79.  Married  the  violinist  Wilma 
Neruda  in  1864. — Works  :  A  Concertstuck  f.  pf. 
w.  orch.,  op.  54;  pf. -quartet,  op.  10;  pf.-trio, 
op.  4  ;  violin-sonata,  op.  3  ;  'cello-sonata,  op. 
28  ;  viola-sonata,  op.  32  ;  pf. -pieces  f.  2  and  4 
hands  ;  30  well-written  arrangements  of  Swedish 
melodies,  f.  pf . ;  etc. 

Norton,  Lillian  B.     See  Nordica. 

Noszkow'ski  [-kov-],  Sigismund,  [Zyg- 
munt  von,]  b.  Warsaw,  May  2,  1S48.  Pupil  of 
the  Warsaw  Mus.  Inst.,  1S64-7.  After  his  in- 
vention of  a  mus.  notation  for  the  blind,  the 
Mus.  Soc.  sent  him  (1S73)  to  study  under  Kiel 
and  Raif  at  Berlin.  1876,  cond.  of  the  Bodau 
Society,  Constance  ;  iSSr,  director  of  the  Mus. 
Soc.  at  Warsaw,  and  (18SS)  prof,  at  the  Cons, 
there. — Works  :  The  opera  Livia  (Lemberg, 
189S  ;  succ.) ;  symphonies  ;  ballet-music  ;  over- 
ture "  Das  Meerauge  ";  string-quartet;  pf. -music 
(op.  24,  Impressions  ;  op.  27,  Images  ;  op.  31, 
Chansons  et  danses  cracoviennes  ;  op.  36,  Mo- 
ments melodiques  ; — for  4  hands,  op.  33,  Melo- 
dies rutheniennes  ;  op.  38,  Danses  masoviennes) ; 
etc. 

Nosz'ler,  Karl  Eduard,  b.  Reichenbach, 
Saxony,  Mar.  26,  1S63.  Pupil  1SS2-5  of  Rei- 
necke,  Papperitz,  Paul,  Piutti,  etc.,  at  Leipzig 
Cons.;  1885-7,  Kapellm.  at  Bremen  City  Th. ; 
1888-93,  organist  at  the  Frauenkirche  there,  and 
since  1887  cond.  of  the  Male  Choral  Union;  also, 
since  1893,  successor  of  Reinthaler  as  org.  and 
dir.  at  Bremen  Cath.,  and  cond.  since  1S96  of 
the  Neue  Singakademie. — Works:  A  "Marchen- 


423 


NOTKER— OAK  E  LEY 


spiel  "  Dornroschen  (Bremen)  ;  symphony  in  A 
niin.;  "  Lustspiel-Ouverture  "  ;  "Des  Rhein- 
stroms  Schirmherr,"  patriotic  hymn  for  Janissary 
music  ;  male  and  mixed  choruses  ;  a  score  of 
songs  ;  also  pf. -music. 

Not'ker (called  Balbulus,  "the  stammerer"), 
monk  at  St.  Gallen  ;  b.  840;  d.  912;  known 
from  his  sequences,  some  (e.  g.,  "  Media  in  vita 
in  morte  sumus  ")  still  extant,  and  reproduced 
in  Schubiger's  "  Die  Sangerschule  von  St.  ('.al- 
ien "  (1858).  Gerbert  gives  (in  "  Scriptores," 
vol.  i)  4  treatises  by  N.  (or  by  Notker  Labeo  ?) : 
"  Deocto  tonis,"  "  De  tetrachordis  ";  "  De  octo 
modis,"  and  "De  mensura  fistularum  organica- 
rum";  Riemann  (in  "  Studien  z.  Gesch.  d.  No- 
tenschrift ")  prints  another,  on  the  division  of 
the  monochord,  and  also  Nos.  1  and  4  above. 

Not/tebohm,  Martin  Gustav,  b.  Li'iden- 
scheid,  Westphalia,  Nov.  12,  1817  ;  d.  Graz, 
Oct.  31,  1882.  Pupil  of  Berger  and  Dehn  at 
Berlin,  1S28-9  ;  of  Schumann  and  Mendelssohn 
at  Leipzig,  1S40;  and  1846  of  Sechter  at  Vienna, 
where  he  settled  as  a  music-teacher  and  writer 
(a  Beethoven  specialist). — Works :  "  Ein  Skizzen- 
buch  von  Beethoven  "  (1 865) ;  ' '  Thematisches  Ver- 
zeichniss  der  im  Druck  erschienenen  Werke  von 
Beethoven"  (1S68);  "  Beethoveniana"  (2  vol.s, 
1372,  1887);  "  Beethovens  Studien"  (vol.  i,  1873; 
B.'s  exercises,  etc.,  under  Haydn,  Albrechts- 
berger,  and  Salieri,  after  the  orig.  MSS.)  ; 
"  Thematisches  Verzeichniss  der  im  Druck  er- 
schienenen Werke  Eranz  Schuberts"  (1874); 
"  Neue  Beethoveniana"  (in  the  "  Musikal. 
Wochenblatt"  for  1S75,  etc.);  "  Mozartiana  " 
(18S0)  ;  "Ein  Skizzenbuch  von  Beethoven  aus 
dem  Jahre  1S03  "  (1S80). — Comp.s  unimportant. 
Nourrit,  Adolphe,  celebrated  dramatic  tenor  ; 
b.  Paris,  Mar.  3,  1802  ;  d.  Naples,  Mar.  8, 
1839.  Trained  by  Garcia,  who  persuaded  his 
father  to  let  him  become  a  singer,  his  debut  at 
the  Grand  Opera  (1821),  as  Pylades  in  Gluck's 
Iphighiie  en  Tauride,  was  successful.  In  1825 
he  succeeded  his  father  (Louis  N.,  1780-1831) 
as  leading  tenor  ;  he  resigned  in  1837  because 
Duprez  was  associated  with  him  for  the  interpre- 
tation of  principal  roles.  This  fancied  slight  so 
preyed  upon  his  spirits  that,  in  spite  of  warm 
receptions  on  a  tour  through  Belgium,  southern 
France,  and  Italy,  he  threw  himself  out  of  a 
window  after  singing  at  a  benefit-concert  in 
Naples.  He  was  an  exceptionally  endowed 
singer,  an  excellent  teacher  (in  the  Paris  Cons, 
for  ten  years),  and  a  comp.  of  talent  (ballets  La 
SylpJdde,  La  Tempite,  Le  diable  boiteux,  I' He 
des  pirates,  etc.,  written  for  the  Taglioni  and 
Fanny  Elssler).  The  roles  of  Robert,  Mas- 
saniello,  Arnold,  Eleazar,  Raoul,  and  many 
others,  were  written  expressly  for  Nourrit. 

Novakov'ski  [Nowakowski],  Jozef,  b. 
Mniszck,  Poland,  1805;  d.  Warsaw,  1865.  Dis- 
tinguished pianist,  pupil  of  Wi'irfel  and  Eisner 
at  the  Warsaw  Cons. ;  after  long  pianistic  travels, 
prof,  at  the  Alexandra  Inst.,  Warsaw. — Works 
(about  60  publ.)  :  An  overture,  quintets,  quar- 


tets, etc.,  and,  for  pf. ,  12  grandes  etudes,  op. 
25  ;  Grande  Polonaise  pathetique,  op.  14  ; 
Mazurkas,  op.  19  and  26  ;  a  Method  f.  pf . ;  etc. 
Novel'lo,  Vincent,  b.  London,  Sept.  6,  1781  ; 
d.  Nice,  Oct.  9,  1861.  He  was  chorister  in  the 
Sardinian  Chapel,  Duke  St.,  under  Webbe  ;  later 
deputy-organist  to  Webbe  and  Danby,  and  1797- 
1822  organist  at  the  chapel  of  the  Portuguese 
Embassy.  Pianist  to  the  Italian  Opera,  1812  ; 
co-founder  of  the  Philharm.  Soc,  sometimes 
conducting  its  concerts  ;  1840-3,  organist  at  the 
R.  C.  Chapel,  Moorfields.  Retired  to  Nice  in 
1849.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  great  London 
music-publishing  firm  of  Novello  &  Co.  (now 
Novello,  Ewer  &  Co.)  in  181 1.  Himself  a  com- 
poser of  sacred  music  (masses,  motets,  anthems, 
Kyries,  etc.),  he  also  gathered  together  and  publ. 
excellent  collections:  "  A  Collection  of  Sacred 
Music"  (1811,  2  vol.s)  ;  "  Purcell's  Sacred  Mu- 
sic" (1829;  5  vol.s);  "Croft's  Anthems"; 
"Greene's  Anthems";  "  Boyce's  Anthems"; 
masses  by  Haydn,  Mozart,  Beethoven  ;  etc. — 
His  daughter  Clara  Anastasia,  b.  London, 
June  19,  1818,  was  an  excellent  soprano  singer 
in  oratorio  and  concert  (retired  i860).  She  mar- 
ried Count  Gigliucci  in  1S43. 

Novel'lo,  Joseph  Alfred,  son  of  Vincent  N.; 
b.  London,  1S10;  d.  Genoa,  July  17,  1S96. 
Bass  singer,  organist,  composer  ;  choirmaster  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel.  Entered  his  father's 
business  at  19.  Inaugurated  an  important  in- 
novation, the  printing  of  separate  vocal  parts 
for  choir  use  ;  did  much  to  popularize  classic 
music  in  England  by  publ.  cheap  oratorio-scores. 
Retired  in  1856. 

Noverre,  Jean-Georges,  the  introducer  of 
dramatic  action  into  the  ballet  (ballet-panto- 
mime) ;  b.  Paris,  April  29,  1727  ;  d.  St.  Ger- 
main, Nov.  19,  1S10.  Solo  dancer  at  Berlin  ; 
ballet-master  at  the  Ope'ra-Com.,  Paris,  1749; 
at  London,  1755  ;  at  Lyons,  Stuttgart,  Vienna, 
Milan,  and  (1776-80)  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris. 
— Publ.  "  Lettres  sur  la  danse  et  les  ballets" 
(1760,  several  editions). 

Nowakowski.     See  Novakovski. 

Nuceus.     See  Gaucquier. 

Nux,  Paul  Veronge  de  la,  b.  Fontainebleau, 
June  29,  1853.  Pupil  of  F.  Bazin  in  Paris 
Cons.;  2nd  "Premier  grand  prix"  in  1876. — 
Works  :  The  2-act  grand  opera  Zaire  (Ope'ra, 
1889;  mod.  succ;  Stuttgart,  1895;  succ.)  ; 
music-drama  Labdacides  (not  perf.)  ;  incid.  mu- 
sic to  Isora  (drama  by  Aderer)  ;  pf.-music  ;  etc. 


Oakeley,  Sir  Herbert  Stanley,  English  com- 
poser ;  b.  Ealing,  Middlesex,  July  22,  1830. 
While  at  Oxford,  he  studied  harmony  under  El- 
vey  ;  later  attended  the  Leipzig  Cons.  (Mo- 
scheles,  Plaidy,  Papperitz)  ;  and  took  organ- 
lessons  of  Schneider  in  Dresden  ;  finishing  with 


424 


OBERTHUR— OEGLIN 


Breidenstein  at  Bonn.  1865-91,  Ried  Prof,  of 
Music  at  Edinburgh  Univ.,  succeeding  Donald- 
son. He  soon  became  a  power  in  musical  cir- 
cles ;  the  annual  Ried  Concert  developed  into  a 
3-days'  Festival  ;  the  concerts  of  the  Univ.  Mus. 
Soc,  and  his  own  regular  organ-recitals,  had  a 
wide-spread  educational  influence  ;  and  his  suc- 
cessful exertions  were  acknowledged  by  the  be- 
stowal of  numerous  high  distinctions  ;  he  was 
knighted  in  1S76  ;  Mus.  Doc,  Cantuar.,  1S71  ; 
Mus.  Doc,  Cantab.,  1871  ;  Mus.  Doc,  Oxon., 
1879;  LL.D.,  Aberdeen,  1881  ;  D.  C.  L.,  To- 
ronto, 18S6;  Mus.  Doc,  Dublin,  1S87  ;  of  St. 
Andrews,  18S8  ;  of  Adelaide,  1889;  LL.D., 
Edinburgh,  iS9i,and  Emeritus  Professor,  1892. 
He  is  Composer  to  the  Queen,  in  Scotland,  and, 
since  1SS7,  Pres.  of  the  Cheltenham  Mus.  Festi- 
val.— Publ.  works  :  A  cantata  "Jubilee  Lyric," 
for  the  Chelt.  Fest.;  a  Festival  March,  and  a 
Funeral  March  (op.  23),  f.  orch.;  a  Morning  and 
Evening  Service,  and  various  anthems  ;  a  sonata 
(op.  20),  a  Rondo  capriccioso,  a  Romance  (op. 
21),  3  other  romances,  f.  pf . ;  and  12  Scottish 
Nat.l  Melodies,  arr.  for  chorus  (op.  18)  ;  12 
part-songs  f.  mixed  ch.  (op.  25)  ;  6  part-songs 
f.  male  voices  (op.  17)  ;  an  Album  of  26  songs 
(dedicated  to  the  Queen)  ;  3  duets  w.  German 
words  (op.  8);  etc.  His  orch.l  "Suite  in  the 
olden  style"  was  prod,  at  the  Chelt.  Fest.  in 
1893  ;  and  a  "  Pastorale"  f.  orch.  at  Manches- 
ter, 1891. 

O'berthiir,  Karl,  b.  Munich,  Mar.  4,  1S19 ; 
d.  London,  Nov.  8,  1895.  Harpist  ;  pupil  of 
Elise  Brauchle  and  G.  V.  Roder,  at  Munich  ; 
harp-player  in  theatres  at  Zurich  (1S37-9),  Wies- 
baden, Mannheim,  H.  M.'s  Th.  in  London 
(1S44).  Composer,  teacher,  and  player  of  Eu- 
ropean celebrity  ;  many  tours  on  the  Continent. 
— Works  :  2  operas,  Floris  von  Namur  (Wies- 
baden, 1840?),  and  Der  Berggeist  des  Harzes 
(ibid.,  1850?);  3  cantatas,  The  Pilgrim  Queen 
(f.  treble  voices),  The  Red  Cross  Knight  (female 
voices),  and  Lady  Jane  Grey;  2  overtures, 
"  Macbeth,"  and  "Rubezahl";  symphonic  le- 
gend "Loreley";  grand  mass  "St.  Philip  di  Neri" 
(w.  harp)  ;  concertino  f.  harp  and  orch.,  op.  175  ; 
orch.l  prelude  "Shakespeare";  nocturne  f.  3 
harps;  2  trios  f.  harp,  vln.,  and  'cello;  very 
many  elegant  soli  f .  harp  (Elegy  ;  Pensees  musi- 
cales  ;  Reveil  des  elfes  ;  "  Miranda";  Le  sylphe  ; 
etc.)  ;  also  pf. -pieces,  part-songs,  and  songs. 

Obin,  Louis-Henri,  dram,  basso  cantante  ; 
b.  Ascq,  n.  Lille,  Aug.  4,  1820;  d.  Paris,  Nov. 
n,  1895.  Debut  Paris  (Opera,  1844);  sang  in 
provinces  till  1850  ;  then  at  the  Opera  till  1869. 
Retired  1S71.  Succeeded  Levasseur  as  prof .  of 
singing  at  the  Cons.  (1S71-91). — Roles  :  Moi'se, 
Leporello,  etc. 

O'brecht.     See  Hobrecht. 

O'Carolan,  Turlogh,  one  of  the  last  Irish 
bards  ;  b.  Newtown,  Meath,  1670  ;  d.  Roscom- 
mon, Mar.  25,  1738.  Blind  from  16,  he  wan- 
dered through  Ireland  after  1691,  singing  to  the 
harp  national  ballads  of  his  own  conception  (a 


coll.  was  publ.  1747;  republ.  17S5  as  "A 
Favourite  Collection     .     .     ."). 

Ochs,  Traugott,  b.  Altenfeld,  Schw.-Son- 
dersh.,Oct.  19,  1S54.  Pupil  of  Stade,  Erdmanns- 
dorfer,  Kiel,  and  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music  ; 
1SS3,  org.  at  Wismar,  1889  also  cond.  of  the 
Singakademie  ;  later  in  Guben  ;  from  autumn  of 
1S99,  artistic  director  of  the  Mus.  Union  and  the 
Music-School  at  Brtinn. — Works  :  "  Deutsches 
Aufgebot  "  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  requiem,  part- 
songs,  Method  f.  male  voices,  organ-music 

Ochs,  Siegfried,  b.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Apr. 
19,  1S5S.  Student  of  medicine  and  chemistry, 
but  finally  devoted  himself  to  music  ;  attended 
the  R.  Hochschule  filr  Musik  at  Berlin,  then 
studied  with  Kiel  and  Urban,  and  profited  chiefly 
by  long  personal  intercourse  with  von  Biilow. 
O.  was  at  this  time  cond.  of  a  comparatively  ob- 
scure choral  union,  the  "  Philharmonischer 
Chor,"  which  Billow  utilized  in  numerous  per- 
formances, thus  attracting  public  attention.  It 
is  now  (1S99)  the  largest  singing-society  in 
Berlin  ;  does  good  work  by  prod,  unknown 
comp.s  by  contemporary  composers  (Bruckner, 
Tinel,  Hugo  Wolf,  Hans  Koessler,  Arnold 
Mendelssohn,  etc.).  O.  also  gives  singing-les- 
sons, and  contributes  to  mus.  papers. — Works  : 
Text  and  music  of  the  3-act  comic  opera  I  in 
Natnen  des  Geseizes  (Hamburg,  1888  ;  succ.)  ;  2 
operettas  ;  duets  f.  sopr.  and  alto  ;  male  cho- 
ruses, vocal  canons,  and  several  books  of  songs. 

Och'senkuhn  [ok-],  Sebastian,  lutenist  ;  d. 
Heidelberg,  Aug.  2,  1574.  Publ.  a  "  Tabula- 
turbuch  auf  die  Lauten  "  (1558). 

Ock'enheim.     See  Okeghem. 

O'denwald,  Robert  Theodor,  b.  Franken- 
thal,  n.  Gera,  May  3,  1S38.  A  very  successful 
teacher  of  singing  and  cond.  of  choral  societies  ; 
since  18S2  teacher  at  the  "  Realgymnasium  "  and 
"  Wilhelmgymnasium  "  at  Hamburg,  where  he 
organized  a  flourishing  church-choir.  Has  publ. 
psalms  and  part-songs. 

O'dington,  Walter,  "  Monk  of  Evesham," 
d.  about  1316.  His  treatise  "  De  speculatione 
musicae  "  (printed  by  Coussemaker  in  "  Scrip- 
tores,"  i  ;  MS.  in  the  Cambridge  Library),  is  im- 
portant in  the  history  of  mensural  music  and 
discant. 

Odo  de  Clugny  (Saint),  in  927  abbot  of 
Clugny,  where  he  died  in  942,  wrote  "  Dialogus 
de  musica  "  (printed  by  Gerbert,  "  Scriptores," 
i).  He  was  apparently  the  first  to  employ  the 
letter-notation  ABC  D  E  F  Gia  the  modern 
sense  of  a  minor  series  (the  succession  C,  D, 
etc.,  formerly  represented  our  A,  B,  etc.,  and 
was,  therefore,  a  minor  series  instead  of  the 
present  major  scale). 

Oeglin,  Erhard,  the  first  German  printer 
(Augsburg)  to  print  figured  music  with  types  : 
(1)  with  wooden  type,  P.  Tritonius's  "  Melopoiae 
sive  harmoniae  tetracenticae  (1507,  publ.  by 
Riman)  ;  and  (2)  with  metal  type,  the  "  Deutsches 
Liederbuch  "    (1512  ;    new    score    ed.,    w.     pf.- 


425 


OELSCHLAGEL— OGINSKI 


score  by  Eitner,  is  in  vol.  ix  of  the  "  Gesell- 
schaft  fi'ir  Musikforschung  "). 

Oel'schlagel,  Alfred,  b.  Anscha,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  25,  1S47.  Pupil  of  Prague  Organ-School  ; 
theatre- Kapellm,  at  Hamburg,  Teplitz,  Wiirz- 
burg,  Karlsbad,  and  Vienna  (Karltheater)  ;  later 
bandmaster  at  Klagenfurt. — Operettas  Prinz 
mid  Maurer  (Klagenfurt,  1884),  Die  Raubrit- 
ter,  odcr  Der  Schelm  von  Bergen  (Vienna,  1888  ; 
succ),  and  Der  Landstreicher  (3  acts,  Magde- 
burg, 1893  ;  succ). 

Oels'ner,  (Friedrich)  Bruno,  b.  Neudorf,  n. 
Annaberg,  Saxony,  July  29,  1861.  Pupil  at 
Leipzig  Cons.  (1877-S0)  of  Schradieck  and 
Hermann  (vln.),  and  Grill  (theory).  Eng.  as 
solo  viola  for  court  orch.,  Darmstadt,  and  st. 
comp.  with  de  Haan.  Since  1S82,  violin-teacher 
at  Darmstadt  Cons.,  with  title  of  Grand  Ducal 
Chamber-musician.  Has  prod.  2  one-act  operas 
at  Darmstadt,  Vardhdmana  (1S93),  and  Der 
Brautgang  (1S94  ;  succ.)  ;  also  a  cantata  f.  ten. 
and  bar.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  a  pf.-trio  ;  songs  ; 
etc. 

Oes'ten,  Theodor,  pianist  and  comp.;  b. 
Berlin,  Dec.  31,  1813  ;  d.  there  Mar.  16,  1870. 
Pupil  of  Dreschker  (pf.),  A.  W.  Bach,  Rungen- 
hagen,  and  Schneider.  A  successful  teacher, 
whose  studies  f .  pf.  are  of  value  ;  as  a  salon-com- 
poser  he  is  light  and  graceful,  but  often  shallow. 

Oe'sterle,  Otto,  brilliant  flutist  ;  b.  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  Nov.  22,  1S61  ;  d.  Darien,  Conn.,  July  22, 
1894.  Was  1st  flute  in  the  Thomas  Orch.,  the 
Philharm.  Societies  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn, 
and  the  Seidl  Orch.  Taught  in  the  National 
Cons.,  N.  Y. 

Oe'sterlein,  Nikolaus,  the  indefatigable  col- 
lector of  Wagneriana  ;  b.  1S40  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Sept.  8,  1898.  His  perusal  of  Wagner's  "  Oper 
und  Drama  "  awakened  such  enthusiasm,  that  he 
set  about  collecting  everything  relating  to  the 
master.  His  coll.,  known  as  the  "  Wagner 
Museum,"  was  subsequently  given  to  the  town 
of  Eisenach  ;  the  catalogue,  publ.  by  Breitkopf 
&  H  artel,  tills  4  vol. s.  O.  also  publ.  a  vol.  on 
the  inauguration  of  the  Festival  Plays  in  1876, 
entitled  "  Bayreuth." 

Oet'tingen,  Arthur  Joachim  von,  b.  Dor- 
pat,  Mar.  28,  1836.  He  studied  physics,  physi- 
ology, and  mathematics  at  the  Universities  of 
Dorpat,  Paris,  and  Berlin  ;  qualifying  in  1863 
as  lecturer  on  physics  at  Dorpat,  and  becoming 
prof,  in  ordinary  in  1866.  Since  1877,  corr. 
member  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Acad,  of  Sciences. 
Likewise  a  well-trained  musician,  he  is  pres.  of 
the  Dorpat  Mus.  Soc,  and  cond.  of  an  ama- 
teur orch.  Besides  numerous  other  scientific 
works,  he  publ.  "  Das  Harmoniesystem  in  du- 
aler  Entwickelung"  (1S66),  reconciling  and  de- 
veloping the  systems  of  Helmholtz  and  Haupt- 
mann.  Thurlings,  Hostinsky,  and  Hugo  Rie- 
mann,  are  among  his  followers. 

Offenbach,  Jacques,  the  creator  of  French 
burlesque  opera  ;  b.  Cologne,  June  21,  1819  ;  d. 


-  Y 


re.'"'1  ^ 


Paris,  Oct.  5,  1880.  The  son  of  a  Jewish  cantor, 
he  came  early  to  Paris  ;  attended  Vaslin's  'cello- 
class  for  a  year  (1833-4)  in  the  Cons.,  then  join- 
ing the  Opera-Co- 
mique  orch.,  playing 
beside  Seligmann. 
Soon  appeared 
chansonnettes  ( on 
parodies  of  La  Fon- 
taine);  he  also 
played  the  'cello  in 
concerts,  and  wrote 
'cell  o-d  u  e  ts  and 
pieces  for  pf.  and  • 
'cello.  In  1849  ne 
became  cond.  at  the 
Theatre  Francais, 
where  his  really  fine 
"Chanson  de  For- 
tunio"    (in    de   Mus- 

set's  Chandelier)  made  a  hit.  His  i-act  operetta 
Pepito  (Op. -Com.,  1S53)  made  slight  impres- 
sion ;  but  he  prod,  one  operetta  after  another, 
and  in  1855  ventured  to  open  a  theatre  of  his 
own,  the  Bouffes-Parisiens  (the  old  Theatre 
Comte,  in  the  Passage  Choiseul),  which  he  car- 
ried on  until  1866,  producing  many  of  his  most 
popular  pieces.  From  1872-6  he  was  manager 
of  the  Theatre  de  la  Galte  ;  turned  it  over  to 
Vicentini,  and  in  1877  undertook  a  not  wholly 
successful  tour  in  America  (described  in  his 
"  Notes  d'un  musicien  en  voyage,"  1877).  Re- 
turning, he  continued  composing  industriously 
until  death.  In  the  intervals  of  theatrical  man- 
agement, he  brought  out  operettas  on  other 
stages — the  Varietes,  Palais  Royal,  and  even 
the  Opera-Comique  ;  his  ballet-pantomime  Le 
Papillon  was  prod,  at  the  Opera  in  i860  with 
some  success.  In  his  best  works  (firphe'e  aux 
e/tfers,  1S58  ;  La  belle  Lfe'lene,  1864  ;  Barbe- 
Bleue  and  La  vie  parisienne,  1S66  ;  La  grande 
duchesse  de  Gerolstein,  1867  ;  Madame  Favart, 
1879),  the  music  happily  follows  the  extravagant 
burlesque  of  the  situations  ;  the  orchestration  is 
clever,  and  the  melodic  vein  inexhaustible 
(though  his  melody  is  often  trivial  and  vulgar)  ; 
the  whole  is  seasoned  with  a  sprightly  and  ironic 
humor  wholly  in  keeping  with  the  subjects  mu- 
sically illustrated.  He  certainly  "  knew  his  pub- 
lic"; his  stage-works  (102  in  number)  were  all 
the  rage  at  the  time,  and  many  are  still  played 
in  Paris  and  elsewhere. 

Ogin'ski,  Prince  Michael  Cleophas,  b. 
Guron,  n.  Warsaw,  Sept.  25,  1765  ;  d.  Florence, 
Oct.  31,  1833.  Grand  treasurer  of  Lithuania; 
in  music  a  pupil  of  Kozlowski.  Wrote  cele- 
brated polonaises  f.  pf.,  14  of  which  are  publ.; 
the  so-called  "  Death  Polonaise  "  was  popularly 
named  from  its  supposed  connection  with  a 
tragically  romantic  incident.      His  uncle, 

Ogin'ski,  Michael  Casimir,  b.  Warsaw, 
1731  ;  d.  there  1803.  He  is  said  to  have  in- 
vented the  pedals  of  the  harp.  lie  was  Grand 
Commander  of  Lithuania. 


426 


OKEGHEM— ORGENI 


O'keghem  (or  Okekem,  Okenghem,  Ock- 
enheim),  Jean  de  (or  Joannes),  the  founder  of 
the  Second  (or  New)  Netherland  School  (which 
includes  Josquin,  de  la  Rue,  Compere,  etc.;  to 
the  First,  or  Old,  School  belonged  Dufay,  Bin- 
chois,  Brasart,  Eloy,  etc.)  ;  b.  probably  at  Ter- 
monde,  East  Flanders,  about  1430  ;  died  Tours 
(?),  1495-1513  [dates  differ].  Chorister  in  Ant- 
werp Cathedral  1443-4  ;  pupil  of  Dufay  at  Cam- 
brai  about  1450  ;  mentioned  in  1454  as  composer 
and  premier  chapellain  to  King  Charles  VII.  at 
Paris  ;  made  treasurer  of  the  Abbey  of  Saint- 
Martin  at  Tours  by  Louis  XL;  royal  maitre  de 
chapelle  at  Paris  in  1465  ;  travelled  1469  in  Spain, 
and  14S4  to  Flanders  (Bruges),  at  the  King's 
expense  ;  probably  retired  from  active  life  soon 
after  1490.  Great  as  a  composer  and  teacher, 
Josquin  and  Pierre  de  la  Rue  being  his  most 
famous  disciples  in  the  art  of  imitative  counter- 
point, which  O.  elevated  from  the  comparatively 
crude  and  ungainly  efforts  of  the  older  school 
to  the  rank  of  a  beautiful  science.  —  Extant 
works  :  17  masses  ;  7  motets  ;  a  ninefold  canon 
"  Deo  gratia  "  in  36  parte  ;  19  chansons  and  sev- 
eral canons  (detailed  information  in  M.  Brenet's 
"Jean  de  Okeghem,"  1S93).  Forkel,  Kiese- 
wetter,  Rochlitz,  and  Ambros,  gave  fragments 
of  the  mass  "  Cujusvis  toni  "  (ad  omnem  tonum), 
a  MS.  copy  of  which  is  in  Munich  ;  Ambros 
prints  an  enigmatical  canon  ;  in  Bellermann's 
"  Contrapunkt  "  is  a  fragment  of  the  "  Missa 
prolationum." 

Oli'brio,  Flavio  Anicio.  See  J.F.  Agricola. 

Oliphant,  Thomas,  b.  Condie,  Perthshire, 
Dec.  25,  1799;  d.  London,  Mar.  9,  1S73.  For 
40  years  hon.  secretary,  later  pres.,  of  the  Lon- 
don Madrigal  Soc. — Wrote  "  Brief  Account  of 
the  Madr.  Soc."  (1835);  "  Short  Account  of  Mad- 
rigals ..."  (1836)  ;  "  La  Musa  Madrigalesca" 
(1837  ;  the  words  of  400  madrigals,  chiefly  of  the 
Elizabethan  period).  Also  publ.  several  coll.s  of 
madrigals,  of  glees,  catches,  rounds,  etc. 

Oliver,  Henry  Kemble,  b.  Beverly,  Mass., 
Nov.  24,  1800  ;  d.  Boston,  Aug.  10,  1885.  Boy- 
soprano  in  Park  St.  Ch.  ,1810;  graduate  Dart- 
mouth Coll.,  1818  ;  taught  in  Salem  till  1844, 
then  going  to  Lawrence,  where  he  was  mayor 
in  1859;  1S61-5,  treasurer  of  State  of  Mass.; 
later  mayor  of  Salem.  Organist  and  mus.  dir.  at 
Lawrence  and  also  in  Salem,  where  he  founded 
a  glee  club  (1823)  and  a  Mozart  Assoc.  (1826). 
1883,  Mus.  Doc.  (Dartmouth).  Composed  many 
well-known  hymn-tunes  (Federal  Street,  Morn- 
ing, Harmony  Grove,  Beacon  Street,  Hudson, 
Merton),  motets,  chants,  and  a  Te  Deum  ;  publ. 
"The  National  Lyre"  (1848;  w.  Tuckerman 
and  Bancroft)  ;  "  Coll.  of  Church  Music  "(i860); 
"Original  Hymn  Tunes"  (1875). 

Ol'sen,  Ole,  b.  Hammerfest,  Norway,  July  4, 
1851.  Orchestral  comp.  in  modern  style  ;  his 
works  (the  symphonic  poem  "  Asgaardsreien," 
1891  ;  a  suite  f.  pf.  and  string-orch. ;  etc.)  are 
played  in  Norway. 


On'driczek,  Franz, violinist;  b.  Prague,  Apr. 
29,  1859.  Taught  by  his  father,  and  played  in 
the  hitter's  small  orch.  for  dance-music  till  14  ; 
then  attended  the  Prague  Cons,  for  3  years, 
studied  further  under  Massart  at  Paris  Cons., 
winning  1st  prize  for  violin-playing  after  2  years. 
On  many  concert-tours  he  has  gained  a  high 
reputation. 

Onslow,  George,  grandson  of  the  first  Lord 
Onslow  ;  b.  Clermont-Ferrand,  France,  July  27, 
1784  ;  d.  there  Oct. 
3,  1852.  Pf. -pupil 
in  London  of  lliill- 
mandel,  Dussek, 
and  Cramer  ;  st. 
comp.  with  Reicha 
in  Paris,  to  fit  him- 
self for  opera-writ- 
ing (his  3  comic  op- 
eras, V Alcalde  de  la  \ 
Vega  [1S24],  Le 
Colporteur  [1S27], 
and  Le  due  de  (Juisc 
[1837],  had  tem- 
porary success). 
He  passed  his  win- 
ters in  Paris,  and 
the  summers  on  his  estate  near  Clermont.  1 1  is 
passion  was  chamber-music,  of  which  he  comp. 
much,  playing  with  other  amateurs,  the  'cello 
being  his  instr. ;  his  music  was  prized  in  Parisian 
mus.  circles  ;  in  1842  the  Acade'mie  elected  him 
to  succeed  Cherubini.  Only  his  string-quintets 
still  survive  ;  he  publ.  34  of  them  (either  f.  2 
vlns. ,  via.,  and  2  'celli  ;  or  f.  2  vlns.,  2  violas, 
and  'cello  ;  or  f.  2  vlns.,  via.,  'cello,  and  double- 
bass, —  the  excessively  difficult  double-bass  parts 
were  written  for  Dragonetti).  Other  works  :  4 
symphonies  ;  a  nonet  f.  wind  and  string-quar- 
tet ;  septet  f.  pf. ,  flute,  oboe,  and  strings  ;  sextet 
f.  do. ;  36  string-quartets  ;  10  pf. -trios  ;  6  so- 
natas f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  3  sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
'cello  ;  pf. -music  ;  and  a  solo  scena  f.  bass  w. 
orch.,  "Abel's  Death." 

O'pelt,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Rochlitz, 
Saxony,  July  9,  1794;  d.  Sept.  22,  1S63,  at 
Dresden,  as  privy  councillor  for  finance. — Publ. 
"  Ueber  die  Natur  der  Musik "  (1S34),  and 
"  Allgem.  Theorie  der  Musik,  auf  den  Rythmus 
der  Klangwellenpulse  gegriindet  .  .  ."  (1852)  ; 
treatises  of  a  mathematico-physical  character. 

Or'denstein,  Heinrich,  b.  Worms,  Jan.  7, 
1S56.  Pupil  1871-5  at  Leipzig  Cons,  of  \Venzel, 
Reinecke,  Jadassohn,  etc. ;  also  private  pupil  of 
Paul  (pf.).  After  concert-tour  with  the  Peschka- 
Leutner  and  Grutzmacher,  he  studied  in  Paris  ; 
from  1S78  gave  successful  concerts  in  Leipzig, 
etc. ;  music-teacher  at  the  Countess  Rehbinder's 
school  at  Karlsruhe,  1879-81  ;  at  Kullak's 
Acad.,  Berlin,  1881-2 ;  in  1884  founded  the 
Karlsruhe  Cons.,  a  flourishing  institution.  Title 
of  "  Professor"  from  Grand  Duke  of  Baden. 


Orge'ni   [Orgenyi],   Aglaia,   stage-soprano 


427 


ORLANDUS   LASSUS— OTHMAYER 


(fine  coloratura  singer)  ;  b.  Tismenice,  Galicia, 
Dec.  17,  1843.  Pupil  of  Mine.  Viardot-Garcia 
at  Baden-Baden  ;  debut  Sept.  28,  1S65,  as 
Amina,  at  Berlin  Opera,  where  she  was  eng. 
for  a  year.  First  appearance  in  London,  Apr. 
7,  1866,  as  Violetta,  at  Covent  Garden  ;  sang 
later  at  Vienna,  Dresden,  Berlin,  Copenhagen, 
etc.;  since  1886,  vocal  teacher  at  the  Dresden 
Cons. 

Orlan'dus  Lassus.  See  Lasso,  Orlando 
di. 

Or'low,  Count  Gregor  Vladimir,  b.  1777  ; 
d.  St.  Petersburg,  July  4,  1826.  Wrote  "  Essai 
sur  l'histoire  de  la  musique  en  Italie "  (1822; 
2  vol.s  ;  in  German  as  "  Entwurf  einer  Ge- 
schichte  der  ital.  Musik  "  (1S24). 

Ornithopar'cus,  (Greek  form  of  his  real 
name,  Vogelsang,)  Andreas,  a  native  of 
Memmingen  ;  led  a  wandering  life  ;  about  1516, 
Magister  artium  at  Tubingen.  Author  of  a 
rare  and  valuable  theoretical  treatise,  "  Musicae 
activae  micrologus "  (Leipzig,  1516  ;  6th  ed. 
1540;  Engl,  transl.  by  Dowland,  London, 
1609). 

Or'pheus,  the  fabled  son  of  Apollo,  and 
sweetest  of  singers  to  the  lyre,  or  seven-stringed 
kithara,  is  said  to  have  accompanied  the  Argo- 
nauts on  their  expedition  in  1350  B.C.,  and 
founded  the  mystic  sect  worshipping  Dionysos 
Zagraeus  for  many  centuries.  [See  the  "  Or- 
phica"  by  Gottfried  Hermann  (1805).] 

Ortigue,    Joseph-Louis    d',    b.    Cavaillon, 

Vaucluse,  May  22,  1802  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  20, 
1866.  Writer  on  church-music,  frequently  by 
commission  of  the  French  government.  Founded 
1857  (w.  Niedermeyer)  "  La  Maitrise,"  a  pe- 
riodical for  church-music,  and  was  sole  editor 
1S58-60  ;  contributed  to  other  papers. — Princi- 
pal writings  :  "  De  la  guerre  des  dilettanti,  ou 
de  la  revolution  operee  par  M.  Rossini  dans 
l'opera  f  rancais  "  (1820);  "  Le  Balcon  de 
l'Opera"  (1833;  a  coll.  of  newspaper  feuille- 
tons);  "  De  l'ecole  italienne  et  de  l'administra- 
tron  de  l'Acad.  roy.  de  Mus.  .  .  ."(1839;  on 
Berlioz's  Benvenuto  Cellini;  republ.  1840  as 
"  Du  Theatre  Italien  et  de  son  influence  .  .  .")  ; 
"  Abecedaire  du  plain-chant"  (1841)  ;  "  Palin- 
genesie  musicale,"  and  "  De  la  memoire  chez 
les  musiciens "  (pamphlet  reprints  from  the 
"Revue  et  Gazette  mus.");  "  Dictionnaire  li- 
turgique,  etc."  (1854  ;  cf.  NlSARD)  ;  "  Introd.  a 
l'etude  comparee  des  tonalites  et  principalement 
du  chant  gre'gorien  et  de  la  musique  moderne  " 
(1S53)  ;  "  La  musique  a  l'eglise  "  (1861),  "  Traite 
theorique  et  pratique  de  l'accompagnement  du 
plain-chant"  (1S56  ;  cf.  Niedermeyer). 

Or'to,  Giovanni  de,  {rede  Jean  Dujardin; 
Lat.  de  Horto,)  called  "  Marbriano  "  ;  contra- 
puntist of  the  I5th-i6th  centuries.  In  Petrucci's 
"  Odhecaton  "  (1500-1503)  are  several  "  Misse 
de  Orto,"  an  Ave  Maria  a  4,  and  chansons  ;  P. 
also  printed  a  Lamentation  in  his  "  Lamenta- 
tionum   Jeremie"    (1506).      Masses    in  MS.  at 


Rome,    Library    of    the     Papal  Chapel ;     mass 
"  Mi-Mi,"  and  other  pieces,  in  Vienna  Library. 

Osborne,  George  Alexander,  a  fine  pianist 
and  popular  teacher  and  composer  ;  b.  Limerick, 
Ireland,  Sept.  24,  1806  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  16, 
1893.  Said  to  have  been  self-taught  until  18 
years  of  age,  then  studied  at  Paris  under  Kalk- 
brenner  and  Pixis  (pf.),  and  Fetis  (comp.).  Set- 
tled in  London,  1848. — Works:  Sextet  f.  pf., 
flute,  oboe,  horn,  'cello,  and  d.-bass  ;  famous 
duets  f.  pf.  and  violin  (43  w.  de  Beriot,  2  w. 
Ernst,  1  each  w.  Artot  and  Lafont )  ;  3  pf. -trios; 
a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello  ;  a  pf. -quartet  ;  much 
brilliant  and  graceful  salon-music  f.  pf.  ("  Pluie 
de  perles,"  "  Nouvelle  pluie  de  perles,"  "  Marche 
militaire,"    "  Summer's  Eve,"  etc.). 

Osborne  (real  name  Eisbein),  Adrienne, 
dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Pupil  of 
Auguste  Gotze  and  Max  Stagemann  in  Leipzig  ; 
advised  by  Rubinstein  to  adopt  a  stage-career. 
Debut  as  Mignon.  For  her  interpretation  of 
Carmen  she  received  gold  medals  from  the  Prince 
of  Sondershausen  and  puke  of  Altenburg.  At 
present  (1899)  engaged  at  Leipzig  City  Th.  ; 
also  sings  in  concerts  (Gewandhaus,  Berlin,  Dres- 
den, Amsterdam,  etc.). 

Osgood,  George  Laurie,  b.  Chelsea,  Mass., 
April  3,  1844.  At  Plarvard,  where  he  graduated 
in  1866,  he  was  for  3 
years  dir.  of  the  Glee 
Club,  and  the  college 
orch.  He  now  spent 
3  years  in  Germany  ; 
studied  singing  un- 
derSieberand  I  laupt, 
and  German  songand 
choral  works  under 
R.  Franz.  After  3 
years'  further  vocal 
study  with  the  elder 
Lamperti  in  Italy,  O. 
made  a  very  success- 
ful concert-tour  in  Germany  ;  at  once  eng.  by 
Th.  Thomas  for  a  winter  tour  in  America.  Since 
1872  he  has  lived  in  Boston  as  a  much-sought 
vocal  teacher  ;  since  1S75,  cond.  of  the  Boylston 
Club  (200  voices),  famed  for  the  brilliancy  of  its 
performances  (since  1S90,  the  "  Boston  Singers' 
Soc").  For  many  years  O.  gave  concerts  of 
classical  music.  Publ.  "Guide  in  the  Art  of 
Singing  "  (pp.  200  ;  S  editions)  ;  anthems,  cho- 
ruses, part-songs,  and  over  50  songs. 

Osiander,  Lucas,  Protestant  Abbot  at  Adel- 
berg  in  Wurttemberg  ;  b.  Nuremberg,  Dec.  16, 
1534;  d.  Stuttgart,  Sept.  17,  1604.  —  Publ. 
"  Geistliche  Lieder  und  Psalmen  mit  vier  Stim- 
men  auf  contrapunctische  Weise  "  (1586). 

Os'ten.     See  Oesten. 

Oth'mayer  [6t-],  Caspar,  b.  Amberg,  Mar. 
12,  1515  ;  d.  Nuremberg,  Feb.  4,  1553-  From 
1548,  rector  at  Ansbach.  Esteemed  as  a  vocal 
composer. — Works:    1   book  of   "Tricinia";   I 


428 


OTI-IO— OWST 


of  "  Bicinia  sacra  "  ;  2  Latin  motets  ;  Ode  on  the 
death  of  Luther  ;  songs  (in  G.  Forster's  coll.s). 

Otho.     See  Odo. 

Ott  (or  Ottl,  Otto),  Hans,  publisher  in  Nu- 
remberg about  1533-50.  He  printed  "  115  gute 
und  newe  Lieder  "  (1544). 

Ottani,  Abbate  Bernardino,  b.  Bologna, 
1735  ;  d.  Turin,  Oct.  26,  1827.  Pupil  of  Padre 
Alartini  ;  at  22,  church-maestro  in  Bologna  ;  from 
1779,  at  Turin. — Works  :  12  operas  ;  much  ex- 
cellent church-music  (2  oratorios,  46  masses,  mo- 
tets, psalms,  etc.). 

Ot'tingen.     See  Oettingen. 

Ot'to,  (Ernst)  Julius,  b.  Konigstein,  Saxony, 
Sept.  I,  1S04;  d.  Dresden,  Mar.  5,  1877.  From 
1814-22  he  attended  the  Kreuzschule  at  Dres- 
den, Weinlig  being  his  music-teacher  ;  as  a  pu- 
pil in  "  Ober-Secunda  "  he  comp.  a  cantata,  soon 
followed  by  others.  While  a  student  at  Leipzig 
Univ.  1822-5,  ne  continued  musical  work  under 
Schicht  and  Weinlig,  and  brought  out  cantatas 
and  motets  in  the  churches.  Returning  to  Dres- 
den, he  taught  at  the  Blochmann  Inst.,  and  from 
1830-75  was  cantor  at  the  Kreuzkirche,  where 
his  choir  became  one  of  the  finest  in  Germany  ; 
was  also  for  years  mus.  dir.  at  the  principal  Lu- 
theran churches,  andcond.  of  the  "  Liedertafel." 
— Works  :  Admirable  male  choruses  in  his  col- 
lection "  Ernst  und  Scherz  "  ;  he  created  the  im- 
mensely popular  "cycles"  for  male  voices 
("  Burschenfahrten,"  "  Gesellenfahrten,"  "  Sol- 
datenleben,"  "  Der  Spinnabend,"  "  Der  Sanger- 
saal,"  etc.)  ;  also  wrote  4  comic  operas  for  ama- 
teur-performance (Die  Mordgrundbruck  bei 
Dresden  is  the  best)  ;  settings  of  Hofmann's 
"  Kinderfesten  ;  "  many  fine  songs  for  solo  voice 
("  In  die  Feme,"  and  "  Des  deutschen  Rheines 
Braut,"  took  prizes)  ;  his  pf. -sonatas,  rondos, 
etudes,  etc.,  are  likewise  excellent.  O.  prod.  2 
operas,  Das  Schloss  am  Rhein  (Dresden,  1838), 
and  Der  Schlosser  von  Augsburg  (Augsburg)  ; 
3  oratorios,  Des  Heilands  leizte  Worte,  Die 
Feier  der  Erlosten  am  Grabe  Jesu,  and  Hiob  ; 
also  masses,  festival  cantatas,  a  Te  Deum,  etc. 

Ot'to,  Franz,  b.  Konigstein,  Saxony,  1809  ; 
d.  Mayence,  1S41.  His  songs  for  male  voices, 
"In  dem  Ilimmel  ruht  die  Erde,"  "  Blauer 
Montag,"  etc.,  have  had  some  vogue. 

Ot'to,  Rudolf  Karl  Julius,  b.  Berlin,  Apr. 
27,  1829.  Solo  boy-soprano  in  the  Berlin  Dom- 
chor  ;  from  1S4S,  tenor  singer  in  the  same.  In 
1852,  teacher  of  singing  in  the  Stern  Cons.  ; 
1873,  in  the  R.  Hochschule  fiir  Musik.  He  was 
an  eminent  singer  in  oratorio. 

Ot'to-AlvsTeben,  Melitta  (ne'e  Alvsleben), 

dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Dresden,  Dec.  16,  1842  ; 
d.  there  Jan.  13,  1893.  Pupil  of  Thiele  at  the 
Dresden  Cons.  1856-9  ;  eng.  at  the  court  the- 
atre for  coloratura  (later  dramatic)  roles  from 
1860-73  ;  sang  in  concerts  1873-5  m  England, 
Scotland,  and  Germany  ;  prima  donna  at  Ham- 
burg City  Th.    1S75-6,  at  Dresden  court  the- 


atre 1S77-83.  Married  (1S66)  Commissioner  of 
Customs  Otto.  Sang  at  the  Cincinnati  Mus. 
Festival  in  1S79. 

Oudin,  Eugene  (Esperance),  b.  New  York, 
Feb.  24,  1858  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  4,  1894.  Bari- 
tone dramatic  and  concert-singer  ;  song-compo- 
ser ;  accomplished  pianist.  Sang  with  great 
success  in  London,  1SS6,  '89,  etc.;  and  as  the 
Templar  in  Sullivan's  Ivanhoe,  1891  ;  also  sang 
at  St.  Petersburg,  1893. 

Oudrid  y  Segura,  Cristobal,  Spanish  zar- 
z  ite  la -composer  ;  b.  Badajoz,  Feb.  7,  1829  ;  d. 
Madrid,  Mar.  15,  1S77.  In  1S67,  chorusmaster 
of  the  Italian  Opera,  Madrid  ;  1872,  cond.  at 
the  Zarzuela  Th.;  later  at  the  Theatre  de  l'Ori- 
ente.  From  1850  he  prod,  over  30  operettas 
(zarzue/as)  in  Madrid  (some  w.  Gaztambide, 
Caballero,  etc.). 

Oulibichef.     See  Ulibishev. 

Oury.     See  Beli.eville-Oury. 

OuseTey,    Sir    Frederick    Arthur    Gore, 

English  composer  and  theorist ;  b.  London, 
Aug.  12,  1S25  ;  d.  Hereford.  Apr.  6,  1SS9. 
Son  of  the  Orientalist  Sir  William  O.,  ambassa- 
dor to  Russia  and  Persia.  Graduate  of  Oxford 
(B.  A.,  1846  ;  M.  A.,  1840).  He  was  ordained 
in  1849,  and  curate  of  St.  Paul's,  Knights- 
bridge,  1849-50,  then  taking  the  degree  of  Mus. 
Bac,  and  that  of  Mus.  Doc,  Oxon.,  in  1854. 
In  1855  he  succeeded  Sir  Henry  Bishop  as  Prof, 
of  Music  at  Oxford  Univ.,  and  also  became  pre- 
centor of  Hereford  Cath.  The  degree  of  Mus. 
Doc.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Durham  (1S56), 
and  Cambridge  (1862)  ;  that  of  LL.D.  by  Cam- 
bridge (1883),  and  Edinburgh  (1SS5).  A  fine 
pianist  and  organist,  he  excelled  in  fugal  impro- 
visation.— Sacred  compositions  :  2  oratorios,  The 
Martyrdom  of  St.  Polycarp  (1855),  and  Hagar 
(Hereford  Fest.,  1873);  11  church-services;  70 
anthems  ;  "  The  Psalter,  arr.  for  Chanting, 
with  Appropriate  English  Chants  "  (several  ed.s); 
"  Anglican  Psalter  Chants  "  (1872)  ;  "Cathedral 
Services  by  English  Masters  "  (1853)  ;  "Coll.  of 
Anthems"  (2  vol. s,i 861,  '66); — Other  comp. s:  An 
opera,  V I  sola  disabitata  (comp.  at  the  age  of 
8);  18  preludes  and  fugues  for  organ  ;  other  do., 
also  3  Andantes,  and  a  sonata,  f.  org. ;  a  string- 
sextet,  2  string-quartets,  a  pf. -quartet,  2  pf.- 
trios,  and  sonatas,  nocturnes,  etc.,  f.  pf . ;  glees, 
part-songs,  and  songs. — Writings  :  "  Treatise 
on  Harmony"  (1S68,  3rd  ed.  1SS2)  ;  "Counter- 
point, Canon  and  Fugue "  [after  Cherubini] 
(1868;  2nd  ed.  18S4)  ;  "Musical  Form  and 
General  Composition"  (1S75  ;  2nd  ed.  18S6)  ; 
articles  for  Grove's  "  Dictionary."  He  left  his 
fine  mus.  library  to  St.  Michael's  College,  Ten- 
bury. — Biographical  :  "  Memorials,"  bv  Haver- 
gal  (1889);  "Life  of  Rev.  Sir  F.  A.  G.  Ouse- 
ley,  Bart.,  etc.",  by  Joyce  (London,  1896). 

Owst,  Wilberfoss  George,  b.  London, 
Engl.,  June  13,  1861.  Pupil  of  Eaton  Faning 
and  H.  Gadsby  ;  studied  1886-93  at  Stuttgart 
Cons,  under  Faiszt,  Goetschius,  Paul  Klengel, 


429 


PABST— PACINI 


Karl  Doppler,  and  II.  Zumpe.  From  1893-5, 
organist  at  P.  E.  Ch.  of  St.  Michael  and  All 
Angels,  Baltimore,  Maryland  ;  now  (1899)  org. 
and  choirmaster  at  St.  John's,  Waverley,  Balti- 
more.— Publ.  works  :  Communion  Service  in  A  ; 
6  anthems  ;  male  quartets  ;  quartet  f.  mixed 
voices  ;  7  songs. 


Pabst,  August,  b.  Elberfeld,  May  30,  1S11  ; 
d.  Riga,  July  21,  18S5,  as  Dir.  of  the  Cons, 
there. — Operas :  Der  Kastellan  von  Krakau 
(1S46),  Unser  Johann  (1S48),  Die  Ictzten  Tage 
von  Pompeji  (1851),  and  Die  Longobarden  (not 
perf.) — His  son  Louis,  b.  Konigsberg,  July  18, 
1846,  is  a  pianist  and  composer.  From  autumn, 
1899,  head-teacher  for  pf. -playing  at  the  Moscow 
rhilharm.  School. 

Pabst,  Paul,  talented  pianist,  son  of  August 
P.;  b.  Konigsberg,  May  27,  1S54  ;  d.  Moscow, 
May  28,  1897.  Gave  concerts  at  9  ;  studied 
some  years  with  Liszt.  N.  Rubinstein  invited 
him  to  Moscow  in  1S78  aspf.-prof.  at  the  Cons.; 
he  succeeded  Rubinstein  as  Director,  and  was 
also  director  of  the  Imp.  Soc.  of  Music.  His 
pf.-compositions,  and  transcriptions  from  A. 
Rubinstein's  Demon  and  Tchaikovski's  Eitgen 
Onegin,  are  popular  in  Russia. 

Pacchiarot'ti,  Gasparo,  celebrated  musico  ; 
b.  Fabriano,  Ancona,  1744  ;  d.  Padua,  Oct.  28, 
1821.  Choir-boy  at  Forli  Cath.;  trained  in 
Venice  by  a  sopranist  of  San  Marco ;  debut 
there  about  1770  ;  soon  became  famous  in  Italy  ; 
lived  in  London  1778-85,  where  he  was  idolized, 
and  settled  again,  after  a  stay  in  Italy,  from 
1790-1800.  He  gained  wealth,  and  was  noted 
for  his  charities. 

Pachelbel,  Johann,  influential  organist  ;  b. 
Nuremberg,  Sept.  I,  1653  ;  d.  there  Mar.  3, 
1706.  A  pupil  of  Schwemmer,  studying  further 
at  Altdorf  and  Ratisbon  ;  organist  at  Vienna, 
1 674  ;  court  org.  at  Eisenach,  1675;  of  the 
Predigerkirche  at  Erfurt,  1678  ;  court  org.  at 
Stuttgart,  1690;  at  Gotha,  1692.  _  Org.  at  St. 
Sebald's,  Nuremberg,  1695.  This  varied  ex- 
perience is  reflected  in  his  organ-works  ;  his 
chaconnes,  toccatas,  and  arr.s  of  chorals,  are 
fluently  and  easily  written,  much  in  J.  S.  Bach's 
style. — Works:  "  Musikalische  Sterbensgedan- 
ken,  aus4variirten  Choralen  bestehend  "  (1683)  ; 
"Musikalische  Ergotzung,  aus  6  verstimmeten 
Farthien  von  2  Violinen  und  Generalbass"  (1691) ; 
"78  Chorale  zum  Praambuliren "  (1693); 
"  Ilexachordum  Apollinis"  (1699  ;  6  themes  w. 
var.s). — Several  organ-pieces  are  printed  by 
Commer  in  "  Musica  sacra,"  vol.  i  ;  others  by 
G.  W.  Korner  in  "  Der  Orgelvirtuose,"  and  in 
vol.  i  of  a  projected,  but  unfinished,  complete 
ed.  of  P. 's  works;  by  Winterfeld  in  "  Evang. 
Kirchengesang  ;  "  and  a  chaconne  w.  13  var.s, 
a  fugue,  and  a  fughetta  (all  f.  pf. ,  i.e.,  clavi- 
chord), by  Trautwein  (Berlin,  i860). — P.'s  son, 
Wilhelm  Hieronymus,  b.   Erfurt,  1685,  from 


1725  org.  at  St.  Sebald's,  Nuremberg,  publ.  a 
"  Musikal.  Vergniigen  "  (1725  ;  prelude,  fugue, 
and  fantasia  f.  org.  or  clavichord)  ;  also  a  clav.- 
fugue. 

Pach'er,  Joseph  Adalbert,  b.  Daubrawitz, 
Moravia,  Alar.  29,  1S16  ;  d.  Gmunden,  Sept.  3, 
1871.  Pupil  of  G.  Preyer  and  A.  Halm  ;  lived 
in  Vienna  as  a  comp.  of  favorite  sa/on-pieces  f. 
pianoforte. 

Pach'mann,  Vladimir  de,  brilliant  pianist  ; 
b.  Odessa,  July  27,  1848.  Pupil  of  his  father 
[prof,  at  Vienna  Univ.,  and  a  good  violinist], 
and  from  1866  of  Dachs  at  the  Cons.  Success- 
ful concert-tour  in  Russia,  1S69  ;  played  later 
in  Vienna,  Paris,  London  (1882),  Germany,  Den- 
mark (where  he  received  the  Order  of  the  Dane- 
brog  from  the  King)  ;  also  in  America  (1892  and 
subsequently).  His  specialty  is  Chopin.  In 
1896  he  settled  in  Berlin.  He  began  an  Ameri- 
can tour  at  New  York,  Oct.,  1899. 

Paci'ni,  Antonio  Francesco  Gaetano  Sa- 
verio;  b.  Naples,  July  7,  1778  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar. 
10,  1866.  Pupil  of  the  Cons,  della  Pieta,  Na- 
ples ;  singing-teacher  in  that  city,  then  for  a 
time  vi.  de  chap,  at  Nimes  ;  went  to  Paris  in 
1804,  prod,  some  comic  operas,  and  finally 
founded  a  music-publishing  business,  a  specialty 
of  which  was  contemporary  Italian  operas. 

Paci'ni,  Giovanni,  opera-composer  ;  b.  Cata- 
nia, Feb.  17,  1796  ;  d.  Pescia,  Dec.  6,  1867. 
Pupil  of  Marchesi 
and  Padre  Mattei  at 
Bologna,  and  of 
Furlanetto  at  Ven- 
ice ;  first  opera  was 
Annetta  e  Lucinda 
(Th.  of  Santa  Rade- 
gonda,  Venice, 
1S13);  up  to  1835 
he  had  prod,  over 
40  operas  on  vari- 
ous Italian  stages, 
when  the  failure  of 
Carlo  di   Borgogna 

at  Venice  temporarily  checked  the  flow  of  dra- 
matic composition  ;  he  went  to  Viareggio,  near 
Lucca,  and  established  a  very  successful  school 
of  music  there,  for  which  he  wrote  several  short 
treatises:  "  Corso  teoretico-pratico  di  lezioni  di 
armonia,"  "  Principi  elementari  col  metodo  pel 
meloplasto,"  "  Memoria  sul  migliore  indirizzo 
degli  studi  musicali  "  (1863),  "  Cenni  storici  sulla 
musica  e  trattato  di  contrappunto  "  (1864),  and 
built  a  private  theatre.  Later  he  removed  the 
school  to  Lucca.  In  1S40  P.,  who  prided  him- 
self on  rapid  work,  wrote  his  dramatic  master- 
piece, Saffo,  in  28  days  ;  its  reception  at  Naples 
on  Nov.  29  was  enthusiastic.  Forty  more  operas 
followed  up  to  1867  ;  the  best  were  Medea  (Pa- 
lermo, 1843),  La  regina  di  Cipro  (Turin,  1846), 
and  Nicolb  de  Lapi  (Rio  de  Janeiro,  1855). 
This  indefatigable  composer  also  prod,  numer- 
ous oratorios,  cantatas,  masses,  etc.;  "Dante" 
symphony  ;   an  octet ;  6   string-quartets  ;  other 


430 


PACIUS— PAGANINI 


chamber-music  ;  vocal  duets  and  arias  ;  he  was 
an  active  contributor  to  several  mus.  papers  ; 
and  publ.  memoirs,"  Lemiememorie  artistiche  " 
(Florence,  1865  ;  enlarged  by  Cicconetti,  1872  ; 
rev.  by  F.  Magnani,  1875). — Saffo  still  remains 
on  the  Italian  dramatic  repertory- — His  brother, 
Emilio  Pacini,  b.  1810  ;  d.  Neuilly,  n.  Paris, 
Dec.  2,  1898,  was  a  distinguished  librettist :  77 
Trovatore  was  from  his  pen. 

Pa'cius,  Friedrich,  fine  violinist,  pupil  of 
Spohr  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  19,  1S09  ;  d.  Ilel- 
singfors,  Jan.  9,  1891,  where  he  had  been  mus. 
dir.  at  the  Univ.  since  1S34.  Prod.  2  operas 
at  Helsingfors  :  Karls  XII.  Jagd  (1S54),  and 
Loreley  (1857). 

Paderew'ski  [-reft"'-],  Ignace  Jan,  b.  Podo- 
lia,  Poland,  Nov.  6,  1S59.  Admirable  pianist  ; 
pupil,  at  Warsaw 
Cons.,  of  Raguski 
(harm,  and  cpt.)  ;  at 
Berlin,  of  Urban  and 
Wtierst  ;  at  Vienna, 
of  Leschetitzki. 
1878-S3,  teacher  of 
pf.  at  Warsaw  Cons.; 
since  then  his  con- 
cert-tours through 
Europe  and  America 
have  assured  his  fame 
as  one  of  the  fore- 
most pianists  of  the 
time.  In  the  United 
States  and  England, 
especially,  he  is 
everywhere  received  with  enthusiasm, 
and  Feb.,  iSgg,  he  was  concertizing  in  Russia. 
— Works  :  Op.  1,  Prelude  and  Minuet  f.  pf.;  op. 
4,  Elegie  f.  pf . ;  op.  5,  Danses  polonaises,  f.  pf. ; 
op.  6,  Introd.  et  toccata  f.  pf.;  op.  7,  4  songs 
(German  and  Polish)  ;  op.  8,  Chants  du  voya- 
geur  f.  pf. ;  op.  9,  Danses  polonaises  f .  pf. ;  op. 
10,  Album  de  mai,  scenes  polon.  f.  pf.;  op.  ir, 
Var.s  and  fugue  on  orig.  theme,  f.  pf . ;  op.  13, 
sonata  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  op.  14,  Humoresques  de 
concert  f.  pf.  (Book  i  :  Menuet,  Sarabande,  Ca- 
price ;  Book  ii,  Burlesque,  Intermezzo  polacco, 
Cracovienne  fantastique)  ;  op.  15,  Dans  le  de- 
sert, toccata  f.  pf. ;  op.  16,  Miscellanea  f.  pf. 
(Legende,  Melodie,  Theme  varie,  Nocturne)  ; 
op.  17,  pf. -concerto ;  op.  18,  6  songs  w.  pf. 
("  My  tears  were  flowing";  "  Wand'ring  along"; 
"My  sweetest  darling";  "Over  the  waters"; 
"Ah  what  tortures";  "Were  I  the  ribbon"); 
op.  19,  Polish  fantasia  on  orig.  themes,  f.  pf. 
w.  orch.;  op.  20,  Legende  No.  2,  f.  pf. — Pade- 
rewski  Fund.  After  his  American  tour  of 
1895-6,  P.  established  a  cash  fund  of  $10,000 
(orig.  trustees  were  Wm.  Steinway,  Major  H.  L. 
Higginson,  and  Dr.  Wm.  Mason),  the  interest 
to  be  devoted  to  triennial  prizes  "  to  composers 
of  American  birth  without  distinction  as  to  age 
or  religion  ":  1.  $500  for  best  orch.l  work  in 
symphonic  form  ;  2.  $300  for  best  composition 
for  solo    instr.  w.  orch. ;  3.  $200  for  best  cham- 


In  Ian. 


ber-music  work.  Mr.  Steinway  added  $1500 
for  prizes,  to  institute  the  first  competition  in 
1897. 

PadiTla  y  Ra'mos  [pah-dil'-yah],  baritone 
opera-singer  ;  b.  Murcia,  Spain,  1842.  Pupil 
of  Mabellini  at  Florence  ;  sang  at  Messina, 
Turin,  etc.,  St.  Petersburg,  Vienna,  and  Berlin. 
Married  Desiree  Artot  in  1S69. 

Paer,  Ferdinando, dramatic  comp. ;  b.  Parma, 
June  I,  1771  ;  d.  Paris,  May  3,  1S39.  After 
lessons  from  the  violinist  Ghiretti,  he  gave  up 
study  for  operatic  composition,  bringing  out 
La  locanda  dei  vagabondisX  Parma  in  1789,  and 
I  pretendenti  burlati  (1790),  after  which  he  was 
called  to  Venice  as  theatre-cond.,  and  wrote 
several  operas  in  the  light  and  melodious  style 
of  Cimarosa,  Paisiello,  etc.  In  Vienna,  1797- 
1S02,  his  style,  doubtless  influenced  by  Mozart's 
masterpieces,  underwent  a  change,  both  har- 
mony and  orchestration  showing  increased  variety 
and  fullness  ;  Camilla,  ossia  ii  sotterraneo  (1799) 
is  considered  his  best  opera.  V.  succeeded  Nau- 
mann  as  court  Kapellm.  at  Dresden  in  1S02  ; 
Eleanora,  ossia  L'amore  conjugate  ( 1S05)  is  iden- 
tical in  subject  with  Beethoven's  Fidelia.  In 
1807  he  went  to  Paris,  becoming  in  ait  re  de 
chapelle  to  Napoleon,  and  conductor  of  theOpera- 
Comique  ;  later  (1S12)  he  succeeded  Spontini  at 
the  Th.  Italien,  where  he  remained,  through  the 
vicissitudes  of  the  Catalini's  domination,  and 
the  joint-conductorship  of  Rossini  (1824-6),  his 
successful  rival  on  the  stage,  until  his  forced 
resignation  in  1827  (he  was  held  to  blame  for 
the  poor  financial  condition  of  the  theatre).  In 
1828  he  received  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  ;  was  elected  to  the  Academie  in  1S31  ; 
and  in  1832  was  app.  cond.  of  the  royal  chamber- 
music.  His  43  operas  have  disappeared  from 
public  view  ;  he  also  wrote  2  oratorios  and  a 
Passion,  10 cantatas, and  much  othervocal  music; 
a  "  Symphonie  bacchante,"  and  var.s  on  "  Vive 
Henri  IV,"  f.  full  orch.  ;  4  grand  military 
marches  ;  6  waltzes  f.  wind-band  ;  3  grand  so- 
natas f.  pf. ,  violin  obbl.,  and  'cello  ad  lib.;  a 
fantasia  f.  pf. ,  2  flutes,  2  horns,  and  bassoon  ; 
many  pf. -variations. 

Paesiel'lo.     See  Paisiello. 

Pagani'ni,  Niccolo,  most  famous  of  violin- 
virtuosi  ;  b.  Genoa,  Oct.  27,  17S2  ;  d.  Nice, 
May  27,  1840.  His  father,  a  poor  shopkeeper 
with  little  musical  knowledge,  but  loving  the  art, 
taught  him  to  play  on  the  mandolin,  and  then 
procured  abler  teachers  for  his  gifted  son  ;  un- 
der G.  Servetto,  and  after  him  the  maestro  di 
eappella  G.  Costa,  Niccolo's  progress  in  violin- 
playing  was  rapid  ;  at  8  he  comp.  a  sonata  for 
violin  ;  in  1793  he  appeared  in  public  ;  and  from 
1795  he  studied  with  Ghiretti  and  Aless.  Rolla 
at  Parma,  but  soon  surpassed  his  instructors. 
His  career  as  an  independent  virtuoso  dates 
from  1798,  when  he  ran  away  from  his  father 
after  a  concert  at  Lucca,  and  made  a  tour  by 
himself  to  Pisa  and  other  places.     Though  only 


431 


PAGE— PAINE 


16,  he  was  passionately  fond  of  gambling,  and 
addicted  to  all  forms  of  dissipation;  at  Leg- 
horn he  had  to  part 
with  his  violin  to 
payagambling  debt, 
but  a  M.  Levron 
lent  him  a  fine 
Joseph  Guarnerius, 
and  was  so  charmed 
with  his  playing  that 
he  made  him  a  pres- 
ent of  it.  (P.  left  it 
by  will  to  the  city 
of  Genoa  ;  it  may 
be  seen  in  the  Mu- 
nicipal Building, 
where  it  is  kept  un- 
der glass.)  In  1S04  he  went  home,  and  spent  a 
year  in  assiduous  practice  ;  set  out  again  on  his 
travels  in  1805,  arousing  unbounded  enthusiasm  ; 
was  soon  app.  court  solo  violinist  at  Lucca, 
(where  his  novel  performances  on  the  G-string 
began),  and  stayed  there  until  1808  ;  then  up 
to  1827  travelled  throughout  Italy,  his  renown 
spreading  from  year  to  year,  and  his  vast  techni- 
cal resources  maturing  and  augmenting  so  that 
victory  over  would-be  rivals  (Lafont  at  Milan, 
1S16,  and  Lipinski  at  Piacenza,  1817)  was  easy. 
Leaving  Italy  for  the  first  time  in  1828,  his  open- 
ing concert  at  Vienna  was  an  unparalleled 
triumph  ;  from  the  municipality  he  received  the 
great  gold  medal  of  St.  Salvator  ;  from  the 
Emperor  the  (honorary)  title  of  court  virtuoso. 
He  reached  Berlin  in  March,  1829,  Paris  in 
March,  1831  ;  and  played  for  the  first  time  in 
London  on  June  3,  1S31.  Within  a  year  he 
accumulated  a  fortune  in  Britain.  The  winter 
of  1833-4  was  passed  in  Paris  ;  he  then  retired 
for  a  time  to  his  villa  at  Parma,  though  often 
visiting  Paris  ;  his  health  had  already  begun  to 
fail  seriously,  as  a  result  of  life-long  dissipation 
and  excitement.  He  spent  the  winter  of  1S38  in 
Paris,  where  his  chief  disorder,  laryngeal  phthisis, 
was  aggravated  by  the  climate  and  by  chagrin 
at  financial  losses  ;  he  lived  for  several  months 
at  Marseilles  with  a  friend,  but  finding  no  relief, 
repaired  to  Nice  for  the  winter,  and  died  there 
the  following  spring. — As  a  soloist,  P.  was  the 
most  wonderful  and  original  of  violin-players. 
His  stupendous  technique  (in  double-stops,  left- 
hand  pizzicato,  staccato,  harmonics),  great  power 
and  perfect  control  of  tone,  the  romantic  passion 
and  intense  energy  of  his  style,  quite  apart  from 
his  personal  eccentricities  (which  were  number- 
less) and  mere  tricks  of  virtuosity  (such  as  tuning 
up  the  A-string  by  a  semitone),  made  him  the 
marvel  of  his  time.  He  never  controlled  his  in- 
dividuality so  far  as  to  become  even  a  good 
quartet-player  ;  he  was  an  artist  quite  sui generis, 
whose  dazzling  genius  held  his  audiences  spell- 
bound, and  impressed  musicians  and  amateurs 
alike.  That  such  gifts  could  be  united  with  the 
most  sordid  avarice  and  unbridled  sensuality,  is 
a  fact  requiring  no  further  comment  here  ;  it  aids 
in  explaining  the  small  number  and  ephemeral 


character  of  his  compositions. — Works  :  24  Ca- 
pricci  per  violino  solo  (op.  1  ;  pf. -transcriptions 
by  Schumann  and  Liszt)  ;  6  Sonate  per  violino 
e  chitarra  (op.  2)  ;  do.  (op.  3)  ;  3  gran  quartetti 
a  violino,  viola,  chitarra  e  violoncello  (op.  4,  5) ; 
Goncerto  in  Eb  (solo  part  written  in  1),  for  a 
violin  tuned  a  semitone  higher)  (op.  6)  ;  Con- 
certo in  B  min.,  "  La  Campanella,"  w.  Rondo 
a  la  clochette  (op.  7),  "  Le  Streghe,"  var.s  on 
theme  by  S.  Mayr  (op.  8)  ;  Var.s  on  "  God  save 
the  King"  (op.  9)  ;  "  II  Carnevale  di  Venezia," 
20  variations  (op.  10) ;  the  concert  Allegro 
"  Moto  perpetuo  "  (op.  11)  ;  Var.s  on  "  Non  piu 
mesta"  (op.  12)  ;  do.  on  "  Di  tanti  palpiti "  (op. 
13)  ;  "  Variazioni  di  bravura  "  on  airs  from  Mose ; 
60  Studies  in  60  progressive  var.s  on  the  air 
"Barucaba,"  and  a  Sonata  w.  accomp.  of  violin 
and  'cello,  or  pf. — Biographical  :  Schottky, 
"  Paganini's  Leben  und  Treiben  als  Klinstler 
und  als  Mensch  "  (Prague,  1S30) ;  Fetis,  "  No- 
tice biographique  sur  N.  P."  (Paris,  1851;  Engl, 
transl.  London,  1852);  A.  Niggli,  "  Paganini  " 
(1882);  Conestabile,  "Vita  di  N.  P."  (Perugia, 
185 1);  O.  Bruni,  "  N.  P.,  racconto  storico " 
(Florence,  1873). 

Page,  John,  b.  England,  about  1750;  d. 
London,  Aug.,  1812.  Tenor  singer  ;  lay-clerk 
at  St.  George's,  Windsor,  1790  ;  Gentleman  of 
Chapel  Royal  ;  Vicar-choral  at  St.  Paul's,  1801. 
—  Publ.  "  Harmonia  sacra"  (1800;  3  vol.s  ;  a 
coll.  of  74  anthems  in  score,  by  eminent  Engl, 
composers  of  the  16th— 17th  centuries  ;  new  ed. 
by  Rimbault)  ;  "  Festive  Harmony  ..."  (1804  ; 
4  vol.s  ;  madrigals,  glees,  and  elegies);  "Col- 
lection of  Hymns  .  .  ."  (1S04)  ;  "The  Burial 
Service,  Chant,  Evening  Service,  Dirge,  and 
Anthems  App.  to  be  Perf.  at  the  Funeral  of  Lord 
Nelson"  (1806);  anthems,  psalms,  etc. 

Paine,  John  Knowles,  b.  Portland,  Me., 
Jan.  9,  1S39.  Tupil  of  Kotzschmar  at  Portland, 
and  of  Haupt  (cpt.), 
Fischer  (singing), 
and  Wieprecht  (in- 
strumentation) at 
Berlin,  1858-61.  Af- 
ter organ-concerts  in 
Berlin  and  various 
American  cities,  he 
settled  in  Boston  as 
organist  of  the  West 
Church,  Cambridge 
St.  In  1862  he  be- 
came teacher  of  mu- 
sic at  Harvard  Univ., 
and  organist  at  Ap- 
pleton  Chapel,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.  ;  since  1876  he  has  occupied  the 
newly  created  professorship  of  music  at  Har- 
vard, the  first  in  any  American  University.  A 
fine  concert-organist.  As  a  composer  his  first, 
classic,  period  has  been  followed  by  a  turn  to 
romanticism,  and  he  is  one  of  the  leaders  in 
American  musical  development. — Works  [those 
with  *  are  publ. J  :  Domine  salvum   fac,  f.  male 


43- 


PAISIELLO— PALADILHE 


ch.  and  orch.,  op.  8(1863)  J  *  Mass  in  D,  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  10;  *  oratorio  St.  Peter,  op. 
20;  *  Centennial  Hymn  in  D,  f.  ch.  and  orch., 
op.  27  (Phila.,  1S76)  ;  music  to  *  CEdipus  ty- 
rannus  [Sophocles],  f.  male  voices  and  orch., 
°P-  35  I  *  The  Realm  of  Fancy,  cantata  f.  sopr. 
solo,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  36  ;  *  "  Phcebus,  arise  "  ; 

*  The  Nativity,  cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch., 
op.  38  ;  *  Song  of  Promise,  cantata  f.  sopr.,  ch., 
and  orch.,  op.  43  ; — 2  symphonies,  op.  23  in  C 
min.,  and  op.  34  in  A  (*  Spring  Symphony)  ;  2 
symphonic  poems,  op.  31  in  1)  min.,  on  The 
Tempest,  and  op.  44  in  G#  min.  and  A  (7,  "  An 
Island  Fantasy"  ;  overture  to  As  you  like  it  ; 
Duo  concertante  f.  vln.  and  'cello  w.  orch.,  in  A, 
°P-  33  I  String-quartet,  op.  5  ;  pf.-trio,  op.  22  ; 
Larghetto  and  Scherzo  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello,  op. 
32  ;  Romanza  and  Scherzo  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op. 
30;  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  24  ;  a  variety  of 

*  characteristic  pieces  f.  pf . ;  *  variations  and 
fantasias  f.  organ  ;  motets,  part-songs,  and  songs. 

Paisiel'lo,   Giovanni,  famous  dram.  comp. ; 
b.  Taranto,  Italy,  May  9,  1741  ;  d.  Naples,  June 
3,  18 16.     From  the 
age  of   5  he  studied 
at  the  Jesuit  school 
in    Taranto,    where 
he  was  taught  by  a 
priest,    Resta,    and 
where    his    singing 
so    delighted    Gua- 
ducci,  maestro  at  the 
Capuchin    church, 
that  he  advised  his 
father  to  place  him 
in    the   Cons,   di  S. 
Onofrio  at   Naples. 
Here  he  studied  un- 
der Durante,  Cotumacci,  and  Abos,  from  1754- 
59,  remaining  4  years  longer  as  a  teacher,  and 
occupying     himself    with     sacred    composition 
(masses,    oratorios,     etc.).      But  a    comic  inter- 
mezzo, perf.  at   the   Cons,  theatre  in   1763,  dis- 
covered such  dramatic   talent,  that  he  was  com- 
missioned to  write  an  opera  for  the  Marsigli  Th. 
at  Bologna;  here  his  first  comic  opera  was  prod., 
La  Pitpilla,  ossia  II  Mondo  alia  rovescia  (1764). 
For  12   years,  during   which  he  brought  out  no 
less  than    50  operas,   his  successes  were  many, 
and  reverses  few,  even  in  rivalry  with  Piccinni 
and  Cimarosa  ;  though  he  did  not  scruple  to  win 
his  triumphs  by  the  aid  of  low  trickery  and  in- 
trigues prompted   by  artistic  jealousy.      Impor- 
tant works  of  this  period  are  II  niarchese  di  Tu- 
lipano  (Rome,    1766),    L'Idolo   cinese    (Naples, 
1767  ;   Paris,  Acad.  R.  de  Mus.,  1779),  and  La 
Serva  padrona  (Naples,  1769).      Invited  to  St. 
Petersburg   by   Empress   Catherine  in   1776,  he 
lived  there  8  years  on  a  princely  salary  ;  IlBar- 
biere  di  Siviglia,  given  at  St.  P.  in  1776,  was  the 
first   opera  with  that  title,  and  so   charmed  the 
Romans  that  Rossini's  masterpiece  was  not  even 
allowed  a    hearing    at    its    initial    performance. 
During  the  next  15  years  he  acted  as  maestro  di 

28  433 


cappella  to  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Naples  (1784-99); 
UOlimpiade  (1786),  and  Nina,  0  La  Pazza per 
amove  (17S9,  a  charming  "  opera  semiseria,"  a 
genre  in  which  Paisiello  excelled),  La  Molinara, 
and  /  Zingari  in  fern,  are  especially  note- 
worthy. During  the  revolutionary  period  of 
1 799-1 801  P.  stood  well  with  the  republican  gov- 
ernment, but  lost  the  favor  of  the  King,  together 
with  his  place  and  salary.  From  1S02-3  he  was 
Napoleon's  maitre  de  chapelle  at  Paris,  and  a 
favorite  of  the  First  Consul,  who  preferred  his 
music  to  Cherubini's.  From  1803  to  the  Bour- 
bon restoration  of  181 5,  he  held  his  former  po- 
sition at  Naples,  and  other  places  of  importance, 
all  of  which  latter  he  lost  on  Ferdinand's  return  in 
1815,  being  retained  solely  as  maestro  di  cappella 
in  recognition  of  his  eminent  abilities. — P.  was 
an  extraordinarily  productive  composer,  and  one 
of  the  most  popular  of  his  time  ;  yet  of  his  100 
or  more  operas  only  La  Serva  padrona  and  pos- 
sibly one  or  two  others  are  ever  played  nowa- 
days. His  vein  of  melody  was  original,  fresh, 
and  natural  ;  although  he  introduced  instru- 
mental effects  that  were  novel  in  Italy,  he  care- 
fully avoided  the  over-elaborate  vocal  numbers 
common  to  the  period,  obtaining  his  effect  by 
the  grace,  beauty,  and  dramatic  truthfulness  of 
his  melody.  Seven  operas  were  printed  :  II  niar- 
chese di  Tnlipano,  La  Serva  padrona,  II  Bar- 
biere,  II  re  Teodoro,  La  Molinara,  Xina,  and 
Prosevpine. — Church-music  :  A  Passion  ora- 
torio (Warsaw,  1784);  3  solemn  masses  f.  double 
choir  and  2  orchestras  ;  Te  Deum  f.  do. ;  Re- 
quiem f.  4  voices  and  orch.  (perf.  at  his  own 
funeral)  ;  30  masses  f.  do.  ;  2  5-part  masses  ; 
Dixit,  Magnificat,  Miserere,  about  40  motets  w. 
orch.  ;  etc. — 12  symphonies  ;  funeral  march  for 
Gen.  Hoche  ;  6  pf. -concertos  ;  12  pf. -quartets  ; 
6  string-quartets  ;  sonata  and  concerto  f .  harp  ; 
2  vol.s  of  sonatas,  caprices,  etc.,  f.  pf.. — 
Biogr.  sketches  by  Arnold  (in  German,  18 10), 
Gagliardo  (1816),  Le  Sueur  (1816),  Quatremere 
de  Quincy  (1817),  Schizzi  (Milan,  1833),  Villa- 
rosa  (Naples,  1S40,  in  "  Memorie  dei  composi- 
tore  .    .   .   "). 

Paix,  Jacob,  b.  Augsburg,  1550;  d.  after 
1590  as  organist  at  Lauingen. — Publ.  "  Ein 
schon  nutz-  und  gebreuchlich  Orgel-Tabulatur- 
buch  "  (1583  ;  motets  a  4-12,  songs,  passamezzi, 
etc.) ;  "  Selectae,  artificiosae  et  elegantes  fugae  " 
(r5S7,  T59°)  !  2  orig.  masses,  "  Missa  parodia 
Mutetae  "  (1587),  and  "  Missa  Ilelveta"  (1590)  ; 
"  Thesaurus  motettarum  "  (1589  ;  22  motets  by 
various  comp.s)  ;  "  Kurzer  Bericht  aus  Gottes 
Wort  und  bewahrte  Kirchenhistorie  von  der 
Musik"  (1589). 

Paladilhe,  Emile,  b.  Montpellier,  June  3, 
1844.  Entered  Paris  Cons,  in  1S53  ;  studied 
under  Marmontel  (pf.),  Benoist  (org.),  and  Ha- 
levy  (cpt.)  ;  1st  prize  for  pf.  and  organ,  1857  ; 
won  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  i860  with  the 
cantata  Le  czar  Ivan  //'(Opera,  1S60).  While 
in  Rome,  he  sent  to  the  Academie  an  Italian 
opera  buffa,  an   overture,  and  a  symphony  ;  re- 


PALESTRINA 


turning  to  Paris,  he  brought  out  a  number   of 

songs,    and  in   1872   the    i-act    comic  opera   Le 

Passant,  at  the  Op.- 

Comique,  followed 

by    the     2-act    ditto, 

I' Amour  africain 

(1875),  the  3-act  do., 

Suzanne  (187S),    the 

3-act     do.,    Diana 

(1885), the  5-act  opera 

Patrie!      (Opera, 

1886 ;    in  Hamburg, 

1889,  as    Vaterland; 

at    La   Scala,  Milan, 

1 895, as  Patria)  ;  and 

Les    Saintes   Maries 

de    la    mer,    a    lyric 

drama  (Montpellier,    1892).      Has  also   prod.    2 

masses,    a   symphony,   some  sacred  music,   and 

numerous   songs,   among    which    the   "  Mando- 

linata,"  "Premieres    pensees,"  and    "Melodies 

ecossaises,"  are  popular. 

Palestri'na,  [Giovanni  Pierluigi  Sante, 
called  da  Palestrina,]  the  greatest  composer  of 
the  Catholic 
Church  and  of  the 
Roman  .School, 
was  born  at  Pale- 
strina, near  Rome, 
probably  15 14  or 
1515;  died  at 
Rome,  Feb.  2, 
1594.  Born  of 
poor  parents,  his 
early  life  is  ob- 
scure ;  it  is  said 
that  he  earned  his 
living  at  first  as  a 
church-singer  ;  he 
was  probably  a 
pupil  in  CI.  Goudimel's  famous  school  in  1540, 
and  organist  at  his  native  town  1544-51,  in 
which  year  he  succeeded  Rosseli  as  magister 
puerorum  (master  of  the  boys)  in  the  Cappella 
Giulia,  with  the  title  of  "  maestro  della  cappella 
della  Basilica  Vaticana."  His  first  published 
work  was  a  book  of  masses  a  4,  dedicated  to 
Pope  Julius  III.,  who,  recognizing  his  genius, 
caused  him  to  be  admitted  to  the  Pontifical 
Chapel  as  a  singer  (a  gross  infraction  of  the 
rules,  P.  being  married,  and  a  poor  singer)  in 
Jan.,  1554.  Paul  IV.,  on  his  accession  to  the 
Holy  See,  dismissed  P.  with  a  pension  of  6 
scudi  per  month  (July  30,  1555)  ;  however,  on 
the  latter's  recovery  from  a  severe  illness  caused 
by  this  blow,  the  Pope  appointed  him  maestro  di 
cappella  at  the  Lateran  (Oct.  1,  1555).  In  1560 
his  famous  Improperia  for  Holy  Week  attracted 
such  attention,  that  the  Pope  (Pius  IV.)  secured 
them  for  the  Sistine  Chapel,  where  they  have 
since  been  performed  on  every  Good  Friday. 
In  1 561  he  exchanged  his  post  for  the  better- 
salaried  one  of  maestro  at  Santa  Maria  Mag- 
giore.     He  remained  in  this  church  for  a  decade, 


during  which  his  fame  was  firmly  established. 
The  scheme  of  Pope  Paul  IV.  for  the  reform  of 
church-music,  laid  before  the  Council  of  Trent 
(1545-63),  had  resulted  in  the  determination  by 
that  august  body  to  suppress  all  distinctly  secu- 
lar elements,  and  more  particularly  the  canti 
fermi  borrowed  by  even  eminent  composers 
from  the  melodies  of  indecent  songs  ;  but  they 
hesitated  to  adopt  the  more  radical  features  in 
the  Pope's  program,  especially  the  abolition  of 
figural  song.  During  further  discussion  of  this 
matter  by  the  College  of  Cardinals  in  1564,  Pa- 
lestrina was  requested  to  write  a  mass  which, 
without  banishing  the  beauties  of  florid  melody 
and  polyphonic  art,  should  be  in  every  way  ap- 
propriate for  church-performance.  He  wrote 
not  one,  but  three,  of  which  the  third,  the 
"  Missa  papae  Marcelli,"  was  so  wholly  satis- 
factory that  the  idea  of  banishing  polyphonic 
music  from  the  church-service  was  definitively 
abandoned,  and  P.  ("the  saviour  of  music") 
was  appointed  composer  to  the  Pontifical 
Chapel,  a  post  of  honor  held  only  by  himself 
and  Anerio.  In  1571  he  succeeded  Animuccia 
as  maestro  of  St.  Feter's,  an  office  which  he  re- 
tained until  his  death.  He  was  also  interested 
in  Neri's  "  Congregazione  del  Oratorio"  as  a 
composer  [v.  Neri),  taught  occasionally  in 
Nanini's  school,  and  was  maestro  concertatore  to 
Prince  Buoncompagni  from  1581.  The  desire 
of  Pope  Sixtus  V.  to  make  P.  maestro  of  the 
Sistine  Chapel,  was  frustrated  by  the  opposition 
of  the  singers,  who  refused  to  serve  under  a 
layman.  The  revision  of  the  Roman  Gradual 
and  Antiphonal,  entrusted  to  P.  by  Pope  Greg- 
ory XIII.,  remained  unfinished  ;  there  were 
published  the  "  Directorium  chori  "  (1582),  the 
Passion  songs  after  the  4  Evangelists  (1586), 
the  Offices  of  Holy  Week  (1587),  and  the  Prae- 
fationes  (1588).  On  the  death  of  his  pupil  and 
assistant,  Giudetti,  P.  was  obliged  to  suspend 
the  work. — Palestrina's  works  mark  the  cul- 
mination of  the  era  of  strict  simple  contra- 
puntal composition  in  the  Gregorian  modes  ; 
the  perfection  of  a  cappella  church-music  within 
these  limits.  Orlandus  Lassus  and  Giovanni 
Gabrieli  approach,  but  hardly  equal  him.  A 
monumental  edition  of  his  complete  composi- 
tions has  been  publ.  by  Breitkopf  and  Hartel  in 
33  volumes  (1862-94)  ;  vol.s  i-iii  edited  by 
Theodor  de  Witt  and  J.  N.  Rauch  ;  vol.s  iv- 
viii  by  Franz  Espagne  ;  vol.  ix  by  Fr.  Commer  ; 
and  vol.s  x-xxxiii  by  Fr.  X.  Haberl.  The  con- 
tents of  these  volumes  is  as  follows  :  Vol.  I,  24 
Motets  a  5,  7  do.  a  6,  2  do.  a  7  ;  Vol.  II,  17 
Motets  a  5,  8  do.  a  6,  4  do.  a  8  ;  Vol.  Ill,  18 
Motets  a  5,  9  do.  a  6,  6  do.  a  8  ;  Vol.  IV,  40 
Motets  a  5  ;  Vol.  V,  57  Motets  a  4  ;  Vol.  VI, 
2  Motets  a  5,  S  do.  a  6,  25  do.  a  8  ;  Vol.  VII,  7 
Motets  a  4,  2  do.  a  6,  22  do.  a  8,  4  do.  a  12  ; 
Vol.  VIII,  45  Hymns  a  4  ;  Vol.  IX,  68  Offer- 
tories a  5  ;  Vol.s  X-XXIV,  92  Masses  a  4,  5, 
6,  and  8  ;  Vol.  XXV,  9  Lamentations,  each  in 
several  different  arrangements  a  3,  4,  5,  6,  or  8  ; 
Vol.  XXVI,  17  Litanies,  Motets  and   Psalms  a 


434 


PALLAVICINI— PANOFKA 


3-12;  Vol.  XXVII,  35  Magnificats  a  4,  5,  6, 
and  8  ;  Vol.  XXVIII,  about  90  Italian  (secu- 
lar) Madrigals  a  3,  4,  5,  and  6;  Vol.  XXIX, 
56  Church-Madrigals  (Latin)  ;  Supplementary 
volumes  :  Vol.  XXX  (from  publ.  collections  of 
the  16th  and  17th  centuries),  12  Cantiones  sacrae 
a  3-8,  12  Cantiones  profanae  a  3-5,  and  14 
Cant,  sacrae  a  4-12  ;  Vol.  XXXI  (from  ar- 
chives of  Pontifical  Chapel,  etc.),  56  miscel- 
laneous numbers,  many  doubtful;  includes  11 
"  Esercizi  sopra  la  scala";  Vol.  XXXII,  60 
miscellaneous,  inch  8  Ricercari  a  4,  also  Re- 
sponses, Antiphones,  etc.;  Vol.  XXXIII, 
Documents,  Index,  Bibliography,  etc. — Several 
especially  fine  works  are  publ.  separately  ;— 
Masses:  "  Aeterna  Christi  munera "  f.  A.  T. 
Bar.  B.;  "Dies  sanctificatus "  f.  S.  A.  T.  B.; 
"  O  sacrum  convivium  "  f.  S.  A.  T.  (I.  II.)  B.; 
an  8-part  mass;  "  Assumpta  est  Maria  in 
coelum  "  a  6  ;  "  Dilexi  quoniam  "  f.  S.  A.  T.  (I. 
II.)  B.;  "Ecce  ego  Joannes  "  f.  S.  A.  T.  (I.  II.) 
B. ;  "  Papae  Marcelli  "a  6  ;  "  Tu  es  Petrus  "  a  6  ; 
— the  Motet  "  Exaudi  Domine  "  a  4;  1  Lamenta- 
tion a  3,  and  2  a  4  (male  voices)  ;  also  selected 
Madrigals,  Canzonets,  etc.  In  Waldersee's 
"  Sammlung  musikalischer  Vortrage,"  No.  52, 
will  be  found  full  information  ;  Br.  &  II.  also 
publ.  a  special  catalogue.  As  this  new  edition 
supersedes  and  includes  all  previous  ones,  a  list 
of  original  editions  is  omitted. — Biographical : 
Baini,  "  Memorie  storio-critiche  della  vita  e 
delle  opere  di  G.  P.  da  P."  (Rome,  1828,  2 
vol.s  ;  an  excellent  monograph  ;  German  ed. 
1834);  Nisard,  "  G.  P.  da  P."  (Paris,  date?)  ; 
A.  Bartolini,  "  Elogio  di  G.  P.  da  P."  (Rome, 
1870)  ;  Baumker  (sketch  ;  1S77)  ;  A.  Cametti, 
"  Cenni  biografici  di  G.  P.  da  P."  (Milan, 
1895). 

Pallavici'ni  (or  Pallavicino),  Benedetto, 
b.  Cremona  ;  d.  Mantua  (?)  after  1616,  where  he 
was  maestro  to  the  Duke.  He  publ.  1  book  of 
madrigals  a  4  (1570),  7  books  a  5  (15S1,  '93,  '96, 
'97,  1612,  '13),  1  book  a  6  (1587),  and  other  mad- 
rigals in  coll.s  ;  also  a  book  of  motets  a  8,  12,  and 
16(1595). 

Pallavici'ni  (or  Pallavicino),  Carlo,  b. 
Brescia,  1630  ;  d.  Dresden,  Jan.  27,  1688.  Vice- 
Kapellm.  in  1667,  and  Kapellm.  in  1672,  to  the 
Dresden  court  ;  after  a  stay  in  Italy,  he  became 
Kapellm.  of  the  new  Italian  Opera  at  Dresden. 
Composed  over  20  operas  for  Italian  theatres  and 
Dresden  ;  La  Gerusalemme  liberata  (168S),  and 
Antiope  (finished  by  Strungk,  and  prod,  at  Dres- 
den, 1689),  were  the  last. 

Pallo'ni,  Gaetano,  b.  Camerino,  Italy,  Aug. 
4,  1831  ;  a  pupil  of  Cellini  at  Fermo,  where  he 
became  the  favorite  organist  in  1S54  ;  studied 
further  with  Mabellini  at  Florence,  where  he 
still  (1S99)  lives  as  a  much-sought  singing- 
teacher.  Has  publ.  many  graceful  songs,  duets, 
etc. 

Pal'me,  Rudolf,  b.  Barby-on-Elbe,  Oct.  23, 
1834.  Organist  ;  pupil  of  A.  G.  Ritter.  Royal 
Mus.  Dir.,  and  org.  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Holy  Ghost 


at  Magdeburg. — Works  :  Much  organ-music 
(concert-fantasias  w.  male  chorus,  sonatas,  cho- 
rale-preludes) ;  male  choruses,  songs,  school- 
songs,  etc. 

Palmer,  Horatio  Richmond,  b.  Sherburne, 
N.  Y.,  Apr.  26,  1834.  Taught  by  his  father 
and  sister,  later  by  various  teachers  in  New 
York,  Berlin,  and  Florence.  Began  composing 
at  18,  and  chorus-conducting  at  20.  In  1857, 
head  of  mus.  dept.,  Rushford  Acad.;  settled  in 
Chicago  after  the  Civil  War  ;  edited  the  "  Con- 
cordia "  ;  cond.  associations  in  the  Northern 
States  and  Canada  ;  from  1873  he  had  charge, 
for  many  years,  of  the  New  Church  Choral 
Union,  giving  concerts  with  as  many  as  4,000 
singers.  Since  1877,  Dean  of  the  Summer 
School  of  Music  at  Chautauqua,  conducting  from 
2  to  4  concerts  weekly.  Active  popular  teacher  ; 
of  his  coll.s  "  The  Song  Queen,"  "  The  Song 
King,"  "The  Song  Herald,"  and  "Concert 
Choruses,"  have  had  great  success  ;  also  "  Theory 
of  Music,"  "  Class  Method  "  (of  elem.  teaching), 
"Manual  for  Teachers"  (in  public  schools), 
"  Brief  Statements,"  "  Mus.  Catechism,"  etc. — 
Mus.  Doc.  (Chicago  Univ.  and  Alfred  Univ.). 

Palo'schi,  Giovanni,  of  the  publishing- 
house  of  Ricordi,  Milan  ;  b.  1S24  ;  d.  Jan.  2, 
1S92  ;  publ.  1876  (2nd  ed.  1S7S),  a  valuable 
"  General  Musical  Calendar"  ("  Annuario  mu- 
sicale  universale ") ;  also  contributed  to  the 
"  Gazzetta  Musicale." 

Palot'ta,  Matteo,  b.  Palermo,  1680 ;  d. 
Vienna,  Mar.  28,  175S.  Court  comp.  at  Vienna, 
1733-41,  and  again  from  1749.  Wrote  "  Gre- 
goriani  cantus  enucleata  praxis  et  cognitio." 
Motets  and  masses  in  MS.,  Vienna. 

Pa'minger  (or  Pammi'gerus,  Panni'gerus), 
Leonhardt,  b.  Aschau,  Upper  Austria,  1484  ; 
d.  Passau,  May  3,  1567,  as  school-rector  and 
seer,  of  the  St.  Nicolaus  monastery. — Works  : 
4  books  of  motets,  "  Ecclesiasticarum  cantionum 
4,  5,  6  et  plurimum  vocum  ..."  (Nuremberg, 
1573),  remarkable  for  skilful  polyphony. 

Pan'ny,  Joseph,  b.  Kolmitzberg,  Lower 
Austria,  Oct.  23,  1794  ;  d.  Sept.  7,  1S38,  at 
Mayence,  where  he  had  founded  a  music-school. 
Violinist  ;  comp.  a  scena  f.  violin  and  orch.  for 
Paganini  ;  publ.  easy  string-quartets  (op.  15),  a 
sonata  for  the  G-string,  trios  and  solos  f.  violin, 
masses,  a  Requiem,  male  choruses,  etc. 

Panof'ka,  Heinrich,  b.  Breslau,  Oct.  2,  1S07; 
d.  Florence,  Nov.  18,  18S7.  Violinist,  a  pupil 
of  the  cantors  Strauch  and  Forster,  at  ten  he 
played  in  a  concert,  and  from  1824-7  studied  at 
Vienna  under  Mayseder  and  Hoffmann  ;  then 
gave  concerts,  went  to  Munich  in  1829,  thence  to 
Berlin,  and  settled  in  Paris  (1834),  playing  at 
the  Cons,  concerts,  and  studying  the  art  of  sing- 
ing and  vocal  instruction  under  Bordogni,  with 
whom  he  founded,  in  1S42,  an  "  Acade'mie  de 
chant,"  which  failed  in  competition  with  the 
Prince  of  Moszkva's  "  Soc.  de  concerts."     Lived 


435 


PANSERON— PARADIS 


1844-52  at  London,  becoming  famous  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher ;  was  also  Lumley's  asst.-cond.  at  H. 
M.'s  Th.  in  1847,  during  Jenny  Lind's  appear- 
ances ;  returned  to 
Paris,  1852  ;  settled 
in  Florence,  1866. 
— He  wrote  consid- 
erable violin-music 
during  his  virtuoso- 
period  (variations, 
rondos,  a  sonata, 
studies,  charact. 
pieces,  duos  con- 
certantsw.  pf.),  and 
transl.  Baillot's 
Method  f .  Violin  in- 
to German  ;  but  his 
instructive  vocal 
works  are  more  im- 
portant :      "The     Practical 


Sim 


Tutor  ; " 
"  L'art  de  chanter"  (op.  81);  an  "Abecedaire 
vocal  "  ;  "24  Vocalises  progressives  "  (op.  85)  ; 
"12  Vocalises  d'artiste  "  (op.  86);  "  Erholung 
und  Studium"  (op.  87);  "86  nouveaux  exer- 
cices"  (op.  88);  "  12  Vocalises  pour  contralto  " 
(op.  8g) ;  "  12  Vokalisen  fur  Bass  "  (op.  90). 

Panseron,    Auguste-Mathieu,     b.     Paris, 

Apr.  26,  1796  ;  d.  there  July  29,  1859.  His  fa- 
ther, who  instru- 
mented many  operas  ^^Sm*^ 
for  G retry,  taught  /^p^^%) 
him  until  he  entered 
the  Paris  Cons,  in 
1804  ;  he  studied 
under  Gossec,  Le- 
vasseur,and  Bertini, 
winning  the  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  in 
1813  with  his  can- 
tata Herminie. 
After  study  in  Bo- 
logna (with  Mattei), 
Rome,  Naples, 
Vienna  (Salieri), 
and      Munich,      he 

returned  to  Paris  in  1S18,  taught  singing,  was 
accompanist  at  the  Opera-Comique,  and  prod.  3 
i-act  operas  ;  became  prof,  of  solfeggio  at  the 
Cons,  in  1S26,  prof,  of  vocalisation  in  1S31,  and 
prof,  of  singing  in  1836.  From  1825-40  he 
brought  out  some  200  charming  romances  ;  he 
also  comp.  church-music  (2  masses  f.  3  soprani, 
and  motets  a  3-4,  "  Mois  de  Marie,"  were  publ.), 
etc. ;  but  attained  real  eminence  as  a  vocal  teacher 
and  as  a  writer  of  instructive  works  on  singing  : 
"ABC  musical "  (solfeggi  written  for  his 
daughter,  aged  8)  ;  "  Solfeges  d'artiste"  (50 
solfeggi  w.  change  of  clefs)  ;  36  do. ,  of  advanced 
difficulty  ;  "  Solfege  d'ensemble  a  2,  3  et  4  voix," 
3  books  ;  "  Solfege  du  pianiste  "  ;  "  Solfege  du 
violoniste,"  "  Methode  de  vocalisation,"  followed 
by  a  "Methode  complete  de  vocalisation"  in 
three  books,  and  another  series  of  special  studies 
and  exercises  for  the  different  voices  and  grades 


of  difficulty  ;  also  a  "  Traite  de  l'harmonie  pra- 
tique et  de  modulation." 

Paoluc/ci,  Giuseppe,  b.  Siena,  1727;  d. 
1777  as  maestro  of  the  Assisi  Monastery.  Pupil 
of  Padri  Martini.  —  Publ.  "  Preces  piae "  f. 
double  choir  (1767)  ;  and  "Arte  pratica  di  con- 
trappunto  dimostrato  con  esempj  di  vari  autori  " 
(3  vols;  1765-72). 

Pa'pe,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Sarstedt,  n. 
Hanover,  July  1,  17S9  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  2,  1875. 
A  piano-maker  ;  worked  1S11-15  for  Pleyel  in 
Paris,  later  for  himself.  He  built  an  8-octave 
piano ;  introduced  padded  hammers  ;  and  in- 
vented (?)  overstringing. 

Papier,  Louis,  b.  Leipzig,  Feb.  26,  1829  ; 
d.  there  Feb.  13,  1878  ;  org.  at  the  Thomas- 
kirche  from  1869  ;  singing-teacher  in  public- 
schools.  Publ.  pieces  f.  org.  and  pf.  ;  also 
songs. 

Papier,  Rosa,  b.  Baden,  n.  Vienna,  1858. 
Fine  mezzo-soprano  ;  eng.  at  the  Imp.  Opera, 
Vienna.  Married  Dr.  Hans  Paumgartner  in 
1SS1. 

Papillon  de  la  Fert6,  Intendant  of  the 
"  menus  plaisirs"  of  Louis  XVI.  (1777),  Inspec- 
tor of  the  "  Ecole  royale  de  chant,"  director  of 
the  Opera,  was  guillotined  in  1793. — His  son 
was  Mus.  Intendant-in-chief  after  the  Restora- 
tion (1814). 

Pap'peritz,  Benjamin  Robert,  b.  Pirna, 
Saxony,  Dec.  4,  1826.  Studied  under  Ilaupt- 
mann,  Richter,  and  Moscheles,  at  the  Leipzig 
Cons.,  where  he  became  teacher  of  harmony 
and  counterpoint  in  1S51.  From  1S68-99  he 
was  also  organist  of  the  Nikolaikirche,  then  re- 
tiring. Excellent  instructor  ;  "  Royal  Professor  " 
in  1882.  Publ.  organ-music,  choral  works,  and 
songs. 

Paque,  Guillaume,  'cello-virtuoso,  pupil  of 
Demunck  ;  b.  Brussels,  July  24,  1825  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Mar.  2,  1876.  Teacher  in  Barcelona  Cons. ; 
soloist  at  the  Royal  Th.,  Madrid  ;  member  of 
the  R.  Orch.,  London,  from  1863,  and  teacher 
in  Dr.  Wylde's  London  Acad,  of  Mus. 

Paradises  (or  Paradi'si),  Pietro  Domenico, 
dram.  comp.  and  harpsichord-player  ;  b.  Naples, 
1710;  d.  Venice,  1792.  Pupil  of  Porpora  ; 
brought  out  operas  in  Italy,  went  to  London  in 
1847,  and  lived  there  many  years  as  a  harpsi- 
chord-teacher.— Publ.  "12  Sonate  di  gravicem- 
balo "  (London,  1746).  Some  pieces  are  in 
Pauer's  "Old  Ital.  Masters";  many  in  MS.  in 
the  Fitzwilliam  Coll. 

Paradis',  Maria  Theresia  von,  b.  Vienna, 
May  15,  1759;  d.  there  Feb.  1,  1824.  Blind 
from  her  fifth  year,  she  was  taught  by  Richter 
and  Rozeluch  (pf.),  Salieri  and  Righini  (sing- 
ing), and  Friberth  and  Abbe  Vogler  (comp.), 
becoming  an  excellent  pianist  and  organist  ; 
played  in  Paris  in  1784,  and  made  a  tour  to  Lon- 
don, Brussels,  and  Cerman  capitals  in  17S6.  By 
the  aid  of  a  system  of  notation  invented  by  a 


436 


PARADISI— PARKER 


friend,  she  became  a  skilful  composer,  her  chief 
works  being  a  melodrama,  Ariadne  und Bacchus 
(Vienna,  1791),  an  operetta,  Der  Schulcandidat 
(1792),  the  fairy  opera  Rinaldo  und  Alcina 
(Prague,  1797),  a  funeral  cantata  on  the  death  of 
Louis  XVI.  (1794),  a  pf.-trio,  sonatas  and  var.s 
f.  pf. ,  songs,  etc.  In  her  last  years  she  taught 
singing  and  piano-playing. 

Paradi'si.     See  Paradies. 

Pare'ja.     See  Ramos  di  Pareja. 

Parent,  Charlotte-Frances-Hortense,  b. 
London,  Mar.  22,  1837.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Mme. 
Farrenc  (Paris  Cons. ,  1S53-7)  ;  foundress  of  an 
"Ecolepreparatoireauprofessorat"  (pf. -teachers' 
seminary)  at  Paris  ;  authoress  of  a  Method  f.  pf. 
(1872)  with  supplementary  exercises  ;  etc. 

Pare'pa-Ro'sa  {ne'e  Parepa  de  Boyescu'), 
Euphrosyne,  famous  soprano  ;  b.  Edinburgh, 
May  7,  1836  ;  d.  London,  Jan.  21,  1S74.  Her 
father  was  a  native  of  Bucharest,  her  mother, 
Elizabeth  Seguin,  was  a  well-known  singer,  un- 
dertaking her  daughter's  mus.  education  at  first. 
After  the  father's  death  she  was  trained  for  the 
stage  ;  made  her  debut  at  16,  as  Amina,  in  Malta  ; 
then  sang  in  Naples,  Genoa,  Rome,  Florence, 
Madrid,  and  Lisbon,  appearing  in  London  as 
Elvira  in  / Puritani  on  May  21,  1857.  She  be- 
came a  great  favorite  there,  singing  frequently  in 
opera  and  oratorio  up  to  her  American  tour  in 
1865  with  Carl  Rosa,  whom  she  married  on  their 
second  American  tour  in  1S67,  when  they  organ- 
ized an  opera-company,  with  "  Parepa"  as  lead- 
ing lady,  and  gained  great  success.  On  her 
third  visit  to  America,  in  1871,  Parepa  sang 
with  Santley  and  Wachtel  in  Italian  opera  ;  re- 
turned to  England  in  1S73,  intending  to  give 
Lohengrin  in  English  at  Drury  Lane  the  follow- 
ing March;  a  project  defeated  by  Parepa's  sudden 
illness. — Her  voice,  sweet  and  powerful,  had  a 
compass  of  2.V  octaves  (to  </3).  She  was  even 
more  successful  in  oratorio  than  in  opera. 

Parish-Alvars,  Elias,  noted  player  on  and 
corap.  for  the  harp  ;  b.  Teignmouth,  Engl., 
Feb.  2S,  1S10  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  25,  1849.  Of 
Jewish  parentage  ;  pupil  of  Dizi,  Labarre,  and 
Bochsa.  Tours  in  Germany,  1831,  and  Italy, 
1834  ;  concerts  in  London  1S36-7  ;  Oriental  tour 
183S-42,  succeeded  bv  further  tours  in  Germany 
and  Italy.  Settled  in  Vienna,  1S47,  as  cham- 
ber-harpist to  the  Emperor.  Many  fine  works 
for  harp  :  Op.  62,  "  Voyage  d'un  harpiste  en 
Orient "  (Turkish,  Greek,  and  other  melodies 
f.  solo  harp)  ;  op.  67,  March  f.  harp  ;  op.  81, 
concerto  f.  harp  w.  orch.,  in  G  min. ;  op.  98, 
do.  in  E  \)  ;  op.  91,  concertino  f.  2  harps  w. 
orch. ;  fantasias,  romances,  characteristic  pieces, 
transcriptions,  etc.,  f.  harp  w.  orch.  or  pf. 

Parisi'ni,  Federico,  b.  Bologna,  Dec.  4, 
1825  ;  d.  there  Jan.  4,  1891.  Tupil  of  Fabbri 
at  the  Liceo  Musicale,  Bologna,  becoming 
teacher  of  harmony,  etc.,  in  that  inst.,  succeed- 
ing Gaspari  as  librarian  of  the  Acad.  Filarmo- 


nica,  of  which  he  was  twice  president.  Wrote 
theoretical  treatises  on  choral  singing,  harmony, 
etc. ;  coinp.  5  well-received  operettas  for  stu- 
dents ;  and  lectured  on  mus.  aesthetics  and 
history. 

Parker,  Henry,  b.  London,  Aug.  4,  1S45. 
Pupil,  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  of  Plaidy,  Moscheles, 
and  Richter  ;  at  Paris,  of  Lefort.  Residing 
(1S99)  as  a  composer,  singing-teacher,  and  cond. 
in  London. — Works  :  Rom. -comic  opera  Migno- 
nette (London,  1S89);  Jerusalem,  f.  bass  solo  and 
chorus  (Albert  Hall,  1SS4)  ;  gavottes,  etc.,  f. 
orch.;  pf. -music  ;  songs. — Wrote  "The  Voice, 
its  Production  and  Improvement,  with  Practical 
Exercises." 

Parker,  Horatio  William,  b.  Auburndale, 
Mass.,  Sept.  15,  1863.  Pupil,  in  Boston,  of 
Emery  (theory),  ]. 
Orth  (pf.),  and  Chad- 
wick  (comp.).  Organ- 
ist at  Dedham  and 
Boston  ;  studied  in 
Munich  1SS2-5  with 
Rheinberger  (org.  and 
comp.)  and  L.  Abel 
(conducting),  bringing 
out  a  cantata,  King 
Trojan,  in  1SS5.  Re- 
turning to  America,  he 
became  organist  and 
prof,  of  music  at  the 
Cathedral  Schools, 
Garden  City,  L.  I.; 
1886,  org.  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Andrew's, 
Harlem  ;  1S88,  do.  at  Ch.  of  the  Holy  Trinity, 
Madison  Av.  In  1894  he  was  called  to  the  chair 
of  music  at  Yale  Univ. — Works  prod,  in  Mu- 
nich :  Cantata  King  Trojan ;  Psalm  23,  f. 
female  ch.,  organ,  and  harp  ;  Romance  f.  ch. 
and  orch. ;  symphony  in  C  ;  Concert-overture 
in  Ej->;  "  Regulus,"  heroic  overture. — Later 
works  :  Der  Normannenzug,  f.  male  ch.  ;:nd 
orch.  (1SS9)  ;  cantata  The  Holy  Child;  motet 
Adstant  angelorum  chori  ;  op.  21,  The  Kodold, 
f.  ch.  and  orch.  (1891)  ;  op.  26,  Harold  Ilar- 
fagar,  f.  do.;  op.  29,  overture  to  Count  Robert 
of  Paris;  op.  30,  oratorio  Hora  novissi ma  (1893  ; 
Worcester,  Mass.,  1S97;  Festival  of  "The  3 
Choirs,"  Worcester,  Engl.,  Sept.  14,  1S99,  cond. 
by  the  composer)  ;  op.  31,  prize-cantata  Dream 
King  (1893)  ;  op.  40,  Co  ha  I  Mohr,  f.  bar.  solo 
and  orch.  (1S93)  ;  op.  42,  Commencement  Ode, 
Yale  Univ.,  f.  male  voices  (1895)  ;  op.  43,  ora- 
torio St.  Christopher  (1896)  ;op.  45,  prize-comp. 
f.  chorus  a  cappella  (1S9S)  ;  op.  46,  "A  Northern 
Ballad,"  f.  orch.  (1S99)  ; — choruses  f.  female 
voices ;  anthems ;  many  songs,  sacred  and  secular ; 
pf. -pieces  ;  4  sets  of  organ-pieces  (op.  17,  20, 
28,  36),  each  comprising  4  numbers;  a  Collection 
f.  organ  of  3oarr.sand  transcriptions  of  master- 
works  ;  etc. 

Parker,  James  Cutler  Dunn,  b.  Boston, 
Mass.,   June  2,    1828.      Studied    law  in    Boston 


437 


PARRATT— PARRY 


1848-51,  and  music  in  Leipzig  1S51-4  under 
Moscheles  and  Plaidy  (pf.),  llauptmann  (harm.), 
and  Richter  and  Rietz  (comp.).  lias  lived  since 
then  in  Boston  and  the  suburban  Brookline.  In 
1862  he  organized  the  "  Parker  Club,"  an  ama- 
teur vocal  society  ;  organist  and  choir-director 
of  Trinity  Ch.  1864-91,  and  for  many  years  org. 
of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Soc. ;  was  prof,  at 
the  Boston  Univ.  College  of  Music,  and  is  Ex- 
aminer for  the  New  Engl.  Cons. — Works  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.:  "Redemption  Hymn  "(1877); 
cantata  The  Blind  King  (1SS6)  ;  "St.  John"; 
The  Life  of  Man  (oratorio)  ;  several  church- 
services,  and  other  church-music.  Translated 
Richter's  "  Manual  of  Harmony  ";  publ.  an  orig- 
inal "  Man.  of  Harm."  (iS55),and  "  Theoretical 
and  Practical  Harmony"  (1S70). 

Parratt,  Sir  Walter,  b.  Huddersfield,  Feb. 
10,  1841.  At  7  sang  regularly  in  church  ;  at  ten, 
knew  the  "Well-temp.  Clavichord"  by  heart; 
at  11,  organist  at  Armitage  Bridge,  and  passed 
through  successive  similar  positions  to  Magdalen 
Coll.,  Oxford  (1872),  and  St.  Ceorge's  Chapel, 
Windsor  (1892),  succeeding  Elvey.  Mus.  Bac, 
Oxon.,  1873;  organ-prof,  at  R.  C.  M.,  1883; 
knighted  in  1892  ;  Master  of  Music  in  Ord.  to 
the  Queen,  1893. — Works  :  Music  to  /Eschylus' 
Agamemnon  and  Orestes  ;  Elegy  to  Patroclus 
(1SS3)  ;  anthems,  songs,  music  f.  organ  and  pf. 
Contributor  to  Grove's  Dictionary. 

Parry,  John,  Welsh  bard  ;  b.  Ruabon,  N. 
Wales  ;  d.  as  harper  to  Sir  W.  W.  Wynne  at 
Wynnstay,  Oct.  7,  1782. — Publ.  "  Antient  Brit- 
ish Music  ..."  (tunes  of  the  Cambro-Britons, 
1742);  "Coll.  of  Antient  Welsh  Airs  .  .  ." 
(17S1);  "  Coll.  of  Welsh,  English  and  Scotch 
Airs"  (1761). 

Parry,  John  (called  "  Bardd  Alaw,"  master 
of  song),  b.  Denbigh,  Feb.  18,  1776  ;  d.  London, 
Apr.  8,  1851.  Clarinettist  in  a  band,  then  band- 
master ;  teacher  of  flageolet  ;  comp.  to  Vaux- 
hall,  1S09;  cond.  of  "  Eisteddfodau  "  in  Wales 
for  years  ;  was  critic  for  the  "Morning  Post," 
and  treasurer  of  the  R.  Soc.  of  Musicians  (1831- 
49). — Works  :  "  The  Welsh  Harper  "  (1839-48  ; 
coll.  of  Welsh  music,  with  historical  introd.); 
"Cambrian  Harmony"  (coll.  of  Welsh  airs, 
1S10)  ;  various  other  collections  ;  also  much 
original  music  (incid.  music  to  several  plays, 
harp-sonatas,  glees,  songs,  part-songs,  etc.). 

Parry,  John  Orlando,  son  of  preceding  ; 
pianist,  harpist,  and  singer  ;  b.  London,  Jan.  3, 
1810  ;  d.  E.  Molesey,  Feb.  20,  1S79.  Appeared 
at  the  German  Reed  Entertainments  1860-9. 
Wrote  songs,  comic  and  sentimental. 

Parry,  Joseph,  b.  Merthyr  Tydvil,  Wales, 
May  21,  1 84 1.  The  son  of  a  laborer,  and  put 
to  work  at  10  in  a  puddling  furnace  ;  his  parents 
emigrated  to  America,  but  he  returned  to  Britain, 
won  Eisteddfod  prizes  for  songs,  and  through 
Brinley  Richards'  influence  entered  the  R.  A. 
M.  in  1868,  studying  under  Bennett,  Garcia,  and 


Steggall.  Mus.  Bac,  Cambr.,  1871  ;  then  app. 
prof,  of  music  at  the  Univ.  Coll.,  Aberystwith  ; 
Mus.  Doc,  187S  ;  in  ' 
1888,  Mus.  Lecturer 
at  Univ.  Coll.  of  S. 
Wales,  Cardiff.  Also 
F.R.  A.M.— Works: 
4  operas,  Blodwen, 
1878  ;  Arianwen, 
1S90;  Sylvia,  1895; 
King  Arthur  (fin- 
ished 1897);  the  or- 
atorios Emmanuel, 
1S80,  and  Saul  of 
Tarsus,  1S92  ;  the 
cantatas  The  Prodi- 
gal Son,  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  Cambria  ;  "  Dru- 
ids' Chorus";  an  orchestral  ballade,  overtures, 
a  string-quartet,  pf. -music,  anthems,  songs. 

Parry,   Sir  Charles   Hubert  Hastings,  b. 

Bournemouth,  Engl.,  Feb.  27,  184S.  While  at 
Eton,  from  1S61, 
he  studied  composi- 
tion with  G.  Elvey  ; 
took  part  in  the  con- 
certs of  the  Musical 
Soc.  as  a  pianist, 
organist,  vocalist, 
and  composer.  At 
18,  still  a  lad  at 
Eton,  he  took  the 
degree  of  Mus.  Bac. 
at  Oxford,  his  ex- 
ercise being  a  can- 
tata, "O  Lord, 
Thou  hast  cast  us 
out."  Entered  Exeter  Coll.,  Oxford,  in  1867  ; 
was  a  founder  of  the  "Univ.  Mus.  Club,"  and 
took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1874.  Here  he  be- 
gan to  study  music  in  earnest  under  Bennett 
and  Macfarren,  also  taking  pf. -lessons  of  Dann- 
reuther  1872-9,  and  a  2-months'  vacation -course 
with  Pierson  at  Stuttgart.  His  public  career  as 
a  composer  began  with  the  prod,  of  an  "  Inter- 
mezzo religioso  "  f.  strings  at  the  Gloucester  Fes- 
tival of  1868  ;  in  1880,  his  settings  of  scenes 
from  Shelley's  Prometheus  Unbound,  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.  (Glouc  Fest.),  opened  a  series  of 
works  on  a  large  scale  :  The  Symphony  No.  1, 
in  G  (Birmingham,  1882),  "  The  glories  of  our 
blood  and  state"  (Glouc,  1883),  "Suite  mo- 
derne,"  in  A  min.  (ibid.,  18S6),  the  oratorio 
Judith  (Birm.,  1888),  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day 
(Leeds,  1SS9)  L'AUegro  ed  il  Pensieroso  (Nor- 
wich, 1S90),  De  profundis,  f.  sopr.  solo,  3  choirs, 
and  orch.  (Hereford,  1891),  oratorio  Job  (Glouc, 
1892),  symphonic  overture  "to  an  unwritten 
tragedy  "  (Worcester,  1893),  oratorio  King  Saul 
(Birm.,  1894),  "Invocation  to  Music  "  (Leeds, 
1895),  Magnificat,  in  Latin  (Hereford,  1897); 
also  "  Blest  Pair  of  Sirens"  (1887)  ;  choral  song 
"The  Lotos-eaters"  (1892);  music  to  Aristo- 
phanes' Birds  (1883)  and  Frogs  (1892),  and  to 
Hypatia  (1S93).     In  1883  P.  was  app.  Choragus 


433 


PARSONS— PASQUINI 


of  Oxford  Univ. ;  in  that  year  Cambridge  con- 
ferred on  him  the  hon.  degree  of  Mus.  Doc,  fol- 
lowed by  Oxford  (1884),  and  Dublin  (1S91).  In 
1S94  he  succeeded  Sir  George  Grove  as  Director 
of  the  Royal  College  of  Music  ;  and  was  knighted 
in  1S9S.  P.  is  a  distinguished  lecturer  and 
writer  ;  he  contributed  numerous  excellent  arti- 
cles to  Grove's  Dictionarv,  and  has  publ.  "Stu- 
dies of  Great  Composers"  (1SS6),  "The  Art  of 
Music"  (1S93  ;  enlarged  as  "  The  Evolution  of 
the  Art  of  Music,"  1896),  "  Summary  of  Mus. 
History"  (1S93)  ;  etc. — Publ.  compositions  (inch 
all  noted  above)  :  3  further  symphonies  (No.  2 
in  F,  No.  3  in  C,  No.  4  in  E  min.)  ;  overture 
"  Guillem  de  Cabestanh";  symphonic  var.s 
f.  orch.,  in  E  min.  (1897);  a  string-quintet; 
a  string-quartet  ;  a  pf. -quartet  ;  3  pf. -trios  ;  a 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello ;  a  Fantaisie-Sonata,  a 
Partita,  and  a  Sonata  (all  3  f.  pf.  and  violin)  ;  12 
Short  Pieces  f.  pf.  and  violin,  a  pf. -concerto  in 
F#  min.,  a  Duo  in  E  min.  f.  2  pf.s,  pf. -sonatas 
in  F  and  A,  other  pf. -music,  a  Fantasia  and 
Fugue  f.  organ,  4  sets  of  "  English  Lyrics,"  3 
Odes  of  Anacreon,  6  Shakespearian  songs,  other 
songs,  20  part-songs,  a  Service  in  D,  anthems, 
etc. 

Parsons,  Albert  Ross,  b.  Sandusky,  O., 
Sept.  16,  1847.  Pupil  1863-6  of  F.  L.  Ritter, 
New  York  ;  1867-9,  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  of  Mo- 
scheles,  Reinecke,  Wenzel,  and  Papperitz  (pf.), 
and  Richter  and  Paul  (cpt.  and  fugue)  ;  later  of 
Tausig,  Kullak,  Weitzmann  and  Wuerst  at  Ber- 
lin. Settled  in  New  York  1871,  holding  various 
positions  as  organist,  finally  (since  1885)  at  the 
Fifth  Av.  Presb.  Ch.  In  18S9,  Pres.  of  the 
M.T.  N.  A.  Translated  Wagner's  "  Beethoven" 
and  O.  Lessmann's  "Liszt"  into  English; 
edited  Ivullak's  "  Complete  Works  of  Chopin"; 
etc.     Comp.  vocal  quartets,  songs,  etc. 

Parsons,  E.  A.,  pianist,  organist,  teacher, 
composer  ;  since  1S94,  organist  and  choir-direc- 
tor of  the  Ch.  of  the  Divine  Paternity,  New 
York. — Works  :  For  pf. ,  a  concerto,  a  Mazurka- 
Arabesque,  "  Legend  of  the  Fountain,"  3  Im- 
promptus, Gavotte  sicilienne,  Valse  styrienne, 
Polka-transcription,  Pensee  mignonne,  a  Ca- 
price on  "  Home,  sweet  home,"  etc. — Vocal, 
"  The  Conqueror,"  "  A  Prince  of  Peace,"  etc. 

Pasch,  Oskar,  b.  Frankfort-on-Oder,  Mar. 
28,  1844.  Pupil  of  the  R.  Inst,  for  Church- 
music  and  the  Acad,  for  Composition,  Berlin, 
winning  the  Michael  Beer  prize  in  1874  with 
Psalm  130  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  "  Royal  Mus. 
Dir."  in  1884.  He  is  an  organist,  and  sing- 
ing-teacher at  schools,  in  Berlin. — Works  :  A 
symphony  ;  vaudevilles  ;  oratorios,  motets, 
psalms,  etc. 

Pascuc'ci,  Giovanni  Cesare,  b.  Rome, 
Feb.  2S,  1841.  Composer  of  comic  operas  and 
many  operettas  in  Roman  dialect  ;  also  2  orato- 
rios, other  church-music,  songs,  etc. 

Pasdeloup,  Jules-Etienne,  distinguished 
conductor;  b.    Paris,    Sept.    15,    1819  ;  d.  Fon- 


tainebleau,  Aug.  13,  1887.  Pf.-pupil,  at  the 
Conservatoire,  of  Laurent  and  Zimmerman  ; 
1841,  icpctitcur  of  a  solfeggio-class  ;  1847-50, 
teacher  of  a  pf. -class,  which  he  gave  up  to  or- 
ganize the  celebrated  symphony-concerts  of  the 
"  Societe  des  jeunes  eleves  du  Cons."  (1S51), 
developing  (1S61)  into  the  "  Concerts  populaires 
de  musique  classique  "  at  the  "  Cirque  d'hiver," 
a  pioneer  series  of  good  cheap  popular  concerts 
which  were  a  success  from  the  start.  Not  only 
classic  music,  but  the  best  modern  French  and 
foreign  authors,  had  a  hearing.  P.  also  taught 
a  vocal  ensemble-class  at  the  Cons.,  1855-68, 
and  likewise  cond.  a  section  of  the  Orpheons  for 
a  time  ;  he  unsuccessfully  attempted  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Th.-Lyrique,  1868-9,  and  his  popu- 
lar concerts  gradually  lost  ground  in  competition 
with  Colonne  and  Lamoureux,  ceasing  in  1884. 
A  grand  popular  mus.  festival  at  the  Trocadero, 
instituted  for  his  benefit,  netted  him  nearly 
100,000  francs. 

Pashaloff,  Victor  Nikandrovitch,  very 
popular  Russian  song-composer ;  b.  Saratoff, 
Apr.  iS,  1841  ;  d.  Rasan,  Feb.  28,  1885. 

Pasmore,  Henry  Bickford,  b.  Jackson, 
Wis.,  June  27,  1857.  Pupil  of  J.  P.  Morgan 
(organ  and  harm.)  ;  in  Leipzig,  18S2,  of  Jadas- 
sohn, Reinecke,  and  Frau  Unger-Haupt  (voice); 
further  vocal  studies  at  London  under  W.  Shake- 
speare and  R.  II.  Cummings.  Settled  in  San 
Francisco  ;  organist  of  St.  John's  Episc.  Ch., 
and  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Univ.  of  the  Pacific, 
San  Jose. — Works:  "Conclave"  march,  and 
"  Miles  Standish  "  overture,  f.  orch.;  suite  f.  or- 
gan and  string-orch. ;  a  Tarentelle  f.  pf.;  masses, 
part-songs,  and  songs. 

Pasqua'li,  Nicolo,  Ital.  comp.  at  Edinburgh 
1740-57,  when  he  died. — Publ.  "  Thorough- 
bass made  easy"  (1757) ;  "Dirge  on  Romeo  and 
Juliet";  12  overtures  f.  horns;  2  sets  of  violin- 
sonatas  w.  bass,  and  1  set  f.  2  vln.s,  via.,  and 
continuo. 

Pasque,  Ernst,  b.  Cologne,  Sept.  3,  1S21  ; 
d.  Alsbach,  Mar.  20,  1S92.  Baritone  singer, 
pupil  of  Paris  Cons.;  debut  Mayence,  1844; 
sang  at  Darmstadt  till  1855  ;  operatic  stage- 
manager  at  Weimar  1856-72  ;  theatre-director  at 
Darmstadt  till  1874,  then  pensioned. — Wrote 
opera-books  ("Otto  der  Schiitz,"  "  Melusine," 
"Van  Dyck,"etc);  a  "  Geschichte  des  Theaters 
zu  Darmstadt  1559-1710  "  (1S52),  "Frankfurter 
Musik-  und  Theatergeschichte  "  (1872),  "  Aus 
dem  Reich  der  Tone,"  novels,  etc. 

Pasqui'ni,  Bernardo,  b.  Massa  di  Valdine- 
vole,  Tuscany,  Dec.  8,  1637  ;  d.  Rome,  Nov. 
22,  1710.  Famous  organist ;  pupil  in  Rome  of 
Vittori  and  Cesti.  Long  the  organist  of  S. 
Maria  Maggiore  ;  chamber-musician  to  Prince 
Giambattista  Borghese.  Durante  and  Gasparini 
were  his  pupils. — Works  :  2  operas,  an  oratorio, 
etc.;  clavichord-pieces  were  publ.  in  "  Toccates 
et  suites  pour    le    clavecin    de    MM.    Pasquini, 


439 


PASTA— PAUER 


Paglietti  et  Gaspare!  de  Kerle"  (Paris,  1704)  ;  .1 
sonata  is  in  Pauer's  "  Old  Ital.  Composers." 

Pa'sta  (n/e  Negri),  Giuditta,  celebrated 
soprano  stage-singer  ;  b.  Como,  Apr.  g,  1798  ; 
d.  at  her  villa  on  Lake  Como,  April  1,  1865. 
At  first  a  pupil  of  Asioli  at  Milan  Cons.,  she 
sang  without  success,  after  her  debut  in  1815,  in 
Italy,  London,  and  Paris  ;  returned  to  Italy  for 
further  serious  study  under  Scappa,  and  reap- 
peared at  Paris  in  1822  as  a  vocal  phenomenon  ; 
the  compass  of  her  voice  was  from  a  to  d?, 
and  in  power,  dramatic  intensity,  and  truth  of 
expression  she  had  then  no  rival,  though  her 
voice,  even  in  her  best  days,  was  not  perfectly 
equalized.  In  1S29  she  had  acquired  a  fortune 
in  London  and  Paris,  and  sang  but  little  there- 
after (in  London  1S37  and  1850  ;  in  St.  Peters- 
burg 1840  ;  etc.),  as  her  singing  rapidly  deterio- 
rated. For  the  Pasta,  Bellini  wrote  La  Sonnam- 
bula  and  Noi'ma,  Donizetti  his  Anna  Bolena, 
Pacini  his  Niobe ;  she  excelled  in  the  leading 
roles  of  the  Italian  operas  then  in  vogue. 

Pastou,  Istienne-Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Vigan, 
Gard,  France,  May  26,  1784  ;  d.  Ternes,  n. 
Paris,  Oct.  8,  1851.  Founded  a  singing-school  at 
Faris  in  1S19  ;  publ.  a  method  for  ensemble- 
singing,  "Ecole  de  la  lyre  harmonique,"  and 
was  made  prof,  at  the  Cons,  in  1S36. 

Patey,  Janet  Monach,  nde  Whytock,  alto 
singer  in  oratorio  and  concert  ;  b.  London,  May 
I,  1842  ;  d.  Sheffield,  Feb.  2S,  1894.  Pupil  of 
J.  Wass,  Pinsuti,  and  Mrs.  Sims  Reeves.  She 
sang  at  the  festivals  in  Worcester  (1866  ;  in  this 
year  she  married  John  Patey,  the  bass  vocalist), 
Birmingham  (1867),  Norwich  (1869),  and  Leeds 
(1874)  ;  American  tour,  1871  (sang  in  Elijah  at 
New  York,  Oct.  31) ;  in  Paris,  1875  ;  Australian 
tour,  1S90.  After  Mine.  Sainton-Dolby's  retire- 
ment in  1870,  she  was  considered  the  foremost 
English  contralto,  singing  at  all  the  principal 
concerts  and  the  great  festival  competitions. 

Paton,  Mary  Ann,  [Mrs.  Wood,]  soprano 
stage-singer;  b.  Edinburgh,  Oct.,  1802;  d.  Bu- 
cliffe  Hall,  n.  Wakefield,  July  21,  1S64.  Of 
mus.  family,  she  sang  in  concerts  as  a  child  of  8  ; 
after  further  appearances  at  London,  (whither 
the  family  had  removed,)  in  1S11,  she  retired 
temporarily  to  complete  her  education  (under 
what  teachers  does  not  appear),  and  in  1S20-21 
sang  at  Bath.  In  1S22  she  appeared  as  Susanna 
in  Figaro  at  Covent  Garden  ;  and  till  her  retire- 
ment in  1844  was  a  prominent  figure  on  the 
English  dramatic  and  concert-stage.  She  created 
the  role  of  Rezia  in  Weber's  Oberon  (Drury  Lane, 
Apr.  12,  1826).  Married  Jos.  Wood,  the  tenor, 
in  1831.     Toured  the  United  States  1834-6. 

Pat'ti,  Carlotta,  b.  Florence,  1840;  d.  Paris, 
June  27,  1SS9.  Her  father,  Salvatore  P.,  a 
tenor  singer,  and  her  mother,  Caterina,  nde 
Chiesa,  a  stage-soprano,  were  her  first  teachers 
in  singing  ;  she  had  piano-lessons  with  Henri 
Herz,  at  Paris.  Her  early  youth  was  spent  in 
New  York.    Lameness  prevented  success  on  the 


stage,  but  she  was  more  fortunate  as  a  concert- 
singer,  making  her  debut  in  New  York,  1861, 
followed  by  an  American  tour  with  the  im- 
presario Ullmann.  Here,  and  in  Europe,  she 
became  a  favorite  on  the  concert-stage,  more 
especially  as  a  coloratura  vocalist  of  exquisite 
technique  united  with  great  sentiment.  In  1871 
she  married  the  violoncellist  Demunck,  with 
whom  her  artistic  tours  were  continued. 

Pat'ti,  Adelina  (Adela  Juana  Maria),  sis- 
ter of  Carlotta,  and  one  of  the  greatest  singers 
of  the  century  in  coloratura  roles,  both  in  opera 
and  concert  ;  b.  Madrid,  Feb.  10,  1843.  Taught 
at  first  by  her  parents,  and  later  by  Max  Stra- 
kosch  (the  husband  of  her  sister  Amelia),  her  de- 
but was  made  at  New  York  on  Nov.  24,  1859, 
as  Lucia  (under  the  stage-name  of  "the  little  Flo- 
rinda  ").  In  London  she  first  appeared  in  La  Son- 
nambula  on  May  14,  1861,  at  Covent  Garden, 
her  success  rivalling  that  of  the  Grisi  ;  her  Pari- 
sian debut  was  in  the  same  role,  at  the  Th. 
Italien,  on  Nov.  19,  1S62.  Here  she  married 
the  Marquis  de  Caux  in  1868.  She  sang  for  the 
first  time  in  Italy  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  Nov.  3, 
1877,  Violetta  in  La  Traviata  being  the  role  se- 
lected. She  has  sung  in  all  the  chief  towns  of 
Europe,  and  has  everywhere  been  received  with 
enthusiasm.  Her  voice  is  of  wide  compass,  and 
matchless  sweetness  ;  wonderfully  flexible,  and 
perfectly  even  throughout.  She  now  (1899) 
appears  only  in  concerts,  and  but  rarely,  resid- 
ing for  the  greater  part  of  the  year  at  her  villa 
Craig  y  nos,  in  Wales.  Her  second  husband, 
the  tenor  Nicolini,  died  in  1898  ;  she  married 
a  Swedish  nobleman,  Baron  Cederstrom,  in  1899. 

Pat'tison,  John  Nelson,  b.  Niagara  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  22,  1S45.  Pf. -pupil  of  Liszt,  Thal- 
berg,  Henselt,  and  von  Billow  ;  st.  harmony 
with  Ilaupt  at  Berlin.  In  the  United  States  he 
is  well  known  as  a  successful  concert-pianist,  and 
has  made  tours  with  Parepa-Rosa,  Kellogg,  Al- 
bani,  Lucca,  and  others. — Works:  "Niagara" 
symphony  f.  orch.  and  military  band  ;  concert- 
overture  ;  a  romantic  concerto-fantasia  f.  pf.  and 
orch. ;  many  compositions  f .  pf.  solo  (over  200  in 
all). 

Pat'zold,  Hermann,  b.  Neudorf,  Silesia, 
Aug.  15,  1S22  ;  d.  Feb.  6,  1S61,  at  Konigsberg, 
as  cond.  of  the  Singakademie .  Wrote  music  to 
Kathchen  von  Heilbronn ;  also  pf. -pieces  and 
vocal  numbers. 

Pau'er,  Ernst,  b.  Vienna,  Dec.  21,  1826. 
Pupil  of  Theodor  Dirzka  until  1839  ;  1839-44, 
of  W.  A.  Mozart,  Jr.  (pf.),  and  Sechter  (comp.); 
1845-7,  of  Fr.  Lachner,  Munich.  1S47-51,  dir. 
of  the  mus.  societies  at  Mayence  ;  visited  Lon- 
don, and  played  at  the  Philharm.  and  Mus.  Union 
Concerts,  and  settled  in  London,  185 1.  Suc- 
ceeded C.  Potter  as  prof,  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in 
1859  I  m  1861,  began  hishistorical  performances 
of  clavecin- and  pf. -music  in  chronological  order 
(3  series) ;  in  1862,  juror  of  the  Internat.  Exhib. 
for  Austria   and    Germany,    writing  the   official 


440 


PAUER— PAUR 


report  for  the  German  governments.  1S67, 
principal  prof,  at  the  Nat.  Training  School  ; 
1SS3,  do.  at  the  R.  C.  M.  (resigned  1896).  In 
1878,  member  of  the  Board  of  Mus.  Studies  at 
Cambridge  Univ.,  and  Examiner  in  1879.  He 
was  app.  pianist  to  the  Austrian  court  in  1S66; 
many  other  high  distinctions  have  been  conferred 
upon  him.  His  lectures  (from  1870)  on  the  his- 
tory of  pf. -music  have  received  conspicuous  ap- 
probation ;  his  publications  of  classic  music  for 
harpsichord  and  pianoforte  are  interesting  and 
valuable. — Publ.  Primers  on  "  The  Art  of  Pf.- 
playing,"  "Mus.  Forms,"  and  "The  Beautiful 
in  Music  "  (all  popular);  "  Alte  Claviermusik," 
12  books,  and  "  Alte  Meister,"  65  numbers,  con- 
tain clavier-works  of  old  English,  Italian,  French, 
and  German  masters  ;  "  Old  Engl.  Composers 
for  the  Virginals  and  Harpsichord,"  "  Old 
French  Composers,"  "  Old  German  Composers," 
"Old  Italian  Composers,"  etc.,  etc. — Educa- 
tional :  "  The  New  Gradus  ad  Parnassum  "(100 
selected  studies)  ;  "  Classical  Companion  "  (100 
pieces);  "Celebrated  Concert-studies"  (50); 
"  Culture  of  the  Left  Hand  "  (4  books).  He  has 
also  publ.  many  original  studies  and  educational 
pieces  for  piano,  a  quintet  f.  pf.  and  wind,  a 
violin-sonata,  a  'cello-sonata,  solo  sonatas  f.  pf. , 
characteristic  pieces,  etc. ;  and  excellent  ar- 
rangements of  Beethoven's  and  Schumann's 
symphonies,  for  solo  pf.,  4  and  8  hands  ;  42 
overtures  ;  and  Mendelssohn's  orch.l  works  (4 
and  8  hands). 

Pau'er,  Max,  son  of  the  preceding  ;  distin- 
guished pianist  and  teacher  ;  b.  London,  Oct. 
31,  1866.  Pupil  of  his  father  till  1881  ;  then 
of  V.  Lachner  at  Karlsruhe  (theory)  till  1885  ; 
made  concert-tours,  settled  in  London,  and  in 
1887  was  called  to  the  Cologne  Cons,  as  pf.- 
prof.  In  1S93,  chamber-virtuoso  to  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Hesse.  Since  1897,  Pruckner's  succes- 
sor as  prof,  at  Stuttgart  Cons.,  with  title  of 
"  Professor"  (1898)  from  the  King  of  Wurttem- 
berg.  Has  publ.  pf-pieces,  and  arr.s  of  Mo- 
zart's and  Haydn's  symphonies  for  2  and  4  hands. 

Paul,  Oscar,  b.  Freiwaldau,  Apr.  8,  1836  ; 
d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  18,  1898.  Student  of  theology 
at  Leipzig  Univ.,  1858,  but  chose  music  for  a 
profession,  studying  at  the  Cons.,  with  private 
lessons  from  Plaidy  (pf.),  and  Hauptmann  and 
Richter  (theory).  After  taking  the  degree  of 
Dr.  phi  I.  in  i860,  he  lived  in  Cologne  and 
elsewhere,  and  in  1S66  qualified  as  lecturer  at 
Leipzig  Univ.  with  the  treatise  "  Die  absolute 
Harmonik  der  Griechen "  (Leipzig,  1866). 
Teacher  in  the  Cons.,  1S69  ;  after  publishing 
his  translation  of  Boetius'  "  De  Musica,"  1872, 
he  was  app.  Prof,  extraordinarius  at  the  Univ. 
A  disciple  of  Hauptmann,  he  publ.  the  latter's 
"  Lehre  von  der  Harmonik"  (1868),  of  which 
his  own  "  Lehrbuch  der  Harmonik  "  (18S0)  is  a 
practical  exemplification  (Engl,  transl.  New 
York,  18S5).  He  also  wrote  a  "  Geschichte  des 
Claviers"  (1869),  and  was  considered  an  expert 
on     questions     relative     to     pianoforte-making 


(elected  expert  to  the  Imp.  Patent  Office,  Ber- 
lin, 187S).  At  the  Vienna  Exhibition  of  1873, 
he  represented  the  German  Empire  as  juror  and 
reporter  in  the  musical  section.  His  "  Hand- 
lexikon  der  Tonkunst "  was  publ.  in  1S73.  He 
founded  and  edited  2  mus.  periodicals,  "  Die 
Tonhalle  "  (1869),  and  after  its  decease  "  Das 
musikalische  Wochenblatt "  (1870),  which  he 
edited  3  months. 

Paumann,  Conrad,  born  blind  at  Nurem- 
berg, about  1410  ;  d.  Munich,  Jan.  25,  1473.  Au- 
thor of  the  oldest  extant  organ-book,  "  Funda- 
mentum  organisandi,"  containing  exercises,  pre- 
ludes, and  other  pieces  (not  all  ty  P.)  ;  it  was 
publ.  by  Arnold  in  Chrysander's  "  Jahrbi'icher" 
(2nd  year,  1S67).  Arnold  also  publ.  some  other 
compositions  (MSS.  at  Wernigerode)  ;  the  MS. 
of  a  3-part  song,  "  Weiblich  Figur,"  is  in  the 
"  Miinchener  Liederbuch";  organ-studies  in 
MS.  are  in  the  Munich  Library. 

Paumgartner,  Dr.  Hans,  d.  Vienna,  May 
23,  1S96,  aged  52.  Fine  pianist;  comp. ;  cho- 
rusmaster  at  the  Court  Opera.  For  20  years  the 
mus.  critic  for  the  "  Kaiserl.  Wiener  Zeitung." 
Married  Rosa  Papier  in  rSSi. — Works:  Cham- 
ber-music, many  songs,  interesting  pf. -pieces. 

Paur,  Emil,  noted  conductor  ;  b.  Czernowitz, 
Bukovina,  Aug.  29,  1S55.  Taught  by  his  father, 
at  8  he  played  the  vio- 
lin and  piano  in  pub- 
lic ;  in  1866  he  entered 
the  Vienna  Cons., 
studying  under  Dessoff 
(comp.),  and  Hellmes- 
berger  (vln.).  Among 
his  fellow-pupils  were 
Nikisch,  Mottl,  and 
Eugene  Gruenberg. 
In  1870,  after  gradu- 
ating with  first  prizes, 
he  joined  the  court 
opera-orch.  as  first  vio- 
lin and  asst. -soloist. 
Became    Kapellm.    at 

Kassel  (1876),  Konigsberg,  and  1st  court  Ka- 
pellm. and  cond.  of  the  Subscription  Concerts  at 
Mannheim  (1S80)  ;  Kapellm.  at  Leipzig  City  Th., 
1891  ;  and  from  1893-8  of  the  Boston  (Mass.) 
Symphony  Orch.,  succeeding  Nikisch.  In  1898 
he  was  elected  cond.  of  the  New  York  Phil- 
harm.  Concerts  by  a  vote  of  55  to  5,  succeeding 
Anton  Seidl.  In  1899  he  succeeded  Dvorak  as 
Director  of  the  Nat.l  Cons.,  N.  Y. — Works  :  A 
violin-concerto  ;  string-quartet  ;  violin-sonata  ; 
pf. -pieces  ;  songs. — His  wife, 

Paur,  Marie,  ne'e  Burger,  b.  Gengenbach  in 
the  Black  Forest,  1S62  ;  d.  New  York,  Apr.  27, 
1899  ;  a  pupil  of  Stuttgart  Cons.  (Lebert,  Pruck- 
ner),  finishing  pf. -study  under  Leschetizky  and 
Essipoff  at  Vienna.  Was  an  excellent  pianist, 
cultivating  modern  romanticism  by  preference. 


441 


PAUWELS— PEDROTTI 


Pau'wels,   Jean    Engelbert,    b.    Brussels, 

Nov.  26,  1768  ;  d.  there  June  3,  1804.  Violinist, 
pupil  of  Le  Sueur  at  Paris,  where  he  played  in 
the  Ital.  Opera  ;  1790-1,  Kapellm.  at  Strass- 
burg  ;  then  soloist  at  the  Brussels  opera,  becom- 
ing cond.  in  1794.  He  founded  a  series  of  con- 
certs remarkable  for  technical  precision.  Prod. 
3  operas  at  Brussels.  Publ.  a  violin-concerto,  a 
horn-concerto,  3  string-quartets,  6  violin-duets, 
etc. 

Pave'si,  Stefano,  prolific  opera-comp. ;  b. 
Casaletto  Vaprio  (Crema),  Jan.  22,  1779  ;  d. 
Crema,  July  28,  1850,  as  maestro  at  the  cathe- 
dral (from  1S1S).  For  6  months  in  each  year 
from  1826-30  he  also  acted  as  cond.  in  the 
"  Teatro  di  Corte  "  at  Venice.  Among  his  60- 
odd  operas,  Ser  Marcanlonio  (Milan,  1S10)  was 
thought  the  best.  Also  comp.  much  sacred  mu- 
sic, symphonies,  etc. — Biography  by  Sanseverino 
(Milan  :    Ricordi). 

Pa'yer,  Hieronymus,  b.  Meidling,  n.  Vi- 
enna, Feb.  15,  1787  ;  d.  Wiedburg,  n.  Vienna, 
Sept.,  1845.  Chiefly  self-taught,  he  was  organ- 
ist at  Wiedburg,  Kapellm.  at  the  Th.  an  der 
Wien,  Vienna,  and  cond.  at  Amsterdam  in  1824, 
settling  in  Paris  1825  as  teacher  of  voice  and 
piano,  from  183 1-2  also  conducting  the  newly 
founded  German  Opera.  1832-S,  Kapellm.  at 
the  Josephstadt  Th.,  Vienna.  He  prod,  operas 
and  operettas  in  Amsterdam,  Paris,  and  Vienna  ; 
comp.  masses,  motets,  chamber-music,  pf.- 
pieces  ;  concertos  and  fugues  f.  organ  ;  etc. 

Peace,  Albert  Lister,  fine  organist  ;  b.  Hud- 
dersfield,  Engl.,  Jan.  26,  1844.  Precocious 
pupil  of  Henry  Horn  and  H.  Parratt,  he  became 
at  9  organist  of  Holmlirth  Parish  Ch.  ;  1865, 
org.  of  Trinity  Congr.  Ch.,  Glasgow;  1870, 
to  the  Univ.  of  Glasgow,  in  that  year  graduat- 
ing Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  and  Mus.  Doc.  in  1875. 
In  1873,  organist  of  Glasgow  Cathedral  ;  and  in 
1897  succeeded  Best  as  org.  of  St.  George's 
Hall,  Liverpool,  the  highest  position  in  the 
kingdom. — Works:  Psalm  138,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.  ;  cantata  St.  John  the  Baptist ;  church- 
services  ;  anthems  ;  organ-music  [Sonata  da 
camera  No.  1  (D  min.),  No.  2  (C  min.),  No.  3 
(G  min.)  ;  Concert-fantasia  on  Scotch  melodies  ; 
Fantasia  in  Bb  ;  two  Andantes]  ;  etc. 

Pearce,  Stephen  Austen,  b.  London,  Engl., 
Nov.  7,  1836.  Pupil  of  J.  L.  Hopkins;  grad- 
uate of  Oxford  Univ.  (Mus.  Bac,  1859;  Mus. 
Doc,  1864).  Visited  the  United  States  and 
Canada  in  1864  ;  became  organist  and  mus.  dir. 
of  2  London  churches  ;  returned  to  America  in 
1872,  and  was  app.  instructor  of  vocal  music  at 
Columbia  College,  New  York,  lecturer  on  har- 
mony, etc.,  at  the  Gen.  Theol.  Seminary,  on 
"Music  of  all  nations  "at  the  Peabody  Inst., 
Baltimore,  and  on  classical  orch.l  music  at  Johns 
Hopkins  Univ.  Organist  of  the  Collegiate 
Church,  Fifth  Av.  and  48th  St.,  New  York, 
1879-85.  Contributor  to  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Americana,"  and  to  "  The  N.  Y.  Evening  Post," 


"  The  Mus.  Courier,"  and  other  periodicals. 
Has  given  many  recitals  (pf.  and  org.).  At 
present  (1899)  living  in  New  York. — Works  : 
3-act  opera,  La  belle  A  me'rieaiiie  ;  a  children's 
opera;  dram,  oratorio,  Celestial  Visions,  and  a 
church-cantata,  The  Psalm  of  Praise  (the  last 
2  in  strict  fugal  style,  f.  soli,  8-p.  ch.,  full  orch., 
and  org.;  perf.  at  Oxford  Univ.)  ;  overture  in  E 
rain.  (Crystal  Palace);  orch.l  "  Allegro  agitato  " 
in  D  min.  (Thomas  Orch.)  ;  several  char.  pes.  f. 
pf. ;  vocal  trio  in  canon-form,  "  Bright  be  thy 
dreams";  songs  ;  "  Dictionary  of  Mus.  Terms" 
in  21  languages  (New  York)  ;  complete  ed.s  of 
celebrated  pf. -methods  ;  etc. 

Pearsall,  Robert  Lucas  de,  English  comp.; 
b.  Clifton,  Mar.  14,  1795  ;  d.  Aug.  5,  1856,  at 
Schloss  Wartensee,  Lake  of  Constance,  where  he 
had  resided  since  1832.  Practised  law  till  1825  ; 
then  studied  composition  under  1'anny  at  May- 
ence.  In  London,  1829  ;  Karlsruhe,  1S30. — 
Publ.  Madrigals  a  4-8  (London,  1S40)  ;  8  Glees 
and  Madr.s  (1863)  ;  24  Choral  Songs  (1863  ;  ed. 
by  Hullah)  ;  a  Catholic  Hymn-book  (1S63)  ; 
part-songs  a  4  ("  Sir  Patrick  Spens,"  a  10)  ; 
"  Essay  on  Consecutive  Fifths  and  Octaves  in 
Counterpoint  "  (London,  no  date)  ;  etc. 

Pearson.     See  Pierson. 

Pease,  Alfred  Humphries,  b.  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  May  6,  183S  ;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  13, 
1882.  Pupil  for  3  years,  at  Berlin,  of  Th.  Kul- 
lak  and  v.  Btilow  (pf.),  Wiierst  (comp.),  and  Wie- 
precht  (instrumentation)  ;  visited  the  United 
States,  studied  3  years  longer  in  Germany,  and 
made  long  pianistic  tours  to  chief  Amer.  cities. 
— Works  (f.  orch.;  perf.  by  Thomas  Orch.):  A 
pf. -concerto  ;  Reverie  and  Andante  ;  Andante 
and  Scherzo  ;  Romance  ; — also  many  pieces  and 
arr.s,  etc.,  f.  pf. ;  and  songs. 

Pedrell',  Felipe,  eminent  contemporary 
Spanish  musician  and  writer  ;  b.  about  1835  ; 
living  in  Madrid.  Chief  editor  of  the  Barcelona 
"  Illustracion  "  ;  critic  for  the  "  Diario  "  ;  has 
publ.  a  valuable  "  Diccionario  Tecnicode  la  Mu- 
sica"  (Barcelona,  1894;  pp.  xix  and  529);  an 
important  compilation,  "  Hispania  schola  mu- 
sica  sacra.  Opera  varia  saecul.  XV,  XVI,  XVII 
et  XVIII  "  (1894  ?  )  ;  a  Span,  transl.  of  Richter's 
"Harmony";  a  study  in  folk-lore,  "  Musicos 
anonimos  "  ;  and  an  essay  "  Por  nuestra  musica  " 
(his  chief  aim  is  the  establishment  of  a  Spanish 
national  school  of  music  : — "  every  country  should 
establ.  its  system  of  music  on  the  basis  of  na- 
tional song  "). — Compositions :  2  operas,  El  ulti- 
mo Abencerrajo,  and  Quasimodo ;  a  dram,  trilogy, 
Los  Pirineos  ;  a  symphonic  "  Scene  "  ;  a  mass  ; 
songs,  etc.  In  1894  P.  was  app.  prof,  of  Mus. 
History  and  /Esthetics  at  the  Royal  Cons., 
Madrid. 

Pedrot'ti,  Carlo,  b.  Verona,  Nov.  12,  1817; 
committed  suicide  there,  Oct.  16,  1S93,  by 
drowning  in  the  Adige.  Pupil  of  Dom.  Foroni  ; 
the  great  success  of  his  first  opera,  Una,  caused 
his   appointment   as    cond.    of  the   Ital.    Th.  at 


442 


PELLEGRINI— PEPUSCH 


Amsterdam.  Returned  1846  to  Verona.  186S, 
Dir.  of  the  Cons,  at  Turin,  and  cond.  at  the 
Royal  Th.;  establ.  and  cond.  the  eminently  suc- 
cessful popular  concerts  at  Turin.  1S82,  Dir.  of 
the  Liceo  Rossini,  Pesaro,  holding  this  position 
till  shortly  before  death. — Operas  :  Lina  and 
Clara  del  Mainland  (Verona,  1840)  ;  Mathilde 
(Amsterdam,  1844)  ;  La  Figlia  del  arciere  (ibid., 
1344)  ;  Romea  di  Monfort  (Verona,  1846)  ;  Fio- 
rina (ib.,  1S51);  II  Parrucchiere  della  reggenza 
(ib.,  1852)  ;  Gelmina,  o  col  fuoco  non  si  scherza 
(Milan,  1S53)  ;  Genoveffa  del  Brabante  (Milan, 
La  Scala,  1854) ;  Tuiti  in  ma sc her a  (Verona, 
1856  ;  Paris,  as  Les  Masques,  Th.  Athenee, 
1869)  ;  Isabella  d'Arragona  (Turin,  1859)  ;  La 
Guerra  in  quattro  (Milan,  1861)  ;  Mazeppa  (Bo- 
logna, 1861)  ;  Marion  Delorme  (Trieste,  1865); 
//  Favorito  (Turin,  1S70)  ;  Olema  la  schiava 
(Modena,  1872). — Also  church-music  (a  Salve 
Regina),  romances,  etc. 

Pellegri'ni,  Felice,  basso  buffo  ;  b.  Turin, 
1774  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  20,  1832.  Stage-singer  in 
Italy,  then  (1S26-9)  at  London  ;  from  1829, 
prof,  of  singing  at  Paris  Cons. — Publ.  solfeggi, 
terzets,  duets,  etc. 

Pellegri'ni,  Giulio,  basso  serio ;  b.  Milan, 
Jan.  1,  1806  ;  d.  Munich,  July  12,  1858,  after 
long  engagement  at  the  Court  Opera,  lie  stud- 
ied in  Milan  Cons. 

Pelletan,  Fanny,  b.  Paris  (?),  1S30;  d.  there 
1S76.  Daughter  of  a  French  army-surgeon  ; 
pupil  of  Bazille  (pf.)  and  B.  Damcke  (theory). 
An  enthusiastic  and  thoroughly  trained  amateur, 
she  was  inspired  by  Berlioz's  essay  on  "Les 
grotesques  de  la  musique  "  (1859)  to  institute  an 
absolutely  correct  edition  of  Gluck's  operas  ;  with 
Damcke's  editorial  aid  she  publ.,  at  great  ex- 
pense, the  2  "  Iphigenies"  ;  also,  with  Saint- 
Saens,  Alceste.  Death  interrupted  her  unfin- 
ished task. 

Pem'baur,  Joseph,  b.  Innsbruck,  May  23, 
1848.  He  gave  up  a  university-course  to  study 
at  the  Vienna  Cons.,  later  at  the  Munich  R.  Sch. 
of  Music  (Buonamici,  Hey,  Wiillner,  Rhein- 
berger).  Since  1875,  Dir.  and  headmaster  in 
the  Innsbruck  Music-School. — Works  :  Masses  ; 
Gott  tier  Weltenschopfer,  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.; 
Die  Wettertanne,  f.  do.;  Bilder  aus  dem  Leben 
Walthers  von  der  Vogehveide,  f.  soli,  mixed  ch., 
and  orch. ;  part-songs  ;  songs  (popular)  ;  sym- 
phony "  In  Tirol  "  ;  technical  studies  f.  pf. ;  Im- 
provvisata  f.  organ;  essay  "  Uberdas  Dirigiren." 
In  1S98  he  prod,  the  opera  Zigeunerlebeu,  in  3 
acts  with  Prologue  (May  2;  v.  succ). 

Pefia  y  Goni,  Antonio,  comp.,  writer,  and 
critic  ;  b.  San  Sebastian,  Spain,  1846  ;  d.  Madrid, 
Nov.  13,  1S96.  Pupil  of  Manterola  ;  friend  of 
Wagner  and  Gounod.  Mus.  critic  for  over  30 
years  of  the  Madrid  "  Imparcial"  ;  a  successful 
champion  of  Wagner  and  of  advanced  ideas  in 
music.  Wrote  a  "  History  of  Opera  in  Spain." 
Comp.  the  Basque  national  hymn  "  Viva  Her- 
riani  "  ;  a  mass  ;  pf. -music,  etc. 


Penfield,  Smith  Newell,  b.  Oberlin,  Ohio, 
Apr.  4,  1837.  Pupil  of  Jas.  Flint  in  New  York; 
of  Moscheles,  Reinecke,  Plaidy  and  Papperitz 
(pf.),  Richter  (org.),  and  Ilauptmann  (theory), 
at  Leipzig.  Founder,  at  Savannah,  Ga. ,  of  the 
Cons,  and  the  Mozart  Club  ;  also  of  the  "Arion  " 
Cons.,  Brooklyn,  N.  V.  Since  1SS2  in  New 
York  ;  18S4,  Mus.  Doc.  of  the  Univ.  of  the 
City  of  N.  Y.  ;  18S5,  pres.  of  the  M.  T.  N.  A. 
Organist  of  the  Broadway  Tabernacle. — Works: 
Psalm  18,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  overture  ;  string- 
quintet  ;  anthem  ;  pf. -music  ;  songs. 

Pen'na,    Lorenzo,    b.    Bologna,   1613 ;    d. 

Imola,  Oct.  20,  1693.  Maes/ro  at  the  Carmelite 
Monastery,  Parma  ;  later  at  Imola  Cath. — Publ. 
2  books  of  masses  a  4,  w.  instr.s  ad  lib.  ( 166  ?, 
1670)  ;  2  books  of  Psalms  ditto  ;  "  Psalmi  per 
tutto  l'anno  .  .  .  ",  w.  a  fauxbourdon  Mass, 
Antiphones,  and  Litanies  (1669)  ;  and  treatises  : 
"  Li  primi  albori  musicali  per  li  principianti 
della  musica  figurata  ..."  (1656)  ;  "  Albori 
musicali  per  li  studiosi  della  mus.  fig."  (1678)  ; 
"  Direttorio  del  canto  fermo"  (16S9). 

Pen'tenrieder,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Kaufbcu- 
ren,  Bavaria,  Feb.  6,  1813  ;  d.  Munich,  July  17, 
1867.  Pupil  of  Ralcher  and  Stunz  ;  became 
court  Kapellm.,  chorusmasterat  the  court  opera, 
court  organist,  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Ludwig's. 
— Works  :  2  operas,  Die  Xaeht aufPaluzzi  (perf. 
throughout  Germany),  and  Das  Hans  1st  zit  ver- 
kaufen  (Leipzig,  1846)  ;  masses,  cantatas,  and 
motets. 

Pe'pusch  [pa-],  John  Christopher  [Johann 
Christoph],  b.  Berlin,  1667  ;  d.  London,  July 
20,  1752.  For  a  year  he  was  taught  by  Klin- 
genberg  (theory),  and  Grosse  (organ),  but  was 
obliged  to  complete  his  mus.  education  by  private 
study.  He  had  a  position  at  the  Prussian  court 
16S1-97  ;  then  went  to  Holland,  and  thence 
(1700)  to  London,  joining  the  Drury  Lane  orch. 
as  violinist,  later  as  cembalist  and  composer  ; 
from  1707  adapting  Italian  airs  to  English  operas, 
adding  recitatives  and  songs.  In  1710  he  founded 
(with  Needier,  Gates,  Galliard,  and  others)  the 
"Academy  of  Antient  Music,"  famous  for  the 
revival  of  16th-century  compositions  (P.  was 
deeply  versed  in  mus.  lore) ;  1712,  org.  and 
comp.  to  the  Duke  of  Chandos,  preceding  Han- 
del;  1713,  Mus.  Doc,  Oxon.  ;  for  many  years 
director  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Theatre,  for  which  he 
wrote  the  masques  Venus  and  Adonis  (1715), 
Apollo  and  Daphne  (1716),  The  Death  of  Dido 
(1716),  The  Union  of  the  three  Sister-arts (1723), 
and  music  to  the  ballad-operas  The  Beggar  s 
Opera  [Gay],  Polly,  and  The  Wedding.  In  1724 
his  scheme  for  founding  a  college  in  the  Ber- 
mudas with  Dr.  Berkeley  was  frustrated  by 
shipwreck.  In  1730  a  fortune  of  .£10,000 
brought  him  by  marriage  with  the  singer  Mar- 
guerite de  l'Epine,  rendered  him  independent. 
From  1737  till  death  he  was  organist  of  the  Char- 
terhouse. P.  was  a  learned,  though  conservative, 
musician,  and  a  high   authority  in  England  be- 


443 


PERABO— PERGOLESI 


fore  Handel.  He  publ.  a  "  Treatise  on  Har- 
mony" (1731),  the  final  attempt  of  the  kind  to 
revive  solmisation  ;  an  essay  on  the  3  genera  of 
the  Greeks  is  in  the  "  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions" of  1746.  His  odes  and  cantatas,  and  the 
concertos  and  sonatas  for  strings  and  wind,  are 
of  slight  importance. 

Per'abo,  (Johann)  Ernst,  b.  Wiesbaden, 
Germany,  Nov.  14,  1S45  ;  the  family  removed 
to  New  York  in  1852.  Pupil  of  his  father 
from  the  age  of  5  ;  then,  in  Leipzig  Cons. 
(1S62-5,  and  1878-9),  of  Moscheles  and  Wenzel 
(pf.),  Papperitz,  Richterand  Hauptmann(harm.), 
and  Reinecke  (comp.).  Returning  to  America 
in  1S65,  he  gave  concerts  in  the  West,  and  at 
Boston,  1S66,  established  his  reputation  as  a 
concert-pianist.  He  has  resided  there  till  now 
(1S99)  as  a  well-known  and  influential  teacher 
(nearly  1,000  pupils,  one  of  whom  is  Mrs.  H.  II. 
A.  Beach)  and  pianist. — Works  :  Various  ori- 
ginal pf. -compositions  (Moment  musical,  op.  1  ; 
Scherzo,  op.  2  ;  Prelude,  op.  3  ;  Waltz,  op.  4  ; 
3  Studies,  op.  9;  Pensees,  op.  n;  "Circum- 
stance, or  Fate  of  a  Human  Life,"  op.  13)  ;  his 
arrangements  and  transcriptions  f.  pf.  include 
the  1st  movem.  of  Rubinstein's  "Ocean"  sym- 
phony, ditto  of  Schumann's  unfinished  symphony, 
ten  selections  from  Iolanlhe,  and  several  of 
Lowe's  ballades. 

Pere'ira,  Marcos Soares,  Portuguese  comp.  ; 
b.  Ciminha  ;  d.  Lisbon,  Jan.  7,  1655. — Works: 
A  mass  a  12,  Te  Deum  a  12,  Vesper-Psalms  (7 
12,  psalms  a  8,  motets,  responses,  etc. 

Pere'ira,  Domingos  Nufies,  b.  Lisbon  ;  d. 
Camarate,  n.  Lisbon,  Mar.  29,  1729.  Maestro 
at  Lisbon  Cath.;  comp.  Requiems,  Responses  a 
S  for  Holy  Week,  villancicos,  etc. 

Perepelitzin,  Polycarp  de,  Russian  colonel 
of  hussars  ;  b.  Odessa,  Dec.  14,  1818.  Violin- 
pupil  of  Lipinski  ;  a  student  of  mus.  history. — 
Publ.  a  "  Dictionary  of  Music  "  (1S84) ;  "  Illus- 
trated History  of  Music  in  Russia  "  (1885-6) ; 
"Album  of  Mus.  History"  (illustrations  of 
ancient  and  modern  mus.  instr.s.).  — Instr.l 
adaptations. 

Pe'rez,  Davide,  b.  Naples,  of  Spanish  par- 
ents, in  171 1  ;  d.  Lisbon,  1778.  Pupil,  at  the 
Cons,  di  Loreto,  of  A.  Galli  (violin),  and  Fr. 
Mancini  (cpt.).  1739,  maestro  at  Palermo  Cath., 
and  in  1741  brought  out  his  first  opera,  Siroe, 
re  di  Persia,  at  Naples.  His  first  dram,  work 
was  a  mus.  comedy,  /  Travestimenti  amorosi 
(Naples,  1740)  ;  then  followed  the  opera  L  Amor 
pit  tore  (2  weeks  later),  when  he  was  app.  2nd 
maestro  of  the  court  orch.  at  Palermo,  remain- 
ing there  and  bringing  out  operas  until  1748. 
He  now  lived  the  life  of  a  travelling  opera- 
composer  (at  Naples,  Vienna,  Rome,  etc.)  till 
1752,  then  receiving  an  appointment  as  maestro 
at  the  court  theatre,  Lisbon.  Among  his  30 
operas  Siroe,  re  di  Persia,  and  Demofoonte, 
rank  high  ;  he  was  contemporary  with,  and  a 
rival  of,  Jommelli. — Church-comp.s  important  : 


Masses  a  4  and  8,  w.  orch.;  Miserere  a  5,  w. 
bassoons*  obbligati  and  organ;  "  Mattutini  de' 
morti  "  (London,  1774);  etc. 

Perfall',  Karl,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Munich, 
Jan.  29,  1S24.  Law-student  and  government 
official,  but  studied  music  1848-9  with  Haupt- 
mann  at  Leipzig,  and  became  cond.  of  the 
Munich  Liedertafel  in  1850  ;  founded  the  still 
vigorous  "  Oratorio  Soc."  in  1854,  conducting 
it  till  1S64,  and  composing  fine  songs,  part- 
songs,  and  the  cantata  Dornroschen.  In  1864 
he  was  app.  Intendant  of  the  court  music,  and 
in  1867  Intendant  of  the  court  theatre  (retired 
1893). — Operas  (prod,  at  Munich)  :  Sakuntala 
(1853),  Das  Conterfei  (1863),  Raimondin  [or 
Me/usine]  (1SS1),  and  Junker  Heinz  (1886)  ; 
the  fairy  cantatas  Dornroschen,  Undine,  and 
Kiibezahl ;  and  the  melodramas  Prinz  A'arne- 
val,  Barbarossa,  and  Der  Friede. — Publ.  a  "  Ce- 
schichte  der  Mi'inchener  Theater  "  from  1867-92. 

Per'ger,  Richard  von,  composer  and  con- 
ductor ;  b.  Vienna,  Jan.  10,  1854.  Pupil  of 
Brahms.  1890-5,  Director  of  Rotterdam  Cons., 
and  cond.  of  the  concerts,  succeeding  Gerns- 
heim  ;  in  1895,  cond.  of  the  "  Gesellschaftscon- 
certe  "  at  Vienna. — P.  wrote  text  and  music  of 
the  3-act  comic  opera  Der  Richter  von  Granada 
(Cologne,  1889  ;  succ),  prod,  the  vaudeville 
Die  j  Nothhelfer  (Vienna,  1891);  also  a  violin- 
concerto  in  C-minor  (1S94),  a  serenade  in  BJ7  f. 
'cello  and  strings,  a  string-quartet  in  A,  a  trio- 
serenade  in  G,  etc. 

Pergole'si,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Jesi, 
Papal  States,  Jan.  4,  1710  ;  d.  Mar.  16,  1736,  at 
Pozzuoli,  near  Na- 
ples. In  1726  he 
entered  the  Cons, 
dei  Poveri  di  Gesu 
Cristo  at  Naples, 
studying  the  violin 
with  de  Matteis, 
and  counterpoint 
with  Greco,  Du- 
rante, and  Feo.  His 
(harmonically) 
novel  improvisa- 
tions attracted  at- 
tention ;  though 
his  last  student- 
work,  the  biblical 
drama  San  Gu<j-!iel- 
mo  d'Aquitania  (prod,  with  comic  intermezzi  at 
the  convent  of  S.  Agnello  Maggiore,  Naples, 
1731),  and  the  opera  Sallustia,  the  intermezzo 
Amor  fa  I'uomo  cieco,  and  the  opera  seria  Rici- 
mero  (all  Naples,  1731),  made  little  impression. 
For  his  patron,  the  Prince  of  Stigliano,  he 
wrote  30  terzets  for  violin  with  bass  ;  probably 
through  the  Prince's  influence,  he  was  commis- 
sioned to  write  a  solemn  mass  for  Naples, 
which,  performed  after  the  terrible  earthquake 
of  1 731  as  a  votive  offering  to  the  patron  saint 
of    Naples,  rendered  the  young  maestro  at  once 


444 


PERI— PERKINS 


famous  in  that  city.  For  two  years  he  con- 
tinued sacred  composition,  though  four  stage- 
works  prod,  in  1732  showed  his  leaning  toward 
dramatic  writing  ;  with  the  opera  buffa  ("  inter- 
mezzo") La  Serva  padroni  (Naples,  1733; 
teatro  San  Bartolomeo)  he  won  immediate  and 
lasting  distinction  ;  it  is  his  finest  work,  and  has 
served  as  a  model  for  succeeding  Italian  com- 
posers in  that  genre.  P.  obtained  his  effects 
with  the  simplest  means  ;  the  string-orch.  is  his 
main  dependence  throughout,  being  supported 
in  only  a  few  numbers  by  the  horns,  and  at  the 
finale  by  the  entrance  of  the  trumpet  ;  even  the 
string-accompaniment  is  sometimes  reduced  to 
two  parts,  the  violins  playing  in  octaves,  and 
the  viola  being  reinforced  by  the  'cello  an  octave 
lower.  This  was  his  sole  real  success  on  the 
stage  ;  none  of  the  operas  written  for  Naples 
(//  maestro  di  musica,  II  geloso  schernito,  Lo 
Frale  'nnamoraio,  II  prigionero  superbo,  Adri- 
ano  in  Sirid)  received  popular  approbation  ; 
L'Olimpiade  (Rome,  1735)  did  no  better  ;  only 
the  intermezzo  to  Adriano,  given  at  first  as 
Livietta  e  Tracollo,  and  later,  independently,  as 
La  Contadina  astuta,  had  a  fair  measure  of 
success.  Flaminio,  written  in  1735,  was  first 
perf.  at  Naples  in  1749.  Musicians,  far  more 
than  the  general  public,  admired  P.'s  works  ; 
while  L'Olimpiade  was  rehearsing,  Duni,  the 
composer  of  the  successful  opera  IVerone,  is 
said  to  have  told  P.  that  his  music  was  too  deli- 
cately beautiful  for  appreciation  by  the  vulgar — 
and  so  it  proved  :  L'Olimpiade  failed  utterly, 
and  ATerone  was  applauded.  After  P.'s  death, 
his  compatriots  recognized  his  genius,  and  a  re- 
vival of  his  operas  was  enthusiastically  welcomed. 
They  were,  indeed,  new,  as  fairly  beginning  the 
modern  era  of  harmonically  (in  contradistinc- 
tion to  contrapuntally)  accompanied  melody. — 
Repeated  disappointments,  and  irregular  habits, 
undermined  his  constitution  ;  consumption  set 
in,  and  he  died  at  the  baths  of  Pozzuoli,  work- 
ing to  the  last,  finishing  the  pathetically  beauti- 
ful Stabat  Mater  five  days  before  the  end.  It  is 
his  best-known  sacred  work,  written  for  soprano 
and  alto  with  string-orch.  and  organ  ;  he  also 
composed  a  mass  for  5-part  chorus  w.  orch.,  a 
mass  a  5  w.  orch.,  a  mass  a  4  w.  orch.,  a  mass 
a  2  w.  organ,  a  Kyrie  cum  gloria  w.  orch  ,  a 
Dixit  a  4  w.  strings  and  org.,  a  Dixit  f.  double 
ch.  and  orch.,  a  Miserere  a  4  w.  orch.,  a  Dies 
irae  f.  sopr.  and  alto  w.  strings,  a  Confitebor  a 
4,  2  Domine  ad  adjuvandum  a  4  and  5,  a  Lau- 
date  a  5  w.  orch.,  a  Laudate  for  solo  voice  w. 
instr.s,  a  Laetatus  sum  a  5,  and  one  do.  f.  2  so- 
prani and  2  basses,  a  Salva  Regina  f.  solo 
voice,  strings  and  organ,  and  an  oratorio,  La 
Nativita.  He  also  wrote  a  cantata,  Orfeo,  f. 
solo  voice  and  orch.;  a  cantata  a  5,  Giasone  ;  6 
cantatas  w.  string-accomp. ;  and  the  30  trios 
mentioned  above  ;  a  violin-concerto  with  string- 
accomp. ;  and  a  "  sinfonia"  f.  'cello  and  bass. — 
Biographical  :  By  Carlo  Blasis  (1817) ;  by  the 
Marquis  of  Villarosa :  "  Lettera  biografica  in- 
torno  alia  patria  ecj  alia  vita  di  G.  B.  P."  (1 S31)  ; 


and  a  sketch   by  II.  M.  Schletterer  (in  Walder- 
see's  "  Musikalische  Vortrage,"  No.  17). 

Pe'ri,  Jacopo,  called  "11  Zazzerino"  from 
his  abundant  hair;  b.  Florence,  about  1560; 
d.  there  about  1630.  Of  noble  family,  he  stud- 
ied at  Lucca  under  Cristoforo  Malvezzi  ;  was 
maestro  at  the  court  of  Ferdinando  I.  and  Cosi- 
mo  II.  de'  Medici,  and  from  1601  at  the  court 
of  Ferrara.  A  member  of  the  distinguished  cir- 
cle at  the  houses  of  Count  Bardi  and  Corsi,  where 
the  revival  of  ancient  Greek  musical  declamation 
was  planned,  P.,  with  Caccini  and  Corsi,  set  to 
music  Rinuccini's  text  of  Dafne  (1594).  En- 
couraged by  its  success,  he  composed  alone 
Rinuccini's  Euridice  for  the  wedding  of  Maria 
de'  Medici  with  Henri  IV.  of  France  (prod.  Oct. 
6,  1600).  Dafne  was  the  first  "opera,"  or 
drama  set  to  music  in  monodic  style  (i.e.,  vocal 
soli  supported  by  instr.s)  ;  this  style  was  termed 
"stile  rappresentativo."  Peri  publ.  in  1609 
"  Le  varie  musiche  del  Signor  Jacopo  Peri  .  .  ." 
in  1-3  parts,  some  to  be  sung  with  harpsichord 
or  chitarrone,  others  to  be  played  on  the  organ. 
Kiesewetter  printed  3  madrigals  a  4  in  "  Schick- 
sale  und  Beschaffenheit  des  weltlichen  Ge- 
sanges  "  (1841).  Fragments  from  Euridice  are  in 
several  histories  of  music. 

Pe'ri,  Achille,  b.  Reggio  d'Emilia,  Italy, 
Dec.  20,  1812  ;  d.  there  Mar.  28,  1SS0.  Opera- 
cond.  in  Reggio  ;  prod,  half  a  score  of  operas, 
among  them  Circe  (1843),  Tancreda  (1848),  / 
Fidanzati  (1856),  Rienzi  (1867),  and  Orfano  e 
Diavolo  (1862)  ;  also  a  biblical  drama  Giuditla 
(Milan,  i860). 

Perkins,  Henry  Southwick,  b.  Stock- 
bridge,  Vt.,  Mar.  20,  1833.  Graduate,  1S61,  of 
Boston  Music  School  (vocal  teachers  Baker, 
Wetherbee,  and  Guilmette)  ;  Pres.  1S67-71  of 
the  Iowa  Normal  Acad,  of  Music  ;  1S67-S,  prof, 
music  at  the  State  Univ.,  Iowa  ;  1S70-4,  Pres. 
of  Kansas  Normal  Acad,  of  Music,  Leaven- 
worth ;  18S7-8,  of  the  Illinois  M.  T.  A.;  1888, 
seer,  and  treas.  of  the  M.  T.  N.  A.;  in  1890  he 
founded  the  Chicago  Nat.  Coll.  of  Music,  now 
a  flourishing  institution.  For  over  20  years  he 
also  cond.  mus.  festivals  and  conventions,  from 
Maine  to  California  ;  active  mus.  critic  ;  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  M.  T.  N.  A.  in  1S76.  The 
year  1875  he  spent  in  study  under  Wartel  at 
Paris,  and  Vannuccini  at  Florence.  Has  edited 
30  song-books,  hymn-books,  class-books,  etc., 
and  comp.  numerous  vocal  quartets  and  songs. 
— His  brother, 

Perkins,  William  Oscar,  b.  Stockbridge, 
May  23,  1831.  Pupil  of  Wetherbee,  and  of  G. 
Perini,  Milan.  Mus.  Doc,  Hamilton  Coll., 
1S79.  Living  in  Boston  as  a  teacher,  cond., 
and  composer.  Has  publ  some  40  books  of 
songs,  anthems,  etc.,  which  contain  many  of  his 
own  comp.s. 

Perkins,  Julius  Edson,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Stockbridge,  1845  ;  d.  Manchester, 
Engl.,  Feb.  24,  1875.      Bass  singer;  studied  in 


445 


PERNK— PERTI 


Paris  and  Italy;  debut  1868  ;  joined  Mapleson 
Opera  Co.  in  1873,  and  was  primo  basso  in  the 
R.  Ital.  Opera,  London.  In  1874  he  married 
Marie  Roze  (later  Col.  Mapleson's  wife). 

Perne,  Frangois-Louis,  b.  Paris,  1772  ;  d. 
there  May  26,  1832.  He  studied  harm,  and  cpt. 
under  Abbe  d'Haudimont  at  the  mattrise  of  St.- 
Jacques-de-la-Boucherie  ;  chorus-singer  at  the 
Opera,  1792  ;  double-bass  player  in  the  orch. 
there,  1799.  In  1801  he  brought  out  a  grand 
festival  mass.  His  theoretical  knowledge  was 
illustrated  by  a  triple  fugue,  to  be  sung  back- 
wards on  reversing  the  page.  Continued  study 
of  mus.  theoryand  history  won  him  the  position 
of  Catel's  successor  as  prof,  of  harmony  at  the 
Cons.;  he  became  Inspector-General  in  1816, 
and  also  librarian  in  1819.  In  1822  he  retired 
to  an  estate  near  Laon  ;  he  returned  to  Paris  a 
few  weeks  before  his  death.  The  few  printed 
works  of  this  learned  and  voluminous  writer  (on 
Greek  notation,  the  songs  of  the  troubadours, 
etc.)  appeared  in  vol.s  i-ix  of  Fetis'  "  Revue 
musicale,"  excepting  his  essay  on  the  Chatelain 
de  Coucy  (in  Michel's  monograph,  1830).  His 
publ.  comp.s  include  a  "  Cours  d'harmonie  et 
d'accompagnement"  (1S22X2  pf. -methods,  varia- 
tions and  easy  sonatas  f .  pf . ,  and  the  famous  triple 
fugue. 

Pero'si,  Don  Lorenzo,  b.  Tortona,  Italy, 
Dec.  23,  1S72.  Pupil,  1S91,  of  Saladino  ;  1893, 
of  Milan  Cons.;  1894,  of  Haberl's  Domchor- 
schule  (School  for  Church-music)  at  Ratisbon. 
1895,  maestro  di  cappella  at  Imola  ;  froni  1897, 
at  San  Marco,  Venice.  He  is  a  young  priest, 
whose  sacred  trilogy  La  Passione  di  Crislo  (I. 
La  cena  del  Signore  ;  II.  L'orazione  al  monte ; 
III.  La  morle  del  Redentore),  prod,  in  Milan, 
1897,  at  the  Ital.  Congress  for  Sacred  Music, 
created  a  sensation  (not  equalled  at  later  per- 
formances in  Germany,  London,  New  York, 
etc.).  Other  oratorios  are  La  Trasfigurazione 
del  Nostro  Signore  Gesii  Crislo  (189S),  La  Risur- 
rezionedi  Lazaro  (Venice,  July  27,  1898,  in  La 
Fenice  theatre,  by  special  permission),  and  // 
Natale  del  Redentore  (Como,  1899).  Toward  the 
end  of  1898  the  success  of  his  oratorios  was  so 
emphatic  in  Italy  that  Pope  Leo  XIII.  app.  him 
honorary  maestro  of  the  Papal  Choir. — P.  has 
also  written  15  masses,  and  is  an  excellent  organ- 
ist.    (Oratorios  publ.  in  pf. -score.) 

Peroti'nus,  Magnus,  Magister,  maitre  de 
chapelle  at  Notre-Dame,  Paris.  Celebrated  com- 
poser of  the  12th  century.  Some  comp.s  publ. 
in  Coussemaker's  "  L'art  harmonique  au  Xlle  et 
XIIIe  siecles." 

Perot'ti,  Giovanni  Agostino,  b.  Vercelli, 
Apr.  12,  1760;  d.  Venice,  June  28,  1855. 
Pupil  of  Mattei  in  Bologna  ;  in  1817  he  suc- 
ceeded Furlanetto  as  maestro  at  San  Marco, 
Venice.  Besides  excellent  church-music,  an 
opera  (La  Contadina  no/die,  1795),  etc.,  he  wrote 
essays  "  Sullo  stato  attuale  della  musica  in 
Italia"  (Venice,  1S12),  and  "  II  buon  gusto  della 
musica  "  (1808). 


Perrin,  Pierre,  b.  Lyons,  about  1620 ;  d. 
Paris,  Apr.  25,  1675.  Author  of  the  libretti  for 
the  first  French  operas  (so  called)  :  Cambert's 
La  Pastorale  (1659),  Ponione  (1671),  and  Ariaue 
(1672).  The  privilege  obtained  of  Louis  XIV. 
by  P.  and  Cambert,  to  organize  an  "  Academie 
de  musique  "  (1668),  was  revoked  in  Lully's  favor 
(1669). 

Perry,  Edward  Baxter,  pianist ;  b.  Haver- 
hill, Mass.,  Feb.  14,  1S55.  He  early  lost  his 
sight  ;  was  taught  by  J.  W.  Hill  at  Boston  ; 
studied  later  in  Germany  under  Kullak,  Clara 
Schumann,  Pruckner,  and  Liszt.  Played  before 
the  German  Emperor.  Returning  to  America, 
he  gave  1,200  concerts  in  10  years.  He  ori- 
ginated the  "  lecture-recital."  Has  composed  a 
"Loreley"  fantasia,  "The  lost  Island,"  and 
other  pf. -works. 

Perry,  George,  English  comp.;  b.  Norwich, 
1793  ;  d.  London,  Mar.  4,  1862.  Director  of 
music  at  Haymarket  Th.,  1822  ;  organist  of 
Quebec  Chapel  ;  1832-47,  leader,  from  1848 
conductor,  of  Sacred  Harmonic  Soc.  orch.;  in 
1846,  also  org.  of  Trinity  Ch.,  Gray's  Inn  Road. 
— Oratorios,  Elijah  and  the  priests  of  Baal(i  818), 
The  Fall  of  Jerusalem  (1S30),  The  Death  of 
Abel  (1846),  Hezekiah  (1847);  a  cantata,  Bel- 
shazzar's  Feast  (1836)  ;  2  operas,  Family  Quar- 
rels (1830)  and  Morning,  Noon,  and  Adght  (1822) ; 
overture  to  "  The  Persian  Hunters";  anthems, 
songs,  and  pf. -pieces. 

Persia'ni  (ne'e  Tacchinardi),  Fanny,  famed 
soprano  (coloratura) stage-singer;  b.  Rome,  Oct. 
4,  1812  ;  d.  Passy,  n.  Paris,  May  3,  1S67.  Her 
father,  the  tenor  singer  Nicola  T.,  was  her 
teacher.  After  a  successful  debut  at  Leghorn 
in  1832,  she  sang  in  the  principal  cities  of  the 
peninsula  ;  at  Milan  she  was  called  "la  piccola 
Pasta";  from  1837-4S  she  shone  in  London  and 
Paris  as  one  of  the  greatest  singers  ever  heard, 
also  visited  Holland  and  Russia,  but  returned 
to  Paris  in  1S58. — In  1830  she  married  Giuseppe 
Persiani  [1804-1S69],  a  composer  of  11  operas. 

Persuis,  Louis-Luc-Loiseau  de,  b.  Metz, 
July  4,  1769  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  20,  1819.  A  vio- 
linist, he  went  to  Paris  in  1787  ;  prod,  an  orato- 
rio, Le  passage  de  la  mer  Rouge,  at  a  Concert 
spirituel  ;  became  1st  violin  at  the  Th.  Montan- 
sier  (1790),  and  at  the  Opera  (1793)  ;  chef  de 
chant  at  the  Opera  (1804),  and  chef  d'orchestre 
in  18 10,  succeeding  Rey.  Was  also  prof,  of 
violin  at  the  Cons.  1795-1802.  In  1814,  In- 
spector-General of  the  Opera,  supersedingChoron 
as  Director  in  1817.  Under  his  management 
the  Opera  prospered  ;  and  this  is  his  chief  claim 
to  fame.  He  was  likewise  asst.-cond.  of  Napo- 
leon's court  orch.,  and  succeeded  Le  Sueur  as 
Intendant-in-chief  of  the  Royal  Orch.  in  1816. 

Per'ti,  Jacopo  Antonio,  b.  Bologna,  June 
6,  1661  ;  d.  there  Apr.  10,  1756.  A  celebrated 
dram,  and  sacred  composer,  pupil  of  Padre  Pe- 
tronio  Franceschini.  As  early  as  16S0  he 
brought  out  a  solemn  mass,  and  next  year  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Accademia  Filarmonica, 


446 


PESCETTI— PETRINI 


of  which  he  was  five  times  the  president.  After 
spending  several  years  as  an  opera-composer  at 
Parma,  he  became  maestro  at  San  Pietro  in 
Bologna  (1690),  and  in  1696  maestro  at  San  Pe- 
tronio.  He  wrote  21  operas,  and  4  oratorios  ; 
publ.  "  Cantate  morali  e  spiritual i "  (1688)  and 
"  Messe  e  salmi  concertati "  (1735)  ;  in  Novel- 
lo's  "Sacred  Music"  are  2  fine  choruses.  His 
MSS.  were  dispersed  ;  Abbate  Santini  has  made 
a  valuable  collection. 

Pescet/ti,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Venice, 
1704;  d.  there  (probably)  1766.  A  pupil  of 
Lotti,  he  prod,  several  operas  in  Venice  1725- 
37  ;  lived  in  London  till  1740,  writing  operas 
of  which  the  overtures  and  some  arias  were  publ. 
by  Walsh  ;  from  1762  he  was  second  organist 
at  San  Marco,  Venice. 

Pesch'ka-  Leut'ner,  Minna,  celebrated 
stage-soprano  (coloratura)  ;  b.  Vienna,  Oct. 
25,  1839  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Jan.  12,  1S90.  Pupil 
of  Proch  ;  debut  Breslau,  1S46  ;  after  singing 
there  a  year,  she  retired  temporarily,  married 
Dr.  Peschka  of  Vienna  in  1S61,  then  sang  in 
Dessau.  After  several  appearances  at  the  Vi- 
enna Court  Opera,  and  further  study  under  Frau 
Boehkoltz-Falconi,  she  was  eng.  as  prima  donna 
at  Darmstadt  in  1S65.  From  1S6S-76,  at  the 
height  of  her  powers  and  fame,  she  was  eng.  at 
Leipzig  under  Director  Haase  ;  in  1872  she  sang 
at  the  Philharm.  and  Crystal  Palace,  London, 
and  in  that  autumn  at  the  Peace  Jubilee  at  Bos- 
ton, U.  S. ;  it  is  said  that  over-exertion  there 
seriously  impaired  her  voice.  Pollini  eng.  her 
for  the  Hamburg  opera  in  1876  ;  in  1883  she 
went  to  Cologne. 

Pessard,  Emile-Louis-Fortune,  b.  Mont- 
martre,  Seine,  May  28,  1S43.  Pupil,  in  the 
Paris  Cons.,  of  Bazin  (harm.),  Laurent  (pf.), 
Benoist  (org.),  and  Carafa  (comp.)  ;  won  the  1st 
harmony-prize  in  1862,  and  the  Crand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1866  with  the  cantata  Dalila  (Opera, 
1SG7).  From  1S7S-80,  inspector  of  singing  in 
the  Paris  schools  ;  succeeded  Savard  as  prof,  of 
harmony  at  the  Cons,  in  18S1.  He  is  director 
of  mus.  instruction  in  the  educational  department 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  Since  1895,  mus.  critic 
for  "  l'Evenement."  Officerof  Legion  of  Honor 
and  of  Pub.  Instruction. — Works  :  La  cruche 
cass/e  (Op. -Com.,  1870);  Le  Char  (ib.,  1878); 
Le  capitaine  Fracasse  (Th.-Lyr.,  187S)  ;  Tabarin 
(Opera,  18S5)  ;  Tartarin  sur  les  Alpes  (Caite', 
iSSS);  Don  Quichotte  (Menus-Plaisirs,  1889); 
Les  Folies  amoureuses  (Op. -Com.,  1891)  ;  Une 
nuit  de  Noel  (Ambigu,  1S93)  ;  Mile.  Carabin 
(Bouffes,  1893)  ;  Le  Muet  (1894)  ;  La  Dame  de 
trifles  (1898) ;  all  comic  operas  or  operettas. 
Also  masses,  orch.l  suites,  a  pf.-trio,  pf. -pieces, 
songs. 

Peters,  Carl  Friedrich,  Leipzig  music- 
publishing  firm,  founded  in  1814,  C.  F.  Peters 
then  purchasing  Kiihnel  &  Hoffmeister's  "  Bu- 
reau de  Musique  "  (establ.  1800).  Gained  celeb- 
rity by  the  critical  complete  ed.  of  J.  S.  Bach's 


works  ;  since  1868,  by  the  issue  of  classical  works 
in  the  cheap  and  reliable  "  Edition  Peters."  Its 
large  and  important  musical  library  was  opened 
to  the  public  in  1893  as  the  "  Bibliothek  Peters." 
Dr.  Max  Abraham  is  at  present  (1899)  sole 
proprietor  (since  1S63). 

Petersi'lea,  Carlyle,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan. 
18,  1844.  Distinguished  pianist  and  teacher; 
pupil  of  his  father,  and  (1862-5)  of  Moscheles, 
Reinecke,  Richter,  Hauptmann,  etc.,  at  Leipzig 
Cons.,  winning  the  Helbig  prize  for  pf. -playing. 
After  a  successful  tour  in  Germany,  he  returned 
to  Boston;  establ.  "The  Petersilea  Acad,  of 
Music"  in  1871,  closing  it  in  18S6  to  become  a 
teacher  in  the  New  Engl.  Cons.  He  spent  the 
Spring  of  1884  with  Liszt  at  Weimar,  and  gave 
a  concert  at  the  Berlin  Singakademie. — Has 
publ.  technical  studies,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Petit,  Adrien.     See  Coclicus. 

Petre'jus,  Johannes,  a  native  of  Langen- 
dorf,  Franconia,  and  music-printer  at  Nurem- 
berg, where  he  died  Mar.  iS,  1550.  Began  as  a 
book-printer  in  1526;  commenced  music-printing 
in  1536. 

Petrel'la,  Errico,  b.  Palermo,  Dec.  10,  1813  ; 
d.  Genoa,  Apr.  7,  1S77.  An  opera-composer; 
violin-pupil  of  Saverio  del  Giudice  ;  then  at  the 
Naples  Cons.  (Collegio  di  S.  Sebastiano)  from 
1825-30  of  Costa,  Bellini,  Furno,  Ruggi,  and 
Zingarelli.  His  first  theatrical  attempt  was  the 
2-act  opera  buffa  //  Diavolo  color  di  rosa  (Naples, 
1S29).  .Being  successful,  it  was  followed  up  to 
1874  by  over  20  more  operas,  both  comic  and 
serious  ;  Le  Minieredi  Freiburgh  (Naples,  1S39) 
was  his  finest  buffo  work  ;  Eluava,  0  VAssedio  di 
Leida,  the  best  in  the  serious  genre.  Marco 
Visconti  (Naples,  1S54)  immediately  obtained 
immense  popularity  in  Italy,  and  La  Contessa 
d'Amalfi  (Turin,  1864)  also  had  noteworthy  suc- 
cess. During  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  vied  with 
Verdi  in  Italian  favor  :  but  he  belonged  to  the 
"old"  school,  and  his  operas  have  disappeared 
before  the  influence  of  Germanism.  Despite  his 
many  successes,  he  died  in  extreme  poverty. 

Pe'tri,  Johann  Samuel,  b.  Sorau,  Sept.  1, 
1738  ;  d.  as  cantor  at  Bautzen,  Apr.  22,  180S. 
Publ.  "Anleitung  zur  praktischen  Musik " 
(1767;  2nd  ed.  1702),  and  "  Anweisung  zum 
regelmassigen  und  geschmackvollen  Orgelspiel  " 
(1802). 

Pe'tri,  Henri,  b.  Zeyst,  n.  Utrecht,  Apr.  5, 
1856.  Fine  violinist,  pupil  of  David  at  Leipzig. 
Leader  of  the  Gewandhaus  Orch.  1882-9  (with 
Brodsky),  then  succeeding  Lauterbach  as  leader 
of  the  Dresden  court  orch.  Has  publ.  studies 
and  pieces  f.  violin. 

Petri'ni,  Franz,  harpist;  b.  Berlin,  1744; 
d.  Paris,  1819.  Court  musician  at  Schwerin, 
1765  ;  harp-teacher  in  Paris,  1770. — Publ.  4 
concertos,  8  sonatas,  variations,  duets,  etc.,  f. 
harp  ;  also  a  harp-method,  and  a  manual  of  har- 
mony. 


447 


rETRUCCI— PFEIFFER 


Petruc'ci,  Ottaviano  (de),  the  inventor  of 
music-printing  with  movable  types  ;  b.  Fossom- 
brone,  June  18,  1466  ;  d.  May  7,  1539.  In  1498 
he  received  from  the  Council  of  the  Republic  of 
Venice  the  privilege  of  printing  music  by  his 
new  method  for  20  years,  and  worked  there  in- 
dustriously 1501-11,  then  ceding  the  business  to 
A.  Scotti  and  N.  da  Rafael,  and  removing  to 
Fossombrone,  with  a  15-year  privilege  for  print- 
ing within  the  Papal  States.  His  editions, 
printed  with  great  neatness,  are  rare  and  highly 
prized  specimens  of  early  press-work.  In  Fos- 
sombrone he  worked  from  1513-23.  His  inven- 
tion appeared  at  the  most  flourishing  epoch  of 
the  Netherland  School,  and  his  first  work, 
"  Harmonica;  musices  Odhecaton  .  A"  (1501), 
contains  94  chansons  a  3,  222  a  4,  and  15  motets, 
by  famous  composers  before  1501.  Further  pub- 
lications :  1502,  "  Canti  .  P>  "  (dated  Feb.  15, 
1501  ;  but  as  the  Venetian  New  Year's  Day  was 
Easter  Sunday,  the  date  ace.  to  modern  style  is 
1502;  2nd  ed.  Aug.  4,  1503);  "  Misse  Jos- 
quin  "  (also  a  2nd  ed.)  ;  "  Missarum  Josquin, 
Lib.  I"; — 1503,  "Canti.  C";  "  Mottetti .  B"; 
"Missarum  Josquin,  Lib.  II— III " ;  "Misse 
Brumel";  "Misse  Ghiselin "  ;  "Misse  Pierre 
delaRue";  "  Misse  Obrecht  "  ; — 1504,  "Misse 
Alexandri  Agricolae  "  ;  "  Mottetti .  C  "  ;  "Frot- 
tole,  Lib.  I-I V  "  (Book  IV  as  "  Strain botti,  Ode, 
Frottole,  Sonetti  et  modo  de  cantar  versi  Latini 
e  capituli  "  )  ; — 1505,  "Frottole,"  Lib.  V-VI  ; 
"  Misse deOrto";  "  Mottetti,"  Lib.  IV; — 1506, 
"  Lamentationum  Jeremie  prophetae,"  Lib.  I- 
II  ;  "  Misse  Henrici  Izac"  ; — 1507,  "  Frottole," 
Lib.  VII-VI1I  ;  "  Missarum  diversorum  aucto- 
rum,"  Lib.  I; — 1508,  "Frottole,  Lib.  IX"; 
"  Intabolatura  de  lauto,"  Lib.  I-IV  (contains 
"  Padoane,  Calate,  Frottole,"  etc.);  "Misse 
diversorum  auctorum  "  ; — 1509,  "  Tenori  e  con- 
trabassi  intabolati  col  soprano  in  canto  figu- 
rato  .  .  .  Francisci  Bossoniensisopus  "; — printed 
at  Fossombrone  :  1513,  a  vol.  of  Masses  ; — 1514, 
"Mottetti  della  Corona"; — 1 5 1 5,  "Missarum 
Joannis  Mouton,  Lib.  I  "  ;  "  Misse  Antonii  de 
Fevin  "  ; — 15 16,  "  Missarum  X  a  clarissimi  mu- 
sicis,  .  .  .  Libri  II";  1519,  "Mottetti  della 
Corona,"  Lib.  II-IV. — Of  the  "  Missarum  Jos- 
quin," Book  II  was  reprinted  in  1515,  and 
Books  I  and  III  in  1516;  there  is  an  undated 
reprint  of  Book  I  of  "  Motetti  della  Corona"  ; 
and  2  books  of  Laudi  were  publ.  without  date. 
P.'s  last  publications  were  3  books  of  masses 
(1520-3)  printed  in  folio  as  chorus-books. — An- 
ton Schmid's  monograph  on  P.  (1845)  is  valu- 
able, but  not  up  to  date. 

Pe'trus  de  Cru'ce  [Pierre  de  la  Croix],  of 
Amiens,  was  a  13th-century  writer  on  mensural 
music  ;  treatise  printed  in  Coussemaker's  "  Scrip- 
tores." 

Pe'trus  Platen'sis.     See  La  Rue. 

Petsch'ke,  Pr.  Hermann  Theobald,  b. 
Bautzen,  Mar.  21,  1S06  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  2S, 
iSS3,      On  Board  of   Directors   of   the  Gewand- 


1  wins  Concerts.  Comp.  excellent  choruses  for 
men's  voices. 

Petch'nikoff,  Alexander,  b.  Moscow  (?), 
about  1873.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of  Moscow  Cons.; 
his  precocious  talent  gained  influential  protec- 
tion. Very  successful  German  tour  1895-6. 
His  Stradivarius  formerly  belonged  to  Ferdinand 
Laub. 

Pet'zold,  Christian,  b.  Konigstein,  1677  ;  d. 
Dresden,  July  2,  1733,  as  court  org.  and  cham- 
ber-comp. — Harpsichord-concertos  and  cham- 
ber-music in  MS.  at  Dresden. 

Pet'zold  (or  Petzhold),  Wilhelm  Lebe- 
recht,  b.  Lichtenhain,  Saxony,  July  2,  1784  ; 
d.  (?).  Piano-maker,  with  J.  Pfeiffer  in  Paris, 
1806-14,  later  independent.  His  squares  were 
favored  before  Rape's  time,  as  his  strings  were 
longer  and  thicker,  and  his  instr.s  more  solidly 
built,  than  the  generality. 

Pet'zold,  Eugen  Karl,  b.  Ronneburg,  Al- 
tenburg,  Nov.  7,  1813  ;  d.  Zofingen,  Switz.,  Jan. 
22,  1889,  as  mus.  dir.  and  organist  (since  1844). 
Active  promoter  of  mus.  art  in  Zofingen,  estab- 
lishing subscription  and  sacred  concerts,  and 
composing  music  to  Goethe's  Fatisl,  Schiller's 
Wilhelm  Tell,  etc. 

Pevernage,  Andre  [Andreas],  b.  Courtray, 
Belgium,  1543  ;  d.  Antwerp,  July  30,  1591,  as 
choirmaster  at  Notre-Dame. — Publ.  chansons  a 
5  and  a  6-S,  motets  a  6-8,  masses  a  5-7,  and 
"Laudes  vespertinae  Mariae  .  .  ."  (1604;  a  4-6). 
Other  music  in  collections. 

Pe'zel  [Pezelius],  Johann,  town-musician 
at  Bautzen  and  Leipzig  ;  an  industrious  17th- 
century  instrumental  composer.  Among  some 
13  publ.  sets  of  pieces,  the  following  exhibit  his 
instr.l  combinations.  "  Bicinia  variorum  instru- 
mentorum,  ut  a  Violinis,  Cornettis,  Flautis, 
Clarinis  et  Fagottis  cum  appendice  a  2  Bombar- 
dinis  vulgo  Schalmey  "  (1674)  ;  "  Deliciae  musi- 
cales  oder  Lustmusik,  bestehend  in  Sonetten, 
Allemanden,  Balletten,  Gavotten,  Couranten, 
Sarabanden  und  Giguen  von  5  Stimmen,  als  2 
Violinen,  2  Violen  nebst  dem  B  C"  (1678); 
"  Intraten  a  4,  nehmlich  mit  einem  Cornett  und 
drei  Trombonen  "  (1683)  ;  "Opusmusicum  sona- 
tarum  praestantissimarum  6  instrumentis  in- 
structum,  ut  2  Violinis,  3  Violis  et  Fagotto  ad- 
juncto  B  C  "  (1686).  He  printed  essays  :  Obser- 
vationes  musicae  "  (1678-S3),  "  Infelix  musicus" 
(1678),  and  "  Musica  poluico-practica  "  (1678). 

Pfeiffer,  Karl,  b.  1S33  (?) ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb. 
17,  1897.  For  30  years  chorus-director  at  the 
Vienna  Imp.  Opera.  Wrote  2  operas,  Das 
Nordlicht  and  Harold  (both  unsucc.  prod,  at 
the  Vienna  Opera) ;  1  mass,  several  part-songs, 
and  songs. 

Pfeiffer,  Jean-Georges,  b.  Versailles,  Dec- 
12,  1835.  Pianist  and  comp.,  pupil  of  the  Male- 
den  and  Damcke.  Successful  debut  at  the  Cons, 
concerts,  1S62.  Has  received  the  Prix  Chartier 
for  chamber-music  ;  has  also  prod,  a  symphony  ; 


448 


PFEIL— PHILIDOR 


a  symphonic  poem,  "Jeanne  d'Arc  "  ;  pf.-con- 
certos,  a  pf. -quintet,  trios,  etc.;  the  operetta 
Capitaine  Roche  (1862),  1-act  opera,  VEnclume 
(1S84),  3-act  comic  opera,  Le  Ugataire  universel 
(?),  and  an  oratorio,  Hagar. — Mus.  critic  for  the 
"  Voltaire"  ;  Vice-pres.  of  the  Soc.  of  Compos- 
ers. Member  of  the  firm  Pleyel,  Wolff  et  Cie., 
pf. -makers  at  Paris. 

Pfeil,  Heinrich,  b.  Leipzig,  Dec.  18,  1835. 
Editor,  since  1862,  of  the  "  Sangerhalle  "  (organ 
of  the  German  Sangerbund) ;  has  composed 
numerous  male  choruses. 

Pfit'zer,  Hans  Erich,  b.  Moscow,  May  5, 
1S69.  Pupil  at  the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort, 
1886-90,  of  Kwast  (pf.),  and  Iwan  Knorr 
(comp.).  Teacher  of  pf.  and  theory  at  Koblenz 
Cons.,  winter  of  1892-3;  asst.-cond.  of  City 
Th.,  Mayence,  winter  of  1894-5,  and  prod,  his 
2-act  music-drama  Der  arme  Heinrich  (Mayence, 
1S95  ;  succ),  also  incid.  music  to  Ibsen's  Festi- 
val on  Solhaug.  1S95-6,  3rd  Kapellm.  at  Mann- 
heim ;  1S97-S,  teacher  in  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin. — 
Publ.  works  :  Pf. -score  of  Der  arme  Heinrich  : 
Scherzo  f.  orch. ;  pf.-trio,  op.  8  ;  sonata  f.  'cello 
and  pf.,  op.  1  ;  over  30  songs.  Other  comp.s 
MS. 

Pflug'haupt,  Robert,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  4, 
1S33  ;  d.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  June  12,  1871.  Pian- 
ist ;  pupil  of  Dehn  (Berlin),  Henselt  (St.  Peters- 
burg), and  Liszt  (Weimar),  where  he  lived  1S57- 
62,  then  settling  in  Aix.  His  fortune,  left  to  the 
"  Allgem.  deutscher  Musikverein,"  was  employed 
to  found  a  Beethoven  scholarship. — Pf. -works  : 
Op.  r,  orig.  Theme  and  Var.s  ;  op.  3,  Petite 
valse  ;  op.  6,  Mazurka  ;  op.  9,  Galop  de  con- 
cert ;  op.  11,  Invitation  a  la  Polka  ;  etc. 

Pflug'haupt,  Sophie  {ne'e  Stschepin),  ex- 
cellent pianist,  pupil  of  Henselt  and  Liszt,  was 
b.  Dunaburg,  Russia,  Mar.  15,  1837  ;  d.  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Nov.  10,  1867. 

Pfohl,  Ferdinand,  b.  Elbogen,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  12,  1S63.  Law-student  at  Prague  ;  student 
of  philosophy  and  music  at  Leipzig  (18S5)  ;  be- 
came a  mus.  critic.  1891,  mus.  editor  of  the 
"  Hamburger  Nachrichten,"  succeeding  Paul 
Mirsch.  —  Publ.  "  Hollenbreughel  als  Erzieher"  ; 
"  Bayreuther  Fanfaren  "  ;  "guides"  to  Tann- 
hauser  and  Die  Meistersinger  ;  an  orch. 1  suite 
(f.  pf. ,  4  hands)  ;   songs. 

Pfundt,  Ernst  Gotthold  Benjamin,  famous 
tympanist  ;  b.  Dommitzsch,  n.  Torgau,  June  17, 
1S06  ;  d.' Leipzig,  Dec.  7,  187 1,  as  drummer  in 
the  Gewandhaus  Orch.  (since  1835).  He  invented 
the  "  machine-head,"  and  publ.  a  Method,  for 
the  kettledrum. 

Phalese,    Pierre,    [Petrus    Phalesius,]    b. 

about  15 10  at  Louvain,  where  he  establ.  a  music- 
publishing  business  in  1545  (?),  which  was  re- 
moved to  Antwerp  in  1579  as  "  Pierre  Phalese 
et  Jean  Hellere."  His  heirs  still  published  in 
1669. 

Phelps,  Ellsworth  C,  b.  Middletown,  Conn. , 


Aug.  11,1827.  Self-taught  in  music,  he  became 
organist  in  New  London  at  the  age  of  19  ; 
taught  successfully  there,  in  Syracuse,  and  New 
York,  and  settled  in  Brooklyn  in  1857,  where  he 
still  (1899)  resides.  Has  held  various  important 
positions  as  organist,  and  has  taught  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  for  more  than  30  years. — Works 
(MS.)  :  2  comic  operas  ;  sacred  operetta  David 
(perf.  twice  in  Brooklyn);  "  Hiawatha"  sym- 
phony (1878)  ;  "  Emancipation  "  symph.  (1880); 
2  concert-overtures  (i860,  '97)  ;  "  Elegie,"  cho- 
ral work  in  6  movem.  (perf.  in  New  York,  Phila., 
etc.)  ;  4  symphonic  poems  ;  Psalm  145,  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  pieces  f.  military  band  (perf.  by 
Gilmore  and  Sousa) ;  etc. — in  all  over  200 
comp.s  in  every  style. 

Philidor,  recie  Danican,  famous  family  of 
French  musicians. — (1)  Jean  Danican-Phili- 
dor,  d.  Paris,  Sept.  8,  1679,  as  "  Phiphre  de  la 
Grande  Ecurie  "  (piper  in  the  King's  military 
band). — (2)  Andre  Danican-Philidor (Paine), 
b.  Aug.  11,  1730.  In  1659  he  became  cromorne- 
player  in  the  above  band,  later  of  the  King's 
private  band  (oboe,  cromorne,  trompette  marine, 
and  bassoon).  As asst. -librarian  of  the  R.  Mus. 
Library  at  Versailles,  he  made  a  fine  collection 
of  old  instr.l  pieces  performed  at  court  since  the 
time  of  Francois  I.  He  composed  masques, 
ballets,  etc.,  for  the  court,  and  military  music 
(marches,  etc.). —  Publ. works  :  "  Mascarade  des 
Savoyards  "  (1700)  ;  "  Masc.  du  roi  de  la  Chine  " 
(1700)  ;  "  Suite  de  danses  pour  les  violons  et 
hautbois  .  .  ."  (1699)  ;"  Pieces  a  deux  basses 
de  viole,  basse  de  violon  et  basson  .  .  ." 
(1700)  ;  "  Marches  et  batteries  de  tambour 
avec  les  airs  de  fifre  et  de  hautbois." 
— (3)  Anne  Danican-Philidor,  Andre's  eldest 
son;  b.  Paris,  Apr.  11,  16S1  ;  d.  Oct.  8,  1728. 
Flute-player;  composed  pastoral  operas  (I'A  inonr 
vainqueur,  1697  ;  Diane  et  Endymion,  1698  ; 
Danae,  1701),  and  publ.  music  f.  flutes,  violins, 
and  oboes.  He  founded  the  Concerts  spirituels. 
— (4)  Pierre  Danican-Philidor,  flute-player  ; 
b.  Aug.  22,  1681  ;  d.  Sept.  1,  1731.  Publ.  3 
books  of  suites  f.  2  cross-flutes  (1717,  '18),  and 
flute-trios.  —  (5)  Francois -Andre  Danican- 
Philidor,  last  and  greatest  of  the  family,  the 
youngest  son  of  Andre  ;  b.  Dreux,  Sept.  7,  1726  ; 
d.  London,  Aug.  31,  1795.  Campra  was  his 
teacher  in  music,  but  chess  was  for  a  long  time 
his  master-passion,  and  after  vanquishing  many 
celebrated  Continental  players,  he  wrote  an 
"  Analyse  du  jeu  d'echecs,"  which  he  publ.  in 
London  in  1749,  when  he  commenced  a  series  of 
victories  at  the  London  Chess  Club,  later  receiv- 
ing a  pension  from  the  Club.  From  1756  he 
appeared  in  the  novel  and  unexpected  role  of  a 
successful  composer  of  comic  operas,  producing 
at  Paris  the  4-act  opera  Le  diable  a  quatre  (Op.- 
Com.)  and  the  opera-ballet  Le  re  to  it  r  du  prin- 
temps  :  these  were  followed  by  several  one-act 
pieces  (Blaise  le  savetier,  1759;  F II nitre  et  les 
plaideurs,  1759  ;  Le  quiproquo,  on  Le  volage 
Jixe',    1760;  Le  soldat  magicien,  1760';    Le  jar- 


449 


PHILIPP— rHILPOT 


dinier  et  son  seigneur,  1761)  ;  then  one  of  his 
best,  in  2  acts,  Le  marichal  (1761),  perf.  over 
200  times  ;  followed  by  more  one-act  pieces 
(Sancho  Patifa,  1762  ;  Le  brtcheron,  011  Les  trois 
soukaits,  1763).  Le  sorrier,  2  acts  (1764),  and 
Tom  Jones,  3  acts  (1764),  were  only  8  weeks 
apart  ;  the  latter  had,  finally,  great  vogue,  and 
contained  a  noteworthy  novelty,  a  quartet  a  cap- 
pella.  In  1767  appeared  his  finest  effort,  the 
grand  opera  Ernelinde,  princesse  de  Norvege 
(revised  in  1769  as  Sandomir,  prince  de  Dane- 
mark).  Le  jardinier  de  Sidon  (1768),  VAtnant 
d/guis/  (1769),  La  nouvelle  e'cole  des  fannies 
(1770),  Le  bon  fils  (1773),  Zemire  et  MSlide 
(I773).  Berlhe  (Brussels,  1775,  with  Gossec  and 
Botson),  Les  femmes  vengees  (1775),  Le  puits 
d'amour  (1779),  Pers/e  (Grand  Opera,  1780),  La 
belle  esclave  (1787),  and  Le  niari  comme  il  les 
•faudrait  tons  (1788)  close  the  long  list.  Be'li- 
saire,  finished  by  Berton,  was  prod,  in  1796. 
P.  surpassed  his  rivals  Gretry  and  Monsigny 
both  in  skilfulness  of  orchestration  and  richness 
and  correctness  of  harmony,  though  their  infe- 
rior in  dramatic  expression  and  melodic  charm. 
He  was  adored  by  the  Parisians  ;  but  his  love 
for  chess  caused  him  to  forsake  them  at  frequent 
intervals  for  their  neighbors  across  the  Channel. 
— P.  also  wrote  church-music  ;  a  set  of  12  "  Ari- 
ettes  periodiques "  (in  alternation  with  Trial) 
f.  vocal  solo  w.  violin,  bass,  oboe,  and  horn  ; 
"  L'Art  de  la  modulation,"  quartets  f.  2  violins, 
oboe,  and  bass  ;  etc. — George  Allen  wrote  a 
"  Life  of  Philidor  "  (Philadelphia,  1S63). 

Philipp,  Isidor  (-Edmond),  fine  pianist  ;  b. 
Pesth,  Sept.  2,  1863  [name  and  date  are  cor- 
rect]. He  is  a  natu- 
ralized French  citi- 
zen ;  came  to  Paris 
very  young,  entering 
the  Cons,  at  16  as  a 
pupil  of  Georges 
Mathias,  and  win- 
ning 1st  pf. -prize  in 
1883  ;  taught  later  by 
Saint-Saens,  Stephen 
Helier,  and  Ritter  (4 
years).  Has  played 
at  the  concerts  of 
Lamoureux,  the 
Cons.,  and  Le  Cha- 
telet  ;  in  all  large 
French   towns  ;    also 

in  Brussels,  London,  Geneva,  Barcelona,  etc. 
An  enthusiastic  admirer  of  chamber-music,  P. 
establ.  concerts  in  the  Salle  Erard,  with  Loeb 
and  Berthelier,  performing  many  of  the  finest 
among  modern  French  chamber-compositions 
for  the  first  time.  Also  reorganized  the  "  So- 
ciete  des  instr.s  a.  vent";  and  was  a  co-founder 
of  the  "  Soc.  d'Art,"  of  which  he  is  the  presi- 
dent. Has  publ.  pf. -works  marked  by  breadth 
and  refinement  of  style  ;  his  exercises  and  etudes, 
also  his  editions  of  classic  studies,  are  esteemed. 
For  orch.    P.  has  publ.  a  Suite    fantastique,  a 


Reverie  melancolique,  and  a  Serenade  humoris- 
tique. 

Philippe  de  Caserte.     See  Caserta. 
Philippe  de  Mons.     See  Monte. 
Philippe  de  Vitry.     See  Vitry. 

Philipps,  Peters  (or  Petrus  Philippus,  Pie- 
tro  Filippo,)  English  contrapuntist ;  b.  about 
1560  ;  d.  April,  1625.  Canon  at  Bethune,  Flan- 
ders ;  organist  of  the  vice-royal  chapel,  Ant- 
werp ;  and,  finally,  canon  at  Soignies.  The 
earliest  regular  fugue  on  one  subject,  discovera- 
ble by  Burney,  was  one  by  P.  in  "Queen  Eliza- 
beth's Virginall-Booke." — Publ.  "  MelodiaOlym- 
pica  di  diversi  eccelmi.  musici  "  a  4-8  (1591)  ;  3 
books  of  madrigals  (1596  and  1603,  a  6  ;  1598, 
a  8)  ;  motets  a  5  (1612)  and  a  8  (1613)  ;  "  Ge- 
mulae  sacrae "  a  2-3  w.  continuo  (1613)  ;  Lit- 
anies a  4-6(1623);  "  Paradisus  sacris  cantionibus 
conditus  "  (1628). 

Phillipps,  Adelaide,  alto  dramatic  singer;  b. 
Stratford-on-Avon,  Engl,,  1833  ;  d.  Karlsbad, 
Oct.  3,  1882.  The  family  emigrated  to  Amer- 
ica in  1840,  settling  in  Boston.  Taught  by  her 
mother,  Adelaide  appeared  as  a  child-dancer  at 
the  Tremont  Th.,  Jan.  12,  1842,  and  was  eng. 
at  the  Museum  Th.  1S43-50,  as  a  dancer  and 
actress.  Jenny  Lind  then  started  a  subscription 
to  enable  her  to  study  singing  ;  at  first  under 
Garcia  in  London,  and  then  in  Italy.  Her  de- 
but was  at  the  Teatro  Carcano,  Milan,  Dec.  17, 
1854,  as  Rosina.  Returning  to  Boston  in  1855, 
she  sang  in  concerts  and  English  opera  ;  her 
first  American  appearance  in  Italian  opera  being 
at  the  Acad,  of  Music,  New  York,  Mar.  17,  1856, 
as  Azucena.  Her  great  success  won  her  an  en- 
gagement for  five  seasons.  She  next  went  to 
Havana,  and  thence  to  Paris  (1861),  Madrid, 
Barcelona,  Hungary,  and  Holland,  singing  lead- 
ing contralto  parts  in  all  the  Italian  operas  then 
in  vogue.  Joining  the  "  Boston  Ideal  Opera 
Company "  in  1S79,  she  made  her  last  Boston 
appearance  at  the  Museum  on  Nov.  30,  1880  ; 
and  her  final  stage-appearance  at  Cincinnati  in 
December,  1881.  Miss  Phillipps  also  excelled  in 
oratorio,  and  on  the  concert-stage. 

Philomathes,  Wenzeslaus,  called  "  de 
Nova  domo  "  because  b.  at  Neuhaus,  Bohemia  ; 
publ.  in  1512  a  treatise  on  plain  song  and  men- 
sural music,  "  Musicorum  libri  quatuor "  (re- 
publ.  1518,  '34,  '43). 

Philp,  Elizabeth,  English  singer  and  vocal 
comp  ;  b.  Falmouth,  1827  ;  d.  London,  Nov. 
26,  1885.  Pupil  of  Garcia,  Marchesi,  and  Ferd. 
Hiller.  Publ.  many  songs;  also  part-songs, 
and  a  pamphlet  "  How  to  Sing  an  English 
Ballad." 

Philpot,  Stephen  Rowland,  contemporary 
English  composer  ;  pupil  of  Macfarren  in  the 
R.  A.  M. — Works:  Operas  Dante  and  Beatrice 
(1889),  Zelica  (1890,  concert-perf.),  and  La  Gi- 
tana,  I  act  (1S96) ;  also  pieces  f.  pf.  and  strings, 
songs,  etc. 


450 


PIATTI— PICCINNI 


Piat'ti,  Carlo  Alfredo,  'cello-virtuoso  ;  b. 
Bergamo,  Jan.  8,  1S22.  Son  of  the  violinist 
Antonio  P.  [d.  Feb.  27,  1S78]  ;  pupil  at  first  of 
Zanetti,  and  1832-7  of  Merighi  at  Milan  Cons. 
Concert-debut  at  Milan,  1834;  in  1838  his  con- 
cert-tours began  ;  he  played  (1843)  with  Liszt 
at  Munich,  and  next  year  in  Paris.  Again  in 
Milan,  1846,  and  in  the  same  year  in  London, 
where  from  1849  he  was  1st  'cello  at  the  Italian 
opera,  and  since  1859  a  leading  figure  in  the 
Monday  and  Saturday  Popular  Concerts  of  cham- 
ber-music.— Publ.  2  'cello-concertos,  a  concer- 
tino, vocal  music  w.  'cello  obbligato,  fantasias, 
capricci,  and  other  orig.  pieces  for  'cello  solo  ; 
also  edited  6  string-sonatas  by  Boccherini  and 
Locatelli,  a  sonata  (op.  2)  by  B.  Marcello,  etc.; 
and  a  Method  f.  'cello. 

Piccin'ni  [Piccini,  Picinni],  Nicola,  pro- 
lific and  celebrated  opera-composer  ;  b.  Bari, 
Jan.  16,  1728  ;  d.  Passy,  n.  Paris,  May  7,  1800. 
His  father,  though  a  musician,  gave  him  no  mu- 
sic-lessons, intending  him  for  the  church  ;  but 
the  Bishop  of  Bari,  recognizing  the  boy's  talent, 
overcame  paternal  opposition,  and  at  14  years  of 
age  P.  entered  the  Cons,  di  San  Onofrio,  Naples, 
where  he  studied  for  12  years,  becoming  the  fa- 
vorite pupil  of  Leo  and  Durante.  His  student- 
compositions  were  a  mass  and  other  church- 
music.  At  this  time  Logroscino's  buffo  operas 
ruled  the  Neapolitan  stage  ;  young  P.  boldly  in- 
vaded the  popular  favorite's  field,  a  few  months 
after  leaving  the  Cons.,  with  the  opera,  Le donne 
dispettosc  (Teatro  de'Fiorentini,  1754),  which  was 
received  with  acclamation.  There  followed,  in 
1 755,  Gclosia  per  gclosia  and  //  curioso  del  suo 
proprio  dannoj  the  latter  had  a  run  of  four  years, 
a  thing  then  unheard  of  in  Italy.  His  first 
Roman  venture,  Alessandro  nelle  Indie  (1758), 
was  also  successful,  and  Cecchina  eitella,  0  La 
buona  figliuola  (Rome,  1760)  was  lauded  to  the 
skies  as  the  most  perfect  of  opere  buffe  ;  V.  wrote 
it  in  3  weeks,  and  it  extorted  praise  even  from 
Jommelli.  Logroscino,  who  died  in  1763,  was 
already  outri vailed  ;  the  freshness  of  P.'s  melody, 
the  increased  dramatic  vigor  of  his  duets,  and 
his  effective  finales  (extended  to  several  scenes 
with  corresponding  changes  in  tempo  and  key) 
made  him  the  idol  of  the  hour.  His  productive- 
ness was  astounding  ;  in  1762  he  brought  out  no 
less  than  six  operas,  and  in  the  course  of  his 
career  wrote  (on  the  authority  of  his  friend  and 
biographer  Ginguene)  133  dramatic  works.  This 
period  of  triumphant  success,  to  which  II  re  pa- 
store  (1760),  U Olimpiade  (1761  ;  revised,  1771), 
Berenice  (1764),  La  Cecchina  maritata  (1765), 
Didone  abbandonata  (1767),  Antigone  (1771),  and 
many  others  contributed,  was  rudely  interrupted 
in  r773>  when  the  fickle  Roman  public  turned  to 
the  far  inferior  Anfossi,  and  hissed  one  of  P.'s 
operas  off  the  stage.  He  fell  seriously  ill  on  his 
return  to  Naples  ;  on  recovering,  he  wrote  / 
Viaggiatori  for  Naples,  and  its  enthusiastic  re- 
ception in  some  measure  consoled  him  for  the 
previous  undeserved  failure..    Negotiations  begun 


about  this  time  by  La  Borde,  valet  de  chambre 
to  Louis  XV.,  and  author  of  the  "  Essai  sur 
la  musique,"  to  induce  P.  to  visit  Paris,  were 
continued  in  1775  by  the  Marquis  of  Caraccioli 
by  special  desire  of  Marie  Antoinette.  In  con- 
sequence of  flattering  offers,  P.  removed  with  his 
family  to  Paris  in  December,  1776.  He  required 
an  entire  year  to  obtain  sufficient  mastery  of  the 
language  to  write  his  first  French  opera,  Roland 
(Opera,  Paris,  Jan.  27,  1778),  a  mediocre  work 
which  probably  owed  its  temporary  success  as 
much  to  partisan  intrigue  as  to  its  intrinsic  value. 
For  as  soon  as  the  celebrated  Italian  maestro 
reached  Paris,  the  opponents  of  the  innovator 
Gluck  rallied  around  P.  as  the  standard-bearer 
of  Italian  musical  taste  [melody  simply  accom- 
panied, in  contradistinction  to  the  dramatic 
declamation  and  heavier  scoring  of  Gluck's 
operas]  ;  the  controversy  between  the  '•'  Gluck- 
ists  "  and  "  Piccinnists  "  rose  to  a  pitch  of  acri- 
mony and  animosity  inconceivable  to  the  present 
generation, even  after  the  long  (but  chiefly  "aca- 
demical ")  warfare  against  Wagner.  It  is  pleas- 
ant to  note  that  P.  took  no  part  whatever  in  this 
quarrel,  which  his  frank  and  generous  nature 
abhorred.  When  Gluck  died  (1787)  he  endeav- 
ored, though  vainly,  to  raise  a  fund  for  annual 
memorial  concerts.  His  own  successes  were 
great.  In  1778  he  was  appointed  director  of  the 
newly' engaged  Italian  opera-troupe,  whose  per- 
formances alternated  with  those  of  the  French 
company  at  the  Opera,  and  was  thus  enabled  to 
produce  his  best  Italian  scores,  meeting  his  rival 
on  less  unequal  terms.  Unfortunately  the  man- 
agement of  the  Opera  commissioned  both  Gluck 
and  P.  to  compose  the  opera  Iphigdnie  en  Tauride 
at  the  same  jtime  ;  P.  was  dissatisfied  with  his 
text,  and  lost  time  by  having  it  rewritten  by 
Ginguene,  so  that  his  version  appeared  in  1781, 
the  year  after  Gluck  left  Paris,  and  failed  utterly 
in  comparison  with  the  German  composer's  mas- 
terpiece. [His  successful  French  operas  were 
Le  fat  meprise"  (1779),  Atys  (17S0),  Didon,  Le 
dormeur  e'veille',  and  the  Le  faux  Lord  (these  last 
3  in  1783)  ;  half  a  dozen  others  either  failed,  or 
were  never  performed.]  To  add  to  his  discom- 
fiture, a  new  rival,  Sacchini,  now  began  success- 
fully to  dispute  the  field  of  Italian  opera  ;  al- 
though P.'s  French  opera  Didon  (1783)  renewed 
his  earlier  triumphs.  In  1784  he  was  appointed 
maitre  de  chant  at  the  new  "  Ecole  royale  de  mu- 
sique et  declamation  "  ;  2  years  thereafter,  his 
opera  Roland  was  represented  by  his  pupils 
there.  His  last  operatic  attempts  in  French  were 
unfortunate.  In  1789,  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Revolution,  he  lost  his  positions,  and  retired  to 
Naples,  where  the  King  granted  him  a  pension. 
But  because  of  his  daughter's  marriage  with  a 
young  French  radical,  P.  was  suspected  of  re- 
publicanism ;  he  was  kept  a  prisoner  in  his  own 
house  for  four  years,  with  the  added  misfortune 
of  extreme  poverty,  which  he  alleviated  as  best 
he  might  by  the  composition  and  sale  of  church- 
music.  After  the  treaty  of  peace  with  the  French 
republic  (1798),  he  returned  to  France,  was  feted 


451 


PICCINNI— PINELLI 


at  the  Conservatoire,  and  received  a  present  of 
5,000  francs  and  a  small  pension,  which  was  not 
regularly  paid,  however.  He  was  prostrated  for 
some  months  by  paralysis  ;  after  his  recovery,  a 
sixth  Inspectorship  was  created  at  the  Cons,  for 
his  benefit,  but  he  soon  became  ill  again,  and  re- 
tired to  Passy  to  die. 

Piccin'ni,  Luigi,  son  of  Nicola  ;  b.  Naples, 
1766;  d.  Passy,  July  31,  1827.  Tupil  of  his 
father,  with  whom  he  lived  in  Paris  and  Naples  ; 
1796-1801,  R.  conductor  at  Stockholm.  Wrote 
some  15  French  and  Italian  operas  of  no  special 
merit  for  Paris,  Naples,  etc. 

Piccin'ni,  Louis-Alexandre,  grandson  of 
Nicola;  b.  Paris,  Sept.  10,  1779;  d.  there  Apr. 
24,  1850.  Pupil  of  Ilausmann,  Le  Sueur,  and 
his  grandfather  ;  cond.  and  accompanist  at  sev- 
eral minor  Parisian  theatres  ;  chef  de  chant  at 
the  Opera  1816-26.  His  more  than  200  operas, 
melodramas,  ballets,  etc.,  require  only  casual 
mention. 

Piccolo'mini,  Maria,  soprano  stage-singer  ; 
b.  Sienna,  1S36.  Pupil  of  Mazzarelli  and  Rai- 
mondi,  Florence  ;  debut  there  in  1852  as  Lu- 
crezia  Borgia,  with  pronounced  success  ;  sang 
in  Italian  cities,  London  (II.  M.'s  Th.),  Paris 
(Th.  Italien,  1856),  and  New  York  (1858).  Mar- 
ried the  Marquis  Gaetani  in  1863,  and  retired 
from  the  stage. 

Pich'el  (or  Pichl),  Wenzel,  b.  Bechin, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  15,  1741  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  23, 
1805.  A  violinist,  pupil  of  Pokorny,  and  of 
Segert  in  composition,  he  was  chamber-com- 
poser to  Archduke  Ferdinand  at  Milan  1775— 
96;  then  violinist  at  the  Court  Th.,  Vienna. 
His  compositions  (about  700)  include  88  sym- 
phonies (28  publ.),  13  serenades  (3  publ.),  violin- 
concertos,  clarinet-concertos,  a  concertante  f.  2 
violins  w.  orch.,  12  string-quintets,  12  string- 
quartets,  6  octets  and  7  septets  f.  barytone,  flute, 
and  strings  ;  6  sextets,  6  quintets,  and  3  quartets 
f.  barytone  w.  strings  ;  much  other  chamber- 
music  ;  besides  4  masses,  6  motets,  10  psalms, 
2  graduals,  and  1  Miserere  (all  publ.),  and  other 
sacred  music  (MS.)  ;  a  score  of  operas  (1  Ger- 
man, 4  Latin,  8  French,  7  Italian) ;  etc. 

Picinni.     See  Piccinni. 

Piel,  Peter,  b.  Kessenich,  n.  Bonn,  Aug.  12, 
1835.  Since  186S,  music-teacher  at  the  Seminary 
in  Boppard-on-Rhine,  with  title  (1SS7)  of  "  Royal 
Music-Director." — Works  :  Many  masses  a  2-4 
(f.  equal  or  mixed  voices,  with  or  without  organ)  ; 
motets  ;  8  Magnificats  (in  the  church-modes)  ; 
antiphones  to  the  Virgin  a  4-8  (f.  male  choir)  ; 
other  church-music  ;  organ-pieces  ;  a  "  Har- 
monielehre  "  ;  etc. 

Pierne,  (Henri-Constant-)  Gabriel,  b.  Metz, 
Aug.  16,  1863.  Pupil  of  Marmontel,  Cesar 
Franck,  and  Massenet,  at  Paris  Cons.,  taking 
1st  piano-prize  (1879),  do.  for  cpt.  and  fugue 
(1SS1),  do.  f.  organ  (1882),  and  the  ('.rand  prix 
de  Rome  (1882).  In  1890  he  succeeded  Cesar 
Franck  as  organist  at  Ste.-Clothilde.    Has  prod. 


the  5-act  spectacle  Ronton  d'or  (1S93),  the  4-act 
opera  Ize'il  (1894),  the  3-act  lyric  drama  Vendde 
(Lyons,  1897  ;  mod.  succ.)  ;  and  several  other 
stage-pieces  ;  a  hymn  to  the  Russian  visitors  in 
1S93,  "La  Fraternelle  "  ;  the  lyric  episode  f. 
orch.,  "  Nuit  de  Noel  "  ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  etc. 

Pierre,  Constant,  b.  Passy,  Aug.  24,  1855. 
Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.;  orch.l  bassoon-player; 
writer  for  mus.  journals,  and  (since  1881)  asst.- 
secr.  at  the  Cons.  Editor  of  "  Le  Monde  musi- 
cal."— Works  :  Essays  on  "  Les  Noels  popu- 
lates "  (1S86)  and  "La  Marseillaise"  (1887); 
"  La  facture  instrumental  a  lT'xposition  de 
18S9"  (1890)  ;  and  (MS.)  a  history  of  the  Opera 
orch.,  for  which  the  "  Soc.  des  compositeurs" 
awarded  him  a  prize  in  1889. 

Pierson.     See  La  Rue. 

Pierson  {recte  Pearson),  Henry  Hugo 
[early  pen-name  "  Edgar  Mansfeldt  "],  English 
composer;  b.  Oxford,  Apr.  12,  1815  ;  d.  Leip- 
zig, Jan.  28,  1873.  He  studied  medicine  at 
Cambridge,  also  music  under  Attwood  and  Corfe, 
and  from  1830  under  Rinck,  Tomaschek,  and 
Reissiger  in  Germany.  In  1844  he  succeeded 
Bishop  as  prof,  of  music  at  Edinburgh  Univ., 
but  soon  resigned,  and  settled  in  Germany, 
changing  then  the  spelling  of  his  name  to  retain 
its  pronunciation.  He  lived  in  Vienna,  Ham- 
burg, and  Leipzig. — Works  :  The  operas  Der 
Elfensicg^xxxnw,  1S45),  Leila  (Hamburg,  1848), 
Contarini  (ib.,  1872),  and  Fenice  (Uessau,  1883)  ; 
oratorios  Jerusalem  (Norwich  Mus.  Fest.,  1852) 
and  Hezekiah  (fragmentary  ;  Norwich,  1869)  ; 
symphony  "Macbeth,"  op.  54;  4  overtures; 
Funeral  March  for Hamlet  •  Roman  dirge  "  Salve 
aeternum,"  op.  30  ;  communion-service,  hymn- 
tunes,  Te  Deums,  etc.  ;  part-songs,  songs. 

Pieton,  Loyset,  a  French  contrapuntist 
whose  motets,  psalms,  and  chansons,  are  scat- 
tered in  collections  of  his  time  (1531-45). 

Pilger,   Karl.     See  Spaziek. 

Pilot'ti,  Giuseppe,  b.  Bologne,  1784  ;  d. 
there  June  12,  1S38.  At  first  he  followed  his 
father's  trade,  that  of  an  organ-builder  ;  later 
studied  under  Mattei,  produced  an  opera,  L'Ajo 
nelV imbarazzo  ( Bologna,  about  1 S 10), and  adopted 
music  as  his  profession.  Was  maestro  at  a 
church  in  Pistoja,  in  1826  succeeded  Mattei  as 
maestro  of  San  Petronio,  Bologna,  and  in  1829 
became  prof,  of  counterpoint  at  the  Liceo  Filar- 
monico. — Other  works  :  A  2-act  opera  buffa  Non 
essere  geloso  (Florence,  1816)  ;  much  church- 
music  (Dies  irae  w.  orch.;  Psalms  a  8;  etc.); 
publ.  "  Breve  insegnamento  teorico  sulla  natura, 
estensione,  proporzione  armonica  .  .  .  per  tutti 
gli  stromenti." 

PinelTi,  Ettore,  b.  Rome,  Oct.  18,  1843. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  Ramaciotti  in  Rome  and  (1864) 
of  Joachim  at  Hanover.  Returned  to  Rome  in 
1866,  and  founded,  with  Sgambati,  a  society  for 
classical  chamber-music  ;  also  (1874)  the  "  Soci- 
eta  Orchestrale  Romana,"  which  he  still  con- 
ducts, and  which  has  prod.  Si.  Paul,  The  Crea- 


452 


PINNER— PISTOCCHI 


Hon,  The  Seasons,  and  other  important  works. 
From  a  school  for  violin  and  pf.,  organized  by 
him  at  the  Accad.  of  S.  Cecilia,  grew  the  Liceo 
Musicale,  in  which  he  has  been  violin-teacher 
since  1S77.  He  conducts  the  court  concerts  in 
alternation  with  Sgambati. — Works  :  A  "  Rap- 
sodia  italiana,"  and  an  overture,  f.  orch.;  a 
string-quartet  ;  etc.  Enthusiastic  admirer  of 
German  music  ;  his  orch.  has  played,  for  exam- 
ple, all  nine  of  Beethoven's  symphonies. 

Pin'ner,  Max,  pianist  ;  b.  New  York,  Apr. 
14,  1S51  ;  d.  Davos,  Switzerland,  May  10,  1887. 
Pupil  (1S65-7)  of  Leipzig  Cons  ;  and  at  Berlin 
(1867-9)  of  Tausig  (pf.)  and  Weitzmann  (theory). 
After  long  pianistic  tours,  he  settled  in  New 
York,  1877  ;  he  was  a  player  and  teacher  of 
high  repute. 

Pinsu'ti,  Ciro,  celebrated  singing-teacher  ;  b. 
Sinalunga,  Florence,  May  9,  1829  ;  d.  Florence, 
Mar.  10,  1888.  His  talent  developed  so  rapidly, 
that  at  1 1  he  was  elected  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Accad.  Filarmonica,  Rome.  Taken  to 
England  soon  after  by  Henry  Prummond,  he 
st.  the  pf.  under  C.  Potter,  and  the  violin  un- 
der Blagrove  ;  returned  to  Bologna,  1S45,  and 
studied  at  the  Liceo  Filarm.,  also  privately  with 
Rossini,  soon  becoming  asst. -teacher  of  a  pf.- 
class.  In  1S4S  he  went  back  to  England, 
organized  a  mus.  society  at  Newcastle,  and 
speedily  became  famous  as  a  vocal  teacher,  being 
appointed  prof,  of  singing  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in 
1856.  He  divided  his  time  between  London 
and  Italy  ;  brought  out  an  opera,  //  mercante  di 
Venezia,  at  Bologna  (1873),  another,  Mattia 
Corvino,  at  Milan  (1877),  and  a  third,  Marghe- 
rita,  at  Venice  (1S82).  In  1S71  he  represented 
Italy  at  the  opening  of  the  London  Exhibition, 
for  which  he  comp.  the  hymn  "  O  people  of  this 
favoured  land."  As  a  recipient  of  the  order  of 
the  Italian  Crown,  he  was  styled  "Cavaliere" 
Pinsuti.  The  theatre  at  Sinalunga  was  named 
"  Teatro  Ciro  Pinsuti." — Publ.  works:  Opera 
//  mercante  di  Venezia;  over  200  English  and 
Italian  songs  ;  part-songs,  terzets,  duets,  and 
other  vocal  music. 

Pi'pegrop  (better  known  as  Baryphonus), 
Heinrich,  b.  YVernigerode,  Sept.  17,  15S1  ;  d. 
Quedlinburg,  Jan.  3,  1655,  as  town-cantor.  He 
was  held  in  high  esteem  by  contemporary  authori- 
ties. —  Works  :  "  Isagoge  musica  "  (  1609  ? ) ; 
"  Plejades  musicae  "  (1615)  ;  "  Ars  canendi  " 
(1630).  A  "  Weihnachtsgesang "  a  6  was  publ. 
(1897?)  in  the  "  Yierteljahrsschrift  fur  Musik- 
wissenschaft." 

Pipela're,  Matthaeus,  Belgian  contrapuntist, 
whose  known  printed  works  are  a  mass  a  4  (in 
Antiquis'  "  Missae  XV"),  an  Ave  Maria  (in 
Petrucci's  "  Mottetti,"  Lib.  iv,  1505),  and  two 
2-part  numbers  (in  Rhaw's  "  Bicinia,"  1545)  ;  in 
MS.  at  Munich  are  a  mass  and  a  Salve  regina, 
both  a  5. 

Pira'ni,  Eugenio,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Bologna,  Sept.  8,  1S52.    Pupil  of  Golinelli  at  the 


Bologna  Liceo  Musicale,  graduating  in  1869  ; 
then  studied  in  Berlin  with  Th.  Kullak  (pf.)  and 
Kiel  (comp.)  ;  taught  in  Kullak's  Acad.  1870- 
80,  also  touring  Italy  (1873,  '76),  England,  and 
Germany,  France,  and  Russia.  He  lived  in 
Heidelberg  till  1895,  and  then  settled  in  Berlin. 
Correspondent  for  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale"  of 
Milan,  and  other  papers.  In  1888,  chairman  of 
the  German  committee  for  the  Musical  Exhibi- 
tion at  Bologna.  A  member  of  numerous  socie- 
ties.— Works  :  A  1-act  ballet,  Un  sogno  d'artista 
(MS.);  symphonic  poem  "  Heidelberg  ";  a  Bal- 
lata  f.  full  orch.;  "Venetian  Scenes"  f.  pf.  w. 
orch.;  pf. -trios  (op.  24,  48);  Concert-studies 
(op.  19,  41) ;  many  pieces  for  pf.  solo,  songs, 
duets,  etc. 

Pi'sa,  Agostino,  author  of  the  earliest 
known  treatise  on  the  details  of  conducting, 
"  Battuta  della  musica  dichiarata"  (2nd  ed. 
Rome,  161 1  ;  1st  ed.  not  extant).  It  also  dis- 
cusses other  mus.  questions. 

Pisa'ri,  Pasquale,  called  by  Padre  Martini 
the  "  Palestrina  of  the  iSth  century";  b.  Rome, 
1725  ;  d.  there  177S.  Pupil  of  Giovanni  Biorui  ; 
in  1752  he  was  taken  into  the  Papal  Chapel,  be- 
ing a  fine  bass  singer.  Most  of  his  comp.s  are 
in  MS.  in  the  archives  of  the  Papal  Chapel  ;  they 
include  a  Pixit  in  16  real  parts,  for  4  choirs,  and 
a  series  of  motets  for  the  entire  year,  written  for 
the  Lisbon  court. 

Pisaro'ni,  Benedetta  Rosamonda,  b.  Fia- 
cenza,  Feb.  6,  1793  ;  d.  there  Aug.  6,  1S72. 
From  her  debut  at  Bergamo  (1811)  until  1813 
her  voice  was  a  high  soprano,  then  changing 
after  a  severe  illness  to  a  magnificent  contralto. 
In  Italy  and  in  Paris  (1S29)  she  won  great  ap- 
plause on  the  stage  ;  also  sang  1S38-48  at  Cadiz. 
Her  failure  at  London  was  probably  due  to  her 
unprepossessing  appearance,  her  face  being  dis- 
figured by  the  smallpox. 

Pi'schek,  Johann  Baptist,  stage-baritone  ; 
b.  Mscheno,  Bohemia,  Oct.  14,  1814;  d.  Sig- 
maringen,  Feb.  16,  1873.  Pebut  at  Prague ; 
sang  in  Briinn,  Pressburg,  Vienna,  Frankfort, 
and  lived  for  years  as  court  singer  in  Stuttgart. 

Pisendel,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Karlsburg,  Pec. 
26,  1687;  d.  Presden,  Nov.  25,  1755.  Excel- 
lent violinist,  pupil  of  Torelli  at  Ansbach,  and 
later  of  Vivaldi  at  Venice  ;  succeeded  Volumier 
in  1728  as  leader  of  the  Electoral  orch.  at  Pres- 
den. He  travelled  much,  and  assimilated  the 
characteristics  of  the  French  and  Italian  schools. 
A  symphony,  2  Concerti  grossi,  8  violin-con- 
certos, 3  concertos  f.  2  oboes  w.  strings,  and  2 
violin  soli  vv.  bass,  are  in  MS.  at  Presden. 

Pistoc'chi,  Francesco  Antonio,  founder  of 
the  famous  School  of  Singing  at  Bologna  ;  b. 
Palermo,  1659;  d.  Bologna,  after  1717.  Taken 
to  Bologna  very  young,  his  first  work  was  publ. 
there  in  1667  :  "  Capricci  puerili  saviamente  com- 
posti  e  passeggiati  in  40  modi  sopra  un  Basso 
da  un  balletto,  per  il  clavicembalo  ed  altri  istru- 


453 


PITONI— PIZZI 


menti,"  when  he  was  but  8  years  old  !  His 
teacher  in  theory  was  G.  A.  Perti  ;  he  studied 
singing  under  Padre  Vastamigli  and  B.  Monari. 
As  a  lad  he  became  maestro  at  the  church  of  San 
Giovanni  in  Monte  ;  later  a  priest  in  the  Ora- 
torian  order  ;  from  1697-9  was  Kapellm.  at  the 
court  of  Ansbach  ;  and  returned  to  Bologna, 
via  Vienna  and  Venice,  about  1700.  Here  he 
founded,  soon  after  his  return,  the  first  school 
of  music  in  which  vocal  instruction  was  given 
systematically  in  the  several  classes.  In  this 
school  were  trained  many  eminent  singers  (Ber- 
nacchi,  Bertolino  da  Faenza,  Minelli,  Pio  Fa- 
bri,  etc.) ;  similar  institutions  soon  sprang  up  in 
other  Italian  cities.  P.  was  twice  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Accad.  Filarmonica,  in  1708  and 
1710. — Works  :  The  operas  Narciso  (Ansbach, 
1697)  ;  Le  risa  di  Democrito  (Vienna,  1700)  ; 
and  two  early  works,  Leandro  (1679)  an(J  ^ 
Girello  (1681) ; — the  oratorios  II  martirio  di  S. 
Adriatic  (Venice,  1699),  Maria  Virgine  addo- 
lorata  (1698),  and  La  fuga  di  S.  Teresia  (1717); 
"  Scherzi  musicali  "  (French,  Italian,  and  Ger- 
man airs  ;  publ.  at  Amsterdam)  ;  "  Duetti  e  ter- 
zetti  "  (1707)  ;  and  a  MS.  "  Lauda  Jerusalem  " 
(Psalm  147)  a  5  w.  basso  continuo. 

Pito'ni,  Giuseppe  Ottavio,  b.  Rieti,  Italy, 
Mar.    18,    1657  ;  d.    Rome,   Feb.    1,  1743.      tie 

began  raus.  studies  at  5,  under  Pompeo  Natale 
in  Rome  ;  at  8  was  chorister  at  S.  Giovanni  de' 
Fiorentini,  later  at  the  SS.  Apostoli,  and  study- 
ing counterpoint  under  Foggia.  In  1673,  m.  di 
ceipp.  at  Terra  di  Rotondo  ;  in  1674,  at  Assisi  ; 
in  1676,  at  Rieti  ;  finally,  in  1677,  he  became 
maestro  di  cappella  of  the  Collegio  di  S.  Marco, 
Rome,  retaining  this  post  until  death,  though 
simultaneously  engaged  at  San  Apollinare  (16S6), 
San  Lorenzo  in  Damaso  (16S6),  San  Giovanni 
in  Laterano  (170S-19),  and  St.  Peter's  (1719), 
also  in  smaller  Roman  churches.  He  was  an 
excellent  teacher,  and  taught  after  the  same 
method  by  which  he  himself  rose  to  eminence 
as  a  composer,  i.e.,  the  writing  out  in  score  of 
Palestrina's  works  to  study  his  style  ; — Durante, 
Leo,  and  Feo  were  his  greatest  pupils.  As  a 
composer  he  cultivated  a  distinctive  feature  of 
the  Roman  school,  the  writing  in  many  parts  ; 
his  finest  works  are  a  Dixit  a  16  (for  4  choirs), 
still  sung  yearly  at  St.  Peter's  during  Holy 
Week,  and  3  masses  based  on  popular  airs,  "  Li 
pastori  a  Maremme,"  "  Li  pastori  a  Montagna," 
and  "  Mosca."  Of  masses  and  psalms  he  comp. 
over  40  a  12  (f.  3  choirs)  and  over  20  a  16  (f.  4 
choirs),  psalms  and  motets  a  24  and  36  ;  and 
left  an  unfinished  mass  a  48.  He  also  wrote  for 
St.  Peter's  a  set  of  masses,  vespers,  etc.,  for  the 
entire  year,  besides  motets  a  3-8,  hymns,  etc. 
Only  one  book  of  motets  a  2  was  publ.  (Rome, 
1607)  during  his  lifetime,  probably  because  he 
insisted  that  music  written  for  one  church  should 
not  be  perf.  in  any  other.  Proske,  in  his 
"  Musica  divina "  (1855,  etc.)  has  printed  a 
mass,  a  Requiem,  6  motets,  a  psalm,  a  hymn, 
and  a  Christus  factus  est.      In  the  Vatican  Li- 


brary is  a  MS.  work  by  P.,  "  Notizie  dei  maestri 
di  cappella  si  di  Roma  che  oltramontani  .  .  ." 
from  1 500-1 700  ;  and  a  fragmentary  "  Guida 
armonica  "  (108  printed  pages). 

Pit'trich,  George  (Washington),  b.  Dres- 
den, Feb.  22,  1S70.  Studied  18S4-90  in  the 
Dresden  Cons,  under  Hoppner,  Roth,  Kirchner, 
Braunroth,  Draeseke,  and  Hagen,  graduating 
with  high  honors.  From  1S90,  chorusmaster 
("  Correpetitor  ")  in  Dresden  Court  Opera  ;  has 
also  cond.  operas,  ballets,  etc.,  and  taught 
chorus-singing  in  the  Cons.  P'rom  Sept.  1, 
1898,  Kapellm.  of  Hamburg  opera  ;  from  Sept. 
1,  1899,  1st  Kapellm.  of  the  Cologne  opera. — 
Works  :  i-act  opera  Marga  (Dresden,  Feb.  8, 
1894)  ;  complete  incid.  music  to  Jung f ran  von 
Orleans,  As  you  like  it.  Blonde  Kathrein,  Mess- 
ier ron  Palmyra,  Das  Marchen  vom  Gliick  ;  a 
clarinet-concerto  ;  a  fantasia  f.  pf.  w.  string- 
orch. ;  orchestral  pieces,  many  songs. 

Piu'tti,  Karl,  b.  Elgersburg,  Thuringia,  Apr. 
30,  1846.  Studied  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  where  he 
has  taught  since  1875  ;  in  1880,  organist  of  the 
Thomaskirche,  succeeding  Rust.— Organ-works : 
Op.  1,  6  fugal  fantasias  ;  op.  2,  8  preludes;  op. 
3,  3  interludes  ;  op.  4,  5  choral-preludes  ;  op.  5, 
5  charact.  pieces;  op.  9,  "Wedding  Sonata"; 
op.  10  and  11,  12  pes.;  op.  15,  10  improvisations 
on  chorals  ;  op.  16,  "  Pfingstfeier."  Also  publ. 
"  Regeln  und  Erlauterungen  zum  Studium  der 
Musiktheorie." 

Piu'tti,  Max,  b.  Luisenhall,  n.  Erfurt,  Ger- 
many, Sept.  13,  1852  ;  d.  Jackson,  Mich.,  Aug. 
9,  18S5.  Educated  at  the  Erfurt  Gymnasium, 
and  (musically)  at  Leipzig  and  Stuttgart.  In 
1874  he  went  to  America,  settling  in  Aurora, 
N.  Y.,  as  instructor  at  Wells  College.  He  was 
director  of  music  there  for  9  years,  until  failing 
health  obliged  him  to  resign.  A  very  cultured 
and  successful  teacher  and  lecturer.  He  left  an 
unfinished  work  on  the  "  Folk-songs  of  the  Na- 
tions." 

Pix'is,  Friedrich  Wiihelm,  violinist  ;  b. 
Mannheim,  17S6  ;  d.  Oct.  20,  1S42,  in  Prague, 
where  he  was  Kapellm.  at  the  City  Th.,  and 
teacher  at  the  Cons. 

Pix'is,  Johann  Peter,  brother  of  preceding  ; 
pianist  and  comp.  f.  pf.;  b.  Mannheim,  1788; 
d.  Baden-Baden,  Dec.  22,  1874.  A  good  player 
at  9,  and  travelled  with  his  brother  ;  lived  1825- 
33  in  Paris  as  a  fashionable  teacher,  from  1840 
in  Baden-Baden. — Works  :  3  operas,  and  a  vau- 
deville ;  much  pf. -music  (concerto,  op.  100; 
quartet,  op.  4  ;  trios,  op.  75  and  87  ;  sonatas  w. 
strings,  and  f.  pf.  solo  ;  Fantaisie  militaire,  op. 
121  ;  salon-pieces). 

Piz'zi,  Emilio,  b.  Verona,  Feb.  2,  1862. 
Pupil  of  Ponchielli  and  Bazzini  at  Milan  Cons., 
graduating  1884.  Took  1st  prize,  Milan,  1SS5, 
for  i-act  opera  Lina ;  1st  and  2nd  prize  at 
Florence,  1887-89,  for  2  string-quartets  ;  prize 
of  5,000  francs,  Bologna,  1889,  for  4-act  grand 
opera    Guglielmo    Katcliff  (Bologna,    Oct.    31, 


454 


PLAIDY— PLATO 


1889  ;  succ).  Also  the  i-act  opera  seria  Gabri- 
e.lla  (written  for  Adelina  Patti,  who  created  title- 
role  in  Boston,  1893)  ;  the  comic  opera  Le  testa- 
ment de  bric-a-brac  (London,  1895)  ;  and  the 
i-act  opera  Rosalba  (written  for  Patti  in  1896). 
In  1897,  app.  Dir.  of  Music-School  at  Bergamo, 
and  m.  di  capp.  at  church  of  S.  Maria  Maggiore, 
succeeding  Cagnoni. 

Plai'dy,  Louis,  b.  Hubertsburg,  Saxony, 
Nov.  28,  1810;  d.  Grimma,  Mar.  3,  1874. 
Pupil  of  Agthe  (pf.) 
and  Haase  (vln.). 
He  entered  the 
Wunderlich  Orch. 
at  Leipzig,  1831,  as 
a  violinist ;  later 
devoted  himself  to 
the  piano,  carefully 
studying  the  princi- 
ples of  technique, 
and  teaching  ;  in 
1843  Mendelssohn 
invited  him  to  join 
the  staff  of  instruc- 
tors at  the  Cons., 
and  he  taught  there  until  1865,  later  giving 
private  lessons  in  Leipzig.  He  was  eminently 
successful  as  a  pedagogue  ;  and  publ.  the  still 
standard  text-book  "  Technische  Studien  fur  das 
Pianofortespiel ";  also  a  booklet,  "  Der  Clavier- 
lehrer"  (1874  ;  Engl,  by  Ritter  as  "  The  Piano- 
forte Teacher's  Guide,"  and  by  Dwightas  "  The 
Piano-Teacher  "). 

Planquette,  (Jean-)  Robert,  b.  Paris,  July 
31,  1850.  St.  comp.  at  Paris  Cons,  under  Du- 
prato  ;  debut  as  composer  with  chansons  and 
saynetes  for  "cafes-concerts";  first  stage-work 
the  i-act  operetta  Faille  d'avoine  (1874)  ;  his 
first  hit  was  with  Les  cloches  de  Comeville,  a 
3-act  comic  opera  (Folies-Dramatiques,  1877), 
given  over  400  times  running,  and  popular  both 
in  England  and  Germany.  Some  of  his  latest 
are  Sitrcoiif(iSSj),  Le  Talisman  (1S92),  Panurge 
(1S95),  and  a  spectacular  comic  opera  in  3  acts, 
Mam'zelle  Qua/ 'sons  (Gaite,  1897).  For  London 
he  wrote  The  Old  Guard  (1887),  and  Paul  Jones 
(18S9). 

Plantade,  Charles-Henri,  b.  Pontoise,  Oct. 
19,  1764  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1839.  From  8  he 
studied  singing  and  the  'cello  in  the  royal  school 
for  the  ' '  pages  de  musique  "  ;  afterwards  Langle, 
Hullmandel,  and  Petrini  were  his  teachers. 
From  1797,  he  was  singing-teacher  at  the  Cam- 
pan  Inst,  at  Saint-Denis,  where  Hortense  de 
Beauharnais,  the  future  queen  of  Holland,  was 
his  pupil.  From  1802  he  was  prof,  of  singing 
at  the  Cons.;  but  resigned  this  position,  Queen 
Hortense  calling  him  to  Holland  as  court  con- 
ductor, and  remained  in  her  service  at  Paris, 
after  the  King's  abdication  in  1S10,  until  1815. 
From  1S12-15,  P.  was  also  maitre  de  chant  and 
stage-manager  at  the  Opera  ;  1816-28,  again 
prof,  of  singing  at  the  Cons.,  also  succeeding 
Persuis  as  maitre  de  chapelle  to  Louis  XVIII. 


Losing  his  positions  in  the  revolutionary  year 
1830,  he  retired  to  Batignolles.  His  most  dis- 
tinguished pupil  was  Mme.  Cinti-Damoreau. 
Besides  half-a-score  of  operas,  (Palma  and  Le 
mari  de  circonstance  were  publ.,)  he  comp. 
masses,  motets,  etc.,  for  the  Chapelle  royale  ; 
publ.  20  sets  of  romances,  3  books  of  vocal 
duets  (nocturnes),  and  a  harp-sonata. — His  son, 

Plantade,  Charles-Frangois,  b.  Paris,  Apr. 
14,  1787;  d.  there  May  26,  1S70.  He  comp. 
romances,  and  was  a  co-founder,  in  1S2S,  of  the 
"  Concerts  du  Conservatoire." 

Plante,  Francois,  celebrated  pianist ;  b. 
Orthez,  Basses- Pyrenees,  Mar.  2,  1839.  From 
1S49,  pupil  of  Marmontel  at  Paris  Cons.;  won 
1st  prize  after  7  months'  tuition,  and  was  in- 
stalled by  Alard  and  Franchomme  as  pianist  in 
their  trio  soirees.  After  a  course  of  harmony 
and  reading  from  a  figured  bass,  in  Bazin's  class 
(1S53),  he  retired  for  private  study  during  ten 
years,  and  then  reappeared  as  a  pianist  of  finished 
technique  and  style.  Has  made  excellent  tran- 
scriptions of  classic  pieces  (Gluck,  Mozart),  but 
has  publ.  no  original  compositions. 

Platania,  Pietro,  b.  Catania,  Apr.  5,  1828. 
Pupil  of  P.  Raimondi  at  the  Cons,  there  ;  1S63, 
Dir.  of  Palermo  Cons.;  later  m.  di  capp.  at 
Milan,  and  (18S8)  Dir.  of  the  R.  College  of 
Music  at  Naples. — Operas  :  Matilde  Bentivoglio 
(Palermo,  1852);  Piccarda  Donati  (ib.,  1857) ; 
La  vendetta  slava  (ib.,  1865);  4-act  opera  Spar- 
taco  (Milan,  1893)  ;  Ginlio  Sabino  (not  perf.). 
Also  a  Hymn  r*o  the  Queen  of  Italy,  a  symphony 
"L'ltalia";  funeral-symphony  in  memory  of 
Pacini  ;  festival  symphony  w.  choruses  to  wel- 
come King  Humbert  in  1878  ;  "  Pensiero  sin- 
fonico "  ;  a  Requiem;  etc.;  and  a  treatise  on 
canon  and  fugue. 

Platel,  Nicolas-Joseph,  famous  'cellist  ;  b. 
Versailles,  1777  ;  d.  Brussels,  Aug.  25,  1835.  A 
pupil  of  Duport  and  Lamare  ;  considered  the 
best  'cellist  in  Paris  from  1S01-5,  when  he  went 
on  a  long  tour,  became  1st  'cello  at  the  Antwerp 
opera  in  1813,  and  the  same  about  iSigat  Brus- 
sels, where  he  was  app.  prof,  at  the  royal  school 
of  music  (reorganized  as  the  Cons,  in  1831). — 
Works  :  5  'cello-concertos  ;  3  'cello-sonatas,  w. 
bass  ;  8  airs  varies  f .  'cello  ;  caprices  or  preludes 
f.  'cello ;  3  string-trios  ;  6  duos  f.  violin  and 
'cello  ;  6  romances  w.  pf.-accomp.  (all  publ.). 

Plato,  the  eminent  Greek  philosopher  (429- 
347,  B.C.),  formulated  in  his  Timaeus  a  system 
of  musical  harmony,  eruditely  interpreted  by 
Th. -Henri  Martin  in  his  "Etudes  sur  le  Timee 
de  Platon"  (Paris,  1S41).  R.  von  Westphal, 
in  his  "  Harmonik,"  and  von  Jan  in  "  Die  Har- 
monie  der  Spharen,"  may  also  be  consulted. 
Plato's  thoughts  on  music  are  collected  in  an 
essay  by  Deyk  in  Weber's  "  Cacilia "  (1828). 
P.  likened  the  movements  of  music  to  those  of 
the  soul,  whose  development  may  therefore  be 
influenced  by  musical  art. 


455 


PLAYFORD— POIIL 


Playford,  John,  London  music-publisher  ;  b. 
1623  ;  d.  1693.  He  was  in  business  from  1648-85. 
Publ.  Hilton's  "  Catch  that  catch  can  "  (1652)  ; 
"  Select  Musicall  Ayres  and  Dialogues"  (1653) ; 
"  Musick's  Recreation  on  the  Lyra  Violl " 
(1652  ;  in  a  collection)  ;  "  Breefe  Introduction  to 
the  Skill  of  Musick  for  Song  and  Viall  "  (1654  ; 
2nd  enlarged  ed.  1655,  with  an  essay  on  "  The 
Art  of  Descant"  by  Dr.  Thos.  Campion,  which 
was  revised  by  Purcell  in  the  10th  ed.  of  1683  ; 
this  very  popular  work  ran  through  19  numbered 
ed.s  up  to  1730,  besides  6  or  more  unnumbered 
ed.s)  ;  "  Psalms  and  Hymns  in  Solemn  Musick 
of  foure  parts  .  .  ."  (1671)  ;  "  The  Whole 
Book  of  Tsalms,  with  the  usual  Spiritual  Songs  " 
a  3  (2nd  ed.  1695,  20th  ed.  1757);  "The  Mu- 
sical Companion"  (1673;  Book  i,  catches  and 
rounds  a  3  ;  Book  ii,  dialogues,  glees,  ayres  and 
songs  a  2-4);  "  Choice  Ayres,  Songs  and  Dia- 
logues to  be  sung  to  the  theorbo  .  .  ."  (5  books  ; 
1676-S4)  ;  "Musick's  Delight  on  the  Cithern" 
(1666)  ;  etc.  —  His  son  and  successor,  Henry 
Playford,  b.  May  5,  1657;  d.  about  1710; 
publ.  "The  Theatre  of  Musick"  (4  books; 
1685-7  I  "  the  newest  and  best  songs  ") ;  "  Ban- 
quet of  Music  "  (6  books  ;  16SS-92  ;  ditto) ; 
Purcell's  "Orpheus  Britannicus"  (169S-1702) 
and  "Ten  Sonatas"  with  Te  Deum  and  Jubi- 
late for  St.  Cecilia's  Day  (1797)  ;  Blow's  "  Am- 
phion  Anglicus "  (1700)  and  Ode  on  Purcell's 
death  ;  etc. 

Pleyel,  Ignaz  Joseph,  b.  Ruppertsthal,  n. 
Vienna,  June  I,  1757  ;  d.  on  his  estate  near 
Paris,  Nov.  14,  1831. 
His  pianoforte- 
teacher  till  his  15th 
year  was  Wanhal  ; 
Count  Erdody,  his 
patron,  then  placed 
him  under  Haydn's 
care,  with  whom  he 
lived  5  years.  The 
Count  now  app.  him 
his  private  Kapellm., 
but  granted  leave  of 
absence  for  further 
study  in  Rome,  to- 
gether with  means  of 
maintenance.  P.  re- 
mained in  this  congenial  atmosphere  until  1781, 
then  making  a  brief  visit  to  Vienna,  and  return- 
ing to  Rome,  departing  for  the  second  time,  in 
1 78 1,  to  become  2nd  Kapellm.  at  the  Strassburg 
Minster.  He  was  advanced  to  1st  Kapellm.  in 
1789  ;  lost  his  position  through  the  mad  attacks 
of  the  Revolution  on  Church  and  State,  and 
went  to  London  in  the  winter  of  1 791-2  on  an 
invitation  to  conduct  the  Professional  Concerts, 
a  rival  enterprise  (though  P.  did  not  know  it)  to 
his  old  teacher  Haydn's  concerts  under  Salo- 
mon's management.  These  Professional  Con- 
certs were  successful  in  themselves,  but  did  not 
overwhelm  the  rival  enterprise;  P.,  after  con- 
ducting them   for  a  few  years,  returned  to  his 


property  near  Strassburg,  but  was  subjected  to 
such  annoyances  from  the  revolutionists  that  he 
sold  his  place  in  1795,  and  went  to  Paris.  Here 
he  began  business  as  a  music-seller,  and  in  1797 
founded  a  piano-factory,  the  growing  prosperity 
of  which  gradually  absorbed  his  attention,  and 
caused  him  to  give  up  composition.  (The  firm- 
name  is  now  Pleyel,  Wolff  &  Cie.;  the  100,- 
oooth  instrument  was  sold  in  1889.)  P.  was  an 
extremely  prolific  instrumental  composer;  he 
publ.  29  symphonies  ;  a  septet  f.  strings  w.  2 
horns  ;  a  sextet  f.  2  violins,  2  violas,  'cello,  and 
d.-bass  ;  5  books  of  string-quintets  ;  45  string- 
quartets  ;  6  quartets  f.  flute  and  strings  (12 
more,  called  by  Onslow  the  best,  are  still  MS.)  ; 
string-trios  ;  2  violin-concertos  ;  7  symphonies 
concertantes  f.  2  violins,  f.  strings,  f.  strings 
and  wind,  f.  wind,  or  pf.  and  violin  ;  4  'cello- 
concertos  ;  2  pf. -concertos,  many  sonatas  f.  pf. 
and  violin,  6  grand  sonatas  f.  pf.  solo,  sonatas 
f.  pf.  4  hands,  and  other  pf.-music  ;  etc.,  etc. 

Pleyel,  Camille,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Strass- 
burg, Dec.  18,  1788  ;  d.  Paris,  May  4,  1855. 
Pupil  of  his  father,  and  an  excellent  pianist  ; 
had  some  success  as  a  composer  (op.  I,  3  pf.- 
trios  ;  op.  3,  a  pf. -quartet  ;  also  pieces  f.  pf. 
solo,  f.  pf.  and  violin,  etc.)  ;  but  is  chiefly  note- 
worthy as  a  piano-manufacturer,  the  business 
prospering  greatly  under  his  skilful  supervision. 
Kalkbrenner  was  his  partner  for  a  time  ;  Auguste 
Wolff,  his  successor. — His  wife,  Marie-Fe- 
licite-Denise,  a  distinguished  pupil  of  Henri 
Ilerz,  Moscheles,  and  Kalkbrenner;  b.  Paris, 
Sept.  4,  1S11  ;  d.  St.-Josse-ten-Noode,  Mar.  30, 
1S75.  In  her  fifteenth  year,  as  Mile.  Moke,  her 
virtuosity  created  a  sensation  in  Belgium,  Aus- 
tria, Germany,  and  Russia.  From  1848-72  she 
was  prof,  at  the  Brussels  Cons. 

Pliid'demann,  Martin,  b.  Kolberg,  Sept. 
24,  1854  ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  8,  1897.  Pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons.;  cond.  at  St.  Gallen  ;  then  stud- 
ied singing  under  Hey  at  Munich  ;  in  1887, 
cond.  of  the  Singakademie  at  Ratibor  ;  1889, 
singing-teacher  at  the  Styrian  Music-School, 
Graz. — Very  popular  male  choruses  ;  as  a  comp. 
of  "  ballades  "  he  approaches  Lowe  ;  also  publ. 
songs,  and  pamphlets  of  Wagnerian  tendency. 

Plutarch  [Plutarchos],  b.  Chceronea,  Bceo- 
tia,  about  50  A'.D.  ;  d.  there  120  (131  ?).  Greek 
biographer  and  essayist,  among  whose  minor 
treatises  ("  Moralia  ")  one,  "  De  musica,"  con- 
tains important  historical  data  concerning  music 
(Lat.  transl.  by  R.  Volkmann  ;  German  transl., 
with  parallel  Greek  text,  by  R.  Westphal 
[1865]). 

Pohl,  Karl  Ferdinand,  b.  Darmstadt,  Sept. 
6,  1819  ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  28,  1887,  where  he 
had  been  archivist  and  librarian  to  the  "  Gesell- 
schaft  der  Musikfreunde  "  since  1866.  During  3 
years'  residence  in  London  (1863-6)  he  gathered 
all  attainable  facts  concerning  the  residence 
there  of  Mozart  and  Haydn,  embodying  them 
in  his  "  Mozart  und    Haydn  in  London"  (1867  ; 


456 


POHL— POLKO 


2  vol.s).  P.  also  began  an  extended  biography 
of  Haydn,  but  publ.  only  one  vol.  (in  2  parts  : 
1875,  '82  ;  to  be  continued  by  E.  von  Mandy- 
czewski) ;  "  Zur  Geschichte  der  Glasharmonika" 
(1862) ;  and  an  interesting  historical  review, 
"  Die  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde  .  .  .  und 
ihr  Conservatorium  "  (1871). 

Pohl,  Richard,  (pen-name  "  Hoplit,")  b. 
Leipzig,  Sept.  12,  1826  ;  d.  Dec.  17,  1896,  at 
Baden-Baden,  where  he  had  lived  since  1864. 
Study  at  Gottingen  and  Leipzig,  and  long  inter- 
course with  Liszt  at  Weimar,  showed  their  in- 
fluence in  P.'s  sturdy  advocacy  of  neo-German 
tendencies,  both  in  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur 
Musik,"  of  which  he  was  joint-editor  for  some 
years,  and  in  his  writings  :  "  Akustische  Briefe 
fiir  Musiker  und  Musikfreunde  "  (1853)  ;"  "  Bay- 
reuther  Erinnerungen  "  (1S77)  ;  "  Autobiogra- 
phisches"  (1S81)  ;  "  Richard  Wagner  "  (1883  ;  in 
Waldersee's  "  Vortrage  ")  ;  "  Richard  Wagner, 
Studien  und  Kritiken  "  (1SS3)  ;  "  Franz  Liszt" 
(1SS3)  ;  "  Hector  Berlioz,  Studien  und  Erin- 
nerungen"  (1884);  "Die  Hohenziige  der  mu- 
sikalischen  Entwickelungen "  (18SS).  Also 
publ.  "Gedichte"  (1859;  2nd  ed.  1SS3)  ;  a 
comedy,  "  Musikalische  Leiden"  (1S56)  ;  a  Ger- 
man transl.  of  Berlioz's  Collected  Writings ; 
wrote  connecting  text  for  Schumann's  Manfred 
and  Liszt's  Prometheus  ;  and  comp.  the  melo- 
drama Die  Wallfahrt  nach  Kevelaar,  an 
"Abendlied"  f.  string-orch.,  a  "  Wiegenlied  " 
f.  violin  w.  pf.,  ballads,  songs,  male  choruses,  etc. 

Poh'lenz,  Christian  August,  b.  Saalgast, 
Niederlausitz,  July  3,  1799  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar. 
10,  1843.  Organist  of  the  Thomaskirche,  Leip- 
zig, and  cond.  of  the  Gewandhaus  Concerts 
1S27-35,  when  he  was  replaced  by  Mendels- 
sohn.— Choruses  f.  male  voices  are  in  the  "  Or- 
pheus "  coll.;  his  songs  were  popular  ("Der 
kleine  Tambour  Veit,"  "  Auf ,  Matrosen,  die 
Anker  gelichtet,"  etc.). 

Poise,    Jean- Alexandre- Ferdinand,    b. 

Nimes,  June  3,  182S  ;  d.  Paris,  May  13,  1S92. 
Pupil  (1850-3)  of  A.  Adam  and  Zimmerman  at 
the  Paris  Cons. ,  taking  2nd  Grand  prix  de  Rome 
in  1S52.  His  first  opera,  Bonsoir  (Th.-Lyr. , 
1853),  had  a  run  of  100  nights,  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  13  other  comic  operas  and  operettas  ; 
Le  nie'deein  malgre  lui  (1SS7)  was  the  last  ;  Car- 
moisine  is  not  yet  performed. 

Poisot,  Charles-Emile,  b.  Dijon,  France, 
July  8,  1S22.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Senart,  L. 
Adam,  Stamaty  and  Thalberg  ;  of  Leborne  in 
cpt. ;  and  of  Halevy  (at  the  Cons.,  1S44-8)  in 
comp.  Co-founder  of  the  "  Soc.  des  Composi- 
teurs." Founder  and  Director  of  Dijon  Cons., 
also  conducting  the  Soc.  for  Sacred  and  Classi- 
cal Music  from  1872.  He  comp.  3  operas  and 
several  "parlor"  operas;  the  cantata  Jeanne 
d'Arc,  church-  and  chamber-music,  etc.;  and 
wrote  historical  essays  for  mus.  journals. 

Poiszl,  Johann  Nepomuk,  Freiherr  von, 
b.  Haukenzell,  Bavaria,  Feb.   15,  1783  ;  d.  Mu- 


nich, Aug.  17,  1865,  as  royal  Intendant  of  Mu- 
sic, and  chamberlain.  A  pupil  of  Danzi,  he 
prod.  14  serious  and  comic  operas  at  Munich 
1806-43  I  an  oratorio,  Der  Erndtetag j  Psalm 
95,  f.  soli  and  chorus  ;  a  Stabat  Mater,  2  Mi- 
sereres, etc. 

P6Fch.au,  Georg,  b.  Cremon,  Livonia,  July 
5,  1773  ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  12,1836.  From  1833, 
librarian  of  the  Singakademie  at  Berlin.  His 
fine  mus.  library,  including  autographs  by  C. 
Ph.  E.  Bach  and  operas  by  Reiser,  was  divided 
between  the  Singakademie and  the  Royal  Library. 

Pole,  William,  b.  Birmingham,  Engl.,  Apr. 
22,  1S14.  I'rof.  of  Civil  Engineering  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London  ;  also  a  student  of  mu- 
sic (Mus.  Doc,  Oxon.,  1S64),  and  Examiner  in 
Music  for  London  Univ.,  1876-90.  Besides  re- 
ports and  scattered  essays,  his  works  "  Philoso- 
phy of  Music  "  (1879  ;  republ.  1895)  and  "  The 
Story  of  Mozart's  Requiem"  (1S69,  in  "Mus. 
Times";  republ.  in  pamphlet-form,  1S79)  are 
valuable.  Comp.s  :  Psalm  100  in  cantata-form 
(1861)  ;  organ-music,  arrangements,  etc. 

Polido'ro,  Federico,  b.  Naples,  Oct.  20, 
1S45.  Pupil  for  pf.  and  singing  of  his  father, 
Giuseppe  P.  [vocal  teacher  in  the  Cons,  at 
Naples,  where  he  died  Mar.  21,  1873]  ;  later, 
in  comp.,  of  Lillo,  Conti,  and  d'Arienzo.  Well- 
known  musical  lecturer  ;  active  contributor  to 
the  Milan  "  Gazzetta  Musicale"  (pen-name 
"  Acuti ")  and  the  "  Giornale  napoletano  di 
filosofia  e  lettere."  Among  his  valuable  studies 
are  sketches  of  Beethoven,  Mozart,  Mendels- 
sohn, Wagner  ("  musician,  philosopher,  poet"), 
Cimarosa,  Rossini,  Verdi,  Gounod,  He'rold 
("  Le  pre  aux  clercs"),  etc.,  the  majority  publ. 
in  the  "  Archivio  Musicale";  a  course  of  lec- 
tures on  mus.  aesthetics  ;  studies  in  mus.  history, 
"  Deipretesi  portenti  della  musica  antica  ";  "II 
Pianoforte,  il  sua  storia  .    .   ."  ;  etc. 

Pol'ko  (ne'e  Vogel),  Elise,  b.  Wackerbarths- 
ruhe,  n.  Dresden,  Jan.  31,  1S26  ;  d.  Munich, 
May  15,  1899.  Gifted  with  a  fine  mezzo-so- 
prano voice,  she  studied  under  Garcia  at  Paris 
for  the  stage  ;  but  after  a  few  appearances  at 
Frankfort,  she  married  the  railway  engineer 
Eduard  Polko,  and  thenceforward  sang  only 
occasionally  on  the  concert-stage.  She  lived  at 
Minden,  Wetzlar,  and  Wiesbaden  until  her  hus- 
band's death  (18S7)  ;  since  then  in  Hanover, 
Frankfort,  and  latterly  in  Munich.  Her  musi- 
cal proclivities  are  strongly  displayed  in  many 
novels  and  romances  of  sentimental  tendency 
("  Ein  Frauenleben,"  "  Unsere  Pilgerfahrt," 
etc.)  ;  in  mus.  circles  she  became  widely  known 
by  the  "Musikalische  Marchen  "  (publ.  in  the 
"Signale";  later  in  book-form,  3  vol.s,  1852, 
and  other  ed.s  ;  also  in  English)  ;  then  followed 
"Faustina  Hasse  "  (a  novel  in  2  vol.s,  i860, 
2nd  ed.  1870);  "Die  Bettleroper"  (3  vol.s, 
1864)  ;  "  Alte  Herren  "  (1866;  Bach's  6  prede- 
cessors at  the  Thomaskirche,  Leipzig);  "  Ver- 
klungene    Accorde "    (1868  ;     3rd    ed.     1S73) ; 


457 


POLLAROLO— PONCHIELLI 


"  Erinnerungen  an  F.  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy  " 
(186S) ;  "  Niccolo  Paganini  und  die  Geigen- 
bauer"  (1876;  also  Ital.  transl.)  ;  "Vom  Ge- 
sang"  (1876);  "  Aus  der  Kiinstlerwelt  "  (1878); 
"Die  Classiker  der  Musik "  (1880;  Handel, 
Bach,  Gluck,  Haydn,  Mozart,  Beethoven)  ;  etc. 

PollaroTo,  Carlo  Francesco,  b.  Brescia, 
1653  ;  d.  Venice,  1722.  Pupil  of  Legrenzi  ; 
1665,  singer  at  San  Marco,  Venice  ;  1690,  or- 
ganist of  the  2nd  organ,  and  from  1692  vice- 
maestro.  At  Venice  alone  he  prod.  64  operas 
from  1686-1721  ;  at  least  3  others  are  known. 
They  were  very  popular  in  their  day. — His  son, 

Pollaro'lo,  Antonio,  b.  Venice,  1680 ;  d. 
there  1750;  succeeded  his  father  in  1723,  and 
was  Lotti's  successor  (1740)  as  1st  maestro  at 
San  Marco.  Comp.  S  operas  for  Venice,  also 
church-music. 

Polle'dro,  Giovanni  Battista,  noteworthy 
violinist;  b.  Piova,  n.  Turin,  June  10,  1781  ; 
d.  there  Aug.  15,  1S53.  A  pupil  of  Pugnani, 
he  joined  the  court  orch.  at  Turin,  gave  his 
first  concert  in  1797,  travelled  1 799-1  Sol,  lived 
in  Milan  and  Moscow,  toured  Germany  and 
France,  was  Kapellm.  at  Dresden  iS  14-24,  and 
maestro  of  the  court  orch.  at  Turin  1824-44. — 
Publ.  Sinfonia  pastorale  f.  full  orch.;  a  mass; 
a  Miserere  a  4  w.  orch.;  5  violin-concertos;  1 
bassoon-concerto  ;  duets  and  trios  for  strings  ; 
pieces  f.  violin  w.  orch.;  studies  f.  violin  ;  etc. 

Polli'ni,  Francesco  (Giuseppe),  pianist;  b. 
Laibach,  Garniola,  1763  ;  d.  Milan,  Sept.  17, 
1846.  Pupil  of  Mozart  (who  dedicated  a  violin- 
rondo  to  him)  at  Vienna,  later  of  Zingarelli  at 
Milan,  where  he  was  app.  prof,  of  pf.  shortly 
after  the  opening  of  the  Cons.  (1S09).  The 
first  (?)  to  write  pf. -music  on  3  staves,  imitated 
therein  by  Liszt,  Thalberg,  and  others  ;  a  speci- 
men of  this  style  being  one  of  his  "  32  Ezercizi 
in  forma  di  toccata  "  (op.  42),  a  central  melody 
surrounded  by  passage-work  for  both  hands. — 
Publ.  (f.  pf.)  Toccatas,  op.  31,  50,  67  ;  Tocca- 
tina  in  G  ;  3  Sonatas,  op.  26  ;  Caprices,  op.  2S, 
29  ;  Rondo,  op.  43  ;  6  books  of  Variations  ; 
Divertimento  pastorale,  op.  34  ;  a  Method  f.  pf. 
(2  editions)  ;  a  Stabat  Mater  in  Ital.  f.  sopr.  and 
alto,  w.  2  violins,  2  'celli,  and  organ  ;  etc. 

Polli'ni,  Bernhard,  (real  family-name  Pohl,) 
famous  impresario  ;  b.  Cologne,  Dec.  16,  1838  ; 
d.  Hamburg,  Nov.  27,  1S97.  A  tenor  singer, 
he  made  his  debut  at  Cologne,  185S,  as  Arturo  in 
Bellini's  L  Puritani  ;  later  sang  baritone  roles  in 
an  Italian  opera-troupe,  of  which  he  subsequently 
became  manager  and  artistic  director.  He  then 
undertook  the  management  of  the  Lemberg  Th., 
later  of  the  Italian  opera  at  St.  Petersburg  and 
Moscow.  His  fame  dates  from  his  assumption, 
in  1874,  of  the  directorship  of  the  Hamburg 
City  Th.;  in  1876  he  also  became  manager  of 
the  Altona  Th.,  and  in  1894  (?)  of  the  Thalia 
Th.  in  Hamburg.  All  these  enterprises  were 
in  a  highly  prosperous  condition  at  his  death. — 
In   1S97  he  married  the  singer  Bianca  Bianchi 


(his  second  wife).  He  had  received  the  title  of 
"  Hofrath  "  in  recognition  of  his  services.  His 
successors  are  Franz  Bittong  and  Max  Bachur. 

Polli'ni,  Cesare,  Cavaliere  de',  b.  Padua, 
July  13,  185S.  After  legal  studies  at  the  Univ. 
there,  he  took  a  2-year  course  in  music  with 
Bazzini  in  Milan  (1881-3)  ;  was  from  1883-5 
Director  of  the  chief  Cons,  at  Padua  ;  resigned 
to  devote  himself  to  writing  and  composition. 
Has  publ.  a  "  Terminologia  musicale  tedesco- 
italiana  "  ;  a  "  Teoria  generale  della  musica  "  ; 
"  La  musica  italiana  nelle  sue  principale  fasi 
storiche  "  ;  also,  in  the  journal  "  II  Teatro  illu- 
strate" of  Milan,  translations  and  analyses  of 
works  by  Ambros,  Ilirschfeld,  Langhans,  and 
Riemann  (he  is  an  advocate  of  the  theories  of  the 
last-named). 

Pol'litzer,  Adolf,  b.  Pesth,  1S32.  Pupil,  at 
Vienna,  of  Bohm  (vln.)  and  Preyer  (comp.)  ; 
then,  after  a  European  tour,  of  Alard  at  Paris. 
In  1851,  leader  of  orch.  at  II.  M.'s  Th.,  Lon- 
don ;  later,  to  the  New  Philharm.  Society.  Prof, 
of  violin  at  the  London  Acad,  of  Music,  of  which 
he  has  been  a  director  since  1890,  succeeding  Dr. 
Wylde. 

Ponchard,  Louis-Antoine-Flleonore,  b. 
Paris,  Aug.  31,  1787  ;  d.  there  June  6,  1866. 
Tenor  singer,  pupil  of  Garat  at  the  Cons.;  de- 
but 1812  at  the  Opera-Comique  in  Gretry's  Tab- 
leau parlant,  singing  there  until  1817  ;  in  1819 
he  became  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Cons.  He 
was  the  first  stage-singer  accepted  into  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor.  — 11  is  son  Charles,  b.  Paris,  Nov. 
17,  1824,  d.  there  in  May,  1891,  had  a  class  in 
comedy-opera  at  the  Cons. 

Ponchiel'li,  Amilcare,  a  modern  opera-com- 
poser who  stands  next  to  Verdi  in  Italian  esti- 
mation ;  b.  Paderno 
Fasolaro,  Cremona, 
Aug.  31,  1S34;  d. 
Milan,  Jan.  16,1886. 
Studied  1843-54  at 
the  Milan  Cons.;  his 
first  dramatic  work 
(written  with  3  other 
students)  was  the  op- 
eretta 77  Sindaco 
Balwto{i&z,i).  Leav- 
ing the  Cons.,  he  at 
first  took  the  organ 
at  S.  Ilario  in  Cre- 
mona ;  then  became 
bandmaster  ;  but  in  1S56  brought  out  the  opera 
I promessi  sposi  at  Cremona,  followed  by  La 
Savojarda (1861  ;  revised  as  Liua,  Milan,  1877), 
Roderico,  re  de  Goti  (Piacenza,  1864),  and  La 
Stella  del  monte  (1S67)  ;  his  first  striking  success 
was  achieved  with  a  revised  version  of  I  pro- 
messi sposi  (Milan,  1872),  whereupon  he  was 
commissioned  to  write  a  ballet  for  La  Scala, 
Milan,  where  Le  due  gemelle,  in  n  acts,  was 
prod,  in  1873.  Continuous  good  fortune  at- 
tended the  production  of  the  operas  /  Lituani 


458 


PONIATOWSKI— PORPORA 


(La  Scala,  1874  ;  revised  and  revived  in  1884  as 
Alduna),  La  Gioconda  (ibid.,  1876),  II  figliuol 
prodigo  (1880),  and  Marion  Delorme  (1885). 
Bertrando  del  Bomio,  and  the  unfinished  / 
Mori  di  Venezia,  have  not  been  perf.  He  also 
brought  out  a  mus.  farce,  II  parlaiore  eterno 
(1873),  and  the  ballet  Clarinet  (1S73)  ;  a  cantata 
A  Gaetano  Donizetti  ;  a  funeral  march,  "  II  29 
Maggio,"for  Manzoni;  a  fine  "Garibaldi  Hymn" 
(188 1 )  ;  etc. — In  1SS1  he  became  maestro  of 
Piacenza  Cath.,  for  which  he  wrote  sacred  mu- 
sic.     Gioconda  has  made  its  way  abroad. 

Poniatow'ski,  Jozef  (Michal  Xawery 
Franciszek  Jan),  Prince  of  Monte  Rotondo, 
b.  Rome,  Feb.  20,  1816  ;  d.  Chiselhurst,  Engl., 
July  3,  1873.  Tenor  singer  and  opera-composer  ; 
pupil  of  Ceccherini  at  Florence,  where  he  made 
his  stage-debut,  and  also  brought  out  his  first 
opera,  Giovanni  da  Procida  (1838).  In  Italy 
he  also  prod.  Don  Desiderio,  Ruy  Bias,  Bonifa- 
zio,  I  Lumber  tazzi,  Male  I:  A  del,  Esmeralda,  La 
Sposa  d'Abido;  in  Paris  (1860-8)  Pierre  de  Me- 
dia's.  An  trovers  du  mnr,  I' Aventitrier,  and 
La  Contessina  ;  and  in  London  (1S72)  Gelmina. 
After  Sedan,  he  followed  Napoleon  III.  into 
exile. 

Po'nitz,  Franz,  fine  harpist ;  b.  Bischofs- 
werda,  W.  Prussia,  Aug.  17,  1850.  Pupil  of  L. 
Grimm  ;  since  1866,  member  of  the  Berlin  royal 
orch.,  from  1891  with  title  of  "chamber-virtu- 
oso."— Works  :  Opera  Cleopatra  ;  sinfonietta  f. 
violin,  'cello,  and  harmonium  ;  a  string-quar- 
tet ;  pieces  f.  harp  ;  etc. 

Pon'te,  Lorenzo  da,  b.  Ceneda,  Venice, 
Mar.  10,  1749;  d.  New  York,  Aug.  17,  1838. 
He  lived  at  Venice  as  a  writer,  and  at  Treviso 
as  prof,  of  rhetoric  ;  then  at  Vienna  as  court 
poet  to  Joseph  II.  (following  Metastasio),  and 
in  intimacy  with  Mozart,  for  whom  he  wrote  the 
libretti  of  Le  nozze  di  Figaro,  Don  Giovanni, 
and  Cost  fan  ttttte.  After  the  Emperor's  death 
in  1790,  da  P.  led  a  wandering  life,  settling  in 
New  York  in  1803,  at  first  as  an  unsuccessful 
dealer  in  tea,  tobacco,  and  drugs.  He  did  fairly 
well  as  a  teacher  of  Italian,  but  lost  money  by 
imprudent  speculation,  and  died  in  destitution. 

Pontecoulant,  Louis-Adolphe  le  Doulcet, 

Marquis  de,  b.  Paris,  1794;  d.  Bois  Colombe,  n. 
Paris,  Feb.  20,  1882.  After  a  stirring  and  ad- 
venturous career,  he  began  the  study  of  mus. 
history  and  the  construction  of  instr.s  about 
1837  ;  contributed  to  periodicals  ;  and  publ.  the 
works  "  Essai  sur  la  facture  musicale  conside'ree 
dans  ses  rapports  avec  Tart,  l'industrie,  et  le 
commerce"  (1857  ;  2nd  augm.  ed.  as  "  Organo- 
graphie  :  essai,  etc.,"  in  2  parts,  1S61)  ;  "  Douze 
jours  a  Londres  ..."  (on  the  World's  Fair, 
1862)  ;  "  Musee  instrumental  du  Cons,  de  mu- 
sique  .  .  ."(1864);  "La  musique  a  ['Exposi- 
tion universelle  de  1867"  (1S68) ;  and  "  Les 
phenomenes  de  la  musique"  (1868). 

Ponto'glio,  Cipriano,  b.  Grumello  del  Piano, 
Italy    Dec.  25,  1831  ;  d.  Milan,   Feb.   23,  1892. 


Pupil  of  Ant.  Cagnoni.  Director  of  a  music- 
school  in  Milan.  Prod.  5  fairly  successful  op- 
eras ( Tebaldo  Brusato,  1865;  Edoardo  Stuart, 
1887),  and  a  ballet,  Rolla. 

Pop'per,  David,  famous  'cellist ;  b.  Prague, 
June  18,  1845  ;  pupil  of  Goltermann  in  the  Cons, 
there.     He  was  at  first 


s*8te*<i 


a  member  of  Prince 
von  Hechingen's  orch. 
at  Lowenburg  ;  since 
1863  he  has  toured  Eu- 
rope, visiting  all  im- 
portant capitals,  and 
everywhere  winning 
enthusiastic  applause 
as  one  of  the  finest  of 
living  'cellists.  From 
1S68-73  he  was  1st 
'cello  in  the  Vienna 
court  orch.,  and  in  1S72 
married  Sophie  Men- 
ter  (divorced  1886). 
His  works  for  'cello, 
which     are    favorites 

with  musicians,  include  a  concerto,  a  serenade, 
polonaise,  mazurka,  gavotte,  etc.;  a  Suite  f. 
'cello  and  pf.,  in  A,  is  op.  69. 

Por'ges,  Heinrich,  b.  Prague,  Nov.  25, 
1837.  Pupil  of  Colestin  Midler  (pf.),  Rummel 
(harm.),  and  Zwonar  (cpt.).  In  1S63  he  became 
co-editor  with  Brendel  of  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift 
fiir  Musik,"  and  was  in  close  intercourse  with 
Wagner  and  Cornelius  ;  lived  for  a  time  in  Vi- 
enna, and  in  1S67  was  called  to  Munich  by  King 
Ludwig  II.,  for  whom  he  had  written  a  study 
on  Tristan  und  Isolde.  Here  he  was  literary 
editor  of  the"  Stiddeutsche  Presse,"  pf. -teacher 
at  the  R.  School  of  Music,  and,  since  1S71,  Royal 
Musikdireetor.  Organized  the  "  Porges'schen 
Gesangverein"  in  18S6,  giving  modern  programs 
(Liszt,  Berlioz,  Cornelius),  together  with  classic 
works.  P.  is  among  the  foremost  champions  of 
Wagner. — Writings:  "Die  Auffiihrung  von  Bee- 
thovens  9.  Symphonie  unter  R.  Wagner  in  Bay- 
reuth  am  22.  Mai  1872,"  "Die  Bilhnenproben 
zu  den  i876er  Festspielen,"  and  many  essays  in 
periodicals  ;  has  comp.  songs. 

Porpora,  Niccolo  Antonio,  (signed  his  name 
"  Niccola,"  but  in  his  publ.  works  it  is  spelled 
"  Niccolo,")  b.  Naples,  Aug.  19,  1686;  d.  there 
in  1766  or  1767.  Until  1709  he  studied  at  the 
Cons,  di  San  Loreto  under  Greco,  Padre  Gae- 
tano of  Perugia,  and  Mancini.  His  first  opera, 
Basilio,  re  di  Oriente,  was  prod,  at  the  Teatro 
de'  Fiorentini,  Naples,  in  1709,  in  which  year 
he  became  maestro  to  the  Portuguese  ambassa- 
dor. Berenice,  written  to  order  for  the  Teatro 
Capranica,  Rome,  and  prod,  in  1710,  was  praised 
by  Handel.  About  1712  he  opened  a  vocal 
school  in  Naples,  which  soon  attained  celebrity 
through  its  illustrious  pupils  (Farinelli,  Caffa- 
relli,  Senesino,  il  Porporino,  Tosi,  and  others). 
In  1719  he  was  app.  singing-teacher  at  the  Cons, 
di  San  Onofrio,  for  which  he  wrote  an  oratorio, 


459 


PORPORINO— PORTUGAL 


//  martirio  di  Santa  Eugenia,  in  1722.  Mean- 
time he  had  brought  out  6  more  operas,  among 
them  Faramondo  (Naples,  1719),  and  had  been 
made  "chamber-virtuoso"  about  1721  to  the 
Trince  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.  Hasse  came  in 
1724  to  study  under  P.,  but  left  him  for  Aless. 
Scarlatti  ;  P.  never  forgot  or  forgave  the  slight. 
In  1725  he  was  called  to  the  Cons,  degli  Incu- 
rabili  at  Venice  as  singing-teacher,  staying  there 
till  1728,  with  the  brief  interruption  of  a  rather 
unsuccessful  trip  to  Vienna  ;  then  went  to  Dres- 
den as  singing-master  to  the  Electoral  princess, 
and  maestro  of  the  opera,  but  in  1729  obtained 
leave  of  absence  to  go  to  London,  whither  he 
was  invited  by  the  opposition  to  Handel.  Here 
he  prod,  several  operas  {Ariadne,  1733  ;  Agrip- 
pina,  1735  ;  etc.),  and  two  others  on  intermedi- 
ate visits  to  Venice  (Annil/ale,  1731  ;  Mitri- 
date,  1733)  ;  although  he  resigned  his  Dresden 
posts,  he  was  unable  to  make  head  as  a  compo- 
ser against  Handel,  and  left  London  in  1736, 
settling  in  Venice,  and  becoming  Dir.  of  the 
Cons,  dell'  Ospedaletto.  About  1745  he  returned 
to  Vienna  with  the  Venetian  ambassador,  and 
stayed  there  3  years :  Haydn  was  his  pupil 
part  of  the  time.  From  1748-51  he  was  court 
Kapellm.  at  Dresden  with  Hasse,  who  was  made 
1st  Kapellm.  in  1750  ;  the  old  grudge  which  P. 
bore  his  successful  rival,  and  which  had  caused 
bitter  competition  during  P.'s  former  sojourn  in 
Dresden,  very  probably  influenced  the  latter  to 
leave  the  Saxon  capital  again,  and  forever.  He 
returned  to  Naples  in  1755  (?),  and  in  1760  suc- 
ceeded Abosas  maestro  at  the  cathedral  and  Dir. 
of  the  Cons,  di  San  Onofrio.  As  a  dramatic 
composer,  however,  he  had  already  outlived  his 
popularity  ;  his  last  stage-work,  II  trionfo  di 
Camillo  (Naples,  1760),  was  unsuccessful;  and 
he  is  said  to  have  died  in  such  poverty  that  his 
friends  had  to  raise  a  sum  to  secure  his  decent 
burial.  He  wrote  about  50  operas,  and  6  ora- 
torios, none  of  which  have  survived  ;  many 
masses,  and  other  church-music  ;  numerous  ex- 
cellent cantatas  f.  vocal  solo  w.  harpsichord  (12 
publ.  in  London,  1735)  ;  also  publ.  6  "  Sinfonie 
da  camera,"  f.  2  violins,  'cello,  and  bass  (Lon- 
don, 1736);  12  violin-sonatas  w.  bass  (Vienna, 
1754);  6  fugues  f.  harpsichord  (in  Clementi's 
"  Practical  Harmony ";  2  are  in  Pauer's  "Old 
Ital.  Comp.s.") — Marchese  Villarosa  (in  "  Me- 
morie  dei  compositore,  etc.,"  1840)  and  Clement 
(in  "  Musiciens  celebres")  have  written  bio- 
graphical sketches  of  P.  His  posthumous  fame 
rests  wholly  on  his  wonderful  ability  as  a  teacher 
of  singing,  as  which  he  was  unique  and  unex- 
celled. 

Porpori'no.     See  Uberti. 

Por'ta,  Padre  Costanzo,  b.  Cremona  about 
1530;  d.  Padua,  May  26,  1601.  Contrapuntist; 
pupil  of  Willaert  at  Venice  ;  maestro  successively 
at  Padua,  Osimo,  Ravenna,  and  Loreto. — Publ.  5 
books  of  motets  a  5-8  (1555-85)  ;  1  of  masses  a 
4-6  (1578) ;  2  books  of  Introits  a  5  (1566,  '88) ; 
4   of    madrigals    a   4-5   (1555-88);  hymns   a  4 


(1602);  vesper  psalms  and  cantica  a  8  (1605). 
Lamentations,  madrigals,  and  a  treatise  on 
counterpoint,  are  in  MS. 

Por'ta,  Francesco  della,  b.  Milan,  about 
1590  ;  d.  there  1666,  as  maestro  at  S.  Antonio. — 
Publ.  "  Villanelle  a  1-3  voci  "  (1619)  ;  "Salmi 
da  cappella "  a  3-5  (1637)  ;  "  Motetti  a  2-5" 
(1645;  also  Antwerp,  1654);  Ricercari  a  4 
(Milan) ;  other  motets  ;  etc. 

Por'ta,  Giovanni,  b.  Venice,  about  1690  ;  d. 
Munich,  1755,  as  court  Kapellm.  and  composer 
(since  1737).  For  20  years  previously  he  had 
been  chorusmaster  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  in 
Venice,  where  he  brought  out  a  score  of  operas. 

Porter,  Frank  Addison,  b.  Dixmont,  Maine, 
Sept.  3,  1859.  Graduate  of  the  New  England 
Cons,  of  Music,  Boston,  in  18S4,  after  a  5-year 
course  under  Turner,  Emery,  Chadwick,  and 
others  ;  st.  later  in  Leipzig  under  Hofmann, 
Freitag,  etc.  Eng.  as  piano-prof,  at  the  N.  E. 
Cons,  in  Sept.,  18S4  ;  app.  superintendent  of 
Normal  Course  f.  pf.,  in  1892  ;  still  (1899)  occu- 
pies both  positions. — Publ.  works  :  Prelude  and 
Fugue,  Nocturnes,  Mazurka,  instructive  pieces, 
"System  of  Finger-Technique,"  and  a  Method, 
for  pf.  ;  also  songs. 

Port'mann,  Johann  Gottlieb,  b.  Oberlich- 
tenau,  Saxony,  Dec.  4,  1739  ;  d.  Sept.  27,  179S, 
at  Darmstadt,  as  cantor  at  the  Padagogium  and 
court  singer. — Publ.  "  Leichtes  Lehrbuch  der 
Harmonie,  Composition  und  des  Generalbasses  " 
(1789) ;  "  Kurzermusik.  Unterricht  fur  Anfanger 
und  Liebhaber"  (17S5  ;  augm.  ed.  1802,  by  J. 
K.  Wagner)  ;  "  Die  neuesten  und  wichtigsten 
Entdeckungen  in  der  Harmonie,  Melodie  und 
dem  doppelten  Contrapunkt  "  (1798)  ;  a  "  Neues 
Hessen-Darmstadtisches  Gesangbuch  "  (17S6)  ; 
also  a  "  Musik  auf  das  Pfingstfest." 

Portugal  [Portogallo],  Marcos  Antonio, 

[real  name,  ace.  to  Vasconcellos,  was  "  Portugal 
da  Fonseca,"]  the  greatest  composer  of  Por- 
tugal ;  b.  Lisbon,  Mar.  24,  1762  ;  d.  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Feb.  7,  1830.  A  pupil  of  the  priests' 
seminary  at  Lisbon,  his  mus.  education  was  con- 
tinued under  the  opera-singer  Borselli  (singing 
and  composition),  by  whose  influence  he  was 
app.  cembalist  at  the  Madrid  opera  in  17S2. 
The  Portuguese  ambassador  aided  him  to  study- 
in  Italy  from  1787  ;  his  first  opera,  L'Eroe 
cinese,  had  slight  success  at  Turin,  1788  ;  but 
La  Baeehetta portentosa  (Genoa,  1788),  II  Moli- 
naro  (Venice,  1790),  and  LAstuto  (Florence, 
1790)  made  him  famous.  He  was  appointed 
court  conductor  at  Lisbon  in  1790,  but  returned 
to  Italy,  and  up  to  1799  brought  out  24  more 
operas.  From  1799-1810  he  acted  as  cond.  at 
the  San  Carlos  Th.,  Lisbon,  producing  a  score 
of  Italian  and  Portuguese  operas.  His  II  fdosojo 
sedncente,  ossia  Non  irritar  le  donne  (Venice, 
1798),  was  selected  by  Napoleon  for  opening 
the  Theatre  Italien  at  Paris  in  1801.  In  1807 
the  royal  family  fled  to  Brazil  before  the  French 
invasion  ;  P.  remained  until  the  San  Carlos  Th, 


460 


rOTHIER—  PRAGER 


was  closed  in  1810,  and  then  followed  the  court 
to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  where  he  was  made  general 
musical  director.  The  royal  theatre  of  Sao Joao, 
after  its  inauguration  in  1813,  prod,  several  new 
operas  by  P.  In  that  year  he  became  Director 
of  the  new  Cons,  at  Vera  Cruz,  jointly  with  his 
brother  Simao  ;  visited  Italy  in  1S15,  returned  to 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  passed  his  last  years  there 
as  an  invalid.  Of  his  40  operas,  2  were  also 
played  in  German,  Le  donne  cambiate  (Dcr 
Tenfel  ist  los  :  Dresden,  1799),  and  La  confu- 
sione  nata  della  somiglianza  (  Verwirrung  durch 
A  hnlichkeit,  oder  Die  beiden  Buckeligeii :  Vienna, 
1794)  ;  others  were  given  in  Italian  in  Germany, 
London,  and  St.  Petersburg.  P.  also  prod,  sev- 
eral occasional  pieces,  operettas,  etc.,  5  grand 
masses,  5  masses  with  organ,  2  Te  Deums  w. 
orch.,  psalms  \v.  orch.,  and  other  church-music. 

Pothier,  Dom  Joseph,  mus.  historiographer; 
b.  Bouzemont,  n.  Saint-Die,  Dec.  7,  1835.  Bene- 
dictine monk  ;  1862,  sub-prior,  1866,  prof,  of 
theology,  at  the  Solesmes  monastery.  1 1  is  im- 
portant publications,  based  on  the  study  of  ori- 
ginal MSS.,  are  "  Les  melodies  gregoriennes  " 
(Tournai,  1880);  "Liber  gradualis"  (Tournai, 
1 8S3) ;  ' '  Paleographie  musicale  "  (Solesmes,  1 889  ; 
phototype  facsimiles  of  neume-notation  of  the 
9th-i6th  centuries). 

Potter,  Philip  Cipriani  Hambly,  pianist 
and  composer  ;  b.  London,  Oct.  2,  1792  ;  d. 
there  Sept.  26,  1S71.  Pupil  of  his  father,  and  of 
Callcott,  Attwood,  and  Crotch  (theory)  and 
\Voeltn(pf .) ;  during  subsequent  study  at  Vienna, 
under  Forster  (1817-1S),  Beethoven  gave  him 
good  advice.  In  1S22,  pf. -teacher  at  the  R.  A. 
M.,  succeeding  Crotch  as  Principal  in  1832,  and 
resigning  in  1S59,  his  successor  being  Ch.  Lucas. 
— MS.  works:  9  symphonies,  4  overtures,  3  pf.- 
concertos,  string-quartets,  a  concertante  f.  pf. 
w.  'cello;  etc. — Pub/,  works:  Op.  1,  2,  3,  so- 
natas f.  pf.  ;  op.  6,  Grand  duo  f.  2  pf.s  ;  op.  7, 
duet  f.  2  pf.s  ;  op.  11,  sextet  f.  pf.,  flute,  and 
strings  ;  op.  12,  3  pf. -trios  ;  op.  13,  Sonata  di 
bravura  f.  pf.  w.  horn  (or  bassoon)  ;  op.  19,  pf.- 
studies  in  all  keys  ;  op.  20,  Introd.  and  Rondo 
f.  pf. ;  op.  21,  2nd  Rondo  brillant  f.  pf . ;  also 
rondos,  toccatas,  6  sets  of  variations,  4-hand 
pieces,  and  transcriptions  of  2  symphonies  and 
an  overture  ;  a  Fantasia  and  Fugue  f.  2  pf.s  ;  a 
trio  f.  3  pf.s,  6  hands  ;  etc. 

Pougin,  Arthur,  (pen-name  of  Francois- 
Auguste-Arthur  Paroisse-Pougin,)  distinguished 
writer  and  critic  ;  b.  Chateauroux,  Indre,  France, 
Aug.  6,  1834.  Pupil  of  Alard  (vln.)  and  Reber 
(harm.)  at  the  Paris  Cons.;  1855,  cond.  of  the 
Th.  Beaumarchais  ;  later,  leader  at  Musard's 
Concerts  ;  1856-9,  asst.-cond.  of  the  Folies-Nou- 
velles  ;  till  1S63,  violinist  in  the  Op.-Comique 
orch.;  since  then  has  devoted  himself  to  letters. 
Active  contributor  to  leading  French  mus.  papers 
("  Le  Menestrel,"  "France  musicale,"  "l'Art 
musical,"  etc.),  and  mus.  feuilletoniste  to  "  Le 
Soir,"  "  La  Tribune,"  "  l'fivenement,"  and  the 
"  Journal  Officiel."     He  started  the  "  Revue  de 


la  musique  "  in  1876,  but  it  appeared  only  6 
months.  Has  publ.  many  biographical  sketches 
and  essays  :  "  Andre  Campra  "  (1861),  "  Gres- 
nick"  ('62),  "  Dezedes  "  ('62),  "  Floquet "  ('63), 
"Martini"  ('64),  "  Devienne "  (1S64)  [all  six 
collected  as  "  Musiciens  francais  du  XVIIIe 
siecle"],  "  Meyerbeer  "  ('64),  "  F.  Halevy,  ecri- 
vain"('65),  "William  Vincent  Wallace"  ('66), 
"Leon  Kreuzer"  ('6S),  "Bellini"  ('68),  "A. 
Grisar  "  ('70),  "  Rossini  "  ('71),  "  Auber"  ('73), 
"Notice  sur  Rode"  ('74),  "Boieldieu"  ('75), 
"  Rameau "  ('76),  "  Adolphe  Adam"  ('76); 
"Verdi"  ('81),  and  others  in  mus.  periodicals; 
further,  an  "  Almanach  de  la  musique"  (1866, 
'67,  '68  ;  the  last  two  with  necrological  suppl.s) ; 
"  De  la  litterature  musicale  en  France"  (1867) ; 
"  De  la  situation  des  compositeurs  de  musique  et 
de  l'avenirde  l'art  musical  en  France"  (1867);  "A 
propos  de  1' execution  du  Messie  de  Haendel" 
(rS73)  ;  "  Figures  de  l'opera  comique  :  Elleviou, 
Mme.  Dugazon,  la  tribu  des  Gavaudan  "  (1875)  ; 
"  Question  de  la  liberte  des  theatres"  (1879); 
"  Question  du  theatre  lyrique  "  (1S79)  !  "  Essai 
historique  sur  la  musique  en  Russie "  (1896); 
"  Acteurs  et  actrices  d'autrefois "  (1897);  etc. 
He  likewise  edited  the  supplement  to  Fe'tis' 
"  Biographie  universelle "  (2  vol.s,  1878-80), 
and  the  new  edition  of  the  "Diet,  lyrique,  ou 
histoire  des  operas "  of  Felix  Clement  and  P. 
Larousse  (Paris,  189S  ;  pp.  1200),  but  left  it  very 
incomplete,  and  with  many  errors. 

Pradher  {rectius  Pradere),  Louis-Barthe- 
lemy,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Paris,  Dec.  18, 
17S1  ;  d.  Gray,  Haute-Saone,  in  Oct.,  1S43. 
Pf. -pupil  of  Gobert  in  the  Ecole  royale  de  mu- 
sique and  Conservatoire,  studying  theory  with 
Berton  in  the  latter  ;  succeeded  Jadin  as  pf.- 
prof.  in  1S02.  Eminent  teacher  ;  Henri  and 
Jacques  Herz,  Dubois,  Lambert  and  Rosellen, 
were  some  of  his  pupils.  He  also  gave  lessons 
to  the  daughters  of  King  Louis-Philippe,  and 
was  accompanist  in  his  chapelle,  and  in  the  pri- 
vate orchestras  of  Louis  XVIII.  and  Charles  X. 
In  1S27  he  retired  on  pension  to  Toulouse.  He 
prod.  7  comic  operas,  and  publ.  considerable 
pf. -music  (a  concerto  ;  a  grande  sonate  f.  pf., 
vln.,  and  'cello;  an  Adagio  and  Rondo  f.  do.; 
a  Rondo  f.  2  pf.s  ;  several  solo  sonatas;  Ron- 
dos, Fantaisies,  Variations,  etc.);  and  22  sets  of 
songs. 

Pra'ger,  Ferdinand  Christian  Wilhelm,  b. 

Leipzig,  Jan.  22,  1S15  ;  d.  London,  Sept.  1, 
1S91.  Son  of  the  violinist  and  cond.  Heinrich 
Aloys  P.  [b.  Amsterdam,  1783  ;  d.  Magdeburg, 
1S54].  On  Hummel's  advice  he  renounced 
'cello-playing  for  the  piano,  studying  under 
Hummel  (Weimar)  and  Pape  (Ltibeck)  ;  was 
music-teacher  in  the  Hague  1831-4,  and  then 
settled  in  London,  becoming  a  most  successful 
teacher.  He  was  the  English  correspondent 
for  Schumann's  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik," 
and  an  early  and  staunch  supporter  of  Wagner. 
— Works:  The  symphonic  poem  "Life  and 
love,   battle   and  victory"  (1885);    an  overture 


461 


PRATORIUS— PREITZ 


"  Abellino  "  ;  sym ph.  prelude  to  Manfred;  pf.- 
trio  ;  pf. -pieces  (Caprice,  Crepuscule,  Flocons  de 
neige,  Elfenmarchen  ;  etc.;  a  selection  was  publ. 
in  the  "  Prager  Album,"  Leipzig);  "  Wagner  as 
I  knew  him  "  (1892). 

Prato'rius  [the  German  name  Schulz  or 
Schulze  Latinized],  Gottschalk,  b.  Salzwedel, 
Mar.  28,  1528  ;  d.  Wittenberg,  July  8,  1573,  as 
prof,  of  philos.  Publ.  (with  M.  Agricola)  "  Me- 
lodiae  scholasticae  ...  in  usum  scholae  Magde- 
burgensis  "  (1556). 

Prato'rius,  Christoph,  published  "  Froh- 
liche  und  liebliche  Ehrenlieder,  von  ziichtiger 
Lieb  und  ehelicher  Treue  "  a  4  (1581)  ;  a  funeral 
song  on  Melanchthon  (1560)  ;  and  comp.  other 
church-music. 

Prato'rius,  Hieronymus,  b.  Hamburg,  Aug. 
10,  1560  ;  d.  there  Jan.  27,  1629.  Organist, 
pupil  of  his  father  (org.  of  the  Jacobikirche), 
studied  further  at  Cologne,  became  town  cantor 
at  Erfurt  in  15S0,  and  asst.-org.  in  1582  to  his 
father,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1586. — Publ. 
"  Cantiones  sacrae  "  a  5-8  (1599;  augm.  ed.,  a 
2-12,  1607,  '22);  Magnificat  a  8  (1602,  '22); 
"Liber  missarum  "  a  5-8  (1616)  ;  "Cantiones 
sacrae  variae  "  a  5-20  (1618,  '23)  ;  all  the  above 
coll.  as  "  Opus  musicum  novum  et  perfectum  "  ; 
"  Cantiones  novae  ofhciosae  "  a  5-15  (1618,  '25)  ; 
and  a  "  Choralbuch "  (Hamburg,  1604;  with 
his  son  Jacob  [d.  1651],  J.  Decker,  and  D. 
Scheidemann). 

Prato'rius  [Praetorius],  Michael,  a  musi- 
cian of  high  attainments  both  as  a  composer  and 
writer;  b.  Kreuzberg,  Thuringia,  Feb.  15,  1571 
(27)  ;  d.  Wolfenbuttel,  Feb.  15,  1621.  Few 
facts  are  known  concerning  his  career  ;  he  was 
Kapellm.  at  Li'ineburg ;  later  organist,  and 
finally  Kapellm.  and  secretary,  to  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick. — Compositions:  "  Musae  Sioniae," 
a  coll.  of  1244  vocal  numbers,  in  9  Parts  (P. 
i-iv,  "  Concertgesange  "  a  8-12  on  German 
psalms  and  church-songs  ;  P.v,  songs  and  psalms 
a  2-S  ;  P.  vi-ix,  church-songs  a  4,  in  note- 
against-note  counterpoint.  Part  ix  was  publ. 
1605-10;  2nd  ed.,  as  "  Bicinia  et  tricinia," 
161 1)  ;  "  Musarum  Sionarum  motetae  et  psalmi 
4-16  voc."  (Parti,  1607);  "  Eulogodia  Sionia  " 
161 1  ;  60  motets  a  2-8  for  "the  close  of  the 
Divine  Service");  "  Missodia  Sionia"  (1611), 
"  Hymnodia  Sionia"  (1611  ;  hymns  a  2-8); 
"  Megalynodia  "  (1611  ;  madrigals  and  motets  a 
5-8) ;  "  Terpsichore  "  (1612  ;  dance-pieces  a  4-6, 
by  P.  and  some  French  composers)  ;  "  Poly- 
hymnia caduceatrix  et  panegyrica"  (1619;  songs 
of  peace  and  rejoicing  a  1-21)  ;  "  Polyhymnia 
exercitatrix  "  (1619;  a  2-8)  ;  "  Uranodia  "  [Ura- 
nochordiaj  (1613  ;  19  songs  a  4)  ;  "  Kleine  und 
grosse  Litaney  .  .  ."(1606);  "  Epithalamium  " 
(1014);  "  Puericinium"  (1621  ;  14  church-songs  a 
3-12)  ; — Writings  :  "  Syntagma  musicum  .  .  .", 
Lis  magnum  opus,  of  which  three  volumes  were 
printed  :  Vol.  i  (1615),  in  2  parts,  is  an  historical 
and  descriptive  treatise  in  Latin  on  ancient  and 


ecclesiastical  music,  and  ancient  secular  instr.s  ; 
— Vol.  ii  (1618),  written  in  German,  in  5  parts 
and  an  Appendix  (1620),  is  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant extant  source  for  musical  instr.s  of  the 
period,  describing  their  form,  compass,  tone- 
quality,  etc.,  the  organ,  in  particular,  being 
treated  at  great  length  ;  the  Appendix  contains 
42  woodcuts  of  the  principal  instr.s  enumerated 
[Vol.  ii  has  been  reprinted  as  vol.  xiii  of  the 
publications  of  the  "  Gesellschaft  fur  Musik- 
forschung  "]  ; — Vol.  iii  contains  a  valuable  and 
interesting  account  of  secular  composition  at 
that  time,  and  a  treatise  on  solmisation,  nota- 
tion, etc.,  etc. 

Pratt,  Silas  Gamaliel,  b.  Addison,  Vt.,  Aug. 
4,  1846.  Studied  pf. -playing  in  1S68  under 
Bendel  and  Kullak,  Berlin,  and  comp.  under 
Wiierst  and  Kiel.  In  1S71  he  organized  the 
Apollo  Club  in  Chicago  ;  returned  to  Berlin  in 
1875,  and  studied  score -reading  under  H.  Dorn  ; 
his  "Anniversary  Overture"  was  perf.  on  July 
4,  1876.  In  1S77  he  went  back  to  Chicago,  giv- 
ing symphony  concerts  in  1878,  and  bringing 
out  his  first  opera,  Zenobia,  in  1882.  In  1885 
he  gave  concerts  of  his  own  works  at  the  Crystal 
Falace,  London  ;  returned  to  Chicago  in  18S6, 
and  since  1890  has  been  pf.-prof.  at  the  New 
York  Metropolitan  Cons. — Works  :  The  above 
opera  and  overture  ;  5-act  lyric  opera,  Lucille 
(Chicago,  18S7)  ;  The  Past  Itiea,  cantata  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.  ;  2  symphonies  (No.  2  is  "  The 
Prodigal  Son  ");"  Magdalena's  Lament,  "f.  orch.; 
symphonic  suite  on  The  Tempest ;  Serenade  f. 
string-orch.  ;  dance-suite  f.  orch.  ;  "Cente- 
nary Hymn  to  Washington  "  ;  pf. -music  ;  part- 
songs,  songs,  etc. 

Predie'ri,  Giacomo  Cesare,  maestro  at  Bo- 
logna Cath.  from  1696,  and  pres.  of  the  Accad. 
Filarmonica  ;  d.  after  1711.  Publ.  "  Canzoni 
morali  e  spirituali  "  a  3,  with  bass  (1696)  ;  wrote 
9  oratorios. 

Predie'ri,  Luca  Antonio,  b.  Bologna,  Sept. 
13,  16S8  ;  d.  there  1769.  In  1723,  pres.  of  the 
Accad.  Filarmonica  ;  became  maestro  at  the  ca- 
thedral ;  from  1739-46,  vice-JCapellm. ,  then  till 
1751  1st  Kapellm.,  of  the  court  Kapelle,  Vienna. 
Prod.  11  operas,  2  serenades,  an  oratorio,  etc. 

Preindl,  Joseph,  b.  Marbach,  Lower  Austria, 
Jan.  30,  1756  ;  d.  Vienna,  Oct.  26,  1S23.  Pupil 
of  Albrechtsberger  ;  in  17S0,  choirmaster  at  St. 
Peter's,  Vienna  ;  in  1809,  Kapellm.  at  St.  Ste- 
phen's.— Publ.  masses,  a  Requiem,  a  Te  Deum, 
etc.  ;  2  pf. -concertos,  pf. -sonatas,  etc.  ;  a  "  Ge- 
sanglehre  "  ;  the  "  Wiener  Tonschule  "  for  strict 
composition,  edited  by  Seyfried  (1827  ;  2nd  ed. 
1832)  ;  also  "  Melodienallerdeutschen  Kirchen- 
lieder,  welche  im  St.  Stephansdom  in  Wien 
gesungen  werden,"  w.  preludes  and  cadenzas. 

Preitz,  Franz,  b.  Zerbst,  Aug.  12,  1856.  Pu- 
pil of  Leipzig  Cons.  1873-6  ;  is  a  concert-organ- 
ist, and  now  teacher  of  singing  at  Zerbst  Gym- 
nasium, and  cantor  at  the  court  church. — Publ. 


462 


PRELL— PROCHASKA 


an   a  cappella  Requiem,  motets,   songs,  organ- 
preludes,  etc. 

Prell,  Johann  Nicolaus,  b.  Hamburg,  Nov. 
9,  1773  ;  d.  there  Mar.  18,  1849.  Fine  'cellist, 
pupil  of  Romberg  ;  eminent  in  quartet-playing, 
and  an  excellent  teacher. — His  son  and  pupil, 
August  Christian  P.,  b.  Hamburg,  Aug.  1, 
1805,  was  2nd  'cello  at  Meiningen  from  1822,  1st 
'cello  at  Hamburg  from  1825  ;  pensioned  1869. 
He  was  a  distinguished  teacher. 

Prentice,  Thomas,  English  pianist ;  b.  Pas- 
low  Hall,  Ongar,  Essex,  July  6,  1842;  d.  Hamp- 
stead,  July  15,  1S95.  Pupil,  from  1S61,  of  G.  A. 
and  Walter  Macfarren  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  winning 
silver  medal  and  Potter  Exhibition  (1863). 
Founded  a  series  of  Monthly  Popular  Concerts 
at  Brixton  in  1869  ;  became  org.  at  Christ  Ch., 
Lee,  in  1S72  ;  gave  up  both  on  account  of  ill- 
health,  but  in  1880  started  the  Kensington 
"  Two-penny  Concerts  "  (successful  attempts  to 
popularize  high-class  music),  and  was  app.  prof, 
of  pf.  at  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music  ;  from 
18S3,  also  Principal  of  the  new  Beckenham  Sch. 
of  Mus. — P.  was  eminently  successful  in  teach- 
ing; he  publ.  "  The  Musician,  a  Guide  for  Piano- 
forte Students"  in  6  grades  (1SS3-6),  a  treatise 
on  "  Hand-gymnastics  "  (Novello),  and  several 
solos  f.  pf.  ;  also  the  cantata  Linda,  f.  female 
voices,  trios  f.  do.,  anthems,  part-songs,  etc. 

Pres'sel,  Gustav  Adolf,  b.  Tubingen,  June 
11,  1S27  ;  d.  Berlin,  July  30,  1S90.  Pupil  of 
Silcher,  and  (1850,  at  Vienna)  of  Sechter.  Prod, 
the  operas  Die  St.  Johannisnacht  (1S60)  and 
Der  Schneider  von  Ulm  (1866)  at  Stuttgart; 
from  1868  he  lived  at  Steglitz,  near  Berlin.  His 
researches  proved  that  Mozart  wrote  the  Re- 
quiem in  its  entirety.  T.  comp.  the  ballad 
"  Barbarossa,"  and  songs. 

Presser,  Theodore,  b. Pittsburg,  Pa.,  July  3, 
1848.  Studied  music  at  Boston  and  Leipzig,  and 
established  himself  at  Philadelphia  as  a  publisher 
of  music  and  mus.  literature.  In  1SS3  he  founded 
"  The  Etude,"  a  well-known  mus.  monthly  of 
which  he  is  the  editor,  and  which  is  chiefly  de- 
voted to  the  interests  of  teachers  and  students 
of  the  pianoforte.  He  has  written  instructive 
pieces  and  studies  f.  pf.,  and  transl.  several  for- 
eign text-books  on  music.  Co-founder  of  the 
Music  Teachers'  Nat.  Association. 

Prevost,  Eugene-Prosper,  b.  Paris,  Aug. 
23,  1809  ;  d.  New  Orleans,  Aug.  30,  1872.  Pu- 
pil, at  Paris  Cons.,  of  Jelensperger,  Seuriot,  and 
Le  Sueur,  winning  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1831  with  the  cantata  Bianca  Capello.  Cond.  at 
Havre  theatre  1S35-S  ;  was  then  cond.  and  sing- 
ing-teacher in  New  Orleans  until  1S62,  except- 
ing one  year's  conductorship  at  Niblo's  Garden, 
New  York,  in  1S42  ;  1S62,  chef  iforc/iestir  at  the 
Bouffes-Parisiens,  later  of  the  Champs  Elyse'es 
concerts,  Paris  ;  returned  to  New  Orleans  in 
1867.  He  prod,  several  operas  in  Paris,  and  one 
{Blanche  et  Rene)  at  New  Orleans  ;  also  comp. 
oratorios  and  masses. 


Prey'er,  Gottfried,  b.  Hausbrunn,  Lower 
Austria,  May  15,  1S09.  A  pupil  of  Sechter, 
1828-34  I  in  !S35,  organist  of  the  Lutheran  ch.. 
Vienna  ;  1838,  prof,  of  harm,  and  cpt.  at  the 
Cons.,  of  which  he  was  Director  1S44-S  ;  1S44, 
vice- court -conductor  ;  1846,  court  organist; 
1853,  Kapellm.  at  St.  Stephen's  ;  pensioned  as 
"  Vice- Hof  kapellm."  in  1S76.— Heprod.  3  operas, 
and  the  oratorio  Noah  (often  perf.  by  the  "  Ton- 
ki'instler-Verein  ")  ;  publ.  a  symphony,  masses 
(1  f.  male  voices),  other  church^music,  and 
"  Hymnen  der  griechisch-katolischen  Kirche  " 
(1S47) ;  a  string-quartet  ;  music  f.  pf.  and  org. ; 
songs. 

Preyer,  William  Thierry,  b.  Manchester, 
Engl.,  July  4,  1841  ;  studied  at  Bonn  Univ.  ; 
1869,  prof,  of  physiology  at  Jena  ;  retired  to 
Wiesbaden  in  1S94. — Wrote  "  Uberdie  Grenzen 
der  Tonwahrnehmung  "  (1876). 

Prill,  Karl,  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  22,  1S64.  Tupil 
of  his  father  (a  mus.  director),  and  of  Helmich, 
Wirth,  and  Joachim  (at  the  Hochschule),  also 
playing  as  solo  violinist  in  Brenner's  and  Laube's 
orchestras;  1883-5,  leader  in  Bilse's  orch.  ;  1885, 
at  Magdeburg  ;  since  1891,  of  the  Gewandhaus 
Orch.,  Leipzig.  He  is  an  excellent  soloist  and 
quartet-player. 

Printz,  Wolfgang  Caspar,  b.  Waldthurn, 
Upper  Palatinate,  Oct.  10,  1641  ;  d.  Sorau,  Oct. 
13,  1717.  Originally  a  theological  student,  he 
later  led  a  roving  life,  and  then  was  cantor  suc- 
cessively at  Promnitz,  Triebel,  and  (1665)  Sorau. 
Autobiography  in  his  "IlistorischeBeschreibung 
der  edeln  Sing-  und  Kling-Kunst "  (1690)  ;  also 
publ.  "Compendium  musicae  signatoriae  et  mo- 
dulatoriae  "  (166S);  "  Phrynis  Mytilenaeus,  oder 
satirischer  Componist"  (1676,  '77,  2  parts  ;  2nd 
ed.  1694,  w.  3rd  part)  ;  "  Musica  modulatoria 
vocalis  "  (167S)  ;  "  Exercitationes  musicae  theo- 
retico-practicae  de  consonantiis  singulis  "  (frag- 
mentary, 1687-89);  three  novels,  "  Musicus  vex- 
atus  "  (1690),  "  Musicus  magnanimus  "  (1691), 
and  "  Musicus  curiosus "  (1691),  are  also  as- 
cribed to  him. 

Proch,  Heinrich,  an  excellent  conductor, 
and  once  popular  song-composer  ;  b.  BShmisch- 
Leipa,  June  22,  1S09  ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  18,  187S. 
He  studied  the  law  and  violin-playing  together  ; 
became  Kapellm.  at  the  Josephstadt  Th.,  Vi- 
enna, in  1837,  and  of  the  Court  Opera  1840-70, 
when  he  was  pensioned.  Among  his  pupils 
were  Materna,  Dustmann,  Csillag,  Tietjens, 
and  Peschka-Leutner  ;  the  last-named  made  P.'s 
coloratura  variations  with  flauto  concertante 
famous,  and  many  of  his  simpler  songs  were 
favorites.  He  prod,  a  3-act  comic  opera,  Ring 
und  Maske,  at  Vienna,  in  1S44  ;  also  3  one-act 
operas,  1S46-8. 

Prochas'ka,  Ludwig,  noted  comp.  of  Bo- 
hemian songs  and  duets  ;  b.  Prague,  1835  (?)  ; 
d.  there  July  18,  1888.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Prague  City  Council  ;  also  lived  for  a  long 
time  in  Hamburg  as  a  singing-teacher. 


403 


PROKSCII— rRUCKNER 


Proksch,  Josef,  b.  Reichenberg,  Bohemia, 
Aug.  4,  1794  ;  d.  Prague,  Dec.  20,  1864.  A 
piano-pupil  of  Kozeluch,  he  became  blind  in 
1S11,  but  still  learned  Logier's  system,  and  in 
1S30  founded  a  "  Musikbildungsanstalt  "  (school 
of  pi. -playing)  in  Prague.  An  excellent  teacher, 
he  wrote  a  "  Versuch  einer  rationellen  Lehrme- 
thode  im  Pianofortespiel "  accepted  by  numer- 
ous teachers;  a  "  Musikalisches  Vademecum  "; 
"  Aphorismen  fiber  katholische  Kirchenmu- 
sik";  "  Allgemeine  Musiklehre  "  (1857)  ;  made 
for  his  pupils  transcriptions  (for  4-8  pianos)  of 
orch.l  works  ;  and  comp.  a  concerto  f.  3  pf.s, 
sonatas,  etc.,  masses  and  cantatas,  and  other 
vocal  music. — His  son,  Theodor  (1843-1876) 
and  a  daughter,  Marie,  managed  the  inst.  after 
his  death. 

Pro'ny,  Gaspard-Claire-Franc.ois-Marie- 
Riche,  Baron  de,  b.  Chamelot,  Rhone,  France, 
July  12,  1755  ;  d.  Paris,  July  29,  1839.  Ex- 
aminer at  the  Polytechnique,  and  member  of  the 
Academie,  for  which  he  wrote  a  "Rapport  sur 
la  nouvelle  harpe  a  double  mouvement"  (1815), 
Erard's  double-pedal  harp  ;  "  Note  sur  les  avan- 
tages  du  nouvel  etablissement  d'un  professorat 
d'harpe  a  l'ecoleroyalede  musique  .  .  ."  (1S25) ; 
"  Instruction  elementaire  sur  les  moyens  de  cal- 
culer  les  intervalles  musicaux  "  (1822  ;  employ- 
ing Euler's  system  of  logarithms). 

Pros'ke,  Karl,  b.  Grobnig,  Upper  Silesia, 
Pel).  11,  1794;  d.  Ratisbon,  Dec.  20,  1S61. 
Medical  student  ;  regimental  physician  during 
the  war  of  1813-15  ;  took  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Halle  in  1817,  and  practised  at  Oberglogau  and 
Oppeln.  In  1823  he  renounced  medicine  for 
theology,  and  studied  at  Ratisbon  ;  was  or- 
dained in  1826,  became  Vicar-choral  in  1S27, 
and  canon  and  Kapelhn.  of  the  Church  of  Our 
Lady  at  Ratisbon  in  1830.  After  diligent  re- 
search in  Germany  and  Italy,  he  began  his  life- 
work,  the  publication  of  sacred  classics,  the  first 
being  Palestrina's  "  Missa  Papae  Marcelli " 
(Palestrina's  original  version,  and  arrangements 
by  Anerio  a  4,  and  Suriano  a  S),  followed  by  the 
famous  collection  "  Musica  divina,"  containing 
chiefly  Italian  masterworks  of  the  i6th-i7th 
centuries  :  Vol.  i,  12  masses  a  4  (1853)  ;  Vol. 
ii,  motets  for  the  entire  church-year  (1855)  ; 
Vol.  iii,  Fauxbourdons,  Psalms,  Magnificats, 
hymns  and  antiphones(i859)  ;  Vol.  iv,  Passions, 
Lamentations,  Responses,  Te  Deums,  Litanies 
(1863  ;  edited  by  Wesselack)  ;  publication  con- 
tinued by  Schrems  and  Haberl  ;  also  a  "  Selec- 
tus  novus  missarum  "  a  4-8  (1S55-9).  His  valu- 
able library  was  purchased  for  the  Episcopal 
Library  at  Ratisbon. 

Prout,  Ebenezer,  eminent  English  com- 
poser and  theorist  ;  b.  Oundle,  Northampton- 
shire, Mar.  1,  1S35.  Excepting  some  piano- 
lessons  as  a  boy,  and  a  later  course  with  Charles 
Salaman,  he  was  wholly  self-taught.  His  father 
had  him  trained  for  a  school-teacher,  and  he  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  at  London  Univ.  in  1S54  ; 
but  in  1859  went  over  definitively  to  music  ;  was 


organist  at  Union  Chapel,  Islington,  1S61-73  '< 
prof,  of  pf.  at  the  Crystal  Palace  School  of  Art, 
1861-S5  ;  prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  the  Nat. 
Training  School  from  1876,  and  took  Sullivan's 
class  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in  1879  ;  also  conducted 
the  Hackney  Choral 
Assoc.  1876-90, 
bringing  it  to  a  high 
state  of  efficiency  ; 
edited  the  "  Month- 
ly Mus.  Record " 
1871  -4,  was  critic 
on  the  "  Academy  " 
1874-9,  and  on  tne 
"Athenreum"  1S79- 
89.  To  Grove's 
"  Dictionary  "  he 
contributed  53  arti- 
cles. In  1894  he 
was  called  to  Dublin 
Univ.  as  prof,  of 
music,    succeeding 

Sir  R.  Stewart  ;  in  1895  both  Dublin  and 
Edinburgh  Universities  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  hon.  causa.  His  valua- 
ble theoretical  works  are  the  following:  "In- 
strumentation" (Novello  primer,  1876)  ;  "  Har- 
mony, its  Theory  and  Practice"  (1889;  9 
editions  to  1896);  "Counterpoint,  Strict  and 
Free"  (1890);  "  LJouble  Counterpoint  and 
Canon"  (1891)  ;  "Fugue"  (1891)  ;  "  Fugal 
Analysis"  (1892);  "Musical  Form  "  (1893); 
"Applied  Forms"  (1S95)  ;  all  of  which  have 
passed  through  two  or  more  editions  ;  and  "  The 
Orchestra"  (2  vol.s,  1898). — Compositions: 
4  symphonies,  in  C,  G  min.,  F,  and  1)  ;  2  over- 
tures, "Twelfth  Night"  and  "  Rokeby";  Suite 
de  ballet  f.  orch.,  op.  28  ;  Suite  in  D  ;  2  organ- 
concertos,  in  E  min.  and  E  (7  ;  a  pf. -quintet, 
op.  3  ;  2  string-quartets,  op.  1  (prize)  and  op. 
15  ;  2  pf. -quartets,  op.  2  (prize),  and  op.  18  ; 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  clar. ,  op.  26  ;  organ-sonata, 
op.  4  ;  Duo  concertante  f.  pf.  and  harmonium, 
op.  6  ;  the  cantatas  Hereward,  op.  12  (1878), 
Alfred,  op.  16  (1882),  The  Red  Cross  Knight, 
op.  24  (Huddersfield,  18S7),  Damon  and  Pliin- 
tias,  op.  25,  f.  male  ch.  (Oxford,  18S9),  and 
Queen  Ai/ne'e,  f.  female  ch.,  op.  21  (1S85)  ;  a 
Magnificat,  op.  7,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Even- 
ing Service,  op.  8,  w.  orch.;  Psalm  126,  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.  (St.  Paul's;  1891)  ;  Psalm  100, 
op.  23,  f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1886); 
"  The  Song  of  Judith,"  contralto  solo  w.  orch. 
(Norwich,  1867)  ;  "  Freedom,"  op.  20,  ode  f. 
bar.  solo  and  orch.  (1885)  ;  anthems,  organ- 
arrangements,  etc. 

Prout,  Louis  Beethoven,  son  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  London,  Sept.  14,  1864.  Since  1888, 
prof,  of  harm,  at  Crystal  Palace  School  of 
Art. — Publ.  "Harmonic  Analysis";  "Time, 
Rhythm,  and  Expression  "  ;  and  set  Psalm  93 
for  voices  and  organ. 

Pruck'ner,  Dionys,  distinguished  pianist  ; 
b.  Munich,  May  12,  1834  ;  d.  Heidelberg,  Dec. 


464 


PRUCKNER— PUDOR 


i,  1S96.  Taught  by  Niest,  he  played  in  the 
Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  at  17  ;  studied  with  Liszt 
at  Weimar,  1852-6  ;  lived  3  years  in  Vienna, 
making  concert-tours  ;  from  1S59,  teacher  at 
Stuttgart  Cons.;  from  1864,  court  pianist,  and 
in  1868,  "  Royal  Professor."  With  Singer  (vio- 
lin) and  Goltermann  ('cello)  he  organized  cham- 
ber-music soirees  in  1861.  His  reputation  as  a 
teacher  was  high. 

Pruck'ner,  Caroline,  b.  Vienna,  Nov.  4, 
1S32.  Soprano  stage-singer,  from  1850  at  Han- 
over, from  1852  at  Mannheim,  having  striking 
success  as  Martha,  Elvira,  Leonora  (Stradella), 
and  Valentine  ;  suddenly  lost  her  voice  in  1S55, 
seriously  studied  voice-production  in  all  its 
branches,  and  in  1S70  opened  a  School  of  Opera 
in  Vienna.  Publ.  a  valuable  treatise,  "  Theorie 
und  Praxis  der  Gesangskunst "  (1872;  2nd  «d. 
1883,  for  which  the  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin  bestowed  on  her  a  gold  medal 
and  the  title  of  Professor). 

Prudent, [Beunie-Prudent],£mile, pianist ; 
b.  Angouleme,  Feb.  3,  1817  ;  d.  Paris,  May  14, 
1863.  Early  orphaned,  he  was  adopted  by  a 
piano-tuner;  studied  under  Lecouppey  and  Zim- 
merman (pf.)  and  Laurent  (harm.)  at  Paris  Cons., 
taking  1st  prize  in  1S33.  He  modelled  his  style 
on  Thalberg's,  between  whom  and  FJohler,  ac- 
cording to  contemporary  critics,  he  ranked.  Suc- 
cessful tours  in  France,  Belgium,  England,  and 
Germany  ;  highly  esteemed  in  Paris  as  a  teacher  ; 
compositions  well  written,  but  neither  warmly 
inspired  nor  original. — Concert  symphonique  w. 
orch. ;  Pf  .-works  :  pf.-trio  ;  concerto  No.  2,  in 
Bp  ;  6  etudes  de  salon,  op.  60  ;  much  elegant 
salon-music  (L'hirondelle,  op.  11  ;  La  Berceuse 
and  Chanson  sicilienne,  op.  30  ;  Le  reveil  des 
fees,  op.  41  ;  etc.). 

Prume,  Francois-Hubert,  b.  Stavelot,  n. 
Liege,  June  3,  1816  ;  d.  there  July  14,  1849. 
Violin-virtuoso  ;  pupil  of  Liege  Cons.  1S27-30, 
then  of  Habeneck  at  Paris  Cons.;  from  1833-9, 
prof,  at  the  Liege  Cons.,  then  undertaking  a 
tour  through  Germany,  Scandinavia,  and  Russia, 
returning  in  1842,  and  becoming  1st  prof,  of 
violin  at  Liege  in  1844. — Op.  I,  "  La  me'lan- 
colie  "  f.  violin  w.  pf.  or  orch.  (very  popular)  ; 
op.  2,  6  Grandes  etudes  ;  a  concertino  and  a 
morceau  de  concert,  f.  vln.  w.  orch. ;  Grande 
Polonaise,  f .  do. ;  etc. 

Prume,  Frantz  Henry,  nephew  of  the  above. 
See  Jehin-Prume. 

Prumier,  Antoine,  b.  Paris,  July  2,  1794  ; 
d.  there  Jan.  20,  186S.  Harp-player,  pupil  at 
the  Cons.;  harpist  at  the  Th.  Italien,  and  at  the 
Opera-Comique  in  1835,  then  also  succeeding 
Nadermann  as  harp-prof,  at  the  Cons. — Works  : 
About  100  fantaisies,  rondos,  and  airs  w.  varia- 
tions, for  harp. — His  son  and  pupil, 

Prumier,  Ange-Conrad,  b.  1821  (?)  ;  d. 
Paris,  Apr.  3,  18S4.  His  father's  successor  at 
the  Opera-Comique  ;  played  later  at  the  Opera  ; 
and  succeeded  Labarre  as  prof,  of  the  harp  at 


the  Cons,  in  1870. — Works  :  Solos  and  etudes  f. 
harp  ;  nocturnes  f .  harp  and  horn  ;  sacred  songs. 

Psellos,  Michael,  writer  at  Constantinople 
about  1050.  Wrote  a  treatise  on  music,  printed 
by  Arsenius  in  "  Opus  in  quatuor  mathematicas 
disciplinas"  (1532,  1535),  in  German  by  Mitzler 
(Vol.  iii  of  his  "  Mus.  Bibliothek ")  ;  another 
treatise,  on  rhythm,  was  publ.  by  Morelli  (1785). 

Ptolemy,  Claudius,  the  celebrated  Alexan- 
drian astronomer,  geographer,  and  mathemati- 
cian, early  in  the  2nd  century  wrote  a  very  im- 
portant treatise  on  music,  a  poor  Latin  version 
of  which  was  made  by  Gogavinus  (1562)  ;  Wal- 
lis  publ.  the  orig.  Greek  text  in  16S8  ;  O.  Paul 
gives  a  fragment  in  Greek,  with  German  transl., 
in  his  "  Boetius." 

Pucci'ni,  Giacomo,  b.  Lucca,  Italy,  in  1858. 
At  first  private  pupil  of  Angeloni  at  Lucca  ;  then 
studied  at  the  R. 
Cons.,  Milan,  under 
A.  Ponchielli,  grad- 
uating with  a  fine 
Capriccio  sinfonico 
f.  or c h.  He  has  /' 
since  won  promi- ' 
nence  as  a  dramatic 
composer,  having 
prod,  the  i-act  op- 
era Le  Villi  (Milan,  f% 
Dal  Verme  Th.,  ** 
1884;  extended  later 
to  2  acts,  and  given 
at  La  Scala  and  else- 
where) ;  Edgar  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1889;  succ); 
4-act  lyric  drama  Manon  Lescaut  (Turin,  1893  ; 
succ.)  ;  and  the  4-act  opera  seria  La  Bolieme 
(Turin,  1896  ;  London,  Covent  Garden,  1897  ; 
succ).  Verdi  is  said  to  have  called  him  the 
most  promising  of  his  successors.  In  1S93  he 
succeeded  Catalani  as  prof,  of  comp.  at  Milan 
Cons. 

Pucit'ta,  Vincenzo,  b.  Civitavecchia,  177S  ; 
d.  Milan,  Dec.  20,  1861.  Prod,  some  30  operas 
at  Rome,  Venice,  Milan,  London,  and  Paris, 
where  he  was  cembalist  at  the  Italian  Opera. 

Puchat,  Max,  b.  Breslau,  1S59.  Composer 
and  pianist  ;  pupil  of  Kiel  at  Berlin,  and  winner 
of  the  Mendelssohn  prize  in  18S4. — -Works: 
Symphonic  poems  "  Euphorion "  (1888),  and 
"  Tragodie  eines  Ktinstlers  "  (1894  ;  5  movem.); 
an  overture  ;  a  pf.-concerto  in  C  minor;  and 
numerous  songs. 

Puch'tler,  Wilhelm  Maria,  b.Holzkirchen, 
Franconia,  Dec.  24,  1848  ;  d.  Nice,  Feb.  n, 
1881.  Pupil  of  Faiszt,  Lebert,  and  Stark,  at 
Stuttgart  Cons.  (1868-73) !  teacher  and  cond.  at 
Gottingen  till  1879. — Works  :  "  Der  Geigervon 
Gmund,"  a  choral  comp.  (18S1)  ;  pf. -pieces  in 
virtuoso-style. 

Pu'dor,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Delitzsch, 
.Saxony,  1835  ;  d.  Dresden,  Oct.  10,  1887,  where 
he  had  been  manager  and  proprietor  of  the 
Cons,  since  1859. — His  son, 


30 


465 


PUDOR— PURCELL 


Pu'dor,  Dr.  Heinrich,  b.  about  i860,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  the  Cons.,  which  he  disposed 
of,  in  1890,  to  E.  Krantz.  He  is  a  voluminous 
and  eccentric  writer  on  mus.  subjects. — Works  : 
"  Wiedergeburt  in  der  Musik  "  (1892,  9  collected 
essays) ;  "  Die  alten  und  die  neuen  Wege  in  der 
Musik"  (1892)  ;  etc. 

Puget,  Paul -Charles -Marie,  b.  Nantes, 
Tune  25,  1848.  Pupil,  at  Paris  Cons.,  of  Mar- 
montel(pf-),  liazin  (harm.),  and  Masse  (comp.) ; 
1st  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1875. — Prod,  the 
comic  opera  Le  Signal  (Op. -Com.,  1886),  and 
the  4-act  opera  Beaucoup  de  /unit  pour  rien 
(ibid.,  Mar.  24,  1899  ;  mod.  succ.)  ;  incid.  music 
to  de  Musset's  Lorenzaccio ;  a  setting  of  P.  Col- 
lin's "  Ulisse  et  les  Sirenes  "  ;  and  songs. 

Pugna'ni,  Gaetano,  famous  violinist  ;  b. 
Turin,  Nov.  27,  1731  ;  d.  there  July  15,  1798. 
Studied  under  Somis  ;  later  in  Tartini's  school 
at  Padua.  In  1752,  leader  in  the  court  orch., 
Turin  ;  from  1754  he  made  concert-tours,  spent 
some  years  in  London  as  leader  at  the  Ital.  Opera, 
and  played  at  Paris  in  the  Concerts  spirituels. 
From  1770  111.  di  capp.  at  the  court  theatre, 
Turin  ;  also  opened  a  school  for  violinists,  among 
whose  alumni  were  Viotti,  Conforti,  Buini,  and 
Polledro.  —  Publ.  a  violin-concerto  (he  wrote  9), 
and  14  violin-sonatas  ;  6  quintets  f.  2  violins,  2 
flutes,  and  'cello;  6  string-quartets;  12  octets 
(sinfonie)  f.  strings,  2  oboes,  and  2  horns  ;  3 
sets  of  trios  f.  2  violins  and  'cello  ;  and  2  sets  of 
violin-duets.  One  sonata  is  in  Jensen's  "  Clas- 
sische  Violinmusik."  He  prod,  several  operas, 
a  ballet,  and  2  cantatas. 

Pu'gni,  Cesare,  b.  Milan,  1S05  ;  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  Jan.  26,  1S70,  where  he  had  resided 
since  1840.  Prod.  5  operas  and  21  ballets  of 
little  importance. 

Pugno,  Raoul,  brilliant  pianist  ;  b.  Mont- 
rouge,  Seine,  France,  June  23,  1852.  Studied 
in  the  Paris  Cons.,  taking  1st  pf. -prize  in  1866, 
1st  harmony-prize  in  1867,  and  1st  organ-prize 
1S69.  Organist  and  mattre  de  chapelle'va  Paris  ; 
since  1896,  prof,  of  piano  at  the  Conservatoire, 
as  Henri  Fissot's  successor.  In  1897-S  he  made 
a  conspicuously  successful  tour  of  the  United 
States  with  Ysaye.  Officer  of  the  Academic 
He  has  prod,  an  oratorio,  La  risurrectien  de  La- 
zare  (Concert  Pasdeloup,  1879),  and  a  number 
of  light  stage-pieces,  among  them  the  3-act 
comic  opera  Ninetta  (1882),  the  3-act  opera- 
bouffe  Le  Sosie  (18S7),  the  3-act  do.  Le  retour 
d' Ulisse  (1S89),  the  3-act  vaudev. -operetta  La 
petite  Poucelte  (1891  ;  in  Berlin,  1893,  as  Der 
Talisman),  the  pantomime  Pour  le  drapeau 
(1895),  etc.  IJas  also  written  pf. -pieces  and 
vocal  music. 

Puli'ti,  Leto,  b.  Florence,  June  29,  1S18  ;  d. 
there  Nov.  15,  1875.  A  student  of  music  and 
natural  science  ;  publ.  songs,  and  music  f.  pf. 
and  orch.;  also  valuable  essays  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  R.  Inst,  of  Music  at  Florence,  espe- 
cially "  Cenni  storici  della  vita  del  serenissimo 


Ferdinando  de'  Medici  "  (1SS4,  printed  sepa- 
rately), with  information  concerning  Cristofori, 
the  inventor  of  the  pf. 

Pun'to,  Giovanni.     See  Stich. 

Pup'po,  Giuseppe,  an  eccentric  violinist ;  b. 
Lucca,  June  12,  1749;  d.  in  poverty  at  Florence, 
Apr.  19,  1827.  Lived  for  years  in  London  (till 
1784),  then  in  Paris  as  cond.  at  the  Th.  de 
Monsieur,  and  as  fashionable  accompanist  and 
teacher  till  1811,  and  in  Naples  1811-17  as 
maestro  at  the  San  Carlo  Th.  —  Publ.  3  con- 
certos, 3  violin-duets,  8  violin-etudes  and  6  pf.- 
fantasias. 

PurcelF,  Henry  (called  "  the  younger,"  be- 
cause the  son  of  Henry  P.,  Gentleman  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  and  Master  of  the  Choristers  at 
Westminster  Abbey),  b.  in  St.  Ann's  Lane,  Old 
Pye  St.,  Westminster,  London,  in  1658  ;  d. 
Dean's  Yard,  Westminster,  Nov.  21,  1695. 
From  1664,  the  year  of  his  father's  death,  he 
studied  as  a  chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal  under 
Cooke  and  Humfrey,  also  receiving  instruction 
from  Dr.  Blow.  As  early  as  1676  he  wrote  the 
music  for  Dryden's  tragedy  Anrenge-Zebe,  and 
Shadwell's  comedy  Epsom  Wells  ;  he  also  publ. 
a  song  in  Playford's  "Choice  Ayres,  etc.," 
Book  i.  In  1677  he  wrote  the  overture,  act- 
tunes,  etc.,  to  Mrs.  Behn's  tragedy  Abdelazor, 
and  an  elegy  on 
Matthew  Locke  (in 
Book  ii  of  "  Choice 
Ayres  ").  Next  year 
he  composed  the 
overture,  instr.l  mu- 
sic, and  the  masque, 
in  Shadwell's  ver- 
sion of  Timon  of 
Athens  ;  to  1680  be- 
long the  incid.  music 
to  Lee's  tragedy  The- 
odosius  and  D'Ur- 
fey's  comedy  The 
Virtuous  Wife,  and 
a  little  opera,  Dido  and  .-Eneas,  written  to  the 
order  of  Josias  Priest  for  his  ' '  boarding-school  for 
young  gentlewomen";  also  the  "Ode  or  Wel- 
come Song  for  his  Royal  Highness"  the  Duke 
of  York,  and  "A  Song  to  welcome  home  His 
Majesty  from  Windsor."  Appointed  organist  at 
Westminster  Abbey,  he  wrote  no  more  theatrical 
music  for  six  years,  presumably  turning  his  atten- 
tion to  church-music.  In  1682  he  became  organ- 
ist of  the  Chapel  Royal  as  Lowe's  successor  ;  in 
1683,  composer-in-ordinary  to  the  King.  His 
first  publ.  chamber-music  dates  from  1683, 
"  Sonatas  of  III  parts,  two  Viollins  and  Basse  to 
the  Organ  or  Harpsichord  "  (with  engraved  por- 
trait), 12  numbers,  based  on  Italian  models, 
each  having  an  Adagio,  a  Canzone  (fugue),  a 
slow  movem.,  and  an  air  (3  recently  reprinted  by 
Augener).  More  "Odes"  appeared  at  this 
time  ;  the  last  one  to  King  Charles  in  1684,  and 
the  greeting  to  King  James  in  16S5  ;  in  all,  P. 
wrote   28  of   these.     Dramatic    composition  re- 


466 


PURCELL— PYNE 


commenced  in  1686,  with  Dryden's  Tyrannic 
Love ;  D'Urfey's  A  Fool's  Preferment  followed 
in  168S,  and  Shadwell's  version  of  The  Tempest 
in  1690.  "  The  Yorkshire  Feast  Song,"  called 
by  D'Urfey,  the  author,  "  one  of  the  finest  com- 
positions he  ever  made,"  was  composed  and  pro- 
duced in  1690  ;  also  his  first  real  opera,  Diocle- 
sian.  During  the  next  five  years  he  developed 
extraordinary  activity  in  theatrical  composition, 
as  the  list  below  proves.  It  is  probable  that  he 
died  after  a  lingering  illness  (consumption)  ;  he 
lies  in  the  north  aisle  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  his  burial-tablet  well  expresses  contemporary 
estimation  of  his  worth  :  "  Here  lyes  Henry 
Purcell,  Esq.;  who  left  this  life,  and  is  gone  to 
that  blessed  place  where  only  his  harmony  can 
be  exceeded."  His  church-music  shows  the 
original  melodist,  and  a  master  of  form,  har- 
mony, and  all  contrapuntal  devices  ;  his  dramatic 
music  is  equally  original  in  invention,  dramatic 
instinct,  and  power  of  characterization  ;  his 
chamber-works  surpass  those  of  his  predecessors 
and  contemporaries.  "We  see  in  him  the  im- 
prover of  our  cathedral  music  ;  the  originator  of 
English  melody,  as  the  term  is  now  understood  ; 
the  establisher  of  a  form  of  English  opera  which 
was  almost  universally  adopted  for  upwards  of  a 
century  and  a  half  ;  the  introducer  of  a  new  and 
more  effective  employment  of  the  orchestra  in 
accompaniment  ;  the  man  who  excelled  all  others 
in  his  accurate,  vigorous,  and  energetic  setting 
of  English  words  ;  and  the  most  original  and 
extraordinary  musical  genius  that  our  country 
has  produced."  [Grove.]  His  stage-music  is 
as  dramatic  as  and  more  melodious  than  that  of 
his  model,  Lully  ;  his  sacred  compositions  were 
eagerly  and  profitably  studied  by  Handel.  — The 
"  Purcell  Society,"  organized  in  1876  to  publish 
and  perform  his  works,  has  issued  the  12  sona- 
tas. The  Yorkshire  Feast  Song,  Timon  of  Athens, 
and  the  Birthday  Ode  to  the  Duke  of  Gloucester. 
Other  publ.  works  :  The  Prophetess,  or  the  His- 
tory of  Dioclesian,  by  Betterton,  after  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  (in  score,  1S91);  Dido  and  tineas, 
by  Nahum  Tate  [1675]  (in  score,  1840,  by  the 
Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.)  ;  King  Arthur  [1691],  by 
Dryden  (in  score,  1843,  by  the  Mus.  Ant.  Soc.)  ; 
Bonduca  [1695],  by  Powell,  after  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  (in  score,  by  ditto)  ;  his  widow  publ. 
in  1697  "  A  Collection  of  Ayres  Composed  for 
the  Theatre  and  upon  other  Occasions";  also 
songs  for  1-3  voices,  from  his  theatrical  works 
and  odes;  and  the  "Orpheus  Britannicus"  in 
2  parts  (Parti,  1698,  2nd  ed.  1706  ;  Part  ii,  1702, 
2nd  ed.  171 1  ;  3d  ed.,  of  both  parts,  1721). 
Playford's  "  Theatre  of  Musick  "  (16S7),  and  the 
coll.s  of  Boyce,  Arnold,  Tudway,  and  Page, 
contain  many  of  P.'s  works  ;  many  sacred  songs 
were  printed  in  the  "  Harmonia  sacra"  (1688)  ; 
Novello's  "  Purcell's  Sacred  Music  "  contains  a 
Te  Deum  and  Jubilate  (for  St.  Cecilia's  Day),  3 
services,  20  anthems  w.  orch.,  32  do.  w.  organ, 
19  songs  (some  w.  chorus),  2  duets,  one  terzet, 
11  hymns  a  3-4,  2  Latin  Psalms,  and  5  canons 
(1829-32  ;  six  vol.s,  with  portrait  and  biography)  ; 


in  1697,  10  more  sonatas  (similar  to  the  former 
12)  were  printed,  No.  9  being  the  celebrated 
and  oft-republ.  "Golden  Sonata";  further, 
"  Lessons  for  the  Harpsichord  or  Spinet  "  (1696) ; 
and  catches  in  the  coll.  "  The  Catch  Club,  or 
Merry  Companion."  Novello's  catalogue  names 
the  anthems  most  used  in  English  churches. — 
In  addition  to  the  pieces  mentioned  above,  Pur- 
cell set  to  music  the  following  dramatic  works  -. 
The  Libertine,  by  Shadwell  (1676),  Massacre  of 
Paris,  Lee  (1690),  Amphitryon  (1690),  Dis- 
tressed Innocence,  Settle  (1691),  The  Gordian 
Knot  unlyed (1691),  Sir  Anthony  Low,  Southerne 
(1691),  The  Fairy  Queen  [Shakespeare's  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream]  (1692),  The  Wife's 
Excuse,  Southerne  (1692),  The  Indian  Queen, 
Dryden  (1692),  The  Indian  Emperour,  Dryden 
(1692),  (Ed/pus  (1692),  Cleomenes  (1692),  The 
Marriage  Hater  Match'd,  D'Urfey  (1692),  The 
Old  Bachelor,  Congreve  (1693),  The  Richmond 
Heiress,  D'Urfey  (1693),  The  Maid's  Last 
Prayer,  Southerne  (1693),  Henry  II,  Bancroft 
(1693),  Don  Quixote,  D'Urfey  (1694-5,  in  2 
parts) ;  The  Married  Beau,  Crowne  (1694),  The 
Double  Dealer,  Congreve  (1694),  The  Fatal 
Marriage,  Southerne  (1694),  Love  Triumphant, 
Dryden  (1694),  The  Canterbury  Guests,  Ravens- 
croft  (1695),  The  Mock  Marriage,  Scott  (1695), 
The  Rival  Sisters,  Gould  (1695),  Oroonoko, 
Southerne  (1695),  The  Knight  of  Malta,  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher  (1695). 

Purcell',  Daniel,  brother  of  Henry  ;  b.  Lon- 
don, 1660;  d.  there  Dec.  12,  1718.  Also  an 
excellent  musician,  he  became  org.  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  in  1688  ;  took  his  brother's  place 
as  dramatic  composer  in  1695,  and  was  org.  of 
St.  Andrew's,  Ilolborn,  from  1713. — Works: 
Incid.  music  to  ten  dramas  ;  several  odes  (e.  g., 
funeral  ode  for  his  brother);  publ.  "  The  Psalm 
Tunes  set  full  for  the  Organ  or  Harpsichord 
.  .  ."  (n.d.) ;  songs  in  collections. — Six  anthems 
are  in  the  choir-books  of  Magdalen  Coll.  chapel. 

Puteanus,  Ericius  (Latinized  from  Heinrich 
van  de  Putte ;  also  Gallicized  Dupuy)  ;  b. 
Venloo,  Holland,  Nov.  4,  1574 ;  d.  Louvain, 
Sept.  17,  1646,  as  prof,  of  literature,  having  suc- 
ceeded J.  Lipsius  in  1606.  Early  opponent  of 
solmisation;  pub.  "  Modulata  Pallas  sive  septem 
discrimina  vocum"(i599;  2nd  ed.  as  "Musa- 
thena  sive  notarum  heptas,"  1602) ;  and  other 
essays. 

Pyne,  Louisa  Fanny,  soprano  stage-singer  ; 
b.  England,  1S32  ;  pupil  of  Sir  George  Smart. 
Debut  at  Boulogne,  1849,  as  Amina  in  La  Son- 
nambula ;  from  Oct.  1,  eng.  at  the  Princess's 
Th.,  London;  sang  here,  at  the  Haymarket,  the 
Italian  Opera,  and  in  oratorio  and  concert,  till 
1854,  when  she  set  out  on  a  American  tour  last- 
ing 3  years.  In  185S  she  organized  an  English 
opera-troupe  in  London  (with  Harrison),  which 
played  in  the  Lyceum,  Drury  Lane,  and  Covent 
Garden,  until  1S62.  She  sang  later  at  H.  M.'s 
Th.;  in  1868,  married  Frank  Bodda,  a  baritone 
vocalist. 


467 


PYTHAGORAS— QUERCU 


Pytha'goras,  famous  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician ;  b.  Samos,  Greece,  about  582  B.C. ; 
d.  Metapontum,  about  500  B.C.  His  doctrines 
on  the  musical  ratios  are  preserved  in  the  writ- 
ing of  his  followers,  as  P.  himself  wrote  no 
books.  The  Pythagoreans  (Archytas,  Didymos, 
Eratosthenes,  Euclid,  Ptolemy,  etc.)  reckoned 
only  the  fifth  and  octave  as  pure  consonances 
(the  fourth  being  the  fifth  below) ;  their  system 
recognized  only  intervals  reached  by  successive 
skips  of  pure  fifths,  their  major  third  being  the 
4th  fifth  above  (ratio  64  :  81,  instead  of  the 
modern  64  :  80,  or  4  :  5),  their  minor  third  the 
3rd  fifth  below ;  etc.  Their  thirds  and  sixths 
were,  consequently,  dissonant  intervals. 


Qua'dri,  Domenico,  b.  Vicenza,  1801  ;  d. 
Milan,  Apr.  29,  1843.  Pupil  of  Marchesi  and 
Pilotti.  Devoted  himself  to  teaching  and  theo- 
retical research.  An  advocate  of  the  theory  of 
chord-building  by  thirds,  he  pub.  in  1S30  two 
fascicles  of  a  work,  "  La  ragione  armonica, 
dimostrata  sui  partimenti  del  Padre  Mattei "; 
opened  a  school  in  Naples  (1831)  for  teaching 
harmony,  and  next  year  publ.  "  Lezioni  di  ar- 
monia  per  facilitare  lo  studio  della  composizione 
musicale  ";  but  could  make  no  headway  against 
the  opposition  of  powerful  musicians,  and  died 
in  poverty. 

Qua'drio,  Francesco  Saverio,  b.  Ponte, 
Valtellina,  Dec.  1,  1695  ;  d.  Milan,  Nov.  11, 
1756.  Wrote  "  Della  storia  e  della  ragione 
d'ogni  poesia  "  (7  vol.s,  1739-46  ;  vol.s  ii  and  iii 
treat  of  the  opera,  oratorio,  and  cantata). 

Quaglia'ti,  Paolo,  comp.  and  excellent  cem- 
balist ;  d.  Rome,  about  1660.  Publ.  Carro  di 
fedelik  d'amore,  one  of  the  earliest  mus.  dramas, 
containing  not  only  monodies,  but  ensemble- 
numbers  up  to  5  voices  (Rome,  161 1);  also  Mot- 
tetti  and  Dialoghi  a  2-8  (1620),  Canzonette  a  3, 
etc. 

Quandt,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Herrnhut, 
Saxony,  Sept.  17,  1766  ;  d.  Niesky,  n.  Gorlitz, 
Jan.  30,  1S06.  Publ.  papers  on  the  ^Eolian 
harp,  the  harmonica,  etc.,  in  the  "  Lausitzische 
Monatsschrift "  (1795,  '97),  and  the  "  Allgem. 
mus.  Zeitung"  (1798-1800). 

Quantz,  Johann  Joachim,  flute-teacher  of 
Frederick  the  Great  ;  b.  (according  to  his  auto- 
biography in  Marpurg's  "  Beitrage  zur  Auf- 
nahme  der  Musik")  at  Oberscheden,  Hanover, 
Jan.  30,  1697  ;  d.  Potsdam,  July  12,  1773. 
Naturally  musical,  at  8  he  played  the  double- 
bass  at  village  festivals.  His  father  died  when 
he  was  but  10,  and  Q.  was  apprenticed  to  an 
uncle,  the  Stadtmusikus  at  Merseburg,  in  1708, 
learning  various  instr.s,  among  them  the  clavi- 
chord with  Riesewetter.  His  apprenticeship 
ended,  he  went  to  Radeburg,  Pirna,  and  in  1716 
joined  the  town-orch.  of  Dresden,  under  Heine. 
In  1717,  during  3  months'  leave  of  absence,  he 


studied  counterpoint  with  Zelenka  and  Fux  at 
Vienna  ;  in  1718  he  became  oboist  in  the  Royal 
Polish  orch.  of  Warsaw  and  Dresden,  but  soon 
took  up  the  flute,  which  he  studied  under  Buffar- 
din.  In  1724  he  was  sent  to  Italy  in  the  suite 
of  the  Polish  ambassador  ;  studied  counterpoint 
under  Gasparini  at  Rome  ;  went  to  London  via 
Paris  in  1726  ;  and  returned  to  Dresden  in  1727, 
resuming  his  position  as  orchestral  flute-player 
in  1728.  In  this  year  he  played  before  Frederick 
the  Great  (then  Crown  Prince)  at  Berlin,  and  so 
pleased  him  that  he  engaged  Q.  to  teach  him 
the  flute,  and  to  make  two  long  yearly  visits  to 
Berlin  for  that  purpose.  Frederick  ascended  the 
throne  in  1740,  and  next  year  called  Q.  to  Berlin 
(Potsdam)  as  chamber-musician  and  court  com- 
poser at  a  salary  of  2000  Thaler,  besides  an  hono- 
rarium for  each  composition  furnished,  and  100 
ducats  for  each  flute  supplied  by  Q.  Here  he 
remained  until  his  death.  He  left  in  MS.  300 
concertos  for  one  and  two  flutes,  and  some  200 
other  flute-pieces  (soli,  duets,  trios,  and  quatuors). 
Publ.  "  Sei  sonate  "  w.  bass  (1734)  ;  "  Sei  duetti  " 
(T759)  ;  "  Neue  Kirchenmelodien  "  (1760;  set- 
tings of  22  odes  by  Gellert  as  chorals) ;  "  Versuch 
einer  Anweisung,  die  Flote  traversiere  zu  spielen" 
(1752;  flute-method;  2nd  and  3rd  ed.s  1780,  '89; 
French,  1752  ;  Dutch,  1755)  ;  and  "Application 
pour  la  flute  traversiere  a  deux  clefs"  (n.  d.;  Q. 
invented  the  second  key  for  the  flute  ;  also  the 
sliding  top  for  tuning  the  instr.). — Biography  by 
his  grandnephew  Albert  Quantz  (Berlin,  1877). 

Quaran'ta,  Francesco,  b.  Naples,  Apr.  4, 
1848  ;  d.  Milan,  Mar.  26,  1897.  Pupil  of 
Naples  Cons.,  settled  in  Milan  as  a  popular  sing- 
ing-teacher.— Works  :  The  opera  Ettore  Eiera- 
viosco ;  grand  mass  w.  orch. ;  a  great  number  of 
songs. 

Quaren'ghi,  Guglielmo,  b.  Casalmaggiore, 
Oct.  22,  1826  ;  d.  Milan,  Feb.  4,  18S2.  Pupil  at 
Milan  Cons.,  1839-42  ;  from  1850,  1st  'cello  at 
La  Scala  Th. ;  185 1,  prof,  of  'cello-playing  at  the 
Cons.  ;  from  1879,  m.  di  capp.  at  Milan  Cath. — 
Works  :  Excellent  'cello  method,  and  original 
pieces  and  transcriptions  f.  'cello;  church-music  ; 
and  an  opera,  II  di  di  S.  Michele  (Milan,  1S63). 

Quatremere  de  Quincy,  Antoine-Chrysos- 
tome,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  28,  1755  ;  d.  there  Dec.  28, 
1849.  Secretary  of  the  Academie  des  Arts. 
Publ.  "  De  la  nature  des  operas  buffons  "  (Paris, 
1789  ;  pamphlet)  ;  and  eulogies  of  Catel,  Boiel- 
dieu,  Gossec,  Mehul,  Monsigny,  Paisiello,  and 
other  deceased  members  of  the  Academie  (in 
"  Recueil  de  notices  historiques  .  .  .  "(1834-7, 
2  vol.s  ;  also  printed  separately). 

Quercu,  Simon  de  (Latinized  from  Van 
Eycken  or  Du  Chesne),  b.  in  Brabant,  became 
first  chapel-singer  to  Ludovico  Sforza,  at  Milan, 
about  1500;  about  1508  he  accompanied  Massi- 
miliano  and  Francesco  Sforza  to  Vienna. — Publ. 
an  "  Opusculum  musices  "  treating  of  Gregorian 
and  figurate  song  (Vienna,  1509),  and  "  Vigiliae 
cum  vesperis  et  exequiis  mortuorum  "  (1513). 


468 


QUIDANT— RAFF 


Quidant,  Alfred  {recte  Joseph),  b.  Lyons, 
France,  Dec.  7,  1815  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  g,  1893. 
St.  183 1  at^  Paris  Cons.,  but  left  it  to  exhibit  the 
pianos  in  Erard's  warerooms,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed for  some  30  years.  Good  pianist ;  comp. 
light  pf. -music  of  considerable  vogue. 

Quinault,  Jean-Baptiste-Maurice,  singer 
and  actor  at  the  Theatre  Francais,  Paris,  1712- 
33,  then  retiring  to  Gien,  where  he  died  1744.  He 
set  to  music  over  20  inter  medes,  ballets,  etc. ;  also 
a  grand  4-act  ballet,  Les  amours  des  d/esses 
(Grand  Opera,  1729). 

Quinault,  Philippe,  b.  Paris,  1635  ;  d.  there 
Nov.  26,  16S8  ;  was  Lully's  librettist,  as  which 
he  exhibited  unusual  dramatic  instinct. 


R 

Raaff  (or  Raff),  Anton,  b.  Holzem,  n.  Bonn, 
1714  ;  d.  Munich,  May  27,  1797.  Stage-tenor, 
pupil  of  Ferrandi  at  Munich  and  Bernacchi  at 
Bologna  ;  sang  1742-52  at  Bonn,  Vienna,  and 
other  German  courts  ;  then  in  Lisbon  1753-5, 
Madrid  1755-9,  ar*d  Naples,  returning  to  Ger- 
many in  1770,  where  was  attached  to  the  court 
of  Carl  Theodor  at  Mannheim  and  (1779)  Mu- 
nich. In  1778  he  went  to  Paris  with  Mozart, 
who  wrote  the  role  of  Idomeneo^  and  also  the 
aria  "  Se  al  labbro  mio,"  for  R. 

Rachma'ninoff,  Sergei  Vassilievitch,  b. 
Novgorod,  Russia,  1873.  Pianist  and  com- 
poser ;  pupil,  at  Moscow  Cons.,  of  Siloti  (pf.) 
and  Arensky  (theory),  winning  the  great  gold 
medal  in  iSgr. — Works:  i-act  opera  Aleko 
(Moscow,  1893  ;  succ.)  ;  pf. -concerto,  op.  1  ; 
Morceaux  de  fantaisie  f.  pf.,  op.  3  ;  Fantaisie  f. 
2  pf.s,  op.  5  ;   Trio  elegiaque,  op.  g;  etc. 

Ra'decke,  Rudolf,  b.  Dittmannsdorf,  Silesia, 
Sept.  6,  1S29  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  15,  1S93.  Pupil 
of  Baumgart  in  the  Acad.  Inst,  for  Church-mu- 
sic, Breslau,  and  (1S51-3)  of  Leipzig  Cons.; 
from  1859  in  Berlin,  teaching  1S64-71  at  the 
Stern  Cons.;  cond.  1864-8  of  the  "  Cacilien- 
Verein  "  ;  founded  the  Radecke  Choral  Soc.  in 
1868,  and  a  music-school  in  1869. — Publ.  part- 
songs  and  songs.  —  His  brother, 

Ra'decke,  (Albert  Martin)  Robert,  b.  Ditt- 
mannsdorf, Oct.  31,  1S30.  Pupil  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  1848-50,  then  1st  violin  in  Gewandhaus  ; 
in  1852,  2nd  cond.  of  the  Singakademie  ;  in  1S53, 
mus.  dir.  of  the  City  Th.  for  a  short  time  ;  later 
pianist,  organist,  and  quartet-player  in  Berlin, 
giving  grand  choral  and  orch.l  concerts  1858-63, 
then  becoming  mus.  dir.  of  the  court  theatre,  and 
court  Kapellm.  in  1871.  From  1883-88  he  suc- 
ceeded Stern  as  artistic  dir.  of  the  Stern  Cons. ; 
resigned  his  opera-directorship  in  18S7  ;  and  in 
1892  succeeded  Haupt  as  dir.  of  the  R.  Inst,  for 
Church-music,  Berlin. — Works  :  i-act  "  Lieder- 
spiel,"  Die  Monkguter  (Berlin,  1874)  ;  a  sym- 
phony, 2  overtures,  2  Scherzi,  a  Capriccio,  and 
a  "  Nachtstiick  "  f.  orch. ;  2  pf. -trios;  many  ex- 
cellent part-songs  and  songs. 


Ra'decke,  Luise,  stage-soprano  ;  b.  Celle, 
Hanover,  June  27,  1847.  Pupil  of  the  Marchesi 
at  Cologne  Cons.,  1866-7,  then  making  debut  at 
Cologne  as  Agathe  in  Der  Freischiitz;  eng. 
there  till  1869,  then  at  Weimar  till  1871,  at  Riga 
till  1873,  and  then  as  prima  donna  at  Munich 
till  her  marriage,  in  1876,  with  Baron  von  Briim- 
mer,  when  she  retired. 

Ra'decke,  Ernst,  son  of  Robert  R.  ;  b.  Ber- 
lin, Dec.  8,  1866.  Took  degree  of  Dr.  phil. 
at  Berlin,  1891,  with  a  dissertation  on  "  Das 
deutsche  weltliche  Lied  in  der  Lautenmusik  des 
16.  Jahrhunderts  "  (publ.  in  the  "  Vierteljahrs- 
schrift  fur  Musikwissenschaft,"  1891).  Became 
"  Correpetitor  "  at  the  Leipzig  City  Th. ;  from 
1893,  town  mus.  director,  and  director  of  the 
Music-school,  at  Winterthur,  Switzerland. 

Radoux,  Jean-Theodore,  b.  Liege,  Nov.  9, 
1S35.  Pupil  of  Daussoigne-Mehul  and  Bacha 
(bassoon)  at  the  Cons.,  where  he  became  teacher 
of  bassoon  in  1S56  ;  won  the  Prix  de  Rome  with 
the  cantata  Le  Juif  errant  (1S59)  ;  st.  with 
Hale'vy  at  Paris  ;  and  in  1S72  was  app.  Director 
of  Liege  Cons. — Works  :  Operas  Le  Bdarnais 
(comic  ;  Liege,  1866),  and  La  coupe  enchantde 
(comic;  Brussels,  1S72)  ;  oratorio  Cain  (1877)  ; 
cantata  La  file  de  Jephti,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  ; 
chorus  f.  female  voices,  w.  orch. ,  Le  Pri  11  temps ; 
the  symphonic  tone-pictures  "  Ahasvere  "  and 
"  Le  festin  de  Balthasar";  symph.  overture 
"  Epopee  nationale"  ;  Te  Deum  ;  church-music, 
male  choruses,  songs, etc. — Also  thework  "Henri 
Vieuxtemps,  sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres  "  (1891). 

Radziwill,  Prince  Anton  Heinrich,  b. 
Wilna,  June  13,  1775;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  8,  1833. 
Stadthaller  of  Posen  ;  mus.  amateur,  an  excellent 
singer,  and  a  patron  of  art. — Works  :  Incid. 
music  to  Goethe's  Faust  (often  perf.  at  Berlin, 
Leipzig,  etc.;  publ.  1835);  "  Complainte  de 
Maria  Stuart,"  w.  'cello  and  pf . ;  French  ro- 
mances (1802),  vocal  duets  (1804),  male  quartets 
(for  Zeltner's  "  Liedertafel  "),  etc.  To  him 
Beethoven  dedicated  the  "  Namensfeier  "  over- 
ture, op.  115  ;  he  was  also  Chopin's  patron. 

Raff,  Joseph  Joachim,  important  composer  ; 


b.  Lachen,  Lake  of  Zurich,  May  27,  18: 
Frankfort-on-Main, 
June  25,  1882.  The 
son  of  an  organist, 
he  was  educated  at 
Wiesens  tet  ten, 
Wiirttemberg,  and 
at  the  Jesuit  Ly- 
ceum in  Schwyz; 
being  too  poor  to 
take  a  University 
course,  he  then  be- 
came a  school- 
teacher, but  con- 
tinued the  study  of 
composition,  and  of 
the  piano  and  violin, 
by     himself.        In 


d. 


1S43    he    sent    some    MS. 


469 


RAFF 


works  to  Mendelssohn  ;  lie  recommended  him 
to  Breitkopf  &  H  artel,  who  publ.  R.'s  op.  2-14, 
all  pf. -pieces.  Thus  encouraged,  he  gave  up 
school-teaching  for  the  career  of  a  composer, 
and  worked  hard,  though  without  improving  his 
material  condition  for  some  time.  Liszt  invited 
him  to  accompany  him  on  a  concert-tour  ;  R. 
went  as  far  as  Cologne  (1846),  and  then  intended 
to  go  to  Mendelssohn  at  Leipzig,  but  Mendels- 
sohn died  in  1847,  and  R.  remained  in  Cologne 
for  a  time,  writing  reviews  for  Dehn's  "  Cacilia," 
and  composing  industriously.  His  hopes  of  re- 
munerative employment  by  the  Viennese  pub- 
lisher, Mechetti,  were  dashed  by  the  latter's 
death  ;  R.  returned  to  Wiesenstetten,  but  often 
visited  Stuttgart,  and  there  met  von  Billow,  who 
greatly  aided  his  reputation  by  publicly  playing 
his  Concertstuck  ;  R.'s  opera,  A'onig  Alfred, 
was  also  accepted  for  performance  at  the  court 
theatre;  but  the  Revolution  of  1S4S  again  frus- 
trated his  hopes.  In  1850  he  joined  Liszt  at 
Weimar;  entered  heart  and  soul  into  the  neo- 
German  movement,  which  he  championed  in  the 
"  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik,"  and  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  his  opera,  Konig  Alfred, 
brought  out  in  a  revised  form  at  Weimar  by 
Liszt  ;  though  it  never  got  any  further.  He 
publ.  (1854)  a  pamphlet,  "  Die  Wagnerfrage." 
In  1856  he  followed  the  actress  Doris  Genast  to 
Wiesbaden,  and  married  her  in  1859.  In  Wies- 
baden he  was  in  great  demand  as  a  pf. -teacher. 
In  1S63  his  first  symphony,  "  An  das  Vaterland," 
won  the  prize  of  the  Viennese  "  Gesellschaft  der 
Musikfreunde  "  over  32  competitors;  in  1S70  a 
second  opera,  Dame  Kobold  (comic),  was  prod, 
at  Weimar  ;  and  in  1S77  ne  was  aPP-  Director 
of  the  Hoch  Cons,  at  Frankfort. — Raff  was  a 
composer  of  prodigious  fertility  of  invention, 
an  inexhaustible  vein  of  melody,  and  thorough 
mastery  over  the  technical  and  formal  require- 
ments of  composition.  He  wrote  over  230  works 
of  very  unequal  value  ;  poverty,  the  demands  of 
publishers  and  "  popularity,"  and  his  own  native 
facility,  conspired  to  induce  rapidity  of  writing  ; 
yet  his  masterpieces,  like  the  3rd  and  5th  sym- 
phonies, the  orch.l  overtures  op.  101  and  194, 
the  pf. -concerto  op.  185,  the  'cello-concerto  op. 
193,  etc.,  won  him,  both  with  regard  to  origi- 
nality and  fine  workmanship,  a  leading  place 
among  contemporary  composers.  The  Raff 
Memorial  Soc.  publ.  (Frankfort,  1886)  a  com- 
plete list  of  his  works.  It  includes  11  sym- 
phonies: No.  1,  op.  06,  "An  das  Vaterland  "; 
No.  2,  op.  140  in  C;  No.  3,  op.  153  in  F,  "Im 
Walde  "  (1869);  No.  4,  op.  167  in  G  min. ;  No. 
5,  op.  177  in  L,  "Lenore";  No.  6,  op.  1S9  in 
D  min.,  "  Gelebt,  gestrebt — gelitten,  gestritten 
— gestorben,  umworben";  No.  7,  op.  201  in  B\y, 
"  In  den  Alpen  ";  No.  8,  op.  205  in  A,  "Frt'ih- 
lingsklange";  No.  9,  op.  208  in  E  min.,  "  Im 
Sommer";  No.  10,  op.  213  in  F  min.,  "  Zur 
Herbstzeit";  No.  11,  op.  214  in  A  min.,  "Der 
Winter"  (posth.;  ed.  by  Erdmannsdorfer)  ; — 
sinfonietta,  op.  188,  f.  8  wood-wind  instr.s  and 
2  horns  ;  4  suites  (No.  1,  op.  101,  in  C  ;  No.  2, 


op.  194  in  F,  "  In  ungarischer  Weise";  No.  3, 
no  opus-number,  in  E  min.,  "  Italienisch "; 
No.  4,  op.  204  in  B|7,  "  Thuringer"  [MS.]); 
9  overtures  ("  Jubelouvertiire,"  op.  103; 
"  Festouverture,"  op.  117,  in  A;  "  Concert- 
ouverti'ire,"  op.  123,  in  F;  "Festouverture," 
op.  124,  f.  wind  ;  on  "  Ein'  feste  Burg,"  op. 
127  ;  4  others,  in  MS.,  to  Romeo  and  Juliet, 
Othello,  Maebeth,  and  The  Tempest);  "  Fest- 
marsch,"  op.  139;  orch.l  rhapsody  "  Abends," 
op.  163  in  B[? ;  orch.l  "  Elegie  "  (MS.);  orch.l 
fugue  (MS.,  unfinished); — for  pf.  w.  orch,: 
"Ode  au  printemps,"  op.  76;  concerto  in  C 
min.,  op.  135  ;  suite  in  E|->,  op.  2Co; — for  violin 
70.  ore//.:  "  La  fete  d' Amour,"  op.  67  ;  concerto 
No.  1,  op.  161,  in  B  min.;  suite,  op.  180  ;  con- 
certo No.  2,  op.  206,  in  A  min.; — for  'cello  w. 
orch.:  Concerto  No.  1,  in  I)  min.,  op.  193; 
No.  2  (MS.)  in  G; — Chamber-music  :  String- 
octet,  op.  176,  in  C  ;  string-sextet,  op.  178  ; 
pf.-quintet,  op.  107  in  A  min. ;  10  string-quar- 
tets (op.  77,  D  min.;  op.  90,  A  ;  op.  136,  E 
min.;  op.  137,  A  min.;  op.  138,  G  ;  op.  192  [3 
nos.,  "  Suite  alterer  Form,"  "  Die  schone  Miil- 
lerin,"  "  Suite  in  canon-form  "]  ;  op.  202  [2 
nos.,  in  G,  and  in  C  min.]);  4  pf.-trios  (op.  102, 
112,  155,  158);  5  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  (op. 
73,  78,  128,  129,  145)  ;  suite  f.  pf.  and  violin, 
op.  210  ;  other  pieces  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (op.  58,  63 
[3  books,  on  Wagner  operas],  67  ["La  fee 
d'amour,"  w.  orch.],  85,  203,  duo  in  G  [MS.]); 
2  Fantasiestiicke  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  86  ;  duo 
f.  do.,  op.  59;  'cello-sonata,  op.  1S3  ;  2  ro- 
mances f.  horn  or  'cello  w.  pf.,  op.  182;  very 
numerous  solo  pieces  p.  pp.  (op.  1-46  were  ex- 
clusively such)  ;  2  sonatas,  op.  14,  168  ;  7 
suites,  op.  69,  71,  72,  91,  162,  163,  204  ;  3 
sonatinas,  op.  99  ;  "  Hommage  au  neo-roman- 
tisme,"  op.  10  ;  suite  of  12  pieces  without  oc- 
taves, op.  75  ;  Capriccio,  op.  64  ;  Elegy,  Ro- 
mance, Valse,  op.  22  ;  Tanz-Capricen,  op.  54  ; 
"  Messagers  du  printemps,"  op.  55  ;  "  Chant 
d'Ondine "  (arpeggio  tremolo  etude),  op.  84  ; 
Airs  suisses,  op.  60  ;  Introd.  and  Allegro  scherz- 
ando,  op.  87  ;  Etude  de  salon,  op.  88  ;  Valse  in 
C,  op.  in;  Fantaisie-Polonaise,  op.  106;  Un- 
garische  Rhapsodie,  op.  113  ;  Spanische  Rhap- 
sodie,  op.  120  ;  Gavotte,  Berceuse,  Espiegle, 
op.  125  ;  2  etudes  melodiques,  op.  130  ;  Taran- 
tella, op.  144;  Scherzo,  op.  148;  Allegro  agi- 
tato, op.  151  ;  Cavatina,  and  La  Fileuse,  op. 
157  ;  Reisebilder,  op.  160  ;  La  Cicenerella,  op. 
165  ;  Polka  glissante,  op.  170;  Polka  de  la  reine, 
op.  95  ;  Var.s  on  an  orig.  theme,  op.  179  ;  Im- 
promptu, op.  196  ;  30  etudes  (without  opus- 
number)  ;  many  paraphrases  (e.  g.,  "  Die  Oper 
im  Salon,"  in  12  books);—/",  pf.  4  hands:  12 
.«?/<)«-pieces  without  octaves,  op.  82  ;  Marche 
brillante,  op.  132  ;  Chaconne,  op.  50  ;  Humo- 
resken  in  waltz-form,  op.  159  ;  Reisebilder,  op. 
160  ;  Aus  dem  Tanzsalon,  op.  174  ;  Humoreske 
"  Todtentanz,"  op.  181  ; — f.  2  pf.s  :  The  Cha- 
conne, op.  150,  and  a  Fantasia,  op.  207a  ; — Vo- 
cal :  "  Wachet  auf "  [Geibel],  f.  male  ch.  w. 
orch.,  op.  80;   festival    cantata   "  Deutschlands 


470 


RAFF— RAMEAU 


Auferstehiing,"  f.  ditto,  op.  100  ;  De  profundis 
a  8,  w.  orch.,  op.  141  ;  other  church-music  in 
MS.;  "  Im  Kahn  "  and  "  Der  Tanz,"  f.  mixed 
ch.  w.  orch.,  op.  171  ;  "Morgenlied"  and 
"Einer  Entschlafenen,"  f.  sopr.  solo,  mixed 
ch.  and  orch.,  op.  1S6  ;  "  Die  Tageszeiten,"  f. 
chorus,  pf.  and  orch.,  op.  209;  "Die  Jager- 
braut  und  die  Hirtin,"  2  scenes  f.  solo  voice  w. 
orch.,  op.  199  ;  the  oratorio  Weltende,  Gerickt, 
neue  Welt  [Revelations],  op.  212  (prod,  at 
Leeds,  1882)  ;  also  "  Die  Sterne"  and  "  Dorn- 
roschen  "  (both  MS.),  and  4  unperformed  operas 
{Die  Eifersiichtigcn  [book  also  by  R.],  Die  Pa- 
role, Benedetto  Marcello,  and  Samson)  ;  also 
music  to  Genast's  Bernhardvon  Weimar (1858). 
Many  songs,  op.  47-53,  op.  66  (Traumkonig 
und  sein  Lieb),  op.  88  (Sangesfruhling,  30  num- 
bers, several  of  which  are  favorites),  op.  172 
(Maria  Stuart,  cycle  of  11  songs),  173,  191,  211 
(Blondel  de  Nesle  ;  cycle);  also  "  Friihlings- 
lied  "  and  "  Standchen,"  without  opus-number  ; 
12  duets,  op.  114  ;  6  terzets  f.  female  voices  w. 
pf. ,  op.  1S4  ;  2  songs  f.  mixed  ch.,  op.  171  ;  10 
ditto,  op.  198  ;  30  male  quartets,  op.  97,  122, 
195. — R.'s  arrangements  include  Bach's  D-minor 
Chaconne  f.  orch.;  Bach's  6 'cello-sonatas,  3  orch.  1 
suites,  and  movements  from  the  violin-sonatas, 
f.  pf.  2  hands  ;  one  march  from  Handel's  Saul, 
and  another  from  Jeph tha. 

Raff,  Anton.     See  Raaff. 

Ragghian'ti,  Ippolito,  b.Viareggio,  n.  Pisa, 
1866;  d.  there  Nov.  21,  1894.  Fine  violinist. 
Comp.  the  one-act  lyric  drama  Jean-Marie, 
which  was  edited  by  Paul  Gilson  and  prod,  at 
Brussels,  Jan.  15,  1896. 

Raif,  Oscar,  b.  The  Hague,  July  31,  1847  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Aug.  1,  1899.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
Carl  Raif,  and  Tausig  ;  from  1875,  teacher  of 
piano-playing  at  the  Berlin Hochschule,  with  title 
"  Royal  Professor."  Excellent  pianist  ;  he 
comp.  a  pf. -concerto,  and  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and 
violin. 

Raillard,  Abbe  F.,  b.  Montormentier,  France, 
1804;  teacher  of  science  at  the  colleges  of  Nimes 
and  Juilly  ;  publ.  "Explication  des  neumes  ou 
anciens  signes  de  notation  musicale  ..." 
(Paris;  n.  d.)  ;  "  Le  chant  gregorien  restaure  " 
(1861)  ;  "  Sur  1'emploi  du  quart  de  ton  dans  le 
chant  gregorien  "  and  "  Sur  les  quarts  de  ton  du 
graduel  Tibi  Domine"  (both  in  the  "Revue 
archeologique,"  1861)  ;  and  "  Memoire  sur  la 
restauration  du  chant  gregorien"  (1862). 

Raimon'di,  Ignazio,  b.  Naples,  1733  ;  d. 
1802.  Violinist  ;  founded  and  conducted  con- 
certs in  Amsterdam  from  1762-80,  producing  a 
symphony,  "  Les  aventures  de  Telemaque,"  in 
1777,  and  (in  Paris,  1791)  the  opera-bouffe  La 
tnuette ;  also  publ.  3  violin-concertos,  6  string- 
quartets,  and  3  string-trios. 

Raimon'di,  Pietro,  b.  Rome,  Dec.  20,  1786  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  30,  1853.  For  six  years  he  stud- 
ied under  La   Barbara  and  Tritto  at  the  Cons. 


della  Pieta  de'  Turchini, Naples  ;  lived  for  a  time 
at  Rome  and  Florence,  and  in  1807  brought 
out  an  opera  buffa,  La  Bizzarria  d'amore,  at 
Genoa,  where  he  had  estab.  himself  as  a  teacher 
and  composer.  It  was  followed  by  about  60 
other  dramatic  works,  which  were  generally  suc- 
cessful, and  2i  ballets,  for  whose  production  he 
went  from  place  to  place  (Florence,  Naples, 
Rome,  Messina,  Milan,  etc.);  from  1824-32  he 
was  director  of  the  royal  theatres  at  Naples,  also, 
from  1825,  prof,  of  counterpoint  at  the  R.  Cons. ; 
from  1832-52,  prof,  of  cpt.  at  Palermo  Cons.; 
on  Dec.  12,  1852,  he  succeeded  Basili  as  m.  di 
capp.  at  St.  Peter's,  Rome. — R.  was  a  contra- 
puntist of  remarkable  originality,  and  of  a  skill 
in  combination  rivalling  that  of  the  masters  of 
the  contrapuntal  epoch  ;  he  publ.  4  fugues  a  4, 
which  might  be  combined  as  a  quadruple  fugue 
a  16  ;  6  fugues  a  4,  to  be  combined  as  a  sextuple 
fugue  a  24  ;  in  the  "24  Fughe  a  4,  5,  6  e  8 
voci  "  publ.  byRicordi,  there  is  one  such  quad- 
ruple fugue  a  16,  and  a  quintuple  fugue  a  20  ; 
further,  6  fugues  a  4,  performable  as  a  sextuple 
fugue  a  24  ;  and  a  fugue  a  64,  for  16  choirs  a  4. 
His  most  astounding  feat  in  combination,  how- 
ever, was  the  sacred  trilogy  Giuseppe  (Joseph), 
comprising  3  oratorios,  Potifar,  Giuseppe,  Gia- 
cobbe,  performed  at  the  Teatro  Argentino,  Rome, 
1S52,  at  first  separately,  and  then  simultaneously, 
the  ensemble  of  400  musicians  on  the  stage  and 
in  the  orchestra  presenting  a  most  striking  effect, 
and  evoking  indescribable  enthusiasm.  —  He  also 
comp.  5  other  oratorios,  4  masses  w.  orch.,  2 
masses  a  8  a  cappella,  2  Requiems  a  4  w.  orch., 
a  third  a  8,  and  a  fourth  a  16  ;  the  150  Psalms 
of  David  a  4-8,  in  Palestrina-style  (15  volumes)  ; 
2  "  Sinfonie  religiose,"  to  be  executed  together 
or  separately  ;  a  Credo  a  16  ;  much  other  church- 
music  ;  and  publ.  several  essays  designed  to 
elucidate  the  composer's  system  of  contrapuntal 
combination. 

Ra'mann,  Lina,  b.  Mainstockheim,  n.  Kit- 
zingen,  June  24,  1833.  Pupil  of  P>anz  Brendel 
and  Frau  Brendel,  at  Leipzig.  Founded  (1858) 
a  mus.  seminary  for  female  teachers,  at  Gli'ick- 
stadt,  Holstein  ;  in  1865,  with  Ida  Volkmann,  a 
music-school  at  Nuremberg.  —  Publ.  "  Die  Musik 
als  Gegenstand  der  Erziehung  "  (1S6S)  ;  "  Allge- 
meine  Erzieh-und  Unterrichtslehre  der  Jugend  " 
(1869;  2nd  ed.  1873);  "  Aus  der  Gegenwart " 
(1868) ;  "  Bach  und  Handel  "  ;  "  Fr.  Liszt's  Ora- 
torium  Christus  :  eine  Studie  zur  zeit-  und  mu- 
sikgeschichtliche  Stellung  desselben"  (1S80)  ; 
biography  of  Liszt,  in  3  vol.s  (1880-1893);  edited 
a  complete  edition  of  Liszt's  writings  ;  also  wrote 
a  "  Grundriss  der  Technik  des  Klavierspiels," 
in  12  books.  Comp.  4  sonatinas  (op.  9),  and 
other  pf. -music. 

Rameau,  Jean-Philippe,  the  creator  of  the 
modern  science  of  harmony,  and  an  original  and 
distinguished  dramatic  composer,  was  born  at 
Dijon,  Sept.  25,  1683  ;  died  Paris,  Sept.  12,  1764. 
Of  a  musical  family,  at  7  he  could  play  at  sight, 
on  the  harpsichord,  any  music  given  him;   from 


47i 


RAMEAU— RANDEGGER 


10  to  14  he  attended  the  Jesuit  College  at  Dijon  ; 
then  devoted  himself  to  music,  and  in  1701  was 
sent  to  Italy,  but 
found  the  prevail- 
ing style  not  at  all 
to  his  liking,  and 
joined  the  orches- 
tra of  a  travelling 
French  opera- 
troupe  as  violinist, 
wandering  through 
France  for  several 
years,  winning  rep- 
utation as  an  excel- 
lent organist,  and 
finally  going  to 
Paris  in  1717.  He 
at  first  took  organ- 
lessons  of  Louis  Marchand,  who  found  that  his 
pupil  was  fast  becoming  a  dangerous  rival,  and 
favored  his  competitor,  Daquin,  for  organist  of 
St. -Paul  ;  so  that  R.  had  to  content  himself  with 
a  post  as  organist  at  Lille.  After  four  years  de- 
voted to  theoretical  study  and  composition,  R. 
returned  to  Paris  with  matured  talents,  and  publ. 
a  treatise  on  harmony  which,  though  not  under- 
stood, attracted  general  attention  ;  also,  some 
cantatas  and  clavecin-sonatas.  He  became  or- 
ganist at  Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie  ;  and 
began  stage-writing  with  songs  and  dances  for 
pieces  by  Piron,  given  at  the  Opera-Comique. 
In  1726  appeared  his  "  Nouveau  systeme  de 
musique  theorique."  The  leading  ideas  of  his 
system  of  harmony  are  (1)  chord-building  by 
thirds  ;  (2)  the  classification  of  a  chord  and  all 
its  inversions  as  one  and  the  same,  thus  reducing 
the  multiplicity  of  consonant  and  dissonant  com- 
binations to  a  fixed  and  limited  number  of  root- 
chords  ;  (3)  his  invention  of  a  fundamental  bass 
("basse  fondamentale "),  which  does  not  cor- 
respond to  our  thorough-bass,  but  is  an  imaginary 
series  of  the  root-tones  forming  the  real  basis  of 
the  varied  chord-progessions  employed  in  a 
composition.  The  stir  which  these  novel  theories 
occasioned,  and  his  reputation  as  the  foremost 
French  organist,  by  no  means  satisfied  Rameau's 
ambition  ;  his  ardent  desire  was  to  bring  out  a 
dramatic  work  at  the  Opera.  Having  become 
music-master  to  the  wife  of  the  fermier-gdne'ral, 
M.  la  Popeliniere,  the  latter  obtained  of  Voltaire 
a  libretto  on  Samson,  which  R.  set  to  music  ;  but 
it  was  rejected  on  account  of  its  biblical  subject. 
Asecond  libretto,  by  Abbe  Pelegrin. was  accepted, 
and  Hippolyte  et  Aricie  was  produced  at  the 
Opera  in  1733  ;  its  reception  was  cool,  despite 
undeniable  superiority  (over  the  operas  of  Lully 
and  his  following)  in  the  rich  and  varied  har- 
mony and  instrumentation  ;  and  Rameau  almost 
renounced  dramatic  composition  ;  but  the  per- 
suasions of  his  friends,  who  also  influenced  pub- 
lic opinion  in  his  favor,  were  effective  ;  in  1735 
he  brought  out  the  successful  opera-ballet  Les 
hides  galantes,  and  in  1737  his  masterpiece, 
Castor  et  Pollux,  a  work  which  for  years  held  its 
own  beside  the  operas  of  Gluck.     A  career  of 


uninterrupted  prosperity  commenced  ;  he  was 
recognized  as  the  leading  theorist  of  the  time, 
and  his  instruction  was  eagerly  sought  ;  for  the 
next  30  years  his  operas  dominated  the  French 
stage  ;  the  King  created  for  him  the  office  of 
cabinet-composer,  and  later  raised  him  to  the 
nobility. — Writings:  "  Traite  d'harmonie  .  .  ." 
(1722);  "Nouveau  systeme  de  musique  theo- 
rique" (1726);  "Plan  abrege  d'une  methode 
nouvelle  d'accompagnement  "  (1730)  ;  "  Les  dif- 
ferentes  methodes  d'accompagnement  pour  le 
clavecin  ou  pour  l'orgue  "  (1732)  ;  "  Generation 
harmonique  "  (1737)  ;  "  Demonstration  du  prin- 
cipe  de  l'harmonie  "  (1750)  ;  "  Nouvelles  reflex- 
ions sur  la  demonstration  ..."  (1752)  ;  "  Re- 
flexions .  .  .  sur  la  maniere  de  former  la  voix 
..."  (1752) ;  "  Observations  sur  notre  instinct 
pour  la  musique "  (1754)  ;  "Code  de  musique 
pratique  ..."  (1760)  ;  also  numerous  pamph- 
lets, polemical  or  otherwise,  and  3  works  in  MS. 
— Operas  (besides  the  4  named)  ;  Les  fetes 
d'Hebe",  ou  les  talents  fyriqttes (1739)  !  Dardanus 
(1739)  ;  La  princesse  de  Navarre,  Les  piles  de 
Polhymnie,  and  Le  temple  de  la  gloire  (1745)  ; 
Les  fetes  de  I' Hymen  et  de  V Amour,  ou  les 
dieu.x  d' Kgypte  (1747)  ;  Zais  (1748)  ;  Pygmalion 
(174S);  Plaie'e,  ou  funon  jalouse,  Neis,  and 
Zoroastre  [the  Samson  music  to  a  new  libretto] 
(1749) ;  Acanthe  et  Cephise,  ou  la  sympathie, 
La  guirlande,  ou  les  fleitrs  enchantees,  and  La 
naissance  d' Osiris,  ou  la  fete  de  pamille  (1751)  ; 
Daphnis  et  Egle',  Lycis  et  De'lie,  and  Le  retour 
d'Astre'e  (1753)  ;  Anacreon,  Les  surprises  de 
V amour,  and  Les  Sybarites  (1757)  ;  Les  Paladins 
(1760)  ;  several  others  not  perf.  Most  of  the 
above  were  publ.  in  short  score  (voice-parts, 
violin,  and  bass,  with  the  ritornelli  in  full)  ;  Les 
I ndes  galantes,  Castor  et  Pollux,  Les  talents 
lyriques,  and  Dardanus,  have  been  publ.  in  a 
new  edition  by  Breitkopf  &  Hartel. — Other 
publ.  music  :  "  Premier  livre  de  pieces  de  cla- 
vecin "  (1706);  "Pieces  de  clavecin  avec  line 
methode  pour  la  mecanique  des  doigts  "  (n.  d.; 
with  important  notes)  ;  "Pieces  de  clavecin  avec 
une  table  pour  les  agrements"  (1731)  ;  and 
"  Nouvelles  suites  de  pieces  pour  clavecin  avec 
des  remarques  sur  les  differents  genres  de 
musique  "  (n.  d.;  Farrenc  publ.  these  last  two 
in  his  "  Tresor  des  pianistes,"  1S61)  ;  "  Pieces 
de  clavecin  en  concerts"  (1741  ;  w.  accomp.  of 
violin,  flute,  and  viola  [or  2nd  vln.]  ) ;  detached 
numbers  of  the  above  are  in  Pauer's  "  Old  French 
Composers  "  and  "  Popular  Pieces  by  Rameau  "  ; 
Hugo  Riemann  edited  a  complete  ed.  of  the 
clavecin-compositions  (publ.  by  Steingraber). — 
Biographical  :  "  Reflexions  sur  divers  ouvrages 
de  M.  Rameau,"  by  du  Charger  (1761)  ;  "  Mono- 
graphic de  J. -P.  R.,"  by  Nisard  (1867);  "Ra- 
meau, sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres,"  by  Pougin  (1876)  ; 
"  Rameau,  sa  vie,  ses  ouvrages,"  by  II.  Grique 
("1876). 

Ran'degger,  Alberto,  b.  Trieste,  April  13, 
1832.  Pupil  of  Lafont  (pf. )  and  Ricci  (comp.)  ; 
prod.  2  ballets,  and  an  opera  (//  lazzarone,  1852  • 


47: 


RANDHARTINGER— RAUCHENECKER 


written  with  3  others),  at  Trieste ;  was  theatre- 
cond.  at  F'iume,  Zara,  Sinigaglia,  Brescia,  and 
Venice  (grand  opera  Bianca  Capello,  1854),  and 
about  1854  settled  in  London,  where  he  has 
become  famous  as  a 
singing-teacher.  In 
1868  he  was  app. 
prof,  of  singing  at 
the  R.  A.  M.,  subse- 
quently becoming  a 
director,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee 
of  Management ;  is 
likewise  prof,  of  sing- 
ing in  the  R.  C.  M. 
In  1857  he  cond. 
Italian  opera  at  the 
St.  James's  Th. ;  from 
1879-85,  the  Carl 
Rosa  company  ;  also 
the  Norwich  Triennial  Festival  since  the  resig- 
nation of  Benedict  in  18S1. — Other  works  :  A 
comic  opera,  The  Rival  Beauties  (London,  1864) ; 
the  150th  Psalm  f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  orch.,  and  org. 
(for  the  Boston  Jubilee,  1872)  ;  the  dram,  cantata 
Fridolin  (1873,  Birmingham)  ;  2  dram,  scenes, 
Medea  (Leipzig,  1S69)  and  .SVi^fc  (London,  1875)  ; 
Funeral  Anthem  in  memory  of  the  Prince  Con- 
sort;  scena  f.  tenor  w.  orch.,  from  Byron's 
"  Prayer  of  Nature"  (1887)  ;  much  other  vocal 
music;  and  a  valuable  "Primer  of  Singing " 
(Novello). — The  London  "  Mus.  Times"  for 
Oct.,  1899,  contains  an  excellent  sketch. 

Randhart'inger,  Benedict,  b.  Ruprechts- 
hofen,  Lower  Austria,  July  27,  1802  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Jan.  23,  1S94.  Solo  soprano,  in  his  tenth  year, 
in  the  court  choir,  Vienna  (fellow-pupil  of  Schu- 
bert under  Salieri)  ;  studied  law  and  music,  was 
Count  Szechenyi's  secretary  for  10  years,  and  in 
1832  entered  the  court  choir  as  a  tenor  singer. 
In  1844,  Vice- Ho f kapellm.  ;  in  1862  succeeded 
Aszmayer  as  1st  Kapellm.  ;  retired  1866. — 
Works  :  The  opera  Konig  Enzio  ;  20  masses  ; 
60  motets  ;  hundreds  of  songs  and  part-songs  ; 
2  symphonies  ;  a  string-quintet,  2  string-quartets, 
a  pf.-trio,  pf. -music,  etc.  (over  600  works,  of 
which  about  125  have  been  publ.). 

Raoul  de  Coucy.     See  Coucy. 

Rappol'di,  Edouard,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  21, 
1839  ;  pupil  in  the  Cons,  of  L.  Jansa  and  J. 
Bohm  (violin)  and  Sechter  (comp.)  ;  1854-61, 
violinist  in  the  court-opera  orch.;  then  leader  at 
Rotterdam,  cond.  at  Liibeck,  Stettin,  and  Prague, 
teacher  at  the  Berlin  Hochschule,  and  leader  in 
the  opera-orch.,  at  Dresden,  where  he  has  been 
head-teacher  of  violin  at  the  Cons,  since  1893. — 
Publ.  chamber-music. — His  wife,  Laura  Rap- 
poldi-Kahrer,  b.  Mistelbach,  n.  Vienna,  Jan. 
14,  1S53,  pupil  of  the  Vienna  Cons,  and  Liszt,  is 
a  distinguished  pianist. 

RastrelTi,  Joseph,  (son  of  Vincenzo  R., 
1760-1S39,)  b.  Dresden,  Apr.  13,  1799  ;  d.  there 
Nov.  14,  1842.      Pupil  of  his  father  and  Padre 


Mattei  ;  in  1S29,  2nd  Kapellm.  of  the  Court 
Opera,  Dresden  ;  in  1830,  court  Kapellm. — 
Works  :  Operas  prod,  at  Dresden,  Milan,  etc. 
(Salvator  A'osa  ;  Dresden,  1826) ;  masses,  motets, 
vespers,  etc. 

Rasumov'ski,  Count  (from  1815  Prince) 
Andrei  Kyrillovitch,  Russian  ambassador  at 
Vienna  1793-1809  ; 
b.  Nov.  2,  1752  ;  d. 
Sept.  23,  1836. 
From  1808-16  he 
maintained  thecele- 
brated  ' '  Rasu- 
movski  Quartett "  / 
(1st  violin,  Schup- 
panzigh  ;  2nd  vio- 
lin, R. ;  viola, 
Weiss;  'cello, 
Lincke),  later 
knownastheSchup- 
panzigh  Quartett, 
with  Sina  as  2nd 
violin.  To  R.  Beethoven  inscribed  the  3  quar- 
tets, op.  59.  He  was  a  munificent  patron  of  art, 
and  in  every  way  prodigal  of  expenditure  ;  but 
after  the  burning-down  of  his  Vienna  palace  in 
1815,  he  gave  up  the  quartet,  and  disappeared 
from  musical  history. 

Ratez,  Emile-Pierre,  b.  Besancon,  Nov.  5, 
1851.  Pupil  1S72-81  of  Bazin  and  Massenet  at 
Paris  Cons.;  viola-player  in  the  Opera-Comique 
orch.;  chorusmaster  under  Colonne  ;  1891,  Dir. 
of  the  Lille  branch  of  the  Paris  Cons. — Works  : 
2  operas,  Ruse  d' amour  (Besancon,  18S6)  and 
Lyde'ric  (Lille,  1895  ;  succ.)  ;  a  symphonic  poem, 
"  Scenes  heroi'ques,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1S99); 
publ.  1  pf. -quartet,  3  pf. -trios,  music  f.  violin 
and  pf. ,  oboe  and  pf.,  and  horn  and  pf. ;  a  'cello- 
sonata  ;  etc. 

Rath'geber,  Valentin,  Benedictine  monk  at 
Banz,  Franconia  ;  b.  about  1690  ;  d.  after  1744. — 
Publ.  "  Chelys  sonora :  constans  24  concerta- 
tionibus  "  (1728);  "  Musikalischer  Zeitvertreib 
auf  dem  Clavier"  (1743)  ;  and  many  masses  and 
other  church-comp.s. 

Ra'tzenberger,  Theodor,  pianist  ;  b.  Gross- 
breitenbach,  Thuringia,  Apr.  14,  1840  ;  d.  Wies- 
baden, Mar.  8,  1S79.  Pupil  of  Liszt  (pf.)  and 
Cornelius  (comp.)  ;  court  pianist  at  Schwarzburg- 
Sondershausen  ;  teacher  at  Lausanne  (1S64)  and 
Diisseldorf  (1868). — Publ.  a  few  W^w-pieces 
and  songs. 

Rau'chenecker,  Georg  Wilhelm,  b.  Mu- 
nich, Mar.  8,  1844.  Pupil  of  Th.  Lachner  (pf., 
org.),  Baumgartner  (cpt.),  and  Jos.  Waiter  (vio- 
lin) ;  1860-2,  violinist  at  the  Grand  Th.,  Lyons  ; 
m.  de.  chap,  at  Aix  and  Carpentras  until  i86S, 
then  dir.  of  Avignon  Cons.;  in  1873,  mus.  dir. 
at  Winterthur,  and  in  1874  prod,  a  prize-cantata, 
Niklaus  von  der  Flue,  at  the  Zurich  Music  Fes- 
tival ;  cond.  the  Berlin  Philharm.  Concerts  for 
one  season  ;  and  has  been,  since  1SS9,  mus.  dir. 
at   Elberfeld,  where  he  has  prod.   3   successful 


473 


RAUSCHER— READING 


operas  :  The  romantic  opera  Die  letzen  Tage  von 
Thute  (1S89),  Ingo  (1893),  and  Sauna  (1  act, 
1893).  Has  another  opera,  Le  Florentin,  and  a 
symphony,  in  MS.;  of  his  3  string-quartets,  the 
Florentiner  Quartett  has  repeatedly  played  2. 

Rau'scher,  Max,  b.  Wettstetten,  Bavaria, 
Jan.  20,  i860.  Took  holy  orders  in  1884  ;  since 
18S5  Kapellm.  and  inspector  at  Ratisbon  Cath. 

Rauzzi'ni,  Venanzio  (Matteo),  dramatic 
comp.  and  tenor  singer  ;  b.  Rome,  1747  ;  d. 
Bath,  Engl.,  Apr.  8,  1S10.  Pupil  of  a  singer  in 
the  Papal  Chapel  ;  debut  at  the  Teatro  Valle  at 
Rome,  1765,  in  a  female  role,  which  his  beauty 
enabled  him  to  play  to  perfection  ;  was  eng.  at 
Munich  in  1767,  and  sang  at  London  1774-8, 
living  there  until  1787  as  a  much-sought  singing- 
teacher  ;  he  retired  to  Bath. — Works  :  8  operas, 
written  for  Munich  and  London  ;  3  string-quar- 
tets, 1  pf. -quartet,  3  violin-sonatas,  2  sonatas  f. 
pf.  4  hands,  etc. 

Ravenscroft,  Thomas,  Engl.  comp.  and  ed- 
itor, b.  1582  (?)  ;  d.  London,  1635.  Chorister 
at  St.  Paul's  under  E.  Pearce  ;  Mus.  Bac,  Can- 
tab., 1607.  —  Publ.  "  Pammelia.  Musickes  Mis- 
cellanie  :  or  Mixed  Varietie  of  pleasant  Rounde- 
layes  and  delightful  Catches  of  3-10  Parts  in 
one "  (1609  ;  the  first  coll.  of  rounds,  catches 
and  canons  printed  in  England  ;  2nd  ed.  1618)  ; 
"  Deuteromelia  :  or  the  Second  Part  of  Musick's 
Melodie,  or  melodious  Musicke  of  Pleasant 
Roundelays  .  .  ."  (1609  ;  with  the  catch  in 
Twelfth  Night,  "  Hold  thy  peace,  thou  knave  ")  ; 
"  Melismata.  Musicall  Phansies,  fitting  the 
Court,  Citie,  and  Countrey  Humours,  to  3,  4  and 
5  Voyces"  (1611);  "  A  Briefe  Discourse  of  the 
true  (but  neglected)  use  of  Charact'ring  the  De- 
grees by  their  Perfection,  Imperfection,  and 
Diminution  in  Mensurable  Musicke 
(1614)  ;  and  "  The  Whole  Booke  of  Psalmes  : 
With  the  Hymnes  Evangelicall  and  Spirituall. 
Composed  into  4  parts  by  Sundry  Authours 
."  (1621  ;  2nd  ed.,  "newly  corrected  and 
enlarged,"  1633  ;  his  best-known  and  most  valu- 
able work,  containing  numbers  by  15  leading 
British  composers,  and  some  byR.  himself.) — A 
set  of  sonatas  by  R. ,  for  2  violins  and  violone,  was 
publ.  in  Rome,  1695. 

Rave'ra,  Niccolo  Teresio,  b.  Alessandria, 
Italy,  Feb.  24,  1851.  Pupil  of  Milan  Cons., 
winning  1st  prizes  forpf.,  organ,  and  comp.  At 
present  (1899)  chef  d'orckestre  at  the  Th.- 
Lyrique  de  la  Galerie-Vivienne,  Paris. — Works  : 
Opera-comique  Lucette  et  Colin  (1888)  ;  4-act 
opera  Fiamma  (Alessandria,  1890)  ;  i-act  op. 
com.  Le  divorce  de  Pierrot  (Paris,  1892)  ;  3-act 
"  pastorale  lyrique  "  La  Mare  an  Diable  (1895)  ; 
3-act  opera  Estelle  (not  perf.). 

Ravina,  Jean-Henri,  b.  Bordeaux,  May  20, 
1818.  Pianist  ;  pupil  at  Paris  Cons,  of  Zimmer- 
man (pf.)  and  Laurent  (theory)  ;  won  1st  pf.- 
prize  in  1834,  and  was  app.  asst. -teacher  ;  stud- 
ied further  under  Reicha  and  Leborne  ;  won  1st 
harmony-prize  in  1836,  resigned  his  position  at 


the  Cons,  in  1837,  and  made  long  concert-tours 
(to  Russia,  1858  ;  to  Spain,  1871).  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor,  1861.  Resides  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  Finished  and  elegant  sa/on-pieces  f.  pf. 
(op.  41,  Douce  pensee  ;  op.  55,  Jour  de  bonheur  ; 
op.  62,  Petit  bolero,  Confidence,  Nocturne  ;  op. 
13,  Nocturne  in  lJr>;  op.  86,  Calinerie  ;  also 
etudes — op.  14,  Etudes  de  style  et  de  perfec- 
tionnement  ;  op.  50,  twenty-five  Etudes  harmo- 
nieuses  ;  etc.)  ;  also  a  pf. -concerto.  R.  has 
publ.  4-hand  arrangements  of  all  Beethoven's 
sets  of  variations. 

Raymond,  Georges-Marie,  b.  Chambery, 
1769  ;  d.  there  Apr.  24,  1839,  as  director  of  the 
Gymnasium. — Wrote  "  Essai  sur  la  determina- 
tion des  bases  physico-mathematiques  de  l'art 
musical  "  (1813)  ;  "  Des  principaux  systemes  de 
notation  musicale  .  .  ."(1824);  "  Lettre  a  M. 
Villoteau,  touchant  ses  vues  sur  la  possibilite  et 
l'utilite  d'une  theorie  exacte  des  principes  natu- 
rels  de  la  musique  "  (181 1)  ;  etc. 

Raymond-Ritter,  Fanny.     See  Ritter. 

Rea,  William,  b.  London,  Mar.  25,  1S27. 
Articled  pupil  of  Josiah  Pittmann  ;  in  1843, 
organist  of  Christ  Ch.,  Watney  St.,  studying 
further  under  Sterndale  Bennett  (pf.,  comp.,  and 
instrumentation).  In  1849  he  st.  at  Leipzig 
under  Moscheles  and  Richter  ;  then  at  Prague 
under  Dreyschock.  Returning  to  London,  he 
gave  chamber-concerts  at  the  Beethoven  Rooms  ; 
became  org.  to  the  Harmonic  Union  in  1853  ; 
founded  the  London  Polyhymnian  Choir  in  1856, 
proving  an  excellent  drillmaster  ;  also  cond.  an 
amateur  orchestral  society.  In  1858,  org.  at  St. 
Michael's,  Stockwell  ;  in  i860,  org.  to  the  Cor- 
poration of  Newcastle-on-Tyne  ;  also  org.  at 
North  Shields  1S64-78,  and  since  then  at  St. 
Hilda's,  South  Shields. 

Read,  Daniel,  b.  Rehoboth,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 
1757;  d.  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  4,  1S36  ; 
combined  the  occupations  of  comb-maker,  com- 
poser, and  music-teacher.  Publ.  "The  Amer. 
Singing  Book,  or  a  New  and  Easy  Cuide  to  the 
art  of  Psalmody,  devised  for  the  use  of  Singing 
Schools  in  America  "  (1785)  ;  "  Columbian  Har- 
monist "  (1793;  4th  ed.  1S10)  ;  and  "New 
Haven  Collection"  (181S).  Some  of  his  hymn- 
tunes  are  still  sung  (Sherburne,  Windham,  Lis- 
bon). 

Reading,  John,  English  organist ;  b.  in  first 
half  of  17th  century;  d.  Winchester,  Engl.,  in 
1692.  Lay-vicar  of  Lincoln  Cath.,  1667,  and 
Master  of  the  Choristers,  1670  ;  org.  of  Win- 
chester Cath.,  1675-S1  ;  then  of  Winchester 
College.  The  "  Portuguese  Hymn,"  Adeste 
fideles,  is  ascribed  to  him.  In  the  Plarmonia 
YViccamica  is  a  hymn,  "  Dulce  domum." 

Reading,  John,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  1677  ; 
d.  London,  Sept.  2,  1764.  Chorister  of  the 
Chapel  Royal  under  Blow  ;  org.  of  Dulwich 
College,  1700-1702  ;  lay-vicar  at  Lincoln  Cath., 
1702,  and  Master  of  the  Choristers,  1703  ;  later 
ore.    in   several    London  churches. — Publ.    "  A 


474 


READING— REDHEAD 


Book  of  New  Anthems  .  .  .  with  thorough 
Bass  figur'd  for  the  Organ  or  Harpsichord" 
(I7I5)  i   "  A  Book  of  New  Songs  .   .   ."  (1720). 

Reading,  John,  organist  of  Chichester  Cath. 
1674-1720. 

Reading,  Rev.  John  ;  Prebendary  of  Can- 
terbury Cath.  —  Publ.  "  A  Sermon  lately  de- 
livered in  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Canterbury, 
concerning  Church  Musick  "  (London,  1663). 

Reay,  Samuel,  b.  Hexham,  Engl.,  Mar.  17, 
1822.  Chorister  of  Durham  Cath.  in  1830,  and 
a  pupil  of  the  organist,  W.  Henshaw  ;  later  of 
J.  Stimpson,  Newcastle,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1841  as  organist  of  St.  Andrew's.  After  hold- 
ing several  similar  posts,  he  succeeded  Dr. 
Dearie  as  Song  Schoolmaster  of  Newark  Par- 
ish Ch.,  an  honorable  and  important  position 
still  held  (1899).  Also  conducts  the  Newark 
1'hilharm.  Soc. — Mus.  Baa,  Oxon.,  1851. — 
Works:  Psalm'  102,  f.  solo,  ch.,  and  string- 
orch.;  Morning,  Evening,  and  Communion  Ser- 
vice in  F  ;  anthems,  part-songs,  etc.  Editor  of 
J.  Stokes's  "  Songs  and  Ballads  of  Northern 
England  "  (1892). 

Rebel,  Jean-Ferry,  b.  Paris,  1669  ;  d.  there 
1747.  Chef  d'orchestre  of  the  Grand  Opera, 
1707  ;  member  of  the  24  "  violons  du  roi,"  and 
royal  chamber-composer.  —  Prod,  an  unsuccess- 
ful 5-act  lyric  tragedy,  Ulysse,  at  the  Opera  in 
1703  ;  publ.  a  book  of  violin-sonatas  w.  bass, 
and  another  of  trios  f.  2  violins  w.  bass. — His 
son, 

Rebel,  Francois,  b.  Taris,  June  19,  1701  ; 
d.  there  Nov.  7,  1755.  Violinist,  pupil  of  his 
father  ;  entered  the  Opera-orch.  at  13,  and  be- 
came the  intimate  friend  of  his  fellow-player 
Francceur  ;  both  were  leaders  in  the  orch.  1733- 
44,  then  Inspectors  of  the  Opera,  Directors 
1753-7,  then  managers  of  private  theatrical  en- 
terprises for  10  years.  R.  also  was  app.  In- 
tendant-in-chief  of  the  King's  music,  and  was 
Administrator-general  of  the  Opera  1772-5. 
With  Francceur  he  wrote  ten  operas ;  he  also 
comp.  a  Te  Deum,  a  De  profundis,  cantatas, 
etc. 

Rebello,  Joao  Lourenco  [Joao  Soares], 
eminent  Portuguese  composer ;  b.  Caminha, 
1609  ;  d.  San  Amaro,  Nov.  16,  1661.  Psalms 
a  16,  Magnificats,  Lamentations,  and  Misereres 
were  publ.  at  Rome  (1657)  ;  masses,  and  many 
other  sacred  works,  are  in  MS.  at  Lisbon.  To  R. 
his  pupil,  King  John  IV.,  dedicated  his  "  De- 
fensa  de  la  musica  moderna." 

Reber,  Napoleon-Henri,  b.  Miihlhausen, 
Alsatia,  Oct.  21,  1S07  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  24,  1S80. 
Pupil  of  Reicha  and  Le  Sueur  at  the  Paris 
Cons.;  became  prof,  of  harmony  in  1851,  suc- 
ceeded Halevy  as  prof,  of  comp.  in  1862  (being 
succeeded  in  turn  by  Saint-Saens,  in  1S80),  and 
was  also  Inspector  of  the  branch-conservatories 
from  1871.  Elected  to  Onslow's  chair  in  the 
Acaderrue,  1S53. — Works  :  A  ballet,  Le  diable 
amour eux  (1840) ;  the  comic  operas  La  miit  de 


Noel  (1848),  Le  pere  Gaillard  (1852),  Les  pa- 
pillottes  de  M.  Benoist  (1S53),  and  Les  dames  ca- 
pitalizes (1S57),  all  at  the  Opera-Comique  ;  Le 
me'iie'trier  a  la  cour  and  Nairn  (grand  opera) 
were  not  perf.  His  instrumental  works,  in  the 
classic  German  style  and  spirit,  are  very  fine  ; 
they  include  4  symphonies,  an  overture,  a  suite, 
and  the  scenes  lyriques  "Roland,"  f.  orch.; 
I  string-quintet,  3  string-quartets,  1  pf. -quartet, 
7  pf. -trios,  pieces  f.  violin  and  pf. .  and  pf.- 
music  for  2  and  4  hands  ;  he  also  wrote  an  Ave 
Maria  and  Agnus  Dei  f.  2  soprani,  tenor,  bass, 
and  organ  ;  "  Le  soir,"  f.  4-p.  male  ch.  and  pf. ; 
"  Chceur  de  pirates,"  f.  3-p.  do.  w.  do.;  33 
songs  w.  pf.-accomp. ;  vocalises  f.  sopr.  or  tenor 
(op.  16) ;  and  a  "  Traite  d'harmonie  "  (1862,  and 
several  later  ed.s  ;  one  of  the  best  modern 
manuals). 

Rebicek,  Josef,  b.  Prague,  Feb.  7,  1S44. 
Studied  6  years  in  Prague  Cons.;  in  1861,  vio- 
linist in  Weimar  court  orch.;  1S63,  leader  of 
orch.  at  the  Bohemian  National  Th.,  Prague; 
1S68,  leader  at  the  royal  theatre,  Wiesbaden, 
and  (1875)  Royal  Music-Director  ;  18S2,  leader 
and  opera-director  at  the  Imp.  theatre,  Warsaw  ; 
1891,  conductor  at  the  National  Th.,  Pesth  ; 
1893,  cond.  at  Wiesbaden  ;  and  in  1S97, 
Kapellm.  of  the  Berlin  Philharm.  Orch.,  suc- 
ceeding Fr.  Mannstadt. 

Reb'ling,  Gustav,  organist  ;  b.  Barby  (Mag- 
deburg), July  10,  1S21.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Schneider 
at  Dessau,  1836-9  ;  then  organist  of  the  French 
church,  Magdeburg,  and  teacher  in  the  seminary 
in  1S47  ;  1853,  cond.  of  the  cathedral-choir, 
and  singing-teacher  at  the  Gymnasium  ;  1S56, 
"Royal  Music-Director";  1858,  org.  of  the 
Johanniskirche.  Founded  a  church  choral  soci- 
ety in  1846,  which  he  conducted  until  his  retire- 
ment in  TS97. — Works  :  Psalms  a  4-8  a  cappella  ; 
motets;  pieces  f.  org.  and  pf.;  choruses  and 
songs  ;  a  'cello-sonata  ;  etc. 

Reb'ling,  Friedrich,  b.  Barby,  Aug.  14, 
1S35.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.,  taking  private 
singing-lessons  of  Gotz.  Lyric  tenor  at  theatres 
in  Rostock,  Konigsberg,  Breslau,  and  Leipzig 
(1865-7S)  ;  since  1S77,  teacher  of  singing  at 
Leipzig  Cons. 

Reck'endorf,  Alois,  b.  Trebitsch,  Moravia, 
June  10,  1841.  Student  of  science  at  Vienna 
and  Heidelberg,  and  of  music  at  Leipzig  Cons. 
(1S65-7),  where  he  has  been  teacher  of  pf.  and 
theory  since  1877.  Has  publ.  pf. -pieces  and 
vocal  works. 

Redan,  Karl.  Ten-name  of  Charles  C. 
Converse. 

Redhead,  Richard,  b.  Harrow,  Engl.,  1S20. 
Educated  at  Magdalen  Coll.,  Oxford  ;  organist 
of  St.  Mary  Magdalene's  Ch.,  Paddington,  Lon- 
don.— Works:  Masses,  and  much  vocal  church- 
music  ;  edited  the  collections  "  Cathedral  and 
Church  Choir  Book,"  "  Parochial  Church  Tune 
Book,"  and  "The  Universal  Organist." 


475 


REE— RE  H  BERG 


Ree,  Anton,  pianist;  b.  Aarhus,  Jutland, 
Oct.  5,  1820  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Dec.  20,  1886.  In 
1S35,  pupil  of  Jacques  Schmitt  and  Carl  Krebs 
in  Hamburg  ;  went  to  Vienna,  1839,  ar>d  Paris, 
1 841,  giving  successful  concerts  ;  also  had  les- 
sons of  Chopin.  Settled  in  Copenhagen,  1842, 
as  a  teacher  and  writer,  contributing  also  to 
( ierman  papers.  Comp.s  chiefly  instructive. 
Publ. ' '  Musikhistoriske  Momenter,"  and abook  of 
exercises,  "  Bitrag  ti  Klavierspildets  Teknik  "  ; 
a  sonatina,  op.  9,  3  Danses  caracteristiques,  op. 
17  ;  etc. 

Reed,  Thomas  German,  b.  Bristol,  June 
27,  1817  ;  d.  Upper  East  Sheen,  Surrey,  Mar. 
21,  1888.  At  ten  he  appeared  as  a  pianist  and 
singer  in  Bath;  soon  afterwards  at  the  Hay- 
market  Th.,  London,  where  his  father  was  cond., 
and  where,  in  1838,  he  himself  became  mus. 
director  (until  185 1).  He  greatly  improved  the 
quality  of  the  music  given  there,  and  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  mus.  life  of  London.  In  1844 
he  married  Miss  Priscilla  Horton  [b.  1818;  d. 
1S95  ;  a  fine  actress  and  contralto  singer],  and 
with  her  aid  started  the  celebrated  "  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  German  Reed's  Entertainment  "  in  1855,  to 
provide  unobjectionable  dramatic  amusement  for 
persons  opposed  to  theatre-going.  The  enter- 
tainments began  in  St.  Martin's  Hall  as  "  Miss 
P.  Horton's  Illustrative  Gatherings,"  with  small 
dialogue- plays  ;  were  at  the  "  Gallery  of  Illus- 
tration," Regent  Street,  from  1856,  gradually  in- 
creasing the  little  company  until  it  numbered  7 
members,  and  adding  "opere  da  camera"  for  four 
characters  to  the  repertory.  These  entertain- 
ments were  uniformly  successful,  and  were  con- 
tinued by  his  son,  Alfred  German  Reed,  who 
died  in  London,  Mar.  10,  1895. 

Reeve,  William,  b.  London,  1757  ;  d.  there 
June  22,  1S15.  Pupil  of  Richardson  ;  organist 
at  Totness,  Devon,  1781-3;  returned  to  London, 
and  comp.  operettas,  pantomimes,  and  incid. 
music  for  plays,  for  Astley's  Circus  and  Covent 
Garden  (1791)  ;  in  1792,  org.  of  St.  Martin's, 
Ludgate  Hill  ;  from  1802,  part-proprietor  of 
Sadler's  Wells  Th.  Besides  music  to  some  40 
plays,  he  comp.  glees  and  songs  ;  the  song  "  I 
am  a  friar  in  orders  grey,"  in  the  play  of  Merry 
Sherwood,  was  very  popular. 

Reeves,  John  Sims,  celebrated  tenor  ;  b. 
Woolwich  ;  Sept.  26,  1818.  At  14,  organist  of 
North  Cray  Ch.  ;  learned  to  play  the  violin, 
'cello,  oboe,  and  bassoon  ;  and  had  lessons  with 
J.  B.  Cramer  (pf.)  and  W.  II.  Callcott  (harm.). 
I  )ebut  (as  a  baritone)  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  in 
the  role  of  Rodolfo  (Sonnambula),  in  1839. 
Studied  further  under  Ilobbs  and  Cooke,  and 
sang  minor  tenor  parts  in  Der  Freischutz,  etc., 
at  Drury  Lane,  1842-3  ;  studied  in  Paris  under 
Bordogni,  and  in  Milan  under  Mazzucato,  ap- 
pearing at  La  Scala,  in  1846, as  Edgardo  (Lita'a), 
reappearing  at  Drury  Lane,  1847,  in  the  same 
role,  with  great  success.  Debut  in  Italian  opera, 
1848,  at  H.  M.'s  Th.,  as  Carlo  in  Linda;  also 
in  oratorio  at  the  Worcester  and  Norwich  Festi- 


vals. Till  his  retirement  in  1S91  he  was  the 
leading  English  concert-  and  oratorio-singer.  On 
account  of  reverses,  he  reappeared  in  1S93  ;  and 
even  made  a  successful  tour  in  South  Africa  in 
1896.  —  Publ.  "  Life  and  Recollections  "  (Lon- 
don, 188S). 

Re'gan,  Anna.     See  Schimon-Regan. 

Re'ger,  Max,  b.  Brand  (Kemnath),  Bavaria, 
Mar.  19,  1873.  Pupil  of  Lindner  (Weiden)  and 
H.  Riemann  (Sondershausen  and  Wiesbaden). 
Promising  composer :  op.  1  and  3,  violin-sonatas; 
op.  2,  trio  w.  viola  ;  op.  4,  8,  12,  15,  songs  ;  op. 
5,  'cello-sonata  ;  op.  6,  4  choruses  w.  pf.;  op.  7, 
3  organ-pieces  ;  op.  9,  Walzer-Capricen,and  op. 

10,  Deutsche  Tanze   (both   f.  pf.  4  hands)  ;  op. 

11,  Walzer,  and  op.  13,  Lose  Blatter  (f.  pf.) ; 
op.  14,  vocal  duets. 

Regino  (Prumiensis),  abbot  of  Brum  mon- 
astery, n.  Trier,  892  ;  later  of  St.  Maximin, 
Trier  ;  died  915.  Wrote  "  Epistola  de  harmo- 
nica institutione  ad  Rathbodum  Episcopum  Tre- 
virensem,  ac  tonarius  sive  octo  toni  cum  suis 
differentiis "  (autograph  in  Leipzig  Munic.  Li- 
brary, in  very  neat  neume-notation  ;  copies  at 
Ulm  and  Brussels;  the  "Tonarius"  publ.  by 
Gerbert  in  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  i). 

Regis,  Johannes,  Belgian  contrapuntist, con- 
temporary of  Okeghem.  Petrucci  printed  a  Credo 
and  several  motets  ;  masses  are  in  MS.  at  Rome. 

Regnal,  Frederic.  Pen-name  of  Frederic 
d'Erlanger. 

Regnart  (or  Regnard),  Jacob,  Netherland 
composer  ;  b.  1540  ;  d.  as  Imperial  Vice-Kapellm. 
at  Prague,  about  1600.  Publ.  1574-1611  a  great 
number  of  masses,  motets,  canzone,  villanelle, 
and  German  songs  (many  books  of  these  last 
went  through  7  editions  ;  in  a  coll.  of  1590  are 
some  songs  by  his  brothers,  Franz,  Karl,  and 
Pascasius).  In  the  "  Monatshefte  fur  Musikge- 
schichte "  (vol.  xii,  p.  97)  is  a  full  list  of  his 
works. 

Reh'baum,  Theobald,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  7, 
1835.  Boy-chorister  in  the  cathedral  ;  later  a 
pupil  of  II.  Ries  (violin)  and  Kiel  (comp.). 
Now  (1899)  living  in  Wiesbaden.  Wrote  text 
and  music  of  the  following  operas  :  Don  Pablo, 
comic,  3  acts  (Dresden,  1880)  ;  Das  steinerne 
Ilcrz  (Magdeburg,  1S85) ;  Turandot,  comic,  3 
acts  (Berlin,  1888);  Oberst  Lumpus,  1  act, 
comic  (Wiesbaden,  1892)  ;  3  more  not  perf.  (Das 
Weib  des  Uria  j  Die  Konskribirten ;  Der  Gold- 
schmidt  von  Paris)  ;  has  publ.  instructive  pieces 
f.  violin,  part-songs,   songs,  etc. 

Reh'berg,  Willy,  fine  pianist ;  b.  Morges, 
Switz.,  Sept.  2,  18G3.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
Friedrich  R.,  a  music-teacher;  later,  at  the 
Zurich  Music-School,  of  Hegar,  Weber,  and 
Freund  ;  and  1882-5  of  Leipzig  Cons.,  where  he 
was  eng.  as  pf. -teacher  until  1890.  From  1SS8- 
90  he  also  successfully  cond.  the  subscription- 
concerts  of  the  court  orch.  and  the  Singa^ademie 
at  Altenburg.     Since  1890,  head  teacher  of  pf. 


476 


REHFELD— REICH  ARDT 


at  Geneva  Cons.;  since  1S92,  also  Kapellm.  of 
the  Geneva  Mimic.  Orch. — Works  :  Op.  2, 
Menuet,  Chanson  d'amour,  and  Gavotte,  f.  pf. ; 
op.  3,  Sonata  in  G  rain. ;  op.  4,  2  Etudes  de  con- 
cert ;  op.   10,  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin,  in  D  ;  etc. 

Reh'feld,  Fabian,  violinist  and  comp. ;  b. 
Tuchel,  W.  Prussia,  Jan.  23,  1S42.  Pupil  of 
Zimmermann  and  Grt'mwald,  Berlin  ;  1868,  royal 
chamber-musician  ;  1S73,  leader  in  the  court 
orch. 

Rei'cha,  Anton,  eminent  theorist  and  in- 
strumental composer  ;  b.  Prague,  Feb.  27,  1770  ; 
d.  Paris,  May  28,  1836.  Nephew  and  pupil  of 
Joseph  Reicha  \recte  Rejcha;  comp.  and  violinist, 
leader,  and  later  Kapellm.,  of  the  Electoral  orch. 
at  Bonn].  From  1788,  flutist  in  the  Bonn  orch., 
in  which  Beethoven  was  a  viola-player  ;  1794-9, 
piano-teacher  in  Hamburg,  writing  an  opera,  and 
going  to  Paris  in  hopes  of  producing  it ;  but  had 
to  content  himself  with  the  successful  perform- 
ance of  two  symphonies.  From  1S01-S  he  lived 
in  Vienna,  intimate  with  Beethoven,  and  associa- 
ting with  Haydn,  Albrechtsberger,  and  Salieri. 
On  the  French  invasion  he  returned  to  Paris  ; 
brought  out  the  moderately  successful  comic 
operas  Cagliostro  (1S10)  and  Natalie  (1816)  ; 
but  gained  a  high  reputation  as  a  theorist  and 
teacher  (some  of  his  pupils  were  Jelensperger, 
Elwart,  Lefebvre,  and  Dancla),  also  as  an  in- 
strumental composer.  In  1S1S  he  succeeded 
Mehul  as  prof,  of  counterpoint  and  fugue  at  the 
Cons. ;  was  naturalized  in  1829;  and  succeeded 
to  Boieldieu's  chair  in  the  Academie  in  1S35. — 
Publ.comp.s:  2  symphonies;  an  overture ;  decet  f. 
5  stringed  and  5  wind  instr.s  ;  octet  f.  4  stringed 
and  4  wind  instr.s  ;  a  clar. -quintet  ;  6  string-quin- 
tets ;  20  string-quartets  ;  24  quintets  f.  flute,  oboe, 
clar.,  horn,  and  bassoon  ;  6  quartets  f.  flute  and 
strings;  a  quartet  f.  pf. ,  flute,  'cello,  and  bas- 
soon ;  a  quartet  f .  4  flutes  ;  6  string-trios  ;  24 
trios  f.  3  horns  ;  a  trio  f .  3  'celli  ;  6  violin-duets  ; 
22  flute-duets  ;  12  violin-sonatas  ;  and,  f.  pf.,  so- 
natas, etudes,  fugues  (e.g.  "36  fugues  pour  le 
piano  d'apres  un  nouveau  systeme,"  comp.  in 
Vienna),  variations  ("  L'art  de  varier  "  has  57), 
etc. — Writings  :  "  Etudes  ou  theories  pour  le 
pianoforte,  dirigees  d'une  maniere  nouvelle " 
(1800)  ;  "  Traite  de  melodie,  abstraction  faite  de 
ses  rapports  avec  l'harmonie  "  (1S14  ;  2nd  ed. 
1832);  "  Cours  de  composition  musicale  .  .  ." 
(1S18)  ;  "  Traite  de  haute  composition  musicale  " 
(1S24,  '26  ;  2  vol.s  ;  edited  1S34  by  Czerny  in 
French  and  German  as  "  Vollstandiges  Lehr- 
buch  .  .  .  ,"  4  vol.s) ;  "  E'art  du  compositeur 
dramatique  ..."  (1S33)  ;  "  Petit  traite  d'har- 
monie  pratique"  (n.  d.). 

Rei'chardt,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.   Konigs- 

berg,  Nov.  25,  1752  ;  d.  Giebichenstein,  n. 
Halle,  June  27,  1814.  A  pupil  of  C.  G.  Richter 
(pf.  and  comp.)  and  Veichtner  (violin),  he  later 
studied  philosophy  at  the  Universities  of  Konigs- 
berg  and  Leipzig  ;  travelled,  a  keen  observer, 
through   Germany  (1771-4);  and  on  Agricola's 


death  in  1775  applied  for,  and  obtained,  the  post 
of  Kapellm.  to  Frederick  the  Great.  After  a 
visit  to  Italy  in  1782  he  founded  (1783)  the 
Concerts  spirituels  for  the  performance  of  new 
works,  for  which  he  wrote  short  analytical  pro- 
grams. During  a  long  leave  of  absence  in  Lon- 
don and  Paris  (17S5-6)  he  brought  out  his  Pas- 
sion music  (after  Metastasio)  in  both  cities,  and 
was  commissioned  to  write  two  operas,  Tamerlan 
and  Panthe'e,  for  the  Grand  Opera  ;  Frederick's 
death  necessitated  his  hasty  return  to  Berlin,  and 
the  operas  were  not  produced.  Friedrich  Wil- 
helm  II.  allowed  him  to  enlarge  the  orchestra, 
and  to  obtain  new  singers  from  Italy  ;  but  later, 
hearing  of  R.'s  sympathy  with  the  French  Rev- 
olution, suspended  him  for  3  years,  and  dis- 
missed him  in  1794.  R.  lived  in  Altona  till 
1797  ;  was  then  app.  Inspector  of  the  salt  works 
at  Giebichenstein,  and  held  the  appointment 
after  his  return  to  Berlin  on  the  King's  decease 
in  the  same  year.  Friedrich  Wilhelm  III.  in- 
creased his  salary  ;  but  the  French  invasion 
drove  him  to  Konigsberg  in  1806,  and  on  Jerome 
Napoleon's  threat  to  confiscate  his  property  R. 
joined  him  at  Kassel,  and  became  his  court  con- 
ductor. On  account  of  disagreements  with  the 
authorities,  R.  was  soon  granted  leave  of  absence, 
which  he  improved  by  visiting  Vienna  to  produce 
his  operas  and  Singspiele  ;  the  trip  was  unsuc- 
cesful,  and  he  returned  to  Giebichenstein,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death. — For  Berlin  and 
Potsdam  R.  composed  numerous  Italian  and 
German  operas,  incid.  music  to  plays,  and  Ger- 
man Singspiele,  the  latter  exercising  considerable 
influence  on  the  development  of  German  opera. 
He  also  wrote  a  Passion  ;  cantatas  (sacred  and 
secular) ;  psalms,  2  Te  Deums  ;  etc. ;  as  a  song- 
composer  \cf.  Lindner,  "  Geschichte  des  deut- 
schen  Liedes  "]  he  ranks  high  (he  set  about  60 
of  Goethe's  lyrics  to  music)  ;  his  instr.l  music 
includes  7  symphonies  (the  "Schlachtsymphonie" 
celebrates  the  battle  of  Leipzig),  a  "Victory" 
overture,  14  pf. -concertos,  a  concertante  f. 
string-quartet  and  orch.,  a  quintet  f.  pf.  w.  2 
flutes  and  2  horns,  2  pf. -quartets,  6  string-trios, 
a  violin-concerto,  11  violin-sonatas,  17  pf. -sona- 
tas, a  flute-sonata.  An  extremely  diligent  writer, 
he  edited  a  number  of  mus.  periodicals  ;  and 
publ.  "  Ueber  die  deutsche  komische  Oper " 
(1774),  "  Ueber  die  Pflichten  des  Ripienviolini- 
sten"  (1776),  "  Briefe  eines  aufmerksamen 
Reisenden,  die  Musik  betreffend "  (2  parts; 
1774,  '76),  "  Schreiben  ilber  die  Berlinische 
Musik"  (1775),  "  Vertraute  Briefe  aus  Paris" 
(1S04,  1805;  3  parts),  "Vertraute  Briefe,  ge- 
schrieben  auf  einer  Reise  nach  Wien  "  (2  vol.s  ; 
1810).  Autobiography  in  the  "  Berlinische  mu- 
sikalische  Zeitung"  (1805;  Nos.  55-89).  Of 
Schletterer's  biography,  vol.  i  was  publ.  in  1S65. 

Rei'chardt,  Luise,  daughter  of  preceding  ; 
b.  Berlin,  17SS  ;  d.  Hamburg  (where  she  had 
lived  from  1814  as  a  singing-teacher),  Nov.  17, 
1826.  She  composed  a  number  of  beautiful 
songs  ("  Es  singt  ein  Voglein,"  etc.). 


477 


REICHARDT— REINECKE 


Rei'chardt,  Gustav,  composer  of  "Was  ist 
des  Deutschen  Vaterland  ?  "  ;  b.  Schmarsow,  n. 
Demmin,  Nov.  13,  1797  ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  19, 
1S84.  A  pupil  of  Bernhard  Klein  ;  lived  in 
Berlin  as  a  music-teacher,  publishing  36  works 
(chiefly  popular  songs) ;  also  cond.  of  the  junior 
Berlin  Liedertafel ;  and  was  the  late  Emperor 
Eriedrich's  music-teacher. 

Rei'chardt,  Alexander,  tenor  opera-singer  ; 
b.  Backs,  Hungary,  Apr.  17,  1825  ;  d.  Boulogne- 
sur-Mer,  Mar.  14,  1885.  Debut  Eemberg,  1845, 
as  Otello  in  Rossini's  opera  ;  sang  at  the  court 
opera,  Vienna ;  also  yearly,  from  1 85 1-7,  at 
London  in  opera  and  concert.  At  Boulogne, 
where  he  settled  in  1S60,  he  organized  a  singing- 
society,  and  was  president  of  a  music-school. — 
Composed  songs. 

Rei'chel,  Adolf  Heinrich  Johann,  b.  Tursz- 
nitz,  W.  Brussia,  1816.  Bupil  of  Dehn  and 
L.  Berger  in  Berlin  ;  lived  14  years  in  Baris  as  a 
pf. -teacher  and  composer  (pf. -concertos,  2  pf.- 
trios,  4  preludes  and  fugues,  also  mazurkas  and 
sonatas,  f.  pf . ;  masses  ;  many  songs)  ;  1857-67, 
teacher  of  comp.  at  Dresden  Cons.,  and  cond. 
of  Dreyssig's  Singakademie ;  from  1867,  munici- 
pal Mus.  Dir.  at  Bern,  Switzerland. 

Rei'chel,  Friedrich,  b.  Oberoderwitz,  Lusa- 
tia,  Jan.  27,  1833  ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  29,  1889,  as 
cantor  and  org.  at  the  Johanniskirche.  Bupil  of 
Wieck,  Otto,  and  Rietz,  at  Dresden.  Chief 
among  32  publ.  works  are  a  "  Fruhlingssym- 
phonie,"  op.  25  ;  part  songs  f.  men's  voices,  op. 
4,  5,  7  ;  and  some  motets.  He  prod,  an  ope- 
retta, Die  geangsteten  Diplomaten,  at  Dresden 
in  1S75. 

Rei'cher  -  Kin'dermann,  Hedwig,  gifted 
dram,  soprano  ;  b.  Munich,  July  15,  1853  !  d. 
Trieste,  June  2,  1883.  Daughter  of  the  baritone 
A.  Kindermann  ;  sang  in  the  Court  Th.,  then 
in  the  Gartnerplatz  Th.,  at  Munich  ;  later  at 
Hamburg;  from  1880-82  at  Leipzig;  then  in 
A.  Neumann's  Wagner  troupe.  She  married  the 
opera-singer  Reicher. 

Rei'chert,  Mathieu-Andre,  b.  Maestricht, 
1S30.  Flute-virtuoso  ;  pupil  from  1S44  of  the 
Brussels  Cons.,  taking  ist  prize  in  1S47.  Made 
long  tours  in  Europe  and  America.  Comp.  dif- 
ficult music  for  flute. 

Reich'mann,  Theodor,  celebrated  dram, 
baritone;  b.  Rostock,  Mar.  18,  1849.  Bupil  of 
Mantius  and  Elsler  (Berlin),  Ress  (Prague),  and 
Lamperti  (Milan).  Sang  in  theatres  at  Magde- 
burg, Berlin,  Rotterdam,  Strassburg,  Cologne, 
Hamburg,  and  Munich  (1874)  ;  1882-9  at  the 
Court  Opera,  Vienna  ;  in  1S82  he  created  the 
role  of  Amfortas  at  Bayreuth.  Sang  in  German 
opera  at  New  York,  1SS9-90  ;  made  extended 
tours  ;  and  was  re-engaged  at  Vienna. 

Ried,  General  John,  b.  Straloch,  Berthshire, 
Feb.  13,  1721  (?)  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  6,  1807.  A 
musical  amateur,  he  left  ^52,000  to  found  a 
chair  of  music  in  Edinburgh  Univ.,  also  provid- 
ing that  an  annual  concert  of  his  own  composi- 


tions should  be  given.  The  "  Ried  "  professors 
since  thefoundation(i839)have  been  John  Thom- 
son ;  Sir  Henry  Bishop,  1842  ;  Henry  Hugo  Pier- 
son,  1844  ;  John  Donaldson,  1845  ;  Sir  Herbert 
Stanley  Oakeley,  1S65  ;  and  Frederick  Niecks, 
18S9. 

Reijnvaan  (or  Reynwaen),  Jean  Ver- 
schuere,  LL.D. ;  b.  Middelburg,  Holland,  1743; 
d.  Flushing,  May  12,  1809.  Organist  and  caril- 
lonneur  at  Flushing.  Compiled  the  first  Dutch 
mus.  dictionary  :  "  Musikaal  konstwoorden- 
boek  "  (1789;  one  vol.,  A-E,  and  part  of  vol. 
ii  ;  2nd  ed.,  1795,  only  to  letter  M).  Also  publ. 
a  "  Catechismus  der  Muzijk  "  (1788)  ;  comp.  6 
violin-sonatas,  psalms,  motets,  and  songs. 

Rei'mann,  Mathieu  [Matthias  Reyman- 
nus],  b.  Lowenberg,  1544  ;  d.  Oct.  21,  1597. 
Bubl.  "  Noctes  musicae  "  (1598)  and  "  Cithara 
sacra  Bsalmodiae  Davidis  "  (1603),  in  lute-tabla- 
ture. 

Rei'mann,  Ignaz,  b.  Albendorf,  Silesia,  Dec. 
27,  1820  ;  d.  Rengersdorf,  June  17,  1885.  Bro- 
lific  church-composer  ;  publ.  18  masses,  4  Re- 
quiems, 3  Te  Deums,  4S  offertories,  40  graduals  ; 
many  others,  also  instrumental  works,  in  MS. — 
His  son, 

Rei'mann,  Heinrich,  b.  Rengersdorf,  Sile- 
sia, Mar.  14,  1850.  Taught  by  his  father  ;  at- 
tended the  Glatz  Gymnasium,  and  studied  phi- 
lology at  Breslau  Univ.  (1870-4),  also  conduct- 
ing the  academical  Gesangverein  "  Leopoldina." 
He  taught  at  several  Gymnasia,  and  becpme  di- 
rector of  that  at  Gleiwitz  in  1885  ;  but  soon  re- 
signed to  devote  himself  to  music.  Sincp  1887 
he  has  lived  in  Berlin,  where  he  is  asst. -librarian 
at  the  R.  Library,  organist  to  the  Bhilharm. 
Soc,  teacher  of  organ  and  theory  at  the  Schar- 
wenka-Klindworth  Cons.,  and  (since  1895)  org. 
at  the  Gnadenkirche.  He  is  an  eminent  mus. 
critic  (on  the  "  Allgem.  musikalische  Zeitung  "), 
an  excellent  organist,  a  composer  of  organ-sona- 
tas and -studies,  etc.,  and  a  writer  of  distinction  : 
Biography  of  Schumann  (1887);  "  Zur  Theo- 
rie  und  Geschichte  der  byzantinischen  Musik" 
(in  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  fiir  Musikwissen- 
schaft,"  1S89)  ;  he  revised  vol.  ii  of  Ambros's 
"  History"  for  a  new  edition  ;  and  publ.  a  coll. 
of  old  songs,  arr.  for  concert-performance,  "  Das 
deutsche  Lied." 

Rei'necke,  Leopold  Carl,  b.  Dessau,  1774  ; 
d.  Giisten,  Oct.  22,  1S20.  Bupil  of  Rust  (vln.) 
and  Naumann  (comp.);  from  1798,  leader  and 
music-director  at  Dessau.  Prod,  operas  at  Des- 
sau, also  symphonies  and  chamber-music. 

Rei'necke,  Carl  (Heinrich  Carsten),  b.  Al- 
tona,  June  23,  1S24.  Pianist,  pupil  of  his  father, 
a  music-teacher.  His  first  concert-tour  was  to 
Denmark  and  Sweden  in  1843  ;  he  then  went 
to  Leipzig,  learned  much  through  intercourse 
with  Mendelssohn  and  Schumann,  made  a  second 
tour  through  North  Germany,  and  was  from 
1S46-8  court  pianist  to  Christian   VI II.  at  Co- 


478 


REINER— REINSDORF 


penhagen.  Then,  after  spending  some  years  in 
Paris,  he  became  teacher  at  Cologne  Cons,  in  1 851, 
mus.  director  at  Barmen 
1S54-9,  academical 
mus.  dir.  and  cond.  of 
the  Singakademie  at 
Breslau  1859-60,  and 
from  1860-95  cond. 
(following  J.  Rietz)  of 
the  Gewandhaus  Con- 
certs at  Leipzig,  his 
successor  being  Nikisch. 
At  the  same  time  he 
was  app.  prof,  of  pf.- 
playing  and  free  com- 
position at  the  Leipzig 
Cons.,  a  position  still 
held  ;  and  in  iSg7  he  was  made  "  Studiendi- 
rektor"  at  that  institution.  From  Leipzig  Univ. 
he  has  the  title  of  Dr.phil.  hon.  causa  ;  from  the 
King  of  Saxony,  that  of  "  Royal  Professor."  An 
eminent  pianist,  he  excels  as  an  interpreter  of  Mo- 
zart, has  made  concert-tours  almost  yearly,  and 
is  enthusiastically  welcomed  in  England,  Hol- 
land, Scandinavia,  .Switzerland,  and  throughout 
Germany  ;  among  his  pupils  are  Maas,  Kwast, 
Winding,  Joseffy,  Dora  Schirmacher,  and  Jeanne 
Becker  ;  his  works  for  piano  include  4  concertos, 
a  quintet,  a  quartet,  6  trios,  2  sonatas  w.  'cello, 

4  sonatas  w.  violin,  a  sonata  w.  flute  (op.  167), 
a  fantasia  w.  violin  (op.  160),  and  many  solo 
pieces  (Musical  Kindergarten,  op.  206  ;  fantasia 
in  sonata-form,  op.  15;  sonatas  f.  2  and  4  hands  ; 
sonatinas,  op.  47,  98,  127a,  136  ;  Serenade,  op. 
48  ;  10  Fantasiestucke,  op.  17;  "  Aus  der  Ju- 
gendzeit,"  op.  106  ;  Neues  Notenbuch  fur  kleine 
Leute,  op.  107  ;  Nocturne,  op.  69  ;  24  Studies, 
op.  121  ;  Ballade,  op.  20  ;  4  Alte  und  neue 
Tanze,  op.  57  ;  Marchenvorspiele  f.  4  hands,  op. 
99;  Duos  f.  2  pianos,  op.  66  ;  etc.).  Asa  com- 
poser, and  teacher  of  composition,  R.  has  been 
the  leader  in  Leipzig  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  ; 
his  works,  classic  in  form  and  of  refined  work- 
manship, have  a  distinct  dash  of  romantic  tem- 
perament. He  has  prod,  the  5-act  grand  opera 
Konig  Manfred  (Wiesbaden,  1867)  ;  the  ope- 
retta Ein  Abenteuer  HdndeV  s  (Schwerin,  1874)  ; 
2  3-act  comic  operas,  Auf  hohen  Befehl  (Jcl&m- 
burg,  1 886),  and  Der  Gouverneur  von  Tours 
(Schwerin,  1891  ;  text  by  E.  Bormann  ;  Engl, 
translation)  ;  the  fairy  opera  Die  Teufelchen 
auf  der  Himmelswiese  (Glarus,  1899)  ;  Dervier- 
jahrige  Postal  (not  perf.) ; — music  to  Schiller's 
Tell j  the  oratorio  Belsazar ;  the  cantatas  Ila- 
kon  Jar  I,  f.  male  ch. ,  soli,  andorch.,  and  Die 
Flucht  nach  Aegypten,  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  5 
"  fairy  cantatas,"  Schneewittchen,  Dornroschen, 
Asc/ienbrodel,  "  Vom  Baumcken,  t/as  andre  Blat- 
ter hat  gewollt,"  and  Die  wilden  Schwane  (all 

5  f.  female  ch.,  soli,  and  pf.);  song-cycle,  "Von 
der  Wiege  bis  zum  Grabe,"  f.  vocal  solo  w.  pf., 
and  connecting  declamatory  text  [also  in  Eng- 
lish] ;  concert-arias  ("  Mirjams  Siegesgesang,  f. 
sopr. ;  "  Das  Hinilumadchen,"  f.  alto  ;  "  Alman- 
sor,"  f.  baritone);  20  canons   f.  3  female  voices 


w.  pf. ;  also  2  masses  ; — further,  3  symphonies 
(No.  3,  in  G  min.,  is  op.  227)  ;  the  overtures 
"  Dame  Kobold,"  "  Aladin,"  "  Friedensfeier," 
"  Festouverture,"  "  In  memoriam  "  (to  the  mem- 
ory of  David)  ;  Introd.  and  Fugue  with  Choral 
(f.  orch.),  "  Zenobia  "  ;  a  funeral  march  for  Em- 
peror William  L;  a  violin-concerto,  a 'cello-con- 
certo, a  harp-concerto  (op.  182)  ;  4  string-quar- 
tets (No.  4  is  in  D). 

Rei'ner,  Jacob,  b.  Altdorf,  Wurttemberg, 
about  1560  ;  d.  Aug.  12,  1606,  as  choirmaster  of 
the  monastery  at  Weingarten.  Pupil  of  Orlando 
di  Lasso  at  Munich. — Publ.  "  Liber  cantionum 
sacrarum"  (1579  ;  22  motets  a  5-6  ;  in  score  by 
Dressier,  1872);  "  Schone  neue  deutsche  Lieder" 
(1581  ;  32  songs  a  4-5);  "  Christliche  Gesang, 
teutsche  Psalmen "  (15S9  ;  15  psalms  a  3); 
"  Selectae  piaeque  cantiones  "  (1591,  20  motets 
a  6)  ;  "  Cantica  sive  mutetae  "  (1595  ;  29  songs 
a  4-5)  !  "Liber  motettarum  "  (1603,  32  motets 
a  6  and  8);  "  Liber  motettarum"  (18  a  6  ;  1603); 
"Sacrarum  missarum "  (1604,  5  masses  a  6); 
"  Gloriosissimae  Virginis  .  .  .  Magnificat" 
(1604;  12  Mag.  rz  8);  "  Missae  trescum  litaniis  " 
(1604  ;  a  8)  ;  "  Messae  aliquot  sacrae  cum  officio 
13.  V.  M.  et  Antiphonis  3-4  voc."  (160S).  Songs 
in  MS.  (cf.  "  Monatshefte  fur  Musikgeschichte," 
iii,  p.  97). 

Rei'ner,  Ambrosius,  son  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Altdorf-Weingarten,  Dec.  7,  1604  ;  d.  July  5, 
1762,  as  court  Kapellm.  at  Innsbruck.  Comp. 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  etc. 

Rein'hard,  B.  Francois,  music-printer  at 
Strassburg  in  1800,  and  the  first  to  apply  the 
stereotype  process  to  music-printing. 

Rein'holdt,  Theodor  Christlieb,  d.  Dres- 
den, Mar.  24,  1755,  as  cantor  of  the  Kreuz- 
kirche  ;  he  was  J.  A.  Hiller's  teacher.  Comp. 
many  motets. 

Rein'ken  (or  Reinke,  Reinicke),  Johann 
Adam,  famous  organist ;  b.  Deventer,  Holland, 
Apr.  27,  1623  ;  d.  Hamburg,  Nov.  24,  1722. 
Pupil  of  Sweelinck  in  Amsterdam.  In  1658  he 
became  assistant,  and  in  1663  successor,  to 
Scheidemann,  organist  at  the  Katharinenkirche, 
Hamburg.  One  of  the  foremost  among  North 
German  organists  ;  J.  S.  Bach  several  times 
walked  from  Llineburg  to  Hamburg  to  hear 
him. — Works:  "  Hortus  musicus"  f.  2  violins, 
viola,  and  bass  (1704),  and  "Partite  diverse" 
(both  republ.  by  the  "  Maatschappij  tot  bevor- 
dering  der  Toonkunst  " )  ;  in  MS.,  a  toccata  f. 
organ,  2  arr.s  of  chorals,  and  2  var.s  f.  clavi- 
chord. 

Reins'dorf,  Otto,  b.  KSselitz,  May  28,  184S  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Apr.  15,  1S90.  Pupil  of  Kullak  and 
Wuerst.  Went  to  Leipzig  1S70  ;  co-editor  of 
the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fiir  Musik,"  and  (1872)  of 
the  "  Tonhalle  "  ;  founded  the  "  Musikalische 
Central-Zeitung  "  (soon  defunct),  and  the  "  All- 
gemeine  deutsche  Musikzeitung  "  (1S74  \  retired 
from  editorship,  1875)  ;  went  to  Vienna,  1S75, 
started  the  "  Illustr.  Musik-  und  Theater- [our' 


479 


REINTHALER— REISSMANN 


nal,"  resigned  the  editorship  in  1876,  and  went 
to  Berlin.  He  was  a  talented,  but  erratic,  writer 
and  composer. 

Rein'thaler,  Karl  (Martin),  gifted  com- 
poser ;  b.  Erfurt,  Oct.  13,  1832  ;  d.  Bremen, 
Feb.  13,  1S96.  A  music-pupil  of  G.  A.  Ritter, 
he  studied  theology,  at  his  father's  desire,  in 
Berlin  from  1871-6  ;  but  his  passion  for  music 
won  the  day,  and  he  took  private  lessons  with 
Marx.  The  King  then  granted  him  a  stipend 
for  study  at  Paris  in  1S49  (6  months),  where  he 
had  singing-lessons  from  Geraldi  and  Bordogni, 
and  for  3  years  at  Rome.  He  then  (1S53)  was 
called  to  the  Cologne  Cons,  as  teacher  of  sing- 
ing ;  in  1857  he  was  app.  municipal  mus.  dir. , 
organist  and  Kapellm.  at  the  cathedral,  and 
cond.  of  the  Singakademie  in  Bremen  ;  later  also 
becoming  cond.  of  the  Liedertafel  there.  He 
received  the  title  of  R.  Prussian  Mus.  Dir.;  was 
elected  full  member  of  the  Berlin  Akademie  in 
1882,  and  in  iSSSwas  made  "  Royal  Professor." 
He  prod.  2  operas,  Edda  (Bremen,  1S75)  and 
Kathchen  von  Heilbronn  (Frankfort,  1S81)  ;  an 
oratorio  Jephtha,  repeatedly  perf.  in  Germany 
and  elsewhere  ;  the  famous  "  Bismarck-Hymne  " 
(won  a  prize) ;  tire  choral  works  In  der  Wiiste, 
Das  Madchen  von  Kolah  (both  w.  orch.),  and  Die 
Rosen  von  Hildesheim  (f.  4  male  voices  w. 
orch.)  ;  a  symphony  in  D  ;  male  choruses,  songs, 
psalms. 

Rei'senauer,  Alfred,  pianist  ;  b.  Konigs- 
berg,  Nov.  1,  1863.  Pupil  of  L.  Kohler  and 
Liszt.  Debut  at  Cardinal  Hohenlohe's  palace, 
Rome,  with  Liszt  (1881)  ;  after  a  concert-tour 
(London,  Leipzig),  he  studied  law  at  Leipzig 
Univ.  1881-2,  but  resumed  his  career  of  concert- 
pianist,  and  has  visited  Russia,  Siberia,  and 
Central  Asia.  His  only  publications  are  songs  : 
"  Wanderlieder." 

Rei'ser,  August  Friedrich,  b.  Gammer- 
tingen,  Wurttemberg,  Jan.  19,  1840.  From 
18S0-86,  editor  of  the  Cologne  "  Neue  Musik- 
zeitung  "  ;  has  comp.  2  symphonies,  an  over- 
ture, and  male  choruses  (e.g.,  "  Barbarossa,"  f. 
double  ch.). 

Reiset,  Marie-Felicie-Clemence  de.  See 
Grandval,  Mme.  de. 

Reiss,  Carl  Heinrich  Adolf,  b.  Frankfort- 
on-Main,  Apr.  24,  1829.  Pupil  of  Plauptmann 
at  Leipzig.  Chorus-master,  and  Kapellm.,  at 
various  theatres  ;  in  1854,  1st  Kapellm.  at  May- 
ence  ;  in  1856  2nd,  and  on  Spohr's  death  1st, 
Kapellm.  at  Kassel ;  1SS1-6,  at  the  court  theatre, 
Wiesbaden. — Prod.  1  opera,  Otto  der  Schtitz,  at 
Mayence,  1856. 

Reis'siger,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Belzig,  n. 
Wittenberg,  Jan.  31,  1798  ;  d.  Dresden,  Nov.  7, 
1859.  A  pupil  of  Schicht  at  the  Thomasschule, 
Leipzig,  from  1811  ;  began  the  study  of  theology 
in  1818,  but  gave  it  up  for  music,  continuing  at 
first  under  Schicht,  then  going  to  Vienna  in 
1821  (where  he  wrote,  but  did  not  produce,  an 
opera,  Das  Rockenweibchen,  and  appeared  as  a 


vocalist  and  pianist),  and  thence  to  Munich 
(1822),  pursuing  the  study  of  dramatic  comp. 
under  Winter,  and  successfully  bringing  out  an 
overture  and  entr'actes  to  Nero.  In  1S24,  at  the 
expense  of  the  Prussian  government,  he  made  a 
tour  of  inspection  and  study  in  Italy,  and  sub- 
mitted a  plan  for  a  conservatory  ;  taught  at  the 
Berlin  R.  Inst,  for  Church-music,  and  in  1826 
was  invited  to  The  Hague  to  organize  a  conser- 
vatory, which  still  flourishes.  In  the  same  year 
he  succeeded  Marschner  as  mus.  dir.  of  the 
German  Opera  at  Dresden,  and  soon  after  was 
app.  court  Kapellm.,  as  Weber's  successor. — 
Works  :  The  operas  Didone  abbandonata  (Dres- 
den, 1823);  Der  Ahnenschatz  (1824);  Yelva 
[melodr.]  (1827)  ;  Libella  (1828)  ;  Die  Felsen- 
mii/ile  von  £talieres  (1829  ;  the  overture  is  still 
played  at  concerts)  ;  Turandot  (1835)  ;  Adele  de 
Foix  (1841)  ;  Der  Schiffbruch  der  Medusa 
(1846)  ; — the  oratorio  David ;  10  grand  masses  ; 
motets,  psalms,  etc.; — a  symphony,  an  overture, 
a  clar. -concerto,  a  flute-concerto,  a  pf.-quintet,  a 
string-quintet,  6  pf. -quartets,  8  string-quartets, 
27  pf. -trios,  3  violin-sonatas,  2  'cello-sonatas,  1 
clar. -sonata  ; — and,  f.  pf. ,  3  solo  sonatas,  2 
4-hand  sonatas,  rondos  (op.  27,  4  hands  ;  op.  37, 
39),  waltzes  (that  named  ' '  Weber's  last  thought  " 
is  R.'s  most  popular  piece),  24  "  Danses  moder- 
nes  et  brillantes,"  in  2  sets,  op.  38  and  op.  46  ; 
— also  songs,  many  of  which  became  popular. — 
His  brother, 

Reis'siger,  Friedrich  August,  b.  Belzig, 
July  26,  1809  ;  d.  Frederikshald,  Mar.  2,  1S83, 
as  military  bandmaster.  Pupil  of  Weinlig  and 
Schicht  (Leipzig)  and  Dehn  (Berlin) ;  prolific 
comp.  (many  songs)  ;  from  1840-50,  cond.  at 
the  Christiania  theatre. 

Reiss'mann,  August,  b.  Frankenstein,  Si- 
lesia, Nov.  14,  1825  ;  pupil  there  of  Heinrich 
lung,  and  in  Breslau  of  Mosewius  and  Baumgart 
(theory),  E.  L.  Richter  (pf.  and  org.),  Liistner 
(vln.)  and  Kahl  ('cello).  His  first  compositions 
were  well  received  ;  but  two  years'  residence  in 
Weimar  with  Liszt  (1850-2)  developed  a  strong 
literary  vein.  lie  lived  in  Halle,  and  from  1S63- 
80  in  Berlin,  lecturing  1866-74  at  the  Stern  Cons, 
on  the  history  of  music  ;  then  in  Leipzig  (where 
the  University  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
Dr.  phil.  in  1S75),  in  Wiesbaden,  and  again  in 
Berlin. — Writings  :  "  Catechismus  der  Gesangs- 
kunst"  (1S53  ;  after  Sieber)  ;  "Von  Bach  bis 
Wagner  "  (1861)  ;  "  Das  deutsche  Lied  in  seiner 
historischen  Entwickelung"  (1861  ;  rev.  ed.  1874 
as  "  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Liedes  "  ;  con- 
sidered his  best  and  most  original  work)  ;  "  All- 
gemeine  Geschichte  der  Musik  "(3V0I.S,  1S63-5); 
"  Allgemeine  Musiklehre  "  (1864;  2nd  ed.  1864)  ; 
"Robert  Schumann"  (1865;  3rd  ed.  1879); 
"  Grundriss  der  Musikgeschichte  "  (1865)  ; 
"  Lehrbuch  der  musikalischen  Komposition  "  (3 
vol.s,  1866-73)  I  "Felix  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy" 
(1867  ;  2nd  ed.  1872) ;  "  Franz  Schubert  "  (1873); 
"  Die  konigliche  Hochschule  fiir  Musik  in  Ber- 
lin "  (1875);  "  Klavier-   und   Gesangschule  fur 


480 


REITER— REMMERS 


den  ersten  Unterricht"  (2  parts,  1S76) ;  "  Leicht- 
fassliche  Musikgeschichte  in  12  Vorlesungen " 
(1877);  "Joseph  Haydn"  (1879);  "  Zur  Aes- 
thetik  der  Tonkunst  "  (1879);  "  Illustrirte  Ge- 
schichte  der  deutschen  Musik  "  (1880)  ;  "  J.  S. 
Bach"  (i88i);"G.F.  Handel  "  (1SS1) ;  "Gluck" 
(1882);  "Weber"  (1SS2)  ;  "Die  Oper  in  ihrer 
kunst-und  kulturhistorischen  Bedeutung  "(1S85); 
"  Was  wird  aus  unserer  deutschen  Musik  ?  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1899)  ; — edited  Gathy's  "  Musikalisches  Con- 
versationslexikon "  (1870),  and  vol.s  vii-xi  of 
Mendel's  ditto  (1876  ;  also  Supplement  of  18S1, 
and  an  epitome,  "  Handlexikon  der  Tonkunst," 
in  1SS2). — Compositions  :  3  operas,  Gudrun 
(Leipzig,  1874),  Die  Biirgermeisterin  von 
Schomdorf  {i\>.,  18S0),  and  Das  Grahpiel (Dtis- 
seldorf,  1895)  ;  a  ballet,  Der  B lumen  Rache 
(1887)  ;  Konig  Drosselbart,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  pf., 
w.  declamation  (1S86)  ;  2  dram,  scenes,  Drnsus 
Tod,  and  Lore  ley  ;  an  oratorio,  Wittekind ; 
choruses,  ballades,  vocal  terzets  and  duets,  and 
many  songs  ; — a  violin-concerto  ;  a  suite  f.  vln. 
w.  orch.;   2  violin-sonatas  ;   pf. -music. 

Rei'ter,  Ernst,  b.  Wertheim,  Baden,  1814  ; 
d.  Basel,  July  14,  1875.  Violin-prof,  at  Wtirz- 
burg  Cons.  ;  in  1839,  musical  dir.  at  Strassburg, 
from  1841  at  Basel. — Works  :  Die  Fee  von  El- 
verhoe,  opera  (Wiesbaden,  1865)  ;  Das  neue 
Paradies,  oratorio  (Basel,  1845)  ;  2  string-quar- 
tets ;  songs. 

Relfe,  John,  English  theorist  and  composer  ; 
b.  Greenwich,  1763  ;  d.  London,  about  1837,  as 
an  esteemed  teacher  of  pf.  and  harmony. — ■ 
Works  :  Airs,  sonatas,  lessons,  divertimentos, 
etc.,  f.  harpsichord  or  pf.  ;  songs;  "  Guida  Ar- 
monica  .  .  .  "  (3  parts,  1798  ;  2nd  ed.  as  "  The 
Principles  of  Harmony  .  .  .",  1S17) ;"  Remarks 
on  the  Present  State  of  Mus.  Instruction  "  (1819) ; 
"  Lucidus  ordo  ..."  (1821).  He  proposed  a 
reformed  thorough-bass  figuring,  marking  the 
root-chord  r.,  and  the  inversions  '  and  ". 

Rell'stab,  Johann  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  27,  1759  ;  d.  there  Aug.  19,  1813. 
Pupil  of  F.  Agricola  and  Fasch  ;  succeeded  his 
father  as  head  of  a  printing-establishment,  add- 
ing a  music-printing  and  -publishing  department 
and  a  circulating  library  of  music  ;  founded 
short-lived  amateur  concerts  in  17S7  ;  lost  his 
property  in  the  war  of  1806,  and  gave  music-les- 
sons, lectured  on  harmony,  and  wrote  criticisms 
for  the  "  Vossische  Zeitung."  Compositions 
unimportant.  He  publ.  "  Versuch  fiber  die 
Vereinigung  der  musikalischen  und  oratorischen 
Declamation"  (Vienna,  1785);  "  Anleitung  ftir 
Clavierspieler,  den  Gebrauch  der  Bach'schen 
Fingersetzung,  die  Manieren  und  den  Vortrag 
betreffend  "  (1790)  ;  and  a  polemical  pamphlet, 
"  Ueber  die.  Bemerkungen  eines  Reisenden 
[Reiehardt],  die  Berlinischen  Kirchenmusiken, 
Concerte,  Opern  und  die  konigliche  Kammer- 
musik  betreffend"  (1789). 

Rell'stab,  (Heinrich  Friedrich)  Ludwig, 
the  noted  novelist,  son  of  the  preceding  ;  b.  Ber- 

3i 


lin,  Apr.  13,  1799  ;  d.  there  Nov.  27,  i860. 
Artillery  officer,  teacher  of  mathematics  and  his- 
tory in  the  Brigade  School,  Berlin,  retired  from 
the  army  in  1821,  and  lived  as  a  writer  in  Berlin 
from  1823.  Editor  and  mus.  critic  of  the  "  Voss- 
ische Zeitung"  from  1S26.  Publ.  the  satirical 
pamphlets  ' '  Henriette,  oder  die  schone  Sangerin, 
eine  Geschichte  unsrer  Tage  von  Freimund  Zu- 
schauer  "(1826;  on  Henriette  Sontag's  triumphs), 
and  "  Ueber  mein  Verhaltniss  als  Critiker  zu 
Herrn  Spontini  als  Componisten  und  General- 
Musikdirector  in  Berlin,  nebst  einem  vergniig- 
lichen  Anhang"  (1827  ;  directed  against  Spohr's 
truckling  to  virtuosity  in  Agnes  von  Hohen- 
staufeti),  for  each  of  which  he  suffered  a  period 
of  imprisonment  ;  though  his  opinions  were 
eventually  upheld  both  in  official  circles  and  by 
the  public.  From  1S39-41  R.  edited  a  mus. 
periodical,  "  Iris  im  Gebiet  der  Tonkunst"  ;  he 
also  contributed  to  several  other  papers.  In  his 
"  Gesammelte  Werke  "  are  biographies  of  Liszt, 
Ludwig  Berger,  Bernhard  Klein,  Nanette 
Schechner,  and  others  ;  vol.  i  contains  criticisms, 
on  opera  and  concert,  which  came  out  in  the 
"Vossische  Zeitung  "  1S26-4S. — His  best-known 
novel  is  "  1812." 

Remenyi,  Eduard,  remarkable  violinist  ;  b. 
Heves,  Hungary,  1S30  ;  d.  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
May  15,  1898.  Pupil  of  Bohm  at  Vienna  Cons. 
1S42-5  ;  banished  from  Austria  for  participation 
in  the  Hungarian  Revolution  of  1848,  he  began 
the  career  of  a  wandering  violinist  in  America  ; 
returned  to  Europe  in  1S53,  profited  by  Liszt's 
counsels,  and  in  1854  became  solo  violinist  to 
Queen  Victoria.  In  i860  he  was  amnestied,  and 
app.  solo  violinist  to  the  Emperor  of  Austria  ;  in 
1S65,  commenced  a  brilliant  tour,  visiting  Paris 
(1865),  Germany,  Belgium,  and  Holland;  stayed 
in  Paris  1875-7,  playing  in  many  Pasdeloup  con- 
certs ;  then  proceeded  to  London  (1877),  and  to 
America  in  187S,  travelling  in  the  United  States, 
Canada,  and  Mexico  ;  in  1886  he  began  a  new 
concert-tour  around  the  world,  visiting  Japan, 
China,  Cochin-China,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
etc.  He  died  of  apoplexy  on  his  last  American 
tour,  1897-8. — His  technique  was  prodigious  ; 
in  vigor,  passion,  and  pathos  he  was  unex- 
celled ;  his  extravagances  were  forgotten  in 
admiration  for  his  puissant  genius.  Finding  in- 
sufficient scope  in  the  usual  violin-literature,  he 
made  skilful  transcriptions  of  Field's  Nocturnes, 
Chopin's  Waltzes,  Polonaises,  and  Mazurkas, 
and  pieces  by  Bach,  Schubert,  etc.;  these  are 
united  under  the  title  of  "  Nouvelle  ecole  du 
violon."  lie  comp.  a  violin-concerto,  and  some 
soli  f.  vln. 

Remi  of  Auxerre,  [Remigius  Altisiodoren- 
sis,]  a  monk  ;  at  Rheims,  S93  ;  later  at  Paris. 
His  commentary  on  Martianus  Capella  was 
printed  by  Gerbert  in  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  i. 

Rem'mers,  Johann,  b.  Jever,  Jan.  12,  1805; 
d.  The  Hague,  Jan.  2S,  1847.  Violinist,  pupil  of 
Ed.  Rietz  ;  chamber-musician  at  St.  Petersburg. 


481 


REMMERT— REY 


Rem'mert,  Martha,  excellent  pianist ;  b. 
Gross-Schwein,  n.  Glogau,  Sept.  13,  1854. 
Pupil  of  Kullak,  Tausig,  and  Liszt.  Resides  in 
Berlin. 

Remusat  [Remuzat],  Jean,  flute-virtuoso, 
pupil  of  Tulou  ;  b.  Bordeaux,  May  11,  1815  ;  d. 
Shanghai,  Sept.  1,  1880.  After  successful  con- 
cert-giving, he  became  first  flute  at  the  Queen's 
Th.,  London  ;  from  1853  ditto  at  the  Th.-Ly- 
rique,  Paris.  He  preferred  the  old  cross-flute  to 
Bohm's. — Publ.  a  Flute-method,  and  solo  pieces 
and  duets  f.  flute,  flute  and  violin,  etc. 

Remy,  W.  A.     See  Mayer,  Wilhelm. 

Renard,  Marie,  operatic  soubrette ;  b.  Graz, 
Tan.  18,  1864;  debut  there  1882.  Eng.  at  the 
Prague  Landestheater ;  1885-8  at  the  Berlin 
Court  Opera  ;  since  then  at  the  Vienna  Court 
Opera. 

Renaud,  Albert,  b.  Paris,  1855.  Pupil  of 
Cesar  Franck  and  Leo  Delibes  ;  organist  at  St.- 
Francois-Xavier  ;  mus.  critic  of  "  La  Patrie."- — ■ 
Works:  The  s4-act  "  feerie  "  Aladin  (1891) ; 
opera  comique  A  la  Houzarde  ('gi)  ;  ballet  The 
muakt'in'd  Shepherd  (London,  1892);  ballet  .AW- - 
neddin  (Paris,  1892)  ;  piece  fantastique  Don 
Quichotte  (1895);  folie-vaudeville  Un  voyage  a 
Venise  (1896) ;  operetta  Le  soleil  de  minuit 
(1898);  etc. 

Renaud,  Maurice,  renowned  bass  singer  ;  b. 
Bordeaux,  1862.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.;  engaged 
at  R.  Opera,  Brussels,  1S83-90  ;  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  Paris,  1 890-1  ;  at  the  Grand  Opera, 
since  1891.  Sings  bass  (or  baritone)  parts  in 
over  50  operas  ;  is  equally  successful  in  comic 
and  serious  works. — Roles  :  Huon  ;  Mercutio 
and  Capulet  ;  Escamillo  ;  Basilio  ;  Beckmesser; 
Telramund  ;  Flying  Dutchman  ;  Kurwenal ; 
Guillaume  ( Tell) ;  Fernando  {Fidelia)  ;  Nelusko 
{I'Africaine)  ;  etc. 

Renda'no,  Alfonso,  pianist  ;  b.  Carolei,  n. 
Cosenza,  Calabria,  Apr.  5,  1853.  Pupil  of 
Naples  Cons.,  of  Thalberg,  and  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  (1871).  Very  successful  at  the  Philharm. 
and  Mus.  Union  Concerts  in  London  ;  also  in 
Paris  and  Leipzig.  Highly  esteemed  in  Italy; 
has  publ.  .w/iw-pieces. 

Ren'ner,  Josef,  b.  Schmatzhausen,  n.  Lands- 
hut,  Bavaria,  Apr.  25,  1832;  d.  Ratisbon,  Aug. 
11,  1S95.  Taught  by  his  father  ;  later  by  Met- 
tenleiter  and  Proske.  From  1858-92,  choral 
cond.  and  teacher  at  the  Aula  Scholastica,  Ratis- 
bon ;  cond.  of  several  mus.  societies  ;  founder, 
about  1865,  and  until  1S82  director,  of  a  Mus. 
Inst.  To  revive  the  German  madrigals  of  the 
i6th-i7th  centuries,  he  organized  the  Ratisbon 
Madrigal  Quartet,  and  edited  and  publ.  coll.s  of 
madrigals. 

Reszke,  Jean  de.     See  De  Reszke. 

Rety,  Charles,  b.  about  1826;  d.  Paris,  July 
1,  1895.  Best  known  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"  Charles  Darcours,"  as  mus.  critic  for  the  Paris 
"Figaro,"  a  post  occupied  with  distinction  for 


25  years  ;  he  was  formerly  Director  of  the  old 
Th.-Lyrique. 

Reub'ke,  Adolf,  organ-builder  at  Hausnein- 
dorf,  n.  Quedlinburg  ;  b.  Halberstadt,  Dec.  6, 
1805  ;  d.  there  Mar.  3,  1875.  Built  the  organs 
in  the  cathedral  (88  stops)  and  the  Jacobikirche 
(53stops)at  Magdeburg. — His  sonEmil,b.  Haus- 
neindorf,  Mar.,  1836  ;  d.  there  1885  ;  succeeded 
his  father,  and  introduced  various  improve- 
ments (pneumatic  tubes).  Present  head  of  the 
firm  is  Ernst  Rover. — Julius  R.,  son  of  Adolf, 
b.  Hausneindorf,  Mar.  23,  1834 ;  d.  Pillnitz, 
June  3,  1858.  Pupil  of  Kullak  and  Marx,  in 
Berlin,  and  later  of  Liszt  ;  fine  pianist,  whose 
few  comp.s  show  great  talent  (a  pf. -sonata,  an 
organ-sonata  entitled  "  The  94th  Psalm,"  other 
pf. -pieces,  and  songs). — Otto  R.,  the  youngest 
son  of  Adolf,  b.  Nov.  2,  1842,  pupil  of  von 
Billow  and  Marx,  is  living  in  Halle  as  a  music- 
teacher,  and  cond.  of  a  singing-society  ;  since 
1892,  musical  director  at  the  Univ. 

ReuTing,  (Ludwig)  Wilhelm,  b.  Darmstadt, 
Dec.  22,  1802  ;  d.  Munich,  Apr.  29,  1879.  Pu- 
pil of  Rinck,  Seyfried,  and  E.  Forster.  Kapellm. 
of  the  Josephstadter  Th.,  Vienna,  in  1829  ;  of 
the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  1S30-54.  His  works 
include  37  operettas  and  operas  {Die  Fetter  brant, 
Trieste,  1829  ;  Alfred  der  Grosse,  Vienna,  1840), 
and  17  ballets,  prod,  mostly  in  Vienna  ;  also 
pantomimes,  overtures,  chamber-music,  etc. 

Reuss,  Eduard,  b.  New  York,  Sept.  16, 1851; 
pupil  of  Ed.  Krtiger  at  Gottingen,  1871-5  ;  later 
of  Liszt  ;  since  1880,  music-teacher  at  Karlsruhe. 

Reuss,  Heinrich  XXIV.,  Prince  of  Reuss- 
Kostritz  ;  b.  Trebschen,n.  Ztillichau,  Branden- 
burg, Dec.  8,  1855.  Pupil  of  Herzogenberg  and 
Rust,  Leipzig. — Works:  Amass;  2  symphonies  ; 
2  string-quintets;  2  string-quartets  ;  a  string-trio, 
a  violin-sonata,  etc. 

Reut'ter,  Georg  (senior),  b.  Vienna,  1656;  d. 
there  Aug.  29,  1738.  From  1697-1703,  theorbist 
in  the  court  orch.  ;  in  17 10,  court  organist  ;  in 
1712,  Fux's  successor  as  Kapellm.  at  the  "Gna- 
denbild "  (St.  Stephen's);  in  1715,  cathedral- 
Kapellm. — His  son, 

Reut'ter,  (Johann  Adam  Carl)  Georg  (ju- 
nior), b.  Vienna,  Apr.  6,  1708;  d.  there  Mar.  12, 
1772.  Succeeded  his  father  as  Kapellm.  at  St. 
Stephen's  in  1738;  2nd  court  Kapellm.,  1746; 
in  1751,  acting  chief  Kapellm.  (with  Tredieri), 
receiving  the  title  on  the  latter's  death  in  1769. 
His  works  (an  opera,  operettas, oratorios,  masses, 
etc.)  are  unimportant.  It  was  he  who  engaged 
young  Haydn  for  the  choir,  and  treated  him 
so  badly. — Stolbrock  publ.  an  essay  on  R.  in 
the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  fur  Musikwissenschaft," 
1892. 

Rey,  Jean-Baptiste  (I),  b.  Lauzerte,  Tarn- 
et-Garonne,  Dec.  18,  1734  ;  d.  Paris,  July  15, 
1810.  In  1827,  m.  de  chap,  at  Auch  Cath.;  from 
1754,  opera-cond.  at  Toulouse,  Montpellier,  Mar- 
seilles,  Bordeaux,  and  Nantes;  from    1776,  for 


482 


REV— RHEINBERGER 


over  30  years,  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris,  as  as- 
sistant to  Francoeur,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1781, 
also  conducting  the  Concerts  spirituels  1781-5. 
In  1779,  cond.  of  chamber-music  to  Louis  XVI.; 
1795-1S02,  prof,  of  harmony  at  the  Cons.;  from 
1S04,  Napoleon's  matt  re  de  ehapelle.  A  most 
successful  conductor  ;  as  a  harmonist,  a  disciple 
of  Rameau,  in  opposition  to  Catel  ;  as  a  com- 
poser, he  prod.  2  operas;  ballets;  orch.l  masses, 
motets,  etc. 

Rey,  Jean-Baptiste  (II),  b.  Tarascon,  about 
1760;  from  1 795-1 822,  'cellist  at  the  Grand  Opera. 
—  l'ubl.  "  Cours  elementaire  de  musique  et  de 
pianoforte"  and  "Exposition  elementaire  de 
l'harmonie  :  theorie  generate  des  accords  d'apres 
la  basse  fondamentale"  (1S07). 

Rey,  V.-F.-S.,  b.  Lyons,  about  1762  ;  publ. 
"  Systeme  harmonique  .  .  .  d'apres  les  principes 
du  celebre  Rameau"  (1795)  and  "  L'art  de  la 
musique  theori-physico-pratique  "  (1S06). 

Reyer  (rede  Rey),  Louis-Etienne-Ernest, 
b.  Marseilles,  Dec.  1,  1823.  From  6  to  16  he 
studied  in  the  free 
municipal  school  of 
music  ;  then  took 
a  place  in  the  gov- 
ernment financial 
bureau  at  Algiers, 
and  while  there 
composed  a  solemn 
mass  and  publ. 
several  songs  ;  en- 
tered the  mus.  ca- 
reer in  1S48, study- 
ing at  Paris  with 
his  aunt,  Mme. 
Farrenc,  and  pro- 
ducing in  1S50,  at 
the  Th.  Italien,  a  symphonic  ode  with  choruses, 
Le  Sela/u  (poem  by  Th.  Gautier),  followed  in 
1S54  by  a  one-act  comedy-opera,  Maitre  Wolfram 
(Th.  -  Lyrique),  a  2-act  ballet -pantomime,  Sa- 
countala  (Opera,  1858),  a  3-act  comedy-opera, 
La  Statue  (Th.-Lyr. ,  1861),  a  2-act  opera,  Eros- 
trate  (Baden-Baden,  1862),  a  4-act  opera,  Sigurd 
(Brussels,  18S4),  and  the  5-act  opera,  Salammbd 
(Brussels,  1S90).  R.  is  a  foremost  representa- 
tive of  the  modern  French  romantic  school  of 
opera;  his  best  work  is  La  Statue.  Othercomp.s: 
A  cantata,  Vicioire  (1S59) ;  a  hymn,  V  Union  des 
arts  (1862)  ;  male  choruses  ("  lTIymne  du 
Rhin,"  "  Le  chant  du  paysan,"  "  Cho^ur  des 
buveurs,"  "  Chceur  des  assieges");  a  dram, 
scene.  La  Madeleine  an  ddsert  (1874)  ;  also  some 
church-music.  —  He  succeeded  Berlioz  as  libra- 
rian at  the  Opera,  and  was  elected  to  David's 
chair  in  the  Academie  in  1876.  He  followed 
d'Ortigue  as  fenilletoniste  of  the  "Journal  des 
Debats "  ;  his  collected  essays  were  publ.  in 
1875  as  "  Notes  de  musique."  Chev.  of  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor,  1S62  ;  Officer,  1886. 

Reznicek,  Emil  Nicolaus,  Freiherr  von, 
b.  Vienna,  May  4,  1861.     Law-student  at  Graz  ; 


music-student  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  then  Kapellm., 
successively,  in  theatres  at  Graz,  Zurich,  May- 
ence,  Stettin,  and  Weimar;  in  1S96,  app.  1st 
Kapellm.  at  Court  Th.,  Mannheim.  Gifted 
opera-composer :  Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans 
(18S7),  Satanella  (1S88),  Emerich  Fortunat 
(18S9),  all  prod,  at  Prague,  where  he  also 
brought  out  the  very  succ.  3-act  comic  opera 
Donna  Diana  (1894),  of  which  he  wrote  both 
text  and  music. — Further,  a  Requiem  (1S94), 
and  a  symphonic  suite  f.  full  orch.,  in  D 
(1S97). 

Rhaw  [Rhau],  Georg,  b.  Eisfeld,  Franco- 
nia,  1488  ;  d.  Wittenberg,  Aug.  6,  1548.  Cantor 
of  the  Thomasschule,  Leipzig,  until  1520.  bring- 
ing out  a  mass  a  12,  and  a  Te  Deum,  at  the  dis- 
putation of  Luther  and  Eck.  In  1524  he  establ. 
a  music-printing  business  at  Wittenberg,  pub- 
lishing more  especially  Protestant  compositions 
(the  "  Biciniagallica,"  1544,  contains  the  earliest 
known  version  of  the  "  Ranz  des  vaches "). 
Wrote  an  "  Enchiridion  musices  "  (Part  i,  1518, 
on  "  Musica  choralis  "  ;  P.  ii,  1520,  on  "  Mus. 
mensuralis  "). 

Rhein'berger,  Joseph  (Gabriel),  b.  Vaduz, 
Liechtenstein,  Mar.  17,  1837.  He  played  the 
piano  at  5,  and  was 
a  good  organist  at  7  ; 
studied  at  the  R. 
School  of  Music, 
Munich,  under  Her- 
zog,  Leonhard,  and 
J.  J.  Mayer,  from 
1851-8,  and  wasapp. 
teacher  of  theory 
there  in  1S59  ;  also 
organist  at  the  court 
church  of  St. 
Michael,  and  cond. 
of  the  Oratorio  Soc. 
He  was  "  Repetitor"  at  the  Court  Opera,  1S65- 
7  ;  then  received  the  title  of  Royal  Professor  (he 
teaches  composition  and  advanced  classes  in 
organ-playing  ;  G.  W.  Chadwick  and  H.  W. 
Parker  were  among  his  pupils),  and  was  made 
Inspector  of  the  School  of  Music  ;  since  1877, 
Court  Kapellm.  of  the  Royal  Chapel-Choir,  cele- 
brated for  its  performances  of  early  vocal  music. 
— R.'s  works  take  high  rank  among  contempo- 
rary compositions,  both  vocal  and  instrumental  ; 
they  include  the  romantic  opera  Die  7  Raben, 
op.  20  (Munich,  1S69),  the  comic  opera  Des 
Thiirmers  Toel/terleiu,  op.  70  (Munich,  1S73), 
the  vaudeville  Das  Zauberwort,  op.  153  ;  music 
to  Der  wunderthatige  Magus  [Calderon],  op. 
30  ;  music  to  Raimund's  Die  unheilbringende 
Krone;  the  oratorio  Christophorus-,  op.  120; 
a  mass  f.  double  choir,  dedicated  to  Leo  XIII., 
op.  109;  mass  in  C,f.  soli,  ch.,and  orch.,  op.  169; 
other  masses  ;  Requiem  for  soldiers  of  the 
Franco-Prussian  war,  op.  60  ;  a  Requiem  a  cap- 
pella  ;  2  Stabat  Maters  ;  the  cantatas  Moutfort, 
Waldmorgen^  ToggenburgipQ.  76),  and  K litre  hen 
auf  Eberstein,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;   Das  Thai 


483 


RICCATI— RICHARDS 


des  Espingo,  f.  male  ch.  w.  orch.;  Vom  goldenen 
Horn,  a  "  ttirkisches  Liederspiel  "  f.  soli,  mixed 
ch.,  and  pf.  (op.  182)  ;  the  ballades  Konig 
Erich,  op.  71,  and  IVittekind,  op.  102,  f.  cho- 
rus w.  pf . ; — the  symphonic  tone-picture  "  Wal- 
lenstein,"  op.  10;  the"  Florentine  "  symphony  ; 
a  symphonic  fantasia,  op.  79  ;  overtures  to 
Demetrius,  op.  no,  and  The  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,  op.  17  ;  a  "  Triumph-Ouvertiire  ";  or- 
gan-concerto w.  strings  and  3  horns  (1885) ; 
organ-concerto  No.  2,  in  G  min.,  op.  177,  w. 
strings,  2  horns,  trumpets,  and  kettledrums  ; 
pf. -concerto  in  A  \y,  op.  94;  a  nonet  f.  flute, 
oboe,  clar.,  bassoon,  horn,  and  strings,  op.  139  ; 
theme  w.  50  var.s  f.  string-quartet,  op.  61  ; 
string-quartet,  op.  147  ;  pf. -quartet,  op.  38  ; 
1  string-trio  ;  2  pf. -trios  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
violin;  pf.-sonatas  ("  symphonique,"  op.  47; 
in  D[>,  op.  99  ;  in  EJ7,  op.  135  ;  "romantic," 
in  Fftmin.,  op.  184);  fine  solo  pieces  f.  pf. 
("  YValdmarchen,"  op.  8;  Tarentelle,  op.  13; 
Toccatas,  op.  12,  115  ;  4  Mumoresques,  op.  28  ; 
"  Aus  Italien,"  op.  29  ;  Capriccio,  Minuet,  and 
Fugue  f.  left  hand  alone,  op.  113  ;  3  Studies, 
op.  6)  ;  18  organ-sonatas  (No.  18  is  op.  18S). 

Ricca'ti,  Count  Giordano,  b.  Castelfranco, 
Treviso,  Feb.  28,  17C9  ;  d.  Treviso,  July  20, 
1790. — Writings  :  "  Saggio  sopra  le  leggi  del 
contrapunto  "  (1762) ;  "  Delle  corde  ovvero  fibre 
elastiche "  (1777);  a  series  of  essays,  in  the 
"  Nuovo  Giornale  de'  Letterati  d'ltalia,"  on  the 
mus.  systems  of  Rameau  (in  vol.  xxi),  Tartini 
(in  vol.  xxii),  and  Vallotti  (in  vol.  xxiii)  ;  and 
several  dissertations  on  mus.  acoustics  in  Colo- 
gera's  "  Raccolta  d'opuscoli  sientifichi  "  (in  vol. 
ix). 

Ric/ci,  Federico,  dram,  composer  ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Oct.  22,  1S09  ;  d.  Conegliano,  Dec.  10, 
1877.  Pupil  of  Furno,  Zingarelli,  and  Rai- 
mondi,  at  the  Royal  Cons,  di  San  Sebastiano. 
He  prod.  19  operas,  at  least  4  of  which  were 
written  in  collaboration  with  his  elder  brother 
Luigi  [see  below]  ;  these  4  were  his  first,  LI 
Colonello  (Naples,  1835),  //  Disertore per  amore 
(Venice,  1835),  L'Amante  di  richiama  (Turin, 
1846),  and  Crispino  e  la  coma  re  (Venice,  1850). 
In  1838  his  La  prigione  d' ' Edimburgo  had  great 
success  in  Trieste  ;  Cor r ado  d' Altamura  was 
well  received  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  in  1841,  and 
was  prod,  at  the  Th.  Italien,  Paris,  in  1S44. 
He  was  invited  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1853  as  mu- 
sical director  of  the  Imperial  theatres  ;  in  1866 
the  fine  comic  opera  Crispino  e  la  comare  had  a 
warm  welcome  at  the  Th.  Italien  ;  in  1869  Una 
follia  a  Roma  (pa  Line  folic  a  Rome)  had  77  con- 
secutive representations  at  the  Fantaisies-Parisi- 
ennes,  and  was  followed  in  that  year  by  a  French 
version  [Le  docteitr  Crispin)  of  Crispino,  so  that 
R.  repaired  to  Paris  in  hopes  of  further  good 
fortune  ;  but  his  subsequent  dramatic  ventures 
failed,  and  in  1876  he  retired  to  Conegliano. 
6  masses,  a  cantata,  and  numerous  smaller  vocal 
works,  were  also  written  by  him. — See  the 
"  Notice  sur  Luigi  et  Federico  Ricci  .   .  .  ,"  by 


F.  de  Villars  (1866)  ;  and  "  I  fratelli  Ricci,"  by 
L.  de  Rada  (1878). 

Ric'ci,  Luigi,  brother  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Naples,  July  8,  1S05  ;  d.  Prague,  Dec.  31,  1859. 
Eminent  dram,  composer  ;  pupil  of  Furno  and 
Zingarelli  at  the  Cons,  di  S.  Sebastiano,  Na- 
ples, also  taking  private  lessons  of  Generali. 
His  first  stage-work  was  the  opera  buffa  IJ Im- 
presario in  angustie  (Cons,  theatre,  1823)  ;  he 
wrote  in  all  about  30  operas,  several  in  collabo- 
ration with  his  brother  [see  above].  In  1836 
he  was  app.  m.  di  capp.  of  the  cathedral  at  Tri- 
este, and  chorusmaster  at  the  theatre.  In  1844 
he  married  the  singer  Lina  Stoltz,  of  Prague. 
Shortly  after  producing  his  lasr:  opera,  //  dia- 
volo  a  qitattro  (Trieste,  1859),  symptoms  of  in- 
sanity developed,  and  he  was  sent  to  an  asylum 
in  Prague,  where  he  died.  Among  his  operas 
may  be  mentioned  //  Colombo  (Parma,  1829), 
Amino,  o  TOrfano  di  Ginevra  (Rome,  1829), 
Chiara  di  Rosemberg  (La  Scala,  Milan,  1831), 
Chi  dura  vince  (Rome,  1S34),  //  Birrajo  di 
Preston  (Florence,  1847),  Crispino  e  la  comare 
(with  Federico  ;  Venice,  1850),  La  festa  di 
Piedigrotta  (Naples,  1852),  and  //  diavolo  a 
qitattro. — Also  masses,  a  Requiem,  choruses, 
songs,  etc. 

Ric'cius,  August  Ferdinand,  b.  Bernstadt, 
Saxony,  Feb.  26,  1819  ;  d.  Karlsbad,  July  5, 
1886.  In  1849,  dir.  of  the  Euterpe  Concerts  at 
Leipzig  ;  1854-64,  Kapellm.  at  the  City  Th. ;  then 
at  the  Hamburg  Th. ;  also  mus.  critic  of  the  Ham- 
burg "  Nachrichten,"  and  singing-teacher. — 
Works  :  Overture  to  Schiller's  Braut  von  Mes- 
sina ;  a  cantata,  Die  Wei  he  der  Kraft ;  incid. 
music  to  plays  ;  pf. -music  ;  choruses,  vocal  trios 
and  duets,  and  songs. 

Ric'cius,  Carl  August,  nephew  of  preceding; 
b.  Bernstadt,  July  26,  1S30  ;  d.  Dresden,  July 
8,  1893.  Pupil,  in  Dresden,  of  Wieck,  Carl 
Kragen,  and  Schubert  (pf.  and  violin)  ;  then  at 
Leipzig  Cons,  of  Mendelssohn,  Schumann, 
David,  etc.,  1844-6  ;  in  1847,  violinist  in  Dres- 
den court  orch.,  rising  to  chorusmaster  in  1863, 
third  Kapellm.  in  1887,  and  succeeding  Fiir- 
stenau  as  librarian  of  the  R.  Mus.  Library  in 
1889. — Works  :  The  2-act  comic  opera  Es  spukt 
(Dresden,  1871) ;  music  to  Schneewittchen, 
Ddumling,  Aschcnbi  odd,  Der  gestiefelte  Kalcr, 
Ella  [farce  by  Roder],  etc.;  ballets;  music  to 
Schiller's  "  Dithyrambe "  (1859).  Publ.  only 
pf. -pieces  and  songs. 

Rice,  Fenelon  B.,  b.  Green,  Ohio,  Jan.  2, 
1841.  Studied  in  Boston,  Mass.,  under  J.  W. 
Tufts,  B.  F.  Baker,  and  Edwin  Bruce  ;  later  in 
Leipzig  under  Papperitz,  Moscheles,  Richter, 
and  Plaidy.  Organist  in  Boston  for  3  years  ; 
since  1871,  Director  of  Oberlin,  Ohio.  Cons,  of 
Music. — Degree  of  A.M.  from  Oberlin  College  ; 
of  Mus.  Doc.  from  Hillsdale  (Mich.)  Coll. 

Richards,  (Henry)  Brinley,  composer-pi- 
anist ;  b.  Carmarthen,  Wales,  Nov.  13,  1817  ;  d. 
London,  May   1,  1885.     Pupil  of  the  R.  A.  M., 


484 


RICHAULT— RICHTER 


winning  the  King's  Scholarship  in  1835  and 
1837.  Member  of  the  R.  A.  M.  He  resided  in 
London,  highly  esteemed  as  a  concert-pianist 
and  teacher. — Works:  Numerous  light  pieces  de 
genre  f .  pf. ;  songs  and  part-songs  ;  the  popular 
hymn  "  God  bless  the  Prince  of  Wales"  (1862)  ; 
a  symphony,  2  overtures,  a  concerto  for  pf.  and 
orch.;  and  2  marches  f.  military  band,  "Albert 
Edward,"  and  "  Carmarthen." 

Richault,  Charles-Simon,  b.  Chartres,  May 
10,  17S0  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  20,  1S66.  In  1805  he 
founded  the  well-known  music-publishing  house, 
the  first  issues  of  which  were  Mozart's  concertos, 
and  Beethoven's  symphonies,  in  score.  His 
sons  Guillaume-Simon  (1806-1S77)  and  Leon 
(1S39-1895)  carried  on  the  business,  publishing 
works  by  eminent  French  composers,  and  also 
excellent  editions  of  German  classics. 

Riche,  Antoine  le.     See  Divitis. 

Richee.     See  Lesac.e  de  Richee. 

Richter,  Alfred,  son  of  E.  Fr.  Richter  ;  b. 
Leipzig,  Apr.  1,  1S46.  Teacher  in  the  Cons., 
1872-83  ;  then  lived  in  London,  but  returned  to 
Leipzig  in  1S97. — Publ.  an  "  Aufgabenbuch  " 
(Engl.  ed.  as  "  Additional  Exercises,"  publ.  in 
New  York)  supplementary  to  his  father's 
"  Manual  of  Harmony";  a  supplement  to  his 
father's  "Manual  of  Counterpoint"  (Engl, 
transl.  New  York)  ;  also  "  Has  Klavierspiel  fur 
Musikstudierende  "  (Leipzig,  iSgS). 

Richter,  Ernst  Heinrich  Leopold,  b.  Thier- 

garten,  n.  Ohlau,  Prussian  Silesia,  Nov.  15, 
1S05  ;  d.  Steinau-on-Oder,  Apr.  24,  1876.  Pupil 
of  Hientzsch,  Berner,  and  Siegert,  at  Breslau  ; 
and  of  Klein  and  Zelter  at  the  R.  Inst,  for 
Church-music,  Berlin.  Instructor  at  the  Teach- 
ers' Seminary  in  Breslau,  1827-47,  als°  teaching 
in  it  after  its  removal  to  Steinau.  A  teacher  of 
high  reputation.  He  prod,  a  comic  opera,  Die 
Contrebande,  at  Breslau  ;  also  corap.  a  mass, 
motets,  cantatas,  part-songs  for  male  chorus, 
songs  (the  "  Schlesische  Volkslieder"  are  op. 
27),  a  symphony,  organ-pieces,  etc. 

Richter,  Ernst  Friedrich  (Eduard),  distin- 
guished theorist  ^_^ 
and  composer  ;  b. 
Gross  -  Schonau, 
Saxony,  Oct.  24, 
1808  ;  d.  Leipzig, 
Apr.  9,  1879.  Son 
of  a  school-master, 
and  educated  in 
the  Zittau  Gymna- 
sium; matricu- 
lated 1 83 1  as  stu- 
dent of  theology 
at  Leipzig  Univ., 
but  gave  his  chief 
attention  to  musi- 
cal study  under 
Weinlig,  and  on 
the  foundation  of  the  Cons.  (1843)  became  Ilaupt- 
mann's    coadjutor    as   teacher   of   harmony   and 


composition  ;  from  1S43-7,  cond.  of  the  Sing- 
akademie  as  Pohlenz's  successor;  1851,  organist 
of  the  Petrikirche  ;  1862,  of  the  Neukirche,  going 
in  a  short  time  to  the  Nikolaikirche,  and  in  1868 
succeeding  Hauptmann  as  mus.  dir.  of  the  Ni- 
kolai- and  Thomaskirche,  and  cantor  of  the  last- 
named,  with  the  title  of  "  Professor"  ;  later,  the 
Univ.  conferred  on  him  the  title  (honorary)  of 
of  "  Univ.  Mus.  Dir." — He  is  best  known  by 
his  eminently  practical  and  very  popular  "  Lehr- 
buch  der  Harmonie "  (1853  ;  about  20  subse- 
quent German  editions  ;  best  Engl,  ed.,  "  Manual 
of  Harmony,"  is  that  by  J.  I'.  Morgan,  New 
York  ;  also  in  Swedish,  Russian,  Polish,  Italian)  ; 
its  continuations  are  the  ' '  Lehrbuch  des  einfachen 
und  doppelten  Kontrapunkts  "  (1S72  ;  Engl,  by 
J.  P.  Morgan,  New  York,  "  Manual  of  Simple 
and  Double  Counterpoint");  and  "Lehrbuch 
der  Fuge "  (1859;  also  Engl.);  all  have  run 
through  several  editions.  R.  was  a  skilful  con- 
trapuntist, and  his  vocal  music,  more  especially 
the  (7  cappella  motets,  psalms,  etc. ,  is  pleasing  ; 
he  also  comp.  an  oratorio,  Christus  der  Erloser 
(1S49),  Schiller's  "Dithyrambe"  (Schiller  Fes- 
tival, Gewandhaus,  1S59),  masses,  string-quar- 
tets, organ-music,  violin-sonatas,  pf. -sonatas,  etc. 

Richter,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Holleschau,  Mo- 
ravia, Dec.  1,  1709;  d.  Sept.  12,  17S9,  as  Ka- 
pellm.  (since  1747)  of  Strassburg  Cath.,  Pleyel 
having  been  his  assistant  since  1783. — Works  : 
Fine  church-music  (7  masses,  motets,  a  Te 
Deum,  etc.,  in  MS.  at  St. -Die  Cath.)  ;  26  sym- 
phonies (6  publ.),  6  string-quartets,  3  trios  ;  in 
MS.  an  "  Harmonische  Belehrung  .  .  .  ," 
transl.  in  1S04  by  Kalkbrenner  as  "  Traite 
d'harmonie  et  de  composition." 

Richter,  Hans,  celebrated  conductor ;  b. 
Raab,  Hungary,  Apr.  4,  1S43.  In  1853,  choir- 
boy in  the  Court 
Chapel,  Vienna  ; 
from  1S60-5  he 
studied  composi- 
tion under  Sechter, 
piano-playing,  and 
the  French  horn,  at 
the  Cons.  From 
1S66-7  in  Lucerne  j 
(Triebschen)  with  A 
Wagner,  making  for 
him  a  fair  copy  of 
the  Meister  singer 
score,  and  recom- 
mended by  him  for 
the  position  of  cho- 
rusmaster  at  the  Munich  Opera  (Dec,  1S67); 
from  Aug.  25,  186S,  to  Sept.  1,  1869,  court 
cond.  under  v.  Biilow.  Conducted  rehearsals 
and  initial  performance  of  Lohengrin  at  Brus- 
sels, 1870;  after  ten  months  more  at  Triebschen 
he  was  app.  Kapellm.  at  the  Pesth  National  Th. 
1871—5,  then  succeeding  Dessoff  as  Kapellm.  at 
the  Imperial  Opera,  Vienna,  becoming  1st  Ka- 
pellm. on  Hellmesberger's  death  in  1893.  Since 
1875  he  has  also  cond.  the  concerts  of  the  "  Gesell- 


435 


RICHTER— RIEHL 


schaft  der  Musikfreunde,"  excepting  the  season 
of  1S82-3,  when  Jahn  was  his  deputy,  He  was 
chosen  by  Wagner  to  conduct  the  Ring  des  Ni- 
belungen  at  Bayreuth  in  1876,  and  as  W.'s  alter- 
nate in  conducting  the  Wagner  Concerts  in  the 
Albert  Hall  at  London,  1877  ;  has  been  conduc- 
tor-in-chief of  the  Bayreuth  Festivals  ever  since, 
and  since  1879  has  given  an  annual  series  of 
concerts  at  London.  Has  cond.  several  of  the 
Lower  Rhenish  Festivals,  and  (since  1885)  the 
Birmingham  Festivals,  succeeding  Costa.  In 
1885  he  was  created  Mus.  Doc.  /ton.  causa  by 
Oxford  Univ.  In  1S9S  the  freedom  of  the  city 
of  Vienna  was  bestowed  on  him.  {Cf.  London 
"  Musical  Times  "  for  July,  1S99.) 

Richter,  Johann  Christian  Christoph, 
father  of  Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter;  b.  Neu- 
stadt  am  Kulm,  Dec.  16,  1727  ;  d.  Schwarzen- 
bach-on-Saale,  1779,  as  pastor.  From  1760  he 
was  organist  at  Wunsiedel  for  some  years,  and 
comp.  vocal  church-music  (left  in  MS.).  From 
him  his  son  inherited  his  musical  nature,  espe- 
cially his  fondness  for  improvising  on  the  piano. 

Ricie'ri,  Giovanni  Antonio,  the  teacher  of 
Padre  Martini  ;  b.  Venice,  May  12,  1679  ;  d. 
Bologna,  1746.  In  1701,  soprano  singer  at  S. 
Petronio,  Bologna  ;  member  of  the  Philharm. 
Acad,  till  his  dismissal  in  1716.  He  wrote  sev- 
eral oratorios  ;  a  fugue  a  5  is  given  as  a  model 
in  Martini's  "  Saggio  del  contrappunto." 

Ricor'di,  Giovanni,  founder  of  the  great 
music-publishing  firm  in  Milan  ;  b.  Milan,  1785  ; 
d.  there  Mar.  15,  1853.  At  first  violinist  and 
cond.  at  the  old  Fiando  theatre,  he  also  earned 
small  sums  as  a  music-copyist,  and  in  1807  went 
to  Leipzig  to  learn  music-engraving  in  Breit- 
kopf  &  PI  artel's  establishment.  Returning,  he 
opened  a  little  shop,  and  began  publishing  in 
1808,  the  first  works  being  engraved  by  him- 
self. He  was  an  intimate  of  Rossini,  whose  op- 
eras he  published  ;  also  recognized  Verdi's  genius 
when  the  latter  was  comparatively  unknown. 
His  son  Tito  (1811-1888)  succeeded  to  the  busi- 
ness. The  present  head  of  the  firm  is  Giulio 
Ricordi  (b.  Dec.  19,  1840,  at  Milan)  ;  he  is  edi- 
tor-in-chief of  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale,"  now 
(1899)  in  its  55th  year  ;  and  is  a  composer  of 
elegant  sa/on-music  f.  pf.,  under  the  pseudonym 
of  "J.  Burgmein";  in  earlier  years  he  wrote  a 
string-quartet,  a  pf.-trio,  a  ballet,  Un  capriccio, 
with  Marco  Sala  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1866),  etc. 
He  is  well  known  as  a  patron  of  art.  The  pub- 
lications of  the  firm  exceed  102,000  at  the  pres- 
ent writing. 

Rie'chers,  August,  b.  Mar.  8,  1836,  in  Han- 
over ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  4,  1893.  Skilful  maker 
and  repairer  of  violins,  trained  by  Bausch  of 
Leipzig  ;  Joachim  entrusted  his  violins  to  R.'s 
hands.  He  publ.  a  valuable  pamphlet  :  "  The 
Violin,  and  the  Art  of  its  Construction  ;  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Stradivarius  Violin"  (Engl.  ed.  1895  ; 
pp.  35),  with  4  plates  of  full-size  diagrams  ex- 
hibiting the  structure  and  exact  dimensions  of 
the  model  "  Strad." 


Rie'del,  Carl,  b.  Rronenberg,  n.  Elberfeld, 
Oct.  6,  1827  ;  d.  Leipzig,  June  3,  1888.  A  silk- 
dyer  by  trade,  the  Revolution  of  1848  upset  his 
business,  and  turned  his  thoughts  to  the  serious 
study  of  music.  He  became  a  pupil  of  Carl 
Wilhelm  at  Krefeld,  and  entered  the  Leipzig 
Cons,  in  1S49.  In  1S54  he  organized  the  "  Rie- 
delverein,"  a  singing-society  which  later  became 
famous,  for  the  performance  of  ancient  church- 
music.  The  first  public  concert  was  given  in 
1S55  ;  in  1S59  his  fine  mixed  chorus  successfully 
performed  Bach's  mass  in  B  minor.  On  Bren- 
del's  death  in  1868,  R.  was  elected  president  of 
the  "  Allgemeiner  deutscher  Musikverein,"  and 
founded  the  Leipzig  branch  ("  Zweigverein  "). 
A  powerful  advocate  of  the  Wagner  Festivals, 
he  also  became  president  of  the  "  Wagner- 
verein."  The  Duke  of  Altenburg  conferred  on  R. 
the  title  of  "  Professor"  in  1868  ;  Leipzig  Univ. 
created  him  Dr.  phil.  lion,  causa  in  1883.  —  His 
publ.  works  include  only  a  few  songs  and  part- 
songs.  His  collections,  "  Altbohmische  Hussi- 
ten-  und  Weihnachtslieder,"  and  "  12  altdeutsche 
Lieder";  his  skilful  reduction  of  Schutz's  4 
Passions  to  one  ;  and  his  editions  of  Schutz's 
"  Sieben  Worte,"  J.  W.  Franck's  "  Geistliche 
Melodien,"  Eccard's  "  Preussische  Festlieder," 
Praetorius's  "  Weihnachtslieder,"  show  the  hand 
of  a  master. — As  his  successor,  the  "  Riedel- 
verein  elected  Hermann  Kretzschmar,  who  was 
succeeded,  in  1897,  by  Dr.  Gohler. 

Rie'del,  Hermann,  b.  Burg,  n.  Magdeburg, 
Jan.  2,  1847.  Pupil  of  the  Vienna  Cons.;  court 
Kapellm.  at  Brunswick  ;  noted  song-comp.  (the 
lyrics  in  Scheffel's  "  Trompetervon  Sakkingen"). 

Rie'del,  Fiirchtegott  Ernst  August,  b. 
Chemnitz,  May  22,  1855.  Pupil  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  1876-8  ;  since  1890,  town  cantor  at  Plauen, 
Saxony,  where  he  also  conducts  the  "  Musik- 
verein."— Works  :  The  cantata  Win  fried,  op. 
16  ;  Der  Sac )i sen  Festtagssang,  op.  17  ;  songs 
and  part-songs  ;  and  instructive  pf. -pieces. 

Riedt,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Berlin,  Jan. 
24,  1712  ;  d.  there  Jan.  5,  1784.  Flute-virtu- 
oso, pupil  of  Graun  and  Schaffrath  ;  in  1741, 
chamber-musician  to  Frederick  the  Great  ;  1750, 
director  of  the  "  Musikalische  Gesellschaft  "  at 
Berlin. — Works  :  Symphonies  ;  quartets;  6  trios 
f.  2  flutes  and  bass  ;  sonatas  f.  2  flutes  ;  a  so- 
nata f.  flute  and  'cello  ;  also  a  "  Versuch  fiber 
die  musikal.  Intervalle  "  (1753)  ;  etc. 

Riehl,  Wilhelm  Heinrich  von,  b.  Biebrich- 
on-Rhine,  May  6,  1823  ;  d.  Munich,  Nov.  16, 
1897.  Writer  on  the  history  of  civilization  ; 
from  1854,  prof,  of  political  economy  at  Munich 
Univ. ;  for  a  time  director  of  the  court  theatre 
at  Wiesbaden  ;  from  1885,  director  of  the  Bava- 
rian National  Museum,  etc.,  at  Munich  ;  also 
lectured  on  mus.  history  at  the  R.  Music-School. 
— Publ.  "  Musikalische  Charakterkopfe"  (3 
vol.s  :  1853,  '61,  '78;  vol.  iii,  containing  the 
essays  "  Die  Kriegsgeschichte  der  deutschen 
Oper"   and    "  Die    beiden    Beethoven,"    is   the 


486 


RIEM— RIES 


best)  ;  and  2  vol.s  of  original  songs,  "  Hausmu- 
sik"  (1856,  '77). 

Riem,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Kolleda,  Thu- 
ringia,  Feb.  17,  1779  '<  d-  Bremen,  Apr.  20, 
1S57,  as  cathedral-organist  and  cond.  of  the 
Singakademie.  He  was  a  pupil  of  J.  A.  Hiller, 
in  Leipzig,  and  organist  at  the  Thomaskirche 
1814-22,  then  being  called  to  Bremen.  Rein- 
thaler  was  his  successor. — Works  :  Cantata  in 
commemoration  of  the  Augsburg  Confession 
(Bremen,  1830)  ;  a  string-quintet,  3  string-quar- 
tets, violin-sonatas,  sonatas  and  other  pieces  f. 
pf. ;  also  publ.  (Korner  :  Erfurt)  a  coll.  of  organ- 
pieces  for  concert  and  church. 

Rie'mann,  Hugo,  distinguished  author, 
critic,  and  teacher  ;  b.  Grossmehlra,  n.  Sonders- 
hausen,  July  18,  1849.  ^e  was  trained  in  theory 
byFrankenberger  at  Sondershausen,  studying  the 
piano  with  Barthel  and  Ratzenberger  ;  took  the 
gymnasial  course  in  the  Rossleben  "  Kloster- 
schule,"  1S65-8,  and  studied  at  first  law,  then 
philosophy  and  history,  at  Berlin  and  Tubingen  ; 
and,  after  passing  through  the  campaign  of 
1870-1,  entered  the  Leipzig  Cons.  In  1S73  he 
took  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  at  GSttingen  with 
the  dissertation  "  Musikalische  Logik  "  (publ.)  ; 
was  active  as  a  cond.  and  teacher  at  Bielefeld 
until  1878,  when  he  qualified  as  Universitylecturer 
on  music  at  Leipzig  ;  taught  music  at  Bromberg 
18S0-1,  then  at  the  Hamburg  Cons,  till  1890,  at 
the  Sondershausen  Cons,  for  a  short  time,  and  at 
the  Wiesbaden  Cons,  until  1895, when  he  resumed 
his  lectures  at  Leipzig.  He  is  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Cecilia  Acad,  at  Rome,  of  the  Royal 
Inst,  at  Florence,  and  of  the  Soc.  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Music  in  Amsterdam.  R.  has  composed 
many  pf. -pieces,  songs,  a  pf. -sonata,  6  sonatinas 
(op.  43),  a  4-hand  sonatina  (op.  49),  a  violin-so- 
nata^ string-quartet, a  trio  (op.  47),  several  books 
of  pf.-studies  (op.  40,  41),  "  Systematische  Treff- 
ubungen  fiir  den  Gesang,"  etc.  His  writings, 
historical,  critical,  and  theoretical,  are  impor- 
tant ;  as  a  theorist,  particularly,  he  is  progres- 
sive, and  original.  Chief  historical  works  : 
"  Studien  zur  Geschichte  der  Notenschrift" 
(1878  ;  essay  for  habilitation  as  Univ.  lecturer)  ; 
"Die  Entwickelung  unsrerNotenschrift  "  (1881); 
"  Die  Maprvpiaa  der  byzantinischen  liturgi- 
schen  Notation  "  (1882)  ;  "  Geschichte  der  Mu- 
siktheorie  im  X.-XIX.  Jahrhundert "  (Leipzig, 
1898);  theoretical :  "Skizze  einer  neuen  Methode 
der  Harmonielehre  "  (18S0  ;  2nd  ed.,  enlarged, 
as  "  Handbuch  der  Harmonielehre,"  1S87)  ; 
"  Neue  Schule  der  Melodik"  (1SS3) ;  "  Verglei- 
chende  Klavierschule  "  (18S3)  ;  "Musikalische 
Dynamik  und  Agogik  ;  Lehrbuch  der  musikali- 
schen  Phrasierung  "  (1S84)  ;  "  Praktische  Anlei- 
tung  zum  Phrasieren  "  (with  Dr.  Carl  Fuchs, 
1886  ;  Engl,  transl.  New  York,  1890,  as  "  Prac- 
tical Guide  to  the  Art  of  Phrasing  ")  ;  a  series 
of  musical  catechisms,  publ.  in  English  as  (1) 
"  History  of  Mus.  Instr.s,  etc.,"  (2)  "  History 
of  Mus.  Forms,  etc.,"  (3)  "Catechism  of  Mus. 
Instr.s  [Guide  to  Instrumentation],"  (4)  "  Cate- 


chism of  Pianoforte-Playing,"  (5)  "Analysis  of 
J.  S.  Bach's  Well-tempered  Clavichord "  ;  a 
"  Systematische  Modulationslehre  "  (  18S7  )  ; 
"Lehrbuch  des  .  .  .  Kontrapunkts "  (1SS8)  ; 
a  "  Vereinfachte  Harmonielehre"  (1S93  ;  Engl. 
transl.  as  "Harmony  Simplified,"  1896);  and 
a  "Neue  Klavierschule"  ["New  Pianoforte 
School"]  now  (1S99)  publishing  in  parts.  His 
valuable  "phrasing  editions"  of  classical  pf.- 
works  include  hitherto  unpubl.  works  of  Friede- 
mann  Bach,  Rameau's  complete  clavecin-works, 
etc.  Also  edited  a  new  ed.  of  Marx's  "  Kom- 
positionslehre ";  is  mus.  editor  of  Meyer's 
"  Konversationslexikon  "  ;  translated  Gevaert's 
"Instrumentation"  and  "  Origines  du  chant 
liturgique  "  into  German  ;  and  has  written  many 
critical  and  other  papers  for  various  periodicals. 
A  compilation  of  real  value,  containing  much 
original  matter,  is  his  "  Musik-Lexikon  "  (18S2  ; 
5th  ed.  1899  ;  Engl.  ed.  1893-6). 

Rie'menschneider,  Georg,  b.  Stralsund, 
Apr.  1,  1848.  Pupil  of  Haupt  and  Kiel.  Theatre- 
cond.  in  Li'ibeck  (1875)  and  Danzig  ;  now  cond. 
of  the  Breslau  concert-orch. — Works  :  A  i-act 
opera  Mondeszauber  (Danzig,  1887)  ;  opera  Die 
Eisjungfrau;  orch.l  comp.s  "  Julinacht  "  (sym- 
phonic picture),"  Nachtfahrt,"  "  Donna  Diana," 
"  Todtentanz,"  "  Festpraludien." 

Rie'pel,  Joseph,  b.  Horschlag,  Upper  Aus- 
tria, 1708  ;  d.  Ratisbon,  Oct.  23,  1782,  as  cham- 
ber-musician to  the  Prince  of  Thurn  and  Taxis. 
Comp.s  mostly  MS.  Theoretical  writings  are  of 
interest  :  "  Anfangsgri'mde  zur  musikalischen 
Setzkunst  .  .  ."  (1752,  2nd  ed.  1754)  ;"  Grund- 
regeln  zur  Tonordnung  "  (1755);  "  Grlindliche 
Erklarung  der  Tonordnung  .  .  .  "  (1757)  ;  "Er- 
lauterung  der  betrtiglichen  Tonordnung  ..." 
(1765)  ;  "  Unentbehrliche  Anmerkung  zum  Con- 
trapunct  .  .  .  "  (176S)  ;  "  Bassschliissel,  das  ist 
Anleitung  fur  Anfanger  und  Liebhaber  der  Setz- 
kunst ..."  (17S6;  edited  by  his  pupil,  the 
cantor  Schubarth)  ;  and  "  Harmonisches  Syl- 
benmaass  ..."  (1776  ;  2  parts). 

Ries,  Ferdinand,  [eldest  son  of  Franz,  "der 
alte  Ries "  (1755-1S46),  the  leader  and  mus. 
dir.  to  the  Elector 
Max  Franz  at  Bonn,] 
b.  Bonn,  Nov.  29, 
1784  ;  d.  Frankfort- 
on-Main,  Jan.  13, 
1S38.  Piano -pupil 
of  Beethoven,  his 
father's  friend  at 
Bonn,  from  1S01-5 
at  Vienna  ;  st.  theory 
with  Albrechtsberg- 
er.  He  lived  2  years 
in  Paris,  made  pian- 
istic  tours  in  North 
Germany,  Scandina- 
via, and  Russia,  and 
resided  in  London 
1813-24,  prominent  as  a  player 
composer.     He    then    retired    to 


teacher,   and 
an    estate    at 


487 


RIES— RIGHINI 


Godesburg,  near  Bonn  ;  and  from  1830  resided 
in  Frankfort,  though  he  was  town  raus.  dir.  at 
Aix  1834-6.  He  conducted  several  Lower  Rhine 
Festivals,  also  the  "  Cacilienverein  "  in  1837-8. 
He  is  best  known  by  his  "  Biographische  Notizen 
iiber  L.  van  Beethoven  "  (1S38),  which  his  inti- 
macy with  the  great  man  renders  extremely  valu- 
able. He  was  an  excellent  pianist,  and  a  prolific 
composer  :  3  operas,  Die  Rauberbraut  (Frank- 
fort, 1828),  Liska  (as  The  Sorcerer  at  London, 
1831),  and  Eine  Nacht  auf  dent  Libation  (not 
perf.)  ;  2  oratorios,  Der  Sieg  des  Glaubens,  and 
Die  Konige  Israels  ;  6  symphonies,  3  overtures, 
9  pf. -concertos,  1  violin-concerto,  6  quintets 
variously  combined  ;  an  octet,  a  septet,  2  sextets, 
a  quintet,  3  quartets  and  5  trios,  all  w.  pf.;  6 
string-quintets,  14  string-quartets,  20  violin-so- 
natas, 1  'cello-sonata,  a  trio  f.  2  pf.s  and  harp, 
52  well-written  pf. -sonatas  (in  which  the  method, 
but  not  the  spirit,  of  Beethoven  is  apparent)  ; 
other  pf. -music. 

Ries,  Hubert,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b.  Bonn, 
Apr.  1,  1S02  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  14,  18S6.  Studied 
at  Kassel  under  Spohr  (vln.)  and  Hauptmann 
(comp.);  in  1836,  leader  of  the  royal  orch.,  Ber- 
lin ;  in  1S39,  full  member  of  the  R.  Acad,  of 
Arts;  in  1851,  teacher  at  the  Royal  "  Theater- 
instrumentalschule"  ;  pensioned  1872.  Excellent 
instructive  works  for  violin  :  A  Method  (also 
in  English);  "  30  Elementary  Violin-Studies  "  ; 
"15  Violinstudien  von  massiger  Schwierigkeit," 
op.  26  ;  "  50  Intonationsiibungen,"  "  12  Violin- 
studien in  Form  von  Concertstticken,"  op.  9  ; 
duets,  exercises,  etc. 

Ries,  Adolf,  son  of  Hubert  ;  b.  Berlin,  Dec. 
20,  1837.  Pf  .-teacher  in  London  ;  has  publ. 
chamber-music,  songs,  and  pf. -music. 

Ries,  Franz,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b.  Ber- 
lin, Apr.  7,  1846.  Violin-pupil  of  his  father, 
and  of  Massart  at  Paris  Cons.  (1866-8) ;  excellent 
concert-violinist,  but  gave  up  playing  in  1875  on 
account  of  nervousness,  and  entered  the  music- 
publishing  business  (Ries  &  Erler,  Berlin). — As 
a  composer  (pupil  of  Riel),  he  has  written  fine 
orchestral  and  chamber-music  (string-quintet, 
string-quartets,  violin-suites),  pf.-pieces,  songs, 
etc. 

Ries,  Hugibert,  pseudonym  of  Dr.  Hugo 
Riemann,  affixed  to  some  early  journalistic 
productions. 

Rie'ter-Bie'dermann,  J.  Melchior,  b.  May 
14,  1S11,  and  d.  Jan.  15,  1876,  at  Winterthur, 
Switzerland,  where  he  founded  the  well-known 
music-publishing  house  in  1S49,  with  a  branch 
at  Leipzig  in  1862. 

Rietz,  Julius,  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  28,  1812  ;  d. 
Dresden,  Sept.  12,  1877.  His  father  was  the 
royal  chamber-musician  Johann  Friedrich  R. 
(d.  1828);  his  brother  Eduard  (1802-1832)  was 
Mendelssohn's  intimate  friend,  a  talented  violin- 
ist, and  the  founder  of  the  Berlin  Philharm.  Soc. 
— Julius  was  a  'cello-pupil  of  Schmidt,  Bernhard 


Romberg,  and  M.  Ganz  ;  in  1828  he  joined  the 
orch.  of  the  Konigstadter  Th.,  for  which  he 
wrote  the  incid.  music  to  Holtei's  play,  Lorbeer- 
bani/i  und  Bettelstab.  In  1834  he  became  2nd 
cond.at  the  Diisseldorf  opera  underMendelssohn, 
whom  he  succeeded  as  1st  in  1835,  next  year 
becoming  town  mus.  dir.  In  1847  he  was  called 
to  Leipzig  as  theatre- Kapellm.  and  cond.  of  the 
Singakademie,  Ferd.  Hiller  replacing  him  at 
Diisseldorf  ;  in  1S48  also  cond.  of  the  Gewand- 
haus  Concerts,  and  prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Cons. 
To  devote  himself  to  these  latter  duties  he  re- 
signed his  theatre-conductorship  in  1854.  He 
succeeded  Reissiger  as  court  Kapellm.  at  1  Iresden 
in  i860,  conducting  the  opera,  and  the  music  at 
the  court  church  (R.  C.) ;  later  he  was  made 
artistic  director  of  the  Cons.,  and  received  the 
title  of  "  General-Musikdirector "  in  1874.  A 
conductor  of  great  ability,  and  a  scholarly  musi- 
cian, R.'s  editorial  work  was  of  high  value  ;  his 
last  work  was  the  complete  edition  of  Mendels- 
sohn for  Breitkopf  &  Hartel  ;  he  also  edited 
Mozart's  operas  and  symphonies,  Beethoven's 
symphonies  and  overtures,  etc.  As  a  composer 
he  belongs  to  the  Mendelssohn  school,  and  was 
quite  out  of  sympathy  with  the  neo-Cerman 
movement. — Works  :  4  operas,  Das  Mddchen 
aus der Fremde ;  "  Singspiel  "  (Diisseldorf,  1833), 
/ery  und  Bately  (Berlin,  1S40?),  Der  Corsar 
(Leipzig,  1850),  and  Georg  Neumark  und  die 
Gambe  (Weimar,  1859),  fne  last  two  being  fail- 
ures ;  3  symphonies,  several  overtures  (the  best 
are  op.  7,  concert-overture  in  A,  and  op.  iS,  the 
"  Lustspielouverture  ") ;  music  to  plays  ;  2  'cello- 
concertos,  1  violin-concerto,  1  clar. -concerto,  a 
string-quartet,  a  Capriccio  f.  violin  w.  orch., 
Concertstiicke  f.  oboe  w.  orch.  (Adagio,  Inter- 
mezzo, Finale),  Concertstiick  f.  orch.  ("  Idyl- 
lische  Scene")  ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  a  violin-sonata, 
a  flute-sonata,  pf. -sonatas  and  other  pf. -music  ; — 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  chorals,  and  much  other 
church-music  ;  "  Altdeutscher  Schlachtgesang," 
f.  male  ch.  and  orch.  ;  Schiller's  "  Dithyrambe  " 
f.  ditto  (often  perf.)  ;  many  choruses,  songs, 
etc. 

Ri'ga,  Frantz  [Frangois],  b.  Liege,  Jan. 
21,  1831  ;  d.  Schaerbeek,  n.  Brussels,  Jan.  18, 
1892.  Belgian  comp.,  noted  for  his  male  cho- 
ruses. 

Righi'ni,  Vincenzo,  b.  Bologna,  Jan.  22, 
1756  ;  d.  there  Aug.  19,  1812.  Pupil  of  Ber- 
nacchi  (singing)  and  Padre  Martini  (cpt.). 
Stage-debut  as  a  tenor  singer  at  Parma,  1775; 
went  to  Prague  in  1776,  where  he  also  began 
composing  ;  in  17S0  he  became  singing-master 
to  the  Archduchess  Elisabeth  at  Vienna,  and 
cond.  at  the  Opera  Buffa  ;  from  178S-92,  Elec- 
toral Kapellm.  at  Mayence  ;  and  in  1793,  after 
the  successful  production  of  his  opera  Enea  11  el 
Lazio  at  Berlin,  he  was  app.  Kapellm.  at  the 
Court  Opera  with  a  salary  of  4000  Thaler 
($3000).  Of  some  20  operas,  three  ( Tigrane, 
1799  ;  Gerusalemme  liberata,  1802  ;  La  selva  in- 
cantata,  1802)  were  publ.  in  pf.-score  at  Leipzig  ; 


488 


RILLE— RIMSKY-KORSAKOV 


the  overture  to  Tigrane  is  still  played  ;  also 
publ.  a  Serenade  f.  2  horns  and  2  bassoons  ;  a 
flute-concerto  ;  2  pf. -trios  ;  a  mass,  a  Requiem, 
a  Te  Deum,  cantatas,  duets,  arias,  etc.;  and  a 
series  of  very  fine  vocal  exercises  (1806). 

Rille.     See  Laurent  de  Rille. 

Rimbault,  Edward  Francis,  distinguished 
writer  and  editor  ;  b.  London,  June  13,  1816  ; 
d.  there  Sept.  26,  1876.  Son  of  Stephen  Francis 
R.,  organist  and  composer  (1 773-1837)  ;  pupil 
of  his  father,  of  Samuel  Wesley,  and  Dr.  Crotch  ; 
organist  of  the  Swiss  Church,  Soho,  in  1832. 
From  youth  a  student  of  mus.  history  and  lit- 
erature, he  began  giving  lectures  on  English 
musical  history  in  1S38  ;  in  1S40  he  founded, 
with  E.  Taylor  and  W.  Chappell,  the  Musical 
Antiquarian  Society,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
Percy  Soc;  and  in  1841,  editor  to  the  Motet 
Soc.  He  was  elected  F.S.A.  in  1842,  also  a 
member  of  the  Stockholm  Academy  ;  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  from  Gottingen, 
and  (1S48)  that  of  LL.D.,  Harvard,  where  he 
declined  the  proffered  appointment  of  Prof,  of 
Music.  He  was  in  great  request  as  a  lecturer 
(at  the  Royal  Inst.;  at  the  Collegiate  Inst., 
Liverpool  ;  the  Philosophic  Inst.,  Edinburgh  ; 
etc.)  ;  between  lecturing  and  editorial  work,  his 
time  was  so  fully  occupied  that  he  had  little 
leisure  for  composition,  producing  only  2  small 
stage-pieces  {The  Fair  Maid  of  Islington  [Lon- 
don, 183S]  and  The  Castle  Spectre  [i'b.,  1839]), 
a  cantata,  Country  Life,  part-songs,  and  various 
songs,  of  which  "Happy  Land"  remains  the 
popular  favorite. — Writings:  "Who  was  Jack 
Wilson,  the  singer  of  Shakespeare's  stage?" 
(1846,  attempt  to  prove  him  identical  w.  John 
Wilson,  Mus.  Doc);  "  Bibliotheca  Madrigali- 
ana"(i847;  English  poetry  and  comp.s  publ. 
during  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and  James  I.)  ;  "  First 
Book  of  the  Pianoforte  "  (1S4S)  ;  "  The  Organ, 
its  History  and  Construction"  (1S55  and  other 
ed.s  ;  it  is  the  first  part  of  the  Appendix  to 
Hopkins'  "  Hist,  of  the  Org.")  ;  "  The  Piano- 
forte ;  its  Origin,  Progress,  and  Construction  " 
(1S60)  ;  "  The  early  English  Organ-builders  and 
their  Works"  (1864)  ;  "J.  S.  Bach"  [after  Hil- 
genfeldt  and  Forkel]  (1869)  ;  an  "  Harmonium 
Tutor"  ;  a  "  Guide  to  the  Use  of  the  new 
Alexandre  Church  Harmonium";  "The  Har- 
monium "  (1S57  ;  for  drawing-room  and  church) ; 
a  "  Singing  Tutor"  [after  Lablache]  ; — Editorial 
work  :  "  Cathedral  Chants  of  the  i6th-i8th  Cen- 
turies," w.  biogr.  notes  (1S44)  ;  "  Order  of  Daily 
Service  ...  in  the  Abbey  Ch.  of  St.  Peter, 
Westminster  "  (iS44)  ;  "  Coll.  of  Anthems  .  .  . 
of  the  Madrigalian  Era"  (1845);  "Cathedral 
Music"  (1  vol.);  "Coll.  of  Services  and  An- 
thems "  adapted  from  Palestrina,  Orlando  di 
Lasso,  etc.  (3  vol.s);  "  Handbook  for  the  Parish 
Choir";  "Order  of  Morning  and  Evening 
Prayer"  a  4;  "Vocal  Part-music,  Sacred  and 
Secular"  ;  "  Christmas  Carols,  with  the  Ancient 
Melodies"  (1847);  "Old  English  Carols" 
(1S65)  ;    "  The  Full  Cathedral  Service,  with  the 


Mus.  Notation  as  Adapted  and  Composed  by 
Th.  Tallis,"  w.  biography  and  hist.  Preface  ; 
"Order  of  Daily  Service"  by  Tallis  ;  Edward 
Lowe's  "  Order  of  Chanting  the  Cathedral 
Service";  Thomas  Este's  "Whole  Book  of 
Psalms"  a  4,  w.  hist,  and  biogr.  notice  ;  "  The 
Booke  of  Common  Prayer  with  Musical  Notes, 
as  used  in  the  Chapel  Royal  of  Edward  VI., 
1550.  Compiled  by  John  Merbecke "  (in  fac- 
simile ;  also  in  modern  score  )  ;  "  The  Organist's 
Handbook,"  a  coll.  of  voluntaries,  chiefly  Ger- 
man ;  "Organist's  Portfolio";  Arnold's  "Ca- 
thedral Music,"  w.  biogr.  notes,  and  organ- 
accomp.  written  out  ;  a  5-part  mass  by  Byrd  (in 
score,  with  hist,  introd.)  ;  Morley's  "  First  Book 
of  Ballets  for  5  Voices"  of  1595;  Bateson's 
"First  Set  of  Madrigals  for  3-5  Voices "  ;  O. 
Gibbons's  "Fantasias  of  3  Parts  for  Viols"; 
Purcell's  opera  Bonduca  (w.  history  of  dram, 
music  in  England);  "  Parthenia "  ;  Purcell's 
Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day  ;  "  The  Ancient  Vocal 
Music  of  England"  (2  vol.s,  1846-9);  "Little 
Book  of  Songs  and  Ballads,  gathered  from  An- 
cient Musick  Books"  (1840;  2nd  ed.  1S51)  ; 
"Little  Lays  for  Little  Learners";  "Nursery 
Rhymes,  with  the  Tunes  to  which  they  are  sung 
in  the  Nursery  of  England  "  (1S47,  3rd  ed.  1857)  ; 
"  Mus.  Illustrations  of  Bishop  Percy's  Reliques 
of  English  Poetry"  (1850);  "The  Rounds, 
Catches  and  Canons  of  England  .  .  .  iCth-iSth 
centuries";  "The  Old  Cheque-book,  or  Book 
of  Remembrance  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  from 
1561-1744  "  ;  "  Memoirs  of  Musick  by  the  Hon. 
Roger  North,  Attourney-General  to  James  II." — 
R.  also  edited  Handel's  Samson,  Saul,  and  Mes- 
siah, for  the  London  "Handel  Soc";  operas 
by  various  composers  ;  many  works  for  the 
"  Percy  Soc."  ;  edited  and  wrote  for  "  The 
Choir "  for  a  number  of  years  ;  contributed 
many  articles  to  the  "  Imperial  Dictionary"  and 
Grove's  "  Dictionary"  ;  and  made  a  great  num- 
ber of  vocal  transcriptions,  arrangements,  selec- 
tions, etc. 

Rimsky-Kor'sakov,  Nikolas  Andreje- 
vitch,  Russian  composer  ;  b.  Tikhvin,  Govt,  of 
Novgorod,  May  21 
(N.  S.),  1844.  In- 
tended for  the  navy, 
he  studied  at  the 
Naval  Inst.,  St. 
Petersburg  ;  but  also 
took  pf. -lessons,  and 
in  1S61  began  serious 
mus.  study  with  Bala- 
kirev.  1st  symphony 
prod.  1865  ;  in  1871, 
app.  prof,  of  comp. 
and  instrumentation 
at  St.  P.  Cons.,  also 
Inspector  of  Marine 
Bands  1873-84, 
Director  of  Free  School  of  Music,  1874-87,  and 
until  1881  cond.  of  concerts  there  (in  place  of 
Balakirev);    1883,  asst.-cond.   (to    Balakirev)  of 


489 


RINALDI— RITTER 


the  Imperial  Orch.;  since  1SS6,  cond.  of  the 
Russian  Symphony  Concerts.  In  i88g  he  cond. 
2  Russian  concerts  at  the  Trocade'ro,  Paris. — 
Works :  Operas :  Pskovitjanka  [The  Maid  of 
Pskov]  (St.  Petersburg,  Imp.  Th.,  1873); 
A  May  Night  (ibid.,  1880)  ;  Snegorotchka 
["  Schneewittchen  "]  (ibid.,  1882);  Mozart  and 
Salieri  (Moscow,  date  ?)  ;  opera-ballet  Mlada 
(St.  P.,  1S92)  ;  opera  Christmas  Eve  (ibid., 
1895). — Orchestral  works  :  3  symphonies  (E 
min.;  "Antar"  [1881]  ;  C  maj.)  ;  sinfonietta 
in  A  min.;  "Russian"  overture;  Servian  fan- 
tasia ;  Spanish  capriccio ;  the  mus.  tableau 
"Sadko"  (1876);  "Fairy  Tales";  "  Shehera- 
zade";  "Easter." — Other  works:  Pf. -concerto 
in  C#  min.;  concert-fantasia  f.  violin;  string- 
quartet  ;  pf. -pieces;  a  cappella  choruses;  church- 
music  ;  about  30  songs  ;  and  a  coll.  of  100 
popular  Russian  Songs. — He  orchestrated  Dar- 
gomyzsky's  Commodore,  Mussorgsky's  Khovan- 
stchyna,  and  Borodin's  Prince  Igor  (all  posthu- 
mous operas);  and  publ.  a  treatise  on  Harmony. 

Rinal'di,  Giovanni,  b.  Reggiolo,  Emilia, 
Italy,  in  1840  ;  d.  Genoa,  Mar.  25,  1895.  Studied 
under  Asioli  at  Correggio  ;  then  (1854-61)  at 
the  Milan  Cons.  Settled  in  Genoa.  Excellent 
pianist  ;  comp.  for  pf.  of  the  romantic  school. — 
Works:  Spigliatezze,  Divagazioni  pianistiche, 
Pagine  d'Album,  Pifferate,  Sfumature,  Inter- 
mezzi, Fantasticherie,  Sorrisi  di  bimba,  Mondo 
piccino,  Frammenti,  Bozzetti  a  matita,  etc. 

Rinck,  Johann  Christian  Heinrich,  famous 
organist  ;  b.  Elgersburg,  Thuringia,  Feb.  iS, 
1770  ;  d.  Darmstadt,  Aug.  7,  1846.  Studied 
under  several  Thuringian  organists,  then  under 
Bach's  pupil  Kittel,  in  Erfurt  (17S6-9).  Town- 
organist  at  Giessen,  1790;  ditto  at  Darmstadt, 
1S05,  also  teaching  in  the  Seminary  ;  became 
court  organist  there  in  1813,  and  chamber-musi- 
cian in  1817.  One  of  the  foremost  players  of 
the  time,  he  made  frequent  concert-tours.  Dr. 
phi  I.  hon.  causa,  Giessen,  1840.  Many  organ- 
works  :  "  Orgelschule "  (op.  55;  new  ed.  by 
Otto  Dienel,  1881)  ;  2  "  Choralbucher ";  many 
preludes  to  chorals  (op.  2,  25,  37,  47,  49,  52,  53, 
58,  63,  65,  74,  93,  95,  105,  116)  ;  postludes  (op. 
4S,  7S,  107,  114)  ;  variations  on  chorals  (op.  40, 
64,  77,  78,  109);  "  Der  Choralfreund  "  (7  annual 
issues:  Op.  104,  no,  115,  117,  119,  122;  also 
2  supplements);  variations  (op.  56,  57,  70,  S4, 
89,  108);  pieces  (op.  8,  9,  29,  33,  37,  38,  66,  72, 
92,  94,  99,  100,  106)  ;  hints  on  organ-playing 
(op.  124,  etc.)  ; — also  a  Paternoster  a  4,  w. 
organ  ;  a  mass,  motets,  hymns,  chorals,  sacred 
songs;  3  sonatas  f.  pf. ,  violin,  and  'cello,  op. 
32  ;  another  do.  in  Ef?  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  'cello 
(also  for  4  hands)  ;  pf. -trios  ;  preludes  and  exer- 
cises f.  pf.;  etc.— Biographical  :  His  "  Auto- 
biography "  (Breslau,  1833);  biography  by  M. 
J.  Folsing  (1848) ;  sketch  by  Clement  in  "  Musi- 
ciens  celebres." 


Ring'el,  Federico. 

d'Erlanger. 


Pen-name  of  Baron  F. 


RingTer,  Eduard,  b.  Nuremberg,  Jan.  8, 
1838.  Intended  for  a  school-teacher,  he  also 
had  music-lessons  of  Heinr.  Ilohmann ;  adopted 
the  mus.  profession  in  1868,  studying  till  1S71 
with  Grobe  and  Dupont  at  Nuremberg.  Cond. 
the  Singverein  for  5  years  ;  since  1883,  choir- 
director  in  the  synagogue,  and  (since  1890)  cond. 
of  the  "  Verein  fur  klassischen  Chorgesang,"  one 
of  the  best  mixed  choruses  in  S.  Germany.  Sing- 
ing-teacher for  advanced  students  ;  mus.  critic 
for  the  "  Frankischer  Kurier. "  His  comp.s  fol- 
low early  classic  models. — Wrorks  :  A  2-act 
"  Volksoper"  Eppelein  von  Gaili ngen  (Nuremb., 
1896;  succ;  also  in  Bamberg,  Erlangen,  Fiirth); 
4-act  grand  opera  Frithjof  j  songs. 

Rinucci'ni,  Ottavio,  b.  Florence,  1562;  d. 
there  1621.  The  librettist  of  Peri  and  Caccini's 
opera  Dafne  (1594),  Peri's  Ettridice  (1600),  and 
Monteverde's  Arianna  a  Nasso  (1608)  ;  Dafne 
being  the  first  opera  ever  performed.  (Biogr. 
sketch  in  "  Gazzetta  Musicale"  of  Milan,  1S94, 
Nos.  26,  29.) 

Ri'pa,  Alberto  de,  called  Alberto  Manto- 
vano,  because  a  native  of  Mantua  ;  d.  about 
1580.  Celebrated  lutist,  in  the  service  of  Fran- 
cois I.  of  France. — Works  :  "  Tablature  de 
Luth  "  in  6  books  (1553-8  ;  important)  ;  pieces 
in  Phalese's  publications  of  1546  and  1574  ;  also 
in  Francesco  da  Forli's  "  Intavolatura  di  liuto" 
(1536). 

Riscb/bieter,  Wilhelm  Albert,  talented 
theorist  ;  b.  Brunswick,  1834.  Pupil  of  Haupt- 
raann ;  violinist  in  Leipzig,  Bremen,  Nurem- 
berg, and  Liegnitz ;  since  1862,  teacher  of  harm, 
and  cpt.  at  Dresden  Cons.  —  Has  written  a 
symphony,  overtures,  and  other  instr.l  works  ; 
publ.  "  Ueber  Modulation,  Quartsextakkord, 
und  Orgelpunkt  "  (1879);  "  Erlauterungen  und 
Aufgaben  zum  Studium  des  Kontrapunkts " 
(1885);  "Die  Gesetzmassigkeit  der  Harmonik  " 
(1888)  ;  other  theoretical  essays  in  mus.  periodi- 
cals. 

Risto'ri,  Giovanni  Alberto,  b.  Bologna, 
1692  ;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  7,  1753,  where  he  had 
been  successively  comp.  for  the  Ital.  Court 
Opera,  and  director  of  the  Polish  orch.  (1717), 
chamber-organist  (1733),  church-comp.  (1746), 
and  Vice-Kapellm.  (1750).  His  comic  operas 
Calandro  (1726)  and  Don  Chisciotie  (1727)  are 
among  the  earliest  of  their  kind  ;  he  also  wrote 
13  more  operas,  3  oratorios,  16  cantatas,  n 
masses,  and  much  other  sacred  and  instr.l 
music. 

Ritter,  Alexander,  b.  Narva  (or  Reval), 
Russia,  June  27  (N.  S.),  1833  ;  d.  Munich,  Apr. 
12,  1896.  Violinist  ;  leader  at  Meiningen,  Wei- 
mar, Stettin,  and  Wiirzburg,  in  which  last  town 
he  est.  a  music-business. — Works  :  2  short  ope- 
ras, Der  faitle  /fans,  and  Wem  die  Krone? 
(both  successfully  prod,  at  Weimar,  1890,  under 
Rich.  Strauss);  "  Seraphische  Fantasia"  f. 
orch.;  "  Olafs  Hochzeitsreigen"  (a  "symphonic 


490 


RITTER— ROCKSTRO 


waltz  ");  orch.l  fantasia  "  Sursum  corda  ";  etc.; 
many  fine  songs. 

Ritter,  August  Gottfried,  organ-virtuoso  ; 
b.  Erfurt,  Aug.  25,  1811  ;  d.  Magdeburg,  Aug. 
26,  1885.  Pupil  of  Fischer  at  Erfurt,  Hummel 
at  Weimar,  Berger,  A.  W.  Bach,  and  Rungen- 
hagen  at  Berlin  ;  1S37,  org.  at  Erfurt;  1844, 
cathedral-org.  at  Merseburg ;  1S47,  ditto  at 
Magdeburg,  succeeding  Mt'ihling.  Edited  the 
"Urania"  1844-S  ;  co-editor  of  the  "  Orgel- 
freund  "  and  "  Orgelarchiv  ";  publ.  an  excellent 
"  Geschichte  des  Orgelspiels  im  14. -18.  Jahr- 
hundert "  (1884),  and  the  "  Kunst  des  Orgel- 
spiels" (2  vol.s  ;  9  editions);  4  fine  organ- 
sonatas  (op.  11,  19,  23,  31)  ;  preludes  to  chorals 
(op.  4-9,  13,  25,  29,  38),  other  organ-pieces,  and 
4  choral-books  ;  also  wrote  a  pf. -concerto,  apf.- 
quartet,  2  symphonies,  3  overtures,  etc. 

Ritter  [Raymond-Ritter],  Fanny,  Ameri- 
can authoress  ;  b.  Philadelphia,  1840  ;  wife  of 
Dr.  F.  L.  Ritter.  She  has  publ.  "  Woman  as 
a  Musician,  an  Art-historical  Study  "  (1S77)  ; 
"Some  Famous  Songs,  an  Art-hist.  Sketch"; 
and  various  other  sketches  ;  also  good  transla- 
tions of  Schumann's  "  Music  and  Musicians," 
Ehlert's  "  Letters  on  Music  to  a  Lady"  (1877). 

Ritter,  Frederic-Louis,  b.  Strassburg,  June 
22,  1S34;  d.  Antwerp,  July  22,  1891.  Pupil 
of  Schletterer  and  Hauser  at  Strassburg,  and  of 
J.  G.  Kastner  in  Paris.  In  1852,  prof,  of  music 
at  Fe'nestrange  Protestant  Seminary,  Lorraine  ; 
went  with  his  parents  in  1856  to  Cincinnati,  and 
organized  the  Cecilia  vocal  soc.  and  the  Phil- 
harm.  Orch.;  settled  in  New  York,  1S61,  be- 
coming cond.  of  the  Sacred  Harmonic  Soc,  and 
the  "Arion";  and  in  1S67  was  app.  prof,  of 
music  at  Vassar  College,  Poughkeepsie,  re- 
moving thither  in  1S74.  In  1878  the  Univ.  of 
New  York  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  Mus. 
Doc. — Writings  :  "  History  of  Music"  (Boston, 
1870-4,  2  vol.s  ;  London,  1878,  2nd  ed.  1880)  ; 
"  Music  in  England"  (New  York,  18S3)  ;  "  Mu- 
sic in  America"  (N.  Y.,  18S3)  ;  "  Musical  Dic- 
tation."— Compositions  :  5  symphonies  ;  over- 
tures ;  'cello-concerto;  pf. -concerto  ;  trios,  etc., 
f.  pf. ;  string-quartets  ; — Psalm  46,  f.  sopr.  solo, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  Psalm  4,  f.  bar.  solo,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  Psalm  95,  f.  female  voices  w.  organ; 
"  Hafis,"  Persian  song-cycle  (op.  1)  ;  over  100 
German  songs  ;  etc. 

Ritter,  Georg  Wenzel,  bassoonist  from 
1788  in  the  Berlin  court  orch.;  b.  Mannheim, 
Apr.  7,  174S  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  16,  1808. — Publ. 
2  bassoon-concertos,  and  6  quartets  f.  bassoon 
and  strings. 

Ritter,  Hermann,  b.  Wismar,  Sept.  16, 
1849.  Teacher  at  the  R.  School  of  Music, 
Wiirzburg. 

Ritter  {rede  Bennet),  Theodore,  pianist, 
b.  near  Paris,  Apr.  5,  1341  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  6, 
1886.  Pupil  of  Liszt ;  made  successful  concert- 
tours  ;  also  publ.  numerous  solo  piceces  for  pf. 


("  Les  Courriers  "  is  a  favorite).  He  prod,  the 
dram,  scenes  "  Le  paradis  perdu"  and  "Me- 
phistopheles  ";  2  unsuccessful  operas,  Marianne 
(Paris,  1861)  and  La  dea  risorta  (Florence, 
1S65)  ;  etc. 

Rive-King,  Julie,  talented  composer  and 
pianist;  b.  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Oct.  31,  1857. 
Her  piano-music  is  deservedly  popular  (Im- 
promptu in  A\}). 

Robyn,  Alfred  G.,  composer  ;  b.  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  Apr.  29,  1S60.  He  has  written  an 
opera,  some  sacred  music,  and  numerous  songs 
("  To  thee  alone";   "  Good  night"). 

Roch'litz,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Leipzig, 
Feb.  12,  1769;  d.  there  Dec.  16,  1842.  A  pupil 
of  Doles  in  the  Thomasschule,  he  entered  the 
University  as  a  theological  student  ;  but  was 
obliged  to  embrace  the  career  of  a  tutor  and 
writer.  He  first  publ.  some  novels  and  sketches  ; 
"  Blicke  in  das  Gebiet  der  Kunst  .  .  .  ,"  and 
"  Einige  Ideen  fiber  Anwendungdes  guten  Ge- 
schmacks  "  (both  1796),  treat  in  part  of  music. 
In  1798  he  founded  the  "  Allgemeine  musikali- 
sche  Zeitung,"  which  he  edited  till  1818,  still 
contributing  until  1S35 — the  period  of  Bee- 
thoven's career  as  a  composer.  From  1S05  he 
was  a  director  of  the  Gewandhaus  Concerts.  1 1  e 
received  the  title  of  "  Hofrath  "  from  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Weimar.  His  best-known  work  is 
"  Fur  Freunde  der  Tonkunst*'  (4  vol.s,  1S24- 
32  ;  3rd  ed.  1S6S),  which  contains  biographies, 
essays,  analyses  of  compositions,  etc. ;  vol.  iv  has 
an  outline  "Geschichte  der  Gesangsmusik," 
which  R.  supplemented  bya  "Sammlung  vorziig- 
licher  Gesangstlicke "  in  3  vol.s,  from  Dufay 
to  Vallotti.  He  comp.  songs  for  male  chorus  ; 
also  the  23rd  Psalm  ;  and  wrote  many  books  for 
operas,  oratorios,  cantatas,  etc. 

Rock'el,  Joseph  Leopold,  b.  London,  Apr. 
11,  1S3S.  Pupil  of  Eisenhofer  at  Wiirzburg,  and 
Gotze  at  Weimar,  for  comp.,  and  of  his  father 
and  brother  Eduard  for  pf.  Lives  in  Clifton, 
Bristol,  as  teacher  and  pianist. — Works  :  The 
cantatas  Fair  Rosamond,  Ruth,  Westward-ho, 
etc.;  many  characteristic  pieces  f.  pf.,  and  fan- 
tasias on  operatic  airs  ;  songs. 

Rockstro  {recte  Rackstraw),  William 
Smyth,  b.  North  Cheam,  Surrey,  Jan.  5,  1S23  ; 
d.  London,  July  2,  1895.  He  studied  1845-6 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Mendelssohn,  Plaidy, 
and  Hauptmann.  Returning  to  London,  he 
taught  the  piano  and  singing,  also  appearing  oc- 
casionally as  a  pianist.  Lived  for  years  at  Tor- 
quay ;  from  1867,  organist  and  honorary  pre- 
centor at  All  Saints',  Babbicombe  ;  from  1891  in 
London,  giving  lectures  at  the  R.  A.  M.  and  R.  C. 
M.,  taking  a  class  in  plain  song  at  the  latter.  A 
student  of  ecclesiastical  music,  he  was  one  of  the 
foremost  among  English  mus.  antiquaries. — 
Writings:  "  History  of  Music  for  Young  Stu- 
dents "  (1879);  "Practical  Harmony"  (1881)  ; 
"  Rules  of  Counterpoint  "  (1882)  ;  "Life  of  G.  F. 
Handel  "(18S3)  ;  "Mendelssohn"  (1884);  Gen- 


491 


RODA— RODER 


eral  History  of  Music"  (18S6)  ;  "  Jenny  Lind, 
the  Artist"  (1891  ;  with  Canon  Scott  Holland)  ; 
"Jenny  Lind,  her  Vocal  Art  and  Culture" 
(1894;  \v.  Otto  Goldschmidt) ;  important  con- 
tributions to  Grove's  "  Dictionary,"  and  to  the 
"  Mus.  Times,"  "  Mus.  Society,"  etc.- — He 
composed  a  sacred  cantata,  The  Good  Shepherd 
(Gloucester  Fest.,  1886),  a  5-p.  madrigal  "  O, 
too  cruel  fair"  (Bach  Choir,  1884),  a  ballet, 
Floras  Path  (1891),  an  overture,  songs,  etc.: 
also  publ.  "  Festival  Psalter,  Adapted  to  the 
Gregorian  Tones  ";  "  Accompanying  Harmonies 
to  the  Ferial  Psalter";  and  "Harmonies  for 
Additional  Chants  and  the  Ambrosial  Te  Deum. " 

Ro'da,  Ferdinand  von,  b.  Rudolstadt,  Mar. 
26,  1815  ;  died  on  the  Biilow  Estate,  n.  Kriwitz, 
Apr.  26,  1876.  Pupil  of  Hummel  ;  from  1842 
in  Hamburg,  founding  the  Bach-Verein  in  1855  ; 
in  1S57,  mus.  director  at  Rostock  Univ. — 
Works  :  Oratorio  Der  Sunder ;  cantata  Tkeo- 
mela ;  a  Passion  music  ;  "  Das  Siegesfest,"  and 
scenes  from  Faust,  for  chorus  ;  excellent  church- 
music  ;  symphonies,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Rode,  (Jacques-)  Pierre  (-Joseph),  famous 
violinist;  b.  Bordeaux,  Feb.  16,  1774;  d.  Cha- 
teau -  Bourbon,  n. 
I  tamazon,  Nov.  25, 
1830.  Pupil  of  Fau- 
vel  ;  from  1787,  of 
Viotti  at  Paris.  De- 
but 1790  in  a  con- 
certo by  Viotti,  at 
the  Th.  Feydeau, 
where  he  was  leader  / 
of  the  2nd  violins 
1790-4  ;  then,  after 
tours  in  Holland  and 
Germany,  and  a 
short  visit  to  Lon- 
don, he  was  app. 
prof,  of  violin  at  the 
newly  opened  Cons. 
During  a  visit  to  Spain  in  1799  he  met  Boc- 
cherini,  who  wrote  concertos  for  him.  In  1800, 
solo  violinist  to  Napoleon  ;  from  1803-8,  with 
Boieldieu  in  Russia,  becoming  1st  violinist  to 
Emperor  Alexander.  After  3  years  in  Paris,  he 
toured  Germany  and  Austria  (at  Vienna  Beetho- 
ven wrote  for  him  the  Romance,  op.  50) ;  lived 
for  a  time  in  Berlin,  where  he  married  in  1814, 
then  retiring  to  Bordeaux.  His  final  appearance 
in  Paris  (1828)  was  a  disheartening  failure. — 
Biography  by  A.  Pougin. — Works  :  13  violin- 
concertos  ;  Themes  varies,  w.  orch.;  ditto  w. 
string-quartet  ;  fantasia  w.  orch. ;  Cavatine  et 
rondeau,  w.  quartet  ;  the  famed  and  indispensa- 
ble "  24  Caprices  en  forme  d'etudes,  dans  les  24 
tons  de  la  gamine "  ;  12  etudes;  3  books  of 
violin-duos  ;  Romances  francaises  ;  and  a  "  Me- 
thode  du  violon  "  (with  Baillot  and  Kreutzer). 

Ro'de,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Kirchschei- 
dungen,  n.  Freiburg-on-Unstrut,  Feb.  25,  1797  ; 
(1.  I'otsdam,  Jan.  8,  1857.  Horn-virtuoso;  from 
1827  bandmaster  of  the  "  Gardejagerbataillon  " 


in  Berlin. — Works  :  "  Die  Hubertusjagd,"  a 
tone-painting;  "Die  freundliche  Klange  der 
Jagd,"  ditto  ;  concertos  f.  horn  ;  do.  f.  trum- 
pet ;  various  pieces  and  arrangements  f.  horn. 

Ro'de,  Theodor,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Pots- 
dam, May  30,  1S21  ;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  12,  1883. 
Pupil  of  Berger,  Elsler,  and  Dehn  ;  singing- 
teacher  at  the  Werder  Gymnasium,  Berlin. 
Publ.  a  "  Theoretisch-praktische  Schulgesang- 
bildungslehre "  ;  essays  on  Prussian  military 
music,  and  Russian  horn-music,  in  periodicals. 
Contr.  to  Mendel's  "  Mus.  Konversationslexi- 
kon." 

Ro'der,  Johann  Michael,  Berlin  organ- 
builder,  d.  about  1740.  Built  the  great  organ 
in  St.  Maria  Magdalena,  Breslau  (5S  stops). 

Ro'der,  Fructuosus,  b.  Simmershausen,  Mar. 
5,  1747  ;  d.  Naples,  1789,  as  master  of  the 
novices  and  school-director  at  the  monastery  of 
San  Lorenzo.  Fine  organist  ;  noted  church- 
comp.  ("  Jesu  Tod  "). 

Ro'der,  Georg  Vincent,  b.  Rammungen, 
Franconia,  1780;  d.  Altotting,  Bavaria,  Dec. 
30,  1S48.  From  1805-24,  court  Kapellm.  and 
opera-cond.  at  Wurzburg  ;  1830,  mus.  dir.  at 
Augsburg;  1S39,  Kapellm.  at  Munich  to  King 
Ludvvig  I. — Much  church-music  :  Oratorio  La 
Messiade ;  cantata  Cacilia  ;  masses,  psalms, 
motets,  etc. ;  a  symphony  ;  and  an  opera  Die 
Schweden  (Prague,  1S42). 

Ro'der,  Carl  Gottlieb,  b.  Stotteritz,  n. 
Leipzig,  June  22,  1S12  ;  d.  Gohlis,  Oct.  29, 
1883.  Founder  of  the  great  Leipzig  establish- 
ment for  engraving  and  printing  music.  He 
started  in  1S46  with  one  engraver's  apprentice  ; 
to-day  the  business  is  probably  the  largest  of  its 
kind  in  the  world,  and  does  work  for  music- 
publishing  firms  the  world  over.  A  book-printing 
department  has  also  been  added.  In  1872  R.'s 
sons-in-law  C.  L.  H.  Wolff  and  C.  E.  M. 
Rentsch  became  partners  in  the  firm  ;  R.  himself 
retired  in  1876. 

Ro'der,  Martin,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  7,  1851  ;  d. 
Boston,  Mass.,  June  7,  1895.  Pupil  of  the  R. 
Hochschule,  Berlin,  1 870-1  ;  chorusmaster  at 
the  Teatro  dal  Verme,  Milan,  1873-S0.  In  1875 
he  organized  the  "  Societa  del  Quartetto  Corale," 
which  gave  fine  performances  of  classical  music  ; 
also  conducted  opera  in  various  cities.  From 
1880-1  he  lived  in  Berlin  as  a  singing-teacher  ; 
then  taught  at  Scharwenka's  Cons,  until  1887, 
when  he  went  to  Dublin  as  prof,  at  the  R.  Acad, 
of  Music  ;  a  position  exchanged,  in  1892,  for  the 
directorship  of  the  vocal  department  in  the  New 
Engl.  Cons.,  Boston.  He  was  a  musician  of 
broad  scholarship  and  versatile  attainments,  and 
a  composer  of  marked  ability. — Works  :  3  operas, 
Pietro  Candiano  IV  (not  perf.),  Giuditta  (not 
perf.),  and  Vera  (Hamburg,  1SS1)  ;  he  also 
wrote  the  books  for  the  last  two  ;  2  mysteries, 
Santa  Maria  appie delta  croce  [after  Tasso],  and 
Maria  Magdalena  (libretto  by  R.  himself)  ;  2 
symphonic  poems,   "  Azorenfahrt  "   and    "  Leo- 


492 


RODIO— ROIIDE 


nore";  a  symphony,  an  orch.l  suite,  an  overture 
"  Attila,"  a  quintet  in  A,  a  quartet  in  Bb  min., 
a  trio  in  F  min.,  pf. -music,  etc. — Also  publ. 
"  Uber  den  Stand  der  offentlichen  Musikpflege 
in  Italien"  (Leipzig,  1S81)  ;  "  Studi  critici,  rac- 
colti  "  (Milan,  1SS1 ;  he  was  an  esteemed  contrib- 
utor to  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale "  signing  his 
articles  "  Raro  Miedtner")  ;  and  "  Dal  taccuino 
di  un  direttore  di  orchestra  "  (18S1)  ;  in  Ger.  as 
"  Aus  dem  Tagebuch  eines  wandernden  Kapell- 
meisters"  (18S2). 

Ro'dio,  Rocco,  celebrated  contrapuntist  of 
the  early  Neapolitan  school ;  b.  Calabria,  about 
1530;  d.  (?).  Publ.  "  Regole  per  far  contrap- 
punto  solo  e  accompagnato  nel  canto  fermo " 
(1st  ed.  abt.  1600;  3rd  ed.  1626);  also  a  coll. 
(Naples,  1580)  of  9  masses;  the  last,  "  Missa  de 
Beata  Virgine  "  (a  5)  is  remarkable,  as  it  can  be 
sung  by  4  or  3  voices  by  omitting  the  quintus 
and  super ius  (soprano),  and  also  by  the  3  highest 
voices  if  quint  us  and  bass  us  are  omitted. 

Rodolphe  (or  Rudolph),  Jean-Joseph,  b. 
Strassburg,  Oct.  14,  1730;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  18, 
1812.  Pupil  of  his  father  for  horn  and  violin  ; 
later  of  Leclair  (vln.)  at  Paris  ;  1st  violin  in 
theatres  at  Bordeaux,  Montpellier,  etc. ;  about 
1754  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Parma,  study- 
ing under  Traetta  ;  1760  in  Stuttgart,  under 
Tommelli,  also  bringing  out  several  "  Ballets 
heroi'ques  "  (Medde  et  Jason  :  Psyche" ';  La  mort 
a" Hercule ;  Armidi).  From  1763  in  Paris;  1765, 
1st  horn  in  the  Grand  Opera  orch. ;  1770,  royal 
chamber-musician;  17S4,  prof,  of  harmony  at  the 
"Ecole  royale  de  chant"  (later  the  Cons.),  los- 
ing the  place  during  the  Revolution,  but  rein- 
stated as  prof,  of  solfege  in  1799,  and  pensioned 
in  1802. — Works  :  3  operas  for  Paris  ;  2  horn- 
concertos  ;  fanfares  for  2  and  3  horns  ;  duos  and 
studies  for  violin  ;  etc.;  also  2  text-books,  "  Sol- 
fege "(1790)  and  "  Theorie  d'accompagnement 
et  de  composition"  (1799). 

Roeck'el.     See  Rockel. 

Roger,  Victor,  b.  Montpellier,  France,  July 
21,  1854.  Studied  at  the  Ecole  Niedermeyer. 
Composer  of  light  opera;  mus.  critic  of  "La 
France."  Has  prod,  about  20  operettas,  etc., 
the  latest  of  which  are  Sc  Majeste"  V Amour 
(1896),  FA  uber ge  du  Tohu-Bohu  (1S97),  Les 
Petards  (1897),  VAgence  Crook  &*  Co.,  4-act 
vaud. -operetta  (189S),  the  3-act  ditto  La  petite 
TAche  (1S98),  and  the  4-act  operetta  Poule 
blanche  (1S99  ;  succ). 

Roger,  Gustave-Hippolyte,  famous  operatic 
tenor;  b.  La  Chapelle  St. -Denis,  n.  Paris,  Dec. 
17,  1815  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  12,  1879.  Pupil,  from 
1836,  of  Martin  and  Morin  in  the  Cons. ;  debut 
1838  at  the  Opera-Comique,  where  he  sang  till 
1S48 ;  then  at  the  Opera,  creating  the  role  of  the 
Prophete  in  1S49.  From  1850  he  also  toured 
Germany.  Was  app.  prof,  of  singing  at  the 
Cons,  in  1868. 

Rogers,  Clara  Kathleen,  ne'e  Barnett ;  b. 
Cheltenham,  Engl.,  Jan.  14,  1844  ;  daughter  of 


John  Barnett,  "the  father  of  English  opera" 
[GROVE].  Taught  by  her  parents  till  1856  ;  then 
till  i860  at  Leipzig  Cons,  by  Moscheles  and 
Plaidy  (pf.),  Papperitz  and  Richter  (theory), 
David  and  Rietz  (ensemble-playing) ;  also  sing- 
ing (1S59)  by  Goetze.  St.  in  Berlin  6  months  ; 
and  for  the  stage  at  Milan  with  Sangiovanni. 
Debut  Turin,  1S63,  as  Isabella  in  Roberto  il 
Diavolo  (stage-name  "Clara  Doria  ")  ;  sang  at 
Genoa,  Leghorn,  Florence,  and  Naples  (S.  Carlo 
Th.,  as  Amina  and  Lucia)  ;  then  on  the  Lon- 
don concert-stage  for  5  years.  Went  to  America 
1871  with  the  Parepa-Rosa  company  ;  debut  N. 
Y.  Acad,  of  Music  as  "  Bohemian  Girl,"  Oct. 
4  ;  later  sang  Donna  Elvira  {Don  G.),  the 
Countess  (Figaro),  and  other  roles,  in  N.  Y., 
Boston,  Philadelphia,  etc.  In  1S72-3,  sang 
with  the  Maretzek  company ;  then  settled  in 
Boston  as  a  concert-singer,  singing-teacher,  and 
composer.  Married  a  Boston  lawyer,  Henry  M. 
Rogers,  in  1878. — Publ.  works  :  Op.  10,  6  songs; 
op.  15,  Scherzo  in  A,  f.  pf. ;  op.  16,  Aubade, 
song  w.  vln.  and  pf. ;  op.  17,  "Kiss  mine 
eyelids,  lovely  morn,"  w.  do.;  op.  20,  22,  24, 
26,  28,  songs;  op.  25,  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin,  in 
D  min.;  op.  29,  Album  of  6  songs  [Brownings]  ; 
op.  30,  2  songs  ;  others  publ.  recently. — Also 
"  The  Philosophy  of  Singing  "  (New  York, 
*93>. 

Rogers,  Delia,  operatic  soprano  ;  b.  I  Oli- 
ver, Colorado,  about  1S79.  Went  to  Paris  in 
1890  ;  studied  with  Mme.  de  la  Grange,  and 
(for  Erench  diction)  with  Leon  Jancey.  Debut 
St.  Petersburg  ;  has  sung  in  Milan  (La  Scala), 
Rumania,  Turkey,  etc. 

Rogers,  Roland,  b.  Nov.  17,  1S47,  West 
Bromwich,  Staffordshire,  Engl.,  becoming  or- 
ganist at  St.  Peter's  there  at  11  ;  from  1871-91, 
organist  at  Bangor  Cathedral,  where  he  gave  an- 
nual series  of  recitals,  and  greatly  elevated  the 
character  of  the  mus.  services.  Also  gave  recitals 
at  St.  George's  Hall,  Liverpool,  and  elsewhere  ; 
and  cond.  the  Penrhyn  and  Arvonic  Choirs. 
Now  residing  in  Walee  as  a  teacher.  Mus. 
Bac,  Oxon.,  1S70  ;  Mus.  Doc,  1875. — Works: 
Cantatas  Prayer  and  /'raise  (f.  soli,  double  ch., 
and  orch.),  The  Garden  (prize  at  Llandudno, 
1S96),  and  Flora  bet  (f.  female  voices)  ;  Psalm 
130,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  strings  ;  a  symphony,  string- 
quintet,  organ-music,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Rogno'ne,  Francesco  (son  of  Riccardo  R., 
a  Milanese  violinist),  publ.  an  "  Aggiunta  del 
scolaro  di  violino  "  (1614)  and  a  "  Selva  di  varii 
passaggi  secondo  l'uso  moderno"  (on  instr.l  and 
vocal  graces)  ;  also  masses,  motets,  psalms, 
"  Correnti  e  Gagliardi  "  a  4  and  5,  etc. 

Roh'de,  Eduard,  b.  Halle-on-Saale,  1S28  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Mar.  25,  1SS3,  as  choirmaster  at 
the  St.  Georgenkirche  and  singing-teacher  at 
the  Sophien-Gymnasium.  Comp.  excellent  mo- 
tets, part-songs,  etc.;  the  cantata  Schildkorn ; 
pf. -music  ;  wrote  an  elementary  text-book  for 
piano. 


493 


ROHLEDER— ROMBERG 


Roh'leder,  Johann,  pastor  at  P'riedland, 
Pomerania.  Publ.  "  Erleichterung  des  Clavier- 
spiels  vermoge  einer  neuen  Einrichtung  der 
Claviatur  "  (1792  ;  on  reforms  in  the  keyboard 
and  in  notation,  similar  to  those  advocated  by 
the  "  Chroma  "  society). 

Roh'leder,  Friedrich  Traugott,  pastor  at 
Lahn,  Silesia.  Tubl.  "Die  musikal.  Liturgie 
in  der  evang.-protestantische  Kirche"  (1831)  ; 
"  Vermischte  Aufsatze  zur  Beforderung  wahrer 
Kirchenmusik  "  (1S33)  ;  and  like  articles  in  the 
"  Eutonia  "  (1829,  etc.). 

Rokitan'sky,  Victor,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Vi- 
enna, July  9,  183G  ;  d.  there  July  17,  1896. 
Wrote  "fjber  Sanger  und  Singen  "  (Leipzig, 
1896  ;  rules  for  and  hints  on  the  art  and  practice 
of  singing). 

Ro'landt,  Hedwig  (stage-name  of  Hedwig 
Wachut'ta),  coloratura  singer  ;  b.  Graz,  Sept. 
2,  1S5S.  Pupil  at  Craz  of  Frau  Weinlich- 
Tipka  ;  very  successful  debut,  followed  by  en- 
gagement, at  Wiesbaden,  1877.  Sang  later  at 
other  towns,  also  at  Leipzig  in  the  Gewandhaus. 
Married  the  merchant  Carl  Schaaf  in  1883. 

Rol'la,  Alessandro,  violinist,  Paganini's 
teacher;  b.  Pavia,  Apr.  22,  1757;  d.  Milan, 
Sept.  15,  1S41.  Pupil  of  Renzi  and  Conti  ;  in 
1782,  court  solo  violist  at  Parma,  later  leader  of 
the  Ducal  orch.  In  1802,  maestro  at  La  Scala, 
Milan  ;  in  1805,  solo  violinist  to  the  Viceroy, 
Eugene  Beauharnais  ;  prof,  of  violin  and  viola 
at  Milan  Cons,  from  its  foundation  in  1807. — 
Works  :  A  ballet,  Pizzarro,  ossia  La  Conqiiisla 
del  Peru  (1807);  symphonies;  church-music; 
3  violin-concertos  ;  4  viola-concertos  ;  6  string- 
quartets  ;  a  quintetto  concertante  f.  strings  ; 
trios  f.  vln.,  via.,  and  'cello,  also  f.  2  violins 
and  'cello  ;  duos  f.  violin,  also  f.  vln.  and  via.; 
etc. 

Rol'le,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Quedlinburg, 
Dec.  23,  171S  ;  d.  Magdeburg,  Dec.  29,  1785. 
Student  of  law  and  philos.  at  Leipzig  1736-40; 
viola-player  in  the  Berlin  court  orch.  1 741-6  ; 
then  organist,  and  from  1752  his  father's  suc- 
cessor as  town  mus.  dir.,  at  Magdeburg. — 
WTorks  :  4  Passions  ;  20  oratorios  and  cantatas  ; 
several  church-services  for  the  entire  year  ;  the 
Odes  of  Anacreon  f.  solo  voice  \v.  clavichord- 
accomp. ;  etc. 

Rol'lig,  Carl  Leopold,  b.  Vienna,  1761  ; 
d.  there  Mar.  4,  1804.  Harmonica-player,  and 
inventor  of  the  "  Orphika"  and  "  Xanorphika" 
(pianos  with  bows  instead  of  hammers) ;  travelled 
to  produce  his  instr.s,  and  obtained  a  position 
in  the  court  library,  Vienna,  in  1797. — Works: 
A  comic  opera,  Clarissa  (Hamburg,  1782)  ; 
pieces  f.  harmonica  and  Orphika  ;  wrote  "  Ueber 
die  Harmonica"  (1787)  and  "Ueber  die  Or- 
phika" (1795) ;  etc. 

Romaniel'lo,  Luigi,  pianist  and  comp. ;  b. 
Naples,  Dec.  29,  i860.  Taught  by  his  father 
and  his  brother  Vincenzo  ;  then  at  Naples  Cons. , 
1876-80,  by  Coop   and  Cesi  (pf.),  and  Scarano 


and  Serrao  (comp.),  graduating  with  highest 
honors.  For  a  time,  director  of  the  pf. -depart- 
ment at  the  Cons. ;  and  later  succeeded  Mar- 
tucci  and  Cesi  in  the  Soc.  del  Quartetto,  also 
becoming  the  regular  pianist  of  the  Ferni  Quar- 
tet. Is  instructor  in  the  R.  "  Educandato  di 
San  Marcellino";  critic  for  "  Le  Menestrel,"  the 
"  Nouvelle  musique,"  and  the  "  Monde  artis- 
tique";  and  a  chev.  of  the  Italian  Crown.  Fre- 
quent successful  pianistic  tourne'es  in  Italy  and 
elsewhere.  —  Publ.  works:  The  4-act  opera 
seria  Alda  (Piacenza,  1S96)  ;  a  vast  amount  of 
music  f.  pf.,  f.  violin  and  pf.,  and  for  voice  ; 
also  a  method  for  pf.  (won  prize  at  Naples, 
(1S86).  —  In  MS.:  2  operas,  Tra  marinari  and 
Valentia  :  2  symphonic  poems,  on  Byron's 
"Corsair"  and  "  Manfred";  2  symphonies  ;  an 
overture  ;  "  morceaux  de  genre  "  f.  orch.;  apf.- 
concerto  ;  2  pf. -trios  ;  and  many  others. 
Romani'na.     See  Albertini,  Giovanni. 

Romani'ni,  Romano,  b.  Farma,  1864. 
Pupil,  at  the  Cons,  there,  of  Ludovico  Mando- 
vani  (violin)  and  Giusto  Dacci  (comp),  graduat- 
ing in  1SS2.  Began  his  career  as  1st  violin  in 
the  Teatro  Regio  ;  was  then  called  to  Savigliano 
as  cond.  of  the  concert-  and  theatre-orch. ;  in 
1890,  prof,  of  violin  at  the  "  Istituto  Venturi " 
(conservatory),  Brescia,  of  which  he  has  been 
the  Director  since  1897.  —  Works  :  The  2-act 
opera  Al  Campo  (Brescia,  1895  ;  succ);  a  sym- 
phony ;  a  Gavotte  and  Minuet  for  string-orch.; 
etc. 

Roma'no,  Alessandro.  See  Alessandro 
Romano. 

Roma'no,  Giulio.     See  Caccini. 

Rom'berg,  Andreas  (Jacob),  b.  Vechta,  n. 
Minister,  Apr.  27,  1767  ;  d.  Cotha,  Nov.  10, 
1821.  .Son  of  the  clarinettist  and  mus.  dir. 
Gerhard  Heinrich  R.  [1745-1819].  Violin- 
virtuoso  ;  played  in  public  at  7;  in  1784  he 
made  a  concert-tour  with  his  cousin  Bernhard 
through  Holland  and  France,  reaching  Paris  in 
1784,  where  he  was  engaged  as  soloist  for  the 
Concerts  spirituels  during  the  season.  From 
1790-3  he  played  in  the  Electoral  orch.  at  Bonn 
with  Bernhard  ;  toured  Italy  with  him,  then 
lived  in  Vienna  and  Hamburg,  and  followed 
him  to  Paris  in  1800  in  the  vain  hope  of  getting 
a  hearing  as  a  composer  ;  lived  in  Hamburg 
1801-15,  and  then  succeeded  Spohr  as  court 
Kapellm.  at  Gotha.  He  received  the  degree  of 
Dr.  phil.  from  Kiel  Univ. — Works:  8  operas 
and  operettas  (Seipio  and  Die  Ruinen  von  Pa- 
litzzi  are  publ.  in  pf. -score  ;  their  overtures,  and 
that  to  Don  Mendoza,  are  publ.  in  score)  ;  the 
choral  works  w.  orch.  "  Die  Glocke  "  (Schiller's 
"Song  of  the  Bell";  still  a  favorite,  also  in 
Britain  and  America),  "  Die  Harmonie  der 
Spharen,"  "Ode"  (both  by  Kosegarten)  ;  the 
vocal  soli  w.  orch.  "Die  Kindesmorderin," 
"Die  Macht  des  Gesanges,"  "  Monolog  der 
Jungfrau  von  Orleans,"  "  Der  Graf  von  Habs- 
burg,"  "  Sehnsucht  "  (all  by  Schiller)  ;  an  orch.l 


494 


ROMBERG— ROOT 


mass,  and  much  other  church-music  ;  many 
instr.l  compositions — 10  symphonies  (4  publ.), 
23  violin-concertos  (4  publ.),  33  string-quartets 
(25  publ.),  a  double  quartet  (2  movem.),  8  flute- 
quintets  w.  strings,  1  clar. -quintet,  2  string- 
quintets,  1  pf.  -quartet,  3  violin-sonatas,  11 
rondos  and  caprices  f.  violin,  a  concertante  f. 
vln.  and  'cello  w.  orch.,  etc. — Biogr.  sketch  in 
Vol.  i  of  Rochlitz's  "  Fur  Freunde  der  Ton- 
kunst." 

Rom'berg,  Bernhard,  b.  Dincklage,  n. 
Minister,  Nov.  11,  1767  ;  d.  Hamburg,  Aug. 
13,  1841.  [Son  of  Anton  Romberg,  famous 
bassoonist,  1742-1814,  brother  of  Gerhard  Hein- 
rich  R.  above.]  Excellent  'cellist,  the  com- 
panion of  his  cousin  Andreas  for  years.  Went 
to  Paris  in  1800,  after  a  tour  in  England  and 
Spain,  and  was  app.  prof,  of  'cello-playing  at 
the  Cons.;  resigned  in  1803,  lived  2  years  in 
Hamburg,  became  solo  'cellist  in  the  Berlin 
court  orch.  in  1805,  and  court  Kapellm.  1S15-19  ; 
retired  to  Hamburg.  Also  made  numerous  ex- 
tended concert-tours,  the  last  (to  London  and 
Paris)  in  1839.  For  'cello  he  wrote  9  concertos 
(still  admired),  3  concertinos  and  a  fantasia  w. 
orch.,  4  sets  of  Russian  airs  w.  orch.,  caprices 
and  fantasias  on  Swedish,  Spanish,  and  Ruma- 
nian airs,  and  Polonaises  ; — also  several  operas, 
incid.  music  to  plays,  a  concertante  f.  2  horns 
w.  orch.,  11  string-quartets,  1  string-trio,  a  trio  f. 
viola,  'cello,  and  bass,  duos  f.  2  'celli,  and  sona- 
tas \v.  bass  ;  etc. 

Rom'berg,  Cyprian,  son  of  Andreas,  and 
pupil  of  Bernhard  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Oct.  28,  1S07  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  14,  1S65.  Made  long  tours,  and 
became  'cellist  in  the  St.  Petersburg  court  orch. 
— Publ.  concert-pieces  f.  'cello. 

Ronchet/ti-Montevi'ti,  Stefano,  b.  Asli, 
Sept.  18,  1S14;  d.  Casale  Monferrato,  Oct.  16, 
1882.  Pupil  of  B.  Neri  at  Milan,  becoming 
prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Cons,  there  in  1S50,  and 
succeeding  Mazzucato  as  Director  in  1877.  Plis 
one  opera,  Pergolesi  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1S57) 
was  a  failure  ;  his  church-comp.s  (especially  a 
motet  a  16,  "  Sanctum  et  terribile  nomen  Ejus  "), 
the  intermezzi  to  the  poem  Ossian,  a  national 
hymn  "  Per  la  patria  il  sangue  han  dato,"  etc., 
are  highly  esteemed. 

Ronco'ni,  Domenico,  stage-tenor  ;  b.  Len- 
dinara,  Rovigo,  July  11,  1772;  d.  Milan,  Apr. 
13,  1839.  Sang  in  St.  Petersburg  (1801-5), 
Vienna,  Paris,  and  the  chief  cities  of  Italy  (at 
La  Scala,  Milan,  in  1S0S)  ;  director  of  the 
Italian  opera,  Vienna,  in  1809  ;  sang  in  Paris 
and  Italy,  and  1S19-29  at  Munich,  where  he  was 
singing-master  to  the  princesses.  Founded  a 
singing-school  at  Milan  in  1S29.  He  was  a 
famous  teacher,  and  publ.  vocal  exercises. — His 
son  Giorgio,  b.  Milan,  1S10,  d.  Jan.  S,  iSgo, 
was  a  well-known  baritone  ;  he  opened  a  music- 
school  at  Cordova,  Spain,  in  1863,  and  from 
1867  taught  singing  in  New  Vork  for  some 
years  ;  also  publ.  songs  and  vocal  exercises. 


Rong,  Wilhelm  Ferdinand,  d.  Berlin  after 
1S21  (?),  aged  100  (?).  Chamber-musician  to 
Prince  Heinrich  of  Prussia  ;  music-teacher  in 
Berlin.  Besides  patriotic  songs,  etc.,  he  wrote 
"  Elementarlehre  am  Clavier"  (1786);  "  Theo- 
retisch-praktisches  Handbuch  der  Tonarten- 
kenntniss"  (1S05)  ;  etc. 

Ronger,  Florimond.     See  Hkrye. 

Ro'nisch,  Karl,  b.  Goldberg,  Silesia,  1S14; 
d.  July  21,  1894,  at  Blasewitz,  n.  Dresden. 
Piano-manufacturer  at  Dresden  since  1S45  ; 
"  Kommerzienrat." 

Ront'gen,  Engelbert,  violinist;  b.  Deventer, 
Holland,  Sept.  20,  1829  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Dec.  12, 
1897.  Pupil  of  F.  David  in  Leipzig  Cons.; 
played  1850-69  with  the  1st  violins  in  the  Ge- 
wandhaus  Orch. ;  then  succeeded  R.  Dreyschock 
as  2nd  Concertmeister ;  and  on  David's  death  in 
1873  became  his  successor  as  1st  Concertmeister . 
Also  teacher  in  the  Cons. 

Ront'gen,  Julius,  pianist,  son  of  Engelbert  ; 
b.  Leipzig,  May  9,  1855.  Had  private  lessons 
with  Hauptmann  (1866),  later  of  E.  F.  Richter, 
Plaidy,  and  Reinecke  ;  even  before  1866  he  be- 
gan to  compose.  In  1S71  he  went  to  Munich 
to  study  comp.  under  P"r.  Lachner  ;  soon  after 
his  return,  he  publ.  a  violin-sonata  in  B  min. 
First  public  appearance  as  a  concert-player  at 
Stuttgart,  1875,  giying  a  series  of  concerts  with 
J.  Stockhausen.  Settled  1S78  in  Amsterdam  as 
teacher  in  the  Music-School  ;  succeeded  Ver- 
hulst,  as  concert-conductor  to  the  Soc.  for  the 
Promotion  of  Music,  in  1SS6  (retired  from  this 
post  in  189S  ;  his  successor  is  Mengelberg)  ;  has 
also  cond.  the  concerts  of  the  Felix  Meritis  Soc. 
for  several  seasons  ;  was  a  co-founder  (18S5)  of 
the  Cons. ;  establ.  soirees  for  chamber-music  ; 
and  is  one  of  the  most  popular  pianists  and 
teachers  in  his  adopted  home. — Works  :  Besides 
2  pf. -sonatas,  a  pf. -suite,  and  much  other  pf.- 
music,  he  has  publ.  Toskanische  Rispetti,  an 
operetta  for  voices  and  pf.;  a  pf. -concerto  in  I) 
maj.,  op.  18  ;  a  Serenade  f.  wind-intr.s,  op.  14  ; 
"  Sturmesmythe "  [Lenau]  f.  mixed  ch.  and 
orch.,  op.  31  ;  "  Gebet  "  f.  do.,  op.  27  ;  a  pf.- 
trio  in  B^>,  op.  23  ;  3  sonatas  f.  violin  and  pf., 
op.  1,  3,  21;  "  Oud  Nederlandsche  amoreuse 
Liedekens "  [Old  Netherland  Love-ditties]  w. 
pf.,  op.  30  ;  songs,  etc. 

Root,  George  Frederick,  b.  Sheffield,  Mass., 
Aug.  30,  1820  ;  d.  Barley's  Island,  Aug.  6, 
1895.  Pupil  of  Geo.  J.  Webb,  Boston  ;  asst.- 
organist  at  Boston  ;  removed  to  New  Vork  in 
1844,  becoming  organist  of  the  "  Church  of  the 
Strangers,"  Mercer  St.,  also  teaching  singing 
in  various  institutions,  and  conducting  conven- 
tions. Went  to  Paris  for  a  year's  study  in  1850  ; 
returning,  he  successfully  prod,  the  cantata  The 
Flower  Queen,  his  first  large  work.  Going  to 
Chicago  in  1859,  he  founded  the  music-pub- 
lishing firm  of  Root  &  Cady  (dissolved  1871). 
Mus.  Doc,  Univ.  of  Chicago,  1881. — Works: 
The  cantatas  The  Flower  Queen,  Daniel (1852), 


495 


ROOT— ROSELLEN 


Tfo  Pilgrim  Fathers  (1854),  Belshazzars  Feast 
(1855),  The  Haymakers  (1857),  etc. — popular 
songs  ("Battle-cry  of  Freedom,"  "Tramp, 
tramp,  tramp,"  ' '  Just  before  the  battle,  Mother"), 
part-songs,  etc. ;  publ.  numerous  collections  of 
church-music  and  school-songs. 

Root,  Frederick  Woodman,  son  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  June  13,  1846.  Taught 
by  his  father,  then  by  Dr.  B.  C.  Blodgett,  and 
(from  16)  by  Dr.  William  Mason,  New  York. 
In  1863,  organist  of  the  Third  Presb.  Ch.,  Chi- 
cago ;  in  1865,  of  the  Swedenborgian  Ch.  In 
1S69-70,  travelled  and  studied  in  Europe  for  18 
months.  Returning,  he  wrote  for  "  The  Song 
Messenger,"  which  he  edited  for  some  years  ; 
correspondence,  essays,  and  reviews,  have  ever 
since  demanded  a  share  of  his  attention.  His 
20  years'  work  with  large  vocal  classes,  and  on  the 
lecture-platform,  has  been  very  successful  ;  has 
publ.  numerous  interesting  papers  on  voice-cul- 
ture. Charter  member,  now  trustee,  of  the 
Amer.  Coll.  of  Musicians.  Is  well  known  as  a 
private  singing-teacher. 

Roquet.     See  Tiioinan. 

Ro're,  Cipriano  de,  b.  Mechlin,  1516;  d. 
Parma,  1565.  This  distinguished  composer  was 
a  pupil  of  Willaert,  maestro  at  San  Marco,  Ven- 
ice, and  in  1542  publ.  his  first  book  of  madrigals 
a  4  (often  republ.  and  long  in  favor).  About 
1550  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Fer- 
rara,  Ercole  IV.;  visited  Antwerp  in  1558,  and 
about  1559  was  app.  asst. -maestro  to  Willaert, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1563,  but  soon  resigned, 
becoming  chori  praefectus  to  Ottaviano  Farnese, 
then  Duke  of  Parma  — Publ.  a  second  book  of 
madrigals  in  1543  ;  5  books  of  "  Madrigali  cro- 
matici "  a  5  (1542-66;  oft  republ.);  "  Le  vive 
fiamme,"  madrigals  a  4-5  (1565)  ;  Book  i  of  mo- 
tets, a  4-8  (1544)  ;  Book  ii,  do.,  a  4-5  (1547) ; 
Book  iii,  do.,  a  5  (1559)  ;  others  in  "  C.  de  R. 
et  aliorum  auctorum  rnotetta,  4  voc.  .  .  .  cum 
3  lectionibus  pro  mortuis  Josepho  Zarlino  auc- 
tore"(i563);  "  Sacrae  cantiones  seu  motetta," 
a  4-6  (1573)  ;  masses  a  4-6  (1566  ;  not  extant) ; 
psalms  (1554)  ;  a  Passion  ace.  to  St.  John  (1557)  ; 
"  Fantasie  e  ricercari  a  3  voci  ...  da  cantare 
e  suonare  .  .  .  composti  da  lo  eccelentissimo 
Adriano  Vuigliart  e  Cipriano  R.  suo  discepolo  " 
(1549);  "Fiamme  vaghe  e  dilettevoli  "  (1569). 
Motets  and  madrigals  are  in  coll.s  by  Susato, 
Phalese,  and  others. — In  MS.  (Munich  Library) 
are  3  masses:  "  Vivat  Felix  Hercules"  a  5, 
"Praeter  rerum  seriem"  a  7,  and  a  "  Missa  a  note 
nere  "  a  5  ;  also  motets  and  madrigals. 

Ro'rich,  Carl,  b.  Nuremberg,  Feb.  27,  1869. 
Tupil  of  R.  School  of  Music,  Wiirzburg  ;  since 
1892,  teacher  at  the  Grand  Ducal  Sch.  of  Mus., 
Weimar. — Works  :  An  overture,  "  Marchen," 
and  a  suite,  "  Waldleben,"  f.  orch. ;  choruses, 
songs,  and  pf.  -pieces. 

Ro'sa,  Carlo  {recti  Carl  Rose),!).  Hamburg, 
Mar.  21,  1842  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  30,  1889.  At  C2 
he  made   tours  as  a  violinist   to    England,  Den- 


mark, and  Germany  ;  studied  further  in  the  Con- 
servatories of  Leipzig  (1859)  ar,d  Paris  ;  was 
Concerlmeister  at  Hamburg  1863-5  '<  played  in 
the  Crystal  Palace,  London,  in  March,  1866, 
and  made  a  concert-tour  in  the  United  States 
with  Mr.  Bateman,  meeting  Euphrosyne  Parepa, 
and  marrying  her  at  New  York  in  Feb.,  1867. 
They  organized  an  English  opera-company,  and 
toured  America  until  1871,  then  returning  to 
London.  After  his  wife's  death  in  1874,  he 
continued  English  opera  in  the  leading  London 
theatres. 

Ro'sa,  Salvatore,  famous  painter,  poet,  and 
musician  ;  b.  Aranella,  Naples,  June  20,  1615  ; 
d.  Rome,  Mar.  15,  1673.  After  the  popular  in- 
surrection, led  by  Masaniello,  in  1647,  he  went 
to  Rome.  He  comp.  fine  madrigals  and  songs 
(coll.  by  Burney);  Dr.  Crotch  publ.  a  "cantata" 
in  his  "  Specimens  of  Various  Styles  .  .  .  ."  It 
was  R.  who  wrote  the  satire  ("Satira")  on 
music  and  kindred  arts,  which  provoked  Matthe- 
son's  reply  in  "  Mithridat." 

Rose,  Arnold  Josef,  b.  Jassy,  Oct.  24,  1863. 
Fine  violinist,  pupil  of  Ileissler  at  Vienna  Cons. ; 
1st  violin  in  the  Rose  Quartet ;  leader  and  soloist 
in  the  Vienna  court  orch.  since  1881,  and  leader 
at  the  Bayreuth  Festivals  since  1S88. 

Roseingrave,  Thomas,  b.  Dublin  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, 1750.  Organist  at  St.  ( leorge's,  Hanover 
Square,  1725-37.  —  Publ.  "  Voluntarys  and 
Fugues,  made  on  Purpose  for  the  Organ  or 
Harpsichord"  (1730);  "Solos  for  the  German 
Flute,  with  a  Thorough  Bass  for  the  Harpsi- 
chord"; "8  Suites  of  Lessons"  f.  harps.;  a 
concerto  f.  do.;  fugues  f.  org.  or  harps.  (1750)  ; 
etc. 

Ro'sel,  Rudolf  Arthur,  b.  Munchenberns- 
dorf,  Gera,  Aug.  23,  1859.  Studied  1873-7  at 
the  Weimar  Music-School  under  Walbrul  (vio- 
lin), Sulze  (harm.),  and  Muller-Hartung  (cpt.)  ; 
later  under  Thomson.  1877-9,  Ist  violin  at 
Hamburg  City  Th.;  1879-81,  do.  in  private 
orch.  of  von  Derwies  at  Lugano  and  Nice  ; 
1881,  at  Weimar;  1S84,  leader  at  Rotterdam, 
and  teacher  at  the  Music-School  ;  1888  till  the 
present  (1899)  leader  in  Weimar  Court  Orch.; 
also  teacher  of  violin  and  ensemble-playing  at 
the  Music-School. — Works:  The  2-act  "lyric 
stage-play"  Halimah  (Weimar,  1895,  mod. 
succ);  opera  Theatre  Varidte"  (not  perf.);  music 
to  Der  gestiefelte  A'ater  :  symphonic  poem 
"  Friihlingsstiirme  ";  1  violin-concerto;  1  viola- 
concerto  ;  2  string-quartets  (all  in  MS.). — Publ. 
pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf . ;  a  Notturno  f.  horn  w. 
orch.;  a  Notturno  f.  oboe  w.  orch.;  songs. 
Tendency  modern  (Liszt- Wagner-Strauss). 

Rosellen,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  13,  181 1  ;  d. 
there  Mar.  20,  1876.  Pupil,  at  the  Cons.,  of 
Pradher  and  Zimmerman  (pf.),  and  Dourlen, 
Fetis,  and  Halevy  (comp.),  later  of  H.  Herz. 
Successful  and  popular  teacher  of  pf. -playing, 
and  composer  f.  pf. — Publ.  a  Method  f.  pf.;  a 
"Manuel  des  pianistes";  a  trio  concertante  f. 


496 


ROSENHAIN— ROSSI 


pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello,  op.  82  ;_  25  Etudes  de 
moyenne  force,  op.  133,  and  12  Etudes  brillantes, 
op.  60  ;  much  good  salon-music  (Reverie  in  G  ; 
Nocturne  et  Tarentelle,  op.  92)  ;  76  fantasias  on 
operatic  airs  ;  variations  ;  etc. 

Ro'senhain,  Jacob  [Jacques],  b.  Mann- 
heim, Dec.  2,  1S13  ;  d.  Baden-Baden,  Mar.  21, 
1S94.  Noted  pianist;  pupil  of  Schmitt  at  Mann- 
heim and  Schnyder  v.  YVartensee  at  Erankfort  ; 
made  extended  tours,  and  lived  in  Erankfort, 
Paris  (1849),  and  Baden-Baden. — Works  :  4 
operas,  Der  Bcsuch  in  Irrenhaus  (Frankf. , 
1S34),  Liswenna  (not  perf.),  Le  Demon  de  la 
unit  (Opera,  Paris,  1851),  and  Volage  et  jaloux 
(Baden-Baden,  1S63)  ;  3  symphonies,  a  pf.-con- 
certo,  3  string-quartets,  4  pf.-trios,  many  pf.- 
pieces  (sonata  in  F  min.,  op.  41  ;  Sonate  sym- 
phonique  in  F  min.,  op.  74;  Melodies  caracte- 
ristiques  ;  Historiettes,  op.  97  ;  Reveries,  op. 
26);  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  38  and  53; 
12  Etude.s  caracteristiques  ;  etc. — Wrote  "  Erin- 
nerungen  an  Nicolo  Paganini "  (1893). — His 
brother  Eduard,  b.  Mannheim,  Nov.  18,  1818, 
d.  Frankfort,  Sept.  6,  1861,  also  a  noteworthy 
pianist  and  teacher,  publ.  a  serenade  f.  'cello 
and  pf.,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Ro'senmiiller,  Johann,  b.  161 5  ;  d.  1682  at 
Wolfenbiittel  as  Kapellm.;  was  mus.  dir.  at 
the  Thomaskirche,  Leipzig,  1648-55. — rubl. 
"  Kernspri'ichemehrentheilsausheiligerSchrift," 
a  3-7  w.  continuo  (1648);  "  Studentenmusik 
von  3  und  5  Instr.n  "  [dance-music]  (1654)  ;  "  12 
sonate  da  camera  a  5  stromenti "  (1671). 

Ro'senthal,  Moriz,  b.  Lemberg,  1862. 
Pianist ;  at  8  his  precocity  attracted  the  atten- 
tion and  won  the  aid  of  Mikuli  ;  at  30,  taught 
by  R.  Joseffy  ;  at  14,  gave  a  concert  at  Vienna 
(brilliant  comp.s  by  Weber,  Beethoven,  Chopin, 
Liszt).  On  concert-tour  in  Rumania,  app.  Royal 
Pianist.  From  1S76-86,  pupil  of  Liszt,  follow- 
ing him  yearly  to  Weimar,  Pesth,  Vienna,  and 
Rome  ;  18S7,  first  concert- four  ne'e  in  America, 
after  which  he  made  a  furore  in  European  capi- 
tals. Now  in  the  front  rank  of  living  pianists. 
Tour  of  1896-7  in  the  United  States  interrupted 
by  illness. — Publ.  (with  L.  Schytte)  "  Technical 
Studies  for  the  Highest  Degree  of  Develop- 
ment." 

Roset'ti,  Francesco  Antonio  [Franz  An- 
ton Rossler],  b.  Leitmeritz,  Bohemia,  1750;  d. 
Ludwigslust,  June  30,  1792.  Kapellm.  to  Prince 
Wallerstein  ;  from  17S9,  court  Kapellm.  at 
Schwerin. — Works  :  A  Requiem  ;  2  oratorios, 
Der  sterbende  Jesus  (publ.),  and  Jesus  in  Geth- 
semane ;  19  symphonies,  9  string-quartets,  4 
flute-concertos,  4  clar. -concertos  ;  a  sextet  f. 
flute,  2  horns,  and  strings  ;  3  horn-concertos  ;  2 
concertantes  f.  2  horns  ;  etc. 

RosTer,  Gustav,  b.  Sept.  2,  1S19  ;  d.  Des- 
sau, Feb.  24,  1S82.  Teacher  and  comp.  (one 
opera,  Hermann  und  Dorothea,  often  perf.  at 
Dessau). 

32  497 


Rossa'ro,  Carlo,  b.  Crescentino,  Vercelli, 
1828  ;  d.  Turin,  Feb.  7,  187S.  Pianist  and 
comp.  (opera,  //  Castello  maladetto;  pf. -sonata, 
op.  23;  character-studies,  op.  10,  11,  15,  16; 
4-hand  sonata,  op.  23  ;  other  pieces,  op.  12-14  ; 
fine  fantasia  f.  pf.  and  d.-bass)  ;  etc. 

Ros'si,  Giovanni  Battista,  Genoese  monk. 
— Publ.  "  Organo  de'  cantori  per  intendereda  se 
stesso  ogni  passo  difficile  che  si  trova  nella  mu- 
sica  "  (1618  ;  elucidates  certain  phases  of  men- 
sural notation). 

Ros'si,  Abbate  Francesco,  b.  Bari,  Italy, 
about  1645  ;  canon  there,  1680. — Works  :  The 
operas  LI  Sejano  moderno  delta  Tracia  (Venice, 
1680) ;  La  Pena  degli  occhi,  and  La  Corilda 
(both  ibid.,  1688);  and  Mitrane  (ibid.,  1689); 
oratorio  La  caduta  degli  angeli  y  Requiem  a  5  ; 
psalms  ;  etc. 

Ros'si,  Gaetano,  b.  Verona,  1780  ;  d.  there 
Jan.  27,  1S55.  For  many  years  he  was  at- 
tached to  the  Fenice  Th.  at  Venice  as  dramatic 
poet.  He  wrote  over  100  libretti,  among  them 
Linda  di  Chamounix  and  Maria  Padilla,  for 
Donizetti  ;  La  prova  d'uii  opera  seria,  for 
Gnecco  ;  //  Giuramento,  for  Mercadante  ;  // 
Crociato  in  Egitto,  for  Meyerbeer  ;  Tancredi  and 
Semiramide,  for  Rossini  ;  etc. 

Ros'si,  Luigi  Felice,  b.  Brandizzo,  Pied- 
mont, July  27,  1804  ;  d.  Turin,  June  20,  1863. 
Pupil  of  Raimondi  and  Zingarelli  at  Naples. 
Church-comp.  (masses,  requiems,  Te  Deums, 
etc.).  Contributor  to  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale"  of 
Milan,  etc.;  transl.  of  theoretical  works. 

Ros'si,  Lauro,  celebrated  dramatic  comp.; 
b.  Macerata,  Feb.  20,  1812  ;  d.  Cremona,  May 
6,  1885.  Pupil  of  Furno,  Zingarelli,  and  Cre- 
scentini  at  the  R.  Coll.  di  S.  Sebastiano,  Naples, 
graduating  1829,  bringing  out  a  buffo  opera,  Le 
Contesse  villa  ne,  at  the  Fenice  Th.,  Naples,  with 
success.  He  became  maestro  at  the  Teatro 
Valle,  Rome,  in  1832  ;  with  his  tenth  opera,  La 
casa  disabitata  0  L  falsi  monetari,  prod,  at  La 
Scala,  Milan,  Aug.  16,  1835,  he  scored  his  first 
real  triumph — it  made  the  rounds  of  Italy,  and 
was  given  in  Paris.  In  1835  he  went  to  Mexico 
as  maestro  and  composer  to  an  Italian  opera- 
troupe,  becoming  its  director  in  1837,  and  going 
to  Havana  (1839)  ar*d  New  Orleans  (1842),  re- 
turning to  Italy  in  1844.  In  1S50,  Director  of 
the  Milan  Cons.;  succeeded  Mercadante  as  Dir. 
of  the  Naples  Cons,  in  1871,  resigning  in  1878, 
and  retiring  to  Cremona  in  1882.  He  prod.  29 
operas,  I  falsi  monetari  and  La  Coufessa  di  ALous 
(Turin,  1874)  being  the  most  successful.  Other 
works  :  The  oratorio  Saul  (1833)  ;  elegies  on 
Bellini  and  Mercadante  ;  masses,  cantatas,  cho- 
ruses to  Plautus'  Captivi,  6  fugues  f.  string- 
orch.,  8  vocalizzi  and  12  exercises  f.  soprano; 
songs;  and  a  "  Guida  ad  un  corso  di  armonia 
pratica  orale  "  for  Milan  Cons. 

Ros'si,  Giovanni  Gaetano,  b.  Borgo  S. 
Donino,  Parma,  Aug.  5,  1828  ;  d.  Genoa,  Mar. 
30,  1SS6.     From   1873-9,   maestro  at  the  Carlo 


ROSSINI 


Felice  Th.,  Genoa;  then  Director  of  the  Liceo 
Musicale. — Works  :  4  operas  ;  an  oratorio  Le 
sette parole  j  overture  to  the  tragedy  Saulo  (prize 
from  the  Soc.  del  Quartetto,  Milan)  ;  a  Requiem, 
3  masses,  etc. 

Rossi'ni,  Gioachino  Antonio,  a  classic 
representative  of  Italian  opera  ;  called  the 
"Swan  of  Pesaro," 
because  born  at  Pe- 
saro, Feb.  29,  1792; 
died  at  Ruelle,  near 
Paris,  Nov.  13, 
1868.  From  the 
age  of  4,  he  was  left 
at  Bologna  by  his 
parents,  who  were 
obliged  to  travel  to 
earn  a  subsistence  ; 
the  father  as  horn- 
player  in  the  opera- 
troupes  in  which  the 
mother  sang  as  pri- 
ma donna  buffa. 
Instructed  from  1799,  with  meagre  results,  by  a 
pedantic  piano-teacher  named  Prinetti,  in  1802 
he  was  turned  over  to  Angelo  Tesei,  under  whom 
he  made  rapid  progress  ;  he  sang  in  church,  and 
afterwards  followed  his  parents  as  a  singer  and 
accompanist  in  the  theatre.  In  1807  he  entered 
the  Conservatory  (Liceo)  at  Bologna,  studying 
composition  under  Padre  Mattei,  and  the  'cello 
under  Cavedagni.  In  a  year  he  brought  out  a 
cantata,  II pianto  d'Armonia  per  la  morte  d'Or- 
fco,  which  won  a  prize  ;  he  soon  broke  off  the 
study  of  counterpoint,  being  told  by  Mattei  that 
he  knew  enough  to  write  operas — the  goal  of  his 
ambition.  His  first  was  a  one-act  opera  buffa, 
La  cambiale  di  malrimonio,  well  received  at  the 
San  Mose  Th.,  Venice,  in  1S10  ;  returning  to 
Bologna,  he  produced  next  year  a  two-act  opera 
buffa,  Vequivoco  stravagante,  with  applause. 
Fortunate  from  the  outset,  he  received  various 
commissions  to  furnish  light  operas,  writing  5 
during  1S12.  In  1813  he  scored  his  first  grand 
success  with  TancrediaX  the  Fenice  Th.,  Venice, 
followed  up  by  L'ltaliana  in  Algeri,  an  opera 
buffa  perf.  at  the  San  Benedetto  Th.  Encour- 
aged by  repeated  successes,  R.  ventured  to  set 
the  text  of  one  of  Paisiello's  operas,  Almaviva, 
ossia  !  inutile  precauzione,  and  to  bring  it  out  at 
the  Argentina  Th.,  Rome,  in  1816.  This  opera 
later  so  celebrated  under  the  title  of  //  Barbiere 
di  Siviglia,  and  certainly  one  of  the  finest  speci- 
mens of  Italian  opera  buffa,  was  hissed,  on  its 
first  production,  by  the  old  frequenters  of  the 
theatre,  indignant  at  the  young  master's  "pre- 
sumption "  ;  but  the  second  night  was  a  veritable 
triumph  for  R.'s  genius,  and  the  opera  speedily 
made  the  round  of  European  stages.  In  Elisa- 
betta,  given  at  Naples  in  1815,  R.  dispensed 
with  secco  recitative — a  great  innovation.  From 
1815-23  R.  was  under  contract  to  write  two 
operas  yearly  for  Barbaja,  manager  of  the  Nea- 
politan   theatres,    La  Scala  at   Milan,   and  the 


Italian  opera  at  Vienna,  receiving  a  remuneration 
of  12,000  lire  (francs)  per  annum.  During  these 
8  years  he  composed  no  less  than  20  operas.  In 
the  spring  of  1822  he  spent  a  most  successful 
season,  musically  and  socially,  in  Vienna  ;  but 
he  was  generally  engaged  in  travelling  from 
town  to  town  in  Italy  for  the  purpose  of  bringing 
out  his  increasingly  popular  dramatic  works.  In 
1S23,  disappointment  at  the  cool  reception  of  his 
carefully  written  Semiramide  by  the  Venetians, 
and  a  favorable  offer  from  Benelli,  the  manager 
of  the  King's  Th.,  induced  him  to  go  to  London. 
Although  Benelli  did  not  fulfil  his  promises,  R. 
met  with  flattering  attentions  from  the  court,  and 
by  means  of  grand  concerts,  etc.,  found  himself 
in  possession  of  ^7000  when  he  left  England  5 
months  later.  Now,  for  18  months,  he  under- 
took the  management  of  the  Theatre  Italien  at 
Paris,  and  produced  several  operas  with  much 
artistic  success  ;  but  his  managerial  career  was 
not  so  fortunate  financially.  Thereafter  he  was 
appointed  "  Premier  compositeur  du  -roi  "  and 
"  Inspecteur-general  du  chant  en  France,"  two 
sinecures  to  which  a  salary  of  20,000  francs  was 
attached  ;  the  Revolution  of  1830  cost  him  these 
positions,  but  he  afterwards  received  a  pension 
of  6000  francs.  At  the  Opera  he  presented 
some  highly  successful  revisions,  in  French  ver- 
sions, of  earlier  Italian  operas  ;  these  may  be 
regarded  as  preliminary  studies  to  his  master- 
piece, Guillaume  Tell,  first  given  at  the  Opera 
on  Aug.  3,  1829,  with  a  magnificent  cast,  and 
winning  immense  applause.  With  this  grand 
work  Rossini  abruptly  closed  his  dramatic  career 
at  the  age  of  37.  He  made  a  flying  visit  to  his 
father  in  Bologna,  and  shortly  after  the  July 
Revolution  returned  to  Paris,  where,  under  the 
new  re'gime,  he  had  no  inducement  to  continue 
opera-writing.  In  1832  his  famous  Stabat  Mater 
was  written,  though  not  produced  in  its  entirety 
until  1842.  Meantime  Meyerbeer  entered  upon 
the  scene  with  Les  Huguenots  (1836),  in  order  to 
hear  which  R.  long  delayed  his  intended  return 
to  Bologna  ;  after  the  performance  he  resolved 
to  write  no  more  operas,  and  this  resolution  was 
not  shaken  even  by  the  sensational  revival  of 
Tell  in  1S37,  with  Duprez  in  the  title-role.  He 
lived  in  retirement  at  Bologna  and  Florence  until 
1855,  thenceforward  making  Paris  his  home,  but 
writing  little  new  music  (the  "  Petite  messe 
solemnelle,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  a  cantata  for 
the  Exposition  of  1S67  ;  and  a  number  of  piano- 
pieces).  In  the  afterglow  of  his  prestige  as  an 
opera-composer,  amid  a  circle  of  devoted  ad- 
mirers and  friends,  his  last  years  passed  hap- 
pily. 

Operas  :  La  cambiale  di  matrimonio  (1810)  ; 
Lequivoco  stravagante  (181 1) ;  L'inganno  felice, 
L'occasiotie  fa  il  ladro,  ossia  II  cambio  del  la  vali- 
gia,  La  scala  di  seta,  Demetrio  e  Po/ibio,  and  La 
pietra  del  paragone  (1S12) ;  Tancredi  (Venice, 
1S13)  ;  L'ltaliana  in  Algeri  (1813) ;  II  jiglio per 
azzardo  (1813)  ;  Aureliano  in  Palmira  (1S14); 
//  Turco  in  Italia  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1814)  ; 
Elisabetta,   regina   d' ' Inghilterra   (Naples,   San 


498 


ROSSLER— ROUGET    DE    L'ISLE 


Carlo  Th.,  1815)  ;  Sigismondo  (1815) ;  II  Bar- 
Mere  di  Siviglia  (Rome,  Argentina  Th.,  1816) ; 
Torvaldo  e  Dorliska  (1815) ;  La  Gazzetta  (Na- 
ples, 1816) ;  Otello  (Naples,  del  Fondo  Th., 
1816)  ;  La  Cenerentola  (Rome,  teatro  Valle, 
1S16)  ;  La gazza  ladra  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1S17) ; 
Armida  (1S17)  ;  Adelaide  di  Borgogna  [or  Ot- 
lone,  re  d'ltalia]  (Rome,  1S1S) ;  Adina,  o  II ca- 
liffo  di  Bagdad  (Lisbon,  1S18),  Jllose  in  Egitlo 
(  Naples,  1S1S  ;  Paris,  as  Moise  en  Egypte,  1827)  ; 
Ricciardo  e  Zoraide  (181S) ;  Ermione  (1819) ; 
Edoardo  e  Cristina  (Venice,  1S10)  :  La  donna  del 
lago  [after  Scott]  (Naples,  San  Carlo  Th.,  1819)  ; 
Bianca e  Faliero  (1820);  Maometto  //(Naples, 
San  Carlo,  1S20  ;  Faris,  revised  as  Le  siege  de 
Corinthe,  Opera,  1S26) ;  Matilda  di  Ciabrano 
(1S21)  ;  Zelmira  (1822)  ;  Semiramide  (Venice, 
Fenice  Th.,  1823  ;  Paris,  Grand  Opera,  as 
Se'iniramis,  1S60) ;  //  viaggio  a  Rheims,  ossia 
Ualbergo  del giglio  d'oro  (Paris,  Th.  Ital.,  1825); 
Le  eomte  Ory  (augm.  and  revised  version  of  pre- 
ceding ;  Paris,  Opera,  1828) ;  Guillanme  Tell 
(Opera,  1829). — Cantatas  :  II pianto  d ' Armonia 
(1808);  Didone  abbandonata  (181 1)  ;  Giro  in 
Babilonia  (1S10)  ;  Egle  ed  Irene  (1814)  ;  Teti  e 
Peleo  (1S16)  ;  Igea  (1819)  ;  Partenope  (1S19)  ; 
La  riconoscenza  (1821)  ;  //  vero  omaggio  (1822); 
Eaugurio  felice  (1823)  ;  La  sacra  alleanza 
(1823)  ;  //  Bardo  (1823)  ;  II  Ritorno  (1823)  ;  // 
pianto  delle  Muse  (London,  1823)  ;  /  Paslori 
(Naples,  1825)  ;  II serto  votivo  (Bologna,  1829). 
His  first  publ.  comp.  was  the  canzonet  "  Se  il 
vuol  la  molinara "  ;  he  wrote  other  canzonets 
and  arias  (e.g.  "  Soirees  musicales,"  8  ariettas 
and  4  duets),  "  Gorgheggi  e  solfeggi  per  soprano 
per  rendere  la  voce  agile,"  hymns,  short  canta- 
tas, and  songs;  a  "Chant  des  Titans"  f.  4 
basses  w.  orch. ;  Tantum  ergo  f.  3  male  voices 
w.  orch.;  Quoniam  f.  solo  bass  w.  orch.;  O 
salutaris,  f.  solo  quartet. 

Biographical  :  "  Vie  de  Rossini,"  by  Sten- 
dhal (1823);  "  Le  Rossiniane,"  by  Carpani(i824); 
"  De  la  guerre  des  dilettanti  ou  de  la  revolution 
operee  par  M.  Rossini  dans  l'opera  francais  " 
(1829) ;  "  R.,  sa  vie  et  ses  oeuvres,"  by  Azvedo 
(1865)  ;  "  Life  of  R.,"  by  H.  S.  Edwards  (Lon- 
don, 1869)  ;  "  Biografia  di  G.  R.,"  by  Zanolini 
(x875)  ;  "  Rossini,  notes,  impressions,  souve- 
nirs," by  Pougin  (1S70)  ;  "  Rossini,"  by  Sittard 
(1SS2)  ;  "  R.,  sein  Leben,  seine  Werke  und 
Charakterztige,"  by  Struth  (Leipzig)  ;  also  a 
sketch  by  Dr.  A.  Kohut  (Leipzig,  1892). 

RossTer,  F.  A.     See  Rosetti,  F.  A. 

Rost,  Nicolas,  pastor  at  Kosmenz,  Alten- 
burg. — Publ.  "30  geistliche  und  weltliche 
teutsche  Lieder  "  a  4-6  (1583)  ;  "  30  newe  lieb- 
liche  Galliarden "  a  4  (1594);  and  Cantiones 
selectissimae,"  motets  a  6-8  (1614)  ;  in  MS.,  a 
Passion  a  11. 

Rost,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Ehrenfried,  b. 
Bautzen,  Apr.  11,  1768;  d.  Leipzig,  Feb.  12, 
1S35,  as  rector  of  the  Thomasschuk. —  Publ. 
"  De  insigni  militate  ex  artis  musicae  studio 
in  puerorum    educatione    redundante  "    (1S00)  ; 


"  Oratio  ad  renovandam  Sethi  Calvisii  memo- 
riam  "  (1805)  ;  "  De  necessitudine,  quae  littera- 
rum  studiis  cum  arte  musica  intercedit "  (1817)  ; 
and  "  Was  hat  die  Leipziger  Thomasschule  fin- 
die  Reformation  gethan  ?  "  (1817  ;  w.  biogr.  of 
Rhaw). 

Roth  [rot],  Philipp,  b.  Tarnowitz,  Silesia, 
Oct.  25,  1853  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  9,  1S98.  'Cel- 
list, pupil  of  Wilhelm  Muller,  and  (1876-8)  of 
Ffausmann  at  the  Hochschule,  Berlin.  Head- 
quarters Berlin,  whence  he  made  many  concert- 
tours  ;  founded  the  "  Freie  mus.  Vereinigung  " 
in  1890. — Publ.  a  "  Fiihrer  durch  die  Violoncell- 
Litteratur." 

Roth,  Bertrand,  b.  Degersheim,  St.  Gallen, 
Feb.  12,  1S55.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons, 
and  Liszt;  teacher  at  the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frank- 
fort ;  founded,  with  Schwarz  and  Fleisch,  the 
Raff  Cons,  in  1SS2  ;  from  18S5-90,  taught  at 
the  Cons,  in  Dresden,  where  he  opened  a  pri- 
vate music-school  in  1890. 

Ro'toli,  Augusto,  b.  Rome,  Jan.  7,  1S47. 
Pupil  of  Lucchesi  ;  choir-boy  at  St.  Peter's. 
Founded  the  "  Societa  corale  de'  concerti  sagri," 
which  he  conducted.  Singing-master  to  Princess 
Margherita,  1876  ;  maestrool  the  Cappella  reale 
del  Sudario  in  187S.  Having  achieved  a  high 
reputation  as  a  cond.,  singing-teacher,  and  song- 
composer,  he  was  called  to  Boston,  Mass.,  in 
1885  as  vocal  instructor  in  the  New  Engl.  Cons. 
— Chevalier  of  the  Ital.  Crown,  etc. — Works  : 
Mass  a  4  (for  the  funeral  of  Victor  Emmanuel, 
1878);  "  Salmo  elegiaco"on  the  same,  f.  bar. 
solo,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1878)  ;  many  songs  w.  pf. 

Rot'ter,  Ludwig,  b.  Vienna,  Sept.  6,  1S10  ; 
d.  there  Apr.  5,  1S95.  Beginning  his  career  in 
1830  as  a  pianist  and  accompanist,  he  became 
organist  of  various  churches,  and  in  1S67  suc- 
ceeded Sechter  as  court  organist,  with  the  ritle 
"  Imp.  Royal  Vice- Kapellmeister.'" — Sacred  cho- 
ral works  (masses,  requiems,  Te  Deums,  offer- 
tories, graduals,  etc.)  ;  organ-music;  pf.-pieces. 
Wrote  a  Thorough-bass  Method. 

Rott'manner,  Eduard,  b.  Munich,  Sept.  2, 
1809  ;  d.  Speyer,  May  4,  1843,  as  cathedral- 
organist. — Many  MS.  works  :  2  masses  a  4,  w. 
org. ;  1  mass  a  16  ;  a  Requiem  ;  a  Stabat  Mater 
w.  organ  and  strings  ;  etc.  (an  Ave  Maria  a  4, 
w.  strings,  organ,  and  2  horns  ad  lib.,  was  publ.). 

Rouget  de  l'Isle,  Claude-Joseph,  com- 
poser of  the  "Marseillaise";  b.  Lons-le-Saul- 
nier,  Jura,  May  10,  1760  ;  d.  Choisy-le-Roy, 
June  27,  1836.  Pie  wrote  the  famous  national 
hymn  in  1792,  while  a  military  engineer  at 
Strassburg.  Imprisoned  for  refusing  to  take 
the  oath  against  the  crown,  he  went  to  Paris 
after  Robespierre's  downfall,  and  comp.  a 
"  Hymne  dithyrambique  sur  la  conjuration  de 
Robespierre  ..."  (1794),  "Chant  des  ven- 
geances" (1798),  and  a  "  Chant  du  combat  "  for 
the  army  in  Egypt  (1800).  He  publ.  "  50 
Chants  francais "  in  1S25  ;  and  wrote  several 
opera-libretti. 


499 


ROUSSEAU— RUI5INI 


Rousseau,  Jean-Jacques,  b.  Geneva,  June 
28,  1 712  ;  d.  Ermenonville,  n.  Paris,  July  3, 
1778.  Without  other  musical  training  than  des- 
ultory self-instruction,  this  great  philosopher  and 
author  made  his  debut  in  Paris  at  the  age  of  29, 
as  a  reformer  of  mus.  notation,  reading  a  paper 
before  the  Academie,  in  1742,  which  was  revised 
and  publ.  as  a  "  Dissertation  sur  la  musique 
moderne  "  (1743).  His  opera,  Les  Muses  ga- 
lantesy  had  only  one  private  representation,  at  the 
house  of  La  Popeliniere  in  1745  ;  his  revision  of 
the  intermezzo  La  reine  de  Navarre  (by  Voltaire 
and  Rameau)  was  a  flat  failure  in  Paris  ;  but  his 
opera  Le  Devi  11  du  village  (Grand  Opera,  1752) 
was  very  successful,  and  was  on  the  repertory 
for  some  60  years.  In  the  meantime  his  hastily 
written  musical  articles  for  the  "  Encyclopedie  " 
had  evoked  scathing  criticisms  from  Rameau  and 
others  ;  improved  by  revision  and  augmentation, 
they  were  republ.  as  his  "  Dictionnaire  de  mu- 
sique "  (176S).  In  1752  commenced  the  hot  dis- 
pute, known  as  the  "guerre  des  Bouffons," 
between  the  partisans  of  French  and  Italian 
opera  ;  R.  sided  with  the  latter,  publishing  a 
"  Lettre  a  M.  Grimm  au  sujet  des  remarques 
ajoutees  a  sa  lettre  sur  Omphale  "  (1752),  fol- 
lowed by  the  caustic  "  Lettre  sur  la  musique 
francaise  "  (1753,  to  which  the  members  of  the 
Opera  responded  by  burning  him  in  effigy  and 
excluding  him  from  the  theatre)  and  "  Lettre 
d'un  symphoniste  de  l'academie  royale  de  mu- 
sique a  ses  camarades  de  l'orchestre  "  (1753).  In 
Pygmalion  (1773)  he  created  the  melodrama  ;  the 
work  met  with  great  success.  Six  new  arias  for 
Le  Devin  du  village,  and  a  collection  of  about 
100  romances  and  duets,  "Les  consolations  des 
miseres  de  ma  vie"  (1781),  and  fragments  of  an 
opera,  Dafhnis  et  Cliloe,  were  publ.  posthu- 
mously (1780).  All  his  writings  on  music  have 
been  often  republ.  in  editions  of  his  "  Collected 
Works."  Despite  his  deficiencies  as  a  musician, 
he  exercised  great  influence  on  contemporary 
French  art. 

Rousseau,  Samuel-Alexandre,  b.  Neuve- 
maison,  Aisne,  June  II,  1853.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons.;  won  the  Prix 
Cressent  in  1878,  also 
the  2nd  Grand  prix 
de  Rome.  Prod,  the 
i-act  comedy-opera 
Dianorah  at  theOpera- 
Comique,  1879;  his 
opera  Me'rorvig  won 
the  Prize  of  the  City 
of  Paris  in  1891.  Since 
1892,  1st  chef  d'orck. 
at  the  Th.-Lyrique. 
On  June  8,  1898,  his 
3-act  lyric  drama  La 
cloche  du  Rhin  had 
a  siieces  d'estime  at 
the  Opera  (said  to  be  an  unsatisfactory  attempt 
to  imitate  Wagner's  dramatic  procedures).  Has 
also  written  a  solemn  mass,  many  songs,  etc. 


Rousseau,  Jean,  violinist  in  Paris. — rubl. 
"  Traite  de  la  viole  "  (1687,  w.  history  of  the 
instr.)  ;  "  Methode  claire  .  .  .  pour  apprendre 
a  chanter  la  musique  .  .  ."  (1678, etc.,  with  direc- 
tions for  playing  graces)  ;  and  2  books  of  pieces 
f.  viola  w.  exercises,  and  directions  for  different 
tunings  (no  date). 

Roussier,  Abbe  Pierre- Joseph,  b.  Mar- 
seilles, 1716  ;  d.  as  canon  at  Ecouis,  Normandy, 
about  1790. — Publ.  "  Sentiment  d'un  harmoni- 
phile  surdifferentsouvrages  de  musique  "  (1756); 
"Traite  des  accords  et  de  leur  succession" 
(1764  ;  suppl.  by  "  L'harmonie  pratique  .  .  .  ," 
1775)  ;  "  Observations  sur  differents  points  de 
l'harmonie  "  (1765)  ;  "  Memoire  sur  la  musique 
des  anciens "  (1770);  "Notes  et  observations 
sur  le  memoire  du  P.  Amiot  concernant  la  mu- 
sique des  chinois"  (1779)  ;  "  Mem.  sur  la  nou- 
velle  harpe  de  M.  Cousineau  "  (17S2);  "Mem. 
sur  le  clavecin  chromatique "  (1782);  "Lettre 
sur  1'acceptation  des  mots  basse  fondamentale 
..."  (17S3  ;   "Journal  encyclop.",  vol.  i)  ;  etc. 

Rovel'li,  Pietro,  b.  Bergamo,  Feb.  6,  1793  ; 
d.  there  Sept.  8,  1838,  as  maestro  at  the  church 
of  S.  Maria  Maggiore,  and  1st  violin  in  the  theatre  - 
orch.  Pupil  of  R.  Kreutzer  ;  teacher  of  Molique 
while  leader  at  Munich  (1817-19).  Tubl.  excel- 
lent etudes. 

Rovet'ta,  Giovanni,  pupil  of  Monteverde, 
and  his  successor  in  1644  as  1st  maestro  at  San 
Marco,  Venice,  where  he  died  in  Aug.,  1668. — 
Works  :  2  operas,  Ercole  in  Lidia  (1645)  and 
Argiope  (1649  i  finished  by  Leardini  d'Urbino)  ; 
publ.  much  church-music  :  Salmi  concertati  per 
vespri  (1626) ;  Madrigali  concertati  (1627  ;  others 
in  1640  and  1645)  ;  Mottetti  concertati  .  .  .  ed 
una  messa  concertata  (1635)  ;  Salmi  a  1-4  voci 
con  una  messa  (1642)  ;  Salmi  a  5-6  con  2  violini ; 
Salmi  a  8  (1644);  Mottetti  concertati  a  2-3  con 
litanie  a  4  (1647);  Salmi  per  i  vespri  e  compieta 
a  8(1662). 

Roze,  Abbe  Nicolas,  b.  Bourg-Neuf,  n. 
Chalons,  Jan.  17,  1745;  d.  St.-Mande,  n.  Paris, 
Sept.  30,  18 19.  From  1807,  Langle's  successor 
as  librarian  of  the  Conservatoire. — Publ.  a  "  Me- 
thode de  plain-chant  ";  also  vocal  church-music. 

Rozkos'ny    [-kosh'-],   Josef    Richard,    b. 

Prague,  Sept.  21,  1833.  Pupil  of  Jiranek,  Toma- 
schek,  and  Fr.  Rittl.  In  1855  he  made  a  suc- 
cessful pianistic  tour  through  Austria,  Hungary, 
Rumania,  etc. ;  resides  in  Prague. — Works  :  The 
Bohemian  operas  Ave  Maria,  Miknld"s  [St. 
Nicholas](iS7o),^'i'(7/(y'(7«j'Xv  [St.  John's  Rapids], 
Zdvisz  Falkenstejna  [Zavish  of  Falkenstein],  Py- 
tldci  [The  Poachers],  Popelka  [Cinderella]  (18S5), 
Ebba,  Rubezahl  (1889),  and  Satanella  (1898) ;  all 
at  Prague;  also  overtures,  2  masses  f.  male  voices, 
many  songs  and  choruses,  and  pf. -music. 

Rubi'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  celebrated 
tenor  ;  b.  Romano,  Bergamo,  Apr.  7,  1795  ;  d.  at 
his  castle  near  Romano,  March  2,  1854.  His 
teacher  was  Rosio  of  Bergamo  ;  debut  at  Pavia, 
1814,  after  which  he  sang  for  a  time  at  Naples; 


50O 


RUBINSTEIN 


became  famous  during  a  season  in  Vienna  (1S24), 
was  in  Milan  1825,  and  went  thence  to  Paris, 
singing  with  triumphant  success  at  the  Theatre 
Italien  1825-6.  After  further  successes  in  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  the  impresario  Barbaja  secured 
him  for  Italy,  paying  him  finally  60,000  francs. 
From  1S32-43  he  sang  alternately  at  London 
and  Paris  ;  accompanied  Liszt  to  Berlin  in  1843, 
visited  St.  Petersburg  twice  more,  and  in  1845 
returned  to  Italy  as  a  millionaire.  Mario  was  his 
pupil.  He  publ.  "  12  Lezioni  di  canto  moderno 
per  tenore  o  soprano  "  ;  and  an  album  of  6  songs, 
"  L'Addio." 

Ru'binstein  [roo'bin-stln],  Anton  Gregoro- 
vitch,  b.  Wechwotynecz,  Bessarabia,  Nov.  30, 
1830  ;  d.  Peterhof, 
n.  St.  Petersburg, 
Nov.  20,  1  894. 
Soon  after  his  birth, 
the  family  went  to 
Moscow,  where  his 
father  established  a 
pencil-factory.  His 
first  teacher  was  his 
mother ;  at  7  he 
began  the  study  of 
the  piano  under 
Alexander  Villoing, 
who  was  thereafter 
his  sole  instructor 
on  that  instr.  Vil- 
loing took  him  to  Paris  toward  the  end  of  1839, 
and  in  1840  R.  played  before  Chopin,  Liszt,  and 
others.  Liszt,  fully  recognizing  his  wonderful 
talent,  advised  him  to  complete  his  studies  in 
Germany.  From  Paris  master  and  pupil  pro- 
ceeded to  Holland,  England,  Scandinavia,  and 
Germany,  giving  concerts  by  the  way  ;  and  ar- 
rived at  Moscow  in  1843.  As  Anton's  brother, 
Nikolai  [Nicholas],  evinced  talent  for  composi- 
tion, both  boys  were  taken  to  Berlin  in  1844, 
where,  on  Meyerbeer's  recommendation,  Anton 
studied  composition  under  Dehn.  The  father's 
illness  (1846)  caused  the  mother  to  return  to 
Moscow  with  her  younger  son  ;  Anton  remained 
in  Berlin,  whence  he  visited  Vienna,  and  made 
a  tour  through  Hungary  with  the  flutist  Heindl. 
Returning  to  Russia  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
revolution  of  1848,  he  settled  in  St.  Petersburg. 
Here  he  enjoyed  the  liberal  patronage  of  the 
Grand  Duchess  Helen,  and  produced  2  Russian 
operas,  Dimitri  Donskoi  (1S52)  and  Sibirskije 
Ochotnikie  [The  Siberian  Hunters]  (1853  ;  1 
act).  In  1854,  on  the  advice  and  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Count  Wielhorski  and  the  Grand 
Duchess,  R.  undertook  a  journey  for  the  purpose 
of  making  himself  and  his  works  better  Jcnown. 
He  found  publishers  in  Berlin,  and  gave  con- 
certs of  his  own  works  at  London  and  Paris, 
exciting  admiration  as  a  composer  and  pianist  ; 
on  his  return  in  185S,  he  was  appointed  court 
pianist,  and  conductor  of  the  court  concerts.  He 
assumed  the  direction  of  the  Russian  Musical 
Society  in   1859;  m  XS62  he  founded  the  Imp. 


Cons,  at  St.  Petersburg,  remaining  its  director 
until  1867.  In  1S65  he  married  Vera  Tchekua- 
noff.  For  20  years  he  held  no  official  position  ; 
from  1867-70  he  toured  Europe,  winning  fame 
as  a  pianist  hardly  second  to  that  of  Liszt;  1872-3 
he  extended  his  triumphs  over  the  American 
continent,  playing  in  215  concerts,  for  which  he 
was  paid  $40,000  ;  but  the  artistic  wretchedness 
then  endured  was  such  that  he  could  never 
again  be  persuaded  to  cross  the  ocean,  refusing 
even  an  offer  of  $125,000  for  fifty  concerts. 
Otherwise  his  time  was  chiefly  devoted  to  com- 
posing, and  to  bringing  out  his  works  for  the 
stage.  On  Davidoffs  resignation  in  1887,  R.  re- 
sumed the  directorship  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons, 
for  3  years  ;  after  which  he  lived  principally  in 
Berlin  and  (from  1S92)  in  Dresden. — From  the 
Czar  Rubinstein  received  the  Order  of  Vladimir, 
carrying  with  it  nobility,  and  the  title  of  Imp. 
Russian  State  Councillor  ;  he  was  an  Officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor,  a  Rnight  of  the  Prussian 
Ordre  pour  le  merite,  etc.,  etc. 

It  was  R.'s  most  cherished  desire  to  be  recog- 
nized as  a  great  dramatic  composer  ;  but,  al- 
though several  of  his  13  best-known  operas  (espe- 
cially Nero,  The  Maccabees,  The  Demon)  have 
many  admirers, — though  his  chief  bid  for  im- 
mortality, the  "new  form"  of  the  so-called 
Sacred  Opera,  {The  Tower  of  Babel,  Paradise 
Lost,  Moses,  C/iristus,)  has  features  of  marked 
originality  and  powerful  ideality, — though  his 
"Ocean"  symphony,  his  piano-concertos  in  D 
minor  and  G,  and  many  beautiful  piano-compo- 
sitions in  the  most  diverse  styles,  have  been 
received  with  the  warmest  enthusiasm, — and 
though  he  was  feted  and  adored  as  few  musicians 
have  been, — nevertheless  he  died  disappointed, 
and  unhopeful  for  the  future  of  musical  composi- 
tion. Wagner,  his  successful  rival  in  dramatic 
composition,  he  never  appreciated.  For  him, 
musical  creation  died  with  Chopin  ;  and  he 
thought  the  outlook  but  gloomy  for  its  resurrec- 
tion. 

Operas  (including  the  oratorios)  :  Dimitri 
Donskoi,  Russian  opera  (St.  P.,  1852);  Sibirskije 
Ochotnikie,  do.  (St.  P.,  1852);  Foma  Duratchok 
[Toms,  the  Fool],  do.  (St.  P.,  185S)  ;  Jl/est 
[Revenge],  do.  (St.  P.,  1S58)  ;  Die  Kinder  der 
Haide,  5-act  German  grand  opera  (Vienna, 
1861) ;  Feramors,  oder  Lalla  Rookh,  3-act  Ger. 
lyric  opera  (Dresden,  1S63)  ;  Der  Thurm  zu 
Babel,  Ger.  sacred  opera  (Konigsberg,  1S70)  ; 
The  Demon,  3-act  Russ.  fantastic  opera  (St.  P., 
1875) ;  Die  Makkabaer,  3-act  Ger.  opera  (Berlin, 
1875)  ;  Das  verlorene  Parodies,  Ger.  sacred 
opera  (Diisseldorf,  1S75) ;  Nero,  4-act  Ger. 
opera  (Hamburg,  1879)  >  Kalashnikoff  Moskovski 
Knpets  [The  Merchant  of  Moscow],  3-act  Russ. 
opera  (St.  P.,  1S80) ;  Sulamith,  Ger.  Biblical 
stage -play  (Hamburg,  1SS3)  ;  Unter  Ratibern, 
i-act  Ger.  comic  opera  (Hamburg,  18S3)  ;  Der 
Papagei,  do.  (ibid.,  18S4)  ;  Moses,  Ger.  sacred 
opera  (1887) ;  Gorjushka,  3-act  Russ.  opera  (St. 
P.,  1SS9)  ;  Christ  us,  Ger.  sacred  opera  (Bremen, 
1895) ;  also  a  balkt,  I.a  Vigne  [Die  Rebe]. 


501 


RUBINSTEIN— RUDORFF 


VOCAL  W.  OUCH.:  2  cantatas,  Die  ATixe  (op. 
63,  f.  alto  solo  and  female  ch.)  and  Der  Morgen 
(opv  74,  f.  male  ch.)  ;  scene  and  aria  f.  sopr., 
"  E  dunque  vero,"  op.  58  ;  2  scenes  f.  alto, 
"  Hecuba"  and  "  Hagar  in  der  Wtiste,"op.  92, 
Nos.  1  and  2. 

For  Orchestra:  6  symphonies  (op.  40,  in  F  ; 
op.  42  ["  Ocean,"  inC,  7movem.]  ;  op.  56,  in  A  ; 
op  95,  in  D  min.  ["  dramatic"]  ;  op.  107,  in  G 
min.  [in  memory  of  Gr.  Duch.  Helen]  ;  op.  Ill, 
in  A  min.);  the  mus.  "character-pictures," 
"Faust"  (op.  68),  "Ivan  IV."  (op.  79),  and 
"Don  Quixote  "(op.  87);  3  concert-overtures, 
op.  43  ("  triomphale "),  op.  60,  and  op.  116 
("  Anthony  and  Cleopatra  ")  ;  a  Suite  in  6  move- 
ments, op  119  (his  last  work)  ;  symphonic  poem 
"  La  Russie." 

Instrumental  :  5  pf.-concertos  (op.  25,  in 
E  ;  op.  35,  in  F  ;  op.  45,  in  G  ;  op.  70,  in  I> 
min.;  op.  94,  in  Ep) ;  pf. -fantasia  w.  orch.,  op. 
84;  Caprice  russe  f.  do.,  op.  102;  "Fantasia 
eroica "  f.  do.,  op.  no;  violin-concerto  in  G, 
op.  46  ;  Romance  and  Caprice  f.  vln.  w.  orch., 
op.  86  ;  2  'cello-concertos  (op.  65,  in  A  min.; 
op.  96)  ;  octet  f.  pf.,  strings,  and  wind,  op.  9  ; 
string-sextet,  op.  97  ;  quintet  f.  pf.  and  wind, 
op.  55  ;  pf.-quintet,  op.  99  ;  pf.-quartet,  op. 
66;  5  pf. -trios,  op.  15  (Nos.  1-2),  52,  85,  10S  ;  3 
violin-sonatas,  op.  13,  19,  28  ;  2  'cello-sonatas, 
op.  18,  39  ;  1  viola-sonata,  op.  49  (arr.  f.  violin 
by  David)  ; — for  piano  solo:  Suite,  op.  38  ;  4 
sonatas,,  op.  12,  20,  41,  100;  6  Preludes,  op. 
24  ;  6  Etudes,  op.  23  ;  6  do.,  op.  81  ;  5  Barca- 
rolles ;  "  Kamenoi-Ostrow  "  ["Isle  of  Kame- 
noi "  in  the  Neva,  w.  palace  ;  a  series  of  24 
"pictures"],  op.  10;  "Soirees  de  St.-Peters- 
bourg,"  op.  44  (3  books)  ;  "  Miscellanees,"  op. 
93  (9  books);  "  Le  Bal,"  op.  14  (10  pieces); 
"Album  de  Peterhof,"  op.  75  ;  etc .;— for  pf.  4 
hands  :  Sonata,  op.  89  ;  "  Bal  costume,"  op. 
103  ;  6  Charakterbilder,  op.  50  ;  Fantasia  f.  2 
pf.s,  op.  73. 

Sont.s,  etc.:  Over  100  songs  w.  pf.,  op.  1,  o, 
27,  32  ("  Asra  "  is  No.  6),  33,  34  [Mirza  Schaffy], 
36,  57,  64  (5  Fables),  72  (one  is  "  Es  blinkt  der 
Thau"),  76,  78,  83,  91  [Wilhelm  Meister],  101, 
105,  115  ; — "  Songs  and  Requiem  for  Mignon" 
[YYilh.  Meister],  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  pf.,  op.  91  ;  iS 
duets  w.  pf. ,  op.  48,  67  ;  9  male  choruses,  op. 
31,  61  ;  6  mixed  choruses,  op.  62. 

Biographical:  "Memoirs"  (St.  Petersburg, 
1889,  in  Russian  ;  Leipzig,  1S93,  2nd  ed.  1S95, 
in  Cerman  as  "  Erinnerungen  aus  50  Jahren, 
1839-89").  Also  a  "Life"  by  Mac  Arthur  (Lon- 
don, 1889). 

As  a  writer,  besides  the  "  Memoirs,"  R.  publ. 
"  Die  Musik  und  ihre  Meister"  (1S92),  followed 
by  "  Gedankenkorb"  as  a  sort  of  supplement 
(Leipzig,  1897)  ;  in  both  he  shows  himself  a 
master  in  satire. 

Rubinstein  Prize.  Competition  open  only 
to  young  men  between  20  and  26  years  of  age, 
of  any  nationality,  confession,  or  condition. 
Two  prizes  of  5,000  francs  each  are  offered, 
one  for   composition,  the  other  for  pf.-playing. 


Quinquennial  competitions  :  1890  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1S95  at  Berlin,  1900  at  Vienna,  1905  at 
Paris;  then  igioat  St.  Petersburg,  and  so  forth. 

Ru'binstein,  Nikolai  [Nicholas],  brotherof 
Anton  ;  b.  Moscow,  June  2,  1835  ;  d.  Paris, 
Mar.  23,  1881.  Pupil,  1844-6,  of  Kullak  (pf.) 
and  Dehn  (comp.)  at  Berlin.  His  brother  de- 
clared him  to  be  a  better  pianist  than  himself — an 
opinion  not  shared  by  the  general  public.  He 
founded  the  Moscow  Mus.  Soc.  in  1859,  and 
this  Society  opened,  in  1864,  the  Moscow  Cons., 
of  which  R.  was  Director  until  death.  He  gave 
annual  concerts  in  St.  Petersburg  ;  and  in  187S 
cond.  4  Russian  concerts  at  the  Paris  Exposi- 
tion.— Publ.  tasteful  and  original  pf. -pieces, 
among  them  op.  11,  Mazurkas  1  and  2  ;  op.  13, 
Bolero  ;  op.  14,  Tarentelle  ;  op.  15,  Polka  ;  op. 
16,  Valse  de  salon;  op.  17,  Polonaise;  Scene 
de  bal  ;  etc. 

Ru'binstein,  Joseph  [no  relation  to  the  pre- 
ceding], b.  Staro-Constantinow,  Russia,  Feb. 
8,  1847  ;  d.  (by  suicide)  Lucerne,  Sept.  15,  1884. 
Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Hellmesberger,  Dachs,  and 
Liszt.  Friend  and  admirer  of  Wagner  ;  in  1874, 
etc.,  he  was  the  pianist  for  the  piano-rehearsais 
of  the  Ring  des  Nibelungen  at  Bayreuth  ;  also 
made  excellent  pf. -transcriptions  from  that  mu- 
sic-drama. 

Riib'ner,  Cornelius,  b.  Copenhagen,  Oct. 
26,  1853.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Gade  and  Reinecke  ; 
since  1892,  cond.  of  the  Karlsruhe  Philharm. 
Soc. — Works  :  A  symphonic  poem,  a  "  Festou- 
verti'ire,"  a  pf.-trio,  pf. -music,  songs,  etc. 

Ruckers.  Celebrated  family  of  clavecin- 
makers  at  Antwerp,  their  harpsichords  being 
the  finest  ever  made.  Hans  (senior),  member 
of  the  Guild  of  St.  Luke  in  1579,  d.  about  1640  ; 
his  4  sons  were  Franz,  b.  1576  ;  Hans  (junior), 
b.  1578  ;  Andries  (senior),  b.  1579  ;  and  Anton, 
b.  1 58 1  ;  the  last  manufacturer  was  Andries 
(junior)  [1607-67]. 

Ru'dersdorff,  Hermine,  famous  stage  -  so- 
prano ;  b.  Ivanowsky,  Ukraine,  Dec.  12,  1822  ; 
d.  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  26,  1882.  A  pupil  of 
Bordogni  at  Paris  and  of  de  Micherout  at  Milan, 
she  sang  at  first  in  concerts  in  Germany  (1S40)  ; 
from  1841  she  sang  in  opera  at  Karlsruhe,  then 
at  Frankfort  (where  she  married  Dr.  Ki'ichen- 
meister  in  1S44)  and  Breslau  ;  1852-4,  at  the 
Friedrich  Wilhelmstadtisches  Th.,  Berlin  ;  and 
in  London  1854-65,  at  the  Drury  Lane  Th.,  the 
Italian  Opera,  and  in  concerts.  Engaged  at  the 
Boston  Jubilees  of  1871-72,  she  settled  in  Bos- 
ton, becoming  renowned  as  a  teacher  (Emma 
Thursby  was  her  pupil).  She  was  eminent 
both  in  opera  and  oratorio. 

Rudorff,  Ernst  Friedrich  Karl,  b.  Berlin, 
Tan.  18,  1S40.  Pupil  of  Bargiel  1852-7  (pf.)  ; 
from  1859  of  the  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles, 
Plaidy,  Rietz),  also  a  private  pupil  of  Haupt- 
mann  and  Reinecke.  1S65,  pf.-teacher  in  Co- 
logne Cons.;  founded  the  Bach-Verein  in  1867  ; 


502 


RUFER— RUSSELL 


became  head  pf. -teacher  in  the  Berlin  Hoch- 
schule,  1869,  also  succeeding  Bruch  as  cond.  of 
the  Stern  Gesangverein  in  18S0  (resigned  1S90). 
— Works:  Symphony  No.  1,  op.  31,  in  B [7  ; 
No.  2  (1891),  in  G  min.;  Serenade  and  var.s  f. 
orch.;  overtures  to  Otto  der  Sckiitz,  and  to 
Tieck's  Marchen  vom  blonden  Ekbert ;  Ballade 
in  3  movem.,  f.  orch.;  Der  Aufzug der Romanze 
[Tieck],  f.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  "  Gesang  an 
die  Sterne"  [Ruckert],  f.  6  voices  w.  orch.; 
string-sextet  ;  many  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Rii'fer,  Philippe  (-Barthelemy),  b.  Liege, 
June  7,  1S44  [son  of  a  German  organist,  Philipp 
R.].  Pupil  of  Liege  Cons. ;  1869-71,  mus.  dir. 
at  Essen  ;  since  then  he  has  lived  in  Berlin  as 
pf. -teacher  at  Stern's  Cons.,  Kullak's  Cons.,  and 
from  1881  at  Scharwenka's. — Works :  Opera 
Merlin  (Berlin,  1887)  ;  4-act  opera  Ingo  (Berlin, 
1896  ;  fairly  succ.)  ;  symphony  in  F,  op.  23  ;  3 
overtures  ;  2  string-quartets  ;  a  trio  ;  2  suites  f. 
pf.  and  'cello  ;  a  violin-sonata,  an  organ-sonata, 
pf. -music,  songs. 

Ruf'fo,  Vincenzo,  d.  as  maestro  of  the  cathe- 
dral at  Verona,  his  native  town. — Publ.  motets 
a  5  (1551),  masses  a  5  (1557),  motets  a  6  (1555), 
4  books  of  madrigals«  5  (1550-60;  often  republ.), 
"  Madrigali  cromatici  a  6-S,  con  la  gionta  di  5 
canzoni "  (1554),  4  books  of  chrom.  madrigals  a  5 
(1555-60),  3  other  books  of  madrigals  (1557-60)  ; 
psalms  a  5  (1574-88),  Magnificats  a  5  (1578). 

Rufina'tscha,  Johann,  b.  in  the  Tyrol,  1812  ; 
d.  Vienna,  May  25,  1893.  Excellent  teacher 
(Brull  was  his  pupil)  ;  comp.  5  symphonies,  4 
overtures,  a  pf. -concerto,  songs,  etc. 

Rugge'ri  [Ruggieri],  Giovanni  Maria, 
Venetian  comp.;  brought  out  ten  operas  1696- 
1712  ;  publ.  "  Scherzi  geniali  ridotti  a  regola 
armonica  in  10  sonate  da  camera  a  3,  cioe  2  vio- 
lini  e  violine  o  cembalo"  (1690)  ;  "  Suonate  da 
chiesa  a  due  violini  e  violone  o  tiorba,  con  il  suo 
basso  continuo  per  l'organo"  (1693) ;  1  book  of 
do.  w.  'cello  instead  of  violone  (1697)  ;  also  12 
Cantate  with  and  without  violin  (1706). 

Rug'gi,  Francesco,  b.  Naples,  Oct.  21, 
1767  ;  d.  there  Jan.  23,  1845.  Pupil  of  Fenaroli 
at  the  Cons,  di  S.  Loreto.  Appointed  maestro 
di  cappclla  extraordinary  to  the  City  of  Naples  in 
1795  ;  succeeded  Tritto  as  prof,  of  counterpoint 
and  comp.  at  the  R.  Cons,  in  1825.  He  prod. 
3  operas  ;  also  an  oratorio  and  other  church- 
music.      Was  the  teacher  of  Bellini  and  Carafa. 

RuhFmann,  (Adolf)  Julius,  b.  Dresden,  Feb. 
28,  1817  (16?);  d.  there  Oct.  27,  1877.  Pupil 
of  Tillmann  and  Jul.  Otto  ;  in  1841,  tenor  trom- 
bone in  the  royal  orch.;  1S73,  R.  Inspector  of 
Instr.s  ;  co-founder,  and  from  1855  president, 
of  the  Dresden  Tonkiinsllerverein j  from  1S56, 
prof,  of  pf.  and  the  history  of  music  at  the  Cons. 
A  series  of  valuable  historical  essays  appeared  in 
the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik";  his  illus- 
trated "  Geschichte  der  Bogeniustrumente  "  was 
publ.  in  1SS2. 


Rum'mel,  Christian,  b.  Brichsenstadt,  Ba- 
varia, Nov.  27,  1787  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Feb.  13, 
1849,  where  he  was  Kapellm.  1  Si 5-41.  Per- 
former on  the  pf.,  violin,  and  clarinet  ;  publ.  a 
clar. -concerto,  2  quintets,  etc. — His  son  Joseph, 
b.  Wiesbaden,  1818,  d.  London,  Mar.  25,  1880, 
was  court  pianist  to  the  Duke  of  Nassau.  Publ. 
pf.-music. — A  second  son,  August,  b.  Wies- 
baden, Jan.  14,  1824,  d.  London,  Dec.  14,  1886, 
was  also  a  good  pianist. 

Rum'mel,  Franz,  son  of  Joseph  R. ;  b. 
London,  Jan.  11,  1853.  Distinguished  pianist, 
pupil  of  Louis  Brassin  at  Brussels  Cons.,  win- 
ning the  1st  prize  in  1872.  1877-S,  tour  through 
Holland  with  Ole  Bull  and  Minnie  Hauck. 
First  American  tour,  1878  ;  second,  1886. 
Taught  18S4-5  at  Stern's  Cons.,  then  at  Kul- 
lak's, in  Berlin.  Gave  his  first  concert  in  Brus- 
sels, Nov.  24,  1872.  In  1897  he  received  the 
title  of  "  Professor"  from  the  Duke  of  Anhalt. 
His  third  tour  in  America  began  in  New  York, 
Feb.  1,  1898.  Up  to  that  time  he  had  played  in 
about  700  concerts. 

Rung,  Henrik,  b.  Copenhagen,  Mar.  3, 
1S07  ;  d.  there  Dec.  13,  1871,  as  chorusmaster 
at  the  opera  and  cond.  of  the  Cecilia  Soc.  for 
old  church-music,  which  he  founded  in  1852. — 
Works  :  7  operas  ;  incid.  music  to  plays  ;  popu- 
lar songs. 

Rungenha'gen,  Carl  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin, 
Sept.  27,  1778  ;  d.  there  Dec.  21,  1851.  Pupil 
of  Benda  ;  in  1815,  vice-cond.  of  the  SingakaJe- 
mie,  succeeding  Zelter  in  1S33  as  first  cond., 
also  being  elected  a  member  of  the  Berlin 
Academy.  Soon  app.  teacher  in  the  School  of 
Composition;  in  1S43,  "Professor." — Works: 
4  operas,  3  oratorios,  several  sacred  and  secular 
cantatas,  a  mass  f.  male  voices,  a  Te  Deum,  30 
motets,  30  4-part  songs  and  chorals,  over  100 
sacred  and  1000  secular  songs  ;  also  symphonies, 
quartets,  etc. 

Russell,  William,  b.  London,  Oct.  6,  1777  ; 
d.  there  Nov.  21,  1813.  Pupil  of  Arnold, 
Shrubsole,  and  others  ;  from  1789-93,  deputy- 
organist  at  St.  Mary's,  Aldermanbury  ;  finally, 
from  1801,  at  the  Foundling  Hospital.  Pianist 
at  Sadler's  Wells  Th.,  1800  ;  at  Covent  Garden, 
1S01.  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1S08. — Works  :  Sev- 
eral operas  ;  3  oratorios ;  a  mass  ;  psalms, 
hymns,  and  anthems  ;  a  morning  and  evening 
service  ;  various  odes,  glees,  and  songs  ;  12  Vol- 
untaries f.  org.  or  pf. ;  etc. 

Russell,  Louis  Arthur,  b.  Newark,  N.  J., 
Feb.  24,  1854.  Pupil  of  S.  P.  Warren,  G.  F. 
Bristow,  and  C.  C.  M tiller,  New  York  ;  of  J. 
Higgs,  B.  Tours,  W.  Shakespeare,  and  G.  Hen- 
schel,  London.  From  1S7S-95,  organist  and 
choirmaster  of  South  Park  Presb.  Ch.,  Newark  ; 
since  1879,  cond.  of  the  Schubert  Vocal  Soc; 
since  1885,  of  the  Easton  (Pa.)  Choral  Soc. 
Founded  in  1S85  the  College  of  Music  of 
Newark,  of  which  he  is  the  mus.  Director,  and 


503 


RUST— RYDER 


in  which  he  teaches  singing,  pf. -playing,  and 
theory.  Organized  the  Newark  Symph.  Orch. 
in  1893. — Works  :  "  The  Embellishments  of 
Music";  "How  to  read  Modern  Music"; 
"Problems  in  Time  and  Tune";  "Develop- 
ment of  Artistic  Pianoforte  Touch  "  ;  — the  can- 
tata A  Pastoral  Rhapsody,  f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,and 
orch.;  orch.l  pieces,  anthems,  quartets,  songs, 
pf. -music,  etc. 

Rust,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Worlitz,  n. 
Dessau,  July  6,  1739  ;  d.  Dessau,  Feb.  28,  1796. 
Student  of  law  at  Leipzig  until  1762  ;  then  a 
pupil  of  the  violinist  Hockh  at  Zerbst  and  (1763) 
of  Franz  Benda  at  Berlin,  under  the  patronage 
of  Prince  Leopold  III.  of  Anhalt-Dessau,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  Italy  (1765-6),  and  who  app. 
him  court  mus.  dir.  in  1775.  Eminent  violinist 
and  composer  ;  he  brought  out  several  stage- 
pieces,  wrote  incid.  music  to  plays,  and  consid- 
erable instr.l  music.  David,  Singer,  and  Wil- 
helm Rust  have  publ.  several  of  his  violin- 
pieces.  A  list  of  works  is  in  Hosaus'  monograph 
on  Rust  and  music  in  Dessau  from  1766-99 
(1802)  ;  another  list,  with  biogr.  notes,  is  in  E. 
Prieger's  pamphlet  "  F.  W.  R.,  ein  Vorganger 
Beethoven's  "  (Cologne,  1S94). — His  son,  Wil- 
helm Carl,  b.  1787,  d.  1855,  was  organist  at 
Vienna  1819-27  ;  then  teacher  in  Dessau.  Publ. 
pieces  f.  pf.  and  organ. 

Rust,  Wilhelm,  b.  Dessau,  Aug.  15,  1822; 
d.  Leipzig,  May  2,  1892.  Pupil  of  his  uncle, 
W.  C.  Rust  (pf.  and  org.)  ;  later  of  Fr.  Schnei- 
der (1843-6).  From  1845-8  he  was  music- 
teacher  in  an  Hungarian  nobleman's  family. 
He  went  to  Berlin  in  1S49,  taught  there,  entered 
the  Singakademie  in  1850,  joined  the  Leipzig 
Bach-Verein  in  1850,  played  in  numerous  con- 
certs, became  organist  of  St.  Luke's  in  1861, 
cond.  of  the  Berlin  Bach-Verein  from  1862-74, 
"Royal  Mus.  Director"  in  1864,  and  received 
the  title  of  Dr.  phil.  /ion.  causa  from  the  Mar- 
burg Univ.  in  1868  ;  in  1S70,  teacher  of  theory 
and  comp.  at  the  Stern  Cons.;  in  1878,  organist 
qf  the  Thomaskirche  at  Leipzig,  and  teacher  in 
the  Cons,  there  ;  in  18S0  he  succeeded  Richter 
as  cantor  of  the  Thomasschule. — As  editor  of 
several  volumes  of  the  Bach  edition  prepared  by 
the  Bach-Gesellschaft,  he  displayed  great  erudi- 
tion and  precision.  His  comp.s  include  motets, 
sacred  choruses,  part-songs  f.  male  or  mixed 
chorus,  vocal  soli  w.  orch.  or  organ,  songs  ;  also 
some  pf. -music. 

Ru'ta,  Michele,  b.  Caserta,  1827  ;  d.  Naples, 
Jan.  24,  1896.  Pupil,  at  Naples  Cons.,  of 
Lanza  (pf.),  Crescentini  the  younger  and  Cima- 
rosa  (voice),  and  Conti  (comp.).  Eminent 
teacher,  prolific  composer,  and  writer  on  music  ; 
mus.  editor  of  the  "  Corriere  del  Mattino"  ; 
founder  and  editor  of  "  La  Musica."  He  prod, 
several  operas  at  Naples ;  a  ballet  ;  entr'acte 
music  ;  many  masses,  a  Te  Deum,  motets  ;  pa- 
triotic songs  ;  vocal  chamber-music.  —  Wrote 
"  Trattato   d'Armonia";    "  Corso   completo  di 


composizione";  do.  of  "  Canto  corale  "  ;  "Breve 
metodo  di  canto  "  ;  etc. 

Ru'thardt  [roo'tart],  Friedrich,  b.  1800;  d. 
1862  asoboist  in  the  Stuttgart  court  orch. — Publ. 
2  books  of  chorals  ;  comp.  f.  oboe  and  f.  zither. 
— His  sons  are  the  two  following  : 

Ru'thardt,  Julius,  b.  Stuttgart,  Dec.  13, 
1S41.  Violinist  in  the  court  orch.,  1855  ;  Ka- 
pellm.  in  the  theatre  at  Riga  (1871),  at  Leipzig 
(18S2),  and  since  1885  at  Bremen. — Works : 
Incid.  music  to  Bjornson's  Hulda  ;  songs. 

Ru'thardt,  Adolf,  b.  Stuttgart,  Feb.  9,  1849. 
Pupil  of  the  Cons. ;  was  a  music-teacher  in  Ge- 
neva 1868-1885,  then  returning  to  Germany  ; 
since  18S6,  teacher  of  pf.  at  the  Leipzig  Cons., 
as  which  he  enjoys  a  high  reputation. — Works  : 
Excellent  pf. -music  :  Op.  4,  Menuet ;  op.  6,  Ro- 
manze  ;  op.  11,  six  Morceaux  de  genre  ;  op.  14, 
six  Preludes  ;  op.  15,  two  Preludes  and  Fugues  : 
op.  16,  Nordisches  Standchen  ;  op.  17,  3  Ron- 
dos ;  op.  18,  Deux  melodies  intimes  ;  op.  20, 
Soiree  dansante  ;  op.  21,  six  waltzes;  op.  24, 
Introd.  et  scene  de  bal  ;  op.  27,  "  Schritt  fur 
Schritt "  (12  4-hand  pieces);  op.  31,  sonata  f.  2 
pf.s  ;  op.  34,  Trio  pastorale  f.  pf. ,  oboe,  and 
viola. — Also  wrote  "  Das  Klavier  :  ein  geschicht- 
licher  Abriss  "  ;  a  "  Chormeisterbtichlein  "  of 
short  biographies  ;  and  prepared  the  3rd  and  4th 
ed.s  of  Eschmann's  "  Wegweiser." 

Ryan,  Thomas,  b.  Ireland,  1827.  He  went 
to  the  United  States  in  1844,  pursued  his  studies 
in  Boston,  and  in  1S49,  with  August  Fries  (1st 
violin),  Francis  Rziha  [Riha]  (2nd  violin),  Eduard 
Lehmann  (viola and  flute),  R.  (viola  and  clarinet), 
and  Wulf  Fries  ('cello),  the  newly  organized 
"Mendelssohn  Quintette  Club"  gave  its  first 
Boston  concert  on  Dec.  14,  at  the  Chickering 
warerooms.  [For  membership  of  the  Club  as  an 
amateur  organization,  cf.  Wulf  Fries.]  From 
this  time  R.'s  fortunes  were  inseparably  bound 
up  with  those  of  the  Club,  of  which,  after  half 
a  century  of  pioneer  work  for  the  highest  class  of 
chamber-music,  he  is  the  sole  remaining  original 
member.  This  little  band  of  excellent  musicians 
has  visited  every  town  of  any  size  in  the  United 
States.  Details  will  be  found  in  R.'s  book, 
"  Recollections  of  an  Old  Musician  "  (New  York, 
1S99).  He  is  a  virtuoso  on  the  clarinet  and 
viola  ;  and  has  comp.  several  quintets,  quartets, 
numerous  songs,  etc. 

Ryba,  Jakob  Jan,  b.  Przestitz,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  26,  1765  ;  d.  Roczmittal,  1815,  as  rector  of 
the  gymnasium. — Comp.s  :  Many  masses,  mo- 
tets, offertories,  and  other  church-music  ;  6  comic 
operas  and  melodramas  ;  35  symphonies  ;  38 
concertos  f.  different  instr.s  ;  a  vast  amount  of 
chamber-music  ;  etc.,  of  no  enduring  value. 

Ryder,  Thomas  Philander,  b.  Cohasset, 
Mass.,  June  29,  1836.  Pupil  of  Gustav  Satter. 
For  many  years  organist  at  Tremont  Temple, 
Boston.  Composer  of  light  and  popular  piano- 
music. 


504 


SAAR— SACHSE-HOFMEISTER 


Saar,  Louis  Victor  Franz,  b.  Rotterdam, 
Dec.  10,  1868.  Pupil  18S6-9  of  Rheinberger 
and  Abel,  at  Munich  Cons. ;  spent  one  winter 
with  Brahms  in  Vienna  ;  lived  in  Leipzig  and 
Berlin;  was  eng.  1892-5  by  Abbey  &  Grau  as 
opera-accompanist  in  New  York  ;  1896-8,  teacher 
of  cpt.  and  comp. ,  at  the  National  Cons.,  N.  Y.; 
from  1898,  do.  at  the  College  of  Music.  Critic 
for  the  "  Staats-Zeitung  "  and  the  "  New  York 
Review."  In  1891  he  took  the  Mendelssohn  com- 
position-prize for  a  pf  .-suite  and  songs.  Works  : 
Many  songs  (op.  1-5,  10-16,  19,  21,  24)  ;  pf.- 
music  (op.  6,  Suite  ;  op.  9,  "  Tagebuchblatter" 
op.  17,  Canzonetta  w.  vln. ;  op.  iS,  2  Ballades 
op.  20,  5  4-hand  pieces  ;  op.  22,  4  Klavierstiicke 
op.  23,  10  do.);  op.  8,  four  4-part  songs  (Vienna 
"  Tonkunstlerpreis  "). 

Sabbati'ni,  Galeazzo,  b.  Pesaro ;  maestro 
to  the  Duke  of  Mirandola. — Publ.  2  books  of 
madrigals  a  2-5  (1627,  1636)  ;  2  of  "  Sacrae 
laudes"  a  2-5  (1637,  1641)  ;  1  do.  w.  organ 
(1642)  ;  3  of  "  Madrigali  concertati  "  a  2-5,  w. 
instr.s  (1630,  1636)  ;  Litanies  a  3-6  (163S)  ; 
"  Sacri  laudi  e  motetti  a  voce  sola  "  (1639). 

Sabbati'ni,  Luigi  Antonio,  b.  Albano  Li- 
ziale,  n.  Rome,  1739  ;  d.  Padua,  Jan.  29,  1809. 
Pupil  of  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna,  and  Vallotti 
at  Padua,  succeeding  the  latter  as  maestro  at  the 
Antonius  Basilica  in  1780. — Publ.  "  Gli  de- 
menti teorici  della  musica  colla  practica  de' 
medesimi  in  duetti  e  terzetti  a  canone  "  (17S9  ; 
part  transl.  into  French  by  Choron)  ;  "  Pa  vera 
idea  delle  musicali  numeriche  signature  "  (1799  ; 
gives  an  epitome  of  Vallotti's  system);  "  Trat- 
tato  sopra  le  fughe  musicali"  (1802;  w.  fine 
examples  by  Vallotti)  ;  and  "  Notizie  sopra  la 
vita  e  le  opere  del  R.  P.  Fr.  A.  Vallotti  "  (1780). 

Sac'chi,  Don  Giovenale,  learned  musico- 
graph  ;  b.  Barfio,  Como,  Nov.  22,  1726  ;  d. 
Milan,  Sept.  27,  1789.  A  Barnabite  monk,  and 
excellent  musician. — Publ.  "  Del  numero  e  delle 
unsure  delle  corde  musiche  e  loro  corrispon- 
denza"  (1761)  ;  "  Delia divisione  del  tempo nella 
musica,  nel  ballo  e  nella  poesia  "  (1770)  ;  "  Delia 
natura  e  perfezione  dell'  antica  musica  de'  Greci 
.  .  ."(1778);  "  Delle  quinte  successive  nel  con- 
trappunto,  e  delle  regole  degli  accompagna- 
menti "  (17S0);  "Don  Placido,  dialogo  dove 
cercasi  se  lo  studio  della  musica  al  religioso  con- 
venga  o  disconvenga  "  (17S6)  ;  "Vita  di  Bene- 
detto Marcello"  (1789)  ;  etc. 

Sacchi'ni,  Antonio  Maria  Gasparo,  noted 
dram,  composer  of  the  Neapolitan  school  ;  b. 
Pozzuoli,  n.  Naples,  June  23,  1734;  d.  Paris, 
Oct.  8,  1786.  The  son  of  a  poor  fisherman, 
Durante  was  charmed  with  his  singing,  and  had 
him  admitted  to  the  Cons,  di  Sant'  Onofrio, 
where  lie  studied  under  Fiorenza  (vln.),  Manna 
(singing),  and  Durante  (harps. ,  org.,  and  comp.). 


He  prod,  an  intermezzo  at  the  Cons,  theatre  in 
1756,  Fra  Donato,  with  good  success  ;  then  sev- 
eral small  operas  in  Neapolitan  dialect  at  minor 
theatres  ;  in  1762  his  Semiramide  met  with  so 
warm  a  reception  at  the  Argentina  Th.,  Rome, 
that  he  remained  in  that  city  for  4  years  in  com- 
petition with  Piccinni.  The  great  success  of 
Alessandro  neW  Indie  at  Naples  and  Venice 
(176S),  caused  his  appointment  as  director  of  the 
Cons,  dell'  Ospedaletto  (for  girls)  in  Venice.  In 
1771,  having  written  over  50  dramatic  works, 
he  went  via  Munich  and  Stuttgart  (where  he 
prod.  2  operas)  to  London,  where  he  lived  ten 
years  (1772-82)  as  a  successful  opera-composer, 
but  ran  into  debt,  and  fled  from  his  creditors  to 
Paris.  His  fame  had  preceded  him,  and  some 
of  his  operas,  in  French  versions,  were  produced 
at  the  Opera  {Armida  e  Rinaldo  as  Remind, 
1783  ;  II gran  Cid  as  Cl/imene,  1784)  ;  he  also 
wrote  two  new  operas,  the  "  tragedie  lyrique  " 
Dardanus  (17S4),  and  GLdipe  a  Co/one  (1786, 
his  masterpiece,  and  still  played  in  1S44)  ;  and 
left  a  third,  Arvire  et  Evelina,  unfinished  (Rey 
added  Act  iii,  and  it  was  successfully  prod,  in 
178S).  Besides  operas,  he  wrote  6  oratorios, 
masses,  and  much  other  church-music  ;  2  sym- 
phonies, chamber-music  (6  string-quartets,  6 
trios  f.  2  violins  and  'cello)  ;  12  sonatas  f.  harpsi- 
chord, violin-sonatas,  etc. 

Sachs  [zahks],  Hans,  foremost  poet  of  the 
Meistersinger ;  b.  Nuremberg,  Nov.  5,  1494  ; 
d.  there  Jan.  19,  1576.  He  wrote  over  4,000 
poems  ("Meisterschulgedichte"),  1,700  tales, etc., 
and  200  dramatic  poems  ;  also  invented  numer- 
ous "  Weisen  "  (melodies)  \cf.  Genee,  "  Hans 
Sachs  und  seine  Zeit  "J.  He  is  the  central  fig- 
ure in  Wagner's  opera,  Die  Meistersinger  von 
JSTilmberg. 

Sachs,  Melchior  Ernst,  b.  Mittelsinn,  Lower 
Franconia,  Feb.  28,  1S43.  Pupil  of  the  Munich 
Cons.  1S63-5,  and  of  the  reorganized  R.  School 
of  Music,  under  Rheinberger's  special  tuition, 
1867-9.  Cond.  of  the  Liederkranz  1S6S-72  ; 
in  1871,  teacher  of  harm,  at  the  Sch.  of  Music, 
also  founded  and  still  conducts  the  concerts  of 
the  Tonkiinstlerveiein. — Works  :  Opera  Pale- 
st rina  (Ratisbon,  1886)  ;  ballade  Das  Thai  des 
Espingo,  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  a  Paternoster;  has 
publ.  pf. -music  and  songs. 

Sachs,  Julius,  b.  Waldhof,  Meiningen,  Dec. 
12,  1830  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Dec.  30,  1888. 
Gifted  pianist  and  comp.;  pupil  of  Ferd.  Kessler 
and  Ed.  Rosenhain  at  Frankfort.  Successful 
tours. — Publ.  pf. -music  (op.  4,  three  pieces  ;  op. 
40,  suite  ;  op.  51,  Berceuse)  ;  etc. 

Sach'se-Hofmeister,  Anna,  dramatic  so- 
prano ;  b.  Gumpoldskirchen,  n.  Vienna,  July 
26,  1852.  Pupil  of  Frau  Passy-Cornet  at  Vi- 
enna Cons. ;  studied  privately  with  Proch  ;  debut 
Wiirzburg,  1870,  as  Valentine  in  Les  Huguenots  ; 
sang  at  Frankfort  1872-6,  then  in  Berlin,  where 
she  married  (1878)  the  tenor  Sachse.     Eng.  at 


505 


SAFFIEDDIN— SAINT-SAENS 


Leipzig  1880-S2  ;  then  at  the  Berlin  Court 
Opera  as  prima  donna. 

Saffieddin,  Abdolmumin,  Ben  Fachir  el 
Ormeve  el  Bagdadi,  the  greatest  Arabico- Per- 
sian mus.  theorist  of  the  I3th-i4th  centuries  ; 
called  "  the  Zarlino  of  the  East."  Arabian  by 
birth,  but  founder  of  the  Persian  school.  He 
wrote  for  Sherefeddin  Harun,  son  of  the  Mon- 
golian vizier  Shemseddin.  a  great  musico-theo- 
retical  work,  the  "  Shereffie,"  quoted  as  an  au- 
thority by  all  succeeding  Arabico-Persian  theo- 
rists. 

Sagh,  Joseph,  b.  Pesth,  Mar.  13,  1S52.  Publ. 
an  Hungarian  dictionary  of  musicians  (1877). 
Founder  (1885)  and  editor  of  the  mus.  paper 
"  Zenelap." 

Sagitta'rius.     See  Schutz. 

Sah'la,  Richard,  b.  Graz,  Sept.  17,  1855. 
Violinist ;  pupil  of  David  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1S68- 
72  ;  debut  at  a  Gewandhaus  concert  in  1873  ; 
since  1888,  court  Kapellm.  at  Bi'ickeburg,  where 
he  organized  an  oratorio-society.  Has  publ.  a 
Rumanian  Rhapsody,  concert-pieces  f.  violin, 
songs,  etc. 

Saint-Amans,  Louis-Joseph,  b.  Marseilles, 
June  26,  1749;  d.  Paris,  1820.  Composer  of 
comic  operas  in  Paris,  1769  ;  cond.  of  the  Brussels 
opera  177S-9  ;  from  1784-1802,  teacher  in  the 
Paris  Cons.  Wrote  24  operas  and  ballets,  also 
oratorios,  cantatas,  and  chamber-music. 

Saint-Georges, ,  Chevalier  de,  b.  Guade- 
loupe, Dec.  25,  1745  ;  d.  Paris,  June  12,  1799. 
Eccentric  violinist  ;  pupil  of  Leclair.  —  Publ. 
violin-sonatas  w.  bass  (op.  1),  2  books  of  trio- 
sonatas  f .  2  violins  and  bass,  5  violin-concertos, 
and  6  concertantes  f.  2  violins  w.  orch. 

Saint-Huberty,  (Antoinette-Cecile  Cla- 
vel,  called  St.-Huberty,)  b.  Toul,  about  1756. 
Celebrated  soprano  singer  at  the  Grand  Opera, 
Paris,  1777-S9.  In  1790  she  married  the  Count 
d'Fntraigues  ;  they  were  assassinated  at  their 
country-seat,  near  London,  July  22,  1812,  prob- 
ably from  political  motives. 

Saint-Lambert,  Michel  de,  harpsichord- 
teacher  at  Paris.  Publ.  a  "  Traite  de  l'accom- 
pagnement  du  clavecin,  de  l'orgue  et  de  quelques 
autres  instr.s  "  (16S0  ;  2nd  ed.  1707),  and  "  Prin- 
cipes  du  clavecin  "  (1697  ;  2nd  ed.  1702). 

Saint-Lubin,Leon  de,b.  Turin,  July 5, 1805  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Feb.  13,  1S50.  Violinist,  playing  at 
Berlin  and  Dresden  in  1817  ;  then  studied  with 
Polledro  (Dresden)  and  Spohr  ;  in  1S27,  leader  at 
the  Josephstadter  Th.,  Vienna.  From  1S30-47, 
leader  at  the  Konigstadter  Th. ,  Berlin. — Works  : 
2  operas,  Konig  Branors  Schwert  (Berlin,  1S30), 
and  Der  Vetter  des  Doctor  Faust ;  a  melodrama, 
ballets,  and  pantomimes  ;  5  violin-concertos,  19 
string-quartets,  an  octet,  etc. 

Sainton,  Prosper  (-Philippe-Catherine), 
b.  Toulouse,  June  5,  1813  ;  d.  London,  Oct.  17, 
1890.  Pupil  of  Habeneck  at  Paris  Cons,  from 
1832,  winning  1st  prize  for  violin-playing  in  1S34; 


orch. -player  at  the  Opera  and  the  Cons,  concerts 
for  two  years  ;  after  extended  continental  tours, 
prof,  at  Toulouse  Cons.  1840-4.  Visited  Eng- 
land in  1844  ;  app.  prof,  at  the  R.  A.M.  in  1845  ; 
leader  of  the  Philharm.  1S46-54  ;  also  of  other 
societies;  at  Covent Garden  1S47-71  ;  atH.  M.'s 
Th.  1871-80.  Among  his  pupils  areWeist  Hill 
and  A.  C.  Mackenzie.  He  married  Charlotte 
Helen  Dolby  [see  below]. — Works:  2  violin- 
concertos';  a  concert-solo  f.  violin  w.  orch.,  op. 
16  ;  solos  f.  violin  w.  pf.  (3  Romances,  op.  18  ; 
Tarantella,  op.  20  ;  airs  w.  variations,  fantasias, 
etc.). 

Sainton -Dolby,  Charlotte  Helen,  {nee 
Dolby,)  b.  London,  May  17,  1821  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  18,  1S85.  Distinguished  contralto  singer 
in  oratorio  and  concert  ;  pupil  of  Mrs.  Montague, 
and  of  J.  Bennett,  Elliott,  and  Crivelli  at  the  R. 
A.  M.  from  1832,  winning  the  Ring's  scholar- 
ship in  1837.  Debut  at  a  Philharm.  concert, 
1841  ;  sang  in  oratorio,  etc.,  till  1846,  then  ap- 
pearing in  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  and  making 
concert-tours  in  Holland  and  France.  Married 
Prosper  Sainton  in  1S60.  For  ten  years  a  leader 
in  English  concerts,  retiring  in  1S70.  Establ.  a 
Vocal  Academy  at  London  in  1872. — Works  : 
Cantatas,  Legend  of  St.  Dorothea  (1876),  Story 
of  the  Faithful  Son/  (1879),  Florimel,  f.  female 
voices  (1885);  songs;  a  "Tutor  for  English 
Singers  .   .   ."  (n.  d.). 

Saint-Saens,  Charles-Camille,  one  of  the 
first,  if  not  the  foremost,  of  living  F*ench  com- 
posers ;  b.  Paris, 
Oct.  9,  1835.  At 
the  age  of  2i  years 
he  began  the  study 
of  the  piano  ;  at  5 
he  could  easily 
play  a  G  re  try 
opera  from  the 
score  ;  at  7  he  en- 
tered the  Conser- 
vatoire, being 
taught  by  Stamaty 
(pf.),  Maleden  and 
Halevy  (comp.), 
and  Benoist  (or- 
gan), taking  1st 
organ-prize  in  185 1.  Organist  of  Saint-Mery, 
1853  ;  at  the  Madeleine,  in  1S58  ;  also  piano- 
teacher  at  the  Niedermeyer  School  for  some  time  ; 
in  1S70  he  resigned  his  position,  in  order  to  devote 
himself  wholly  to  composition  and  concert-giving. 
A  remarkable  pianist,  he  frequently  visits  Ger- 
many, Austria,  and  England,  and  has  played  in 
Russia,  Spain,  and  Portugal  ;  he  has  produced 
his  compositions  in  many  European  cities,  acting 
either  as  executant  or  conductor.  He  brought 
out  his  first  symphony  at  16.  As  a  composer, 
more  particularly  in  his  orchestral  and  grand 
choral  works,  he  shows  marked  originality  ;  his 
instrumentation  (he  is  a  disciple  of  Berlioz)  is 
peculiarly  brilliant  and  effective.  His  operas 
have  not  met  with  really  striking  success.      In 


506 


SALA— SALIERI 


1894,  Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. — 
Works  :  The  operas  La  princesse jaune,  1  act 
(Op. -Com.,  1S72)  ;  L.c  timbre  d'argent,  4  acts 
(Th.-Lyr.,  1877)  ;  Samson  et  Dalila,  4  acts 
(Weimar,  1877  ;  Rouen,  1890 ;  Paris,  Opera, 
1892)  ;  Etienne  Marcel,  4  acts  (Lyons,  1879)  ; 
Henri  VIII  (Paris,  Opera,  1883;  very  succ.  at 
London,  1S98)  ;  Proserpine,  4  acts  (Op. -Com., 
18S7);  Ascanio,  5  acts  (Opera,  1890);  PItryne,  2 
acts,  comic  (Op. -Com.,  1893);  Fre'dtfgonde,  5  acts 
[left  unfinished  by  Guiraud  ;  Saint-Saens  wrote 
the  last  2  acts]  (Opera,  1S95);  the  ballets  Aliboron 
(1S95)  and  Javotte  (1S96)  ;  also  the  music  to 
Antigone  (Comedie-Francaise) ;  and  the  music 
to  Louis  Gallet's  drama  Dejanire  (first  perf.  at 
Beziers,  Oct.  28,  1898,  in  the  open  air,  with  orch. 
of  250,  chorus  of  200,  and  ballet-corps  of  60). — 
Further,  a  Christmas  oratorio,  op.  12  ;  the  "  Bib- 
lical opera  "  Le  Deluge,  op.  45;  2  masses  ;  ode 
(by  V.  Hugo)  La  lyre  et  la  Iiarpe  (Birmingham 
Fest.,  1879)  I  "  0^e  aSainte-Cecile,"  f.  solo,  ch., 
and  orch.  ;  Les  usees  de  Prome'thee  (1S67  ;  can- 
tata); Plymn  to  Victor  Hugo  (1884) ;  Psalm  ig, 
f.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.  (London,  18S5)  ; — 5  sym- 
phonies ;  4  symphonic  poems  ("  Le  rouet  d'(  >m- 
phale,"  "  Phaeton,"  "  Danse  macabre,"  "  La 
jeunesse  d'Hercule")  ;  "  La  jota  aragonese"  f. 
orch.;  5  pf. -concertos ;  3  violin-concertos;  1 
'cello  -  concerto ;  septet  f.  trumpet,  pf.,  and 
strings  ;  pf. -quintet  ;  pf.-quartet;  2  orch. 1  suites 
(No.  1,  "  algerienne  ")  ;  pf.-trio  ;  "  Rhapsodie 
d'Auvergne"  f.  pf.  w.  orch.;  "  Morceau  de  con- 
cert "f.  violin,  pf.,  and  orch.  (op.  62);  much 
other  chamber-music  ;  pf. -music  (march  f.  4 
hands,  op.  25  ;  var.  s  f .  2  pf.s,  op.  35  ;  Polonaise 
f.  2  pf.s,  op.  77  ;  2  Gavottes,  3  Mazurkas,  a 
Berceuse,  a  Feuillet  d'album,  a  Marche  heroi'que, 
6  etudes,  an  Allegro  appassionato,  etc.). 

Sa'la,  Nicola,  b.  near  Benevento,  Italy,  in 
1 701 ;  d.  Naples,  1S00.  A  pupil  of  Fago,  Abos, 
and  L.  Leo  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de'  Turchini, 
Naples  ;  teacher  of  comp.  there  for  some  60 
years,  succeeding  Fago  as  second  maestro,  and 
Cafaro  as  first  (in  17S7).  His  most  celebrated 
work  is  the  "  Regole  del  contrappunto  prattico  " 
(3  vol.s,  1794;  reprinted  by  Choron  in  Paris, 
1S08).  He  prod,  several  operas  :  Vologeso  (Rome, 
1737),  Zenobia  (Naples,  1761),  and  Merope  (Na- 
ples, 1769)  ;  an  oratorio  Ginditta  (17S0)  ;  masses 
and  litanies  ;  solfeggi,  arias,  etc. 

Sal'aman,  Charles  Kensington, b.  London, 
Mar.  3,  1 8 14.  Tianist  ;  pupil  of  Rimbault  and 
Charles  Neate.  Debut  182S,  after  which  he  went 
to  Paris,  and  studied  with  Henri  Herz.  Settled 
in  London  as  a  teacher  in  1831,  giving  annual 
orch.  1  concerts  ;  in  1S35  he  founded,  with  Lucas, 
Blagrove,  and  others,  the  Concerti  da  camera. 
He  played  in  Munich,  Vienna,  etc.,  in  1836; 
lived  in  Rome  1846-S  ;  founded  an  amateur 
choral  society  in  London,  1849  I  began  a  series 
of  mus.  lectures  in  1855  ;  was  a  founder  (1858) 
and  until  1865  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Mus.  Soc. 
of  London  ;  also  of  the  Mus.  Assoc,  in  1S74. 
Contributor  to  the  "Concordia,"    "The  Mus. 


Times,"  etc.;  critic  for  the  "  Circle." — Works  : 
Orchestral  and  vocal  music  ;  many  songs  ;  pf.- 
pieces,  several  of  which  are  favorites. 

Sal'blinger  [Sal'minger],  Sigismund, 
monk  ;  schoolmaster  at  Augsburg;  publ.  the  in- 
teresting coll.s  "Selectissimae  nee  non  familiar- 
issimae  cantiones  .  .  .  ";  "  Concentus  "  a  4-8 
(Augsburg,  1545);  "Cantiones  7,  6  et  5  vocum 
longe  gravissimae"  (1545)  ;  and  "  Cantiones  se- 
lectissimae" a  4  (2  books  ;   1548,  '49). 

Saldo'ni,  Don  Baltasar,  eminent  singing- 
teacher,  composer,  and  writer;  b.  Barcelona,  Jan. 
4,  1807;  d.  Jan. ,1890.  Choir-boy,  and  pupil  of 
Andrevi,  at  Santa  Maria  del  Mar  ;  then  studied 
(1S1S-22)  at  Monserrat  monastery,  brought  out 
some  sacred  music,  and  was  app.  organist  at  S. 
M.  del  Mar.  Going  to  Madrid  in  1829,  he  was 
app.,  on  the  opening  of  the  Cons,  in  1830,  teacher 
of  solfeggio  and  vocalization.  In  1S39  'le  studied 
the  vocal  method  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  where  he 
was  well  received  by  Cherubini,  Bordogni,  and 
others.  The  next  year  he  was  made  1st  prof,  of 
singing  at  the  Madrid  Cons. — Publ.  "  Reseiia 
historica  de  la  .  .  .  colegio  di  miisica  .  .  .  de 
Monserrat  "  from  1456  (1856),  "  Effemerides  de 
miisicos  espanoles  "  (1S60  ;  biographical  notes), 
and  his  singing-method,  "  Nuevo  metodo  de  sol- 
feo  y  de  canto,"  and  24  vocalises; — he  comp. 
Italian  operas  and  Spanish  zarzuelas  ;  a  svm- 
phony  "A  mi  patria "  f.  orch.,  military  band, 
and  organ  ;  14  charact.  pieces  f .  orch. ;  a  can- 
tata, "  Himno  al  Dios  de  lasartes  "  (1S43)  ;  etc.; 
— also  excellent  church-music  with  and  without 
orch.  and  organ  (masses,  motets,  hymns,  Stabat 
Maters,  Misereres);  organ-pieces,  part-songs, 
songs,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Sale,  Francois,  Belgian  composer;  in  15S9 
in  the  service  of  the  Austrian  princess  Magda- 
lena  at  Hall,  Tyrol  ;  in  1594,  tenor  chapel-singer 
to  Emperor  Rudolf  II.  at  Prague,  under  Filippo 
de  Monte. — Publ.  masses  (as  Vol.  i  of  the  "  Pa- 
trocinium  musices  "  printed  for  the  Elector  of 
Bavaria,  1589) ;  motets  (1593)  ;  3  books  of  introits 
(1594,  '96);  a  Christmas  motet,  and  a  mass  (in 
"  Patroc.  mus.,"  159S) ;  and  "Oratio  ad  Sanctam 
B.  V.  Mariam,  Winceslaum,  Adalbertum,  etc." 
(prayers  a  6  to  the  Virgin  and  the  patron  saints 
of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  ;   159S). 

Saleza,  Albert, b.  Bruges,  Beam,  1S67.  Fine 
dramatic  tenor  ;  studied  at  Paris  Cons.  1SS6-8, 
taking  1st  prize  in  singing,  2nd  in  opera.  Debut 
at  the  Opera-Comique,  1SS8,  as  Mylio  in  Le  roi 
d'  Ys ;  sang  1SS9-91  at  Nice,  creating  the  roles 
of  Eneas  in  Berlioz's  Prise  de  Troie,  and  Rich- 
mond in  Salvayre's  Richard  III.  From  1S92, 
eng.  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris. — Roles  :  Faust, 
Masaniello,  Don  Jose  (Carmen),  Romeo,  Jean 
(Prophcle),  Siegmund  (Walkiire),  Otello,  etc. 

Salie'ri,  Antonio,  noted  dramatic  composer; 
b.  Legnago (Verona),  Aug.  19,  1750;  d.  Vienna, 
May  7  (12?),  1825.  Pupil  of  his  brother  Fran- 
cesco (violin)  and  the  organist  Simoni.  His  father 
died  about   1765,  leaving  the  family  destitute ; 


507 


SALIMBENI— SALVAYRE 


S.  went  to  Venice,  and  was  received  into  the  San 
Marco  singing-school,  studying  harmony  under 
Pescetti,  and  singing  under  Pacini.  On  the 
recommendation  of  Giovanni  Mocenigo,  Gass- 
maiin,  who  had  come  to  Venice  to  bring  out  an 
opera,  took  S.  back  with  him  to  Vienna,  and 
provided  there  for  his  education.  During  Gass- 
mann's  absence  in  Rome,  1770,  S.  took  his  place 
as  conductor,  and  produced  his  first  opera,  Le 
donne  letterate,  at  the  Burg  Th.,  with  marked 
success.  From  1770-74,  he  brought  out  9  operas 
in  the  Italian  style,  the  last  being  La  calami  ta. 
de'  atari  ;  on  Gassmann's  death  he  succeeded 
him  as  chamber-composer  and  cond.of  the  Italian 
opera  ;  he  began  a  serious  study  of  Gluck's  style 
under  the  master's  own  direction,  the  latter  aid- 
ing him  to  bring  out  at  Paris  an  opera,  Les 
Danaules,  as  their  joint  work,  and  giving  S.  full 
credit  after  the  twelfth  successful  representation. 
S.then  returned  to  Vienna,  brought  out  five  operas 
within  a  year,  and  in  1786  made  a  second  venture 
in  Paris  with  Les  Horaces,  which  failed;  Tar-are, 
however,  made  a  sensation  in  17S7  (it  was  given 
at  Vienna  in  a  revised  version  as  Axur,  re  d'Or- 
711  as).  In  1788  he  succeeded  Bonno  as  court 
Kapellmeister 'at  Vienna,  retaining  this  post  until 
1S24.  He  was  an  excellent  teacher  ;  Fr.  Schu- 
bert was  his  pupil.  His  40  operas  were  very 
popular  at  the  time,  and  his  style  was  extensively 
imitated  in  Germany  ;  but  he  soon  disappeared 
from  the  stage,  although  he  was  a  master  of 
melody  and  dramatic  effect,  and  treated  the  vocal 
parts  admirably.  Besides  operas  he  wrote  a  dozen 
oratorios  and  cantatas,  5  masses,  a  Requiem, 
several  Te  Deums,  motets,  psalms,  offertories, 
graduals,  vespers  ;  numerous  vocal  canons,  etc., 
etc. ; — also  a  symphony,  an  organ-concerto,  2  pf.- 
concertos,aconcertof.  flute  and  oboe,asymphonie 
concertante  f.  violin, oboe,  and  'cello;  etc. — J.  von 
Mosel  wrote  "  Ueber  das  Leben  und  die  Werke 
des  Anton  Salieri  "  (Vienna,  1827). 

Salimbe'ni,  Felice,  celebrated  stage-soprano 
[niusicd);  b.  Milan,  about  1712  ;  d.  Laibach, 
Aug.,  1 75 1.  A  pupil  of  Porpora,  he  sang  at 
first  in  Italy,  from  1733-7  m  the  Vienna  court 
chapel,  again  in  Italy,  and  from  1743-50  at  the 
Italian  Opera,  Berlin  ;  then  in  Dresden  for  about 
a  year. 

Sali'nas,  Francisco,  b.  Burgos,  Spain, 
about  1 5 12  ;  d.  1590  as  prof,  of  music  at  the 
Univ.   of  Salamanca. — Publ.    "  De  musica  libri 

VII  .  .  ."(1577). 

Sallantin,  Antoine,  oboe-virtuoso  ;  b.  Paris, 
1754.  Member  of  the  Opera  orch.  1773-1813  ; 
oboe-teacher  at  the  Cons.  1794-1S13,  then  re- 
tiring. He  died  a  few  years  later. — Publ.  a 
flute-concerto. 

Salo,  Gasparo  da.     See  Gasparo. 

Sa'loman,  Siegfried,  b.  Tondern,  Schles- 
wig,  in  1S1S  ;  d.  Stockholm,  in  Aug.,  1S99. 
Pupil  in  comp.  of  Siboni,  Copenhagen,  and  Fr. 
Schneider,  1  >essau  ;  in  violin-playing  of  Lipin- 
ski,    Dresden    (1841).      Lectured    on    music    in 


Copenhagen,  and  produced  several  operas  (The 
Diamond  Cross,  1847)  ;  toured  Russia,  Ger- 
many, and  Holland  1847-50,  then  marrying  the 
singer  Henriette  Nissen,  travelling  with  her,  and 
settling  in  St.  Petersburg  in  1859.  He  wrote 
overtures,  also  pieces  f.  violin,  and  songs,  a  few 
of  which  have  been  publ. 

Salome,  Theodore-Cesar,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  20, 
1834 ;  d.  St. -Germain,  July,  1896.  Pupil  of 
Ambr.  Thomas  and  Bazin  at  the  Paris  Cons., 
winning  2nd  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1861. 
Second  organist  at  La  Trinite.  Wrote  a  sym- 
phony and  many  organ-pieces. 

Sa'lomon,  Johann  Peter,  b.  Bonn,  Jan., 
1745  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  28,  1815.  Violin-vir- 
tuoso ;  member  of  the  Electoral  orch.  at  Bonn, 
1758-65  ;  after  a  successful  concert-tour,  Concert- 
meister  to  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia  at  Rheins- 
berg  ;  settled  in  London,  17S1,  as  a  concert- 
player  (he  had  hardly  a  rival  in  quartet-playing) 
and  leader  in  various  orchestras.  In  1786  he 
gave  a  series  of  concerts  (symphonies  by  Mozart 
and  Haydn,  etc.).  While  on  the  Continent  in 
1790  to  engage  singers  for  the  Italian  opera,  he 
persuaded  Haydn  to  make  his  first  visit  to  Lon- 
don ;  the  latter  wrote  his  last  quartets  expressly 
for  S.  He  founded  the  London  Philharm.  Soc. 
in  1813. 

Sa'lomon,  Moritz,  mus.  dir.  at  Wernigerode, 
Ilarz  ;  publ.  "  Ueber  Natorp's  Anleitung  zur 
Unterweisung  im  Singen "  (1S20  ;  unfavorable 
to  N.'s  system);  and  a  mus.  novel,  "  Eduards 
letzte  Jahre  "  (1826  ;  2  vol.s). 

Salomon,  M.,  b.  Besancon,  1786  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  19,  1831.  Guitar-player ;  invented  the 
3-necked  "  Ilarpolyre,"  the  middle  neck  with 
fretted  fingerboard  strung  like  the  ordinary 
guitar,  the  other  necks  with  free  strings.  He 
publ.  pieces  for  guitar. 

Salomon,  Hector,  b.  Strassburg,  May  29, 
1838.  Pupil  of  Jonas  and  Marmontel  (pf.), 
Bazin  (harm.),  and  Halevy  (comp.).  Accom- 
panist at  the  Bouffes-Parisiens  ;  from  i860  at 
the  Th.-Lyrique  ;  in  1870,  2nd  chorusmaster, 
now  (iSgg)  chef  de  chant,  at  the  Grand  Opera. 
Has  prod,  a  few  short  operas,  etc.,  and  publ. 
many  songs,  pf. -pieces  with  and  without  violin 
or  'cello,  etc. 

Salter,  Sumner,  b.  Burlington,  Iowa,  June 
24,  1S56.  Studied  at  Amherst  College,  and  under 
prominent  Boston  teachers.  Organist  and  mu- 
sical director. — Works  :  Church-music,  songs, 
etc. 

Salvayre,  (Gervais-Bernard-)  Gaston,  b. 
Toulouse,  June  24,  1S47.  Pupil  of  the  cathe- 
draX-maitrise,  then  of  Toulouse  Cons.,  and  fi- 
nally of  Paris  Cons.  (Benoist,  org.;  Bazin,  cpt.; 
Thomas,  comp.),  taking  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome 
in  1872  with  the  cantata  Calypso.  Chorusmaster 
at  the  Opera-Populaire,  1877,  since  then  pro- 
ducing several  operas  ;  went  to  Serbia  in  1894  to 
reorganize  military  music  ;  is  mus.  critic  to  the 
"  Gil  Bias";    Chev.  of  the  Legion  of  Honor; 


508 


SAMARA— SANTLEY 


etc. — Works  :  The  4-act  comic  opera  Le  Bravo 
(1877)  ;  ballet  Le  Fandango  (Opera,  1877)  ;  4-act 
opera  Richard  III  (St.  Petersburg,  1883);  4-act 
lyric  drama  Egmont  (Op. -Com.,  1886);  5-act 
opera  La  Dame  dc  Montsoreau  (Opera,  1888) ; 
others  in  preparation.  Also  the  Biblical  sym- 
phony "  La  Resurrection  "  ;  a  symphonic  over- 
ture ;  the  113th  Psalm  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  a 
Stabat  Mater  [envoie  de  Rome)  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Samara,  Spiro,  dram.  comp. ;  b.  Corfu,  Nov. 
29,  1861.  Pupil  of  Enrico  Stancampiano  in 
Athens  ;  later  of  Leo  Delibes  at  the  Paris  Cons. 
— First  opera,  Flora  mirabilis  (Milan,  1886  ;  in 
other  Ital.  cities,  and  in  Corfu,  with  much  suc- 
cess) ;  Medge  (Rome,  1SS8)  ;  Lionella  (Milan, 
1S91)  ;  3-act  opera  seria  La  Mar  tire  (Naples, 
1894  ;  Paris,  189S)  ;  lyric  comedy  La  Fur  in 
domata  (Milan,  1895). — Flora  mirabilis,  also 
numerous  songs  and  pf. -pieces,  have  been  publ. 

Sammarti'ni,  Pietro,  court  musician  at  Flor- 
ence ;  publ.  3  books  of  motets  (1635-43),  ar)d 
"Salmi  concertati"  a  8  (1643),  and  "Salmi  brevi 
concertati"  a  4  (1644). 

Sammarti'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Milan, 
about  1705  ;  d.  about  1775.  Organist  in  2 
Milanese  churches  ;  m.  di  capp.  1730-70  at  the 
convent  of  Santa  Maria  Maddalena.  Precursor 
of  Haydn  in  symphonic  composition  and  cham- 
ber-music ;  prod,  his  first  symphony  in  1734. 
Most  prolific  comp.;  he  publ.  24  symphonies,  12 
trios  f.  2  violins  w.  bass,  and  some  nocturnes  f. 
flute  and  violin.  Gluck  was  his  pupil. — His 
brother  Giuseppe  d.  1740  in  London  as  cham- 
ber-musician (oboist)  to  the  Prince  of  Wales  ;  he 
publ.  12  sonatas  (trios)  f.  2  oboes  and  bass  ;  6 
flute-sonatas;  6  Concerti  grossi ;  and  8  overtures. 

Samuel,  Adolphe,  b.  Liege,  July  11,  1824; 
d.  Ghent,  Sept.  11,  1898.  Pupil  of  Conservatories 
at  Liege  and  Brussels,  winning  at  the  latter  the 
Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1S45,  and  becoming  prof, 
of  harmony  in  i860 ;  from  1871,  Director  of 
Ghent  Cons.  He  founded  the  Brussels  Popular 
Concerts  in  1S65  ;  and  in  1869  organized  the 
first  of  the  annual  grand  nnis.  festivals  (orch.  of 
450,  chorus  of  1200). — Works  :  5  operas  (//  a 
reve",  '45  ;  Giovanni  da  Procida,  '48 ;  Madeleine, 
'49  ;  Les  deux  pr/teudauts,  '51  ;  V Heure  de  la 
retraite,  '52)  ;  music  to  Potvin's  Les  Gueux ; 
choruses  w.  orch.  to  Racine's  Esther ;  several 
cantatas  ;  etc. — 7  symphonies  (No.  6  in  D  min., 
1S91  ;  No.  7,  "  Christ,"  in  1895)  ;  a  symphonic 
fragment,  "Roland  a  Roncevaux";  overtures; 
string-quartets  ;  pf. -pieces  ; — "Cours  d'harmonie 
pratique  et  d'accompagnement  de  la  basse  chif- 
free";  report  on  the  mus.  instr.s  at  the  Paris 
Exposition,  187S  (in  "  La  Belgique  a  l'Exposition 
universelle  de  1878")  ;  etc. 

Sanctis,  Cesare  de.     See  De  Sanctis. 

Sand'berger,  Adolf,  b.  Wiirzburg,  Dec.  19, 
1864.  From  1881-7  he  studied  comp.  at  the  R. 
School  of  Music  there,  and  at  Munich;  also 
mus.  science  at  the  Universities  of  Wiirzburg 
and  Berlin  (under  Spitta) ;  Dr.  p/iil.,  1SS7.     In 


1889  provisional,  1892  regular,  custodian  of  the 
mus.  department  of  the  Munich  Library,  also 
lecturer  at  the  Univ.  from  1893  ;  in  1S9S,  suc- 
ceeded Adler  as  prof,  of  music  at  Prague  Univ. 
— Works  :  3-act  opera  Ludivig  der  Springer 
(Koburg,  1S95  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  overture  (op.  8)  ; 
chorus  w.  orch.  (op.  5)  ;  choruses  f.  mixed 
voices  ;  songs  ;  a  violin-sonata  (op.  10)  ; — 
"Leben  und  Werke  des  Dichtermusikers  P. 
Cornelius"  (18S7)  ;  "  E.  Chabriers  Gwendoline" 
(1892)  ;  "  P.  Cornelius'  Cid"  (1893)  ;  "  Beitrage 
zur  Geschichte  der  bayerischen  Hofkapelle  unter 
Orlando  di  Lasso"  (3  vol.s  :  Vol.  i,  Life,  1893  ; 
Vol.  iii,  Documents,  1894;  Vol.  ii  not  yet  publ.)  ; 
many  essays  and  articles  in  papers. — S.  is  the 
editor  of  the  complete  ed.  of  Orl.  di  Lasso's 
works. 

San'der,  Constantin.     See  Leuckart. 

Sanderson,  Lillian,  mezzo-soprano  ;  b.  Mil- 
waukee, Oct.  13,  1S67.  At  14  her  singing  in 
church  attracted  attention  ;  she  studied  with 
Stockhausen  in  Frankfort-on-Main  ;  debut  as 
concert-singer  at  Berlin,  1890  ;  since  then,  suc- 
cessful tours  to,  the  chief  cities  of  Europe.  Mar- 
ried Herr  Rummel.      Living  in  Berlin. 

Sanderson,  Sibyl,  soprano  opera-singer  ;  b. 
Sacramento,  Cal.,  in  1S65.  Studied  in  Paris. 
Very  successful  debut  at  the  Opera-Comique, 
1889. 

Sando'ni.     See  Cuzzoni. 

Sandt,  Max  van  de,  b.  Rotterdam,  Oct.  iS, 
1863.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Liszt 
(1884-6).  Toured  Germany,  Austria,  Switzer- 
land, France,  etc.,  with  conspicuous  success  ;  in 
1889  succeeded  Bischoff  as  pf. -teacher  at  the 
Stern  Cons.,  Berlin. 

Sangiovan'ni,  Antonio,  noted  singing- 
teacher  ;  b.  Bergamo,  Italy,  Sept.  14,  1831  ;  d. 
Milan,  Jan.,  1892.  Pupil  of  Milan  Cons., 
1842-9  ;  from  1854,  prof,  of  singing  there. 

Santi'ni,  Abbate  Fortunato,  b.  Rome,  Tan. 
5,  177S  ;  d.  (?).  Noted  as  the  collector  of  one 
of  the  finest  mus.  libraries  ever  formed,  of  which 
he  publ.  a  catalogue  in  1S20;  a  Russian  amateur, 
Vladimer  Stassow,  publ.  in  1854  "  L'abbe  San- 
tini  et  sa  collection  musicale  a  Rome." 

Sant'ley,  Charles,  baritone  singer  in  opera 
and  concert ;  b.  Liverpool,  Feb.  28,  1834.  A 
chorister  and  amateur  singer,  he  studied  with 
Nava  in  Milan,  1855-7,  then  with  Garcia  at 
London,  and  made  his  professional  debut  as 
Adam  in  Haydn's  Creation,  Nov.  16,  1857. 
Since  then  he  has  been  the  foremost  concert- 
baritone  of  England,  taking  part  in  most  promi- 
nent festivals  (e.g.,  those  of  the  Three  Choirs, 
1863-94).  His  stage-debut  was  at  Covent  Gar- 
den, Oct.  I,  1859,  as  Hoel  in  Dinorah ;  he 
joined  the  Carl  Rosa  Company  in  1875,  and 
toured  with  it  for  several  years  with  great  suc- 
cess. He  visited  America  in  1871  and  1891  ; 
Australia  in  1889-90.  He  has  comp.  a  mass  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  an  offertory,  an  Ave  Maria, 


509 


SANTUCCI— SARRETTE 


etc.;  a  Berceuse  f.  orch.  (iSgo) ;  a  madrigal  and 
some  songs  have  been  publ.  under  the  pseudo- 
nym "  Ralph  Betterton."— His  wife  was  the 
soprano  vocalist  Gertrude  Kemble  (Charles 
Kt-mble's  granddaughter);  she  died  Sept.  i, 
1S82.  Their  daughter  Edith  is  also  a  soprano 
of  some  note  ;  she  retired  after  her  marriage  in 
1884. 

Santuc'ci,  Marco,  b.  Camajore,  July  4,  1762  ; 
d.  Eucca,  1843,  as  maestro  and  canon  at  the 
cathedral.  He  was  Anfossi's  successor  (1797- 
1S08)  as  maestro  at  S.  Giovanni  in  Laterano, 
Rome.  A  motet  a  16,  for  4  choirs,  received  a 
prize  from  the  Accad.  Napoleone  in  1806.  He 
also  wrote  masses,  motets,  psalms,  canons  up  to 
7  parts,  symphonies,  organ-sonatas,  etc. 

Sapell'nikoff,  Wassily,  b.  Odessa,  Oct.  21, 
1868.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Franz  Kessler,  and 
then  (with  a  stipend  from  the  city  of  Odessa, 
given  on  A.  Rubinstein's  recommendation)  of 
E.  Brassin  and  Sophie  Menter  at  the  St.  Peters- 
burg Cons.,  for  5  years.  In  1888  he  made  his 
debut  at  Hamburg  with  the  Tschaikowski  con- 
certo in  B  J),  played  under  the  composer's  direc- 
tion. Since  then  he  has  made  tours  ;  also  to 
England. 

Saran,  August  (Friedrich),  b.  Altenpla- 
thow,  Province  of  Saxony,  Feb.  28,  1S36.  Pupil 
of  Friedrich  Ehrlich  at  Magdeburg,  and  (1854) 
of  R.  Franz  in  Halle,  where  he  went  to  study 
theology ;  became  a  teacher,  army-chaplain, 
and  (1873)  Superintendent  at  Zehdenick,  Bran- 
denburg ;  since  18S5,  at  Bromberg,  where  he 
conducts  the  church  choral  society.  Has  comp. 
pf. -pieces  and  songs  ;  wrote  a  pamphlet,  "Robert 
Franz  ";  has  made  excellent  arr.s  of  Old  Ger- 
man songs. 

Sarasa'te,  Pablo  de  [Pablo  Martin  Meli- 
ton  Sarasate  y  Navascuez],  remarkable  vio- 
1  i  n-v  i  r  t  u  o  s  o  ;  b. 
Pamplona,  Spain, 
Mar.  10,  1844.  At 
the  age  of  ten  he 
played  before  Queen 
Isabella,  who  pre- 
sented him  with  a 
fine  Stradivarius. 
After  successful 
concerts  in  Spain 
he  studied  1856-9 
at  the  Paris  Cons, 
under  Alard,  taking 
the  1st  prize  in  the 
violin-class  in  1857, 
and  a  premier  ae- 
cessit  in  1859.  He 
soon  renounced  the  study  of  composition  (under 
Reber)  for  the  career  of  a  virtuoso  ;  he  is  unex- 
celled in  purity  and  beauty  of  tone,  and  perfec- 
tion of  technique.  He  has  played  in  all  Euro- 
pean countries,  visiting  London  in  1874,  1877— 
8,  and  1885-6  ;  went  to  America  in   1889  (his 


second  visit)  with  d'Albert.  Lalo  wrote  for  him 
his  1st  violin-concerto  and  the  "  Symphonie 
espagnole";  Bruch,  the  2nd  concerto  and  the 
Scotch  Fantasia;  A.  C.  Mackenzie,  the  "Pi- 
broch "  Suite.  Besides  many  fantasias  on  ope- 
ratic airs,  S.  has  publ.  "  Zigeunerweisen "  f. 
violin  and  orch.,  op.  20;  Spanische  Tanze  f. 
vln.  and  pf. ,  6  books,  op.  26  ;  a  Serenade  anda- 
louse  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  several  solo  pieces  for  vio- 
lin ;  etc. 

Sarmien'to,  Salvatore,  b.  Palermo,  1817  ; 
d.  Naples,  May  13,  1S69.  St.  at  Naples  Cons, 
under  Furno,  Zingarelli,  and  Donizetti.  From 
1854,  m.  di  capp.  to  the  King. — Operas  (1S37- 
52):  Valeria  la  cieca  ;  II  Corsaro  ;  IlTratnonte 
del  sole;  Costanza  d' ' Arragona ;  Cuilhery  le 
trompette  (Paris,  1852). — A  cantata,  Le  tre  ore 
dell'  agonia  ;  a  Requiem  ;  songs. 

Sa'ro,  J.  Heinrich,  b.  Jessen,  Prov.  of  Sax- 
ony, Jan.  4,  1827  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  27,  1891. 
In  1859,  bandmaster  of  the  Emperor  Franz 
Regiment  in  Berlin  ;  in  1S67  his  band  won  the 
victory  in  the  international  contest  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  ;  in  1S72  he  was  awarded  a  gold 
medal  at  the  Boston  Jubilee.  He  was  "  Royal 
Music-Director." — Works:  Die  beiden  Berg- 
knappen,  opera  ;  a  symphony  ;  overtures  ;  string- 
quartets  ;  military  music  ;  and  a  "  Lehre  vom 
musikalischen  Wohlklang  und  Tonsatz.  " 

Sarrette,  Bernard,  the  founder  of  the  Paris 
Conservatoire  ;  b.  Bordeaux,  Nov.  27,  1765  ; 
d.  Paris,  Apr.  13,  1S58.  A  captain  in  the  na- 
tional guard  at  Paris,  he  brought  together,  after 
the  14th  of  July,  1789,  45  musicians  to  form  the 
nucleus  of  the  Parisian  band  of  the  national 
guard.  In  1790  the  City  of  Paris  assumed  the 
expenses  of  this  band,  which  was  increased  to 
70  members,  among  them  artists  of  distinction. 
In  1792  the  financial  embarrassments  of  the 
commune  led  to  a  suspension  of  payment  ;  but 
S.  held  the  band  together,  and,  with  the  aid  of 
the  municipality,  established  a  free  school  of 
music  employing  all  the  members  as  teachers. 
From  this  school  came  the  musicians  employed 
in  the  fourteen  armies  of  the  Republic.  Its 
energetic  principal  soon  had  it  converted  into  a 
national  Institute  of  Music  ;  and  in  Sept.,  1795, 
it  was  definitively  organized  as  a  Conservatory. 
Sarrette,  having  attained  his  end,  assumed  the 
captaincy  of  the  103rd  Regiment  ;  but  the  board 
of  directors  (5  Inspectors  and  4  professors) 
proved  so  incompetent,  that  he  was  recalled  to 
the  Directorship  of  the  Conservatoire  in  1796. 
By  introducing  advanced  methods  of  instruction, 
establishing  the  school  of  declamation,  the  con- 
cert-hall, the  grand  library,  etc.,  he  raised  the 
Cons,  to  an  institution  of  the  first  rank.  At  the 
Restoration  in  1S14  he  was  deprived  of  his  posi- 
tion ;  nor  would  he  accept  it  after  the  revolution 
of  1830,  not  wishing  to  oust  his  friend  Cheru- 
bini. — Pierre  Constant  wrote  "  B.  Sarrette  et  les 
origines  du  Conservatoire  national  de  musique 
et  de  declamation"  (Paris,  1S95). 


510 


SARRI— SAURET 


Sar'ri,  Domenico,  b.  Trani,  Naples,  1678  ; 
d.  after  1741.  Pupil  (168S-97)  of  Salvatori  and 
Provenzale  in  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  ;  in  1706  2nd, 
in  1713  1st  maestro  at  the  Naples  court.  lie 
prod,  a  score  of  operas  ;  several  oratorios  ;  a 
cantata  ;  3  serenades  ;  a  concerto  f.  2  violins, 
flute,  viola,  'cello,  and  d.-bass  ;  etc. 

Sar'ti,  Giuseppe,  called  il  Domenichi'no, 
b.  Faenza,  Dec.  1,  1729  ;  d.  Berlin,  July  28, 
1802.  A  pupil  of  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna,  he 
was  organist  at  Faenza  Cath.  1748-50  ;  in  this 
town  his  first  opera,  Pompeo  in  Armenia,  was  suc- 
cessfully produced  (175 1).  II  re  pas/ore  (Venice, 
1 753)i  and  others,  made  him  so  famous,  that  in 
1753  he  was  called  to  Copenhagen  as  director  of 
the  Italian  opera  and  conductor  to  the  Crown 
Prince.  On  the  closing  of  the  opera  2  years 
later,  S.  was  made  court  cond.;  in  1765  he  was 
commissioned  to  engage  singers  in  Italy  for  a 
new  company,  but  the  king's  death,  and  other 
matters,  kept  him  there  for  three  years  ;  he  re- 
turned to  Copenhagen  in  1768,  conducted  the 
court  opera  1770-5,  and  was  then  dismissed  for 
political  reasons.  For  4  years  he  was  director  of 
the  Cons,  dell'  Ospedaletto  at  Venice.  In  a 
competition  with  the  leading  musicians  of  Italy, 
held  at  the  Naples  Cons,  in  1779,  he  obtained  the 
position  of  maestro di  cappella  at  Milan  Cathedral, 
vacated  by  Fioroni's  decease.  This  victory  so 
increased  his  reputation,  that  many  students  of 
distinction  sought  his  instruction,  among  them 
Cherubini.  This  was  also  the  period  of  his 
greatest  dramatic  success  ;  of  some  15  operas 
prod,  from  1776-S4,  the  finest  were  Le  gelosie 
villane  and  Farnaee  (Venice,  1776),  Achille  in 
Sciro  (Florence,  1779),  Ginlio  Sabino  (Venice, 
1781),  and  Zt-  nozze di  Dorina (Venice,  17S2).  In 
Milanhe  also  wrote  several  grandcantatas,  and, for 
the  cathedral,  several  masses,  a  Misereres  4,  and 
some  important  motets  (most  are  in  MS.  at  the 
cathedral).  Invited  to  St.  Petersburg  by  Catherine 
II.,  he  passed  through  Vienna,  where  he  was 
royally  received  by  the  Emperor,  and  met  Mozart; 
his  pedantic  strictures  on  the  latter's  music  (quar- 
tets) go  far  to  explain  the  comparatively  short 
life  of  most  of  his  own  works.  In  St.  Petersburg 
he  lived  for  18  years,  excepting  a  brief  period 
of  disgrace  owing  to  the  machinations  of  the 
Todi,  then  a  prime  favorite  with  the  Empress. 
He  raised  the  Italian  opera  to  an  unexampled 
state  of  efficiency,  and  composed  valuable  works 
for  the  court  choir,  among  them  a  Te  Deum  (on 
the  taking  of  Otchakow  by  Potemkin)  in  which 
the  martial  effect  of  the  music  was  reinforced 
by  cannon-shots.  His  opera  Armida  (1786)  ob- 
tained sweeping  success.  In  1793  he  was  app. 
director  of  the  Cons,  at  Jekaterinoslav,  organized 
on  the  Italian  plan.  He  was  ennobled  in  1795. 
He  died  on  the  homeward  journey,  undertaken 
because  of  failing  health. — Of  his  40  operas,  not 
one  is  now  played  ;  some  of  his  masses  are  still 
performed,  but  all  the  rest  of  his  music  is 
practically  forgotten,  and  very  little  was  ever 
printed. 


Sarto'rio,  Antonio,  b.  Venice,  about  1620  ; 
d.  there  about  1681.  Dram.  comp. ;  from  1676 
asst.  m.  di  capp.  at  San  Marco.  From  1652-81 
he  prod.  14  operas  in  Venice  ;  also  publ.  Psalms 
a  8  (16S0). 

Sass  [Sax],  Marie- Constance,  French 
operatic  soprano  ;  b.  Ghent,  Jan.  26,  1S38.  "Dis- 
covered," while  a  chansonette-singer  in  a  Paris 
cafe,  by  Mme.  Ugalde,  who  taught  her,  and 
recommended  her  to  Carvalho ;  debut  as  the 
Countess  in  Figaro  at  the  Th.-Lyrique,  1859  ; 
sang  with  great  success  at  the  Opera  from  1860- 
71  ;  then  in  Italy.  Married  Castelmary  in  1864; 
divorced  1S67. 

Sat'ter,  Gustav,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  12,  1832. 
Pianist  ;  trained  as  an  amateur  in  Vienna,  then 
in  Paris,  whither  he  had  gone  to  study  medicine. 
He  threw  over  the  latter  profession,  toured  the 
United  States  and  Brazil  with  much  success  in 
1854-60,  and  returned  to  Paris,  where  Berlioz 
warmly  praised  his  compositions  ;  he  resided 
successively  in  Vienna,  Dresden,  Hanover, 
Gothenburg,  and  Stockholm,  later  revisiting 
America. — Works:  An  opera,  Olanthe ;  over- 
tures "Lorelei,"  "Julius  Cesar,"  "An  die 
Freude "  ;  2  symphonies  ;  a  symphonic  tone- 
picture,  "Washington";  pf. -quartets  ;  trios; 
many  pf. -pieces  (sonatas  op.  104,  107,  157  ;  Six 
Grand  Studies,  op.  158  ;  4Valses  de  concert,  op. 
in,  113,  114,  117  ;  a  Saltarello,  op.  147  ;  etc.). 

Sat'tler,  Heinrich,  b.  Quedlinburg,  Apr.  3, 
1811  ;  d.  Brunswick,  Oct.  17,  1891.  From  1S61, 
music-teacher  at  Oldenburg  Seminary. — Publ. 
an  Organ-Method  ;  methods  for  harmony  and 
for  school-singing  ;  a  work  on  "  Die  Orgel "  (5 
editions) ; — comp.  an  oratorio,  Die  Sachsentaufe ; 
a  cantata,  Triumph  des  Glaubens ;  Schiller's 
"  Der  Taucher "  ;  a  mass  f.  3  female  voices; 
chamber-music  ;  organ-pieces  ;  etc. 

Sau'er,  Wilhelm,  famous  German  organ- 
builder,  establ.  since  1857  at  Frankfort-on-Oder ; 
b.  Friedland,  Mecklenberg,  Mar.  23,  1831. 

Sau'er,  Emil,  piano-virtuoso;  b.  Hamburg, 
Oct.  8,  1862.  Pupil  of  his  mother ;  then  of  N. 
Rubinstein  at  Moscow,  iS 79-81,  and  of  Liszt  at 
Weimar,  1884-5.  Since  1882  on  tour — Germany, 
Austria,  Rumania,  Russia  (3  times),  Sweden, 
Denmark,  Spain,  Italy,  and  England  ;  in  the 
United  States  1898-9.  Both  in  technique  and 
expression  he  vies  with  the  best  pianists  of 
the  time. — Works  :  Suite  moderne  (5  movem.)  ; 
"  Aus  lichten  Tagen,"  5  pieces  ;  Concert-etude  ; 
Romance  sans  paroles  ;  Valse  de  concert  ;  etc. 
(all  f.  pf.). 

Saurel,  Emma,  b.  Palermo,  1850.  Opera- 
singer  ;  brilliant  debut  at  Pisa  ;  sang  in  Italy, 
then  in  South  America  and  Mexico  with  Tam- 
berlik,  and  at  New  York  with  Nilsson  ;  later 
in  Portugal  and  Russia,  and  1S7S-9  at  Berlin. 

Sauret,  Emile,  superb  violinist;  b.  Dun-le- 
Roi,  Cher,  France,  May  22,    1S52.     Studied  in 


511 


SAUVEUR— SCACCHI 


the  Conservatories  at  Faris  and  Brussels  (he 
was  de  Beriot's  last  pupil).  From  the  age  of  8 
he  travelled  in 
France,  Italy,  and 
Austria  with  suc- 
cess ;  his  London 
debut  was  at  Cov- 
ent  Garden,  1866  ; 
he  made  American 
tours  in  1872, 1S74- 
6,  1877,  and  1895. 
Teacher  in  Kul- 
lak's  Acad.,  Ber- 
lin, 1SS0-1  ;  lived 
ten  years  in  Berlin, 
and  in  1890  was 
app.  violin-prof,  at 
the  R.  A.  M., 
London,  to  succeed 
repertory  embraces  70  concertos,  and  about  400 
other  works. — Works:  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum 
du  violoniste "  (Leipzig,  1894);  2  violin-con- 
certos (E  maj.  and  G  min.)  ;  about  130  other 
pieces  f.  violin,  w.  or  without  orch.  ;  about  25 
transcriptions  ;  20  Grandes  etudes  ;  12  Etudes 
artistiques. 

Sauveur,  Joseph,  b.  La  Fleche,  Mar.  24, 
1653;  d.  Paris,  July  9,  1716.  A  deaf-mute, 
learning  to  speak  in  his  7th  year,  he  became  a 
remarkable  investigator  in  the  realm  of  acous- 
tics ;  in  1696,  member  of  the  Academic  — 
Works  :  "  Principes  d'acoustique  et  de  musique  " 
(1700-1)  ;  "Application  des  sons  harmoniques 
a.  la  composition  des  jeux  d'orgue "  (1702); 
"  Methode  generale  pour  former  des  systemes 
temperes  ..."  (1707)  ;  "  Table  generale  des 
systemes  temperes  "  (171 1)  ;  "  Rapports  des  sons 
des  cordes  d'instr.s  de  musique  aux  fleches 
des  cordes  ..."  (1713)  [all  publ.  in  the  Me- 
moires  of  the  Academie].  He  was  the  first  to 
calculate  absolute  vibration-numbers,  and  to  ex- 
plain scientifically  the  phenomena  of  overtones. 

Sauzay,  (Charles-)  Eugene,  violinist ;  b. 
Paris,  July  14,  1809.  Private  pupil  of  Vidal  ; 
studied  later  under  Baillot  in  the  Conservatoire, 
playing  2nd  violin,  and  afterwards  viola,  in  the 
latter's  quartet.  With  Norblin  he  organized 
chamber-music  soirees  ;  in  1840,  solo  violinist  to 
Louis  Philippe,  later  leader  of  second  violins  in 
the  orch.  of  Napoleon  III.;  in  1S60,  Girard's 
successor  as  violin-prof,  at  the  Cons. — Publ.  a 
string-trio;  pieces  f.  pf.,  violin,  and  'cello; 
"Etudes  harmoniques"  f.  violin;  fantasias, 
etc.,  f.  violin  and  pf. ;  pf.-pieces  ; — also  "Haydn, 
Mozart,  Beethoven,  etude  sur  le  quatuor  "  (1861)  ; 
and  "  L'ecole  de  l'accompagnement "  (1869). 

Savard,  Marie-Gabriel-Augustin,  b.  Paris, 

Aug.  21,  1814  ;  d.  there  June,  1SS1.  Prof,  of 
harmony  and  thorough-bass  at  Paris  Cons. — 
Works  :  "  (ours  complet  d'harmonie  ..." 
(1S53)  ;  "  Manuel  d'harmonie  "  ;  "  Principes  de 
la  musique"  (1S61  ;  4th  ed.  1875);  "  Recueil 
de    plain-chant   d'eglise"    a   3-4;    "Premieres 


notions  de  musique"  (1866  ;  5th  ed.  1868)  ;  and 
"  Etudes  d'harmonie  pratique,"  2  vol.s. 

Savart,  Felix,  b.  Mezieres,  June  30,  1791  ; 
d.  Paris,  March,  1841.  Prof,  of  acoustics  at  the 
College  de  France  ;  in  1827,  member  of  the 
Academie. — Works  [publ.  in  the  "  Annales  de 
physique  et  de  chimie  "  ]  :  "  Memoire  sur  la 
construction  des  instr.s  a  cordes  et  a  archet " 
(1S19  ;  separate  reprint)  ;  "  Sur  la  communica- 
tion des  mouvements  vibratoires  entre  les  corps 
solides  "  (1820);  "Sur  les  vibrations  de  l'air  " 
(1823);  "Sur  la  voix  humaine  "  (1825);  "Sur 
la  communication  des  mouvements  vibratoires 
par  les  liquides "  (1826);  "Sur  la  voix  des 
oiseaux"  (1826) ;  etc. 

Sax,  Charles-Joseph,  b.  Dinant-sur-Meuse, 
Belgium,  Feb.  1,  1791  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  26,  1865. 
Established  an  instrument-factory  at  Brussels  in 
1815,  making  wind-instr.s,  and  also  pianos,  vio- 
lins, harps,  and  guitars  ;  his  specialty,  however, 
was  brass  instr.s,  of  which  he  materially  im- 
proved the  scale.  He  joined  his  son  Adolphe  in 
Paris,  1853. 

Sax,  (Antoine- Joseph -)  Adolphe,  famous 
instrument-maker,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Dinant, 
Nov.  6,  1814;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  9,  1894.  At  the 
Brussels  Cons,  he  studied  the  flute  and  clarinet  ; 
Bender  called  him  his  best  pupil.  A  skilful 
workman  from  early  youth,  he  made  improve- 
ments in  the  clarinet  1835-40,  and  in  1842  went 
to  Paris  with  a  new  instr.  invented  by  himself, 
the  "  Saxophone  "  (a  metal  wind-instr.  with 
single-reed  mouthpiece  and  conical  bore).  Ber- 
lioz and  other  prominent  musicians  speedily 
recognized  the  importance  of  S.'s  invention,  and 
warmly  advocated  its  adoption.  S.,  aided  by  his 
father,  continued  his  experiments,  and  evolved 
two  other  groups  of  wind-instr.s,  the  saxhorns 
(improved  from  the  bugle-horn  and  ophicleide 
by  replacing  the  keys  by  a  valve-mechanism), 
and  the  saxotromba,  midway  in  tone  between 
the  bugle  and  the  horn.  His  instr.s  were  grad- 
ually adopted  by  French  military  bands  ;  the 
saxophone  is  sometimes  employed  in  orchestral 
and  chamber-music.  S.  was  app.  teacher  of  the 
saxophone  at  the  Paris  Cons,  in  1857  ;  he  publ. 
a  method  for  that  instr.  Wieprecht,  Cerveny, 
and  others,  have  disputed  the  originality  of  his 
inventions  ;  but  legal  decisions  have  been  uni- 
formly in  his  favor. 

Sax,   Marie.     Early  stage-name  of   Marie 

Sass. 

SboPci,  Jefte,  b.  Florence,  Sept.  5,  1833  ; 
d.  there  Dec.  7,  1895.  Fine  'cellist,  from  1865 
prof,  at  the  Istituto  Musicale.  Founder  and 
director  of  the  Florentine  Societa.  Orchestrale  ; 
member  of  the  first  famous  Florentine  Quartet 
(Buonamici,  Bruni,  Vannuccini,  Sbolci). 

Scac'chi,  Marco,  a  native  of  Rome,  and 
pupil  of  F.  Anerio  ;  161S-48,  royal  cond.  at 
Warsaw.  —  l'ubl.  3  books  of  madrigals  a  5 
(1634-7)  ;  I  of  masses  a  4-6  (1638) ;  a  funeral 


512 


SCALCHI— SCARLATTI 


ode  (1647) ;  "  Cribrum  musicum  ad  triticum 
Syfertinum  "  (criticizing  Paul  Syfert's  settings  of 
psalms  ;  also  contains  masses,  motets,  etc.,  by 
other  musicians) ;  and  "  Breve  discorso  sopra  la 
musica  moderna  "  (1647). 

Scal'chi,  Sofia,  dram,  mezzo-soprano  ;  b. 
Turin,  Nov.  29,  1850.  A  pupil  of  Boccabadati, 
her  debuts  at  Mantua  (1866)  and  London  (1S68) 
were  very  successful.  She  has  sung  in  Great 
Britain,  St.  Petersburg,  Moscow,  Warsaw, 
Vienna,  and  Madrid  ;  also  in  Rio  de  Janeiro 
and  New  York  (1SS3).  She  takes  mezzo-soprano 
or  alto  roles  in  operas  by  Verdi,  Donizetti,  Cima- 
rosa,  Meyerbeer,  Nicolai,  Masse,  etc.  Married 
Signor  Lolli  in  1875. 

Scalet'ta,  Orazio,  a  native  of  Crema  ;  d.  at 
Padua,  1630,  as  maestro  at  S.  Antonio. — Publ. 
"  Villanelle  alia  romana  "  a  3  (1590)  ;  madrigals 
<r  6  ;  a  short  Requiem  mass  ;  and  2  text-books, 
"  Scala  di  musica  molto  necessaria  per  i  princi- 
pianti  "  (6  editions  up  to  1626),  and  "  Primo 
scalino  della  scala  di  contrappunto'  (1622). 

ScandelTi,  Antonio,  b.  Brescia,  1517  ;  d. 
Jan.  18,  1580,  at  Dresden,  where  he  was  2nd 
Kapellm.  from  1566,  and  1st  Kapellm.  from 
1568. — Publ.  2  books  of  "  Canzoni  napolitane," 
each  of  24  numbers  (1566,  a  4  ;  1577,  a  4-5)  ; 
12  "  Newe  teutsche  geistliche  Liedlein  "  a  4-5 
(1568)  ;  20  "  Neweund  lustige  weltliche  deutsche 
Liedlein,"  a  4-6  (1570;  republ.  as  "  Schone 
weltl.  u.  geistl.  n.  d.  Liedlein"  in  1578,  '79);  23 
"  Newe  schoneausserlesene  geistl.  deutsche  Lie- 
der  "a  5-6  (1575). — In  MS. :  Passions  (at  Grimma ; 
arr.  and  publ.  by  other  composers)  ;  a  motet, 
"Christus  vere  languores,"  is  at  Zwickau  (his  last 
work). —  Cf.  "  Die  Instrumentisten  und  Maler 
Bruder  de  Tola  und  der  Kapellmeister  Antonius 
Scandellus"  (1S66;  in  the  "Archiv  fi'ir  die  sachsi- 
sche  Geschichte  "). 

Sca'ria,  Emil,  highly  gifted  dramatic  bass  ; 
b.  Graz,  Sept.  18,  1S40  ;  d.  Blasewitz,  n.  Dres- 
den, July  22,  1886.  Pupil  of  Netzer  at  Graz, 
and  of  Gentiluomo  and  Lewy  at  Vienna  ;  suc- 
cessful debut  in  1S60,  at  Pesth,  as  Saint-Bris  in 
Les  Huguenots.  In  1S62  he  studied  some  months 
with  Garcia  at  London  ;  was  then  eng.  at  Des- 
sau, Leipzig  (1863),  Dresden  (1864),  and  lastly 
at  the  Court  Opera,  Vienna,  from  1872.  He  ex- 
celled in  Wagner  roles  (created  Wotan  at  Bay- 
reuth  iniS76,andGurnemanz  [Parsifal]in  1882). 

Scarlat'ti,  Alessandro,  founder  of  the 
"Neapolitan  School"  of  music;  b.  Trapani, 
Sicily,  1659  I  d.  Naples,  Oct.  24,  1725.  There 
is  no  authentic  record  of  his  early  life  and  train- 
ing ;  in  1680  he  conducted  his  first  known  opera, 
L  Ones/a  nelV  amove,  at  the  palace  of  Queen 
Christina  of  Sweden  in  Rome ;  on  the  score  of 
another,  Pompeo,  performed  there  in  16S4,  he  is 
styled  maestro  di  cappclla  to  the  Queen.  In 
1694  he  was  maestro  to  the  Viceroy  at  Naples. 
In  1703  he  became  asst. -maestro  to  Foggia  at 
S.  Maria  Maggiore,  Rome,  and  succeeded  him 
as  chief  maestro  in  1707,  resigning  in  1709  and 


Vol. 


returning  to  Naples,  where  he  subsequently  be- 
came maestro  of  the  royal  chapel.  He  also 
taught  successively  at 
the  Conservatories  of 
San  Onofrio,  de'  Po- 
veri  di  Gesu  Cristo, 
and  the  Loreto ; 
among  his  distin- 
guished   pupils    were 

1  >urante,  Leo,  Feo, 
Logroscino,  Hasse, 
and  Porpora.  S.  pro- 
duced no  less  than  115 
operas (41  still  extant); 
La  Rosaura  (Rome, 
about  1690),  edited 
by  Eitner,  was  printed 

by  the  "  Gesellschaft  fur  Musikforschung,' 
xiv;  in  Teodora  (Rome,  1693)  occurs  the  first 
orch.l  ritornello,  and  an  incipient  recitativo  ob- 
bligato  accompanied  by  the  entire  orchestra;  also 
several  arias  with  the  first  part  sung  da  capo,  a 
style  which  was  later  generally  adopted  by  opera- 
composers  ; — an  aria  and  a  duet  from  Laodicea  e 
Berenice  (Naples,  1701)  have  been  publ.  by  J.  }. 
C.  Maier,  also  a  terzet  and  quartet  from  Griselda 
(Rome,  1721),  with  German  transl.  by  v.  Wolzo- 
gen  ;  in  Tigrane  (Venice,  171 5  ;  marked  by  S. 
himself  as  his  115th  opera)  the  orch.  comprises 
violins,  violas,  'celli,  double-basses,  2  flutes,  2 
oboes,  2  bassoons,  and  2  horns.  Eight  oratorios 
are  also  known  ;  he  is  said  to  have  written  over 
200  masses  (up  to  ten  parts),  besides  much  other 
sacred  music  ("  Concerti  sacri,"  motets  a  1-4, w. 

2  violins,  viola,  and  organ,  were  publ.  at  Am- 
sterdam as  op.  1  and  2 ;  a  few  separate  numbers 
are  in  the  coll.s  of  Choron,  the  Prince  of  Moszkva, 
Commer  [a  "  Tu  es  Petrus  "],  Dehn,  Proske,  and 
Rochlitz  ;  Choron  also  publ.  a  Requiem,  and 
Proske  a  mass)  ;  his  secular  vocal  music  includes 
madrigals  (one  a  4,  f.  SS.AA.,  is  in  Padre  Mar- 
tini's "  Esempl.  dicontrapp.fugato"),  serenatas, 
duets,  and  a  vast  number  of  cantatas  f.  solo 
voice  w.  basso  continuo  (the  Cons.  Library  at 
Paris  has  8  vol.s  of  these  in  MS.). 

Scarlat'ti,  Domenico,  son  of  preceding  ; 
celebrated  composer  for  and  player  on  the  harp- 
sichord ;  b.  Naples, 
l683  (5?)  ;  d.  there 
1757-  He  first  at- 
tracted attention  as 
an  arranger  (1704) 
and  composer  of 
operas  (he  was 
taught  by  his  father 
and  Gasparini) ;  he 
also  early  made  a 
repu  tation  as  a  harp- 
sichord-player, for 
when  Handel  visited 
Rome  in  1709,  Car- 
dinal    Ottoboni 

chose  S. ,  as  the  foremost  Italian  harpsichordist 
and  organist,  to  compete  with  the  great  German, 


513 


SCARLATTI— SCHAFFER 


who  proved  his  equal  on  the  harpsichord,  and 
his  superior  on  the  organ.  In  Jan.,  1715,  S. 
was  app.  Bai's  successor  as  maestro  2X  St.  Peter's, 
Rome,  resigning  in  1719  to  become  maestro  al 
cembalo  at  the  Italian  Opera,  London,  where  his 
opera  Narcisovias  prod,  in  1720;  in  1721  he  be- 
came court  cembalist  atLisbon,and  music-master 
to  the  princesses;  was  in  Naples  1725-9, inMadrid 
1729-54,  as  music-master  to  the  Princess  of  the 
Asturias,  and  then  returned  to  Naples.  Owing 
to  his  passion  for  gambling,  he  left  his  family 
in  destitution,  which  Farinelli  generously  re- 
lieved.— Domenico  Scarlatti's  especial  claim  to 
renown  rests  upon  his  harpsichord-music  ;  he 
studied  the  peculiarities  of  the  instrument,  and 
adapted  his  compositions  to  them,  being  the  first 
writer  in  the  "  free  style"  (the  homophonic 
"  song-form  "  with  graceful  ornamentation,  in 
contrast  to  the  former — contrapuntal — vocal  or 
organ-style).  He  also  obtained  novel  effects  by 
the  frequent  crossing  of  the  hands  ;  runs  in 
thirds  and  sixths  ;  leaps  wider  than  an  octave  ; 
broken  chords  in  contrary  motion  ;  tones  re- 
peated by  rapidly  changing  fingers  ;  etc.  He 
has  been  called  the  founder  of  modern  piano- 
forte technique.  He  publ.  only  2  books  of 
"  Pieces  pour  le  clavecin  ..."  (32  numbers), 
and  "  Esercizi  per  gravicembalo  .  .  .  ".  Mod- 
ern editions  include  a  coll.,  by  Czerny,  of  200 
pieces  ;  Breitkopf,  60  ;  Pauer,  50  Harpsichord- 
lessons,  also  other  pieces  in  "Alte  Meister," 
"Alte  Claviermusik,"  "  Old  Italian  Composers," 
and  "Merry  Musicians";  Kohler,  12  sonatas 
and  fugues  ;  Tausig,  3  sonatas  ;  v.  Billow,  18 
pieces  in  suite-form  ;  Schletterer,  18  ;  Andre,  28  ; 
Banck,  30  ;  Farrenc,  100  (in  "  Tresor  des  pia- 
nistes  ")  ;  Peters,  in  "Alte  Claviermusik." — A 
characteristic  of  S.'s  pieces  is  their  brevity. 

Scarlat'ti,  Giuseppe,  grandson  of  Alessan- 
dro  ;  b.  Naples,  1712  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  17,  1777. 
Opera-composer,  producing  his  works  on  Italian 
stages,  and  (from  1757)  in  Vienna. 

Schaab,  Robert,  b.  Rotha,  n.  Leipzig,  Feb. 
28,  1817  ;  d.  Mar.  18,  1887,  as  organist  of  the 
Tohanniskirche,  Leipzig.  His  teachers  were  C. 
F.  Becker  and  Mendelssohn  ;  his  organ-works 
are  of  value. 

Schach'ner,  Rudolf  Joseph,  b.  Munich, 
Dec.  31,  1821  ;  d.  Reichenhall,  Aug.  15,  1896. 
Pianist ;  pupil  of  Mme.  von  Fladt  and  (1837-S) 
of  J.  B.  Cramer.  Played  in  Vienna  (1842), 
Paris,  Leipzig  (Gewandhaus),  etc.  ;  settled  in 
London  18533s  a  teacher  ;  later  went  to  Vienna, 
often  visiting  Munich. — Works  :  Oratorio  Israels 
Riickkehr  von  Babylon;  2  pf. -concertos  (op.  6 
and  ?)  ;  Poesies  musicales,  op.  8  and  9  ;  Ro- 
mance variee,  op.  11  ;  Ombres  et  rayons,  6  books, 
op.  13  and  17  ;  La  chasse,  op.  12  ;  Phantasie- 
stiick,  op.  15;  etc. 

Schacht,  Matthias  Heinrich,  b.  Viborg, 
Jutland,  Apr.  29,  1660;  d.  as  rector  at  Kierte- 
minde,  Aug.  8,  1700.      Gerber  utilized  part  of 


his  MS.  mus.  dictionary  "  Bibliotheca  musica 
..."  for  his  lexicon. 

Schack  [Cziak],  Benedikt,  b.  Mirowitz, 
Bohemia,  1758  ;  d.  Munich,  Dec.  11,  1826. 
Tenor  stage-singer  at  Prague,  Salzburg,  Vienna, 
Graz,  and  Munich,  belonging  to  Schikaneder's 
troupe  in  Salzburg  and  Vienna  ;  Mozart  wrote 
for  S.  the  role  of  Tamino.  He  also  prod,  some 
operas,  a  mass,  etc. 

Schad,  Joseph,  b.  Steinach,  Bavaria,  Mar.  6, 
1812  ;  d.  Bordeaux,  July  4,  1S79.  Pianist  ;  pupil 
of  Wtirzburg  Cons.,  then  of  Aloys  Schmitt  at 
Frankfort.  After  concert-tours  in  Switzerland, 
he  became  organist  and  mus.  dir.  at  Morges 
(canton  Vaud)  in  1S34;  later  teacher  at  the 
Geneva  Cons. ;  settled  in  Bordeaux  1S47,  where 
he  was  in  high  repute  as  a  teacher. — rubl. 
much  melodious  and  popular  music  f .  pf. :  Le 
soupir,  op.  19  ;  La  gracieuse,  op.  23  (waltz);  La 
Rose  des  Alpes,  op.  38;  Fleur  des  Alpes,  op.  39; 
Tarentelle,  op.  55  ;  a  ballet  (f.  pf.)  "Frantzia"; 
fantasias,  transcriptions,  etc. 

Scha'de  [Schadaus],  Abraham,  rector  in 
Meissen,  Bautzen,  etc.;  publ.  a  valuable  coll. 
of  384  motets  a  5-S,  mostly  by  German  comp.s  : 
"  Promptuarium  musicum  "  (1611-13,  1616,  in 
4  parts). 

Scha'de,  Carl,  singing-teacher  in  the  town 
school  at  Ilalberstadt,  publ.  a  series  of  books 
for  school-classes  ;  "  Reihenfolge  melodischer, 
rhythmischerunddynamischer  Uebungen  .  .  ." 
(1828);  "  Singebuch  ..."  (1828);  "  Singebuch 
fur  Schulen"<7  2-4(1829) ;  " Elementar-Gesang- 
bildungslehre  "  (1S31)  ;  "  Wie  der  Lehrer  N. 
seine  Schule  .  .  .  fur  den  Gesang  ausbildete  " 
(1831)  ;  and  "  Zweck  des  Gesangsunterrichts  in 
Schulen"  (1831). 

Schaf'fer,  August,  b.  Rheinsberg,  Aug.  25, 
1814  ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  7,  1879.  Pupil,  from 
1833,  of  Mendelssohn  at  Berlin,  where  he  spent 
most  of  his  life.  His  humorous  duets  and  quar- 
tets won  great  popularity  ;  he  also  comp.  sym- 
phonies, string-quartets,  pf. -pieces,  etc.,  and 
prod,  a  few  operas :  Emma  von  Falkenstein 
(Berlin,  1839)  '>  Junker  Habakuk ;  etc. 

Schaffer,  Julius,  b.  Crevese  in  the  Altmark, 
Sept.  28,  1823.  Studied  theology  at  Halle, 
where  intercourse  with  Franz,  and  musicians  in 
the  near-by  city  of  Leipzig,  won  him  over  to 
music.  In  1850  he  went  to  Berlin  to  study  un- 
der Dehn  ;  1855,  mus.  dir.  to  the  Grand  Duke 
at  Schwerin,  where  he  founded  and  conducted 
the  "  Schlosskirchenchor,"  modelled  after  the 
Berlin  cathedral-choir.  In  i860  he  succeeded 
Reinecke  as  mus.  dir.  at  the  Univ.,  and  cond. 
of  the  Singakademie,  Breslau,  with  the  title  of 
"  R.  Mus.  Dir."  in  1871,  and  "Professor"  in 
1878  ;  Dr.  phil.  lion,  causa  (Breslau)  in  1872. — 
Works  :  Excellent  choral-books  (1866  ;  1880)  ; 
songs  and  part-songs  ;  in  defence  of  Franz's 
"additional  accompaniments  "  to  scores  by  Bach 
and  Handel,  S. wrote,  versus  Chrysander,  "  Zwei 
Beurtheiler  von  Dr.    R.  Franz,"  "  Fr.  Chrysan- 


514 


SCHAFHAUTL— SCHARWENKA 


der  in  seinen  ClavierauszQgen  zur  deutschen 
Handel- Ausgabe,"  and  "  R.  Franz  in  seinen 
Bearbeitungen  alterer  Vocahverke." 

Schafhautl,  Karl  Franz  Emil  von,  b.  In- 

golstadt,  Feb.  16,  1S03  ;  d.  Munich,  Feb.  25, 
1890,  as  prof,  of  mining,  etc.,  custodian  of  the 
State  geological  coll.s,  etc.  He  was  also  a  stu- 
dent of  acoustics,  and  intimate  with  Theobald 
Bohm,  whom  he  advised  ami  aided  in  the  con- 
struction of  his  instr.s. — Publ.  "  Theorie  ge- 
dackter  cylindrischer  und  conischer  Pfeifen  und 
der  Querfloten  "  (1833,  in  the  "  Neue  Annalen 
der  Chemie  ")  ;  "  Ueber  Schall,  Ton,  Knall  und 
einige  andere  Gegenstande  der  Akustik  "  (1834, 
in  do.  ;  both  separately  printed)  ;  "  Ueber  die 
Kirchenmusik  des  katholischen  Cultus  "  (1833, 
in  the  "  Allg.  mus.  Zeitung") ;  a  report  on  the 
mus.  instr.s  in  the  Munich  Industr.  Exhib. 
(1854);  "Ueber  Phonometrie "  (1854);  "Der 
echte  Gregorianische  Choral  in  seiner  Entwi- 
ckelung  "  (1S69)  ;  "  Fin  Spaziergang  durch  die 
liturgische  Musikgeschichte  der  katholischen 
Kirche"(i8S7  ;  continuation  of  preceding)  ;  Life 
of  Abbe  Vogler  (1SS8)  ;  also,  in  the  "  Allg.  mus. 
Zeitung,"  1879,  investigations  into  the  phenom- 
ena of  clang-tints,  with  results  at  variance  with 
Helmholtz's  theory. 

Scharfe,  Gustav,  b.  Grimma,  Saxony,  Sept. 
ir,  1835  ;  d.  Dresden,  June  25,  1892.  Distin- 
guished singing-teacher;  for  11  years  baritone 
in  the  Dresden  Court  Opera  ;  teacher  of  singing 
at  the  Cons.,  1S74  ;  "Professor,"  1880. — Publ. 
"  Die  methodische  Entwickelung  der  Stimme," 
a  standard  work. 

Schar'fenberg,  William,  b.  Kassel,  Ger- 
many, Feb.  22,  1819  ;  d.  Quogue,  Long  Island, 
N.Y.,Aug.S,iS95. 
A  pupil  of  Hummel 
at  Weimar  till  1837; 
returned  to  Kassel, 
playing  2nd  violin 
in  Spohr's  quartet; 
went  to  New  York 
in  1838,  making  his 
debut  as  a  pianist 
in  Hummel's  sep- 
tet, and  at  once 
took  a  leading  po- 
sition in  the  city  as 
a  teacher  and  con- 
cert-player.  He 
was  successively  secretary,  vice-president,  treas- 
urer, and  (1863)  president,  of  the  old  "  Philharm. 
Soc."  For  many  years  he  was  musical  editor 
and  adviser  to  the  firm  of  G.  Schirmer,  and  did 
excellent  editorial  work. 

Schar'nack,  Luise,  dramatic  mezzo-soprano; 
b.  Oldenburg,  about  1S60.  Pupil  of  von  Ber- 
nuth  at  the  Hamburg  Cons.  ;  debut  at  Weimar, 
as  Ortrud  in  Lohengrin,  led  to  immediate  en- 
gagement. Sang  successfully  in  London  (1883), 
in  Stanford's  Savonarola. 


Scharwen'ka,  (Ludwig)  Philipp,  b.  Sam- 
ter,  Posen,  Feb.  16,  1847.  After  a  gymnasial 
course  at  Posen,  he 
entered  Kullak's 
Academy  at  Berlin  in 
i865,studyingchiefly 
under  Wiierst ;  also 
had  private  lessons 
with  H.  Dorn.  In 
1870,  teacher  of  the- 
ory and  comp.  at  the 
Academy  ;  in  1S80 
he  founded,  with  his 
brother  Xaver,  the 
"Scharwenka 
Cons."  ;  also  accom- 
panied his  brother  to 
New  York  in  1891,  but  returned  in  1S92,  joining 
Goldschmidt  in  the  direction  of  the  Cons.,  which 
was  amalgamated  with  the  Klindworth  Cons,  in 
1893.— Works  (full  list  in  Br.  &  H.'s  "  Mitthei- 
lungen,"  No.  40)  :  Herbstfeier  and  Sakuntala, 
both  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  2  symphonies;  an 
"Arkadische  Suite  "  and  a  "  Serenade,"  f.  orch. ; 
festival  overture  "  Dorper  Tanzweise,"  f.  chorus 
w.  pf. ;  3  morceaux  de  concert,  f.  'cello  and  pf. ; 
Cavatine  f.  do. ;  Romanze  and  Scherzo  f.  violin 
and  pf. ;  many  interesting  pf. -pieces  ;  songs. 

Scharwen'ka,  (Franz)  Xaver,  brother  of 
preceding  ;  b.  Samter,  Jan.  6,  1850.  Distin- 
guished pianist  and 
composer  ;  pupil  of 
Kullak  and  Wiierst 
at  Kullak's  Acad., 
graduating  in  1868, 
when  he  was  app. 
teacher  there.  First 
public  concert  at 
the  Singakademie, 
1S69,  very  success- 
ful ;  for  about  10 
years  he  gave  an 
annual  series  of  3 
chamber  -  concerts 
there  (with  Sauret 
and  II.  Grim f eld)  ; 
also    arranged   and 

cond.  orch.l  subscription-concerts.  In  1874  he 
gave  up  his  position  as  teacher,  and  made  pian- 
istic  tours  through  Europe  and  America.  In 
1880  he  founded  the  Berlin  "  Scharw.  Cons.", 
of  which  he  was  director  till  1891,  then  establish- 
ing his  Cons,  in  New  York.  In  1S98  he  re- 
turned to  Berlin,  as  Director  of  the  Klindworth- 
Scharwenka  Cons.,  and  head  of  the  pf. -classes. 
S.  is  court  pianist  to  the  Fmperor  of  Austria, 
and  received  the  title  of  "  Professor"  from  the 
King  of  Prussia  (Emperor  Wilhelm  II.). — 
Works  :  Opera  Matastuintha  (Weimar,  1S96  ; 
succ.)  ;  symphony  in  C  min.,  op.  60  ;  3  pf. -con- 
certos (No.  1,  Bh>  min.  ;  No.  2,  C  min.  ;  No.  3, 
C#  min.);  a  pf. -quartet  ;  2  pf. -trios  ;  2  pf.- 
sonatas  ;  many  brilliant  and  fascinating  pf.- 
pieces  for  2  and    4  hands  ;    a   'cello-sonata  ;    a 


515 


SCHAUENSEE— SCIIEIDT 


violin-sonata  ;  numerous  songs  ;  church-music 
(his  publ.  works  number  over  80).  Also  many 
arrangements  :  Chopin's  B-min.  Scherzo,  f.  2 
pf.s  ;  Hummel's  B-min.  concerto,  and  Chopin's 
Andante  and  Polonaise  op.  22,  newly  instru- 
mented ;  a  critical  edition  of  Schumann's  pf.- 
works. — S.  was  for  some  years  correspondent  of 
the  "  Monthly  Mus.  Record,"  London. 

Schau'ensee,  (Franz  Joseph  Leonti) 
Meyer  von,  b.  Lucerne,  Aug.  10,  1720;  d. 
after  1790.  After  a  stirring  life,  he  took  holy 
orders  in  1752,  and  became  organist  at  the 
"  Liudgardstift."  —  Publ.  works:  7  masses; 
much  church-music,  chamber-music,  and  sev- 
eral operas  (Fetis  gives  a  full  list). 

Schebek,  Edmund,  b.  Petersdorf,  Moravia, 
Oct.  22,  1819  ;  d.  Prague,  Feb.  11,  1895,  as 
Imp.  councillor,  and  secretary  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  Wrote  the  official  (Austrian)  report 
on  the  mus.  instr.s  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1855  (separate  reprint,  185S)  ;  "  Der  Geigenbau 
in  Italien  und  sein  deutscher  Ursprung  "  (1874)  ! 
and  "Zwei  Briefe  liber  J.  J.  Froberger "(1S74). 

Schebest,  Agnes,  noted  mezzo-soprano 
stage-singer;  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  15,  1813  ;  d. 
Stuttgart,  Dec.  22,  1869.  Studied  at  Dresden, 
and  sang  in  the  opera  there  1832-3,  then  in 
Pesth  till  1856  ;  again  in  Dresden,  at  Vienna, 
and  Karlsruhe,  etc.  Married  D.  F.  Strauss, 
author  of  "  Das  Leben  Jesu,"  in  1841,  and 
retired. — Autobiogr.  "Aus  dem  Leben  einer 
Kunstlerin  "  (1S57). 

Schech'ner-Waa'gen,  Nanette,  noted  ope- 
ratic soprano;  b.  Munich,  1S06  ;  d.  there  Apr. 
30,  i860.  Sang  at  first  in  Italian  opera  ;  from 
1S27  in  German  opera  at  Berlin  and  Munich,  be- 
ing unrivalled  in  the  roles  of  Fidelio,  Iphigenia 
{flitf  Tauris),  and  Spontini's  Vestalin.  Nerve- 
disorders  caused  her  retirement  in  1835. — Her 
husband  was  the  painter  Waagen. 

Schei'be,  Johann,  celebrated  German  organ- 
builder  at  Leipzig  ;  d.  Sept.  3,  1748.  Built  the 
organs  in  the  Paulinerkirche  and  Johannis- 
kirche  ;  Bach  considered  the  latter  faultless. 

Schei'be,  Johann  Adolf,  son  of  preceding  ; 
b.  Leipzig,  1708  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  in  Apr.,  1776. 
Law-student  at  Leipzig,  but  on  his  father's 
death  had  recourse  to  his  mus.  training  to  sup- 
port himself  ;  failing  to  obtain  the  post  of  or- 
ganist at  the  Thomaskirche  in  the  competition 
(adjudicated  by  Bach,  among  others)  with  Cor- 
ner, he  travelled  for  a  time,  and  settled  in  Ham- 
burg, publishing  a  mus.  paper,  "  Der  critische 
Musicus,"  from  1737-40  (in  No.  6  is  a  sharp 
attack  on  Bach).  In  1740  he  became  Kapellm. 
to  the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg-Culmbach  ;  in 
1744,  court  cond.  at  Copenhagen,  where  he  was 
pensioned  in  1758.  He  had  continued  the  pub- 
lication of  "  Der  critische  Musicus,"  issuing  an 
enlarged  edition  in  1745,  containing  discussions 
of  topics  broached  in  that  paper. — Publ.  "  Ab- 
handlung  vom  Ursprung  und  Alter  der  Musik, 
insonderheit  der  Vocalmusik  "  (1754  ;  maintains 


that  part-songs  originated  with  Northern  peo- 
ples); an  "  Abhandlung  iiberdas  Recitativ  "  (in 
the  "  Bibliothek  der  Ki'mste  und  Wissenschaf- 
ten,"  Vol.s  ii  and  iii)  ;  "  Ueber  die  musicalische 
Composition  "  (only  Vol.  i,  of  the  4  projected, 
was  publ.  in  1773)  ;  etc. — His  publ.  comp.s  in- 
clude a  Danish  opera,  Thusnelda;  tragic  canta- 
tas a  2,  w.  clavichord  ;  songs  ;  "  Musicalische 
Erquickstunden  "  (6  sonatas  f.  flute  w.  continuo); 
3  sonatas  f.  flute  w.  clavichord.  In  MS.  he 
left  2  oratorios,  about  200  church-works,  150 
flute-concertos,  30  violin-concertos,  etc. 

Schei'bler,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Montjoie, 
n.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Nov.  11,  1777  ;  d.  Crefeld, 
Nov.  20,1838.  A  silk-manufacturer  at  Crefeld, 
he  became  interested  in  acoustic  phenomena, 
and  invented  an  apparatus  consisting  of  56  tun- 
ing-forks, for  tuning  fixed-tone  instr.s  according 
to  the  equally  tempered  scale.  He  publ.  several 
pamphlets  to  explain  his  invention  :  "  Derphysi- 
kalische  und  musikalische  Tonmesser  "  (1834); 
"  Anleitung,  die  Orgel  vermittelst  der  Stosse 
(vulgo  Schwebungen)und  des  Metronoms  correct 
gleichschwebend  zu  stimmen  "  (1834)  ;  etc.- — all 
united  as"  Schriften  iiber  physikalische  und  mu- 
sikalische Tonmessung  .  .  ."(1838).  His  sys- 
tem is  more  clearly  explained  by  Topfer  (1842), 
Vincent  (1849),  and  Lecomte  (1S56).  At  the 
Stuttgart  Congress  of  physicists  in  1834,  S.  pro- 
posed the  pitch  of  a1  =  440  (vibrations)  at  690 
Fahr. ,  which  was  adopted  (hence  called  the 
"  Stuttgart  pitch  "). 

Schei'demann,  Heinrich,  b.  Hamburg, 
about  1596  ;  d.  there  1663.  Organist  ;  pupil 
and  successor  of  his  father,  Hans  S.,  org.  of  the 
Katherinenkirche  ;  also  studied  under  Sweelinck 
at  Amsterdam.  His  successor  was  Reinken. 
{Cf.  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  flir  Musikwissen- 
schaft,"  1S91.) 

Schei'demantel,  Karl,  distinguished  dram, 
baritone  ;  b.  Weimar,  Jan.  21,  1859,  where  he 
was  a  private  pupil  of  Bodo  Borchers,  and  was 
eng.  at  the  court  theatre  1S78-86 ;  also  studied 
with  Stockhausen  in  the  summers  of  1881-3  ;  re- 
ceived title  of  "  Kammersanger "  in  1885. 
Member  of  the  Dresden  court  opera  since  1886, 
in  which  year  he  also  sang  the  role  of  Amfortas 
at  Bayreuth. 

Scheidt,  Samuel,  b.  Halle-on-Saale,  1587  ; 
d.  there  Mar.  14,  1654.  Famous  organist  ;  pu- 
pil of  Sweelinck  in  Amsterdam  ;  organist  of  the 
Moritzkirche,  and  Kapellm.  to  Margrave  Chris- 
tian Wilhelm  of  Brandenburg,  at  Halle.  Note- 
worthy as  the  first  to  treat  the  working-out  of  the 
choral  artistically,  and  in  true  organ-style.  Prin- 
cipal work,  "  Tabulatura  nova"  (1624,  3  vol.s  ; 
republ.,  1892,  as  Vol.  i  of"  Denkmaler  deutscher 
Tonkunst";  contains  figured  chorals,  toccatas, 
fantasias,  passamezzi,  a  mass,  Magnificats, 
psalms,  hymns);  further,  a  "  Tabulaturbuch  " 
(1650;  100  psalms  a  4;  songs);  "  Cantiones 
sacrae  "  aS  (1620)  ;  "  Concerti  sacri  2-12  vocum, 
adjectis  symphoniis  et  choris  instrumentalibus  " 


5i6 


SC  H  E I N— SC 1 1 E  RZ  E  R 


(1621  ;  1622);  "  Ludi  musici  "  (2  parts,  1621, 
'22  ;  Paduane,  Gagliarde,  etc.)  ;  "  Liebliche 
Kraft-Bliimlein  "(1625)  ;  "  NewegeistlicheCon- 
certe  "  a  2-3  w.  fig.  bass  (1631);  ditto,  Part  ii 
(1634);  Part  iii  (1635);  Part  iv  (1640);  "70 
Symphonien  auf  Concerten-Manier  "  <7  3  w.  fig. 
bass  (1644). 

Schein,    Johann    Hermann,    b.    Grunhain, 

Saxony,  Jan.  29,  15S6  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  19, 
1630.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  the  pastor  at 
Meissen,  in  1599,  ne  entered  the  Electoral 
Chapel  at  Dresden  as  a  soprano  ;  studied  at 
Schulpforte  from  1603-7,  then  at  Leipzig  Univ. 
(jurisprudence);  became  "  Praeceptor "  and 
"  Hausmusikmeister  "  to  Captain  von  Wolffers- 
dorf  at  Weissenfels  ;  court  Kapellm.  at  Weimar 
in  1615  ;  and  succeeded  Calvisius  as  cantor  of 
the  Thomasschule  at  Leipzig  in  1616. — Works  : 
"  Venus-Krantzlein  oder  neue  weltliche  Lieder  " 
a  5  (1609);  "  Cymbalum  Sionium,"  sacred  songs 
a  5-12  (1615);  "  Banchetto  musico  newer  anmu- 
thiger  Padoanen,Gagliarden  "  a  5(1617;  20 suites 
of  5  movem. ;  interesting  early  German  string- 
music)  ;  Te  Deum  a  24  (161S)  ;  "  Balletto  pasto- 
rale "  a  3  (1620);  "  Musica  divina  "  a  8-24  (1620); 
"Musica  boscareccia,  Waldliederlein  .  .  ."(1621, 
'26,  '28,  etc.) ;  "  Fontanad'Israel, Israelis  Briinn- 
lein  auserlesener  Kraftsprtichlein"  (1623) ;  Mad- 
rigals a  5  (1623)  ;  "  Diletti  pastorali,  Hirten- 
Lust,"  a  5  (1624,  '50)  ;  Villanelle  a  3  (1625, 
'27) ;  "  Opella  nova,  geistliche  Concerte"  a  3-5 
(1618,  '27);  "  Studenten-Schmauss  "  a  5  (1626, 
'34)  ;  and  his  most  important  work,  "  Cantional 
oder  Gesangbuch  Augspurgischer  Confession 
.  .  ."  a  4-6  (1627  ;  a  2nd  ed.  of  that  year  has 
27  new  numbers,  making  in  all  313  German  and 
Latin  sacred  songs  and  psalms). — See  A.  Prue- 
fer's  biography,  "J.  H.  Schein"  (1895,  w.  bib- 
liography). 

Schel'ble,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  Hiifingen, 
Black  Forest,  May  16,  1789  ;  d.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  Aug.  7,  1S37.  Choir-boy  at  the  March- 
thai  monastery  ;  then  a  pupil  in  singing,  etc.,  of 
Weisse  at  Donaueschingen,  and  of  Krebs  in 
Stuttgart,  where  (1812)  he  was  court  singer,  and 
teacher  at  the  music-school.  From  1813-16  in 
Vienna  as  an  opera-tenor  ;  intimate  with  Beet- 
hoven, Moscheles,  and  Spohr  ;  then  in  Frank- 
fort, at  first  as  tenor  at  the  opera,  1S17-1S  cond. 
of  the  Akademie,  then  founded  the  Cacilien- 
Verein.  His  method  for  teaching  the  mus. 
rudiments,  and  training  the  sense  of  absolute 
pitch,  is  still  successfully  employed. 

SchelTe,  Johann,  b.  Geisingen,  Saxony, 
Sept.  6,  1648  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  10,  1701,  as 
cantor  at  the  Thomaskirche,  having  succeeded 
Kmipfer  in  1676. 

Schel'le,  Karl  Eduard,  b.  Biesenthal,  n. 
Berlin,  May  31,  1S16  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  16,  1S82. 
P'rom  1S64,  Hanslick's  successor  as  critic  for 
the  Vienna  "  Presse  "  ;  also  lectured  on  mus. 
history  at  the  Cons.,  and  at  Horak's  School. — 
Valuable  monograph,  "  Die  papstliche  Sanger- 


schule  in    Rom,    genannt   die    Sixtinische    Ka- 
pelle"  (1872). 

Schel'ler,  Jacob,  b.  Schettal,  Bohemia,  May 
16,  1759;  d.  (?).  Violinist;  pupil  of  Abbe 
Vogler  at  Mannheim  ;  leader  in  the  Duke  of 
Wtirttemberg's  orch.  at  Montbeliard.  Noted 
for  skill  in  harmonics  and  double-stops. 

Schel'per,  Otto,  distinguished  dram,  bari- 
tone ;  b.  Rostock,  Apr.  10,  1S44.  At  first 
actor,  later  operatic  baritone  at  Bremen,  Co- 
logne (1S72-6),  and  then  succeeded  Eugen  Gura 
at  Leipzig  City  Th. — Leading  roles :  Hans 
Sachs,  Flying  Dutchman,  Hans  Heiling,  Don 
Giovanni,  etc. 

Schenck,  Jean  [Johann],  gamba- virtuoso  to 
the  Elector-Palatine,  later  at  Amsterdam,  where 
he  publ.,  toward  the  end  of  the  17th  century, 
"  Runst-oeffeningen  .  .  .",  15  sonatas  f.  gamba 
w.  basso  continuo  (168S)  ;  "II  giardino  armon- 
ico,"  sonatas  f.  2  violins,  gamba,  and  b.  cont. 
(1692);  "  Scherzi  musicali "  f.  gamba;  18  so- 
natas f.  violin  w.  b.  cont.  (1693)  ;  "  La  Ninfa 
del  Reno,"  12  sonatas  f.  gamba  ;  "  L'echo  du 
Danube,"  sonatas  f.  do.;  "  Les  Bizarreries  de  la 
goutte,"  12  sonatas  f.  do.;  also  "  Sang-Arien 
van  d'opera  Ceres  en  Bacchus." 

Schenk,  Johann,  b.  Wiener-Neustadt,  Lower 
Austria,  Nov.  30,  1761  (1753?) ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec. 
29,  1836.  Pupil  of  Tomaselli  (singing)  ;  of 
Stoll  at  Baden,  and  of  Schneller  and  Wagenseil 
at  Vienna.  In  1778  he  prod,  a  mass,  which 
made  his  reputation  ;  it  was  followed  by  other 
church-music,  and  then  by  a  series  of  operettas 
which  enjoyed  great  popularity,  especially  Der 
Dorfbarbier.  S.  was  Beethoven's  secret  in- 
structor while  the  latter  was  taking  lessons  of 
Haydn. — Operettas  (all  at  Vienna)  :  Die  Wein- 
lese  (17S5),  Die  Weihnacht  auf  dent  Lande 
(1786),  Im  Finstern  ist  nicht gut  tappen  (17S7), 
Das  unvermuthete  Seefest  (1789),  Das  Singspiel 
ohne  Titel  (1790),  Der  Erntekranz  (1791),  Ach- 
met  and  Almanzine  (1795),  Der  Dorfbarbier 
(1796),  Der  Bettelstudent(\lqb),  Diejagd(ijgj), 
Der  Fassbinder  (1S02). — In  1S19  he  wrote  2 
cantatas,  Die  Huldigung,  and  Der  Mai. 

Schenk,  Hugo,  b.  1852  (?) ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb. 
11,  1896.  Talented  comp.  (songs,  couplets, 
overtures)  ;  cond.  of  the  orch.  at  the  Theater 
an  der  Wien. 

Sche'rer,  Sebastian  Anton,  2nd  organist  at 
Ulm  Minster  in  1664. — Publ.  "Musica  sacra" 
(1655  ;  masses  a  3-5  ;  motets  and  psalms  w. 
instr.s)  ;  "  Tabulatura  in  cymbalo  et  organo  in- 
tonationum  brevium  per  8  tonos  "  (1664)  ;  "  So- 
naten  fur  2  Violinen  und  Gambe  "  (16S0) ;  and 
"  Suiten  fiir  die  Laute  "  (n.  d.). 

Scher'zer,  Otto,  b.  Ansbach,  Mar.  24,  1821  ; 
d.  Stuttgart,  Feb.  23,  1886.  Violinist  and  or- 
ganist ;  pupil  of  Molique  and  Faiszt  ;  Mus.  Dir. 
at  Tubingen  Univ.  1860-77  (Dr.  phil.  hon. 
caitsa),  then  retiring  to  Stuttgart. — Works  :  3 
books  of  6  songs  each,  op.  1,  3,  4  ;  Liederbuch, 


517 


SCHETKY— SCHIMON 


25  songs,  op.  2  ;  pf. -pieces  in  Lebert  and  Stark's 
Method,  Vol.  iv. 

Schet'ky,  Christoph,  fine  'cellist;  b.  Darm- 
stadt, 1740;  d.  Edinburgh,  1773. — Publ.  6 
string-quartets  ;  6  string-trios  ;  6  duos  f.  'cello 
and  vln. ;  6  'cello-sonatas  vv.  bass  ;  6  flute-duos  ; 
6  'cello-duos,  and  6  easy  do. ;  6  sonatas  f .  violin 
and  'cello. 

Schicht,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Reichenau, 
Saxony,  Sept.  29,  1753  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Feb.  16, 
1823.  In  1776,  already  well-trained  as  an 
organist  and  pianist,  he  matriculated  at  Leipzig 
as  a  law-student,  but  became  pianist  at  Joh. 
Adam  Hiller's  "  Liebhaber-Concerte,"  and  at 
the  "  Gewandhaus  Concerts  "  evolved  from  them 
in  1781,  succeeding  Hilleras  cond.  in  1785.  In 
1810  he  followed  A.  E.  Midler  as  cantor  at  the 
Thomaskirche.  His  works  comprise  the  ora- 
torios Die  Feier  der  Christen  atif  Golgotha, 
Moses  anf  Sinai,  and  Das  Ende  des  Gerechten  ; 
masses,  motets,  Te  Deums,  the  100th  Psalm 
(after  Moses  Mendelssohn)  ;  several  choral-mo- 
tets ("  Nach  einer  Priifung  kurzer  Tage," 
"Jesus  meine  Zuversicht,"  "  Herzlich  lieb  hab' 
ich  dich,  o  Herr,"  etc.)  ;  9  settings  of  Leo's 
Miserere  a  4-8  ;  an  excellent  book  of  Chorals 
(1819  ;  of  12S5  melodies,  306  are  original)  ; — a 
concerto,  sonatas,  caprices,  etc.,  f.  pf . ;  and 
"  Grundregeln  der  Harmonie  "  (Leipzig,  1812). 
lie  transl.  the  pf. -methods  of  Clementi  and 
Pleyel,and  the  Pellegrini-Celoni  singing-method. 

Schick  {ne'e  Hamel),  Margarete  Luise, 
noted  stage-soprano ;  b.  Mayence,  Apr.  26, 
1773;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  29,  1809.  Pupil  of  Steffani 
at  Wlirzburg,  later  of  Righini  at  Mayence,  where 
her  stage-debut  took  place  in  1791.  Favorite 
roles  were  Susanna  {Figaro)  and  Zerlina  {Don 
Giovanni).  From  1794  she  sang  at  the  Royal 
Opera,  Berlin,  having  great  success  in  operas  by 
Gluck. — See  Lewezow's  "  Leben  und  Kunst  der 
Frau  M.  S."  (Berlin,  1S09). 

Schie'dermayer,  Joseph  Bernhard,d.  Linz- 
on-Danube,  Jan.  8,  1S40,  as  cathedral-organist. 
— Works  :  Much  sacred  music  ;  also  sympho- 
nies, string-trios,  organ-pieces,  etc.;  a  "  Theo- 
retisch-practische  Chorallehre  zum  Gebrauch 
beim  katholischen  Kirchenritus  "  (182S);  and  an 
abridged  ed.  of  L.  Mozart's  violin-method. 

Schied'mayer  &  Sohne,  Stuttgart  firm  of 
piano-makers,  founded  in  Erlangen,  1781,  by 
Joh.  David  S.  Removed  to  Stuttgart,  1806. 
Began  the  manufacture  of  uprights  (now  their 
specialty)  in  1842.  The  present  head  is  Adolf 
S.  (b.  1S47),  a  great-grandson  of  the  founder. 

Schikane'der,  Emanuel  Johann,  the  libret- 
tist of  Mozart's  Zauberflote  ;  b.  Ratisbon,  1751  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Sept.  21,  1812.  A  member  of  a  band 
.of  strolling  players,  he  met  Mozart  at  Salzburg, 
and  profited  by  the  acquaintance  later,  when 
manager  of  a  theatre  in  Vienna,  by  inducing  M. 
to  compose  the  Zauberflote,  in  which  S.  himself 
played  the  part  of  Papageno,  and  which  rescued 
him  temporarily  from  ruin  ;  he  died  in  extreme 
poverty. 


Schildt,  Melchior,  b.  Hanover  (?),  1592;  d. 
there  May  22,  1667.  Pupil  of  Sweelinck ;  organ- 
ist, 1623-6,  of  the  principal  church  at  Wolfen- 
biittel ;  from  1629,  of  the  Marktkirche,  Hanover. 
Extant  works  :  2  books  of  chorals  worked  out  f. 
organ  ;  2  sets  of  clavichord-variations. 

SchilTer,  Madeline,  gifted  pianist ;  b.  in  Lon- 
don, England  ;  the  daughter  of  an  English  citi- 
zen of  German  descent.  Though  a  pupil  of  Benj. 
R.  Isaacs  [excellent  pianist  and  teacher;  181 8- 
1881],  and  for  a  short  time  of  Benedict  and  Halle, 
she  really  formed  her  own  style  ;  after  a  year  and 
a  quarter  at  Leipzig  with  Moscheles  she  made  a 
brilliant  debut  at  the  Gewandhaus,  playing  Men- 
delssohn's G-minor  concerto.  Of  her  London  de- 
but shortly  after,  the  critic  Hogarth  wrote  :  "  She 
may  say,  '  I  rose  in  the  morning  and  found  my- 
self famous.'  "  On  her  return  from  a  successful 
Australian  tour,  MissS.  married  Mr.  Marcus  El- 
mer Bennett  of  Boston,  Mass.  Rime.  Schiller 
made  that  city  her  headquarters  for  several  years, 
winning  renown  in  the  United  States  by  her  con- 
certs. A  second  tour  in  Australia  was  followed 
by  a  season  of  concertizing  in  Europe.  At  pres- 
ent (1899)  Rime.  S.  is  in  Mew  York.  She  has  won 
general  recognition  by  her  spirited  and  refined  in- 
terpretations of  classic  and  modern  pf. -literature, 
and  her  qualities  as  an  instructress. 

SchilTing,  Gustav,  b.  Schwiegershausen,  n. 
Hanover,  Nov.  3,  1803  ;  d.  Nebraska,  RIarch, 
1881.  Theological  student  at  Gottingen  and 
Halle  {Dr.  phi/.)  ;  in  1830,  dir.  of  the  Stopel 
School  of  Rlusic,  Stuttgart,  and  until  1857  an 
industrious  writer ;  then  emigrated  to  New 
York,  went  later  to  RIontreal,  and  finally  to 
Nebraska. — Works:  "  Rlusikalisches  Handwbr- 
terbuch  "  (1830);  "  Encyclopadie  der  gesamm- 
ten  musikal.  Wissenschaften  oder  Universal- 
Lexicon  der  Tonkunst "  (7  vol.s  ;  1835-40); 
"  Versuch  einer  Philosophic  des  Schonen  in  der 
Musik  "  (1838)  ;  "  Polyphonomos  "  (1S39  ;  plagi- 
arized from  Logier's  "  System  der  Musikwissen- 
schaft  ")  ;  "  Generalbass-Lehre"  (1839);  "  Lehr- 
buch  der  allgem.  Rlusikwissenschaft "  (1840); 
"  Geschichte  der  heutigen  Rlusik"  (1S41)  ; 
"Akustik"  (1S42)  ;  "  Mus.  Dynamik  oder  die 
Lehre  vom  Vortrag  in  der  Rlusik"  (1843) ;  "Franz 
Liszt"  (1844)  ;  "  Sicherer  Schli'issel  zur  Clavier- 
virtuositat"  (1844)  ;  "  Der  musikalische  Autodi- 
dact "  (1S46  ;  on  harmony)  ;  "  Die  schone  Kunst 
der  Tone"  (1847);  "  Rlusikalische  Didactik  " 
(1851);  "Allgem.  Volksmusiklehre"  (1852); 
"Der  Pianist"  (1854);  also  a  revised  ed.  of 
Em.  Bach's  "Versuch  iiber  die  wahre  Art, 
das  Clavier  zu  spielen  "  (1857). 

Schi'mon,  Adolf,  well-known  singing- 
teacher;  b.  Yienna,  Feb.  29,  1820;  d.  Leipzig, 
June  21,  1887.  Pupil  of  Berton,  Halevy,  etc., 
at  the  Paris  Cons,  from  1836  ;  accompanist  in 
the  private  classes  of  Bordogni  and  Banderali, 
ami  acquainted  with  the  leading  singers  of  the 
day.  Studied  the  Italian  method  in  Florence, 
bringing  out  an  opera,  Stradella,  there  in  1846  ; 


513 


SCHIMON-REGAN— SCHLAGER 


was  maestro  al cembalo  at  II.  M.'s  Th.,  London, 
1850-2,  then  at  the  Italian  Opera  in  Paris.  In 
1858  Flotow  brought  out  S.'s  i-act  comic  opera 
List  um  List  at  Schwerin.  S.  married  the 
soprano  concert-singer  Anna  Regan  in  1872  ; 
in  1874,  teacher  of  singing  at  Leipzig  Cons.; 
from  1877-S6,  at  the  R.  School  of  Music  in 
Munich  ;  then  again  at  the  Leipzig  Cons., 
where  Frau  Schimon-Regan  also  took  classes  in 
singing;  after  his  death,  she  returned  to  Munich. 
His  works  include  Italian  and  French  songs, 
German  Lieder,  some  string-quartets,  a  pf.-trio, 
a  violin-sonata,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Schi'mon-Re'gan,  Anna.  Celebrated  con- 
cert-singer ;  wife  of  Adolf  Schimon  {q.  v.). 

Schin'delmeisser,  Ludwig,  b.  Konigsberg, 
Dec.  8,  1S11  ;  died  Darmstadt,  Mar.  30,  1864. 
Theatre-A"<7/V//w.  at  Salzburg,  Innsbruck,  Graz, 
Berlin  (Konigstadter  Th.,  1837),  Pesth  (German 
Th.,  for  about  9  years);  finally  (1S51)  court 
Kapellm.  at  Wiesbaden,  and  in  1S53  at  Darm- 
stadt.— Prod.  6  operas  (Melusine  at  Darmstadt, 
1861),  a  ballet,  an  oratorio  (fionifacius),  over- 
ture to  Uriel  Acosta,  a  concerto  f.  4  clarinets 
and  orch.,  a  clar. -concerto  in  Cmin.,  pf. -pieces, 
songs. 

Schin'dler,  Anton,  Beethoven's  faithful 
friend  and  biographer;  b.  Medl,  Moravia,  1796; 
d.  Bockenheim,  n.  Frankfort,  Jan.  16,  1S64.  A 
violinist,  he  became  Kapellm.  at  the  German 
Opera,  Vienna.  During  the  last  ten  years  of 
Beethoven's  life,  S.  lived  in  the  same  house, 
doing  everything  in  his  power  for  the  master. 
He  was  later  cathedral-A'<7/V///«.  at  Miinsterand 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  His  intimacy  with  Beethoven 
lends  peculiar  value  to  his  "  Biographie  Ludwig 
van  Beethovens "  (Mlinster,  1840).  He  also 
publ.  "  Beethoven  in  Paris"  (1842  ;  an  account 
of  the  prod,  of  B.'s  compositions  at  the  Concerts 
spirituels  ;  united  with  the  Biography  in  later 
ed.s). 

Schind'locker,  Philipp,  b.  Mons,  Hainault, 
Oct.  25,  1753;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  16,  1827;  was  1st 
'cello  at  the  Court  Opera  and  cathedraluntil  181 1; 
"  Imp.  and  Chamber-virtuoso." — His  nephew, 
Wolfgang,  b.  Vienna,  1789,  d.  (?),  was  his  pupil ; 
from  1807  in  Wurzburg  as  1st  'cello  and  cham- 
ber-musician. Made  a  concert-tour  in  N.Amer- 
ica.— Publ.  chamber-music  f.  wind-instr.s,  duos 
f.  'celli,  etc. 

Schi'ra,  Francesco,  b.  Malta,  Aug.  21, 1809; 
d.  London,  Oct.  15,  18S3.  Pupil  of  the  Milan 
Cons.  (Basili)  from  1818-1828  ;  prod,  his  first 
opera,  Elena  e  Malvina,  at  La  Scala,  1832  ;  was 
eng.  next  year  as  cond.  of  the  San  Carlos  Th.  at 
Lisbon,  and  taught  at  the  Cons,  there  ;  went  to 
London  in  1840,  and  was  eng.  for  the  English 
Opera  at  The  Princess's  Th.  in  1842  ;  in  1847  for 
Drury  Lane,  1848  for  Covent  Garden,  and  again 
in  1852  for  Drury  Lane,  but  soon  resigned  to  de- 
vote himself  to  vocal  teaching,  achieving  a  high 
reputation. — Operas  :  //  fanatieo  per  la  musica 
(1855)  and  I cavalieri  Ji  Valencia  (1857),  both  at 


Lisbon;  Mina  (1849)  and  Theresa,  the  Orphan 
of  Geneva  (1850),  both  at  London,  in  English  ; 
Niccolb  de  Lapi  (II.  M.'s  Th.,  London,  1863)  ; 
La  Selvaggia  (Venice,  1875);  Lia  (ibid.,  1S76)  ; 
an  operetta,  The  Ear-ring;  a  cantata,  The  Lord 
of  Burleigh  (Birmingham  Mus.  Fest.,  1S73) ; 
vocal  chamber-music  ;  organ-music  ;  etc. 

Schir'macher,  Dora,  gifted  pianist  ;  b.  Liv- 
erpool, Sept.  1,  1862.  Pupil,  1872-7,  of  Wenzel 
and  Reinecke  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  winning  the 
Mendelssohn  prize.  Debut  at  the  Gewandhaus, 
Feb.  1,  1S77  ;  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  London,  on 
Mar.  31  ;  has  played  at  Liverpool,  Manchester, 
etc.,  at  Amsterdam,  and  in  several  German  cit- 
ies. Has  publ.  a  suite,  Valse-Caprice,  sonata, 
Tone-pictures,  Serenade,  Evening  Song,  etc., 
f.  pf. 

Schir'mer,  G.  (incorporated),  noted  music- 
publishing  house  at  New  York.  It  is  an  out- 
growth of  the  business  founded  in  1S48  by  Kerk- 
sieg  &  Breusing,  in  which  Gustav  Schirmer 
obtained  an  interest  in  1S61  (firm-name  then 
Beer&  Schirmer),  and  complete  control  in  1866. 
Since  1893  the  business  has  been  carried  on  as 
a  stock-company  under  the  management  of  Ru- 
dolph E.  Schirmer  and  Gustav  Schirmer,  sons 
of  the  founder. 

Schirmer,  Gustav,  founder  of  the  New  York 
music-publishing  house  ;  b.  Konigsee,  Saxony, 
Sept.  19,  1829;  d.  Eisenach,  Thuringia,  Aug.  6, 
1893,  on  a  journey  undertaken  with  the  hope  of 
restoring  his  health.  Both  his  father  and  grand- 
father were  piano-makers  to  the  court  of  Son- 
dershausen.  He  went  to  New  York  in  1837; 
entered  the  music-store  of  Scharfenberg  &  Luis, 
and  in  1854  became  the  manager  of  Breusing's 
music-business.  In  1861,  with  B.  Beer,  he  took 
over  this  business,  which  was  then  carried  on 
under  the  firm-name  of  Beer  &  Schirmer  until 
1866,  when  S.  obtained  complete  control.  Since 
then  the  house  has  become  one  of  the  most 
important  in  the  world,  both  for  the  publication 
of,  and  general  trade  in,  music.  S.  was  a  pub- 
lisher with  an  artistic  conscience  ;  it  was  his  life- 
work  to  elevate  the  public  taste,  not  to  win  mere 
commercial  success  by  catering  to  "  popular" 
wants ;  and  his  influence  for  good  is  felt  through- 
out America. 

Schla'debach,  Julius,  a  German  physician 
who  died  at  Kiel  in  1872,  publ.  Vol.  i  of 
a  "  Neues  Universal-Lexikon  der  Tonkunst " 
(1S54),  completed  by  Bernsdorf  ;  also  "  Die  Bil- 
dung  der  menschlichen  Stimme  zum  Gesang " 
(i860). 

Schla'ger,  Hans,  b.  Filskirchen,  Upper  Aus- 
tria, Dec.  5,  1820;  d.  Salzburg,  May  17,  1885. 
Pupil  of  Preyer,  at  Vienna ;  1844-61,  Chormeister 
of  the  Mcinnergesangverein ;  then  Kapellm. 
of  Salzburg  Cath.,  and  Director  of  the  Mozart- 
eum,  resigning  on  his  marriage  with  Countess 
Zichy  in  1867. — Operas  :  Heinrich  und  Use 
(Salzburg,  1869),  and  Hans  Haidekukuk  (ibid. , 
1873) ;  the  symphonic  tone-picture  "  Waldmeis- 


519 


SCHLECHT— SCHLOSSER 


ters  Brautfahrt "  ;  a  prize  string-quartet  ;  3 
masses  w.  orch.  ;  symphonies  ;  etc. 

Schlecht,  Raimund,  b.  Eichstadt,  Mar.  11, 
1811 ;  d.  there  Mar.  24,  1891.  Priest  ;  president 
of  Eichstadt  Seminary,  and  ecclesiastical  coun- 
cillor.— Publ.  "  Officium  in  nativitate  Domini" 
(1843);  "  Vesperae  breviarii  romani "  (1852); 
"  Gradualiaet  offertoria  de  communi  sanctorum  "  ; 
"Auswahl  deutscher  Kirchengesange"  ;  a  "Ge- 
schichte  der  Kirchenmusik  "  (1871  ;  contains  lit- 
tle independent  research)  ;  contributions  to  the 
"  Monatshefte  fiir  Musikgeschichte,"  Mendel's 
"  Conversations-Lexicon,"  etc. 

Schlei'nitz,  Heinrich  Conrad,  b.  Zechanitz, 
n.  Dobeln,  Saxony,  Oct.  I,  1807  ;  d.  Leipzig, 
May  13,  1881.  Law-student, and  lawyer,  in  Leip- 
zig; as  a  pupil  of  the  Thomasschule  he  had  an 
excellent  mus.  education ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Gewandhaus  Board  of  Managers  when  they 
called  Mendelssohn  to  Leipzig,  and  became  a 
fast  friend  of  the  latter,  giving  up  his  legal  prac- 
tice on  M.'s  death  to  undertake  the  direction  of 
the  Conservatorium,  an  office  which  he  filled  with 
conservative  zeal  until  his  decease. 

Schle'singer.  Two  well-known  music-pub- 
lishing firms:  (1)  The  "  Schlesinger'sche  Buch- 
und  Musikalienhandlung  "  at  Berlin,  founded  in 
1810  by  Adolf  Martin  S. ;  carried  on  from  1858 
by  his  son  Heinrich  (d.  1879;  tne  founder  of  the 
mus.  paper  "Echo");  since  1864  in  the  hands 
of  R.  Lienau  ; — and  (2)  "  M.  A.  Schlesinger" 
in  Paris,  founded  in  1834  by  Moritz  Adolf,  son 
of  Adolf  Martin,  and  the  founder  of  the  "Ga- 
zette musicale"  (since  1835,  "  Revue  et  gaz. 
mus.").  The  business  was  acquired  by  Louis 
Brandus  in  1846. 

Schle'singer,  Sebastian  Benson,  b.  Ham- 
burg, Sept.  24,  1837.  Went  to  the  United 
States  at  13  ;  studied  music  at  Boston,  chiefly 
under  Otto  Dresel.  Was  for  17  years  Imp. 
German  Consul  at  Boston.  At  present  (1899) 
residing  in  Paris.  Gifted  amateur  composer  ; 
has  publ.  over  120  songs,  which  have  received 
the  hearty  approval  of  R.  Franz,  M.  Bruch,  and 
other  eminent  musicians.  For  pf.  he  has  publ. 
an  Albumblatt ;  6  Melodic  Studies  ;  Novellette 
in  D|?  ;  Etude  in  C  min.;  Nocturne  ;  5  Minia- 
tures ;  an  Improvisation  ;  an  Impromptu-Caprice; 
and  a  Wedding-march. 

Schlet'terer,  Hans  Michel,  b.  Ansbach, 
May  29,  1824  ;  d.  Augsburg,  June  4,  1893. 
Pupil,  at  Ansbach,  of  Ott,  Diirrner,  and  Th. 
Mayer  ;  later  of  Spohr  and  Kraushaar  at  Kas- 
sel,  and  David  and  Richter  at  Leipzig.  1845-7, 
teacher  at  Finstigen  (Lorraine)  Seminary  ;  1847- 
53,  mus.  dir.  at  Zweibriicken,  1854-8  at  Heidel- 
berg Univ.  ;  then  Kapellm.  at  the  Protestant 
Ch.,  Augsburg,  and  singing-teacher  at  Stetten's 
Institute.  He  founded  (1865)  and  cond.  the 
Oratorio  Soc,  and  was  the  founder  and  Director 
of  the  Augsburg  School  of  Music.  In  1878,  Dr. 
phil.  hon.  causa,  Tubingen. — Works:  4  operettas, 
Dornroscheu,  op.  45  ;  Pharaos  Tochter,  op.  49 ; 


Der  erfilllte  Traum,  op.  52  ;  and  Vater  Bra- 
ins ; — cantatas  Basset  die  Kindlein  zu  mir 
kommen,  and  Jephthas  Tochter  ; — Ostermorgen, 
and  ThUrmerlied,  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  "  Die 
kirchlichen  Festzeiten,"  op.  2S  ;  17  books  of 
choruses  a  cappella,  f.  male,  female,  and  mixed 
voices  ;  minor  vocal  comp.s  ;  a  "  Chorgesang- 
schule  "  for  schools  (op.  29  and  30)  ;  ditto  f . 
male  voices,  op.  20  ;  Violin-Method,  op.  7  ;  also 
edited  many  pf. -scores  of  classical  works,  etc. — 
Wrote  "  Geschichte  der  geistlichen  Dichtung 
und  kirchlichen  Tonkunst "  (Vol.  i,  1869); 
"  Uebersichtliche  Darstellung  der  Gesch."  of 
the  same  ;  "Zur  Gesch.  der  dramatischen  Musik 
und  Poesie  in  Deutschland "  (Vol.  i,  "Das 
deutsche  Singspiel,"  1S63);  "J.  Fr.  Reichardt " 
(1865);  "  Studien  zur  Geschichte  der  franzosi- 
schen  Musik  "  (1S84-5  ;  3  vol.s)  ;  the  essays 
"  G.  B.  Pergolese,"  "J.  J.  Rousseau,"  "  L. 
Spohr,"  and  "Der  Ursprung  der  Oper "  (in 
Graf  Waldersee's  "  Sammlung  ")  ;  etc. 

Schlick,  Arnold,  court  organist  to  the  Elec- 
tor Palatine  ;  publ.  "  Spiegel  der  Orgelmacher 
und  Organisten"  (1511),  and  "  Tabulaturen 
etlicher  Lobgesang  und  Liedlein  uff  die  Orgeln 
und  Lauten  "  (1512  ;  a  coll.  of  vocal  numbers 
arr.  in  part  for  organ,  in  part  for  lute,  with  or 
without  voices,  in  tablature  ; — rare  and  early 
prints  by  P.  Schoffer  ;  republ.  by  Br.  &  Hartel). 

Schlick,  Johann  Conrad,  b.  Munster  (?), 
Westphalia,  1759  ;  d.  Gotha,  1825,  as  'cellist  in 
the  Ducal  orch. — Publ.  a  concerto,  and  3  so- 
natas w.  bass,  f.  'cello  ;  3  quintets  f.  flute  and 
strings  ;  6  string-quartets  ;  3  pf. -trios  ;  and  a 
concertante  f.  violin  and  'cello. 

Schlim'bach,  Georg  Christian  Friedrich, 
b.  Ohrdruf,  Thuringia,  1760  ;  in  1782,  organist 
at  Prenzlau  ;  later  principal  of  a  music-school 
at  Berlin.  Organ-expert  ;  publ.  "  Ueber  die 
Structur,  Erhaltung,  Stimmung  und  Priifung 
der  Orgel  "  (1801)  ;  also  papers  in  the  "  Berlin- 
ische  musikal.  Zeitung,"  1805-6. 

Schlos'ser,  Louis,  b.  Darmstadt,  1800  ;  d. 
there  Nov.  17,  1886,  as  court  Kapellm.  Com- 
poser ;  pupil  of  Rinck  at  Darmstadt,  Seyfried, 
Mayseder,  and  Salieri  at  Vienna,  and  Le  Sueur 
and  Kre'utzer  at  the  Faris  Cons. — Works  (about 
70  opus-numbers  publ.)  :  The  operas  Granada, 
1S35  (?),  Das  Leben  ein  Traum  (1839),  Ben- 
venuto  Cellini,  Die  Jugend Karh  II.  von  Spanien 
(1847),  and  Die  Brant  des  Herzogs  (1847)  ;  an 
operetta,  Kapitan  Hector  ;  the  melodrama  Die 
Jahreszeiten;  music  to  Faust ;  ballets,  entr'actes, 
symphonies,  overtures,  string-quartets,  concer- 
tino f.  horn  w.  orch.,  pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Schlos'ser,  (Carl  Wilhelm)  Adolf,  son 
and  pupil  of  Louis  S.;  b.  Darmstadt,  Feb.  r, 
1830.  Pianist  ;  debut  Frankfort,  1847  ;  after 
concert-tours  in  Germany,  France,  and  England, 
he  settled  in  London  (1854).  Teacher  at,  and 
Hon.  Member  of,  the  R.  A.  M.— Works  :  Pf.- 
quartet;  pf.-trio;  a  Suite  in  D  min.;  24  Studies; 
several  solo  pieces  f .  pf. 


520 


SCHLOTTMANN— SCHMITT 


Schlott'mann,  Louis,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  12, 
1826.  Fine  pianist,  pupil  of  Taubert  and  Dehn  ; 
gave  successful  concerts  at  London  and  else- 
where, and  settled  in  Berlin  as  a  teacher.  Title 
of  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."  in  1S75. — Works:  Overture 
to  Romeo  and  Juliet ;  Trauermarsch  f.  orch.  ; 
Concertstiick  f.  pf. ;  chamber-music;  pf. -pieces 
(op.  S,  3  Capricettes  ;  op.  11,  Polonaise  de  con- 
cert; op.  19,  Andantino  w.  var.s  ;  op.  22,  "  Ju- 
gendspiegel,"  6  numbers)  ;   etc. 

Schmeil,  teacher  at  Magdeburg,  invented  the 
"  Notograph,"  an  apparatus  which,  when  at- 
tached to  the  piano,  accurately  records  whatever 
is  played,  in  notation  easy  to  read. 

Schmel'zer,  Johann  Heinrich,  court  cham- 
ber-musician at  Vienna,  later  (1655)  at  Prague, 
in  167S  court  Kapellm.  to  Ferdinand  III.  ;  d. 
after  1695.  Publ.  "  Sacro-profanus  concentus 
musicus  ..."  (1662  ;  13  sonatas  f.  violin  w. 
violas  and  trombones)  ;  "  Arie  per  il-  balletto  a 
cavallo  ..."  (1667  ;  for  the  wedding  of  Leo- 
pold I.)  ;  and  "  Duodena  selectarum  sonatarum  " 
a  4  (1669). 

Schmid  [Schmidt],  Bernhard,  Strassburg 
organist,  in  1560  at  the  Thomaskirche,  in  1564 
at  the  Minster.  Publ.  "  Einer  neuen  und  kiinst- 
lichen  auff  Orgel  und  Instrument  Tabulatur 
Buch "  (1577;  fantasias  on  motets  by  Lasso, 
Crequillon,  etc.;  also  dance-pieces);  and  a 
"  Tabulatur-Buch  von  allerhand  auserlesenen 
schonen  Praludiis,  Toccaten,  Motetten,  Canzo- 
netten,  etc."  a  4-6  (1607).  —  He  was  succeeded 
at  the  Thomaskirche  by  Bernhard  Schmid  the 
younger. 

Schmid,  Anton,  b.  Pihl,  n.  Leipa,  Bohemia, 
Jan.  30,  17S7  ;  d.  July  3.  1S57,  as  custodian  of 
the  mus.  section  in  the  Vienna  Library.  Publ. 
the  valuable  monographs  "  Ottaviano  dei  Pe- 
trucci  da  Fossombrone,  der  Erfinder  des  Musik- 
notendrucks  mit  beweglichen  Metalltypen,  und 
seine  Nachfolger  im  16.  Jahrhundert  "  (1845); 
"  J.  Haydn  und  N.  Zingarelli  "  (1847  ;  to  prove 
that  Haydn  comp.  "  Gott  erhalte  Franz  den 
Kaiser");  "  Christoph  Willibald,  Ritter  von 
Gluck "  (1854);  and  "  Beitrage  zur  Lftteratur 
und  Geschichte  der  Tonkunst "  (in  Dehn's 
"  Cacilia,"  1842-6). 

Schmidt,  Johann  Philipp  Samuel,  govern- 
ment official  ;  writer  and  amateur  composer  ;  b. 
Konigsberg,  Sept.  8,  1779  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  9, 
1S53.  Wrote  half  a  score  of  operas  for  Konigs- 
berg and  Berlin  ;  many  cantatas  ;  9  oratorios 
and  masses  ;  symphonies  ;  quintets  and  quartets 
f.  strings,  etc.,  many  publ.;  also  contributed  to 
musical  periodicals  of  Berlin  and  Leipzig,  and 
was  for  30  years  critic  for  the  "  Spener'sche  Zei- 
tung";  arr.  symphonies  by  Mozart  and  Haydn, 
Radziwill's  Faust,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Schmidt,  Joseph,  violinist  ;  b.  Bt'ickeburg, 
Sept.    26,    1795  ;    d.    there    Mar.    15,    1865,    as 


court  Kapellm. —  Works  :  Oratorio  Die   Geburt 
Christi ;  vocal  quartets,  psalms,  hymns,  etc. 

Schmidt,  Hermann,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  5,  1810  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  19,  1845,  as  court  comp.  and  ballet- 
cond.  Pupil  of  Bohmer  and  Gabrielski  (flute)  ; 
prod,  operettas,  ballets,  etc.,  also  orch.l  and 
chamber-music. 

Schmidt,  Gustav,  b.  Weimar,  Sept.  1,  1S16  ; 
d.  Darmstadt,  Feb.  II,  1882,  as  court  Kapellm. 
While  theatre-cond.  at  Frankfort,  he  prod,  the 
very  successful  opera  Prinz  Eugen  (1845),  and 
Die  Weiber  von  Weinsberg{\%^%)  ;  other  operas 
were  La  Re'ole  (Breslau,  1863)  and  Alibi.  Also 
wrote  songs,  ballads,  and  popular  male  choruses. 

Schmitt,  Joseph,  b.  1764  ;  d.  as  Kapellm. 
at  Frankfort-on-Main,  1S1S.  A  monk  at  Ebers- 
bach,  he  doffed  the  cowl  in  1790,  establ.  himself 
at  Amsterdam  as  a  music-dealer  ;  married  ;  won 
reputation  as  a  violinist  and  church-composer, 
and  was  finally  Kapelhu.  of  the  Frankfort  thea- 
tre.— Publ.  symphonies,  chamber-music,  and  a 
Method  f.  violin. 

Schmitt,  Nikolaus,  German  composer,  from 
1779  chef  de  musique  of  the  French  Guards  at 
Paris,  later  ist  bassoon  at  the  Italian  Opera. 
Publ.  3  bassoon-concertos,  3  bassoon-quartets, 
var.s  f.  bassoon  ;  quintets,  octets,  quartets,  and 
duos  f.  wind-instr.s  ;  etc. 

Schmitt,  Aloys,  pianist  and  eminent  teacher  ; 
b.  Erlenbach,  Bavaria,  Aug.  26,  1788  ;  d.  Frank- 
fort-on-Main, July  25,  1S66.  Son  and  pupil  of 
a  cantor,  and  at  14  a  fine  player,  he  studied 
comp.  with  Andre  at  Offenbach  from  his  20th 
year,  and  settled  in  Frankfort  in  1S16,  remain- 
ing there,  excepting  a  few  years  in  Berlin,  and 
1825-9  at  Hanover  as  organist  to  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge.  His  valuable  instructive  works  f. 
pf.  include  a  Method,  op.  114  ;  Studies,  op.  16, 
55,  62  (Rhapsodies),  67,  115;  Rondos,  op.  3; 
Sonatinas,  op.  10,  11  ;  he  also  wrote  4  pf. -con- 
certos, a  pf. -concertino  w.  orch.,  rondos,  varia- 
tions, etc.,  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  pf. -quartets  and 
-trios,  solo  pieces  (sonatas,  variations,  etc.)  f. 
pf. ;  3  operas  ;  2  oratorios  {Moses  and  Rutii)  ; 
masses  ;  orch.l  overtures,  etc. — Biogr.  by  Hen- 
kel  :  "  Leben  und  Werke  von  Dr.  A.  S." 
(Frankfort,  1873). 

Schmitt,  Jacob  [Jacques],  brother  and  pupil 
of  preceding ;  b.  Obernburg,  Bavaria,  Nov.  2, 
1S03 ;  d.  Hamburg,  June,  1S53.  Excellent 
piano-teacher  ;  of  some  370  works,  his  sona- 
tinas f.  pf.  are  especially  prized  (op.  29,  S3  [easy 
and  progr.],  84,  207,  248,  249  ;  for  4  hands,  op. 
31,  49,  65,  11S,  208);  the  "  Musikalisches 
Schatzkastlein,"  op.  325,  is  a  valuable  coll.  of 
133  short  pieces;  his  Method,  op.  301,  and 
Studies  (op.  37,  271,  330),  are  also  much  used, 
like  the  Rondos  (op.  88,  113,  250)  and  the  14 
Nocturnes  ;  he  also  wrote  sonatas,  variations, 
and  salon-music  f.  pf . ;  and  the  opera  A  If  red  der 
Grosse. 


52i 


SCHMITT— SCHNEIDER 


Schmitt,  (Georg)  Aloys,  son  and  pupil  of 
Aloys;  b.  Hanover,  Feb.  2,  1827;  studied  theory 
with  Vollweiler  at 
Heidelberg.  After 
pianistic  tours  in 
Germany,  France, 
Belgium,  and  Al- 
giers, he  visited  Lon- 
don, became  theatre- 
cond.  at  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  Wiirzburg, 
etc.,  and  1857-92 
court  cond.  at 
S  e  h  w  e  r  i  n  ;  fro  m 
1S93,  director  of  the 
"  D  reyssig'sche 
Singakademie "  at 
Dresden.  Emma  Brandes  was  one  of  his  pu- 
pils. He  prod,  the  operas  Trilby  (Frankfort, 
1845),  Das  Wundwasser  (ibid.),  and  Maien- 
zauber ;  also  incid.  music  to  plays;  overtures 
and  other  orch.l  works  ;  string-quartets  ;  pf.- 
trios  ;  pf. -pieces  ;    songs. 

Schmitt,  Hans,  excellent  piano-teacher  ;  b. 
Koben,  Bohemia,  Jan.  14,  1835.  At  first  an 
oboist  at  Bucharest  and  Vienna,  he  studied  the 
piano  under  Dachs  at  the  Vienna  Cons.,  1860-2, 
taking  the  silver  medal,  and  being  app.  teacher 
at  the  Cons. — His  important  instructive  works 
f.  pf.  include  "300  Studies  without  Octave- 
stretches";  "Vademecum";  "Fundament  der 
Klaviertechnik ";  "  Zirkeliibungen  in  Skalen 
•und  Akkorden";  "120  kleine  Vortragsstucke"; 
a  school-edition  of  Clementi's  "  Gradus";  "  Re- 
pertoirestudien ";  "Das  Pedal  des  Klaviers" 
(1S75  ;  after  L.  Kohler)  ; — also  an  elementary 
vocal  method,  "  Schule  des  Gehors";  songs; 
charact.  pieces  f.  pf.;  a  Concertstiick  f.  violin; 
etc. 

SchmoFzer,  Jakob  Eduard,  song-comp. ;  b. 
Graz,  Mar.  9,  1S12  ;  d.  there  Jan.  9,  1886.  His 
chorus  "  Allen  Deutschen  "  won  1st  prize  of  the 
"  Tht'iringer  Sangerbund." 

Schna'bel,  Joseph  Ignaz,  b.  Naumburg-on- 
Queiss,  Silesia,  May  24,  1767  ;  d.  Breslau,  June 
16,  1831.  From  1S04,  cathedral-A"oyV//w.  at 
Breslau  ;  from  1812,  mus.  dir.  at  the  Univ., 
teacher  at  the  R.  C.  Seminary,  and  Director  of 
the  R.  Inst,  for  Church-music. — Many  sacred 
works  ;  he  publ.  5  masses,  4  graduals,  2  offer- 
tories, antiphones,  hymns,  and  vespers  ;  male 
quartets  ;  songs  ;  marches,  etc.,  f.  military  band  ; 
quintet  f.  guitar  and  strings  ;  and  a  clarinet- 
concerto. — His  brother,  Michael,  b.  Naura- 
burg,  Sept.  23,  1775  ;  d.  Breslau,  Nov.  6,  1842, 
where  he  founded  (1S14)  a  piano-factory,  which 
was  carried  on  by  his  son  Karl  (1S09-1S81),  who 
was  also  an  excellent  pianist,  and  a  composer  of 
some  note  (operas,  masses,  orch.l  works,  pf.- 
music,  etc.). 

Schneck'er,  Peter  August,  b.  in  Hessen- 
Darmstadt,  Aug.  26,  1850.  Pupil  of  Oscar  Paul 
at  Leipzig  ;  settled  in  America  as  a  teacher  and 


organist. — Works:  Church-music,  pf. -pieces, and 
songs  ;  has  compiled  several  coll.s  of  organ- 
compositions. 

Schnee'gass  [Snegassius],  Cyriak,  born 
Buschleben,  n.  Gotha,  Oct.  5,  1546  ;  d.  Oct.  23, 
1597,  as  pastor  at  Friedrichroda. — Publ.  "  Nova 
etexquisitamonochordi  dimensio"  (1590)  ;  "Isa- 
goge  musicae  libri  II,  tarn  theoricae  quam  prac- 
ticae  "  (1591,  2nd  ed.  1596)  ;  "  Deutsche  Musica 
fur  die  Kinder  und  andre,  so  nicht  sonderlich 
Latein  verstehen "  (1592;  2nd  ed.  1594);  he 
comp.  psalms,  graduals,  and  motets  for  Christ- 
mas and  New  Year. 

Schnei'der,  Johann,  b.  Lauder,  n.  Koburg, 
July  17,  1702  ;  d.  Leipzig,  about  1775,  where 
he  was  organist  (a  famous  improviser)  from  1730 
at  the  Nikolaikirche. 

Schnei'der,  Georg  Abraham,  horn-virtu- 
oso ;  b.  Darmstadt,  Apr.  19,  1770  ;  d.  Berlin, 
Jan.  19,  1839.  Member  of  the  Royal  orch.  at 
Berlin  ;  from  1820,  Kapellm.  of  the  Court  Opera, 
and  Musikmeister  of  all  regiments  of  the  Guards. 
— Works  :  The  operettas  Der  Orakelspruch, 
Aucassin  und  Nieolette,  Die  Verse hworenen, 
Der  Traum,  Der  Wdhrivolf ;  13  ballets  ;  music 
to  numerous  plays,  melodramas,  etc. ;  2  orato- 
rios ;  cantatas  ;  orch.l  masses  ;  54  entr'actes  f. 
orch. ;  symphonies  and  overtures  ;  concertos  f . 
horn,  flute,  oboe,  English  horn,  bassoon,  etc.; 
quintets,  quartets,  and  other  chamber-music  for 
wind-instr.s  (over  100  works  were  publ.). 

Schnei'der,  (Johann   Georg)  Wilhelm,  b. 

Rathenow,  Prussia,  Oct.  5,  1781  ;  d.  Berlin, 
Oct.  17,  181 1.  Pianist;  pupil  of  his  father,  and 
of  Turk  at  Halle.  Concert- player  and  teacher 
in  Berlin. — Publ.  a  pf. -fantasia  w.  orch.,  and 
variations,  fantasias,  marches,  and  dances  f .  pf. ; 
a  "  Commersbuch "  (1802);  and  a  "  Musika- 
lisches  Taschenbuch  "  for  the  years  1803  and 
1S05,  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Werder." 
Songs  publ.  posthumously. 

Schnei'der,  Wilhelm,  b.  Neudorf,  Saxony, 
July  21,  17S3  ;  d.  Merseburg,  Oct.  9,  1843,  as 
organist  and  mus.  dir. — Publ.  "Was  hat  der 
Orgelspieler  beim  Gottesdienst  zu  beobachten  ?  " 
(1823)  ;  "  Lehrbuch,  das  Orgelwerk  kennen  .  .  . 
zu  lernen"  (1823);  "  Gesanglehre  fiir  Land- 
und  Burgerschulen "  (1S25)  ;  "  Musikalisches 
Hilfsbuch  beim  Kirchendienst  "  (1826) ;  "  Aus- 
flihrliche  Beschreibungder  Domorgel  zu  Merse- 
burg" (1829);  "  Anweisung  zu  Choralvorspie- 
len,"  w.  50  preludes  (1829);  "  Choralkenntniss 
nebst  Regeln  und  Beispielen  zu  richtigem  Vor- 
trag  des  Altargesangs  "  (1S33)  ;  "  Musikalische 
Grammatik  .  .  ."  (1834)  ;  "  llistorisch-tech- 
nische  Beschreibung  der  mus.  Instr.e  "  (1S34)  ; 
"  Die  Orgelregister,  deren  Entstehung,  Behand- 
lung,  etc."  (1835)  ;  "  Musikalischer  P'iihrer  "  for 
teachers  (1855).  Also  cf.  "  Bemerkenswerthe 
Frfindung  im  Orgelbau  "  in  the  "  Allgem.  mus. 
Zeitung  "  for  1832. 


522 


SCHNEIDER— SCHNITGER 


Schnei'der,  (Johann  Christian)  Friedrich, 

b.  Alt-Waltersdorf,  Saxony,  Jan.  3,  1786  ;  d. 
Dessau,  Nov.  23,  1853.  Son  and  pupil  of  Johann 
Gottlob  S.  [b.  1753  ;  d.  as  organist  at  Gerns- 
dorf,  May  3,  1840J  ;  attended  the  Zittau  Gym- 
nasium and  (1805)  Leipzig  Univ.  As  the  pupil 
of  Unger  at  Zittau,  he  early  began  composing, 
and  publ.  3  pf. -sonatas  in  1803;  was  app.  organ- 
ist of  the  Paulinerkirche  at  Leipzig  in  1807,  be- 
came cond.  of  the  Seconda  opera-troupe  in  1810, 
org.  of  the  Thomaskirche  in  1812,  and  in  1817 
Music-director  of  the  Leipzig  City  Th.  In  1S20 
his  grand  oratorio,  Das  Weltgericht,  made  him 
famous,  and  he  was  called  to  Dessau  in  1S21  as 
court  Kapellni.  Here  he  not  only  brought  the 
court  orchestra  to  a  high  state  of  efficiency,  con- 
ducted the  Singakademie  with  the  best  results, 
and  organized  the  "  Liedertafel,"  but  built  up  a 
fine  choir  of  students  'at  the  Gymnasium  and 
Teachers'  Seminary,  and  founded  a  celebrated 
School  of  Music  in  1S29,  which  was  not  closed 
until  1S54,  after  the  Leipzig  Cons,  had  attracted 
so  many  pupils  of  distinction  ;  among  his  pupils 
were  R.  Franz,  F.  Spindler,  and  Karl  Anschtitz. 
He  also  cond.  nearly  a  score  of  grand  mus. 
festivals.  In  1830  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  was 
conferred  on  him  by  Halle  Univ.  —  His  orato- 
rios (Das  Weltgericht,  Die  SiindjlutJi  [in  Engl, 
as  The  Deluge],  Das  verlorene  Parodies,  /estes' 
Geburt,  Christus  der  Meister,  Pkarao,  Christus 
das  Kind,  Gideon,  Gethsemane  und  Golgotha, 
Absalom  [all  publ.], — Das  befreite  Jerusalem, 
Salomonis  Tempelbau,  Bonifaeius,  Christus  der 
Erloser,  Die  Hollenfahrt  des  Messias  [unpubl.]) 
were  formerly  often  performed. — Other  works  : 
14  masses  ;  13  motets  and  psalms  ;  25  cantatas; 
5  hymns  ; — 7  operas  ;  23  symphonies  ;  many 
overtures;  7  concertos  w.  orch.;  pf. -quartets  ; 
trios  ;  sonatas  f.  violin  (or  flute) ;  400  male  cho- 
ruses ;  200  songs  w.  pf. ;  pf. -sonatas  f.  2  and  4 
hands,  etc.  (compl.  ed.  of  his  pf. -works  publ.  at 
Halberstadt)  ; — "  Elementarbuch  der  Harmonie 
und  Tonsetzkunst "  (1820,  etc.;  in  English, 
1828);  "  Vorschule  der  Musik"  (1827)  ;  "  Hand- 
buch  des  Organisten  "  (1829-30  ;  4  parts). — Bi- 
ography by  F.  Kempe  :  "  Friedrich  Schneider 
als  Mensch  und  Kiinstler  "  (Dessau,  1859  !  2nc^ 
ed.  Berlin,  1S64). 

Schnei'der,  Johann  (Gottlob),  brother  of 
preceding  ;  b.  Alt-Gersdorf,  n.  Zittau,  Oct.  2S, 
1789  ;  d.  Dresden,  Apr.  13,  1864.  Pupil  of  the 
Zittau  Gymnasium,  and  later  regens  cliori  there  ; 
matriculated  1S10  at  Leipzig  as  a  law-student, 
but  next  year  succeeded  his  brother  as  Univ. 
organist  (at  the  Paulinerkirche),  and  in  1S12 
became  org.  of  the  Ch.  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul  at 
Gorlitz,  also  founding  a  singing-society  there, 
and  giving  organ-concerts  at  Dresden,  Leipzig, 
Liegnitz,  etc.  In  1825,  court  organist  at  Dresden, 
from  1830  also  cond.  the  Dreyssig 'sche  Sing- 
akademie. Now  (according  to  Mendelssohn)  the 
finest  German  organ-virtuoso  of  the  period,  he 
extended  his  concert-tours  to  London  (1833). 
Famed  as  a  teacher  ;  among  his  pupils  were  Ber- 


thold  (his  successor  as  court  org.),  G.  Merkel,  F. 
G.  Jansen,  K.  E.  Naumann,  Willem  Nicolai,  and 
van  Eycken.  — Publ.  works  :  Fugues,  fantasias, 
and  preludes,  f.  organ  ;  songs  w.  org.  obbl. 

Schnei'der,  Johann  Gottlieb,  brother  of 
the  preceding  ;  b.  Alt-Gersdorf,  July  19,  1797  ; 
d.  Hirschberg,  Aug.  4,  1S56,  as  organist  of  the 
Kreuzkirche. 

Schnei'der,  Louis,  court  councillor  at  Berlin, 
where  he  was  born  Apr.  29,  1805  ;  d.  Potsdam, 
Dec.  16,  1878. — Publ.  "  Geschichte  der  Oper 
und  des    koniglichen   Opernhauses  zu   Berlin " 

(1S52). 

Schnei'der,  (Johann)  Julius,  b.  Berlin, 
July  6,  1805  ;  d.  there  Apr.  3,  1SS5.  Excellent 
pianist  and  organist  ;  pupil  of  A.  W.  Bach, 
Turrschmidt,  and  L.  Berger  (pf.),  Hausmann 
(organ),  and  B.  Klein  (comp.).  In  1S29,  or- 
ganist and  cantor  of  the  Friedrich werder  Ch. 
(where  he  organized  a  liturgical  choir  in  1S52)  ; 
1S35-5S,  singing-teacher  at  the  Munic.  Indus- 
trial School;  1837,  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."  ;  1849, 
member  of  the  Akademie  (senator  in  1875)  ; 
1854,  teacher  of  organ,  singing,  and  comp.  at 
the  R.  Inst,  for  Church-music  ;  1S69,  R.  In- 
spector of  Organs.  In  1S29  he  founded  a  Lie- 
dertafel, and  in  1S36  a  choral  society  for  mixed 
voices,  then  also  becoming  mus.  dir.  of  the 
Royal  York  Grand  Lodge  ;  from  1S44-7  he 
cond.  the  Potsdam  society  for  classical  chamber- 
music. — Works  (few  publ.)  :  2  operas  ;  2  ora- 
torios ;  a  mass  a  6  ;  a  Paternoster  <(  12;  a  Te 
Deum,  cantatas,  psalms,  etc.  ;  200  male  cho- 
ruses, and  others  w.  military  band  ;  organ-pieces  ; 
a  pf.-concerto  and  pf.-sonatas  ;  chamber-music  ; 
etc. 

Schnei'der,  Karl,   lyric  tenor  ;  b.    Strehlen, 

1S22  ;  d.  Cologne,  Jan.  3,  1882.  Opera-singer 
at  Leipzig,  Frankfort,  Wiesbaden,  Rotterdam  ; 
vocal  teacher  in  Cologne  Cons.,  from  1872. 

Schnei'der,  Theodor,  son  of  Friedrich  S.  ; 
b.  Dessau,  May  14,  1S27.  Pupil  of  his  father 
and  Drechsler  ('cello)  ;  in  1S45,  'cellist  in  Des- 
sau court  orch.  ;  in  1854,  cantor  and  choir- 
director  of  the  court  and  city  churches  ;  from 
1S60-96,  cantor  and  mus.  director  at  the  Jakobi- 
kirche  in  Chemnitz  (his  successor  is  Meinel)  ; 
also  cond.  of  the  Singakademie,  and  of  a  Manr 
nergesangverein  which  he  founded  in  1S70. 

Schnei'der,  Karl  Ernst,  b.  Aschersleben, 
Dec.  29,  1819  ;  d.  Dresden,  Oct.  25,  1S93,  as 
teacher  at  a  music-school. — Publ.  "  Das  musi- 
kalische  Lied  in  geschichtlicher  Entwickelung  " 
(1863-7  ;  3  parts)  ;  "  Zur  Periodisirung  der  Mu- 
sikgeschichte"  (1863);  and"  Musik,  Klavierund 
Klavierspiel  "  (1872). 

Schnit'ger,  Arp,  German  organ-builder ; 
b.  Godswarden,  Oldenburg,  July  2,  164S  ;  d. 
Neuenfelde,  about  1720.  His  organs  are  in  the 
Nikolai-  and  Takobikirche,  Hamburg  ;  the  Ca- 
thedral and  Stephanskirche  at  Bremen  ;  the 
Johanniskirche   at    Magdeburg  ;    the    Nikolai- 


523 


SCHNORR— SCHOLTZ 


kirche  at  Berlin  ;  etc. — His  son,  Franz  Caspar 
(d.  1729),  worked  with  an  elder  brother  at 
Zwolle,  Holland,  building  the  organ  at  Zwolle 
(63  stops),  and  that  at  Alkmar  (56  stops). 

Schnorr  von  Ca'rolsfeld,  Ludwig,  dra- 
matic tenor  ;  b.  Munich,  July  2,  1836  ;  d.  Dres- 
den, Tune  21,  1865.  Son  of  the  noted  painter; 
pupil  of  Jul.  Otto  at  Dresden,  and  of  the  Leip- 
zig Cons.  ;  then  of  Ed.  Devrient  at  Karlsruhe, 
making  his  debut  there,  followed  by  engage- 
ment in  1858.  From  i860,  leading  tenor  at 
Dresden.  He  created  the  role  of  Tristan  in 
Wagner's  Tristan  unci  Isolde  at  Munich,  June 
10,  1S65,  his  wife  (Malwina,  ne'e  Garrigues) 
singing  Isolde  ;  a  chill  on  that  occasion  proved 
fatal.  He  was  renowned  as  an  interpreter  of 
Wagner  roles. 

Schny'der  von  War'tensee,  Xaver,  excel- 
lent teacher  and  vocal  composer  ;  b.  Lucerne, 
Apr.  16,  17S6  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Aug.  27, 
1868.  A  pupil  at  Vienna  of  J.  C.  Kienlen  ; 
joined  the  campaign  against  the  French  in  1815  ; 
taught  at  the  Pestalozzian  Inst.,  Yverdun ;  and 
in  1817  settled  in  Frankfort. — Works  :  The 
fairy-opera  Fortunat  ///it  dem  Scickel  und 
Wunschhiltlein  (1829)  ;  oratorio Zeit  und  Ewig- 
keit ;  cantatas  ;  sacred  and  secular  songs  ;  Swiss 
songs  f.  male  chorus  ;  2  symphonies  ; — a  "  Sys- 
tem der  Rhythmik"  (pos'th.  publ.  by  B.  Wid- 
mann)  ;  articles  in  the  "  Cacilia  "  (Mayence)  and 
the  "Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung"  (Leipzig). — Biogr. : 
"  Lebenserinnerungen  von  S.  v.  W.  nebst  mu- 
sikalischen  Beilagen  und  einem  Gesammtver- 
zeichniss  seiner  Werke  "  (Zurich,  1888). 

Scho'berlechner,  Franz,  b.  Vienna,  July  21, 
1797;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  7,  1843.  Pianist;  pupil 
of  Hummel  and  Forster  at  Vienna,  and  at  10 
played  in  public  Hummel's  2nd  Concerto,  writ- 
ten for  him.  On  a  pianistic  tour  to  Italy  in 
1814,  he  became  ///.  di  capp.  to  the  Duchess  of 
Lucca  (1815),  prod,  the  opera  I  virtuosi  teatrali 
at  Florence  in  1816,  and  Gli  Arabi  nelle  Gallie 
at  Lucca  in  1819  (?)  ;  returned  to  Vienna  in  1S20, 
made  a  tour  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1823,  and  there 
married  the  singer  Sophie  dell'  Occa  [1807- 
1863],  with  whom  he  made  further  tours  to 
Northern  Italy  and  Vienna,  and  settled  in  St. 
Petersburg  1827-30,  during  her  engagement  at 
the  Italian  Opera  there.  He  purchased  a  villa 
in  Florence  in  1831,  and  retired  to  it  some  years 
later. — Publ.  works  :  Variations  f.  pf.  w.  orch., 
op.  46,  47  ;  an  overture  ;  string-quartets  ;  a  pf.- 
trio  ;  a  sonata  f.  violin  (or  flute)  ;  a  pf. -rondo,  4 
hands  ;  and  sonatas,  variations,  fantasias,  etc., 
f.  pf.      He  also  brought  out  3  more  operas. 

Scho'berlein,  Ludwig,  b.  Kolmberg,  Bava- 
ria, Sept.  6,  1813  ;  d.  Gottingen,  July  8,  1881, 
where  he  had  been  ordinary  prof,  of  theology 
1855-78. — Wrote  (with  Fr.  Riegel)  :  "  Schatz 
des  liturgischen  Chor-  und  Gemeindegesangs  " 
(1865-72  ;  3  vol.s  ;  important). 

Scho'bert,  ,   b.   Strassburg,   1720;  d. 

Paris,  1768,  from  eating  poisonous  mushrooms. 


Talented  comp.  and  pianist  ;  from  1760,  cham- 
ber-musician to  the  Prince  de  Conti. — Publ. 
works  :  Op.  1,  2,  3,  sonatas  f.  clavecin  and  vio- 
lin ;  op.  4,  5,  16,  17,  sonatas  f.  clavecin  solo  ; 
op.  6,  8,  clavecin-trios  ;  op.  9,  10,  11,  12,  18, 
clavecin-concertos  ;  op.  13,  Concerto  pastoral  f. 
clavecin  ;  op.  14,  15,  6  "symphonies"  f.  clave- 
cin, violin,  and  2  horns. 

Schoe'nefeld,  Henry,  b.  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
Oct.  4,  1S57.  Pianist ;  pupil,  1874-7,  at  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  of  Papperitz  (pf.),  Hermann  (vln.), 
Richter  (theory),  Reinecke  and  Grill  (comp.  and 
instr.),  and  Schradieck  (cond.).  In  1878-9  he 
studied  with  E.  Lassen  at  Weimar  (comp.),  and 
settled  in  Chicago,  after  a  pianistic  tour  through 
Northern  Germany,  as  a  teacher  and  composer  ; 
for  some  years  he  has  cond.  the  "  Germania 
Mannerchor." — Publ.  works  :  Suite  caracteris- 
tique  f.  string-orch. ;  for  piano,  Impromptu  and 
Etude  ;  Liebeslied  ;  Polonaise  gracieuse  ;  Little 
Soldiers'  March  ;  Kleine  Tanz-Suite  ;  Danse 
americaine  ;  Children's  Festival  ;  Valse  ele- 
gante ;  Deutscher  Walzer ;  Mystics  of  the 
Woods;  Rondo  elegante,  "In  the  rosy  month 
of  June." — Unpubl.  ivories:  "The  Three  In- 
dians," ode  f.  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.; 
"  Rural  "  symphony  ;  "  Springtime  "  symphony  ; 
2  overtures,  "  In  the  Sunny  South  "  and  "  The 
American  Flag";  heroic  fantasy  "Liberty," 
Serenade  and  Intermezzo,  Air,  Gypsy  Melodies, 
and  minor  pieces,  all  f.  orch.;  also  pf.-music, 
violin-music,  choruses,  songs. 

Schof  fer,  Peter,  son  of  the  partner  of  Gu- 
tenberg and  Faust  ;  early  German  music-printer 
(at  Mayence  and  Strassburg)  of  the  coll.s  "  XX 
cantiunculae  gallicae  4  vocum  "  (1530);  "  Mo- 
tetarum  4  vocum  a  diversis  musicis  lib.  I " 
(1535);  and  "  Cantiones  5  voc.  selectissimae " 
(1539)- 

Schoelcher,  Victor,  b.  Paris,  July  21,  1804  ; 
d.  there  Dec.  26,  1S93.  A  French  radical 
statesman,  from  1876  member  of  the  national 
Senate.  During  the  Second  Empire  he  lived  in 
England,  became  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of 
Handel's  music,  and  in  1857  publ.  "The  Life 
of  Handel  "  in  an  inadequate  Engl,  transl.  from 
the  original  French  MS.  He  later  presented  his 
fine  coll.  of  Handeliana,  and  another  of  mus. 
instr.  s,  to  the  Paris  Cons. 

Scholtz,  Hermann,  b.  Breslau,  June  9,  1845. 
Pupil  there  of  Brosig  ;  1865-7,  of  C.  Riedel 
and  Plaidy  at  Leipzig,  then  repairing,  on  Liszt's 
advice,  to  Munich,  studying  under  v.  Billow 
and  Rheinberger  at  the  R.  School  of  Music,  in 
which  he  taught  1870-5  ;  since  then  in  Dres- 
den, being  app.  "  R.  Saxon  Chamber-virtuoso" 
in  1880.  An  accomplished  pianist,  admirable 
teacher,  and  a  composer  of  merit. — Works  : 
Op.  51,  pf.-trio  in  F  min. ;  op.  20,  "Album- 
blatter,"  followed  by  "  Madchenlieder  "  (op.  37) 
and  "  Lyrische  Blatter"  (op.  40),  a  series  of  de- 
lightful lyrics  ;  op.  22,  "  Traumbilder";  op.  44, 
sonata  in  G  min.;  op.  60,  "  Stimmungsbilder  "; 


524 


SCIIOLZ— SCHRADIECK 


op.  66,  Ballade ;  op.  73,  Passacaglia  in  D  min. 
— A  pf. -concerto  is  MS. — Careful  edition  of 
Chopin's  works  for  piano. 

Scholz,  Bernhard  E.,  b.  Mayence,  Mar.  30, 
1835.  Dramatic  composer  ;  pupil  of  Ernst  Pauer 
at  Mayence,  and  (1855)  of  Dehn  at  Berlin.  In 
1856,  teacher  at  the  R.  School  of  Music,  Munich  ; 
1S59-65,  court- A'apell///.  at  the  Hanover  theatre  ; 
1S65-6,  cond.  of  the  Cherubini  Soc,  Florence; 
then  lived  in  Berlin,  conducted  the  concerts  of  the 
Breslau  Orchestral  Society,  1871-83,  and  on  Apr. 
1,  1883,  succeeded  Raff  as  Director  of  the  Hoch 
Cons.,  Frankfort;  since  18S4  also  cond.  of  the 
"  Riihl'scher  Gesangverein."  He  is  Dr.  pliil. 
hon.  causa  (Breslau  Univ.)  ;  "  Royal  Prussian 
Professor";  etc. — Works  :  The  operas  Carlo  Rosa 
(Munich,  1858) ;  Zietheri sche  Husaren  (Breslau, 
1869) ;  Morgiane  (Munich,  1870) ;  Gold  [or 
Genovefa~\  (Nuremberg,  1875)  ;  Der  Trompeter 
von  Sakkingen  (Wiesbaden,  1877)  ;  Die  vorneh- 
men  Wirthe  (Leipzig,  1883)  ;  and  Ingo,  4  acts 
(Frankfort,  1898;  succ.)  ; — Das  Sieges f est  and 
Das  Lied  von  der  Glocke,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.; 
the  symphonic  poem  "Malinconia"  (1891)  ;  a 
symphony  in  Bh>,  op.  60  ;  overtures  to  Iphigenia 
[Goethe]  and  "  Im  Freien  ";  a  Requiem  ;  string- 
quintet,  op.  47  ;  string-quartets,  op.  46,  48  ;  a 
pf. -quintet,  op.  25  ;  a  pf. -concerto,  op.  57  ;  Ca- 
priccio  f.  pf.  w.  orch.,  op.  35  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
violin,  op.  3,  55  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  5  ; 
six  duos  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  31  ;  4-hand  pf.- 
waltzes,  op.  24  ;  sonatinas  f.  pf.,  op.  41  ;  songs  ; 
etc. — Has  publ.  a  coll.  of  essays,  "  Wohin 
treiben  wir?"  (Frankfort,  1897). 

Schon,  Moritz,  b.  Kronau,  Moravia,  180S  ; 
d.  Breslau,  Apr.  S,  1885.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of 
Hubert  Ries,  Karl  Midler,  and  Spohr ;  after 
touring  Germany  and  Holland,  he  settled  in 
Breslau,  acting  as  theatre-A'oyV//w.,  1835-41, 
and  founding  a  school  for  violin-playing. — 
Works:  "  Praktischer  Lehrgang  fur  den  Vio- 
linunterricht ";  12  Lessons  for  Beginners,  op. 
26  ;  violin-duets  (studies)  ;  "  Der  Opernfreund," 
"Der  Sonntagsgeiger";  "  Erholungsstunden  "; 
etc. 

Schon'berger,  Benno,  b.  Vienna,  Sept.  12, 
1863.  Pianist,  pupilof  Anton  Door(pf.),Pruckner 
(cpt),  and  Volkmann  (comp.)  at  Vienna  Cons., 
which  he  left  in  1874,  playing  that  autumn  with 
the  Hellmesberger  Quartet,  giving  recitals,  etc. ; 
then  studied  with  Liszt,  and  again  with  Door. 
Concert-tour  in  1878  through  Russia,  Germany, 
Austria,  and  Belgium  ;  in  1879  played  at  Dres- 
den, Leipzig,  Frankfort,  etc.;  in  1880  gave  re- 
citals at  Berlin  ;  taught  in  Vienna  till  1885  ; 
since  then  in  Sweden  (1S86)  and  London.  Am- 
erican tour,  1S94. — Works  :  3  sonatas,  3  Rhapso- 
dies, 2  Silhouettes,  Phantasiestiicke,  Novelletten, 
Bolero,  Polonaise,  Waltz  in  A  [7,  etc.,  f.  pf.  ;  also 
over  40  songs  (Stevens  :  Boston). 

Schon'dorf,  Johannes,  b.  Robe!,  Mecklen- 
burg, 1833.  Pupil  1S50-4  of  the  Stern-Kullak 
Cons.,  Berlin;  since  1864,  organist  of  the  Pfarr- 


kirche  at  Gustrow,  singing-teacher  at  the  Cathe- 
dral School,  and  cond.  of  the  Gesangverein. — 
Works:  "  Vaterlandische  Gesange  "  f.  mixed 
voices,  op.  18-20,  and  f.  male  ch.,  op.  21  ; 
"  Kaiserhymne  "  ;  school-songs  ;  pf. -pieces. 

Schon'feld,  Hermann,  b.  Breslau,  Jan.  31, 
1S29,  where  he  is  cantor  of  the  St.  Maria  Mag- 
dalenakirche,  and  R.  Mus.  Dir.  Has  publ. 
organ-music,  school-songs,  and  42  chorals  a  4 
for  singing  in  schools  ;  his  cantatas,  motets, 
etc.,  also  a  symphony,  3  overtures,  a  pf.-trio, 
and  a  violin-sonata,  have  been  repeatedly  per- 
formed. 

Schott,  Bernhard,  who  died  in  1817,  founded 
at  Mayence  in  1773  the  well-known  music-pub- 
lishing firm  of  B.  Schott,  carried  on  by  his  sons 
Andreas  (1781-1840)  and  Johann  Joseph  (17S2- 
1855)  under  the  firm-name  of  "  B.  Schott's 
Sohne."  The  present  proprietors  of  the  May- 
ence house  and  the  London  branch  are  Franz 
von  Landwehr  and  Dr.  L.  Strecker.  The  branches 
at  Paris  and  Brussels,  "  Schott  freres,"  are  under 
independent  management.  Among  their  valua- 
ble publications,  numbering  nearly  30,000,  are 
some  of  Beethoven's  later  works  (Ninth  Sym- 
phony, Missa  solemnis),  Wagner's  Meister singer, 
Ring  ties  Nibelungen,  and  Parsifal,  and  nearly 
all  the  operas  of  Donizetti,  Rossini,  Auber,  and 
Adam. 

Schott,  Anton,  famous  dramatic  tenor  ;  b. 
Schloss  Staufeneck,  Swabian  Alp,  June  25,  1S46. 
He  was  an  artillery  officer  in  a  Wurttemberg 
regiment  1S65-71  ;  after  the  French  campaign 
he  studied  with  Frau  Schebest-Strauss,  at  the 
end  of  iS7iwas  eng.  at  the  Munich  opera,  sang 
lyric  roles  at  the  Berlin  opera  1872-5,  and  was 
eng.  as  leading  tenor  at  Schwerin  and  Hanover, 
making  many  concert-tours  (to  London  in  1S79)  ; 
went  to  Italy  with  Neumann's  Wagner  troupe  in 
1882.      He  excels  in  Wagner  roles. 

Schra'dieck,  Henry,  noted  violinist ;  born 
Hamburg,  Apr.  29,  1846.  Taught  at  first  by 
his  father  ;  from 
1857-8  by  Leonard 
at  the  Brussels 
Cons.;  from  1S59- 
61,  by  David  at 
Leipzig.  In  1863 
he  became  leader  of 
the  "  Privatcon- 
certe  "  at  Bremen  ; 
teacher  at  the  Mos- 
cow Cons.,  1864-S  ; 
then  leader  of  the 
Philharmonic  Con- 
certs at  Hamburg, 
and  from  1874-82 
leader  (with  Rontgen)  of  the  Gewandhaus  Orch. 
and  the  theatre-orch.  at  Leipzig,  also  teaching 
for  a  time  at  the  ( 'ons.  From  1883-9  ne  was 
prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the  Cincinnati  Cons., 
and  then  returned  to  Germany  as  leader  of  the 
Hamburg;  Philharm.  Soc;  he  then  went  to  New 


525 


SCHRAMM— SCHRODER-DEVRIENT 


York,  became  head  violin-prof,  at  the  National 
Cons.,  and  now  (1899)  occupies  a  similar  posi- 
tion at  the  S.  Broad  St.  Cons.,  Philadelphia.  He 
is  an  excellent  teacher,  and  has  publ.  valuable 
technical  studies  for  violin  :  "25  grosse  Studien 
fur  Geige  allein,"  "  Scale-studies,"  "  Technical 
Studies  ";  "Guide  to  the  Study  of  Chords"; 
"  Finger-exercises"  and  "  The  P'irst  Position." 

Schramm,  Melchior,  German  contrapuntist  ; 
in  1595,  organist  at  Miinsterberg,  later  at  Offen- 
burg. — Publ.  "  Cantiones  sacrae,"  1572,  and 
"  Sacrae  cantiones,"  1576  (motets  a  5-6);  "  Can- 
tiones selectae,"  1606,  1614(2  books  do.  a  5-8); 
and  "  Neue  auserlesene  deutsche  Gesange  "  ,/  4 
(1579)- 

Schreck,  Gustav,  b.  Zeulenroda,  Sept.  8, 
1849.  Pupil  of  Plaidy,  Papperitz,  and  Jadas- 
sohn at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1S6S-70  ;  taught  for  3 
years  in  the  gymnasium  at  Wiborg,  Finland  ; 
then  settled  in  Leipzig  as  a  teacher  and  com- 
poser. App.  teacher  of  theory  and  comp.  at 
Leipzig  Cons,  in  18S5  ;  and  succeeded  W.  Rust 
in  1S92  as  mus.  dir.  and  cantor,  and  cond.  of  the 
"  Thomanerchor."  Since  then  he  has  written 
considerable  church-music,  incl.  several  motets  ; 
he  had  previously  prod,  the  concert-cantatas 
Konig  Fjalar^  Begriissung  des Meeres,  etc.;  the 
oratorio  CJiristus  der  Auferstandene,  .op.  26 
(Gewandhaus,  1892)  ;  a  Phantasie  und  Doppel- 
fuge  f.  organ  and  orch.;  an  oboe-concerto  ;  etc. 

Schrems,  Joseph,  b.  Warmensteinach,  Up- 
per Palatinate,  Oct.  5,  1S15  ;  d.  Ratisbon,  Oct. 
25,  1872,  where  he  was  Kapellm.  of  the  cathe- 
dral 1S39-71.  He  revived  the  performances  of 
early  church-music;  edited  "  Musica  divina" 
after  Proske's  death,  and  was  an  excellent 
teacher. 

Schro'der,  Hermann,  b.  Quedlinburg,  July 
28,  1843.  Violinist,  pupil  of  A.  Ritter  at  Mag- 
deburg ;  since  1885,  teacher  at  the  R.  Inst,  for 
Church-music,  Berlin  ;  also  has  a  music-school 
of  his  own. — Works:  Orch.l  and  chamber-mu- 
sic ;  a  Method  f.  violin  ;  and  "  Die  Kunst  des 
Violinspiels." 

Schro'der,  Carl,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Quedlinburg,  Dec.  18,  1S48.  Distinguished 
'cellist  and  composer  ;  pupil  of  Drechsler  at 
Dessau,  and  Kiel  at  Uerlin.  At  14  he  joined  the 
court  orch.  at  Sondershausen  as  1st  'cello  ;  taught 
in  the  Cons.;  and  organized  the  "Schroder 
Quartett  "  with  his  brothers  Hermann,  Franz, 
and  Alwin,  in  1S71.  In  1S73  he  became  1st 
'cello  in  the  Brunswick  court  orch.;  in  1874  he 
succeeded  Hegar  as  solo  'cellist  in  the  Gewand- 
haus Orch.  and  the  theatre-orch.  at  Leipzig,  also 
teaching  at  the  Cons,  and  making  tours.  Going 
to  Sondershausen  in  1881  to  replace  Erdmanns- 
dorfer  as  court  Kapellm.,  he  founded  a  flourish- 
ing Cons.,  which  he  sold  in  1S86  to  his  suc- 
cessor, Adolf  Schulze,  himself  conducting  the 
German  Opera  at  Amsterdam  for  one  season, 
then  the  Berlin  Court  <  >pera  until  1888,  the  Ham- 
burg  Opera  (as    Sucher's  successor)   till  1890, 

526 


finally  returning  to  Sondershausen  under  a  more 
favorable  contract  as  court  conductor  and  Di- 
rector of  the  "  Fiirstliches  Conservatorium." — 
Works  :  The  3-act  opera  Aspasia  (Sonders- 
hausen, 1892;  succ.)  ;  a  i-act  opera  Der  Asket 
(Leipzig,  1893;  succ);  the  operetta  Malajo 
(Punzlau,  1887  ;  succ.)  ;  a  concerto  (op.  32),  ca- 
prices (op.  26),  a  Method  (op.  34),  and  etudes, 
etc.,  f.  'cello;  a  catechism  on  conducting 
(Engl.  ed.  1894)  ;  ditto  on  'cello-playing  (Engl, 
ed.  1S95)  ;  arr.s  of  old  masters  f.  'cello  and  pf. 
("  Classische  Violoncellmusik,"  "  Vortragsstu- 
dien  "). — His  brother, 

Schro'der,  Alwin,  born  Neuhaldensleben 
(Magdeburg),  June  15,  1855  ;  eminent  'cellist, 
and,  as  such,  self-taught.  At  first  he  had  piano- 
lessons  with  his  father  and  brother  Hermann, 
later  with  J.  B.  Andra  at  Ballenstedt  ;  then  took 
up  the  violin  under  De  Ahna  at  the  Berlin  Hoch- 
scl/itle,  studying  theory  under  Tappert,  and 
likewise  prosecuting  his  'cello-practice  so  suc- 
cessfully as  to  become  1st  'cello  in  Liebig's 
"  Concert-Orchester  "  in  1875.  After  occupying 
similar  positions  under  Fliege  and  Laube  (Ham- 
burg), he  went  to  Leipzig  (1880)  as  his  brother 
Carl's  assistant,  succeeding  him  in  the  Gewand- 
haus, theatre  and  Conservatory,  in  1881.  Later 
he  also  joined  the  Petri  Quartet.  Since  1886  he 
has  lived  in  Boston  as  a  member  of  the  "  Kneisel 
Quartet,"  and  first  'cellist  Boston  Symph.  Orch. 

Schro'der,  Konrad  (Gustav  Ferdinand), 
b.  Marienwerder,  W.  Prussia,  July  7,  1850.  Pri- 
vate pupil  there  of  Frl.  A.  Genzmer  (pf.)  and  F. 
Leder  (theory)  ;  studied  1S71-4  in  Kullak's 
Acad.,  Berlin  (pf.  under  Th.  Kullak),  also  tak- 
ing private  lessons  in  strict  comp.  of  O.  Kolbe, 
and  teaching  in  and  out  of  the  Academy.  Now 
composer  and  pf.-teacher  in  Berlin. — Works  : 
The  i-act  comic  opera  Du  droggst  de  Penni  weg 
(Schwerin  Court  Th.,  Mar.  15,  1897  ;  the  first 
"  Low  German  "  opera  [after  Fritz  Reuter],  and 
v.  succ.)  ;  has  publ.  about  50  songs  (many  sung 
in  public),  and  2  "  Geistliche  Arien  "  (op.  3  and 
26). 

Schroder- Devrient,  Wilhelmine,  famous 
dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Dec.  6,  1804  ; 
d.  Koburg,  Jan.  26,  i860.  Her  father,  Fried- 
rich  Schroder,  was  a  baritone  singer,  and  her 
mother  an  actress  ;  she  herself  played  children's 
parts,  and  was  an  actress  until  her  17th  year. 
Her  father  died  in  1S18,  and  her  mother  was 
eng.  at  the  Hofburg  Th.,  Vienna,  where  J.  Ma- 
zatti  was  her  singing-teacher  ;  her  debut  in  The 
Magic  Flute  at  the  Hofburg  Th.,  1821,  was 
triumphantly  successful  ;  as  Agathe  in  Der  Frei- 
sehiitz  she  wholly  won  the  hearts  of  the  audi- 
ence ;  but  her  grandest  achievement  was  as 
Leonore  on  the  revival  of  Fidelio  in  1822,  her 
wonderful  interpretation  of  the  part  disclosing 
its  beauties  to  the  most  doubtful  critics.  In  1S23 
she  was  engaged  at  the  Court  Opera  in  Dres- 
den, and  married  the  actor  Karl  Devrient  (di- 
vorced 182S)  ;  until  her   retirement  in   1S47  she 


SCHRODER-IIANFSTANGL— SCHUBERT 


was  always  connected  with  that  theatre,  with 
brief  interruptions  during  seasons  in  Paris,  Lon- 
don (1S32,  '33,  '37),  and  elsewhere.  Among  her 
finest  impersonations  were  Preciosa,  Euryanthe, 
and  Rezia  (Weber),  and  Senta  and  Venus  (Wag- 
ner) ;  she  created  the  role  of  Adriano  Colonna 
in  the  latter's  Hienzi. 

Schro'der-Hanf'stangl.   See  Hanfstangl. 

Schro'ter,  Leonhard,  eminent  contrapuntist; 
b.  Torgau,  about  1540  ;  d.  Magdeburg,  after 
1580,  as  cantor  of  the  Altstadt  school. — Extant 
works  :  Motets  a  4-8  ;  55  songs  for  German 
Protestants  a  4-7  (1562)  ;  and  a  Te  Deum  (1576; 
reprinted  in  Vol.  v  of  Ambros's  History). 

Schro'ter,  Christoph  Gottlieb,  noted  or- 
ganist and  theorist  ;  b.  Hohenstein,  Saxony, 
Aug.  10,  1699;  d.  Nordhausen,Nov.  1782.  Chor- 
ister under  Schmidt,  and  pupil  of  the  Kreuz- 
schule,  Dresden.  In  1717  he  began  the  study  of 
theology  in  Leipzig,  but  in  the  same  year  became 
Lotti's  music-copyist  at  Dresden ;  travelled  1 720-4 
in  Germany,  Holland,  and  England  with  a  Ger- 
man baron  ;  lectured  on  music  at  Jena  Univ., 
became  organist  at  Minden  in  1726,  and  at  Nord- 
hausen  in  1732. — Works  :  7  sets  of  church-can- 
tatas for  the  entire  church-year  ;  a  Passion,  Die 
sieben  Worte  [esu,  for  which  he  wrote  the  poem ; 
4  other  Passions  ;  secular  serenades  and  cantatas  ; 
symphonies,  overtures,  concertos,  sonatas ;  fugues 
and  preludes  f.  organ  ;  etc. — "  Epistola  gratu- 
latoria  de  musica  Davidica  et  Salomonica " 
(17 16)  ;  "  Umstandliche  Beschreibung  eines 
neuerfundenen  Clavierinstruments,auf  welchem 
man  in  unterschiedenen  Graden  stark  unci 
schwach  spielen  kann "  (1763,  in  Marpurg's 
"  Kritische  Briefe  " ),  in  which  he  claims  the  in- 
vention, in  1717,  of  a  hammer-action  for  keyed 
stringed  instr.s,  a  model  of  which  (so  he  says)  he 
laid  before  the  Saxon  court  in  1721  ;  his  claim  of 
priority  in  the  invention  of  the  pianoforte-action 
rests,  however,  on  this  bare  assertion  (cf.  Cri- 
stofori)  ;  "  Deutliche  Anweisung  zum  General- 
bass  ..."  (1772  ;  the  first  book  to  represent 
the  major  and  minor  triads  as  the  sole  funda- 
mental chords) ;  "  Letzte  Beschaftigung  mit  mu- 
sikalischen  Dingen  ;  nebst  sechs  Temperatur- 
planen  und  einer  Notentafel "  (1782);  critical 
and  polemical  letters  in  Mizler's  "  Bibliothek" 
and  Marpurg's  "  Kritische  Briefe." 

Schro'ter,Corona(  Elisabeth  Wilhelmine), 

celebrated  soprano;  b.  Guben,  Jan.  14,  1751  ;  d. 
Ilmenau,  Aug.  23,  1802.  Trained  by  her  father, 
Joh.  Fr.  S.,  she  sang  at  Leipzig,  when  14,  in  a 
"  Grosses  Concert,"  and  was  eng.  there  till  1771  ; 
from  1776  she  was  Kammersangerin  to  the 
Dowager  Duchess  of  Weimar,  and  a  chief  orna- 
ment of  that  brilliant  court  until  1786,  after 
which  she  sang  little  in  public  — See  Keil,  "  Vor 
ioojahren"  (Leipzig,  1S75). — Her  brother,  Joh. 
Samuel  (1750-178S),  was  pianist  to  the  Prince 
of  Wales,  and  music-master  to  the  Queen  ;  publ. 
15  pf. -concertos,  8  pf. -trios,  3  pf. -quintets,  and 
6  pf. -sonatas. — Another  brother,  Joh.  Heinrich 
(b.  1762),  a  violinist,  lived  from  17S2  in  London, 


later  in  Paris;  publ.  pieces  f.  2  violins  and  flute, 
and  f.  violin  and  'cello. 

Schu'bart,  (Christian  Friedrich)  Daniel, 
poet  and  musician  ;  b.  Sontheim,  Swabia,  Apr. 
I3,I739;  d.  Stuttgart,  Oct.  10,1791.  Imprisoned 
1777— S7  on  the  Hohenasperg  for  political  rea- 
sons(his  "impudence"  in  his  paper,  "Deutsche 
Chronik");  then,  in  absurd  contrast,  created 
court  poet  and  theatre-director  at  Stuttgart.  In 
the  prison  he  comp.  an  operetta,  Die gliicklichen 
Reisenden,2i.  melodrama, Evas  Klage  beides  Mes- 
sias  7W,pf. -pieces;  in  his  "Musicalische  Rhap- 
sodien  "  (1786)  are  2  cantatas,  Die  Mac/it  der 
Tonkunsi  and  Die  Henne ;  also  a  vocal  piece, 
"  Patus  und  Arria  "  (poem  by  Anfossi),  songs, 
pf. -pieces,  etc.  (cf.  the  autobiographical  "  Schu- 
bartsLebenundGesinnungen,  "Stuttgart,  1791-3, 
2  vol.s).  His  son  Ludwig  edited  S.'s  "  Ideen  zu 
einer  Aesthetik  der  Tonkunst "  (1S06),  written 
in  the  extravagant  vein  characteristic  of  his  whole 
life. 

Schu'bert,  Joseph,  b.  Warnsdorf,  Bohemia, 
1757;  d.  Dresden,  1S12,  as  violinist  in  the  court 
orch.  Extremely  prolific  comp.  of  instrumental 
music,  mostly  MS.  (publ.  a  'cello-concerto,  duos 
f.  violins,  pf.-sonatas,  violin-sonatas  w.  basso 
cont.)  ;  also  prod.  5  or  6  operas,  15  masses,  etc. 

Schu'bert,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Rudol- 
stadt,  Dec.  17,  1770;  d.  Cologne,  Oct.,  1811. 
Violinist;  mus.dir.  in  theatres  at  Stettin,  Glogau, 
Ballenstedt,  etc. ;  publ.  a  violin-concerto;  a  sym- 
phonic concertante  f.  oboe  and  bassoon  ;  violin- 
duos  ;  pf. -music  ; — a  "  Neue  Singschule  ..." 
(1804) ;  and  prod,  the  opera  Die  nachtliche  JLr- 
scheinung  at  Stettin,  179S.  # 

Schu'bert,  Ferdinand,  brother  of  the  great 
composer;  b.  Lichtenthal,  n.  Vienna,  Oct.  18, 
1794  ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb.  26,  1S59,  as  director  of 
the  Normal  School  of  St.  Anna.  He  was  de- 
voted to  his  gifted  brother,  and  inherited  the  lat- 
ter's literary  remains. — Publ.  a  Tantum  ergo, 
a  Reginacoeli,  a  German  Requiem  a  4  w.  organ, 
part-songs,  etc. ;  wrote  much  other  church-music, 
a  Requiem  for  Franz,  2  children's  operas  ;  etc. 
(all  MS.). 

Schu'bert,  Franz  ( Peter),  one  of  the  most 
original  and  prolific  vocal  and  instrumental  com- 
posers of  Germany;  b.  Lichtenthal,  n.  Vienna, 
Jan.  31,  1797;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  19,  1828.  By 
"his  father,  the  schoolmaster  at  Lichtenthal, 
the  gifted  boy  was  taught  violin-playing,  and  by 
choirmaster  Holzer,  in  addition,  the  piano,  organ, 
singing,  and  thoroughbass,  becoming  first  so- 
prano in  the  church-choir  in  his  tenth  year  ;  he 
also  composed  songs  and  little  instrumental 
pieces.  In  1808  he  was  admitted  into  the  Vienna 
court  choir  as  a  singer,  and  also  entered  the 
"Convict,"  the  training-school  for  the  court 
singers.  His  teachers  in  theory  were  Ruczizka 
and  Salieri.  He  also  played  in  the  school- 
orchestra,  finally  as  1st  violin.  His  earliest  ex- 
tant song,  "  Hagars  Klage"  (dated  Mar.  30, 
1811),  and  several  others  of    the  period,  show 


527 


SCHUBERT 


that  Zumsteeg  was  his  model  at  this  time  ;  he 
also  continued  instrumental  composition,  his 
first  symphony  being  written  in  1813.  In  this 
year,  his  voice  breaking,  he  left  the  "  Convict," 
but  still  studied 
hard  under  Sa- 
.lieri,  as  numerous 
Italian  arias  tes- 
tify; his  first 
mass  was  com- 
pleted in  1 8 14.  1 
Meantime,  to  es-  ', 
cape  military  con- 
scription, he  hur- 
riedly fitted  forthe 
post  of  elemen- 
tary teacher  in  his 
father's  school, 
and  taught  there 
until  1816.  Dur- 
ing these  three  years,  the  future  grand  master  of 
the  German  Lied  devoted  his  leisure  to  obtaining 
a  thorough  mastery  of  vocal  expression.  His 
usual  method  of  composition  was  to  jot  down  the 
melody  with  a  sketch  of  the  harmony,  and  then 
to  write  out  the  piece  in  full,  following  this  first 
version  by  a  second  for  the  elimination  of  faults; 
when  the  second  failed  to  satisfy  him,  the  song 
was  subjected  to  a  third,  or  even  a  fourth,  revi- 
sion (e.g.,  "  Erlkonig,"  and  "Die  Forelle"). 
Such  masterworks  as  "  Gretchen  am  Spinnrad  " 
(Oct.  19,  1814)  and  "Erlkonig"  (1S15)  mark 
the  swift  and  unique  development  of  his  genius. 
In  the  latter  year  he  composed  no  less  than  144 
lyrics — in  one  day  (Oct.  13)  he  wrote  eight.  This 
"  period,  of  experimentation,"  as  it  has  been 
called,  ceases  in  the  conscious  mastery  attained 
in  1816-17.  From  1814-16  he  also  composed  2 
operettas,  3  Singspiele,  and  3  other  (fragmentary) 
stage-pieces,  none  of  which  were  then  performed  ; 
4  masses,  other  church-music,  etc.  In  1816  his 
application  for  the  directorship  of  the  new  State 
music-school  at  Laybach  was  rejected.  He  left 
his  place  in  the  Lichtenthal  school,  and  thence- 
forward made  Vienna  his  home,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  two  summers  (1818  and  1824)  spent  at 
Zelesz,  Hungary,  as  music-teacher  in  Count  Es- 
terhazy's  family.  From  1817  his  friend  Franz 
von  Schober  [1798-1883]  generously  aided  him, 
often  sharing  lodgings  and  purse  with  the  strug- 
glingarlist.  Through  him,  S.  became  acquainted 
with  the  famous  tenor  Michael  Vogl,  one  of  the 
first  and  greatest  interpreters  of  his  songs  ; 
through  his  influence  S.'s  mus.  farce,  Die  Zwil- 
lingsbriider,  was  brought  out  at  the  Karnthner- 
thor  Th.  in  1820,  but  made  little  impression.  In 
1S21,  however,  when  he  had  already  written 
over 600  compositions,  his  "Erlkonig"  was  sung 
at  a  public  concert  of  the  "  Musikverein"  with 
great  applause,  and  others  followed  at  other  con- 
certs ;  so  that  Cappi  and  Diabelli  were  induced 
to  publish  on  commission  20  songs  ("Erlkonig" 
was  the  first)  which  were  so  successful  that  Di- 
abelli assumed  the  risk  of  further  publications  ; 
from  1826  his  songs  and  piano-music  had  good 


sales.  In  1822  he  refused  the  proffered  position 
of  organist  at  the  court  chapel  ;  but  all  subse- 
quent efforts  to  obtain  a  salaried  post  were  un- 
successful; that  of  Vice-Kapellm.  to  the  court, 
for  which  he  applied  in  1826,  was  given  to  Weigl ; 
his  friends  failed  to  obtain  a  similar  position  for 
him  in  Hamburg  ;  and  the  conductorship  of  the 
Karnthnerthor  Th.  was  also  refused  in  1827. 
Not  until  March  26,  1S28,  did  he  give  a  public 
concert  of  his  own  works  (the  E  \>  trio,  a  move- 
ment from  the  D  min.  quartet,  songs,  etc.), which 
was  an  artistic  and  pecuniary  success.  Except- 
ing such  occasional  and  momentary  good  for- 
tune, his  life  was  a  continual  battle  for  the  daily 
means  of  subsistence  ;  although  his  genius  was 
fully  recognized  by  musicians  like  Salieri,  Weigl, 
and  the  singer  Vogl,  and  his  songs  were  highly 
praised  by  Beethoven,  he  was  wretchedly  under- 
paid by  his  publishers,  and  his  greatest  works 
were  almost  totally  neglected.  His  wonderful 
gifts,  and  genial  and  buoyant  disposition,  won 
many  friends  ;  chief  among  them  the  poet  Mayr- 
hofer,  the  family  von  Sonnleitner  (at  whose  house 
S.'s  compositions  were  often  performed  long  be- 
fore their  introduction  to  the  public),  Baron  von 
Schonstein  (whose  singing  aided  in  bringing  S.'s 
lyrical  songs  into  vogue),  Moritz  Schwind,  and 
Anselm  Huttenbrenner.  Two  visits  which  S. 
paid  to  Beethoven  are  recorded  ;  but  they  were 
never  intimate.  F'or  months  previous  to  his 
death,  S.  had  been  failing  ;  his  final  illness  was 
brought  to  a  fatal  termination  by  an  attack  of 
typhus.  He  was  buried,  at  his  own  desire,  in 
the  "  Ostfriedhof  "  at  Wahring,  his  grave  being 
the  third  from  Beethoven's. 

Schubert  was  the  least  "  schooled  "  of  all  great 
German  musicians.  For  this  lack  of  training,  his 
keen  musical  intuition  and  inexhaustible  resources 
of  melody  amply  compensated.  He  is  one  of 
the  grandest  "impressionists"  of  all  time.  The 
spontaneity  and  fecundity  of  his  song-composi- 
tion are  not  more  astounding  than  the  perfection 
with  which  the  music — melody  and  accompani- 
ment— fit  the  poem.  He  is  regarded  as  the 
creator  of  the  modern  German  Lied.  His  known 
songs  for  solo  voice  with  pf  .-accomp.  number  603. 
As  to  his  alleged  carelessness  in  choice  of  sub- 
jects for  musical  setting,  the  fact  is  that  he  took  72 
poems  by  Goethe,  46  by  Schiller,  44  by  Wilhelm 
Muller,  28  by  Matthison,  23  by  Holty,  22  by 
Kosegarten,  13  by  Korner,  etc. — that  is,  the  best 
at  his  command.  He  also  set  47  poems  by  Mayr- 
hofer,  and  12  by  v.  Schober,  both  his  warm 
personal  friends.  Of  Heine  (then  a  newcomer) 
he  composed  only  6  numbers  (in  the  "  Schwa- 
nengesang  ").  Equally  genial  is  his  transference 
of  the  "  Lied-form "  to  the  pianoforte  in  the 
"  Moments  musicals  "  and  Impromptus — a  min- 
iature form  of  piano -composition  extensively 
copied.  In  larger  forms,  his  symphony  in  C, 
and  the  unfinished  symphony  in  B  minor,  are 
equal  to  the  best  after  Beethoven — and  S.  was 
but  31  when  he  died. 

A  complete  critical  edition  of  Schubert's  works 
has  been  publ.  by  Breitkopf  &  Hartel,  in  whose 


528 


SCHUBERT— SCHUBERT 


"  Mittheilungen,"  Nos.  28,   36,  and  43,  may  be 

found  full  lists  of  his  instr.l  and  vocal  music, 
and  songs  for  one  voice,  respectively.  Notte- 
bohm's  "  Thematic  Catalogue,"  and  Grove's 
Dictionary,  may  also  be  consulted.  Among 
numerous  editions  of  S.'s  favorite  songs  with 
English  translations,  that  publ.  by  G.  Schirmer, 
New  York,  is  decidedly  the  best.  A  list  of  his 
principal  works  follows  : 

Dramatic  :  Des  Teufels  Lustschloss,  3-act 
operetta;  Der  vierjdhrige  Postal,  i-act  Singspiel ; 
Fernando,  i-act  do.;  Claudine  von  Villabella, 
3-act  do.  (fragm.)  ;  Der  Spiegelritter ,  3-act  ope- 
retta ;  Adrast,  opera  (fragm.)  ;  Die  Freunde  von 
Salamanca,  2-act  Singspiel  ;  Der  Minncsanger, 
Singspiel;  all  the  above  written  1S14-1S16; 
none  performed  ;  Die  Zwillingsbruder ,  i-act 
farce  (June  14,  1820)  ;  Die  Zaitberharfe,  3-act 
melodrama  (Aug.  19,  1820)  ;  Sakontala,  3-act 
opera  (fragm.;  comp.  1820;  not  perf.)  ;  Al- 
fonso und  Estrella,  3-act  opera  (first  prod.  Wei- 
mar, 1854,  by  Eiszt  ;  at  Vienna  1880,  rev.  by 
Euchs)  ;  Die  Versckworenen,  oder  der  hdusliche 
A'rieg,  i-act  operetta  (Vienna.  1861);  Fierabras, 
3-act  opera  (Vienna,  1861) ;  incid.  music  to  the 
drama  Rosamunde  [overture  from  Die  Zauber- 
harfe\  (Vienna,  1S23)  ;  Die  Burgschaft,  3-act 
opera  (written  in  1S16  ;  prod,  by  Franz  Lach- 
ner  at  Pesth,  1827)  ;  Der  Graf  von  Gleichen, 
3-act  opera  (1827  ;  riot  perf.) ;  Die  Sahberg- 
werke,  opera  (not  perf.). 

Choral  Works  :  6  masses  (Nos.  5  and  6 
publ.  in  full  score)  ;  "  Deutsche  Messe"  (f.  4-p. 
mixed  ch.  w.  organ);  oratorio  Lazarus  (fragm.) ; 
Psalm  92  (f.  bar.  solo  and  mixed  ch.);  2  Tan- 
tum  ergo  (f.  4-p.  mixed  ch.  w.  orch.) ;  2  Stabat 
Mater  (4  voices  w.  orch.)  ;  several  Salve  regina ; 
"  Miriams  Siegesgesang  "  (f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  and 
orch.);  prayer  "  Vor  der  Schlacht"  (f.  soli, 
mixed  ch.,  and  pf.)  ;  hymn  "  Herr  unser  Gott" 
(f.  8-p.  male  ch.  w.  wind)  ;  "  Hymne  an  den 
Heiligen  Geist"  (f.  8-p.  male  ch.  w.  orch.); 
"  Morgengesang  im  Walde  "  (f.  4-p.  male  ch.  w. 
orch.);  "Nachtgesang  im  Walde  "  and  "Nacht- 
helle"  (f.  4-p.  malech.  w.  horns);  "Schlachtlied" 
(8-p.  male  ch.  w.  pf.)  ;  "  Glaube,  Hoffnung  und 
Liebe  "  (f.  mixed  ch.  and  wind)  ;  several  occa- 
sional cantatas  ;  numerous  part-songs. 

Songs  with  Piano  :  Erlkonig,  op.  1  ;  Gret- 
chen  am  Spinnrade,  op.  2  ;  Heidenroslein,  op. 
3  ;  Der  Wanderer,  and  Der  du  von  dem  Him- 
mel  bist,  in  op.  4 ;  3  Gesange  des  Harfners 
[W.  Meister],  op.  12  ;  Erster  Verlust,  Der 
Fischer,  and  Es  war  ein  Konig  in  Thule,  in  op. 
5  ;  the  Suleika  songs,  op.  14,  31  ;  An  Sch wager 
Kronos,  in  op.  19  ;  Mignon's  songs  [W.  Meis- 
ter], op.  62;  Uber  alien  Gipfeln  ist  Ruh',  in  op. 
96  (all  the  above  by  Goethe);  further:  the  grand 
song-cycles  by  Wilhelm  Midler,  "  Die  Scheme 
Mullerin,"  op.  25,  and  "Die  Winterreise,"  op. 
89,  containing  20  and  24  numbers  respectively  ; 
7  songs  from  Scott's  "Lady  of  the  Lake" 
(Fraulein  vom  See),  op.  52,  and  9  songs  from 
"Ossian";  Der  Tod  und  das  Madchen  ;  Nahe 
des  Geliebten  ;  Des  Madchens  Klage  ;  Gruppe 

34  529 


aus  dem  Tartarus ;  Nur  wer  die  Sehnsucht  kennt ; 
Fruhlingsglaube  ;  Die  Forelle  ;  Du  bist  die 
Ruh';  the  Barcarolle  "  Auf  dem  Wasser  zu  sing- 
en";  6  songs  by  Heine,  in  the  "  Schwanenge- 
sang";  and  many  more  of  surpassing  beauty. 

For  Orchestra  :  10  symphonies,  of  which 
No.  8  (the  "unfinished,"  in  B  min.),  and  No. 
10,  in  C,  were  mentioned  above  ;  7  overtures 
(Nos.  2  and  5  "in  the  Italian  style");  violin- 
concerto  in  D  ;   Rondo  f.  violin  w.  orch. ; 

Chamber-Music:  Octet  f.  strings,  horn,  bas- 
soon, and  clar.,  op.  166;  pf. -quintet  in  A,  op. 
114  (the  "  Forellenquintett,"  w.  double-bass)  ; 
string-quintet  in  C,  op.  163  (w.  2  'celli)  ;  20 
string-quartets;  2  pf. -trios  ;  2  string-trios; — 
for  pf.  and  violin,  a  Rondo  brillant  in  B  min., 
op.  70  ;  a  Phantasie  in  C,  op.  159;  a  sonata  in 
A,  op.  162  ;  3  sonatinas,  op.  137  ; — Nocturne  f. 
'cello  and  pf. ,  in  E(?,  op.  14S  ;  Introd.  and  Var.s 
f.  flute  and  pf.,  op.  160. 

For  Piano  (2  hands)  :  Over  20  sonatas  (incl. 
op.  42,  in  A  min.;  op.  53,  D  ;  op.  78  [fantasia], 
G  ;  op.  120,  A  ;  op.  122,  E|?  ;  op.  143,  A  min.; 
op.  147,  B;  op.  164,  A  min.;  and  3  grand 
posth.  sonatas  in  C  min.,  A,  and  B  J7) ;  4  Im- 
promptus, op.  90,  and  4  ditto,  op.  142  ;  6  Mo- 
ments musicals,  op.  94  ;  Adagio  and  Rondo,  op. 
145;  Fantasia,  op.  15,  in  C  ;  sets  of  variations 
(op.  10,  E  min.,  on  a  French  air;  op.  35,  in 
A|?  ;  on  a  Diabelli  waltz,  in  C  min.;  op.  82,  in 
C,  on  Herold's  Marie ;  etc.);  many  waltzes  (op. 
9,  18,  33,  50  [34  "  Valses  sentimentales],  67 
["Hommage  aux  belles  Viennoises  "],  77  [10 
"Valses  nobles"],  91  [12  "  Gratzer  Walzer"], 
etc.);  "  Wanderer-Fantasie "  in  C,  op.  15;  2 
Scherzi;  5  Klavierstiicke  ;  etc. — For  pf.  If.  hands: 
2  sonatas  (op.  30,  B|")  ;  op.  140,  C) ;  Divertisse- 
ment a  l'hongroise,  op.  54  ;  Divertissement  in  E 
min.,  op.  63;  Fantasia  in  F  min.,  op.  103; 
Grand  rondo  in  A,  op.  107  ;  "  Notre  amitic," 
rondo  in  D,  op.  138  ;  Andantino  and  rondo,  op. 
84  ;  "Lebenssttirme,"  allegro  caracteristique,  op. 
144;  Fugue  in  E  min.,  op.  52;  Polonaises,  op. 
0I7  75  ;  Variations,  op.  10,  35,  82  ;  3  Waltzes, 
op  33  ;  4  Landler  ;  Marches  (op.  27  [3  num- 
bers], 40  [6],  51  [3],  55  ["  Trauermarsch  "],  66 
["  heroi'que  "],  121). 

Biographical  :  By  H.  Kreissle  von  Hellborn, 
"  F.  S.,  eine  biographische  Skizze "  (Vienna, 
1861  ;  augm.  ed.  1865  ;  Engl,  transl.  by  Cole- 
ridge, London,  1869)  ;  by  Reissmann,  "  F.  S., 
sein  Leben  und  seine  Werke "  (Berlin,  1S73)  ; 
by  A.  Niggli  (1880)  ;  by  Barbedette,  "  F.  S.,  sa 
vie,  ses  ceuvres,  son  temps  "  (Paris,  1S66)  ;  by 
Max  Friedlander  (in  preparation). 

Schu'bert,  Franz,  violinist,  son  and  pupil  of 
the  R.  Concertmeister  Franz  Anton  S.  [1768- 
1S24]  ;  b.  Dresden,  July  22,  1S08  ;  d.  there  Apr. 
12,  1878.  Also  taught  by  Rottmeier  and  L. 
Haase  ;  then,  with  a  stipend  from  the  King,  by 
Lafont  at  Paris.  Entered  the  R.  orch.  at  Dres- 
den in  1823  ;  succeeded  Lipinski  as  1st  Concert- 
meister in  1S61  ;  retired  1873. — Publ.  etudes  f. 
violin,  op.  3  ;  Duo  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  S  ;  a 


SCHUBERT— SCHULHOFF 


fantasia  f.  violin  w.  orch.;  2  concertanti  f.  violin 
and  'cello  (\v.  Kummer) ;  etc. 

Schu'bert,  Maschinka  (ne'e  Schneider),  wife 
of  preceding,  and  the  daughter  of  Georg  Abra- 
ham Schneider;  b.  Reval,  Aug.  25,  1815  ;  d. 
Dresden,  Sept.  20,  1882.  Stage-soprano  (colora- 
tura); pupil  of  Bordogni  at  Paris;  debut  Lon- 
don, 1S32;  then  studied  with  Bianchi  at  Milan, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Dresden  Opera  till 
i860.  Their  daughter,  Georgine,  b.  Dresden, 
Oct.  28,  1840;  d.  Potsdam,  Dec.  26,  1878. 
Pupil  of  her  mother  and  Jenny  Lind,  and  of 
Garcia  at  London  1857-9;  debut  in  La  Son- 
nambula  at  Hamburg,  1859;  sang  at  Prague, 
Florence,  Berlin,  Frankfort,  and  Paris  (Th.- 
Lyrique);  eng.  1865  at  Hanover,  1868  at  Strelitz. 
Much  applauded  at  a  Mozart  concert  in  London, 
1875. 

Schu'bert,  Louis,  violinist;  b.  Dessau,  Jan. 
27,  1828;  d.  Dresden,  Sept.  17,  18S4.  Went  to 
St.  Petersburg  at  17 ;  was  then  for  6  years  Concert- 
meister  at  Konigsberg  City  Th. ;  then  taught 
and  gave  concerts  at  Konigsberg  till  1872, 
when  he  settled  in  Dresden,  making  a  name  as  a 
singing-teacher. — Prod.  4  successful  operettas  ; 
publ.  a  method  f.  violin,  a  "  Gesangschule  in 
Liedern,"  songs,  and  violin-duos  (transcr.s  from 
Bach). 

Schu'berth,  Gottlob,  b.  Karsdorf,  Aug.  ir, 
1778;  d.  Hamburg,  Feb.  18,  1846.  Oboist  and 
clarinettist  at  Magdeburg;  settled  in  Hamburg, 
1833. — Publ.  pf. -music. — His  sons  were  the  two 
following  : 

Schu'berth,  Julius  (Ferdinand  Georg), 
founder  of  the  firm  of  "J.  Schuberth  &  Co."  of 
Leipzig  and  New  York ;  b.  Magdeburg,  July  14, 
1804;  d.  Leipzig,  June  9,  1875.  Established 
the  Hamburg  business  in  1S26;  opened  a  branch 
at  Leipzig,  1S32,  and  at  New  York,  1850.  His 
brother  Friedrich  Wilhelm  (b.  1817)  took  over 
the  Hamburg  house  in  1S53  (firm-name  "Fritz 
Schuberth  ").  S.  publ.  the  "  Kleine  Hamburger 
Musikzeitung "  (1840-50),  the  "New-Yorker 
Musikzeitung"  (from  1867),  and  "  S.'s  kleine 
Musikzeitung"  (1871-2).  In  1872  he  founded 
the  fine  mus.  library  at  Weimar  known  as  the 
"  Liszt-Schuberth-Stiftung." — In  1S91  the  busi- 
ness was  purchased  by  Felix  Siegel,  the  orig- 
inator of  the  "  Musikalische  Universalbiblio- 
thek." 

Schu'berth,  Carl,  eminent  'cellist ;  b.  Mag- 
deburg, Sept.  25,  1811  ;  d.  Zurich,  July  22, 
1S63.  Pupil  of  Hesse  at  Magdeburg,  and 
(1825-8)  of  Dotzauer  at  Dessau  ;  then  'cellist 
and  concert-giver  in  Magdeburg,  later  making 
long  tours  to  Holland,  Belgium,  Paris,  and  Lon- 
don (1835,  vying  with  Knoop  and  Servais)  ;  in 
the  autumn  of  1835  he  repaired  via  Konigs- 
berg, Riga,  and  Dorpat  to  St.  Petersburg,  where 
his  playing  created  such  a  sensation  that  he  was 
immediately  eng.  as  soloist  to  the  Czar,  and  was 
for  20  years  Mus.  Dir.  at  the  Univ.,  cond.  of 
the  court  orch.,  and   Inspector  of  the  training- 


school  connected  with  the  court  theatre.  He 
died  on  a  journey  undertaken  for  the  sake  of  his 
health. — Publ.  2  'cello-concertos  ;  various  fan- 
tasias and  variations  f.  'cello  w.  orch.;  1  octet,  3 
quintets,  and  4  quartets  f.  strings  ;  and  a  'cello- 
sonata  (op.  42). 

Schu'biger,  Anselm,  b.  Uznach,  Canton  of 
St.  Gallen,  Mar.  5,  1S15  ;  d.  Mar.  14,  1888,  at 
the  Monastery  of  Einsiedeln,  where  he  had  taken 
holy  orders  in  1835.  Learned  writer  on  the 
music  of  the  Middle  Ages. — Publ.  "Die  Sang- 
erschule  von  St.  Gallen"  (1858);  "Die  Pflege 
des  Kirchengesangs  und  der  Kirchenmusik  in 
der  deutschen  katholischen  Schweiz "  (1S73)  ; 
"Musikalische  Spicilegien "  (1876;  essays  on 
"  Das  liturgische  Drama  des  Mittelalters,"  "  Or- 
gelbau  und  Orgelspiel  im  Mittelalter,"  "Die 
ausserliturgischen  Lieder,"  and  "  Zur  mittelal- 
terlichen  Instrumentalmusik  ")  ;  also  papers  in 
the  "  Monatshefte  fur  Musikgeschichte." 

Schuch,  Ernst,  b.  Graz,  Styria,  Nov.  23, 
1847.  Pupil  of  E.  Stoltz  and  O.  Dessoff  ;  from 
1867,  mus.  dir.  at  Lobe's  Th.,  Breslau,  later  at 
Wiirzburg,  Graz,  Basel  (1871)  ;  cond.  Pollini's 
Italian  Opera  for  a  time  in  1872,  and  then  went 
to  Dresden,  where  he  became  court  cond.  in  1S73, 
afterwards  R.  Court  Councillor,  and  general 
mus.  director. — His  wife,, Clementine  Proska 
(b.  Vienna,  Feb.  12,  1853),  has  been  eng.  since 
1873  at  the  Dresden  Court  Th.  as  coloratura 
singer. 

Schucht,  Jean  F.,  b.  Ilolzthalleben,  Thu- 
ringia,  Nov.  17,  1832  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  30, 
1S94.  Pupil  of  Hauptmann  and  Spohr  at  Kas- 
sel,  and  of  Schnyder  von  Wartensee  at  Frank- 
fort ;  from  1868  in  Leipzig  as  a  writer,  and  critic 
for  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik." — Publ. 
a  "  Wegweiser  in  der  Tonkunst "  (1859); 
"  Kleines  Lexikon  der  Tonkunst";  "Meyer- 
beers  Leben  und  Bildungsgang "  (1869); 
"  Grundriss  einer  praktischen  Harmonielehre  " 
(1876) ;  and  a  Life  of  Chopin  (1S80)  ;  also  pf.- 
pieces  and  songs. 

Schu'ecker,  Edmund,  brilliant  harpist  ;  b. 
Vienna,  about  1856  ;  pupil  of  Zamara  at  the 
Vienna  Cons,  until  1877.  His  growing  renown 
caused  his  appointment,  in  1884,  as  harp-teacher 
in  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  harpist  in  the  Gewand- 
haus  Orch.;  in  1S90,  court  harpist  to  the  Duke 
of  Saxe-Altenburg  ;  in  1891  he  was  called  to 
Chicago  to  join  the  newly  founded  Chicago 
Orch.  (Th.  Thomas,  cond.). 

Schul'hoff,  Julius,  noteworthy  pianist  and 
comp. ;  b.  Prague,  Aug.  2,  1825;  d.  Berlin, 
Mar.  15,  1898.  He  was  taught  in  Prague  by 
K  isch  and  Tedesco  (pf.)  and  Tomaschek  (theory). 
Debut  in  Dresden  in  1842  ;  he  then  played  in 
the  Gewandhaus,  and  proceeded  to  Paris,  giv- 
ing most  successful  concerts  under  the  patron- 
age of  Chopin.  He  lived  for  some  years  in 
Paris,  then  made  a  long  tour  through  France, 
Austria  (1849-50),  England,  Spain  (1851),  and 


530 


SCHULTESIUS— SCHULZ 


to  South  Russia  and  the  Crimea  (1S53).  Later 
he  settled  in  Paris  as  a  favorite  teacher  until 
1870  ;  then  made 
Dresden  his 
home,  receiving 
in  1S97  the  title 
of "  Royal  Prof."; 
and  went  finally 
to  Berlin.  He 
publ.  excellent 
salon-music  f. 
pf . ;  Impromptus, 
Caprices,  Mazur- 
kas, waltzes, 
etc.  ;  a  grand 
sonata  in  F  min. ; 
12  etudes. 

Schulte'sius,  Johann  Paul,  b.  Fechheim, 
Saxe-Koburg,  Sept.  14,  1748  ;  d.  in  1816  at 
Leghorn  as  pastor  of  the  Dutch  and  German 
Protestant  Church.— Publ.  "  Memoria  sopra  la 
musica  di  chiesa"  (1S10) ;  2  quartets  f.  pf.  and 
strings;  variations  f.  do.;  var.s  f.  pf.,  violin 
and  'cello;  7  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin;  varia- 
tions f .  do. ;  etc. 

Schult'heiss,  Benedict,  organist  of  the 
Aegidienkirche,  Nuremberg  ;  d.  Mar.  1,  1693. 
— Publ.  "  Muth  und  Geist  ermunternde  Clavier- 
lust"  (1679;  clavichord-pieces). 

Schultz,  Edwin,  b.  Danzig,  Apr.  30,  1827. 
Baritone  concert-singer,  taught  by  Brandstatter 
at  Berlin  ;  living  there  as  a  singing-teacher. 
Has  also  cond.  the  "  Melodia"  choral  society, 
and  others  ;  and  (with  Wieprecht)  the  "  Mon- 
stre-Concerte  "  given  in  1S64,  1866,  and  1S70- 
71,  for  the  benefit  of  wounded  soldiers. — Publ. 
many  male  choruses  (7  won  prizes),  songs, 
duets,  and  a  coll.,  "  Meisterstiicke  flir  Piano- 
forte." In  1S80  the  Prussian  Ministry  of  War 
commissioned  him  to  compile  a  book  of  soldiers' 
songs. 

Schultze,  Johann,  organist  at  Dannenberg, 
Brunswick;  publ.  "  40  neue  auserlesene  schone 
Gagliarden  und  Intraden "  a  4(1612),  and 
"  Musikalische  Jugendlust"  (1627  ;   motets). 

Schultze,  Christoph,  cantor  at  Delitzsch, 
Saxony;  publ.  "Collegium  musicum  delicii 
charitativum  "  (1647  ;  10  Bible-sentences  a  5  in 
madrigal-style,  w.  continuo)  ;  "  Denarius  mu- 
sicus "  a  1-3,  w.  "symphonies"  and  figured 
bass  ;  and  melodies  to  Benj.  Pratorius'  "  Jauch- 
zender  Libanon"  (1659,  1608). 

Schul'tze,  Adolf,  b.  Schwerin,  Nov.  3,  1S53. 
Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Kullak's  Acad.,  Berlin,  1S72- 
5  ;  taught  there  ;  replaced  Carl  Schroder  1SS6- 
90  at  Sondershausen  as  court  cond.  and  Director 
of  the  Cons.  ;  now  in  Berlin. — Comp.s  ;  Orch.l 
works;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  pf. -music. 

Schul'tze,  Dr.  Wilhelm  Heinrich,  b.  Celle, 
Hanover,  1827;  d.  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  in  Sept., 
1S88.  For  several  years  1st  violin  of  the  Men- 
delssohn Quintette  Club,  Boston  ;  prof,  of  mu- 
sic at  Syracuse  Univ.  from  1S80  (?). 


Schulz,  Bartholomaus,  Gottschalk,  Hie- 
ronymus,  Jacob,  and  Michael  :  See  Prato- 
rius. 

Schulz,  Johann  Abraham  Peter,  b.  Lime- 
burg,  Mar.  30(31  ?),  1747  ;  d.  Schwedt,  June  10, 
1800.  Pupil  of  Kirnberger  at  Berlin  ;  from 
1768-73,  music-master  to  a  Polish  princess  ;  then 
a  popular  teacher  in  Berlin,  and  1776-8  mus. 
dir.  at  the  French  Theatre  ;  Kapellm.  to  Prince 
Heinrich  at  Rheinsberg,  17S0-7  ;  then  court 
conductor  at  Copenhagen  till  1794  ;  returned  ill 
to  Germany,  became  director  of  the  Seconda 
opera-troupe,  then  lived  in  Rheinsberg.  A  song- 
composer  of  marked  originality  and  influence,  he 
publ.  in  1779  "  Gesange  am  Clavier,"  in  1782 
"  Lieder  im  Volkston,"  both  printed  together, 
with  augmentations,  as  "Lieder  im  Volkston  " 
in  1785  ;  a  third  book  was  publ.  in  1790.  His 
sacred  songs  are  "  Uzens  lyrische  Gedichte " 
(1784)  and  "  Religiose  Oden  und  Lieder"  (17S6). 
"  Chansons  italiennes  "  (1782),  4  Lieder  w.  pf., 
and  a  Rundgesang  (round)  for  S.  S.  T.  B.,  were 
also  publ. — Dramatic  works  (also  popular)  : 
Operetta  La  fee  Urgele  (1782  ;  in  Ger.  as  Was 
den  Damen  gefallt)  ;  do.  Clarisse,  oder  das  un- 
bekannte  Dienstmadchen  (17S3) ;  tragic  melodr. 
Minona,  oder  die  drei  Angelsachsen  (1786 ; 
publ.);  I.e  Barbier  de  Seville  (1786);  opera 
Aline,  Queen  of  Golconda  (Copenhagen,  1789  ; 
publ.)  ;  opera  Hostgildet  [The  Harvest  Festival] 
(ibid.,  1790);  Lndtoget  [The  Entry]  (ibid.); 
Offer  af  Nympherne  |  Sacrifice  of  the  Nymphs] 
(ibid.)  ;  music  to  Gotz  von  Berlichingen  and 
Racine's  Aihalie  ; — the  oratorio  Johannes  und 
Marie  and  the  Passion  cantata  Christi  Tod ; 
also  pf.-music  :  6  Stiicke  (1779)  ;  sonata  (17S2)  ; 
"  Musikalische  Belustigung,"  "  Musikalische 
badinage,"  "  Musikalischer  Luftball."  —  He 
wrote  "  Entwurf  einer  neuenund  leichtverstand- 
lichen  Musiktabulatur  .  .  ."  (1786  ;  merely 
the  old  organ-tablature) ;  the  mus.  articles  from 
S-Z  in  Sulzer's  "  Theoriederschonen  Kunste  ;  " 
"  Gedanken  liber  den  Einfluss  der  Musik  auf 
die  Bildung  eines  Volks  "  (1790)  ;  and  claimed 
the  authorship  of  "  Wahre  Grundsatze  zum  Ge- 
brauch  der  Harmonie "  (1773;  publ.  as  Kirn- 
berger's). 

Schulz,    Johann     Philipp    Christian,    b. 

Langensalza,  Thuringia,  Sept.  1,  1773  ;  d. 
Leipzig,  Jan.  30,  1S27.  Pupil  of  Angler  and 
Schicht  at  Leipzig,  and  from  1800  cond.  of  the 
Seconda  opera-troupe  ;  from  18 10,  cond.  of  the 
Gewandhaus  Concerts.  —  Publ.  overtures  to 
Faust  and  Die  Jung/ran  von  Orleans;  dances 
interpolated  into  Faust  (arr.  f.  pf.)  ;  a  Salvum 
fac  regem  a  4,  w.  brass  ;  marches,  etc.  ;  songs 
w.  pf. 

Schulz,  Carl,  subrector  at  Fiirstenwalde ; 
publ.  "  Leitfaden  bei  der  Gesanglehre  nach  der 
Elementarmethode  "  (1S12)  and  "  Schulgesang- 
buch"  (1816),  both  often  republ. 

Schulz,  Otto  Carl  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b. 
Gortz,  Brandenburg,   Mar.  25,  1805.     Pupil  of 


531 


SCII ULZ— SCHUMANN 


Klein  and  Zelter  at  Berlin  ;  organist  at  Prenz- 
lau,  and  "  R.  Mus.  Uir." — Publ.  "  Theore- 
tisch  -  praktische  Gesangschule "  (1831  ;  for 
schools)  ;  "  Darstellung  einer  leichten  Methode 
des  Pianoforte  "  (1839)  *  comp.  sacred  and  secu- 
lar vocal  music,  pf.-pieces,  etc. 

Schulz,  Adolf,  b.  Berlin,  July  7,  1817  ;  d. 
there  Mar.  16,  1884  ;  pupil  of  Bohmer  ;  violin- 
ist in  the  Court  Opera.  Comp.  music  to  Euri- 
pides' Hippolytos,  a  symphony,  and  a  pf. -sonata 
(publ.). 

Schulz,  Ferdinand,  b.  Kossar,  n.  Krossen, 
Oct.  21,  1821  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  27,  1897.  Pupil 
of  A.  W.  Bach,  Grell,  Kollitschgy,  and  Dehn, 
at  Berlin;  joined  the  cathedral-choir  in  1S43  ; 
became  cond.  of  the  Cacilienverein  in  1856, 
mus.  dir.  of  the  Marcuskirche  in  1S58,  later 
organist  of  the  Sophienkirche.  Singing-teacher  ; 
comp.  the  68th  Psalm  f.  double  choir,  motets, 
and  other  church-music  ;  many  male  choruses, 
songs,  and  pf.-pieces. 

Schulz,  August,  b.  June  15,  1837,  at  Bruns- 
wick, where  he  is  leader  of  the  Ducal  orch. 
Pupil  of  Zinkeisen,  Leibrock,  and  Joachim  ; 
composer  of  favorite  male  quartets. 

Schulz  -  Beuthen,  Heinrich,  b.  Beuthen, 
Upper  Silesia,  June  19,  1838.  Pupil  of  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  and  of  Carl  Riedel ;  settled  1867  in 
Zurich  as  a  teacher  and  composer;  since  18S1 
in  Dresden  as  pf.-teacher  at  the  Cons. — Works  : 
Operetta  Fridolin  (Breslau,  1862) ;  opera.  A  sc/ieti- 
brodel  (Zurich,  1879);  comic  opera  Es  ist  nicht 
gut,  dass  der  Mensch  allein  sei  ;  fine  instr.l  and 
choral  music  of  distinctly  modern  tendency  :  6 
symphonies  ("  Haydn  "  ;  "  Friihlingsfeier"  ; 
~E\)  ;  "  Schon  Elisabeth  "  ;  "  Reformations-S.," 
w.  organ;  "  Konig  Lear");  a  "  Kinder-Sinfonie"; 
symph.  poem,  "Die  Todteninsel "  ;  overtures 
"  Kriemhildens  Leid  und  Rache,"  "  Bac- 
chantenzug  des  Dionysos "  ;  "Tan  und  die 
Waldnymphen  "  ;  the  orch.l  pieces  "  Ballfeste- 
pisoden,"  "  Mittelalterliche  Volksscene,"  "Am 
Rabenstein,"  "  Indianischer  Kriegstanz  "  ;  the 
cantatas  Befreiungsgesang  der  Verbannten  Is- 
raels (f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.),  and  Harald  (f.  bar. 
solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.)  ;  Requiem  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.  ;  Tsalms  42  and  125,  f.  ditto  ;  Psalm 
43  f.  do.  (publ.);  Psalm  13  a  cappella ;  male 
choruses;  songs;  pf.-pieces  ("  Heroische  So- 
nate "  [publ.];  "  Alhambra-Sonate  "  ;  "Un- 
garisches  Standchen  "  ;  "  Stimmungsbild  "  ; 
etc.). 

Schulz-Schwerin,  Carl,  b.  Schwerin,  Jan. 
3,  1845.  Pianist;  pupil  at  the  Stern  Cons., 
Berlin,  1862-5,  °f  von  Biilow,  Geyer,  Stern,  and 
Weitzmann.  Court  pianist  to  the  Grand  Duke 
of  Mecklenburg  ;  has  lived  since  1885  in  Berlin. 
— Works:  A  symphony;  overtures  to  "Torquato 
Tasso,"  "  Die  Braut  von  Messina,"  and  the 
"  Ouverture  triomphale";  Sanctus,  Osanna, 
Benedictus,  Ave  Maria,  etc.;  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;   orch.l    transcriptions    of    Mendelssohn's 


"  Rondo  capriccioso,"  and  other  pf. -works;  solo 
pieces  for  piano. 

Schul'ze,  Johann  Friedrich,  German  organ- 
builder  ;  b.  Milbitz,  Thuringia,  Jan.  27,  1793; 
d.  Paulinzelle,  Thuringia,  Jan.  9,  185S,  whither 
he  had  removed  his  business  from  Miihlhausen. 
Firm-name  "  Schulze  &  Sohn." 

Schul'ze,  Adolf,  excellent  concert  -  singer 
(bass)  and  singing-teacher  ;  b.  Mannhagen,  n. 
Molln,  Apr.  13,  1835.  Pupil  of  Carl  Voigt  at 
Hamburg,  and  Garcia  at  London  (1863).  At 
present  head-prof,  of  singing  at  the  R.  Iloch- 
schulc,  Berlin. 

Schu'macher,  (Peter)  Paul  (Heinrich),  b. 
Mayence,  Nov.  6,  1848  ;  d.  there  Apr.  25,  1891. 
Pupil  of  Fr.  Lux  (pf.  and  theory)  ;  later  of 
Richter,  Reinecke,  and  Hauptmanu  at  Leipzig 
Cons.  Served  in  the  Franco-German  war,  and 
then  settled  in  Mayence  as  cond.,  teacher,  and 
critic  (for  the  "  Frankfurter Zeitung,"  the  "  Main- 
zer  Anzeiger,"  and  mus.  periodicals).  He  cond. 
several  male  singing-societies  ;  and  in  1881 
founded  the  Mayence  Cons,  of  Music  (carried 
on  by  his  widow,  PVau  Luise  S.,  as  the  "  Paul 
Schumacher'sches  Cons."). — Publ.  works  :  Many 
songs  (Wolff's  "  Rattenfanger,"  "Wilder  Jager," 
etc.)  and  male  choruses  ("  Musikantenlieder  "  w. 
violin  and  pf. ,  op.  4)  ;  much  pf. -music  (op.  6, 
Albumblatter  ;  op.  11,  4  Concert-studies;  op.  12, 
Sonatinen  ;  op.  19,  "  Aus  der  Jugendzeit,"  24 
pes.;  op.  24,  3  Notturnos  ;  op.  46,  "  Feuilletons 
musicaux  "  ;  — f.  4  hands,  op.  20,  "  Am  Rhein," 
waltz  ;  op.  29,  Dances  and  Wedding-march  ;  op. 
52,  Prelude  and  Fugue  ;  etc.)  ;  op.  10,  Funeral 
march  f.  orch.  in  C  min.;  a  Symphonie-Serenade 
f.  orch.;  a  Concert-suite  f.  violin  and  pf. ,  op. 
34  ; — unpubl.  are  a  cantata,  Der  fahrende  Schil- 
ler, f.  bar.,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  (1890,  v.  succ.)  ; 
an  opera,  Die  7  Kaboi  ;  a  violin-concerto,  op. 
9  (often  played)  ;  etc. 

Schu'mann,  Robert  (Alexander),  a  leader 
in  German  romanticism ;  b.  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
June  8,  1810;  d. 
Endenich,  near 
Bonn,  July  29, 
1856.  The 
youngest  son  of 
his  father,  a 
bookseller,  his 
first  music-les- 
sons were  on  the 
piano  from  the 
organist  of  the 
M  arienkirche, 
Kuntzsch.  His 
attempts  at  com- 
position    date 

from  his  seventh  year  ;  in  his  eleventh,  without 
instruction,  he  wrote  choral  and  orchestral 
works,  and  at  this  time  his  father  wished  him  to 
study  under  Carl  M.  von  Weber,  but  negotia- 
tions to  that  effect  came  to  naught.  Instead,  he 
attended  the  Zwickau  Gymnasium  from  1S20-8; 


532 


SCHUMANN 


toward  the  end  of  this  term  developing  a  marked 
predilection  for  the  romantic  works  of  Byron 
and  Jean  Paul  Richter.  In  1826  his  father 
died;  and  in  1828  S.  matriculated  at  Leipzig 
Univ.  as  Studiosus  juris,  though  he  gave  more 
attention  to  the  philosophical  lectures.  In  1829 
he  repaired  to  Heidelberg,  drawn  thither  chiefly 
by  the  fame  of  Thibaut  (prof,  of  law,  but  a  pro- 
found student  of  music),  and  now  began  to 
apply  himself  seriously  to  musical  study,  aided 
by  his  dexterity  as  a  pianist.  In  the  autumn 
of  1830  he  obtained  his  mother's  permission  to 
return  to  Leipzig  in  order  to  devote  himself  to 
music.  He  lived  with  Friedrich  Wieck,  under 
whom  he  studied  the  piano  ;  and  also  took  a 
course  in  composition  under  H.  Dorn,  though 
his  industry  was  principally  concentrated  on 
piano-practice.  An  unfortunate  experiment  (the 
endeavor  to  obtain  independence  of  the  fingers 
by  suspending  the  fourth  finger  of  the  right 
hand  in  a  sling  while  practising  with  the  others) 
ended  his  bright  prospects  as  a  piano-virtuoso. 
Thenceforward  he  gave  himself  up  to  composi- 
tion and  literary  work.  As  a  composer,  his  pub- 
lished works  (op.  1-23)  up  to  the  beginning  of 
1S40  (an  important  date)  are  exclusively  for  the 
piano  ;  Liszt,  Henselt,  and  Clara  Wieck  (the 
daughter  of  his  instructor  and  host)  played 
them  in  public.  In  1834  S.  founded,  with  J. 
Knorr,  L.  Schunke,  and  Wieck,  the  "  Neue 
Zeitschrift  fur  Musik,"  which  S.  edited  alone 
from  1835-44.  L  entered  the  field  as  an  ex- 
ponent of  liberal  and  progressive  musical  art, 
in  opposition  to  the  vapid  productions  of  the 
Italian  stage,  to  the  then  fashionable  pianists, 
and  to  all  shallow  or  retrograde  tendencies. 
Schumann's  numerous  essays  and  criticisms 
(signed  Florestan,  Eusebius,  Meister  Raro,  or 
with  the  numerals  "  2"  and  "  12")  show  what 
musical  journalism  can  be  when  actuated  by 
the  loftiest  motives,  and  based  on  real  and  in- 
timate knowledge  of  the  subjects  treated.  Dur- 
ing the  succeeding  decades  it  exercised  a  potent 
influence  for  good;  S.  was  among  the  first  to 
herald  Chopin's  genius  (1834);  and  one  of  his 
last  papers  was  the  famous  "Neue  Bahnen " 
(1853)  on  Brahms.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
fallen  in  love  with  Clara  Wieck;  owing  to  the 
father's  determined  opposition  their  marriage 
did  not  take  place  until  1840,  the  year  in  which 
the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  was  conferred  upon  S. 
by  the  University  of  Jena.  He  had  spent  one 
year,  1838-9,  in  Vienna,  hoping  to  better  his 
fortunes  by  establishing  himself  and  his  paper 
in  that  city — an  attempt  which  failed.  From 
his  marriage-year,  too,  dates  the  beginning  of 
his  career  as  a  song-composer,  and  some  of  his 
most  perfect  lyrical  gems  were  then  produced, 
numbering  nearly  a  score  of  books,  among 
them  op.  25,  31,  36,  and  40.  In  1S41  he  wrote 
his  first  symphony,  speedily  followed  by  three 
string-quartets,  op.  41,  the  pf.-quintet,  op.  44, 
and  the  pf. -quartet,  op.  47;  also  his  most  beau- 
tiful choral  work,  Das  Paradies  und  die  Peri 
(1843).      In  this  last-named  year  he  was  invited 


by  Mendelssohn  to  accept  the  position  of  teacher 
(of  playing  from  score)  at  the  newly  founded 
Conservatorium ;  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that 
S.  introduced  the  pedal-piano,  for  preparatory 
organ-practice,  into  the  Cons.,  which  possessed 
no  organ  for  ten  years.  In  January,  1S44,  he 
undertook  a  concert-tour  to  Russia  with  his 
wife;  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  he  re- 
moved to  Dresden ;  his  duties  in  the  Cons,  were 
uncongenial,  and  it  is  probable  that  Mendels- 
sohn, whom  S.  greatly  admired,  did  not  fully 
appreciate  the  latter's  genius.  S.  likewise  re- 
tired from  the  editorship  of  the  "  Neue  Zeit- 
schrift," being  succeeded  in  1845  by  Dr.  Brendel. 
In  Dresden  he  lived  until  1850,  giving  private 
lessons  and  composing  industriously;  to  this 
period  belong  the  great  C-major  symphony  op. 
61  (1846),  the  opera  Gowveva  (1848),  and  the 
pf.-trio  op.  80  (1847;  one  of  the  finest  of  its 
class).  In  1847  he  became  the  conductor  of  the 
Liedertafel,  and  in  1S48  organized  the  Chorge- 
sang-  Verein.  He  was  called  to  Diisseldorf  in 
1850  to  succeed  Ferd.  Hiller  as  town  musical 
director  (cond.  of  the  Subscription  Concerts  and 
the  Musical  Society).  He  held  this  position 
until  the  autumn  of  1853,  when  signs  of  insanity, 
which  had  appeared  as  far  back  as  1833,  and 
still  more  alarmingly  in  1S45,  compelled  him  to 
resign;  for  some  time  his  assistant  (and  suc- 
cessor) Tausch  had  relieved  him  of  much  of  the 
work.  On  Feb.  6,  1854,  the  disorder  reached  a 
climax;  he  abruptly  left  the  room  in  which  some 
friends  were  assembled,  and  threw  himself  into 
the  Rhine  ;  rescued  from  drowning,  he  had  to  be 
conveyed  to  an  asylum  at  Endenich,  near  Bonn, 
remaining  here,  with  but  few  lucid  intervals, 
until  the  end.  In  1SS0  a  monument  by  Prof. 
Donndorf  was  erected  on  his  grave  in  the 
churchyard  at  Bonn,  opposite  the  Sternenthor; 
a  statue  was  unveiled  at  Zwickau  in  1S89  ;  a 
modest  memorial  also  stands,  since  1875,  near 
the  First  Biirgerschule  in  Leipzig. 

S.  was  a  founder  of  the  neo-romantic  school, 
and  perhaps  its  most  powerful  promoter  both  as 
a  composer  and  writer.  At  the  very  outset,  his 
individuality  found  full  expression.  His  mas- 
tery of  detail,  his  concentrated  passion  and  pro- 
found emotion,  are  displayed  to  best  advantage 
in  the  smaller  forms,  the  piano-pieces  and  songs 
— the  most  suitable  mediums  for  presenting  the 
subtle  shadings  and  artistic  refinements  charac- 
teristic of  his  lyrical  genius.  In  them  he  attains 
perfection  of  expression  and  artistic  finish.  Yet 
— to  name  but  a  few — the  first  two  symphonies, 
and  the  pf. -concerto  op.  54,  are  unsurpassed  in 
the  post-Beethoven  epoch  ;  the  pf.-quintet  and 
the  G-minor  pf. -sonata  rank  with  the  grandest 
works  of  their  kind. — A  complete  edition  of  his 
compositions,  edited  by  Clara  Schumann,  is 
publ.  by  Breitkopf  &  Hartel. 

Vocal  works  with  orch.:  The  4-act 
opera  Genoveva,  op.  Si  (Leipzig,  June  25, 
1850)  ;  music  to  Byron's  Manfred,  op.  115  ; 
scenes  from  Goethe's  Faust  (no  opus-number) ; 
cantata  Das  Paradies  und  die  Peri,  op.  50,  f. 


533 


SCHUMANN 


solo,  ch.,  and  orch. ;  Adventlied,  op.  71,  f.  sopr., 
ch.,  and  orch.;  Abschiedslied,  op.  S4,  f.  ch.  w. 
wood-wind  or  pf. ;  Requiem  for  Mignon,  op. 
98b;  Nacktlied,  op.  108,  f.  ch.  and  orch.; 
cantata  Der  Rose  Pilgerfahrt,  op.  112,  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch. ;  ballade  Der  Konigssokn,  op.  116, 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  ballade  Des  Stingers 
Fluch,  op.  139,  f.  do. ;  four  ballades  Vom  Pagen 
und  der  Konigstochter,  op.  140,  f.  do.;  ballade 
Das  Clink  von  Edenhall,  op.  143,  f.  do.;  Neit- 
fahrslied,  op.  144,  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  Missa  sacra, 
op.  147,  w.  orch.;  Requiem  mass,  op.  148,  w. 
orch. 

Choruses  a  cappella  :  6  4-part  songs  f.  men's 
voices,  op.  33  ;  5  songs  [Burns]  f.  mixed  ch., 
°P-  55  !  4  songs  f.  do.,  op.  59  ;  3  songs  f.  male 
ch.,  op.  62  ;  7  Ritornelle  in  canon-form,  f.  male 
voices,  op.  65  ;  5  Romances  and  Ballades  f. 
chorus  (2  sets),  op.  67  and  75  ;  6  Romances  f. 
female  voices,  w.  pf.  nd  lib.  (2  sets),  op.  69  and 
91;  motet  [Ruckert]  "  Verzweifle  nicht  im 
Schmerzensthal,"  f.  double  male  ch.,  organ  ad 
lib.,  op.  93  ;  5  Jagdlieder  [Laube]  f.  male  ch., 
4  horns  ad  lib.,  op.  137  ;  4  songs  f.  double  ch., 
op.  141. 

Vocal  with  piano:  3  poems  by  Geibel,  op. 
29  (No.  1,  f.  2  sopranos  ;  No.  2,  f.  3  do. ;  No.  3, 
f.  small  chorus)  ;  4  duets  f.  sopr.  and  ten.,  op. 
34,  and  4  do.,  op.  78  ;  3  2-part  songs,  op.  43  ; 
Spanisches  Liederspiel  f.  one  voice  or  S.A.T.B., 
op.  74  ;  Minnespiel  from  Ri'ickert's  "  Liebes- 
friihling,"  f.  one  or  several  voices,  op.  101  ; 
Madchenlieder,  by  Elis.  Kulmann,  f.  2  so- 
pranos, op.  103  ;  3  songs  f.  3  female  voices,  op. 
114  ;  ten  Spanische  Liebeslieder,  f.  one  or  sev- 
eral voices,  w.  4-hand  accomp.,  op.  138  ;  the 
ballads  "  Belsazar "  (op.  51),  "Der  Hand- 
schuh"  (op.  87),  "  Schon  Hedwig"  (op.  106  ;  f. 
declamation  w.  pf.),  and  "  Zwei  Balladen,"  op. 
122  (No.  1,  "Ballade  vom  Haideknaben "; 
No.  2,  "Die  Fltichtlinge";  both  f.  declamation 
w.  pf.)  ;  Liederkreis  [Heine],  song-cycle,  op. 
24,  and  Liederkreis,  12  poems  by  Eichendorff, 
op.  39  ;  "  Myrthen,"  op.  25  ;  Lieder  und  Ge- 
sange, 5  sets  (op.  27,  51,  77,  96,  127)  ;  3  poems 
by  Geibel,  op.  30  ;  3  songs,  op.  31  ;  12  poems 
[Kerner],  op.  35  ;  6  poems  [Ruckert],  op.  36  ; 
12  do.  [do.],  comp.  w.  Clara  S.,  op.  37  ;  5  songs 
f.  low  voice,  op.  40  ;  "Frauenliebe  und  -Leben," 
op.  42  ;  "  Dichterliebe,"  op.  48  ;  Romanzen  und 
Balladen,  4  sets  (op.  45.  49,  53,64);  "  Lieder- 
album  flir  die  Jugend,"  op.  79  ;  6  songs,  op.  89  ; 
6  poems  by  Lenau,  and  Requiem,  op.  90  ;  6  songs 
from  Byron's  "  Hebrew  Melodies,"  op.  95  (w. 
pf.  or  harp)  ;  nine  Lieder  und  Gesange  from 
"  Wilhelm  Meister,"  op.  98*7  /  7  songs,  op.  104  ; 
6  songs,  op.  107;  four  "  Husarenlieder "  f. 
bar.,  op.  117;  3  "  Waldlieder,"  op.  119;  5 
heitere  Gesange,  op.  125  ;  "  Gedichte  der  Ko- 
nigin  Maria  Stuart,"  op.  135  ;  4  songs,  op.  142  ; 
"  Der  deutsche  Rhein  "  (no  opus-number). 

Orchestral:  4  symphonies  (No.  1,  op.  38, 
in  Bj?  ;  No.  2,  op.  61,  in  C  ;  No.  3,  op.  97,  in 
E(^  ["  Rheinische,"  or  "  Cologne  "  symphony]  ; 
No.    4,    op.     120,    in    D    min.);    "  Ouverture, 


Scherzo  und  Finale,"  op.  52  ;  4  concert-overtures 
("  Die  Braut  von  Messina,"  op.  100  ;  "  Festou- 
vertiire,"  op.  123;  "Julius  Cresar,"  op.  128; 
"  Hermann  und  Dorothea,"  op.  136)  ;  pf. -con- 
certo in  A  min.,  op.  54  ;  Concertstuck  (introd. 
and  Allegro  appassionato)  in  G,  f.  pf.  and  orch., 
op.  92  ;  Concert-Allegro  f.  do.,  in  D  min.,  op. 
134  ;  Concertstuck  f.  4  horns,  op.  86  ;  'cello- 
concerto,  op.  129  ;  Fantasia  f.  violin  w.  orch., 
op.  131. 

Chamber-music  :  Pf. -quintet  in  E[>,  op.  44  ; 
3  string-quartets,  in  A  min.,  F  and  A,  op.  41  ; 
pf. -quartet  in  E[?,  op.  47  ;  3  pf. -trios  (No.  1,  in 
D  min.,  op.  63  ;  No.  2,  in  F,  op.  80  ;  No.  3,  in 
G  min.,  op.  110)  ;  4  Phantasiesti'icke  f.  pf. ,  vio- 
lin, and  'cello,  op.  88  ;  Adagio  and  Allegro  f.  pf. 
and  horn,  op.  70  ;  3  Fantasiestucke  f.  pf.  and 
clar.,  op.  73  ;  3  Romanzen  f.  pf.  and  oboe,  op. 
94  ;  5  Stucke  im  Volkston,  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op. 
.102  ;  2  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  (No.  1,  in  A 
min.,  op.  105;  No.  2,  in  D  min.,  op.  121);  4 
Marchenbilder  f.  pf.  and  viola,  op.  113;  4 
Marchenerzahlungen  f.  pf.  and  clar.,  op.  132. 

For  organ  (or  pedal-piano)  :  6  studies  in 
canon-form,  op.  56  ;  "  Skizzen  fi'ir  den  Pedal- 
flugel,"  op.  58  ;  six  fugues  on  B-A-C-H,  op.  60. 

For  pianoforte:  Op.  1,  Variations  on  A- 
B-E-G-G  ;  op.  2,  Papillons  ;  op.  3,  Studies  after 
Paganini's  Caprices  ;  op.  4,  Intermezzi  ;  op.  5, 
Impromptus  on  theme  by  CI.  Wieck  ;  op.  6, 
Davidsbiindlertanze  ;  op.  7,  Toccata  ;  op.  8, 
Allegro  ;  op.  9,  Carnaval  ;  op.  10,  six  Studies 
on  Paganini's  Caprices  ;  op.  11,  Sonata  No.  1, 
in  F  ft  min.;  op.  12,  Fantasiestucke  (2  books); 
op.  13,  Etudes  symphoniques  ;  op.  14,  Sonata 
No.  2,  in  F  min.;  op.  15,  thirteen  Kinder- 
scenen  ;  op.  16,  Kreisleriana  ;  op.  17,  Fantasie 
in  C  ;  op.  18,  Arabeske  ;  op.  19,  Blumenstiick  ; 
op.  20,  Humoreske  ;  op.  21,  Novelletten  (  4 
books)  ;  op.  22,  Sonata  No.  3,  in  G  min.  ("  Con- 
cert sans  orchestre  ")  ;  op.  23,  Nachtstiicke  ;  op. 
26,  Faschingsschwank  aus  Wien  ;  op.  2S,  three 
Romanzen  ;  op.  32,  Scherzo,  Gigue,  Romanze 
und  Fughette  ;  op.  68,  Album  fur  die  Jugend  ; 
op.  72,  four  Fugues  ;  op.  76,  four  Marches  ;  op. 
82,  Waldscenen  ;  op.  99,  Bunte  Blatter;  op.  n, 
three  Fantasiestucke  ;  op.  118,  three  Sonatas  for 
the  Young  ;  op.  124,  Albumbliitter  ;  op.  126, 
seven  pieces  in  fughetta-form  ;  op.  133,  Ge- 
sange der  Friihe  ;  also  a  Scherzo  (orig.  in  So- 
nata op.  14),  a  Presto  passionato  (orig.  finale  of 
Sonata  op.  22)  ;  and  a  canon  on  "An  Alexis." 
— For  pf.  4  hands:  Op.  66,  "  Bilder  aus 
Osten,"  after  Ruckert's  "  Makamen  des  Ha- 
riri"; op.  85,  "  12  vierhandige  Clavierstticke  fi'ir 
kleine  und  grosse  Kinder";  op.  109,  "  Ball- 
scenen  "  ("  9  charakteristische  Tonstiicke  ") ;  op. 
130,  Kinderball  ;  op.  46,  Andante  and  Varia- 
tions in  Bb  (for  2  pf.s,  4  hands). 

Writings:  "  Gesammelte  Schriften  uber 
Musik  und  Musiker,"  a  coll.  of  his  articles  in 
the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  "  (1854  ;  4  vol.s  ;  4th  ed., 
1891,  rev.  by  F.  G.  Jansen;  Engl,  transl.  by 
Fanny  Raymond  Ritter,  London,  1875) ;  "Robert 
Schumann's  Jugendbriefe  "  (1885;  ed.   by  Clara 


534 


SCHUMANN— SCHUPPANZIGH 


S.;  Engl,  transl.  by  M.  Herbert);  "  R.  Schu- 
mann's Brief e,  neue  Folge,"  covering  period 
1828-54;  (1886;  ed.  by  Jansen). 

Biographical:  By  J.  von  \Vasielewski(i85S  ; 
3rd  ed.  1880;  Engl,  transl.  by  A.  L.  Alger, 
Boston,  1871);  by  A.  Reissmann  (1865;  3rd  ed. 
1879;  Engl,  transl.  by  A.  L.  Alger,  London, 
1886);  by  Ambros  (i860;  in  "  Culturhistorische 
Bilder");  by  L.  Mesnard,  "  Un  successeur  de 
Beethoven"  (Paris,  1876);  by  II.  Reimann 
(1887);  by  H.  Erler  ("  R.  S.'s  Leben  aus  seinen 
Briefen,"  1887;  2vol.s);  by  S.  Bagge  ("  R.  S. 
und_  seine  Faustscenen,"  1879);  by  Waldersee 
("  Uber  Schumann's  Manfred"  1SS0);  by 
Jansen  ("Die  Davidsbiindler,"  1883);  by  Wasie- 
lewski  ("  Schumanniana,"  purporting  to  rectify 
errors  in  Jansen;  1884);  by  B.  Vogel  ("  R.  S.'s 
Claviertonpoesie,"  1SS7);  and  by  Ph.  Spitta 
("  Ein  Lebensbild  R.  S.'s,"  1882,  orig.  in 
Grove's  Diet.). 

Schu'mann,  Clara  (Josephine),  ;/tv  Wieck, 

b.  Leipzig,  Sept.  13,  1S19;  d.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  May  20,  1896.  An  exceptionally  gifted 
pianist,  the  daughter  and  pupil  of  Friedrich 
Wieck,  and  the  wife  of  Robert  Schumann. 
Trained  from  her  fifth  year,  she  played  in  public 
for  the  first  time  on  Oct.  20,  1S2S;  at  the 
Gewandhaus  in  1S30;  made  tours  from  1832; 
and  during  a  sojourn  in  Vienna  (1836)  received 
the  title  of  Imp.  Chamber-virtuoso.  At  Paris 
she  had  great  success  in  1S39.  On  Sept.  12, 
1S40,  she  was  married  to  Schumann  (<].v.).  After 
his  death  she  went  with  her  children  to  Berlin ; 
and  in  1863  to  Wiesbaden,  being  obliged  to 
resume  her  public  career  as  a  concert-pianist. 
From  1878-92  she  was  teacher  of  pf. -playing  in 
the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort.  At  first  a  Beet- 
hoven player,  Frau  Schumann  became  under 
her  husband's  influence  a  masterly  and  authori- 
tative interpreter  of  the  hitter's  compositions 
and  Chopin's  works. — Besides  editing  the  Br. 
&  Hartel  ed.  of  Schumann's  works,  his  early 
letters,  and  finger-exercises  from  Czerny's  l'f.- 
Method,  she  publ.  a  number  of  original  com- 
positions (all  f.  pf. ,  except  the  Lieder):  Op.  r, 
4  Polonaises  ;  op.  2,  Caprices  in  waltz-form  ;  op. 
3,  Romance  variee ;  op.  4,  Valses  romantiques; 
op.  5,  6,  Soirees  musicales,  10  pieces  caract. ; 
Concerto  in  A  min. ;  op.  8,  Var.s  on  the  cava- 
tina  in  II Pirata;  op.  9,  Impromptu,  "  Souvenir 
de  Vienne ; "  op.  10,  1st  Scherzo;  op.  11,  3 
Romances  [Mechetti] ;  op.  12,  3  Lieder  in  R. 
Schumann's  op.  37  (Nos.  2,  4,  and  11);  op.  13, 
6  Lieder ;  op.  14,  2nd  Scherzo;  op.  15,  4fliichtige 
Sti'icke;  op.  16,  3  Preludes  and  Fugues  ;  op.  17, 
pf.-trio  in  G  min.;  op.  20,  Var.s  on  a  theme  by 
Schumann;  op.  21,  3  Romanzen  ;  op.  22,  3  Ro- 
manzen  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  op.  23,  6  Lieder  from 
Rollet's  "  Jucunde  ;  " — without  opus-number  : 
"  Liebeszauber,"  Lied  by  Geibel  ;  Andante  and 
Allegro  ;  Cadenzas  to  Beethoven's  concertos  in  C 
min.  and  G. — Biogr.  by  La  Mara  in  "  Musi- 
kalische  Studienkopfe,"  Vol.  v. ;  in  "Friedrich 
Wieck  "    by    Adolf     Kohut,     and     "  Friedrich 

53: 


Wieck  und  seine  beiden  Tochter,"  by  A.  von 
Meichsner. 

Schu'mann,  Georg  (Alfred),  concert-pianist 
and  composer  ;  b.  Konigstein,  Saxony,  Oct.  25, 
1S66.  Pupil  of  his  father,  the  city  Mus.  Dir., 
and  his  grandfather,  a  cantor  ;  from  1877-81,  of 
K.  A.  Fischer,  B.  Rollfuss,  and  Fr.  Baumfelder, 
at  Dresden  ;  then  at  the  Leipzig  Cons,  till  1S88, 
of  Reinecke,  Jadassohn,  and  Zwintscher.,  com- 
posing 2  symphonies  and  a  serenade  f.  orch.,  a 
pf. -quintet,  2  pf. -trios,  a  violin-sonata,  etc.,  and 
taking  the  Beethoven  prize  in  1887.  Prod,  his 
first  ambitious  choral  work,  Amor  und  Psyche, 
at  Leipzig  in  1888  ;  then  lived  2  years  in  Berlin; 
from  1892-6,  cond.  of  the  Danzig  Gesangverein: 
since  then,  of  the  Bremen  Philharm.  orch.  and 
chorus. — Other  works:  Many  pf. -pieces  and 
songs  ;  an  orch.l  suite  "  Zur  Karnevalszeit ;  "  a 
string-trio,  a  'cello-sonata,  etc. 

Schu'mann-Heink,  Ernestine,  nee  Roess- 
ler,  dramatic  contralto  ;  b.  Lieben,  n.  Prague, 
June  15,  1S61.  Pupil,  in  Graz,  of  Marietta  von 
Leclair;  debut  Dresden,  Oct.  13,  i87S,as  Azucena 
in  //  Trovatore ;  sang  4  years  in  Dresden,  from 
1883  in  the  Hamburg  City  Th.  At  Bayreuth  in 
1896  she  took  the  roles  of  Erda,  Waltraute,  and 
the  First  Norn,  in  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen. — 
Twice  married  :  to  Herr  Heink  in  1SS3  ;  to  Paul 
Schumann  in  1S93. — In  Chicago,  New  York, 
etc.,  with  the  Grau  opera-troupe,  1S98-1900,  as 
Ortrud,  Erda,  etc. 

Schun'ke,  Carl,  pianist  ;  b.  Magdeburg, 
1S01  ;  d.  (by  suicide)  in  Paris,  Dec.  16,  1S39. 
Pupil  of  his  father,  the  horn-virtuoso  Michael  S.; 
later  of  Ries,  whom  he  accompanied  to  London. 
In  182S  he  settled  in  Paris,  becoming  pianist  to 
the  Queen.  After  an  attack  of  apoplexy,  which 
deprived  him  of  speech,  he  took  his  life  in 
despair. — About  60  comp.s,  chiefly  brilliant 
transcriptions  of  operatic  and  popular  airs. 

Schun'ke,  Ludwig,  pianist ;  pupil  of  his 
father,  the  horn-virtuoso  Gottfried  S. ;  b.  Kassel, 
Dec.  21,  i8io;d.  Leipzig,  Dec.  7,  1S34.  Studied 
further  under  Kalkbrenner  and  Reicha  at  Paris, 
playing  successfully  there  and  in  Vienna,  Stutt- 
gart, and  Prague;  settled  in  Leipzig,  1S33, 
became  the  intimate  friend  of  Schumann,  and  a 
co-founder  of  the  "Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik." 
His  few  works  were  full  of  promise  :  Op.  3, 
Variations;  op.  9,  Caprice;  op.  10,  2nd  Caprice; 
op.  13,  Charakterstucke ;  op.  14,  Variations. 

Schuppan'zigh,  Ignaz,  b.  Vienna,  1776;  d. 
there  March  2,  1830.  A  violinist,  he  organized 
and  cond.  the  Augarten  Concerts  ;  then  joined 
Prince  Rasumovski's  private  quartet  (S.  May- 
seder,  Linke,  and  Weiss),  interpreting  the  Beet- 
hoven quartets  under  the  master's  eye,  and 
also  playing  those  by  Haydn  and  Mozart.  After 
1816  they  concertized  in  Germany,  Poland  and 
Russia  on  their  own  account ;  also  after  return- 
ing to  Vienna  in  1S23.  He  joined  the  court 
orch.  in  1S24,  and  became  Dir.  of  the  German 
Opera  in  182S. — Works  :  Solo  brillant  f.  violin 


SCHURER— SCHUTZ 


w.  quartet  ;  solo  var.s  on  a  Russian  theme  ;  9 
var.s  f.  2  violins. 

Schii'rer,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Raudnitz,  Bo- 
hemia, about  1732  ;  d.  Dresden,  Eeb.  16,  1786, 
where  he  had  been  comp.  since  1748. — Works  : 
4  Italian  operas,  Astrea  (1746),  Galatea  (1746), 
Ercole  (1747),  Calandro  (1748)  ;  a  German 
"  Singspiel,"  Dor-is  (1747);  3  oratorios;  40 
masses  ;  3  Requiems  ;  140  Psalms  ;  and  other 
church-music. 

Schu'rig,  (Volkmar)  Julius  (Wilhelm),  b. 
Aue-on-the-Mulde,  Saxony,  Mar.  24,  1802  ;  d. 
Dresden,  Jan.  31,  1899.  Pupil  of  Schneider,  J. 
Otto,  and  Uhlig,  at  Dresden  ;  1842-52,  choir- 
master at  the  synagogue,  and  1844-56  organist 
of  the  English  Ch.  ;  1856-61,  cantor  and  org. 
at  Pesth  ;  thereafter  lived  in  Dresden  as  sing- 
ing-teacher, cantor,  and  (from  1876)  teacher  of 
theory  at  the  Rollfuss  Acad.  —  Publ.  organ-fan- 
tasias, op.  r  and  31  ;  organ-preludes,  op.  46  ; 
sacred  songs  f.  one  voice,  op.  14,  33  ;  English 
4-part  do.  ;  sacred  duets,  many  motets  and 
choruses  ;  children's  songs  w.  pf. ,  op.  48  ;  etc.; 
also  an  excellent  collection,  "  Liederperlen 
deutscher  Tonkunst." 

Schu'ster,  Joseph,  b.  Dresden,  Aug.  11, 
174S  ;  d.  there  July  24,  1S12.  Dramatic  comp.  ; 
taught  by  Schiirer.  Spent  4  years,  1765-9,  in 
Italy,  returned  to  Dresden,  and  became  court 
and  chamber-comp.  in  1772  ;  spent  2  years  more 
in  Italy  for  study  under  Padre  Martini  at  Bo- 
logna, prod.  Italian  operas,  and  was  made  hon- 
orary maestro  to  the  King  of  Naples  ;  after  a 
stay  of  2  years  in  Dresden,  and  a  third  visit  to 
Italy  1778-81,  he  settled  in  Dresden,  conduct- 
ing at  church  and  theatre  alternately  with  Nau- 
mann,  Schiirer,  and  Seydelmann,  and  from  1787 
associated  with  Seydelmann  as  court  Kapellm. 
Of  24  operas,  20  were  in  Italian  (1770-1800) ; 
the  4  in  German  (Der  gleichgiiltige  Ehemann, 
Doctor  Murner,  Sieg  der  Liebe  fiber  die  Zauberei, 
and  Das  Lalernenfest)  were  popular.  His  best 
work  was  a  cantata,  Das  Lob  der  Musik ;  he 
also  wrote  other  cantatas,  oratorios,  a  mass,  etc.  ; 
publ.  pf. -pieces  f.  2  and  4  hands,  divertisse- 
ments f.  pf.  and  violin,  etc.  Symphonies,  a 
concerto  f.  2  pf.s.,  etc.,  are  in  MS. 

Schiitt,  Eduard,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  22, 
1856.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Petersen  and  Stein  at 
the  St.  P.  Cons.  ;  studied  1876-8  at  the  Leipzig 
Cons.  ;  now  conducts  the  Akademischer  Wag- 
nerverein  at  Vienna. — Works  :  Pf. -concerto  in 
<;  miri.,  op.  7;  Serenade  f.  string-orch.  ;  Var.s 
f.  2  pf.s  ;  songs,  many  pf. -pieces,  etc.  ;  and  a  3- 
act  comic  opera,  Signor  Formica  (Vienna,  1892  ; 
mod.  succ). 

Schiitz  [Sagitta'rius],  Heinrich,  the  most 
influential  German  composer  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury in  developing  and  promoting  good  church- 
music,  and  a  worthy  forerunner  of  Bach ;  b. 
Kostritz,  Saxony,  Oct.  8,  1585  ;  d.  Dresden, 
Nov.  6,  1672.  In  1599  he  became  a  choir-boy 
in  the   court  chapel   at   Kassel,  also  taking  the 


gymnasial  course,  and  entering  Marburg  Univ. 
in  1607,  at  his  parents'  desire,  to  study  law  ;  but 
was  sent  to  Venice  in  1609,  by  Landgrave  Mo- 
ritz  of  Hesse-Kassel,  to  study  under  Giov.  Ga 
brieli,  remaining  here  till  after  the  latter's  death 
in  1612.  Returning  to  Kassel,  he  became  court 
organist  ;  in  1617  he  was  app.  Kapellm.  to  the 
Elector  of  Saxony  at  Dresden,  after  having 
acted  in  that  capacity  since  1615.  He  repeat- 
edly revisited  Italy;  from  1631,  amid  the  dis- 
tractions of  the  30  Years'  War,  he  made  pro- 
tracted visits  to  Copenhagen  (in  1633-5,  io37_9. 
and  1642-5),  where  he  officiated  as  court  con- 
ductor, the  Dresden  court  orch.  having  been 
wholly  dissolved  during  6  years  (1633-9),  ar,d 
then  reorganized  with  only  ten  instrumentalists 
and  singers  ;  after  1645  it  attained  the  former 
standard  of  efficiency. — Standing  at  the  parting 
of  the  ways  between  Palestrina  and  Bach, 
Schiitz  was  of  peculiar  importance  in  German 
art  through  having  applied  the  grand  Italian 
choral  style,  and  the  new  dramatico-monodic 
style  (of  Monteverde  and  his  predecessors),  to 
the  development  of  a  semi-dramatic  church-music 
which  is  not  merely  of  historical  interest  as  pre- 
paring the  mightier  Bach  epoch,  but  of  pleasing 
and  powerful  effect  at  the  present  day.  S.  was 
also  the  composer  of  the  first  German  opera, 
Dafne,  set  to  Opitz's  translation  of  Rinuccini's 
libretto  (prod.  Schloss  Hartenfels,  n.  Torgau, 
1627,  at  the  wedding  of  Princess  Sophie  of  Sax- 
ony), and  of  a  ballet,  Orpheus  und  Eurydice 
(1638,  on  the  wedding  of  Johann  Georg  II.  of 
Saxony)  ;  the  music  of  both  is  lost.  The  late 
Carl  Riedel  did  much  to  awaken  appreciation  of 
S.'s  merits  by  publishing  and  producing  "Die 
7  Worte  Christi  am  Kreuz,"and  by  bringing  out 
other  of  his  works,  notably  a  "Passion"  con- 
sisting of  selections  from  S.'s  "  Historia  des 
Leidens  .  .  .  Jesu  Christi"  [see  below]. 
Breitkopf  &  H artel  have  publ.  a  complete  edi- 
tion of  S.'s  works  in  16  vol. s  ;  Vol.s  i-xiv  edited 
by  Philipp  Spitta,  Vol.s  xv  and  xvi  by  his 
brother  Friedrich  Spitta.  Their  contents  follow  : 
Vol.  I,  Die  evangelischen  Historien  und  die 
Sieben  Worte  Jesu  Christi  am  Kreuz  ;  the  "His- 
torien "  being  (1)  "Die  Historia  des  Leidens 
und  Sterbens  unsers  Heylandes  Jesu  Christi " 
(4  Passions  after  the  Evangelists;  MS.  in  the 
Dresden  Library),  and  (2)  "  Historia  der  froh- 
lichen  und  siegreichen  Auferstehung  unsers 
einigen  Erlosersund  Seligmachers  Jesu  Christi" 
(first  publ.  1623  ;  similar  to  the  Passions)  ; 
Vol.s  II— III,  Mehrchorige  Psalmen  mit  Instru- 
menten,  containing  the  "  Psalmen  Davids  sampt 
etlichen  Motetten  und  Concerten  mit  8  und 
mehr  Stimmen  nebenst  anderen  zweyen  Ca- 
pellen,  dass  dero  etliche  auf  3  und  4  Chor  nach 
Beliebung  gebracht  werden  konnen,"  w.  con- 
tinuo  (first  publ.  1619)  ;  Vol.  IV,  Cantiones 
sacrae  a  4  w.  continuo  ;  Vol.  V,  Symphoniae 
sacrae,  Part  I  ;  Vol.  VI,  Kleine  geistliche  Kon- 
certe  a  1-5  ;  Vol.  VII,  Symphoniae  sacrae, 
Part  II  ;  Vol.  VIII,  sacred  choral  music,  con- 
taining "  Musicalia  ad  chorum  sacrum,  das  ist 


536 


SCHWAB— SCHWENCKE 


geistliche  Chormusik  mit  5-7  Stimmen,  beides 
instrutnentaliter  et  vocaliter,"  w.  continuo  (164S); 
Vol.  IX,  Italienische  Madrigale,  containing  his 
first  publ.  work,  sent  home  from  Italy,  and 
dedicated  to  the  Landgrave,  "II  primo  libro 
dei  Madrigale  "  (161 1  ;  18  madrigals  a  5  and  a 
Dialog  <7  S)  ;  Vol.  X-XI,  Symphoniae  sacrae, 
Part  III  ;  Vol.  XII-XV,  C-esammelte  Motetten, 
Koncerte,  Madrigale  und  Arien  ;  Vol.  XVI, 
"  Psalmen  Davids  deutsch  durch  Cornelium 
Beckern  in  vier  Stimmen  gestellt  "  ;  also  Index, 
etc.  —  Biography  of  S.  by  Ph.  Spitta  in  the  "All- 
gemeine  deutsche  Biographie  "  ;  memorial  ora- 
tion by  Fr.  Spitta  (18S6)  ;  and  "  Die  Passionen 
nach  den  4  Evangelien  von  Heinr.  Schiitz  "  by 
Fr.  Spitta  (1886). 

Schwab,  Frangois-Marie-Louis,  b.  Strass- 
burg,  Apr.  iS,  1829  ;  d.  there  Sept.  6,  1882. 
Cond.  of  the  Union  musicale,  1871-4  ;  mus.  ed. 
of  the  "Journal  d'Alsace." — Works:  3  comic 
operas  (French)  ;  mass  w.  full  orch.  (1859)  ;  a 
cantata  ;  a  'cello-concerto  ;  other  instr.l  and 
vocal  comp.s. 

Schwalm,  Robert,  b.  Erfurt,  Dec.  6,  1845. 
Pupil  of  Pflughaupt,  and  of  the  Leipzig  Cons. 
Conductor  of  mus.  societies  at  Konigsberg. — 
Works:  Opera  Frauenlob  (Leipzig,  1SS5)  ;  male 
choruses  w.  orch.,  Der  Cot  hen  Todesgesang, 
Abendstille  am  Meere  ;  oratorio  Der  Jiingling 
von  Nain ;  orch.l  serenade,  op.  50;  string- 
quartet  ;  etc. — His  brother, 

Schwalm,  Oscar,  b.  Erfurt,  Sept.  11,  1856. 
Pupil  1S79-S2  at  Leipzig  Cons,  of  Wenzel, 
Reinecke,  Paul,  and  Jadassohn.  Manager  of 
Bliithner's  branch-establishment  at  Berlin  ;  from 
IS36-8,  proprietor  of  Kahnt's  publishing-house 
in  Leipzig,  selling  out  to  Dr.  Paul  Simon,  and 
was  also  critic  for  the  "  Tageblatt  "  and  other 
Leipzig  papers.  Has  comp.  an  overture  to  Fit- 
ger's  Konig  Drosselbart j  pf. -music,  songs, 
school-songs,  etc. 

Schwan'berg,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Wol- 

fenbiittel,  Dec.  28,  1740  ;  d.  Brunswick,  Apr.  5 
(Mar.  29?),  1S04.  Pupil  of  Latilla  and  Sara- 
telli  at  Venice,  and  aided  by  Hasse,  whom  he 
took  for  his  model.  Court  Kapellm.  at  Bruns- 
wick.— Works  :  12  Italian  operas  in  imitation  of 
Hasse's  style  ;  cantatas  ;  pf. -concertos  ;  violin- 
concertos  ;  3  sonatas  f.  pf. 

Schwan'tzer,  Hugo,  b.  Oberglogau,  Apr. 
21,  1S29  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  15,  18S6.  Pupil  of 
the  Inst,  for  Church-music  at  Berlin  ;  1S52,  or- 
ganist of  the  Ref.  Synagogue,  and  in  1S66  of 
the  new  Synagogue  ;  1S56-69,  teacher  of  org. 
and  pf.  at  the  Stern  Cons.  Founder  of  the 
Schwantzer'sches  Cons. — Publ.  pieces  f.  org., 
pf.,  and  voice  ;  also  a  Method  f.  pf. 

Schwarz,  Andreas  Gottlob,  b.  Leipzig, 
1743  ;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  26,  1S04.  Bassoonist, 
from  17S7,  in  the  Berlin  court  orch.;  previously 
in  London,  at  Lord  Abington's  concerts. — His 
son,  Christoph  Gottlieb,  b.  Sept.  12,  1768,  was 
also  a  fine  bassoonist  ;  chamber-musician  to  the 


Prince  of  Wales,  and  17SS-1S26  in  the  Berlin 
court  orch. 

Schwarz,  Wilhelm,  b.  Stuttgart,  May  11, 
1S25  ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  4,  1878.  A  theologian 
and  teacher  who  became  a  singer  and  teacher  of 
singing  at  Hanover  and  Berlin,  introducing  a 
new,  but  unsuccessful  method. — Publ.  "  System 
der  Gesangskunst  nach  physiologischen  Grund- 
satzen "  (1S57),  and  "Die  Musik  als  Gefiihls- 
sprache  im  Verhaltniss  zur  Stimme  und  Gesangs- 
bildung"  (i860). — His  son,  Max,  b.  Hanover, 
Dec.  1,  1856  ;  pupil  of  Bendel,  Biilow,  and 
Liszt.  Excellent  pianist  ;  from  1SS0-3  teacher 
at  the  Ploch  Cons.,  Frankfort,  then  founding, 
with  other  teachers  leaving  that  inst.  after  Raff's 
death,  the  "  Raff"  Cons.,  of  which  he  has  been 
the  Director  since  1885. 

Schwarz,  Bianca.     See  Bianchi. 

Schwe'dler,  (Otto)  Maximilian,  b.  Ilirsch- 
berg,  Silesia,  Mar.  31,  1S53.  Excellent  flutist, 
pupil  1S69-72  of  Fr.  Meinel  at  Dresden. 
Played  in  orchestras  at  Warmbrunn,  Meissen, 
Konigsberg,  and  Diisseldorf  ;  called  in  1881  to 
the  Leipzig  municipal  and  Gewandhaus  Orch., 
in  which,  since  Barge's  retirement  (1895)  he  is 
1st  flute.  Inventor  of  the  "  Schwedler  flute" 
(1885),  fully  descr.  in  his  "  Katechismus  der 
Flote  und  des  Flotenspiels "  (Leipzig,  1897); 
the  manufacturer,  Carl  Kruspe,  won  a  gold 
medal  at  the  Leipzig  Industrial  Exhib.  of  1897. 
— Works  :  Transcriptions  f.  flute. 

Schwei'tzer,  Anton,  b.  Koburg,  1737  ;  d. 
Gotha,  Nov.  23,  17S7,  as  Kapellm.  Of  his  20 
Singspiele,  etc.,  Elysium,  Alceste,  Wieland, 
and  Die  Dor/gala,  were  publ. 

Schwei'zer,  Otto,  b.  Zurich,  May  26,  1846. 
Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Moscheles  and  Wenzel  at 
Leipzig  Cons.;  since  1870  in  Edinburgh,  also 
teaching  the  pf.  at  the  Athenaeum  School  of 
Music,  Glasgow. — Works  :  2  pf. -suites  ;  a  pf.- 
sonata  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  2S  ;  Mor- 
ceaux  populaires,  op.  37  ;  Polonaise  brillante  ; 
Romantic  Studies  ;  etc. 

Schwen'cke,  Christian  Friedrich  Gott- 
lieb, son  of  the  bassoonist  Johann  Gottlieb  S. 
[1744-1823]  ;  b.  Wachenhausen,  Harz,  Aug.  31, 
1767  ;  d.  Hamburg,  Oct.  27,  1822,  being  C. 
Ph.  E.  Bach's  successor  as  town  cantor  and  mus. 
dir.  at  the  Katharinenkirche.  Pupil  of  Mar- 
purg  and  Kirnberger. — Works:  Many  cantatas, 
sacred  and  secular  ;  2  oratorios  ;  church-music  ; 
6  organ-fugues  ;  3  violin-sonatas  ;  pf. -sonatas. 
He  rescored  Handel's  Messiah  and  Bach's 
mass  in  B  minor  ;  wrote  much  for  the  Leipzig 
"  Allgem.  Zeitung." 

Schwen'cke,  Johann  Friedrich,  son  and 
pupil  of  preceding  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Apr.  30, 
1792  ;  d.  there  Sept.  2S,  1S52.  From  1829,  or- 
ganist at  the  Nikolaikirche. — Comp.  numerous 
cantatas  ;  over  500  preludes  and  postludes  f. 
organ  ;  a  septet  f.  5  'celli,  double-bass,  and  ket- 
tledrums ;  harmonized  about  1,000  chorals,  and 
73     Russian     folk-songs  ;     publ.     the     popular 


537 


SCHWENCKE— SECHTER 


"  Hamburgisches  Choralbuch";  many  arrange- 
ments f.  pf.  of  classic  works  ;  etc.  —  His 
brother, 

Schwen'cke,  Karl,  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  7, 
1797  ;  d.  (?).  Eine  pianist,  making  tours  to  St. 
Petersburg,  Stockholm,  and  Paris.  Settled  in 
Nussdorf,  near  Vienna.  Memoirs  publ.  (par- 
tially) in  the  "Hamburger  Korrespondent " 
(1884-5). — Works:  Solemn  mass  (Paris);  a  sym- 
phony (Paris  Cons.,  1843;  also  at  Hamburg)  ; 
publ.  a  violin-sonata,  a  pf. -sonata  f.  4  hands, 
etc. 

Schwen'cke,  Friedrich  Gottlieb,  son  and 
pupil  of  Joh.  Eriedrich  S.;  b.  Hamburg,  Dec. 
15,  1S23  ;  d.  there  June  it,  1S96.  Virtuoso  on 
the  pf.  and  organ,  giving  organ-concerts  in 
Paris,  1855  ;  succeeded  his  father  in  1852  as 
organist  of  the  Nikolaikirche,  Hamburg. — 
Works:  3  fantasias  f.  org.,  trumpet,  trombone, 
and  kettledrums  ;  sacred  songs  f.  female  ch.  w. 
org.;  in  1S86  he  publ.  a  new  and  augmented  ed. 
of  his  father's  choral  preludes. 

Schyt'te  [shiit'te],  Ludwig  (Theodor),  b. 
Aarhus,  Jutland,  Denmark,  Apr.  28,  1850  [cor- 
rect date].  Originally  a  druggist,  he  embraced 
music  in  1S70,  studying  pf.  with  Anton  Ree  and 
later  with  Edmund  Neupert  ;  comp.  with  Ge- 
bauer  and  Gade  ;  finishing  under  Taubert  at 
Berlin  and  Eiszt  at  Weimar.  From  1887-8  he 
taught  the  advanced  pf. -classes  at  Horak's  In- 
stitute, Vienna;  is  now  (1899)  residing  in  Vienna 
as  a  concert-pianist,  teacher,  and  composer. — 
Works  (about  no  publ.,  nearly  all  f.  pf.)  :  Op. 
12,  Charakterstucke ;  op.  22,  Naturstimmungen  ; 
op.  28,  pf.-concerto  ;  op.  30,  Pantomimes  f.  4 
hands;  op.  35,  Danish  melodies;  op.  52,  Swedish 
songs  and  dances  f.  4  hands  ;  op.  53,  sonata  ; 
op.  61,  Bojarentanze  f.  4  hands;  op.  63,  Launen 
und  Fantasien  ;  pf. -studies,  etc. ;  about  60  songs  ; 
and  many  works  without  opus-number,  among 
them  the  comic  opera  Fahrendes  Volk  (not  perf .), 
and  the  I -act  opera  Hero  (Copenhagen,  1S98). 

Scontri'no,  Antonio,  b.  Trapani,  1S51.  Pupil 
of  Platania  at  Palermo  ;  lived  several  years  in 
Milan  as  teacher  and  composer;  since  1897, 
prof,  of  counterpoint  at  Florence  Cons. — Operas : 
Matelda  (Milan,  1S79) ;  //  Progettisla,  farce, 
(Rome,  1882);  //  Sortilegio  (Turin,  1883);  Grin- 
goire,  i-act  (1890;  v.  succ.  at  Padua,  1892);  and 
the  succ.  4-act  opera  seria  La  Cortigiana  (Milan, 
1896).  A  "  Sinfonia  marinaresca"  was  perf.  at 
Naples,  1897,  with  success. 

Scot'to,  Ottaviano,  and  his  son  Girolamo, 
music-printers  at  Venice  from  1536-9  and  1539- 
73,  respectively.  The  latter  publ.  in  1551  a  book 
of  his  own  madrigals. 

Scria'bine,  Alexander,  promising  neo-Rus- 
sian  comp.;  b.  Moscow,  Jan.  6  (N.  S.),  1872; 
pupil,  at  the  Cons,  there,  of  Safonoff  (pf.),  and 
Taneiev  (comp.).  Talented  pf.-virtuoso,  win- 
ning triumphs  on  journeys  through  Switzerland 
(1S95),  and  Paris,  Belgium,  and  Holland  (1896), 
also   introducing   his  own  compositions  f .  pf. : 


Op.  I,  3  Morceaux;  op.  4,  Allegro  appassionato; 
op.  6,  sonata;  op.  8,  12  etudes;  op.  9,  Prelude 
and  Nocturne  f.  left  hand  alone ;  op.  10,  2 
Impromptus;  op.  II,  24,  Preludes;  op.  18, 
Allegro  de  concert  ;  op.  19,  Sonate-Eantaisie 
No.  2  ;  etc. 

Scribe,  Eugene,  most  prolific  of  French 
dramatists,  and  the  writer  of  over  100  opera- 
libretti ;  b.  Paris,  Dec.  25,  1791  ;  d.  there  Feb. 
21,  1861.  From  his  pen  were  the  finest  libretti 
composed  by  Auber  and  Meyerbeer:  La  Muette, 
Fra  Diavolo,  Le  Domino  noir,  Les  Diamants 
de  la  couronne ; — Robert,  Les  Huguenots,  Le 
Prophete,  V Africaine .  For  Boieldieu  he  wrote 
La  Dame  blanche ;  for  Halevy,  Manon  Lescaut 
and  La  Juive.      These  are  a  few  of  the  best. 

Scude'ri,  Salvatore,  b.  Terranova,  Cal- 
tanisetta,  Italy,  Jan.  3,  1*45.  Popular  song- 
composer;  his  serenata  "  Dormi  pure"  has  had 
great  vogue. 

Scu'do,  Paolo,  writer  ;  b.  Venice,  June  S, 
1S06;  d.  Blois,  Oct.  14,  1864. — Publ.  "Critique 
et  litterature  musicale"  (2  parts,  1S50,  '59); 
"L'art  ancienet  moderne  .  .  ."(1854);  "E'annee 
musicale,  ou  Revue  annuelle  cles  theatres  lyri- 
ques  et  des  concerts"  (3  vol.s,  1860-2);  "  Ea 
musique  en  1862"  (1S63);  a  mus.  novel  "  l.e 
chevalier  Sard"  (1S57  ;  the  sequel,  "  Frede- 
rique,"  in  the  "Revue  des  Deux  Mondes");  and 
articles  in  periodicals,  etc. 

Sebastia'ni,  Johann,  b.  Weimar,  1622.  In 
1661,  Kapellm.  to  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg 
at  Eonigsberg.  His  passion,  Das  Leiden  .  .  . 
Jesu  Christi  (1672),  is  noteworthy  from  the  devo- 
tional chorals  therein  introduced,  as  in  Bach's 
Passions.  He  also  publ.  "  Geistliche  und  welt- 
liche  Lieder  "  (1675). 

Sebor,  Karl  [Karel],  b.  Brandeis,  Bohemia, 
July  18  (Aug.  13  ?),  1S43.  Studied  at  Prague 
Cons.;  private  pupil  of  Kittl.  From  1864-7, 
cond.  of  the  National  Opera;  since  1871,  military 
bandmaster  in  Vienna. — Works  :  The  Czech 
operas  The  Templars  in  Moravia  (1864),  Dra- 
homira  (1S67),  The  Hussite's  Bride  (1868), 
Blanka  (1S70),  The  frustrated  Wedding (1878), 
all  at  Prague;  cantatas,  symphonies,  overtures,  a 
string-quintet,  a  string-quartet,  pf. -pieces,  songs, 
etc. 

Sech'ter,  Simon,  celebrated  teacher  of  coun- 
terpoint; b.  Friedberg,  Bohemia,  Oct.  II,  17S8; 
d.  Vienna,  .Sept.  10,  1867.  Pupil  of  Kozeluch 
and  Hartmann  at  Vienna  ;  in  1S11,  teacher  at 
the  Inst,  for  the  Blind  ;  in  1824  assistant,  in 
1S25  1st,  court  organist  ;  from  1851,  prof,  of 
harmony  and  comp.  at  the  Vienna  Cons.  Among 
his  pupils  were  Dohler,  Plenselt,  Bruckner,  Not- 
tebohm,  Otto  Bach,  Berens,  Vieuxtemps,  Rufina- 
tscha,  Thalberg,  and  Pauer.  One  of  the  fore- 
most contrapuntists  of  the  19th  century,  he  was 
an  indefatigable  composer,  writing  a  vast  amount 
of  church-music  (very  little  printed),  and  pub- 
lishing many  fugues,  preludes,  etc.,  f.  organ  (op. 
1-5,  S,  9,  12-15,  17,  20-22,  48,    50,  52,    56,  61), 


53S 


SEELING— SEIFRIZ 


several  intricate  pf. -pieces  (op.  13,  Dances  in 
counterpoint;  op.  62,  12  Contrapuntal  pieces; 
op.  76,  Prose  and  Music  ;  op.  55,  4  books  [24 
numbers]  of  amusing  F"ugues  f.  4  hands  on 
national  and  operatic  airs  ;  etc.) ;  2  string- 
quartets  (No.  2  is  "Die  4  Temperamente") ; 
the  burlesque  opera  Ali  Hitsch-Hatsch  (1844) ; 
songs,  etc.  His  magnum  of  us  is  the  valuable 
treatise  "  Die  Grundsatze  der  musikalischen 
Composition  "  (3  vol.s,  1853,  '54),  on  the  lines  of 
Rameau's  basse  fondamentale.  He  also  publ.  a 
"  Generalbass-Schule,"  and  a  new  ed.  of  Mar- 
purg's  "  Abhandlung  von  der  Fuge." 

SeeTing,  Hans  [Hanus],  b.  Prague,  1S2S  ; 
d.  there  May  26,  1862.  Pianist  of  great  techni- 
cal ability  and  admirable  style;  went  to  Italy  in 
1852,  where  he  made  his  debut  ;  thence  to  the 
East,  again  to  Italy,  in  Paris  (1859),  then  making 
Germany  his  home.  Many  brilliant  pieces  (op. 
10,  12,  Concert-studies;  op.  2,  Loreley;  etc.). 

Se'ger(t),  Joseph,  b.  Repin,  Bohemia,  Mar. 
21,  1716;  d.  Apr.  22,  17S2,  at  Prague,  as  or- 
ganist of  the  Kreuzherrenkirche.  Excellent 
organist  and  teacher  ;  taught  by  Czernohorsky 
and  Fr.  Benda  at  Prague;  among  his  pupils  were 
Kozeluch,  Maschek,  Mysliweczek,  etc. — Publ. 
8  Toccatas  and  Fugues  f.  org. ;  many  masses, 
psalms,  etc.,  are  in  MS. 

Seghers,  Fran^ois-Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Brus- 
sels, Jan.  17,  1S01  ;  d.  Margency,  n.  Paris,  Feb. 
2,  1SS1.  Violinist,  pupil  of  Gensse  and  Baillot 
(Paris  Cons.);  founded  the  Societe  Ste.-Cecile  in 
1848,  and  cond.  it  till  1S54. 

Segond,  L.  A.,  a  physician  at  Paris;  took 
singing-lessons  of  Manuel  Garcia,  and  publ. 
"  Hygiene  du  chanteur.  Influence  du  chant 
sur  l'economie  animale.  Causes  principales  de 
l'affaiblissement  de  la  voix  et  du  developpe- 
ment  de  certaines  maladies  chez  les  chanteurs. 
Moyens  de  prevenir  ces  maladies"  (1S46);  and 
"  Memoires  pour  servir  a  l'histoire  anatomique 
et  physiologique  de  la  phonation "  (1S59;  lec- 
tures at  the  Academie). 

Sei'bert,  Louis,  b.  Cleeberg,  n.  Wiesbaden, 
May  22,  1S33.  Teacher  of  pf.  at  Wiesbaden 
Cons.;  comp.  of  orch.land  chamber-music,  male 
choruses,  etc. 

Sei'del,  Friedrich  Ludwig,  b.  Treuen- 
brietzen,  Brandenburg,  June  I,  1765;  d.  Char- 
lottenburg.  May  5,  1S31.  Pupil  of  Benda  at 
Berlin,  and  organist  of  the  Marienkirche ;  1S01, 
asst.-cond.  at  the  National-Theater;  1808,  mus. 
dir.  of  the  Royal  orch.;  1822,  court  Kapellm. — 
Works  :  The  operas  Jery  und  Bately,  Der  Dorf- 
barbier  (1S17),  Lila  (1818);  incid.  music  to 
dramas  ;  an  oratorio,  Die  Unslerblichkeit  (1797); 
masses,  motets,  songs,  pf. -music. 

Sei'del,  Johann  Julius,  b.  Breslau,  July  14, 
1810;  d.  there  Feb.  13,  1856.  Org.  at  St. 
Christopher's  Ch. — Publ.  "Die  Orgel  und  ihr 
Bau  "  (1843;  new  ed.s  '75,  '87),  a  clear  and  con- 
cise handbook. 


Seidl,  Anton,  eminent  conductor;  b.  Pesth, 
May  7,  1S50;  d.  New  York,  Mar.  28,  189S. 
Pupil  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  1S70-2;  then 
eng.  by  Hans  Richter 
as  chorusmaster  at 
the  Vienna  Opera. 
Richter  recom- 
mended him  to  Wag- 
ner, to  assist  in  pre- 
paring the  score  and 
parts  of  the  Nibelung 
Trilogy  ;  S.  worked 
in  Bayreuth  till  1879, 
when  he  acted  for  a 
short  time  as 
Kapellm,  at  the  Leip- 
zig City  Th.;  but  in  the  same  year  Angelo  Neu- 
mann eng.  him  for  his  great  Wagner  tournee, 
continuing  until  1SS3.  From  1883-5  S.  cond. 
the  Bremen  Opera;  here  he  met  and  married  the 
soprano  singer  Frl.  Krauss.  In  1S85  he  was 
eng.  at  New  York  by  Walter  Damrosch  and  E. 
C.  Stanton  to  cond.  opera  in  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House,  a  post  occupied  until  the  reaction 
(1891-2)  to  Italian  opera.  In  1895  he  again 
cond.  a  supplementary  season  of  German  opera, 
and  was  regularly  eng.  for  1S96-7;  also  cond. 
the  Philharm.  Orch.  and  the  Sunday  Night  Con- 
certs, and  made  tours  with  his  orch.  In  1S97  he 
conducted  at  Covent  Garden,  London.  To  fore- 
stall offers  from  the  Continent  a  movement  was 
started,  shortly  before  S.'s  death,  to  raise  a  fund 
for  a  permanent  concert-  and  opera-orch.  in  New 
York. — S.  was  par  excellence  a  ^  agner  con- 
ductor, and,  as  such,  enjoyed  great  authority; 
he  was  one  of  the  cond.  s  at  the  Bayreuth  Festival 
in  1886  and  1897. 

Seidl,  Arthur,  b.  Munich,  June  8,  1863. 
Pupil  of  the  R.  School  of  Music  at  Ratisbon  ; 
studied  with  Paul,  Stade,  Spitta,  and  Beller- 
mann  ;  Dr.  phil.,  Leipzig,  18S7  (valuable  dis- 
sertation "  Vom„  Musikalisch-Erhabenen.  Pro- 
legomena zur  Asthetik  der  Tonkunst");  also 
publ.  "Zur  Geschichte  des  Erhabenheitsbegriffs 
seit  Kant"  (1SS9).     Living  in  Dresden. 

Sei'fert,  Uso,  b.  Romhild,  Thuringia,  Feb. 
9,  1S52.  Pupil  of  Wiillner,  Blassmann,  Merkel, 
Nicode,  and  Rischbieter,  at  Dresden  Cons. ; 
now  teacher  there,  and  organist  of  the  Reformed 
Church. — Works:  A  popular  Method  f.  pf . ; 
numerous  pf. -pieces  (Capriccietto,  Valse-Im- 
promptu,  Polacca  graziosa,  Polonaise,  a  grand 
etude  "  Ohne  Rast,  ohne  Ruh'";  etc.);  songs. 
Has  edited  classic  instructive  works. 

Sei'friz,  Max,  b.  Rottweil,  Wiirttemberg, 
Oct.  9,  1827;  d.  Stuttgart,  Dec.  20,  18S5. 
Violinist;  pupil  of  Taglichsbeck ;  1854-69,  court 
Kapellm.  to  Prince  Hohenzollern  at  Lowen- 
berg;  from  1871,  mus.  dir.  at  Stuttgart. — Works: 
Incid.  music  to  Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans; 
concert-cantata  Ariadne  auf  Naxos;  a  sym- 
phony ;  choruses  f.  male  and  mixed  voices. 


539 


SEILER— SENFF 


op.    10,    Studies  in 


Sei'ler,  Joseph,  b.  Liigde,  n.  Fyrmont,  Jan. 
15,  1823  ;  d.  May  29,  1877,  as  organist  of  the  Mo- 
ritzkirche  at  Minister.  Pupil  of  Reissiger  and 
Joh.  Schneider  at  Dresden.  Masses,  etc.,  in 
MS.;  articles  in  mus.  periodicals. 

Seiss,  Isidor  (Wilhelm),  b.  Dresden,  Dec. 
23,  1840.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Fr.  W'ieck  and  J. 
Otto,  also  1858-60  of 
Ilauptmann  at  Leip- 
zig. Since  1871,  pf.- 
teacher  at  Cologne 
Cons.;  title  of  "  Pro- 
fessor," 1S78.  Con- 
ducts the  concerts  of 
the  "  Musikalische 
Gesellschaft."  Excel- 
lent pianist  of  classi- 
cal leanings,  admira- 
ble interpreter  of 
Mozart  ;  successful 
teacher  and  com- 
poser.— Works  :  Op. 
7  and  9,  Clavier- 
stiicke  ;    op.    8,   sonatinas 

bravura  ;  op.  12,  Preludes  ;  fine  arr.s  of  Beet- 
hoven's Contredanses  and  Danses  allemandes  ; 
revision  of  Weber's  E  J>  Concerto  ;  also  a 
"  Feierliche  Scene  und  Marsch  "  f.  orch.  (orig.). 

Seitz,  Robert,  b.  Leipzig,  Apr.  8,  1837  ;  d. 
there  Sept.  26,  1S89.  Music-publisher,  1S66- 
78,  then  selling  out,  and  establishing  a  piano- 
factory,  which  failed  in  1S84,  when  his  interest- 
ing paper,  "  Das  musikalische  Centralblatt," 
ceased  to  appear. 

Seitz,  Friedrich  [Fritz],  b.  Ci'inthersleben, 
n.  Gotha,  June  12,  1848.  Violinist,  pupil  of  Uhl- 
rich  ;  since  1SS4,  leader  of  the  Dessau  court  orch. 

Sejan,  Nicolas,  b.  Paris,  Mar.  19,  1745  ;  d. 
there  Mar.  16,  1S19.  Famous  organist,  pupil  of 
Forqueray.  Org.  of  St.-Andre-des-Arts  in  1760, 
of  Notre-Dame  in  1772  (\v.  Daquin,  Couperin, 
and  Palbatre),  of  St.-Sulpice  in  17S3  ;  in  1789, 
of  the  royal  chapel,  and  teacher  at  the  "  Ecole 
royale  de  chant."  Lost  his  posts  in  the  Revo- 
lution, but  in  1807  became  org.  at  the  Invalides, 
and  in  1814  of  the  royal  chapel. — Publ.  6  vio- 
lin-sonatas, pf. -sonatas,  3  pf.-trios,  and  music  f. 
pf.  and  organ. 

Selby,  Bertram  Luard,  b.  in  Kent,  Engl., 
Feb.  12,  1853.  Organist  of  Salisbury  Cath., 
1S81-3  ;  now  (1899)  of  St.  Barnabas,  Pimlico, 
London. — Works  :  2  operas,  The  Ring  (1886) 
and  Adela  (Nottingham,  18S8) ;  music  to  Helena 
in  Troas  (London,  1S86)  ;  a  i-act  operetta 
("  duologue  ")  Weather  or  no  (London,  Aug.  10, 
1896  ;  in  Berlin  as  Das  Wetter hausc hen,  Nov., 
1896  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  a  school-cantata,  The  Waits  of 
Bremen;  church-music;  part-songs;  songs; 
Idyl  f.  orch.;  2  pf. -quintets  ;  Sonata  and  Suite 
f.  violin  and  pf.;  Suite  f.  pf.;  sonatas,  etc.,  f. 
organ. 

Seligmann,  Hippolyte-Prosper,  b.  Paris, 
July   28,  1S17;  d.   Monte  Carlo,   Feb.   5,  1S82. 


Fine  'cellist,  pupil  of  Norblin  at  the  Cons.,  tak- 
ing 1st  prize  in  1836.  Long  concert-tours. — 
Publ.  6  etudes  caracteristiques,  divertissements, 
fantaisies,  caprices,  etc.,  f.  'cello  w.  pf.;  and  2 
albums  of  songs. 

SeFle,  Thomas,  b.  Zorbig,  Saxony,  Mar. 
23.  x599  ;  d.  Hamburg,  July  2,  1663,  as  cathe- 
dral-cantor, and  mus.  dir.  of  the  5  principal 
churches. — Publ.  "  Concertatio  Castalidum  " 
(1624,  church-concertos  a  3);  "  Deliciae  pas- 
torum  Arcadiae "  (1624;  secular  songs  a  3); 
"  Ilagio-decamelydria,  oder  10  geistliche  Con- 
certlein "  a  1-4(1631);  "  Monophonia  harmo- 
nica latina,"  15  "  concentus  ecclesiastici  "  a  2—3 
(Io33)  ;  "Concentus"  a  2,  w.  b.  cont.  (1634); 
"  Decas  prima  amorum  musicalium  "  a  3  (1635)  ; 
"  Concentuum  trivocalium  germanico-sacrorum 
pentas  "  (1635) ;  "  Concentuum  latino-sacrorum  " 
a  2,  4,  and  5,  w.  b.  cont.  (1646,  '51)  ;  etc. 

SelFner,  Joseph,  b.  Landau,  Bavaria,  Mar. 
I3.  17S7  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  17,  1843.  Oboe-vir- 
tuoso in  an  Austrian  regiment,  and  from  181 1  at 
Prague  in  Weber's  orch.;  from  1817  at  the  Court 
Opera,  Vienna,  teaching  at  the  Cons,  from  1821, 
and  cond.  the  student-concerts.  His  "  Theo- 
retisch-praktische  Oboen-Schule  "  is  still  consid- 
ered the  best  method  for  oboe  ;  he  also  publ.  a 
concerto  and  3  concertinos  f.  oboe  w.  orch. ;  a 
concerto  f.  2  oboes  ;  a  quartet  f.  oboe  and  strings  ; 
an  Introd.  and  Polonaise  f.  oboe  and  orch.; 
etc. 

Sem'brich,  Marcella  [real  name  Praxede 
Marcelline  Kochanska ;  Sembrich  was  her 
mother's  maiden-name],  remarkable  soprano 
(coloratura)  ;  b.  Wisnewczyk,  Galicia,  Feb.  15, 
185S.  Piano-pupil  (later  the  wife)  of  Wilhelm 
Stengel  at  the  Lemberg  Cons. ;  then  a  pupil  of 
Epstein  at  Vienna  ;  studied  singing  one  year 
(1S75-6)  under  Victor  Rokitansky,  and  S  months 
with  G.  B.  Lamperti,  Jr.,  at  Milan,  making  her 
debut  in  May,  1S77,  at  Athens,  in  7  Puritani. 
She  now  studied  German  opera  at  Berlin  with 
the  horn-player  Richard  Lewy,  was  eng.  for  18 
months  at  the  Dresden  Court  Th.,  and  from 
Tune,  18S0,  for  5  seasons  at  London,  also  mak- 
ing tours  of  the  Continent  and  (1S83-4)  in 
America.  During  the  summer  of  1884  she  had 
further  lessons  with  Francesco  Lamperti,  Sr. 
She  has  made  Dresden  her  home  since  1SS9. 
In  1S9S-1900  she  revisited  the  United  States 
with  the  Grau  opera-troupe. 

Semet,  Theophile  (-Aimd-Emile),  b.  Lille, 
Sept.  6,  1S24;  d.  Corbeil,  n.  Paris,  Apr.  15, 
1S88.  Pupil  of  Halevy  ;  drummer  at  the  Opera. 
— Operas  :  Les  units  a" Espagne,  La  Demoiselle 
a" honneur,  Gil  Bias,  Ondine,  La  petite  Fadette 
(1869) ;  generally  successful. 

Senesino.     See  Bernardi,  Franckscm. 

Senff,  Bartholf,  b.  Friedrichshall,  n.  Ko- 
burg,  Sept.  2,  181S  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Sept.  25,  1895. 
Founder  of  the  Leipzig  music-publishing  house 
(1S50),  also  of  the  weekly  "  Signale  fiir  die  mu- 


540 


SENFL— SERVAIS 


sikalische  Welt,"  edited  by  himself  with  great 
tact  and  acumen. 

Senfl  (or  Senffl,  Senfel),  Ludwig,  eminent 
contrapuntist  ;  b.  Basel-Augst,  1492  ;  d.  Mu- 
nich about  1555.  Pupil  and  successor  of  Hein- 
rich  Isaak,  the Kapellm.  ("  symphonista  regis") 
of  the  Imperial  Chapel.  Some  time  after  the 
death  of  Maximilian  I.  he  became  court  cond. 
at  Munich. — Publ.  works:  "5  Salutationes 
Domini  nostri  Hiesu  Christi,"  motets  a  4  (1526)  ; 
"  Magnificat  S  tonorum  "  a  4-5  (1532)  ;  ''  Varia 
carminum  genera,  quibus  turn  Horatius  turn 
alii,"  a  4  (1534).  8  Odes  are  in  P.  Hofhaimer's 
"  Harmoniae  poeticae  "  (1539);  single  comp.s 
in  coll.s  of  the  period  {cf.  Eitner's  "  Biblio- 
graphie,"  also  Vol.  iv  of  the  "  Gesellschaft  fur 
Musikforschung  ").  ManyMSS.  in  the  Munich 
Library. 

Sen'krah,  recte  Hark'nes,  Arma  Leoretta, 
b.  New  York,  June  6,  1S64.  Excellent  violin- 
ist, pupil  of  Arno  Hilf  at  Leipzig,  Wieniawski 
at  Brussels,  and  of  Massart  at  the  Paris  Cons., 
1SS1,  winning  1st  prize  ;  very  successful  concert- 
tours  since  18S2.  Married  Plerr  Hoffmann,  a 
Weimar  lawyer,  in  1888. 

Serafi'no,  Santo,  celebrated  violin-maker  at 
Venice,  1730-45.  His  instr.s,  after  models  by 
Stainer  and  Amati,  are  very  valuable  ;  they  bear 
the  label  "  Sanctus  Seraphin  Utinensis  fecit 
Venetijs,  Anno  17 — ".  —  His  nephew  Gregorio 
worked  about  the  same  period. 

Seras'si,  celebrated  Italian  family  of  organ- 
builders  at  Bergamo.  The  founder  of  the  busi- 
ness was  Giuseppe  (//  vecchio),  b.  Gordano, 
1694  ;  d.  Crema,  1760.  His  son  Andrea  Luigi, 
b.  1725,  carried  on  the  work  till  his  death  in 
1799  ;  he  built  the  cathedral-organs  at  Crema, 
Tarma,  and  Fossano. — Giuseppe  (//  giovane), 
b.  Bergamo,  Nov.  16,  1750;  d.  there  May  13, 
1 817,  upheld  the  fame  of  the  firm,  and  built 
many  organs  in  Lombardy ;  his  catalogue  of 
1815  enumerates  345  instr.s.  He  also  publ.  a 
description  of  the  new  organ  at  Como  (180S), 
with  a  short  history  of  the  organ,  and  good  rules 
for  registration,  and  a  pamphlet  "  Sugli  organi. 
Lettere  "  (1816).  The  catalogue  publ.  in  1852 
by  his  sons,  Carlo  and  Giuseppe,  shows  a  total 
of  654  organs  constructed. 

Se'ring,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Fiirslen- 
walde,  n.  Frankfort-on-Oder,  Nov.  26,  1822  ; 
from  1871  head-teacher'  in  the  Seminary  at 
Strassburg,  where  he  organized  a  Gesangverein. 
— Publ.  works :  Oratorio  ( 'hrisli  Einzug  in 
Jerusalem  ;  Advent  cantata  ;  Psalm  72  f .  mixed 
ch.  w.  pf.  ;  male  choruses  (the  "  Hohenzollern- 
lied  ")  ;  a  "  Gesanglehre  fur  Volksschulen  "  ; 
"  Hie  Choralfiguration,  theoretisch-praktisch  "  ; 
and  an  elementary  violin-method. 

Sermisy,  Claude  de,  called  Claudin  [not 
CLAUDIN  Lejeune],  from  about   1530-60  m.  de 

chap,  to  Francois  I.  and  Henri  II.  of  France. 
—Publ.  "  Missae  III  4  voc."  (1583)  ;  other 
masses,  motets,  and   chansons  are  in  the  coll.s 


of  Attaignant,  Duchemin,  of  Berg  and  Neuber 
("  Thesaurus  musicus  "),  and  of  Gardane  ("  Mo- 
tetti  del  frutto  "  and  "  Canzoni  francesi  "). 

Se'rov  [Sje'roff],  Alexander  Nikolaje- 
vitch,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  May  11,  1S20 ;  d. 
there  Jan.  20  (O.  S.),  1S71.  He  had  lessons  in 
'cello-playing  from  Carl  Schuberth,  but  was  a 
lawyer  by  profession,  and  held  a  government 
office  in  the  Crimea  when,  in  1850,  he  turned 
wholly  to  music,  beginning  as  a  critic  of  ad- 
vanced views,  and  an  adherent  of  Wagner  ;  he 
twice  attempted  to  establish  a  paper  ;  and  publ. 
essays  on  Russian  Folk-song  in  the  "  Moszkva" 
and  the  "  Musical  Season."  After  his  debut  as 
a  dramatic  composer,  in  1863,  with  the  grand 
opera  Judith,  the  Czar  granted  him  a  pension  ; 
his  grand  opera  Rogneda  (1S65)  had  equal  good 
fortune,  and  he  commenced  the  composition  of 
two  other  dramatic  works,  Taras  Bulla  and 
Jl'ahula,  the  Smith,  both  of  which,  however,  he 
left  unfinished  in  his  zeal  to  complete  the  opera 
Wrazyia  stela  ("The  power  of  the  enemy")  in 
5  acts ;  death  overtook  him  while  the  fifth 
act  was  still  incomplete  (it  was  scored  by  Solo- 
viev,  and  prod.  Apr.  19,  1S71,  becoming  ex- 
tremely popular).  S.  followed  Wagner's  exam- 
ple in  writing  his  own  libretti  ;  as  a  national 
composer  he  ranks  next  to  Glinka  in  Russian 
estimation.  He  also  comp.  Schiller's  Glocke, 
an  Ave  Maria  (written  1S68  for  Adelina  Patti), 
and  a  Stabat  Mater.  In  1S65  he  lectured  at  the 
Univ.  of  Moscow  on  mus.  history  ;  and  in  1S59 
and  1864  at  the  Univ.  of  St.  Petersburg  on  mus. 
theory  and  dramatic  composition. 

Serpette,  (Henri-Charles-Antoine-)  Gas- 
ton, b.  Nantes,  Nov.  4,  1846.  Fupil  of  Ambr. 
Thomas  at  the  Paris  Cons.  1S6S-71,  taking  the 
1st  Grand  prix  de  Rome  with  his  cantata  Jeanne 
cTArc.  Since  1S74,  when  his  first  stage-piece, 
the  3-act  opera-bouffe  La  Branche  casse'e,  was 
prod,  at  the  Bouffes-Parisiens,  he  has  brought 
out  some  30  operettas  and  similar  light  dramatic 
works,  among  them  Cendrillonette  (1890),  La 
dot  de  Brigitte  (1895),  and  Le  Carillon  (1896). 

Serra'o,  Paolo,  b.  Filadelfia,  Catanzaro,  in 
1S30.  Pupil,  at  the  Naples  Cons.,  of  Lanza, 
Parisi,  Conti,  and  Mercadante,  and  wrote  his 
first  opera,  L'Lmpostore,  for  the  Teatro  del 
Fondo  in  1S52,  but  political  troubles  prevented 
its  production,  and  also  that  of  a  second  ;  not 
until  1857  did  he  succeed  in  bringing  out  Per- 
golesi  (at  the  same  theatre),  followed  by  La 
Dnchessa  di  Guisa  (1865)  and  //  Figliuol  pro- 
digo  (1868).  He  has  also  composed  an  oratorio, 
Gli  Ortanesi  in  Scio ;  a  Requiem  ;  a  funeral 
symphony,  "  Omaggio  a  Mercadante  "  ;  a  mass, 
Magnificat,  Te  Deum,  and  "  Le  tre  ore  d'ago- 
nia,"  for  chorus  and  orch.  ;  an  overture,  pf.- 
pieces,  etc.  Since  1S63,  prof,  of  composition  at 
the  Naples  Cons. 

Servais,  Adrien-Francois,  b.  Hal,  near 
Brussels,  June  6,  1807  ;  d.  there  Nov.  26,  i860. 
Remarkable   violoncellist ;    pupil   of  his   father, 


541 


SEYDELMANN— SIIARPE 


and  later,  at  the  Brussels  Cons.,  of  Platel.  After 
playing  3  years  in  the  theatre-orch.,  he  made  his 
debut  as  a  concert-player  at  Paris,  1834,  with 
brilliant  success  ;  played  at  the  Philharm.  Con- 
certs in  London,  studied  another  year  at  home, 
and  then  toured  the  Continent  for  12  years,  even 
reaching  Siberia.  He  was  app.  prof,  at  the  Brus- 
sels Cons,  in  1848,  and  formed  many  distinguished 
pupils.  Was  also  soloist  to  the  King. — Works  : 
3  concertos  and  16  fantasias  f.  'cello  w.  orch.;  6 
etudes  f.  'cello  w.  pf.  (with  Gregoir) ;  14  duos 
f.  do.;  3  duos  f.  violin  and  'cello  (w.  Leonard)  ; 
1  do.  f.  do.  (w.  Vieuxtemps). — His  son,  Joseph, 
b.  Hal,  Nov.  23,  1850,  d.  there  Aug.  29,  1S85, 
was  his  father's  pupil  on  the  'cello,  and  a  fine 
performer;  from  1869-70  a  member  of  the  Wei- 
mar orch.;  later  prof,  at  the  Brussels  Cons. 

Sey'delmann,  Franz,  b.  Dresden,  Oct.  S, 
1748  ;  d.  there  Oct.  23,  1806.  Son  and  pupil  of 
a  player  in  the  court  orch.,  which  he  joined  as  a 
youth  ;  studied  in  Italy  1765-70  at  the  Elector's 
expense,  with  Schuster  and  Naumann.  In  1772 
both  he  and  his  father  were  app.  composers  of 
church-music  to  the  Elector,  later  both  became 
conductors  at  the  court  church  (with  Naumann 
and  Schurer),  cembalists  at  the  Ital.  opera,  and 
(1787)  Kapellm.— Works  (in  MS.  at  Dresden): 
7  Ital.  operas,  36  masses,  a  Requiem,  40  psalms, 
37  offertories,  cantatas,  duets,  songs,  etc. — 
Publ.:  The  opera  Die  schone  Arscne  (in  pf.- 
score)  ;  some  numbers  from  the  operas  II  Capric- 
cio  cor  re  No  and  La  vi  Hand  la  di  Misnia  ;  6  pf.- 
sonatas  f.  4  hands  ;  3  f.  pf.  solo  ;  3  flute-sona- 
tas ;   3  violin-sonatas. 

Sey'ffarth,  Ernst  Hermann,  b.  Krefeld, 
May  6,  1S59.  Pupil  of  the  Cologne  Cons,  and 
the  Berlin  Hochschule  (Kiel)  ;  since  1892,  cond. 
of  the  Aretter  Singverein,  Stuttgart. — Works  : 
Dram,  scene  Thusnelda  ;  "  Trauerfeier  beim 
Tode  einer  Jungfrau";  symphony  in  D;  var.s 
f.  orch.;  violin-sonata;  a  pf. -sonata  (op.  1)  ;  a 
song-cycle  "  Vom  Schwarzwald  zum  Rhein " 
(op.  2)  ;  a  patriotic  concert-cantata  (op.  25)  Aus 
Deutschlands  grosser  Zeit,  f.  4  solo  voices, 
mixed  ch.,  male  ch.,  and  orch. '(organ  ad  lib.)  ; 
etc. 

Sey'fried,  Ignaz  Xaver,  Ritter  von,  b.  Vi- 
enna, Aug.  15,  1776;  d.  there  Aug.  27,  1841. 
After  piano-lessons  with  Mozart  and  Kozeluch, 
he  renounced  the  study  of  law,  and  took  up 
composition  under  Albrechtsberger  and  von 
Winter.  From  1797,  Kapellm.  at  Schikaneder's 
theatre,  then  at  the  new  Theater  an  der  Wien 
until  1828.  A  prolific,  but  not  original,  com- 
poser (about  60  operas,  melodramas,  ballets, 
etc.;  oratorios,  masses,  Requiems,  motets,  etc.; 
symphonies,  quartets,  pf. -music).  lie  published 
Beethoven's  exercises  in  thorough-bass,  cpt., 
and  comp.  (1832)  ;  edited  a  complete  edition 
of  Albrechtsberger's  theoretical  works,  also 
Preindl's  ditto  as  "  Wiener  Tonschule  "  (1832; 
from  thorough-bass  to  fugue). 

Sgamba'ti,   Giovanni,  b.    Rome,   May  18, 


1S43.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Aldega,  Barbieri,  and 
Natalucci  ;  played  in  public  at  6,  sang  in  church 
and  conducted  small 
orchestras.  Hispia- 
nistic  education  was 
finished  under  Liszt 
at  Rome.  S.  now 
gave  orch.  1  concerts, 
producing  German 
masterpieces,  con- 
ducting Liszt's 
"Dante"  symphony 
and  Beethoven's 
"  Eroica  "  in  1866, 
also  successfully 
bringing  out  a  pf.- 
quartet  of  his  own. 
Later  he  made  con- 
cert-tours in  Italy  and  Germany  ;  was  app.  in 
1877  head-teacher  of  pf.  at  the  new  music-school 
annexed  to  the  Accad.  di  S.  Cecilia  in  Rome. 
S.  is  a  fine  conductor,  and  founded  in  1896  the 
"  Nuova  Societa  Musicale  Romana."  He  was 
an  ardent  admirer  of  Wagner,  who  reciprocated 
the  feeling,  and  recommended  S.'s  works  to 
the  publishers  Schott  at  Mayence.  They  are 
strongly  influenced  by  Germanic  tendencies. — 
Works  :  Requiem  mass  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. 
(1896)  ;  3  symphonies  ;  overtures  ;  pf. -concerto 
in  G  min.  (op.  15)  ;  an  octet  ;  2  pf. -quintets  (op. 
4,  5)  ;  a  string-quartet  (op.  17)  ;  Suite  f.  pf.  (op. 
21)  ;  many  pf. -pieces  (5  Nocturnes  [No.  5  is  op. 
31]  ;  Prelude  and  Fugue,  op.  6  ;  2  etudes,  op. 
10  ;  8  "  Fogli  volanti,"  op.  12  ;  Gavotta,  op.  14  ; 
Pieces  lyriques  ;  Vecchio  Minuetto  ;  etc.). 

Shakespeare,  William,  tenor  singer  and 
celebrated  vocal  teacher  ;  b.  Croydon,  Engl., 
June  16,  1849.  Choir-boy,  and  at  13  organist, 
in  a  church  ;  pupil  1S62-5  in  composition  of 
Molique  ;  in  1866  he  won  the  King's  scholarship 
at  the  R.  A.  M.,  studying  there  under  Bennett. 
Elected  Mendelssohn  Scholar  in  1871  for  pf.- 
playing  and  composition  (a  pf. -concerto,  pf.-trio, 
pf. -sonata,  Caprice  f.  pf.  w.  orch.)  ;  went  to 
Leipzig  for  study  under  Reinecke,  and  in  1872 
repaired  to  Milan  for  the  cultivation  of  his  fine 
tenor  voice.  From  1875,  concert-  and  oratorio- 
singer  in  England  ;  in  1878,  prof,  of  singing  at 
the  R.  A.  M.;  in  1880,  cond.  of  the  concerts 
there  (resigned  1886).  Has  won  high  reputation 
as  a  singing-teacher.  His  comp.s  show  the  in- 
fluence of  Mendelssohn  and  Bennett  ;  besides 
the  above,  he  has  written  a  "  dramatic  "  overture 
(1874),  other  overtures,  a  symphony,  2  string- 
quartets. 

Sharpe,  Herbert  Francis,  b.  Halifax,  York- 
shire, Mar.  1,  1861.  Queen's  Scholar  at  the 
N.  T.  S.  M.,  succeeding  Eugen  d'Albert.  Gave 
many  pf. -concerts  in  England  ;  app.  prof,  at 
R.  C.  M.,  1884;  Examiner,  1890. — Works: 
Part-songs,  songs,  many  pf. -pieces  ;  chamber- 
music  ;  "Pianoforte  School"  (w.  Stanley 
Lucas).  In  MS.,  a  3-act  comic  opera,  an  over- 
ture, Romance  f.  2  pf.s  ;  etc. 


542 


SHAW— SHERWOOD 


Shaw,  Oliver,  a  blind  singer ;  b.  Middle- 
boro',  Mass.;  d.  1848.  He  was  a  singing- 
teacher,  and  a  composer  of  popular  psalm-tunes 
and  ballads,  which  he  sang  in  public  ;  some  fa- 
vorites were  "  Mary's  Tears,"  "  The  Inspira- 
tion," "  Sweet  little  Ann,"  and  "  The  Death  of 
Perry." 

Shedlock,  John  South,  b.  Reading,  Eng- 
land, 1843.  Graduate,  B.A.,  of  London  Univ., 
1S64.  Pupil  of  E.  Li'ibeck  (pf.) and  Lalo (comp. ; 
at  Paris).  Teacher  and  concert-giver  in  London 
till  1879,  when  he  became  critic  for  the  "  Acad- 
emy," since  then  devoting  himself  chiefly  to  writ- 
ing. Has  also  lectured  at  the  R.  A.  M.  Has 
publ.  articles  on  Beethoven's  sketch-books  in  the 
*'  Mus.  Times"  (1892) ;  an  account  of  a  copy  of 
Cramer's  studies,  with  notes  by  Beethoven,  dis- 
covered byS.  in  Berlin,  1893  ;  "  The  Pianoforte 
Sonata,  Its  Origin  and  Development  "  (London, 
1S95)  ;  edited  Kuhnau's  "  Piblical  Sonatas"  in 
1895,  playing  them  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in  1896  to  il- 
lustrative lectures  by  E.  F.  Jacques  ;  transl.  Rie- 
mann's  "  Lexikon  "  into  English  ;  has  comp.  a 
string-quartet,  a  Romance  and  Scherzino  f.  pf., 
etc. 

Shelley,  Harry  Rowe,b.  New  Haven, Conn., 
June  S,  1858.  St.  at  Yale  College  under  Gustav 
J.  Stoeckel  ;  in 
New  York  with 
Dudley  Buck, 
Vogrich,  and 
Dvorak — 17  years 
in  all.  Has  been 
organist,  succes- 
sively, in  the 
First  Church, 
New  Haven,  Dr. 
Storrs'  C  h  .  , 
Brooklyn,  and  the 
Fifth  Av.  Bapt. 
Ch.,  New  York. 
Is  at  present 
(1899)  in  charge 
of  classes  in  theory  and  composition  at  the  Met- 
ropolitan College,  N.  Y. — Publ.  works  :  Songs, 
ballads,  duets,  mixed  and  male  choruses;  The 
Inheritance  Divine,  sacred  cantata  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  organ ;  Te  Deums,  and  much  other  church- 
music;  orch.lsuite,  "Souvenir de  Baden-Baden  " 
(publ.  in  4-hand  pf.-arr.); — f.  pf.  solo,  a  Dance 
of  Egyptian  Maidens,  Evening  Prayer,  Ro- 
mance, March  of  the  Centuries,  Melodic  Moment 
(set  of  8  pieces); — f.  organ,  the  coll. s  "Gems 
for  the  Organ,"  "  The  Modern  Organist,"  "101 
Interludes  for  Organ,"  also  organ-pieces  and 
transcriptions.  Has  also  written  2  symphonies 
(the  first,  E  \),  perf.  N.  Y.,  1897),  violin-concerto 
(perf.  1891),  cantata  "  Vexilla  Regis"  (perf. 
N.  Y.,  1894),  and  orchestral  pieces. 

Shepard,ThomasGriffin,b.  Madison, Conn., 
Apr.  23, 1S4S.  Pupil  of  G.  W.  and  J.  P.  Morgan. 
Organist,  in  New  Haven,  of  Christ  <  "h.  (3  years), 
Centre  Congr.  Ch.  (14  years),  Trinity  P.  E.  Ch. 
(6  years),   and   Church   of  the   Redeemer  (from 


188S  till  date,  1899);  since  1873,  mus.  instructor 
of  the  Yale  Glee  Club  ;  was  for  some  years  cond. 
of  the  New  Haven  Oratorio  Soc. ,  a  chorus  of  about 
600,  giving  many  standard  works  w.  large  orch. ; 
is  also  director  of  the  Apollo  Club  (male  voices). 
Teacher  of  theory,  organ,  and  vocal  style  ;  mus. 
critic  and  correspondent. — Works  (all  publ.): 
Pennikeese,  or  Cuisine  and  Cupid,  comic  opera 
(pf. -score  publ.);  a  Christmas  cantata,  The  Word 
made  Flesh;  numerous  anthems,  offertories, 
sacred  songs,  etc. 

Shepard,  Frank  Hartson,b.  Bethel,  Conn., 
Sept.  20,  1863.  Pupil  of  Eugene  Thayer, 
Boston,  in  organ,  pf.  and  theory.  1S81-6  or- 
ganist in  various  towns  (1885  of  Trinity  Ch., 
Cleveland,  O.,  where  he  organized  a  boy-choir); 
from  1886-90  at  Leipzig,  studying  under  Zwint- 
scher,  Schreck,  Homeyer,  Jadassohn,  Reinecke, 
Paul,  and  Torsleff,  also  organist  of  the  English 
Chapel  in  1S88.  Establ.  the  "Shepard  Sch.  of 
Music"  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  in  1891 ;  is  organist 
and  mus.  dir.  at  Grace  Ch.,  Orange. — Works: 
"  Piano  Touch  and  Scales";  "Church  Music  and 
Choir  Training  ";  "  How  to  Modulate  ";  "  Har- 
mony Simplified";  "Children's  Harmony"; 
Method  f.  pf. — S.'s  theory  of  the  "Attendant 
Chords,"  developed  in  "How  to  Modulate" 
and  "  Harm.  Simpl.,"  is  original  and  interesting. 

Sherwood,  Edgar  Harmon,  pianist  and 
comp.;  b.  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  29,  1845.  In- 
tended for  a  medical  career,  he  served  in  the 
Union  Army  1862-5,  ar>d  then  chose  music  as 
his  profession.  After  teaching  and  writing  in 
Dansville,  N.  Y.,  Chicago,  and  New  York,  he 
settled  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  as  pianist  and 
teacher.  In  1S95,  Nat.l  Mus.  Dir.  of  the  "Union 
Veterans'  Union."  Has  publ.  over  100  comp.s 
f.  pf.  and  f.  voice  ;  best-known  are  a  descriptive 
fantasia,  "  The  Nun  and  the  Fountain  ";  Grand 
Minuet  in  Aj>;  "The  Dreamer"  (march-elegy 
on  Gottschalk);  "Souvenir  de  Montmorenci "; 
"Footsteps  in  the  Snow";  "Anemone";  "L'heu- 
reux  retour  "  (grand  concert-duet) ;  songs. 

Sherwood,  William  Hall,  distinguished 
pianist  and  teacher;  b.  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  31, 
1854.  Son  and  pupil 
of  Rev.  L.  H.  Sher- 
wood, the  founder  of 
Lyons  Mus.  Acad. ; 
st.  f  ur  t  her  wi  th 
Heimburger,  Py- 
chowski,  and  Dr. 
W.  Mason  ;  then  5 
years  in  Europe 
under  Th.  Kullak, 
Weitzmann,  Wiierst, 
and  Deppe  (Berlin), 
Richter  (Leipzig), 
Karl  Doppler  and 
Scotson  Clark  (Stuttgart),  and  Liszt  (Weimar); 
gave  successful  concerts  at  Berlin,  etc.;  returned 
1S76  to  the  United  States,  and  played  in  New 
York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Chicago,  and  else- 
where, settling  in  Boston  as  teacher  at  the  New 


543 


SHERWOOD— SIEGEL 


Engl.  Cons.  Some  years  later  he  went  to  New 
York,  and  in  1889  to  Chicago,  where  he  was 
head  of  the  pf.-section  of  the  Cons,  until  he 
founded,  in  1897,  the  independent  "Sherwood 
Piano  School."  Eminent  concert-pianist  ;  has 
played  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  Mem- 
ber of  the  A.  C.  M.,  and  Examiner  for  pf. — In 
1887  he  married  his  pupil,  Miss  Estella  F. 
Adams,  who  is  also  a  fine  pianist.  —  Publ.  works 
f.  pf. :  Op.  1-4,  Tieces  ;  op.  5,  Suite  of  5  pieces  ; 
op.  6,  2  Mazurkas  ;  op.  7,  Scherzo  in  E  ;  op.  8, 
Romanza  appassionata  ;  op.  9,  Scherzo-Caprice  ; 
op.  10,  Gypsy  Dance;  op.  12,  Allegro  patetico; 
op.  13,  Medea;  op.  14,  Suite  of  5  pieces. 

Sherwood,  Percy,  b.  Dresden  (of  English 
parentage),  May  23,  1S66.  Pupil  of  Hermann 
Scholtz  (pf.);  later,  at  Dresden  Cons.,  of  P. 
Roth  (pf.)  and  Draeseke  (corap.).  He  is  a 
concert-pianist  and,  since  1S90,  teacher  of  pf. 
and  score-reading  at  the  Dresden  Cons.  Was 
for  a  time  cond.  of  the  "  NeustadterChorgesang- 
verein." — Works:  Op.  1,  ten  Miniatures  f.  pf.; 
op.  2,  6  Lieder  ;  op.  3,  S  Waltzes  f.  pf.  4  hands; 
op.  4,  Kleine  Skizzen  f.  pf. ;  op.  5,  Kleine 
Toesienf.  pf. ;  op.  6,  Barcarole  ;  op.  7,  Menuett; 
op.  8,  "  Miscellen,"  4  little  pf.-pieces;  and  a 
Minuetto  in  G. 

Shield,  William,  b.  Whickham,  Durham, 
Mar.  5,  1748  ;  d.  London,  Jan.  25,  1829. 
Taught  by  his  father,  a  singing-master,  on 
whose  death  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  shipbuilder, 
but  studied  thorough-bass  under  Avison,  and 
led  the  subscription-concerts  at  Newcastle.  His 
apprenticeship  ended,  he  became  leader  at  the 
theatre  and  concerts  in  Scarborough.  In  1772, 
violinist  in  the  opera-orch.,  London;  1773,  prin- 
cipal viola-player,  both  in  the  theatre  and  chief 
concerts.  After  producing  his  first  comic  opera, 
A  Flitch  of  Bacon,  at  the  Haymarket  in  1778, 
he  was  app.  composer  to  Covent  Garden  (177S— 
91,  1792-7).  He  visited  Italy  in  1791.  In  1817 
he  succeeded  Parsons  as  Master  of  the  Royal 
Music.  Buried  in  Westminster  Abbey.  lie 
wrote  about  40 operas,  pantomimes,  mus.  farces, 
and  the  like;  detached  numbers  were  publ.; 
also  6  string-trios,  6  violin-duets,  "  An  Introd. 
to  Harmony"  (1794);  and  "Rudiments  of 
Thorough-bass  "  (n.  d.).  He  especially  excelled 
as  a  song-composer;  Grove  says  he  "was  per- 
haps the  most  original  English  composer  since 
Purcell." 

Shore,  John,  [son  of  Matthias  S.  trumpeter- 
in-ordinary  to  James  II;  d.  1700,]  the  most 
famous  English  trumpeter  of  his  time,  and  the 
reputed  inventor  of  the  tuning-fork,  d.  Nov.  20, 
I75°i  aged  80  (90?). 

Shudi.     See  Broadwood. 

Sibe'lius,  Jean,  b.  Tavastehus,  Finland, 
Dec.  8,  1865.  Studied  law  at  Inst,  but  later 
devoted  himself  to  music  ;  pupil  of  the  Mus. 
lust,  at  Helsingfors  1S85-8  ;  of  Albert  Becker, 
llerlin    (cpt.),    1S89-90,  of    Goldmark,   Vienna, 


1891.  Since  1893,  teacher  of  theory  at  the  Mus. 
Inst,  and  the  Orchestra  School,  Helsingfors. — 
Works  :  The  first  Finnish  opera,  Tornissa  olija 
impi  [The  Maid  in  the  Tower]  (Helsingfors, 
1896)  ;  orch.l  works  ;  pf.-pieces. 

Sibo'ni,  Erik  (Anton  Waldemar),  b.  Co- 
penhagen,   Aug.    26,    1828  ;  d.    there   Feb.    22, 

1892.  Son  of  the  tenor  Giuseppe  S.  [b.  Forli, 
Jan.  27,  1780  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Mar.  29,  1839, 
as  Dir.  of  the  opera  and  Cons.].  Fine  pianist, 
pupil  of  J.  P.  E.  Hartmann,  and  of  Moscheles 
and  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig,  1847  ;  st.  1851-3 
with  Sechter  at  Vienna,  returned  to  Copenhagen, 
and  in  1864  became  organist  and  pf.-prof.  at  the 
R.  Acad,  of  Music  at  Soro. — Works  :  Opera 
Flight  of  Charles  II.  (Copenhagen,  1862)  ; 
"Tragic"  overture,  op.  14;  2  symphonies;  a 
pf.-quartet  ;  other  chamber-music  ;  the  grand 
choral  works  "Battle  of  Murten,"  "Storming 
of  Copenhagen,"  and  the  111th  Psalm  ;  etc. 

Sie'ber,  Ferdinand,  famous  singing-teacher 
after  the  traditions  of  the  old  Italian  method  ; 
b.  Vienna,  Dec.  5,  1822  ;  d.  Berlin,  Feb.  19, 
1895.  Pupil  of  J.  Mieksch  and  Giorgio  Ron- 
coni  ;  sang  in  opera,  taught  in  Dresden  1848-54, 
and  then  settled  in  Berlin,  receiving  the  title  of 
"Professor"  in  1S64.  Valuable  instructive 
works:  "100  Vocalisen  und  Solfeggien  "  (op. 
30-35,  6  books,  f.  sopr. ,  m.-sopr. ,  alto,  tenor, 
bar.,  and  bass)  ;  "  Schule  der  Gelaufigkeit "  (op. 
42,  43)  ;  "60  leichte  Vocalisen  und  Solfeggien  " 
for  the  6  classes  of  voice  (op.  44-49)  ;  "  60  2-, 
3-  und  4stimmige  Vocalisen "  (op.  52,  f.  2 
soprani  ;  op.  53,  f.  sopr.  and  alto  ;  op.  54,  sopr. 
and  ten.  ;  op.  55,  ten.  and  bass  ;  op.  56,  sopr., 
m.-sopr.,  and  alto  ;  op.  57,  sopr.,  alto,  ten.,  and 
bass)  ;  "60  Vocalisen  fur  vorgerlicktere 
Gesangschiiler "  (op.  78-83);  "24  iGtaktige 
Vocalisen"  in  all  keys  (op.  85)  ;  "  Achttaktige 
Vocalisen  fur  den  ersten  Gesangunterricht  "  (op. 
92-97);  "Die  Kunst  des  Gesangs  "  in  2  parts 
(op.  no,  "  Theoretische  Principien  "  ;  op.  Ill, 
"  Praktische  Studien  "),  with  a  supplement,  "  60 
Vocalisen  und  Solfeggien  "  (op.  n  2-1 17)  ;  "  60 
Vocalises  "  (op.  129-134  ;  ten  for  each  class  of 
voice);  "  Vorschule  des  Gesangs  .  .  .  vor 
dem  Stimmwechsel  "  (op.  121)  ;  "  Vollstandiges 
Lehrbuch  der  Gesangskunst  fur  Lehrer  und 
Schiiler"  (1S58  ;  3rd  ed.  1S78)  ;  "  Catechismus 
der  Gesangskunst"  (1S62  and  many  later  ed.s)  ; 
"  Die  Aussprache  des  Italienischen  im  Gesang  " 
(1S60  ;  2nd  ed.  18S0)  ;  "  Aphorismen  aus  dem 
Gesangsleben  "  (1865)  ;  "  Kurze  Anleitung  zum 
grundlichen  Studium  des  Gesangs  "  (1852  ;  2nd 
ed.  1865);  and  a  "  Ilandbuch  des  deutschen 
Liederschatzes.  Ein  Catalog  von  10,000  nach 
dem  Stimmumfang  geordneten  Liedern,  nebst 
einer  reichen  Auswahl  von  Duetten  und  Ter- 
zetten  "  (1S75). 

Sie'gel,  E.  F.  W.,  founder  in  1846  of  the 
Leipzig  music-publishing  firm  ;  d.  Mar.  29, 
1869. — Richard  Linnemann  now  owns  the  busi- 
ness. 


544 


SIEGEL— SILCHER 


Sie'gel,  Felix.     See  Schuberth,  Julius. 

Siehr,  Gustav,  dramatic  bass  ;  d.  Munich, 
May  18,  1S96,  in  his  59th  year.  He  created  the 
role  of  Hagen  in  Der  King  dcs  Nibelungen 
at  Bayreuth,  1S76.  Bass  singer  at  the  Royal 
Opera,  Munich  ;  best  in  Wagner  roles  :  King 
Henry,  Pogner,  Hunding,  etc. 

Sie'veking,  Martinus,  b.  Amsterdam,  Mar. 
24,  1S67.  Talented  pianist,  pupil  of  his  father, 
then  of  |.  Rontgen  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  Franz 
Coenen  (harm.).  Then  went  to  Paris,  where  a 
suite  of  his  composition  was  played  by  the  La- 
moureux  Orch.;  played  in  London,  1890;  made 
concert-tours  ;  played  with  great  success  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1895  ;  American  tour  1896-7. 

Sifa'ce  [recte  Grossi),  Giovanni  Fran- 
cesco, famous  musico;  member  of  the  Papal 
Chapel  about  1675,  later  singing  at  Venice  and 
London  ;  assassinated  in  Northern  Italy  about 
1699. 

Sighicel'li,  family  of  distinguished  violinists  : 
(1)  Filippo,  b.  San  Cesario,  Modena,  1686  ;  d. 
Modena,  Apr.  14,  1773.  Was  1st  violin  to 
Prince  Hercules  of  Este. — His  son,  (2)  Giu- 
seppe, b.  Modena,  1737,  d.  there  Nov.  8,  1826. 
Violinist  and  maestro  to  Ercole  Rinaldo  III. 
d'Este  until  Napoleon's  advent. —  His  son,  (3) 
Carlo,  b.  Modena,  1772,  d.  there  Apr.  7,  1S06, 
was  also  attached  to  the  court. — His  son,  (4) 
Antonio,  b.  Modena,  July  1,  1802,  d.  there 
Oct.  20,  18S3.  Eminent  violinist  and  cond., 
pupil  of  his  grandfather,  and  of  Giovanni  Mari ; 
cond.  of  orchestras  at  Cento,  Bologna,  and  Fer- 
rara  ;  from  1835  leader  at  the  Modena  theatre 
and  cond.  of  the  Ducal  orch. — His  son,  (5)  Vin- 
cenzo,  b.  Cento,  July  30,  1830.  Taught  by  his 
father  ;  then  by  Hellmesberger,  Mayseder,  and 
Sechter  at  Vienna.  Returned  to  Modena  in 
1849,  acting  as  solo  violinist  and  asst.-cond.  to 
the  court  ;  since  1S55  in  Paris,  as  a  teacher  of 
distinction.  Has  publ.  original  pieces,  and  fan- 
tasias on  operatic  airs,  for  violin  and  pf. 

Sigismon'di,  Giuseppe,  b.  Naples,  Nov.  13, 
1739;  d.  there  May  10,  1S26.  Singing-teacher, 
opera-comp.,  and  (from  180S)  librarian  at  the 
Cons.,  in  Naples.  Wrote  vocal  music,  and 
pieces  f.  pf.  and  organ  ;  few  were  publ. 

Silas,  Eduard,  noted  Dutch  pianist ;  b.  Am- 
sterdam, Aug.  22,  1S27.  Pianistic  debut  Am- 
sterdam, 1S37.  Pupil  in  harmony  of  Grua, 
Mannheim  ;  in  pf.-playing  of  Louis  Lacombe 
(Frankfort,  1839)  and  Kalkbrenner  (Paris, 
1842);  studied  later  at  the  Paris  Cons,  under 
Benoist  (org.)  and  Halevy  (fugue  and  opera), 
winning  1st  prize  for  organ-playing  in  competi- 
tion with  Saint-Saens  and  Cohen  (1849).  Set- 
tled in  England,  1S50,  as  an  organist,  and  made 
his  way  as  a  composer  despite  much  adverse 
criticism.  In  1866  the  Assemblee  generale  des 
Catholiques  en  Belgique  awarded  him  1st  prize 
(gold  medal  and  1,000  francs)  for  a  mass  ;  there 
were  76  competitors  of  12  nationalities.     He  is 

35  545 


prof,  of  harmony  at  the  Guildhall  School,  and 
the  London  Acad,  of  Music. — Works  :  Oratorio 
Joash  (Norwich  Fest.,  1863)  ;  Kyrie  eleison  a 
4  w.  orch.  ;  Ave  verum,  Tantum  ergo,  Ave 
Regina,  O  salutaris,  and  Magnificat,  w.  organ 
and  orch.  ;  cantatas  ;  English  and  German 
songs  ;  3  symphonies  ;  3  overtures  ;  3  pf. -con- 
certos ;  Fantasia  f.  pf.  and  orch.  ;  Elegy  f.  do.  ; 
Nonet  f.  strings  and  wind  ;  2  string-quintets  ; 
pf. -quartets  ;  4  pf. -trios  ;  a  trio  f.  pf. ,  clar.,  and 
'cello  ;  much  pf. -music  (op.  10,  sonata  ;  op.  44, 
Persian  Serenade  ;  "Amaranth";  Gavotte,  Pas- 
sepied,  and  Courante  ;  ten  Romances  sans  pa- 
roles, 2  books  ;  op.  23,  6  duets  f.  4  hands  ;  etc.), 
also  organ-pieces. 

Sil'bermann,  Andreas,  b.  Klein-Bobritzsch, 
Saxony,  May  16,  1678  ;  d.  Strassburg,  May  16, 
1734,  where  he  had  been  established  as  an 
organ-builder  for  about  30  years. 

Sil'bermann,  Gottfried,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Klein-Bobritzsch,  Jan.  14,  1683  ;  d. 
Dresden,  Aug.  4,  1753.  Apprenticed  to  a  book- 
binder, he  ran  away  to  his  brother  at  Strassburg, 
worked  as  his  apprentice,  returned  to  Dresden 
in  1712,  and  settled  in  Freiberg  as  an  organ- 
builder.  He  built  47  organs,  the  finest  of  which 
is  that  in  Freiberg  Cathedral  (3  manuals  and  45 
stops  ;  1714).  He  is  yet  more  famous  as  the 
first  to  manufacture  pianofortes  successfully,  his 
hammer-action  being  practically  identical  with 
that  of  Cristofori,  the  inventor  of  the  pianoforte. 
He  invented  the  Cembal  d'amottr,  a  clavichord 
with  strings  of  double  length  struck  in  the  mid- 
dle by  the  tangents,  thus  yielding  the  redupli- 
cated octave  of  the  tone  of  the  entire  string. 

Sil'bermann,  Johann  Andreas,  eldest  son 
of  Andreas  ;  b.  Strassburg,  June  26,  1712  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  11,  17S3.  Also  a  celebrated  organ- 
builder.  Wrote  "  Geschichte  der  Stadt  Strass- 
burg" (1775). — His  brother  Johann  Daniel,  b. 
Mar.  31,  1717,  d.  Leipzig,  May  6,  1766,  worked 
with  his  uncle  Gottfried  at  Freiberg,  and  con- 
tinued the  manufacture  of  pianofortes  after  the 
latter's  death. — A  third  brother,  Johann  Hein- 
rich,  b.  Sept.  24,  1727,  d.  Jan.  15,  1799,  made 
pianofortes  at  Strassburg  similar  to  those  of 
his  uncle  Gottfried,  and  introduced  them  into 
France.  His  son,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  June 
21,  1762,  d.  Mar.  8,  1817,  was  an  excellent 
organ-builder  and  organist,  officiating  at  the 
Thomaskirche,  Strassburg.  Comp.  a  "  FTymne 
a  la  Paix,"  German  songs,  etc. 

Sil'cher,  Friedrich,  b.  Schnaith,  Wurttem- 
berg,  June  27,  17S9  ;  d.  Tubingen,  Aug.  26, 
i860.  Famous  song-composer,  pupil  of  his  fa- 
ther and  Auberlen  (organist  at  Fellbach).  He 
lived  as  a  music-teacher  in  Stuttgart,  and  in 
1817  was  app.  mus.  dir.  at  the  Univ.  of  Tu- 
bingen, receiving  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  /ion. 
causa  in  1S52.  He  was  an  influential  promoter 
of  German  popular  singing;  his  "  Sammlung 
deutscher  Volkslieder"  contains  many  of  his 
own  songs,  which  are  favorites  ("  Aennchen  von 


SILOTI— SINGELEE 


Tharau";  "  Morgen  muss  ich  fort  von  hier," 
"  Ich  weiss  nicht,  was  soil  es  bedeuten,"  "  Zu 
Strassburg  auf  der  Schanz  "),  publ.  for  one  or  two 
voices  w.  pf.-accomp.,  or  for  4-part  male  chorus. 
Other  works  :  Choralbuch  a  3  ;  three  books  of 
hymns  a  4;  "  Tubinger  Liedertafel"  (male 
choruses);  "  Harmonie-und  Compositionslehre  " 
(1851). — See  biogr.  by  A.  Kostlin,  "  Friedrich 
Silcher"  (1877). 

Silo'ti,  Alexander,  b.  Charkov,  Russia,  Oct. 
10,  1863.  Remarkable  pianist  ;  pupil  of  Zwereff 
(1873),  N.  Rubinstein,  and  Tchaikovsky  (1876- 
81),  at  the  Moscow  Cons.,  winning  a  gold  medal. 
Pianistic  debut  at  Moscow,  1880  ;  great  success 
at  the  Leipzig  "  Tonkiinstlerversammlung  "  of 
18S3  ;  studied  3  years  with  Liszt  at  Weimar,  and 
from  1887-90  was  prof,  at  the  Moscow  Cons.; 
since  then  he  has  made  Paris  his  headquarters. 
American  tour  1898-9.  lie  is  one  of  Liszt's 
most  talented  pupils,  and  has  made  tours  in 
Germany,  Belgium,  France,  and  England. 

Sil'va,  Andreas  de,  16th-century  contra- 
puntist ;  comp.s  in  collections  from  1514-1540 
(Petrucci's  "  Motetti  della  corona,"  and  Kries- 
stein's  "  Selectissimae  cantiones  "). 

Silva,  David  Poll  da,  b.  St. -Esprit,  n.  Bay- 
onne,  Mar.  28,  1S34  ;  d.  Clermont,  Oise,  May  9, 
1875.  Pupil  of  his  mother  and  grandmother, 
who  had  studied  under  Parisian  masters  ;  later 
of  Funck  at  Bordeaux.  He  went  to  Paris  in 
1854,  and  Halevy  advised  him  to  enter  the 
Cons.,  which  failure  of  his  eyesight  prevented  ; 
when  he  became  quite  blind,  his  mother  wrote 
out  his  comp.s  from  dictation.  An  original  and 
prolific  composer,  he  wrote  3  operas,  a  ballet,  2 
oratorios,  cantatas  and  other  choral  works  (a 
Stabat  Mater  won  a  prize  at  Bordeaux  in  1871)  ; 
also  2  symphonies,  and  much  chamber-music. 
He  publ.  pf.-music,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Silver,  Charles,  b.  Paris,  Apr.  16,  1868. 
Tupil  of  Dubois  and  Massenet  at  the  Cons., 
winning  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  with  the  can- 
tata V Inter dit. — Works  :  A  i-act  operetta,  V Es- 
carpoletie ;  i-act  elegiac  poem  Ra'is  (Rome, 
1894);  a  fantaisie,  Conte  du  Bohe'mien  (1895); 
4-act  fairy  opera  La  Belle  an  &ois  dormant  (Paris, 
1895)  ;  oratorio  Tobie  ;  2  orch.l  suites,  "  Poeme 
carnavalesque "  and  "  Le  Ballet  de  la  Reine"; 
dram,  overture  "  Berenice";  songs. 

Siraandl,  Franz,  1st  double-bass  in  the 
Vienna  court  orch.;  since  1869,  teacher  at  the 
Cons. ;  publ.  "  Neueste  Methode  des  Kontrabass- 
Spiels,"  in  3  parts:  I.  Preparation  for  orch.l 
playing,  w.  30  studies;  II.  Prep,  for  concert- 
playing,  w.  studies  and  sonatas  by  Kreutzer, 
etc.;  III.  Advanced  school,  in  10  parts. 

Simao.     See  Portugal. 

Si'mon,  Johann  Kaspar,  cantor  and  org.  at 
Nordlingen.  Publ.  preludes  and  fugues  f.  org. 
(1750);  "  GemiUhsvergnugende  musikalische 
Nebenstunden  in  Galanteriestucken  auf  dem 
Clavier";  "  Musikal.  A  B  C  in  kleinen  Fughet- 


ten   fur  die   Orgel  .   .   ."  (1754)  ;    and    "  Erster 
Versuch  einiger  variirten  und  fugirten  Chorale." 

Simon,  Jean-Henri,  b.  Antwerp,  April, 
1783  ;  d.  there  Feb.  10,  1861.  Violinist  ;  pupil 
of  Lahoussaye  and  Rode,  and  in  comp.  of  Gos- 
sec  and  Catel,  in  Paris.  Lived  in  Antwerp  as 
teacher  and  concert-player  (Vieuxtemps,  Jans- 
sens,  and  Meerts  were  his  pupils). — Works  :  7 
violin-concertos  ;  trio  f.  2  violins  and  bass  ;  an 
oratorio,  cantatas,  etc. 

Si'mon,  Christian,  fine  double-bass  player  ; 
b.  Schernberg,  Apr.  3,  1809 ;  d.  Sondershausen, 
May  29,  1872,  a  life-long  member  of  the  court 
orch. 

Si'mon,  Dr.  Paul.     See  Kahnt. 

Simons-Candeille.     See  Candeille. 

Simpson  (or  Sympson),  Christopher,  Eng- 
lish player  on  the  viola  da  gamba  ;  d.  London, 
about  1677. — Publ.  "  The  Division-Yiolist,  or, 
an  Introd.  to  the  Playing  upon  a  Ground  .  .  ." 
(1659;  2ntl  e(J-  as  "  Chelys  Minuritionum  arti- 
ficio  exornata  .  .  .,  or  the  Division-Viol,  etc.," 
1667;  3rd  ed.,  w.  portrait,  1712);  "The  Princi- 
ples of  Practical  Musick "  (1665  ;  2nd  ed.  as 
"A  Compendium,  etc.,"  1667;  several  other 
ed.s)  ;  "  Art  of  Discant,  or  Composing  Musick 
in  Parts,  by  Dr.  Thomas  Campion,  with  Anno- 
tations thereon  by  Mr.  Chr.  Simpson"  (1655). 

Sim'rock,  Nicolaus,b.  Bonn,  1755.  Founder, 
in  1790,  of  the  important  music-publishing 
house  establ.  since  1870  in  Berlin  under  the 
management  of  Fritz  Simrock. 

Sin'ding,  Christian,  b.  Kongberg,  Norway, 
Jan.  11,  1856  ;  pupil  of  Reinecke  at  Leipzig 
Cons.,  1874-7; 
studied  later,  with 
Royal  Scholarship, 
at  Dresden,  Munich, 
and  Berlin.  Settled 
in  Christiania  as 
organist  and  teacher. 
Gifted  composer  :  3 
pf. -quintets  (op.  4,  5, 
and  ?) ;  a  pf. -quartet; 
a  string-quartet ;  pf.- 
concerto  in  G  min., 
op.  15;  symphony  in 
D  min.  (1890)  ;  2 
violin-sonatas ;  Ro- 
manze  f.  violin  w. 
pf.,  op.  30;  12 
Lieder,  "Windrose,"  op.  28;  10  Lieder  [Fitger], 
op.  26  ;  Variations  f.  2  pf.s  in  E  \)  min.;  much 
pf.-music  (op.  6,  Prelude  and  Fugue  ;  op.  10,  2 
etudes  de  concert  ;  op.  12,  8  Fogli  volanti  ;  op. 
14,  Gavotte  ;  op.  18,  4  pieces  ;  op.  20,  3  Noc- 
turnes ;  op.  21,  Suite  in  B  ;  op.  34,  6  Charak- 
terstiicke.) 

Singelee,  Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Brussels,  Sept. 
25,  1S12  ;  d.  Ostend,  Sept.  29,  1875.  Violinist 
and  comp.;  publ.  144  works  (2  concertos,  many 
solos  f.  violin,  fantasias  on  operatic  airs,  etc.). 


546 


SINGER— SJOGREN 


Sing'er,  Peter,  b.  Hafelgehr(Lechthal),  July 

18,  1S10;  d.  Salzburg,  Jan.  26,  18S2,  as  a 
Franciscan  monk.  Invented  (1S39)  the  "  Pansym- 
phonikon,"  a  kind  of  orchestrion  with  reeds; 
publ.  "  Metaphysische  Blicke  in  die  Tonwelt, 
nebst  einem  .  .  .  neuen  System  der  Tonwissen- 
schaft  "  (1S47).  Prolific  comp.;  publ.  "  Cantus 
choralis  in  provincia  Tirolensi  consuetus" 
(1862),  2  Marienlieder,  2  Tantum  ergo,  etc.;  and 
composed  101  masses,  600  offertories,  etc. 

Sing'er,  Edmund,  celebrated  violinist ;  b. 
Totis,  Hungary,  Oct.  14,  1831  ;  pupil  of  El- 
linger  at  Pesth,  then  of  Ridley  Kohne  ;  made 
tours,  studied  further  for  a  year  with  Joseph 
Bohm  at  Vienna,  and  finally  at  Paris  Cons.  In 
1846,  solo  violinist  at  the  Pesth  theatre;  1853-61, 
leader  at  Weimar  ;  since  then,  leader  at  Stutt- 
gart, also  prof,  at  the  Cons.  Brilliant  concert- 
violinist,  and  an  excellent  teacher.  Has  comp. 
Morceaux  de  salon,  Airs  varies,  Nocturnes, 
Fantasias,  etc. 

Sing'er,  Otto,  noted  pianist;  b:  Sora,  Saxony, 
July  26,  1833  ;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  3,  1S94.  He 
studied  at  the  Kreuzschule,  Dresden,  and  185 1-5 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles,  Hauptmann, 
and  Richter),  later  under  Liszt;  taught  in  Leip- 
zig, Dresden  (i860),  and  in  1867  went  to  New 
York,  teaching  in  the  Mason  &  Thomas  Cons, 
until  1873.  In  1873  he  cond.  the  first  May 
Festival  at  Cincinnati,  and  then  accepted  a  posi- 
tion as  teacher  (for  pf.  and  theory)  in  the  Cin. 
College  of  Music.  About  a  year  before  his 
death,  he  returned  to  New  York. — Works  :  2 
cantatas,  The  Landing  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 
(1S76)  and  Festival  Ode  (187S);  symphonies  and 
a  symphonic  fantasia,  f.  orch.;  2  pf. -concertos  ; 
a  violin-sonata,  a  pf-.-sonata,  and  other  pf. -music. 

Sing'er,  Otto,  Jr.,  b.  Dresden,  Sept.  14, 
1863.  Violinist  ;  studied  in  Paris,  also  in  Ber- 
lin under  Kiel,  and  in  Munich  under  Rhein- 
berger.  In  18SS,  cond.  of  the  Heidelberg  Lieder- 
kranz  ;  1890,  succeeded  H.  Zollner  as  teacher 
in  Cologne  Cons.,  and  cond.  of  the  Mannerge- 
sangverein  ;  since  1S92,  in  Leipzig. — Publ.  a 
Concertstlick  f.  violin  and  orch.  ;  also  male  cho- 
ruses. 

Sinn,  Christoph  Albert,  civil  engineer  to 
the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  wrote  "Die  aus  mathe- 
matischen  Griinden  richtig  gestellte  Tempera- 
tura  practica"  (Wernigerode,  171 7). 

Sitt,  Hans,  b.  Prague,  Sept.  21,  1S50.  Vio- 
linist ;  studied  at  the  Prague  Cons.  (Bennewitz, 
Mildner,  Kittl,  and  Krejci).  In  1S67,  leader  of 
theatre-orch.,  Breslau;  1869,  Kapellm.  there, 
later  in  Prague;  1S73-S0,  in  Chemnitz;  then 
cond.,  for  1  year,  of  Baron  P.  von  Derwies' 
private  orch.  at  Nice.  In  1S81  he  founded  a 
series  of  popular  concerts  in  Leipzig ;  1883, 
teacher  of  violin  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  viola- 
player  in  the  Brodsky  Quartet  ;  1885,  cond.  of 
the  Bachverein,  succeeding  von  Herzogenberg. 
He  also  conducts  the  Leipzig  Lehrergesang- 
verein  and  Singakademie,  and  the  Subscription 


Concerts  at  Altenburg. — Works  :  3  violin-con- 
certos (in  D  min.,  A  min.,  and  E  min.);  a  viola- 
concerto  in  G  min.  (also  publ.  as  a  violin-concerto 
in  D  min.);  a  'cello-concerto  in  A  min.,  op.  34: 
a  Notturno  f.  violin  and  orch.;  pieces  f.  violin 
and  f.  pf.  ("  Namenlose  Blatter,"  ten  pf. -pieces, 
op.  10) ;  and  songs. 

Sittard,  Josef,  b.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  June  4, 
1846.  Pupil  1S6S-72,  later  teacher  (for  singing 
and  pf.),  at  the  Stuttgart  Cons.;  lecturer  on 
music  ;  since  1885,  mus.  critic  for  the  Hamburg 
"  Korrespondent,"  succeeding  L.  Meinardus. 
Title  of  "Professor"  in  iSgi  from  the  Duke 
of  Koburg. — Publ.  "  Studien  und  Charakteris- 
tiken  "  (1889,  collected  essays);  "Compendium 
der  Geschichte  der  Kirchenmusik  "  (1SS1);  "  Zur 
Einfiihrung  in  die  Geschichte  und  Aesthetik  der 
Musik  "  (1885);  "  Eine  kritische  Rundschau  auf 
das  erste  Stuttgarter  Musikfest"  (1885);  "Jong- 
leurs und  Menestrels"  (1SS5);  "Geschichte  dcs 
Musik- und  Concertwesens  in  Hamburg"  (1890); 
"Geschichte  der  Oper  am  Hofe  zu  Stuttgart" 
(avol.s,  1S90,  '91);  and  sketches  of  Mendelssohn 
and  Rossini  (in  Waldersee's  "Vortrage"); — also 
some  songs  and  sacred  choruses. 

Sivo'ri,  Ernesto  Camillo,  b.  Genoa,  Oct.  25, 
1815;  d.  there  Feb.  iS,  1S94.  Famous  violinist; 
taught  at  5  by 
Restano  ;  debut 
at  6;  then  a  pupil 
of  Costa  and  Pa- 
ganini,  being  a 
favorite  of  the 
latter,  whose 
style  he  copied, 
and  who  com- 
posed for  him  a 
concertino,  and  6 
sonatas  with 
guitar,  viola,  and 
'cello.  From 
1827  his  concert- 
tours    continued 

almost  uninterruptedly ;  he  visited  England  often, 
and  made  a  tour  through  the  United  States, 
Mexico,  and  S.  America  in  1S46-8.  He  was 
not  only  a  remarkable  interpreter  of  Paganini's 
works,  but  an  excellent  quartet-player.  His 
compositions  include  2  violin-concertos,  a  Fan- 
taisie-Caprice,  a  Neapolitan  Tarantella,  and  the 
fantasia  "  Fleurs  de  Naples,"  f.  violin  w.  orch.; 
2  duos  concertants  w.  pf. ;  3  Romances  sans  pa- 
roles w.  pf. ;  "  Souvenir  de  Norma"  w.  quartet; 
duet  f.  violin  and  double-bass  (with  Bottesini); 
and  numerous  soli  f.  vln. 

Sjo'gren,  (Johann  Gustav)  Emil,  b.  Stock- 
holm, June  15,  1S53.  Pupil  of  the  Cons,  there 
till  1879;  in  1879-S0,  at  Berlin,  of  Kiel  (cpt.), 
and  Haupt  (organ).  Since  1S90,  organist  at  the 
Johankirke,  Stockholm. — Works:  Op.  15,  Novel- 
letten  f.  pf.;  op.  20,  Stemninger  ("mood-pic- 
tures") ;  op.  19  and  24,  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin; 
op.  27,  2  Fantasiestiicke  f.  do.;  "Erotikon,"  5 
pf. -pieces;  etc. 


547 


SKROUP— SMART 


Skroup  (or  Skraup),  Franz  [Frantisek], 
b.  Vosic,  near  Pardubitz,  Bohemia,  June  3, 
1801 ;  d.  Rotterdam,  Feb.  7,  1S62.  While  a 
law-student  at  Prague,  he  successfully  prose- 
cuted musical  studies ;  became  2nd  conductor 
at  the  subsidized  Bohemian  Th.,  Prague,  in 
1827,  and  1st  cond.  in  1837;  from  i860  he  cond. 
the  German  Opera  at  Rotterdam.  He  was  the 
first  comp.  of  Bohemian  operas  (several  prod,  in 
Prague);  also  wrote  incid.  music  to  dramas,  and 
overtures,  chamber-music,  and  many  popular 
Bohemian  songs. — His  brother,  Jan  Nepomuk, 
b.  Vosic,  Sept.  15,  1S11;  d.  Prague,  May  5, 
1S92,  was  chorus-master  and  then  2nd  cond.  at 
the  theatre  in  Prague,  also,  from  1838-45,  choir- 
master at  the  Kreuzherrenkirche,  and  then 
Kapellm.  at  the  cathedral  of  St.  Veit;  in  1846, 
singing-teacher  at  the  Theological  Seminary. 
— Works:  Bohemian  operas;  church-music;  a 
"Manuale  pro  sacris  functionibus,"  "  Musica 
sacra  pro  populo,"  and  a  vocal  method. 

Skuhersky,  Franz  [Frantisek]  Sdenko,  b. 
Opocno,  Bohemia,  July  31,  1S30;  d.  Budweis, 
Aug.  19,  1892.  A  student  of  medicine,  he  also 
had  lessons  from  Pietsch  and  Kittl  at  the  Prague 
Organ-School ;  cond.  the  Innsbruck  Musik- 
verein  1854-66,  then  succeeding  Krejci  as 
Director  of  the  Organ-School  at  Prague  ;  in 
186S  also  choirdirector  at  St.  Castulus,  and 
"  Hofkapelldirector."  University  lecturer  on 
music  from  1879.  Among  his  operas,  Vladimir, 
Lora,  and  General  were,  successful  ;  he  likewise 
wrote  masses;  and  publ.  the  Bohemian  text- 
books "  Treatise  on  Mus.  Form"  (1879;  also  in 
German),  "Composition"  (1SS1),  "The  Organ 
and  its  Structure"  (1882),  "Theoretical  and 
Practical  Organ-School "  (1882),  and  "Method 
of  Harmony"  (1885;  also  German). 

Sla'tinn,  Ilja  Hitch,  b.  Belgorod,  Russia, 
July  7,  1S45.  Pupil  of  Ureyschock  and  Zaremba 
at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons.,  and  of  Th.  Kullak 
and  Wiierst  at  Berlin.  Is  Director  of  the 
Charkow  section  of  the  Imp.  Russian  Mus.  Soc. 
Slaughter,  A.  Walter,  London  composer  ; 
chorister  at  St.  Andrews,  Wells  St. ;  pupil  of  A. 
Cellier  and  Jacobi.  Cond.,  successively,  of  the 
Royal  Th.,  the  Olympic,  Drury  Lane,  and  St. 
James's  Th.  Has  prod,  a  number  of  mus. 
stage-works,  among  them  the  3-act  comic  opera 
Marjorie  (1889),  The  Rose  and  the  Ring  [Thack- 
eray] (1890),  and  a  mus.  comedy,  The  French 
Maid  (1897). 

Slavik,  Joseph,  b.  Jince,  Bohemia,  Mar.  26, 
1806  ;  d.  Pesth,  May  30,  1833.  Violinist  ;  pupil 
of  Pixis  at  Prague  Cons.;  from  1829,  member  of 
the  Vienna  Court  Opera  orch. — Works  :  2  vio- 
lin-concertos ;  double  concerto  f.  2  violins  ;  a 
string-quartet  ;  etc. 

Slivin'ski,  Joseph  von,  pianist  ;  b.  Warsaw, 
Dec.  15,  1865.  Pupil  of  Strobl  at  the  Warsaw 
Cons.;  later,  for  4  years,  of  Leschetizki  in  Vi- 
enna ;  finished  under  Anton  Rubinstein  in  St. 
Petersburg.     First   public   performance,    1890 ; 


first  pronounced  success  London,  May,  1893. 
First  recital  in  America  at  New  York,  Nov.  30, 
1893. 

Sloper,  (Edward  Hugh)  Lindsay,  b.  Lon- 
don, June  14,  1S26  ;  d.  there  July  3,  1S87.  Pian- 
ist ;  pupil  of  Moscheles  at  London,  A.  Schmitt  at 
Frankfort,  Vollweiler  at  Heidelberg,  and  Rous- 
selot  at  Paris.  Debut  London  at  Musical  Union, 
1846  ;  he  became  a  very  popular  concert-pianist 
and  teacher  ;  also  gave  lectures.  In  1SS0,  prof, 
of  pf. -playing  at  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music. 
— Works  :  Suite  f.  orch.  (1879)  I  many  elegant 
and  well-written  pf. -pieces  ;  studies  and  text- 
books f.  pf . ;  songs ;  etc. 

Smallwood,  William,  b.  Kendal,  Engl., 
Dec.  31,  1831  ;  d.  there  Aug.  6,  1S97.  Pupil  of 
Dr.  Camidge  and  II.  Phillips  ;  organist  of  Ken- 
dal Parish  Ch.  from  1847  till  death.  Comp.  di- 
dactic pf. -pieces  and  salon-music  ;  also  anthems, 
hymns,  songs,  etc.  His  "Pianoforte  Tutor" 
had  an  immense  sale. 

Smare'glia,  Antonio,  b.  Pola,  Istria,  May 
5,  1S54.  Studied  at  Vienna  and  (1874-7)  at  the 
Milan  Cons.,  graduating  with  a  symphonic  work, 
"  Eleonora."  Has  prod,  the  following  operas: 
Preziosa  (Milan,  1879);  Bianca  da  Cervia 
(Milan,  La  Scala,  1SS2)  ;  Re  Nala  (Venice, 
1887) ;  //  Vassallo  di  Szigeth  (at  Vienna,  1889, 
as  Der  Vasall  von  Szigeth  ;  in  New  York, 
1890)  ;  the  opera  seria  Cornill  Schut  (Vienna, 
1892)  ;  the  3-act  opera  seria  Nozze  istria  ne 
(Trieste,  1895)  ;  and  the  3-act  fantastic  opera 
La  Falena  (Venice,  1897). 

Smart,  Sir  George  (Thomas),  b.  London, 
May  10,  1776;  d.  there  Feb.  23,  1867.  Chor- 
ister in  the  Chapel  Royal  under  Ayrton  ;  pupil 
of  Dupuis  (org.)  and  Arnold  (comp.).  Knighted 
1811  at  Dublin  by  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  after 
conducting  a  series  of  concerts.  Original  mem- 
ber of  the  Philharm.Soc,  and  cond.  of  its  concerts 
1813-44,  introducing  the  works  of  Beethoven 
and  Schumann.  Also  cond.  the  Lenten  Orato- 
rios, 1813-25,  and  the  music  at  the  coronations  of 
William  IV.  and  Victoria. — Publ.  a  collection  of 
glees  and  canons  (1863),  2  vol.s  of  sacred  music, 
2  pf.-sonatinas,  etc.;  edited  Orlando  Gibbons's 
madrigals,  and  Handel's  Dettingen  Te  Deum. 

Smart,  Henry,  son  of  Sir  George's  brother 
Henry  [1778-1S23]  ;  b.  London,  Oct.  26,  1813  ; 
d.  there  July  6,  1S79.  Organist  and  comp.; 
pupil  of  his  father  and  W.  H.  Kearns.  Organ- 
ist at  several  London  churches,  finally  at  St. 
Pancras,  Euston  Road,  in  1S64,  his  sight  failing 
in  that  year  ;  he  received  a  government  pension 
in  1879.  lie  prod,  an  opera,  Bertha,  or  tin 
Gnome  of  Hartzberg,  in  1855  ;  the  cantatas 
The  Bride  of  Dunkerron  (1864),  King  Rene"s 
Daughter  (1871),  The  Fishertnaidens (1871),  and 
Jacob  (1S73)  appeared  after  he  was  blind.  He 
wrote  many  songs,  part-songs,  and  anthems  ;  a 
full  Morning  and  Evening  Service  ;  organ- 
music  ;  etc.  He  was  an  esteemed  organ-expert. 
—Biographies  by  Wm.  Spark  (1881)  and  W.  D. 


543 


SMETANA— SMITH 


Seymour  (1881)  ;  J.  Broadhouse  publ.  an  analy- 
sis of  his  organ-works  (1880). 

Sme'tana,  Friedrich  [Bedfich],  b.  Leito- 
mischl,  Bohemia,  Mar.  2,  1S24  ;  d.  insane  at 
Prague,  May  12, 
18S4.  Fine  pianist  ; 
pupil  of  l'roksch  in 
Prague,  and  of 
Liszt.  In  1848  he 
opened  a  music- 
school  at  Prague  ; 
in  1S56,  cond.  of 
the  Philharm.  Soc, 
Gothenburg,  Swe- 
den ;  in  1861,  con- 
cert-tour in  Sweden 
and  Germany  ;  in 
1866,  cond.  of  the 
National  Bohemian 
Th.  at  Prague,  re- 
signing in  1S74  on  account  of  deafness.  The 
most  prominent  among  the  national  Bohemian 
(Czech)  dramatic  composers,  and  a  strong  advo- 
cate of  the  Berlioz-Liszt-Wagner  development. 
— Works  :  Operas  Branibori  v  Cechdch  [The 
Brandenburgers  in  Bohemia]  (1S65)  ;  Prodand 
nevesta  [The  Bartered  Bride]  (1S66) ;  Dalibor 
(1868);  Dve  Vdovy  [Two  Widows]  (1874); 
Hubicka  [The  Kiss]  (1876)  ;  Tajemstvt  [The 
Secret]  (1878);  Libussa  (1881)  ;  Certova  Siena 
[The  Devil's  Wall]  (1882)  ;  cycle  of  symphonic 
poems  "  Ma  Vlast  "  [My  Country]  (r.  Vysegrad  ; 
2.  Vltava  ;  3.  Sarka  ;  4.  Z  Ceskyeh  Luhu  a  Haju ; 
5.  Tabor ;  6.  Blanik) ;  the  symphonic  poems 
"  Wallenstein's  Lager,"  "Richard  III.,"  and 
"  Hakon  Jarl";  "Triumph"  symphony;  the 
"  Prague  Carneval,"  f.  orch.;  2  string-quartets  ; 
a  pf.-trio  ;  many  pf. -pieces,  including  "  Bohe- 
mian Nat.  Dances";  part-songs;  etc. 

Smith,  Bernard  [Bernhard  Schmidt],  called 
"Father  Smith,"  a  London  organ-builder,  b. 
in  Germany  about  1630,  who  came  to  London  in 
1660  with  two  nephews,  became  organ-builder 
in  ordinary  to  the  King,  court  organ-builder  to 
Queen  Anne,  and  died  in  1708.  He  built  or- 
gans for  the  Royal  Chapel,  Whitehall  (1660), 
Westminster  Abbey,  St.  Giles's-in-the-Fields 
(1671),  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster  (1675),  the 
Temple  (1684),  Durham  Cathedral  (16S3),  and 
St.  Paul's  (1697). 

Smith,  Robert,  b.  Cambridge,  16S9  ;  d.  there 
1768.  Prof,  of  astronomy  ;  from  1742,  Master 
of  Trinity  College. —  Publ.  "  Harmonics,  or  The 
Philosophy  of  Musical  Sounds  "  (1749,  2nd  ed. 
1 759)i  an  interesting  and  valuable  work. 

Smith,  John  Christopher  [Joh.  Chr. 
Schmidt],  b.  Ansbach,  1712  ;  d.  Bath,  Oct.  3, 
1795.  His  father,  a  school-friend  of  Handel's, 
followed  the  latter  to  London,  where  the  son  be- 
came Handel's  pupil.  When  the  composer's 
eyesight  failed,  S.  took  down  his  compositions 
from  dictation,  and  played  the  organ  and  harp- 
sichord in  his  stead  at  the  oratorio  performances, 


which  he  carried  on  for  a  time  after  the  death  of 
Handel,  who  bequeathed  to  him  his  MS.  scores, 
his  harpsichord,  and  other  objects.  S.  wrote  ten 
English  and  Italian  operas  {The  Fairies,  1754, 
and  The  Tempest,  1756,  were  publ.),  as  many 
oratorios  {Paradise  Lost,  1758),  and  2  cantatas. 
Cf.  "  Anecdotes  of  G.  F.  Handel  and  J.  C.  S." 
(1799)- 

Smith,  John  Stafford,  b.  Gloucester,  Engl., 
about  1750;  d.  London,  Sept.  21,  1836.  In 
1S02  he  succeeded  Dr.  Arnold  as  organist  of  the 
Chapel  Royal. — Works  :  A  coll.  of  glees  f.  3-6 
voices  ;  "A  Coll.  of  Songs  of  Various  kinds  for 
Different  Voices  "  (17S5)  ;  chants,  anthems  ;  etc. 
— Edited  "  Musica  antiqua  "  (1812  ;  selections 
of  music  from  the  I2th-i8th  centuries). 

Smith,  Alice  Mary  [Mrs.  Meadows  White], 
b.  London,  May  19,  1839  ;  d.  there  Dec.  4,  1S84. 
Tupil  of  Sterndale  Bennett  and  G.  A.  Macfar- 
ren.  Married  1867. — Works :  The  cantatas 
Rudesheim  (1865),  Ode  to  the  Northeast  Wind 
(1S78),  Ode  to  the  Passions  (1S82),  Song  of  the 
Little  Baltung (1883),  and  The  Red King -(1884) ; 
also  a  symphony  in  C  min.;  4  overtures,  "  En- 
dymion,"  "  Lalla  Rookh,"  "Masque  of  Pan- 
dora," and  "Jason";  2  pf. -quartets  ;  2  string- 
quartets  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  a  clarinet-concerto  ;  Introd. 
and  Allegro  f.  pf.  and  orch.;  part-songs; 
songs,  etc. 

Smith,  Sydney,  b  Dorchester,  Engl.,  July 
14,  1839;  d.  London,  Mar.  3,  18S9.  Pianist; 
pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles,  Plaidy,  etc.)  ; 
settled  in  London,  1S59,  as  a  teacher.  Wrote 
many  popular  sa /on -pieces  f.  pf.  (La  harpe  eoli- 
enne,  Le  jet  d'eau,  The  Spinning-wheel,  etc.)  ; 
also  arr.s  from  operas. 

Smith,  Wilson  George,  b.  Elyria,  Ohio, 
Aug.  19,  1855.  Composer-pianist  ;  pupil  of 
Otto  Singer  at  Cincinnati,  1876-80  ;  at  Berlin, 
1S80-2,  of  Kiel,  the  Scharwenkas,  Neumann, 
Moszkowski,  and  Raif.  Settled  in  Cleveland  in 
1882,  where  he  still  (1S99)  resides  as  a  teacher  of 
pf. ,  voice,  and  comp. — Publ.  works:  (a)  Salon- 
pieces  f.  pf. :  Serenade  in  Bb,  op.  15  ;  Hommage 
a  Grieg,  5  pieces,  op.  18  ;  Swedish  Dance,  op. 
23  ;  Concert  Gavotte  and  Mazurka-Caprice,  op. 
25  ;  Poeme  d'amour,  op.  25  ;  Humoresque,  Schu- 
mannesque,  and  Babbling  Brook,  op.  28  ;  etc.; 
— (b)  Studies  f.  pf.:  Op.  55,  57,  60,  63,  67-71, 
75,  76; — (c)  About  40  songs  ;— (d)  200  miscel- 
laneous comp.s  edited  or  arranged. 

Smith,  Gerrit,  b.  Ilagerstown,  Maryland, 
Dec.  11,  1859.  Graduate  (M.  A.  and  Mus.  Doc.) 
of  Hobart  College,  Geneva,  N.  Y. ,  where  he  was 
boy-chorister  and  (for  2  years)  organist.  Pupil 
of  Stuttgart  Cons. ;  then  of  S.  P.  Warren,  the 
New  York  organist.  Began  professional  career 
as  org.  and  choirmaster  of  St.  Paul's,  Buffalo, 
still  studying  with  Eugene  Thayer  (org.)  and  W. 
H.  Sherwood  (pf.).  St.  one  year  in  Berlin  under 
Ilaupt  and  Rohde ;  then  eng.  at  St.  Peter's, 
Albany  ;  since  1S85  in  New  York  as  org.  and 
choirm.  of  the  South  Ch.     Is  prof,  in  the  Union 


549 


SMOLIAN— SOMIS 


Theol.  Seminary  ;  Pres.  of  the  Manuscript  Soc. ; 
Warden  of  the  A.G.O.;  etc.  Noted  concert- 
organist,  and  has  given  some  250  recitals. — 
Works  :  Over  50  songs  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  a  cantata, 
King  David ;  carols,  Te  Deums,  anthems,  male 
and  female  choruses,  part-songs,  and  25  "  Song- 
Yignettes." 

Smolian,  Arthur,  b.  Riga,  Dec.  3,  1856. 
Pupil  of  Kheinberger,  Wullner,  and  Barmann, 
at  Munich  Cons.;  Kapellm.  at  various  theatres  ; 
succeeded  Langer  in  1884  as  cond.  of  the  Leip- 
zig Mannergesangverein  ;  taught  in  Wiesbaden  ; 
since  1890,  teacher  in  the  Karlsruhe  Cons.,  and 
mus.  critic  for  the  "  Karlsruher  Zeitung";  also 
writes  for  the  "  Mus.  Wochenblatt."  Strong 
advocate  of  Wagner  and  Payreuth  ;  wrote  an 
"  Einf tinning  in  die  Musik  des  Tannhauser " 
(1S91).     lias  publ.  songs. 

Snel,  Joseph-Francois,  b.  Prussels,  July  30, 
1793  ;  d.  Koekelberg,  n.  Brussels,  Mar.  10,  1S61. 
Violinist  ;  pupil  of  Baillot  at  the  Paris  Cons., 
1811-13  ;  solo  violinist  at  the  Grand  Theatre, 
Brussels,  becoming  chef d'1  orchestre  in  1830.  In 
1S18  he  founded  the  "  Acade'mie  de  musique  et 
de  chant  "  (with  Mees)  ;  did  good  work  in  popu- 
lar music-teaching  by  introducing  the  methods 
of  Galin  and  Wilhem  ;  in  1S2S,  Dir.  of  the 
training-school  for  military  bandmasters,  and  in 
1S29  Inspector-General  of  the  schools  forarm)'- 
music  ;  1831,  cond.  of  the  "  Soc.  de  la  Grande 
Ilarmonie";  1835,  m.  de  chap,  at  SS.  Michel  et 
Gudule  ;  1837,  chef  de  musique  of  the  Civic 
Guard. — Works  :  Operas,  cantatas,  masses,  mo- 
tets, symphonies,  military  marches,  concertos  f. 
violin,  clar.,  horn,  cornet  ;  duos  f.  violin  and 
pf.;  etc.      He  was  soloist  to  the  King. 

Soares,  Joao.     See  Rebello. 

Sobolewsky,  ,  contemporary  prof. 

in  St.  Petersburg  ;  editor  of  a  coll.  of  Russian 
folk-songs,  Vol.  i  of   which  appeared  in  1895. 

So'dermann,  August  Johan,  b.  Stockholm, 
July  17,  1832  ;  d.  there  Feb.  10,  1S76.  Theatre- 
cond.  in  Stockholm  from  1862.  Noted  Swedish 
comp. ;  pupil  of  Ilauptmann  and  Richter  at 
Leipzig  Cons.,  1857-8.  Works:  Swedish  ope- 
rettas ( The  Wedding  at  Ulfasa  [Brollopet  pa 
Ulfasa]  contains  a  well-known  vocal  quartet) ; 
music  to  Schiller's  Jungfrau  von  Orleans ;  a 
solemn  mass  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.  (his  finest 
work)  ;  a  concert-overture  ;  vocal  pieces. 

Soffredi'ni,  Alfredo,  since  1896  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  Milan  "  Gazzetta  Musicale,"  and  a 
writer  of  distinction,  has  brought  out  the  follow- 
ing dramatic  works  :  The  2-act  children's  opera 
II  piccolo  Haydn  (Pavia,  1893;  Vienna,  1897; 
S.  wrote  both  text  and  music) ;  the  3-act  opera 
Salvatorello  (Pavia,  1894);  a  "mus.  sketch" 
Tarcisio  (Milan,  1895);  the  opera  Aurora  (?); 
and  the  opera  La  Coppa  d'oro  (accepted  for 
Milan). 

Sokolow,  Nicholas,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  1858; 
pupil  of  Johansen  and  Rimsky-Korsakov  at  the 


Cons,  till  1885;  harmony-teacher  to  the  Imperial 
Chapel. — Works  :  An  Elegy  (op.  4)  and  Inter- 
mezzo, f.  orch. ;  Pastorale  and  Serenade  f.  string- 
orch.;  Serenade  on  B-la-f  for  string-quintet,  op. 
3;  3  string-quartets;  Variations  f.  pf.;  2 choruses 
w.  orch.  f.  female  voices ;  I  do.  do.  f.  male 
voices;  10  a  cappella  choruses;  over  30  songs. 

Soldat,  Marie  [Frau  Soldat-Roger],  b.  Graz, 
Mar.  25,  1864.  Fine  violinist,  pupil  of  Pleiner 
and  Pott  at  Graz,  and  of  Joachim  at  Berlin. 
Married  Herr  Roger  (Vienna)  in  1S89. 

Solie(;vr/c' Soulier),  Jean-Pierre,  b.  Nimes, 
1755 ;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  6,  1812.  Tenor  singer  at 
Nimes  and  Paris  (Opera-Comique) ;  his  voice 
changed  to  a  fine  baritone,  quite  a  novelty  at  the 
Op. -Com.,  and  roles  were  written  expressly  for 
him  by  several  composers.  From  1790-1811  he 
prod,  over  30  comic  operas ;  Le  Jockey,  Le 
Chapitre  second,  Le  Diable  h  qtiatre,  and  Allle. 
de  Guise  were  publ. 

Sol'le,  Friedrich,  b.  Zeulenroda,  Thuringia, 
1S06;  d.  there  Dec.  5,  1S84,  as  cantor.  Publ.  a 
violin-method  which  has  run  through  8  editions. 

Soloviev  [Solowiew],  Nicolai  Pheopento- 
vitch,  b.  Petrosavodsk,  Govt,  of  Olonetz, 
Russia,  Apr.  27  (May  9),  1846  [name  and  date 
correct].  Course  of  mus.  study  at  the  Imp. 
Cons,  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  the  theory-class  of 
N.  J.  Zaremba.  Since  1874,  prof,  of  harmony, 
cpt.,  and  mus.  history  at  the  St.  P.  Cons.;  he  is 
a  composer  and  mus.  critic,  mus.  editor  of 
the  Brockhaus-Efron  "Konversations-Lexikon  " 
(in  Russian);  also  Councillor  of  State. — Works  : 
The  comic  opera  Vakula,  the  Smith  (St.  P., 
1875);  grand  opera  Cordelia  (St.  P.,  1S83;  in 
German  at  Prague,  1890);  "  Symphonic  picture" 
Russia  and  the  Mongols  (Moscow  World's  Fair, 
1SS2);  12  charming  charac.  pes.  f.  pf. ;  chorus 
"  Prayer  for  Russia"  (won  prize  of  Imp.  Russ. 
Mus.  Soc,  1876);  12  songs. — His  first  venture, 
the  cantata  The  Death  of  Samson  (1870),  was 
enthusiastically  received;  Seroff,  after  hearing  it, 
insisted  on  his  death-bed  that  Soloviev  should 
finish  his  opera,  The  Demorfs  Power,  which  was 
done  most  acceptably. 

Somerset,  Lord  Henry  (Richard  Charles), 
b.  Dec.  7,  1849.  Amateur  musician  ;  has  writ- 
ten polkas  f.  orch.,  pf. -pieces,  anthems,  and 
numerous  songs. 

Somervell,  Arthur,  b.  Windermere,  Engl.; 
pupil  of  the  Berlin  Hochschule,  and  of  Stanford 
and  Parry  at  the  R.  C.  M.— Works  :  Mass  f. 
soli,  ch.  and  orch.  (Bach  Choir,  1S91);  "  A  Song 
of  Praise"  (1891);  The  Forsaken  Merman  [M. 
Arnold]  (Leeds  Fest.,  1895);  The  Power  of 
Sound (1895);  Elegy  [R.  Bridges]  f.  alto  solo, 
ch.  and  orch.  (1896);  Ode  to  the  Sea  (Birming- 
ham Fest.,  1897);  orch.l  Ballade,  "  Helen  of 
Kirkconnel"  (1893);  Suite  f.  small  orch.,  "  In 
Arcady"  (1897);  concert-study  in  C  min.,  f.  pf.; 
pieces  and  studies  f .  pf . ;  songs. 

Somis,  Giovanni  Battista,  famous  violinist  • 
b.  Piedmont,  1676;   d.  Turin,  Aug.  14,  1763,  as 


550 


SOMMER— SORIANO-FUERTES 


court  soloist  and  conductor.  Pupil  of  Corelli, 
and  the  teacher  of  Giardini  and  Chabran. — Publ. 
"Opera  prima  di  sonate  a  violino  e  violoncello 
o  cembalo"  (Rome,  1722). 

Sommer,  Hans  [rede  Hans  Friedrich 
August  Zincke],  b.  Brunswick,  July  20,  1837. 
Pupil  of  Meves  and  J.  O.  Grimm.  Graduate  of, 
and  prof,  at,  Gottingen  ;  living  since  18S8  in 
Weimar. — Works  :  Opera  Lorelei  (Brunswick, 
1S91;  v.  succ);  i-act  "  heiteres  Blihnenspiel" 
Saint  Foix  (Munich,  lSg4);  i-act  "  nordische 
Legende "  Der  Meermann,  op.  28  (Weimar, 
1S96);  songs  (sung  by  Gura). 

SonnTeitner,  Joseph,  son  of  the  amateur 
comp.  Christoph  S.  [1734-17S6];  b.  Vienna, 
1765;  d.  there  Dec.  25,  1835.  A  government 
councillor,  and  a  founder  of  the  "  Gesellschaft 
der  Musikfreunde,"  to  which  he  bequeathed  his 
books  and  mus.  instr.s.  Publ.  an  interesting 
"  Wiener  Theateralmanach  "  (1794,  '95,  '96).  In 
1S27  he  discovered  the  famous  Antiphonary  of 
St.  Gallen  of  the  gth  century,  in  neume-nota- 
tion  ;  probably  a  copy  of  the  one  sent  thither  by 
Charlemagne  in  790.  —  Mis  nephew,  Leopold 
von,  b.  Vienna,  Nov.  15,  1797;  died  there  Mar. 
4,  1S73.  The  staunch  friend  of  Schubert,  he 
procured  the  publication  of  the  "  Erlkonig"  (the 
first  publ.  work  of  Schubert's) ;  at  his  father's 
house  the  Prometheus,  the  "  Gesang  der  Geister 
fiber  den  Wassern,"  the  23rd'Psalm,  and  other 
important  works  by  S.,  were  performed  from 
the  MS. 

Son'tag,  Henriette  (Gertrude  Walpur- 
gis),  celebrated  dramatic  soprano  and  colora- 
tura singer;  b.  Koblenz,  Jan.  3,  1S04;  d. 
Mexico,  June  17,  1854.  She  played  children's 
parts  on  the  stage;  studied  from  1S15  at  the 
Prague  Cons,  with  Triebensee,  Pixis,  Bayer,  and 
Frau  Czezka;  in  1820  she  sang  in  Italian  and 
German  opera  at  Vienna,  and  in  1823  created 
the  title-role  in  Euryanthe  ;  made  a  sensation 
at  Leipzig  in  1S24,  being  then  eng.  for  the 
Konigstadter  Th.,  Berlin.  Triumphed  over  the 
Catalina  at  Paris  as  Rosina  va.Il  Barbiere  (1826); 
breaking  her  Berlin  contract  in  1827,  she  sang 
at  the  Italian  Opera  in  Paris  ;  went  to  London 
in  182S,  and  secretly  married  the  Sardinian 
ambassador  to  the  Dutch  court,  Count  Rossi  ; 
was  ennobled  by  the  King  of  Prussia,  (as  "  Frau- 
lein  Henriette  von  Clarenstein,")  and  in  1S30 
bade  farewell  to  the  stage.  As  a  concert-singer, 
however,  she  still  continued  to  arouse  an  enthu- 
siasm which  was  literally  unbounded.  Their 
fortune  being  impaired  by  the  revolution  of 
1848,  she  resumed  her  stage-career,  singing  with 
increased  success  in  London  and  Paris  (1849-51), 
also  in  concerts  in  Germany.  She  went  to  New 
York  in  1852,  and  to  Mexico  in  1854,  where  the 
cholera  ended  her  most  fortunate  career. — Gund- 
ling's  work  "  Henriette  Sontag  "  (1861)  is  a  2- 
volume  novel. 

Sor  (rede  Sors),  Fernando,  guitar-vir- 
tuoso;  b.    Barcelona,   Feb.    14,    1 77S ;    d.    Paris, 


July  8,  1839.  He  fled  to  Paris  with  other  ad- 
herents of  Joseph  Bonaparte  ;  was  persuaded  by 
Mehul  and  Cnerubini  to  give  concerts  ;  and 
after  living  for  a  time  in  London  and  Moscow, 
settled  in  Paris  (1828). — Works:  Opera  Tele- 
niacco  (Barcelona,  179S);  La  foire  de  Smyrne 
(London;  comic);  several  ballets,  symphonies, 
and  quartets;  divertissements,  fantaisies,  etc., 
for  guitar;  also  a  Method  f.  guitar. 

Sor'ge,  Georg  Andreas,  b.  Mellenbach, 
Schwarzburg,  Mar.  29,  1703;  d.  Lobenstein, 
Apr.  4,  1778.  From  his  19th  year,  court  organist 
at  Lobenstein  for  life. — Comp.s:  6  Claviersona- 
ten;  "24  Praludien  mit  untermischten  Doppel- 
fugen";  "  Clavierubung  in  6  nach  ital.  gusto 
gesetzten  Sonatinen  ";  "  Wohlgewtirzte  Klang- 
speisen  in  6  Parthien  ";  "  Kleine  Orgelsonaten  "; 
"24  kurze  Praludia";  "  Neue  Orgelsonaten"; 
"  6  Symphonien  furs  Clavier  ";  "12  Menuetten 
flirs  Clavier"  w.  violin;  "Toccata  per  omnem 
circulum  XXIV.  modorum  furs  Clavier";  "2 
Parthien  fur  2  Querfloten"; — church-music  and 
organ-pieces  in  MS. — Theoretical  works:  "Ge- 
neralogia  allegorica  intervallorum  octavae  dia- 
tonico-chromaticae,  d.  h.  Geschlechtsregister  der 
Intervallen  nach  Anleitung  der  Klange  des 
grossen  Waldhorns"  (1741);  "Anweisung  zur 
Stimmung  und  Temperatur "  (1744);  "  Vorge- 
mach  der  mus.  Composition"  in  3  parts  (1745-7; 
his  chief  work,  in  which  he  publ.  his  discovery 
of  the  combinational  tones  earlier  than  Tartini) ; 
"  Gesprach  von  der  Pratorianischen,  Printzi- 
schen,  Werkmeisterischen,  Neidhardtischen, 
Niedtischen  und  Silbermannischen  Temperatur, 
wie  auch  vom  neuen  System  Telemanns  "  (174S); 
"  Ausffihrliche  und  deutliche  Anweisung  zur 
Rational-Rechnung  "  (1749);  "  Grundliche  Un- 
tersuchung,  ob  die  Schroterischen  Claviertem- 
peraturen  vor  gleichschwebend  passiren  konnen 
oder  nicht  "  (1754);  "  Zuverlassige  Anweisung, 
Claviere  und  Orgeln  gehorig  zu  temperiren  und 
zu  stimmen "  (1758);  "Compendium  harmoni- 
cum"  (1760);  "Kurze  Erklarung  der  canonis 
harmonici "  (1763);  "Die  Natur  des  Orgel- 
klangs  "  (1771);  "  Der  in  der  Rechen-und  Mess- 
kunst  wohlerfahrene  Orgelbaumeister "  (1773); 
"  Anmerkungen  fiber  Quantzens  Dis-  und  Es- 
Klappe  "  (in  Marpurg's  "  Beitrage) ;  "Anmer- 
kungen fiber  Hillers  Intervallensystem "  (in 
Hiller's  "  Nachrichten  ");  "  Anleitung  zur  Fan- 
tasie." 

Soria'no,  Francesco.     See  Suriano. 

Soria'no-Fuer'tes,  Don  Mariano,  b.  Murcia, 
1817  ;  d.  Madrid,  Apr. ,  1SS0.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
the  director  of  the  royal  chamber-music;  founded 
the  short-lived  paper  "  Iberia  musical  y  lite- 
raria "  (1S41);  prod,  several  Zarzuelas  in  the 
endeavor  to  establ.  a  national  opera  ;  was  app. 
teacher  at  the  Madrid  Cons.,  1843;  became 
director  of  the  Lyceums  at  Cordova,  Sevilla,  and 
Cadiz  (1844),  also  cond.  the  opera  at  Sevilla, 
Cadiz,  and  (1852)  Barcelona,  where  he  founded 
the  "  Gaceta  Musical "  in  i860.  Publ.  the 
important    works    "  Musica    Arabo-Espafiola " 


55i 


SORMANN— SPARK 


(1853);  "  Historia  de  la  musica  Espanola  desde 
la  venida  de  los  Fenicios  hasta  el  alio  de  1850  " 
(4  vol.s;  1S55-9);  "  Memoria  sobre  las  sociedades 
corales  en  Espana  ";  and  "  Espafia  artistica  y  in- 
dustrial en  la  esposicion  de  1S67." 

Sor'mann,  Alfred  (Richard  Gotthilf),  b. 
Danzig,  May  16,  1S61.  Pianist ;  pupil  at  the 
Hochschule  in  Berlin  of  Rudorff,  Earth,  Spitta, 
and  Bargiel ;  in  1S85,  of  Liszt.  Debut  1S86, 
giving  successful  concerts  in  chief  German 
towns;  in  1889,  court  pianist  to  the  Grand  Duke 
of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  Has  publ.  a  pf. -con- 
certo in  C  min.,  a  pf.-trio,  and  other  pf. -music. 

Soubies,  Albert,  mus.  historiographer  and 
critic  ;  b.  Paris,  May  10,  1846.  After  admit- 
tance to  the  bar,  he  studied  at  the  Cons,  under 
Savard  and  Bazin  (harm,  and  comp.);  in  1874 
he  revived  the  famous  old  "  Almanach  des 
spectacles"  (known  as  the  "Aim.  Duchesne"), 
and  up  to  1898  had  publ.  26  volumes  ;  for  this 
the  Academie  awarded  him  the  Prix  Voirac  in 
1S93.  Since  1876,  mus.  critic  for  "  Le  Soir"; 
also  contributes  to  "  Le  Menestrel"  and  other 
mus.  papers.  Officer  of  Public  Instruction  ; 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  also  of  the 
Russian  Stanislas  order. — Writings  :  "  Histoire 
de  la  musique :  La  Russie  et  l'Allemagne  [2 
vol.s],  le  Portugal,  la  Hongrie,  et  la  Boheme" 
[3  vol.s]  ;  "  La  Comedie-Fran9aise  depuis 
l'epoque  romantique  "  [1825-1S94];  "67  ans  a 
l'Opera — 69  ans  a  l'Opera-Comique  "  [3  vol.s]; 
"Precis  de  l'histoire  de  la  musique  russe " 
(1S93);  "  Musique  russe  et  musique  espagnole," 
and  "  Un  probleme  de  l'histoire  musicale  "  (2 
pamphlets,  1896);  "  Une  Premiere  par  jour"; 
"Deux  Bilans  musicaux "  ;  "Histoire  de 
l'Opera-Comique "  [la  seconde  Salle  Favart, 
1840-1887]  (2  vol.s;  1892);  "Melanges  sur 
Richard  Wagner";  "  Precis  de  l'histoire  de 
l'Opera-Comique";  "  L'ceuvre  dramatique  de 
Richard  Wagner";  "Histoire  du  Theatre  - 
Lyrique  "  (1S99)  ;  and  "  Histoire  de  la  musique 
en  Boheme"  (1S99),  the  first  comprehensive 
monograph  on  this  interesting  subject. 

Soubre,    Estienne-Joseph,    b.    Liege,   Dec. 

30,  1813;  d.  there  Sept.  S,  1S71.  Pupil,  and 
from  1862  till  death  Director,  of  the  Liege 
Cons.,  succeeding  Daussoigne-Mehul. — Works  : 
Opera  Isoline  (Brussels,  1S55) ;  "  symphonie 
triomphale "  (1854;  prize);  2  cantatas;  a  Re- 
quiem w.  orch.;  Stabat  Mater  and  Ave  Verum, 
w.  orch.;  "  Hymne  a  Godefroid  de  Bouillon  "  f. 
male  ch.  and  orch.;  church-music,  choruses, 
overtures,  symphonies,  etc. 

Souhaitty,  Jean-Jacques,  Franciscan  monk 
at  Paris,  the  first  to  employ  figure-notation  for 
popular  vocal  teaching;  publ.  "  Nouvelle  me- 
thode  pour  apprendre  le  plain-chant  et  la  mu- 
sique" (1665  ;  2nd  ed.  as  "  Nouveaux  elements 
du  chant  .  .  .",  1667);  and  an  "  Essai  du 
chant  de  l'eglise  par  la  nouvelle  methode  des 
chiffres  "  (1679). 

Soulier.     See  Solie. 


Sou'sa,  John  Philip,  bandmaster  and  popu- 
lar composer;  b.  Washington,  D.  C,  Nov.  6, 
1S56  ;  pupil  there  of  John  Esputa,  and  George 
Felix  Benkert  (harm,  and  comp.).  From  the 
age  of  17,  orch.l  cond.  of  travelling  theatrical 
troupes  ;  played  the  violin  in  Offenbach's  orch. 
(1877) ;  was  mus.  dir.  of  the  Philadelphia  church- 
choir  "Pinafore  Company";  and  in  1880  was 
app.  leader  of  the  band  of  the  United  States 
Marine  Corps,  serving  until  Aug.  1,  1892,  when 
he  resigned,  and  organized  a  band  of  his  own, 
which  has  given  concerts  throughout  the  U.  S. 
and  Canada.  His  publ.  compositions  number 
several  hundred,  inch  the  comic  operas  The 
Smugglers,  Desire'e,  The  Queen  of  Hearts,  El 
Capitau,  The  Bride  Elect,  The  Charlatan,  and 
Chris  and  the  Wonderful  Lamp.  Among  his 
popular  military  marches  are  "  The  Washington 
Post,"  "The  High  School  Cadets,"  "Thun- 
derer," "  Semper  fidelis,"  "  Liberty  Bell,"  "Man- 
hattan Beach,"  "  King  Cotton,"  "  Hands  across 
the  Sea, "etc.  Other  works  :  A  symphonic  poem 
on  "  The  Chariot-race"  (from  "  lien  Ilur")  ;  3 
suites,  "The  last  days  of  Pompeii,"  "Three 
Quotations,"  and  "Sheridan's  Ride";  many 
waltzes,  songs,  etc.;  also  an  instruction-book  for 
trumpet  and  drum;  ditto  f.  violin;  the  libretto 
of  The  Bride  Elect  ;  and  a  compilation  of  the 
"  National  Patriotic  and  Typical  Airs  of  all 
Countries." 

Sowinsky,  Albert  (Czyli  Wojech),  b. 
Ladyzyn,  Ukraine,  1803  (?)  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  5, 
1880.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Czerny,  Leidersdorf, 
and  von  Seyfried  at  Vienna  ;  toured  Italy,  and 
settled  in  Paris  in  1S30  as  a  successful  concert- 
giver  and  pf. -teacher.  Played  in  London,  1842. 
— Publ.  "  Les  musiciens  polonais  et  slaves  an- 
ciens  et  modernes,  dictionnaire  .  .  .  precede 
d'un  resume  de  l'histoire  de  la  musique  "  (1857) ; 
also  orchestral  and  chamber-music,  and  pf.- 
pieces,  etc'.  He  comp.  2  operas,  and  much 
church-music. 

Spadarius  ;   Spadaro.     See  Spataro. 

Spang'enberg,  Johann,  b.  Ilardeisen,  n. 
Gottingen,  1484;  d.  Eisleben,  June  13,  1550,  as 
church-superintendent. — Publ.  Lutheran  sacred 
songs  (1545  ;  in  Latin  1550)  ;  and  a  pamphlet, 
"  Quaestiones  musicae  in  usum  scholae  Nor- 
thusianae "  (1536;  often  republ.). — His  son, 
Cyriak,  b.  Nordhausen,  Jan.  17,  1528  ;  d. 
Strassburg,  Feb.  10,  1604. — Wrote  "  Von  der 
edlen  .  .  .  Kunst  der  Musica  .  .  .  audi  wie 
die  Meistersinger  aufgekommen  .  .  ."  (1598  ', 
MS.  [publ.  in  1861  by  Prof.  Keuer  as  "  Cyriakus 
S.  von  der  Musica  und  den   Meistersangern  "]). 

Spark,  Dr.  William,  b.  Exeter,  Engl.,  Oct. 
28,  1823;  d.  Leeds,  June  16,  1897.  Chorister 
in  Exeter  Cath.;  articled  1S40  to  Dr.  S.  S.  Wes- 
ley, whom  he  followed  to  Leeds  in  1842.  Or- 
ganist at  Tiverton  ;  at  Daventry  ;  from  1850-80, 
at  St.  George's,  Leeds.  Founder,  185 1,  of  the 
Leeds  Madrigal  and  Motet  Society.  Borough- 
organist  of  Leeds,   1S60 ;    Mus.   Doc,   Dublin, 


552 


SPATARO— SPIESS 


1861.  Editor  of  "  The  Organist's  Quarterly 
Journal." — Works:  Oratorio  Immanuel  (Leeds, 
1887)  ;  cantatas  ;  anthems  and  other  church- 
music  ;  glees,  part-songs,  and  songs  ;  excellent 
organ-pieces  ; — also  a  "  Memoir  of  Dr.  S.  S. 
Wesley";  "  Henry  Smart,  his  Life  and  Works" 
(London,  1SS1  ;  an  exhaustive,  but  ill-arranged, 
biography);  "Musical  Memories  "  (1888) ;  and 
"  Mus.  Reminiscences  "  (1S92). 

Spataro  (or  Spatarus,  Spadaro,  Spada- 
rius),  Giovanni,  b.  Bologna,  about  1460  ;  d. 
there  1541  as  maestro  at  S.  Petronio  (since  1512). 
Pupil  of  Ramos  de  Pareja,  defending  him  in 
the  pamphlets  "  Honesta  defensio  in  Nicolai 
Burtii  Parmensis  opusculum  "  (1491)  and  "  Er- 
rori  di  Franchino  Gafurio "  (1521).  Publ.  a 
learned  "  Tractato  di  musica,  nel  quale  si  tracta 
de  la  perfectione  de  la  sesqui  altera  produeta  in 
la  musica  mensurata  "  (1531). 

Spazier',  Johann  Gottlieb  Karl,  b.  Berlin, 
Apr.  20,  1761  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  9,  1805.  Stu- 
dent of  philosophy  at  Halle  and  Gottingen  ;  prof, 
at  Giessen  ;  settled  in  Leipzig,  1800.  Gomp. 
many  songs,  numbers  of  which  became  great 
favorites.  Publ.  the  autobiographical  "  Karl 
Pilgers  Roman  seines  Lebens  "  (3  vol.s,  1792-6) ; 
"  Freie  Gedanken  uber  die  Gottesverehrung 
der  Protestanten  "  (17SS)  ;  "  Einige  Gedanken 
.  .  .  zur  Einfi'ihrung  eines  neuen  Gesangbuchs" 
(1790)  ;  "  Etwas  fiber  Gluckische  Musik  und  die 
Oper  Iphigenia  in  Tauris"  (1795)  ;  "  Rechtfer- 
tigung  Marpurgs  .  .  ."  (1S00,  in  the  "  Allgem. 
mus.  Zeitung  ")  ;  "  Ueber  Volksgesang  "  (in  do.). 
Edited  Dittersdorf's  autobiography  ;  translated 
the  first  part  of  Gretry's  memoirs  :  "  Gretry's 
Versuche  uber  die  Musik"  (1S00). 

Speer,  Daniel,  cantor  at  Waiblingen,  1692. 
Publ.  "  Evangelische  Seelengedanken  "  (1681  ; 
sacred  songs  a  5  w.  vlns.  and  continuo)  ;  "  Ju- 
bilum  coeleste  "  (1692  ;  arias  f.  2  soprani  and  5 
instr.s) ;  "  Philomele  angelica  "  (1693  ;  motets  f. 
do.) ;  a  Choralbuch  (1692) ;  a  book  of  secular 
songs,  "  Recens  fabricatus  labor  oder  die  lustige 
Tafelmusik  mit  3  Vocal-  und  4  Instrumental- 
stimmen  "  (16S6) ;  and  the  interesting  pamphlet, 
"  Grundrichtiger  .  .  .  Unterricht  in  der  mu- 
sikalischen  Kunst  "  (1687  ;  augm.  ed.  1697). 

Speidel,  Wilhelm,  b.  Ulm,  Sept.  3,  1826  ; 
d.  Stuttgart,  Oct.  28,  1S99.  Pianist ;  pupil  at 
Munich  of  Wanner  and  W.  Kuhe,  and  of  Ignaz 
Lachner  (comp.).  1S46-8,  teacher  at  Thann, 
Alsatia  ;  184S-54,  at  Munich;  1854,  mus.  di- 
rector at  Ulm  ;  1S57,  cond.  of  the  Liederkranz 
at  Stuttgart ;  co-founder  of  the  Gons. ,  and 
distinguished  teacher  of  the  piano  there  until 
he  founded  his  "  Kunstler-  und  Dilettanten- 
schule  fur  Klavier  "  in  1S74.  On  Lebert's  death 
(1SS4)  S.  rejoined  the  Cons.,  uniting  with  it 
his  own  school. — Works:  "  Chorus  of  Spirits  " 
in  Faust,  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  "  Wikinger 
Ausfahrt"  f.  tenor  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.; 
"  Volkers  Schwanenlied  "  f .  male  ch.  w.  orch.; 
other     male     choruses;    symphony    in     Dmaj.; 


overture  and  intermezzo  to  Konig  Hel^e ;  pf.- 
trios  ;  a  'cello-sonata  w.  pf . ;  do.  f.  violin  ;  2  pf.- 
sonatas  ;  interesting  pf. -pieces,  songs. 

Spengel,  Julius  Heinrich,  b.  Hamburg, 
June  12,  1853.  Pupil  of  Cologne  Cons.;  later  of 
the  Berlin  Hochschule  (Rudorff,  Joachim,  Kiel, 
and  Ad.  Schulze)  ;  settled  as  a  teacher  in  Ham- 
burg, still  studying  with  Gradener  (cpt.)  and 
Armbrust  (org.).  In  1878,  cond.  of  the  Cacili- 
enverein ;  18S4,  singing-teacher  at  the  female 
seminary  for  the  convent-school  ;  1886,  organist 
of  the  Gertrudenkirche. — Works  :  Symphony  in 
D  min. ;  'cello-sonata;  a  pf. -quintet,  songs,  and 
part-songs,  are  publ. 

Spenser,  Willard,  b.  Cooperstown,  N.V., 
July  7,  1856.  Self-taught  comp.  of  light  pf.- 
music  ;  publ.  in  1SS2  the  full  score  of  a  comic 
operetta,  The  Little  Tycoon  (Philadelphia,  1SS6; 
later  in  most  cities  of  the  United  States). 

Spick'er,  Max,  b.  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
Aug.  16,  1S58.  Studied  with  Louis  Kohler  for 
5  years  (pf.);  then,  1S77-9,  at  tne  Leipzig  Cons, 
under  Wenzel,  Reinecke,  Richter,  and  Paul. 
Till  1882,  cond.  in  turn  of  theatre-orchestras  at 
Heidelberg,  Cologne,  Ghent,  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
and  Potsdam  (Royal  Th.) ;  1SS2-S,  cond.  of  the 
"Beethoven  Mannerchor,"  New  York;  1888-95, 
Dir.  of  the  Brooklyn  Cons.;  since  then,  teacher 
of  harm,  and  counterpoint  at  the  National  Cons., 
New  York. — Works  :  Suite  f.  orch. ;  incid.  music 
to  Schiller's  Demetrius  ;  cantata  The  Pilot,  f. 
male  ch.  and  orch.;  choral  comp. s;  many  songs. 

Spier'ing,  Theodor,  b.  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
1871.  Violinist;  pupil  1SS6-8  of  Henry  Schra- 
dieck  at  Cincinnati;  then  for  4  years  of  Joachim 
at  Berlin.  Founder  of,  and  1st  violin  in,  the 
"  Spiering  Quartet  "  of  Chicago  (S.,  Otto  Roehr- 
born,  Adolf  Weidig,  and  Hermann  Diestel). 

Spies,  H ermine,  distinguished  concert-con- 
tralto; b.  Lohnberger  Foundry,  n.  Weilburg, 
Feb.  25,  1857;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Feb.  26,  1893. 
Pupil  of  Sieber  and  Stockhausen  ;  debut  1SS2; 
excelled  as  a  Brahms  singer.  Married  Dr. 
Hardtmuth  of  Wiesbaden  in  1892. 

Spiess,  Johann  Martin,  organist  at  Heidel- 
berg and  Berlin. — Publ.  "  Davids  Harfenspiel 
in  150  Psalmen  auf  342  Liedermelodien " 
(1745;  also  as  "  Geistliche  Liebesposaunen, 
etc.");  and  "  26  geistliche  Arien  "  (1761). 

Spiess,  Meinrad,  b.  Honsolgen,  Swabia, 
Aug.  24,  1683;  d.  as  prior  of  Yrsee  Monastery, 
July  12,  1761. — Publ.  "  Antiphonarium  Ma- 
rianum,"  24  numbers  for  soprano  or  alto  solo  w. 
2  violins  and  organ  (17 13);  "  Cithara  Davidis," 
vesper  psalms  a  4  w.  strings  and  org.  (1717); 
"  Philomele  ecclesiastica,"  motets  for  solo 
voices,  2  violins,  and  org.  (1718);  "  Cultus 
latreutico-musicus,"  masses  and  Requiems  a  4 
w.  strings  and  org.  (1719);  "  Laus  Dei  in  Sanctis 
ejus,"  f.  do.  (1723);  "  Hyperdulica  musica," 
litanies  to  the  Virgin,  f.  do.  (1726);  12  sonatas 
f.  2  violins,  violone  and  org.  (1734);  and  a 
"  Musikalischer  Tractat  "  (1745). 


553 


SPINDLER— SPITTA 


b.  Wiirzbach,    n.    Loben- 
Pianist,  giving  up  theology 


Spin'dler,  Fritz, 

stein,  Nov.  24,  1817. 
for  music  ;  studied 
from  1835  with  Fr. 
Schneider  at  Des- 
sau; settled  in 
Dresden,  1  84  1 , 
where  he  has  had 
great  success  as  a 
teacher.  His  com- 
positions include 
several  serious 
works  on  a  large 
scale,  as  the  2  sym- 
phonies op.  50  and 
160  (a  third  is  in 
MS.);  the  quintet 
op.  360  f.  pf.,oboe, 
clar. ,  horn  and  bas- 
soon ;  the  pf. -quartet  op.  108  ;  the  D-minor  pf.- 
concerto  op.  260  ;  the  pf.-trio  op.  54  ;  and  the 
3  easy  pf. -trios  op.  305  ;  most  of  his  works  are 
S17/0 /i -pieces  and  characteristic  pieces  in  excel- 
lent piano-style,  well  written,  and  not  very  dif- 
ficult. The  instructive  sonatinas  op.  157,  290, 
294,  and  the  4-hand  sonatinas  op.  136,  also  a 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  horn,  op.  347,  should  also  be 
mentioned. 

Spinel'li,  Nicola,  b.  Turin,  1S65.  Son  of  a 
jurist ;  studied  at  Naples  Cons.,  especially  under 
Serrao.  In  1890  his  i-act  opera  Cobilia  took 
2nd  prize  in  the  competition  instituted  by  Son- 
zogno  (Mascagni's  Cavalleria  rusticana  won  1st 
prize).  His  next  opera,  the  3-act  lyric  drama  A 
basso  porta,  has  been  perf.  in  several  Italian 
towns,  also  in  Cologne  (1894  ;  in  German)  and 
Leipzig  (1898  ;  do.)  with  considerable  success. 

Spinney,  English  family  of  musicians.  (1) 
Thomas  Edward  S.,  b.  June  24,  1S24  ;  pupil 
of  Sir  Henry  Bishop.  Organist  and  choirmaster 
of  St.  Edmund's,  Salisbury,  and  cond.  of  the  Sal- 
isbury Orpheus  Soc. — Works  :  Cantata  Village 
Belles  ;  church-music  ;  songs  ;  9  organ-volunta- 
ries ;  "  The  Organist's  Assistant  "  ;  pf. -pieces. — 
(2)  His  daughter,  Mattie  S.  [Mrs.  Beesley],  pi- 
anist, pupil  of  Benedict,  Bennett,  and  von  Bulow  ; 
London  debut  May  8,  1875,  at  a  New  Philharm. 
concert ;  has  also  beenorganist  at  St.  Paul's,  Salis- 
bury, and  at  the  Parish  Ch.,  Banbury. — Also  his 
four  sons  :  (3)  Eugene  S.,  b.  1S45  ;  d.  Dec.  4, 
1867.  Organist  of  Banbury  Parish  Ch.,  1862; 
Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1865. — (4)  Frank  S.,b.  Mar. 
20,  1850;  d.  June  5,  1888.  Articled  to  Dr.  Hayne, 
Oxford  ;  organist  at  St.  Denys,  Warminster, 
1S69  ;  at  All  Saints',  Emscote,  Warwick,  1873  ; 
at  Leamington  Parish  Ch.,  187S  ;  also  conducted 
the  orch.l,  choral,  and  chamber  concerts  of  the 
Leamington  Mus.  Soc,  and  gave  organ-recitals. 
Comp.  a  Harvest  Anthem,  hymn-tunes,  and  or- 
gan-pieces.— (5)  Walter  S.,  b.  Mar.  26,  1852  ; 
d.  June  21,  1894.  Articled  to  J.  E.  Richardson, 
organist  of  Salisbury  Cath. ;  was  organist  at  St. 
Edmund's,  Salisbury,  Dudley  Parish  Ch.,  Christ 
Ch.,Doncaster,  and  in  18SS  succeeded  hisbrother 


Frank  at  Leamington.  Comp.  church-services, 
anthems,  other  vocal  works,  and  organ-pieces  in 
his  coll.s  "  The  Organ  Library  "  and  "  The  Ves- 
per Bell." — (6)  Rev.  T.  Herbert  S.,  b.  Jan.  13, 
1S57.  Pupil  of  Arnold  and  Bridge  ;  Harmony 
Prizeman,  Trinity  College,  London,  1876  ;  F.  R. 
C.  O.  From  16,  organist  at  Salisbury,  later  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford.  Ordained  Priest  in  18S2  ; 
since  1SS5,  vicar  of  Newborough,  Burton-on- 
Trent.  He  still  gives  organ-recitals  ;  has  comp. 
six  hymns,  anthems,  organ-music,  etc. 

Spiridio,  Berthold,  monk  and  organist  at 
the  monastery  of  St.  Teodor,  n.  Bamberg  ;  publ. 
a  coll.,  "  Musica  Romana,"  of  church-music,  a 
3  w.  2  violins  (1665)  ;  "  Musica  Theoliturgica  " 
a  5  w.  do.  (1668) ;  a  curious  instruction-book  for 
organ-  and  clavier-playing,  "  Neue  und  bis  dato 
unbekannte  Unterweisung  ..."  (1670),  with 
many  mus.  examples,  from  which  his  "  Toccate, 
ricercari  e  canzoni  f  rancesi "  (1691)  was  a  selec- 
tion. 

Spiridion.     See  Xyndas. 

Spit'ta,  (Johann  August)  Philipp,  learned 
mus.  historiographer;  b.  Wechold,  n.  Hoya, 
Hanover,  Dec.  27,  1841  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  13, 
1894.  Student  of  philology  at  Gottingen ; 
teacher  at  the  "  Ritter-  und  Domschule,"  Reval, 
1S64-6  ;  at  Sondershausen  Gymnasium  till  1S74  ; 
and  one  year  at  the  Nikolai-Gymnasium,  Leip- 
zig, where  he  was  a  co-founder  of  the  Bach- 
Verein  (1S74)  ;  in  1875,  prof,  of  mus.  history  at 
Berlin  Univ.,  Life-Secretary  to  the  R.  Acad,  of 
Arts,  and  teacher  at,  and  Vice-Director  of,  the 
Hochschule  fiir  Musik.  Title  of  "  Geheimrath  " 
in  1 89 1. — Writings  :  A  comprehensive  Life  of  J. 
S.  Bach  (2  vol.s,  1873,  '80),  carefully  and  learn- 
edly written,  with  valuable  discussions  of  princi- 
pal works  ;  also  a  short  sketch  of  Bach  in  Wal- 
dersee's  "  Vortrage  "  (1880);  a  short  biogr.  of 
Schumann  for  Grove's  Dictionary,  afterwards 
published  separately  in  German  (1S82) ;  2  coll.s  of 
articles,  "  Zur  Musik  "  (1S92)  ;  12  essays),  and 
"  Musikgeschichtliche  Aufsatze  "  (Berlin,  1894); 
an  essay,  "  Die  Passionsmusik  von  Sebastian 
Bach  und  Heinrich  Schiitz"  (1893);  many  papers 
in  the  "  Allgem.  musikalische  Zeitung,"  the 
"  Monatshefte  fiir  Musikgeschichte,"  and  more 
particularly  in  his  own  periodical,  the  "  Viertel- 
jahrsschrift  fiir  Musikwissenschaft,"  founded  in 
1884  with  Chrysander  and  P.  Adler. — S.  also 
edited  a  critical  ed.  of  Buxtehude's  organ-works 
(2  folio  vol.s,  1S75,  '76),  with  valuable  historical 
notes;  Vol.s  i-xiv  of  the  complete  ed.  of  Schiitz's 
works  (16  vol.s  ;  finished  by  Fr.  Spitta  in  1896)  ; 
and  Vol.  i  of  the  "  Denkmaler  deutscher  Ton- 
kunst  "  (1892;  contains  Scheldt's  "  Tabulatura 
nova"  of  1624). — Hisbrother, 

Spit'ta,  Friedrich,  b.  Wittingen,  Hanover, 
Jan.  10,  1852;  prof,  of  theology  at  Strassburg 
Univ.;  has  publ.  "  Liturgische  Andacht  zum 
Luther-Jubilaum  "  (1S83)  ;  "  Handel  und  Bach," 
festival  orations(i885) ;  "  H.  Schiitz,"  do.  (1886); 
"Die   Passionen   von    II.    Schiitz;    and    "  Uber 


554 


SPOHR 


Chorgesang  im  evangelischen  Gottesdienst " 
(18S9).  Edited  Vol.s  xv-xvi  of  Schtitz's  com- 
plete works. 

Spohr,  Ludwig  [Louis],  genial  violinist  and 
composer  of  the  romantic  school,  and  a  renowned 
teacher ;  b.  Bruns- 
wick, Apr.  5,  17S4; 
d.  Kassel,  Nov.  22, 
1S59.  His  father,  a 
physician,  removed 
toSeesenin  1786;  he 
was  an  amateur  flute- 
player,  the  mother  a 
singer  and  pianist. 
S.  early  sang  duets 
with  his  mother,  and 
at  about  5  began  on 
the  violin  with  Rec- 
tor Riemenschnei- 
der.  Healsohad les- 
sons from  Dufour,  a 
French  Emigre,  who 
persuaded  his  parents  to  send  him  to  Brunswick, 
where  he  was  taught  at  first  by  Kunisch,  and  then 
by  the  leaderof  the  orch. ,  Maucourt ;  he  alsocom- 
posed  diligently,  and  at  14  played  a  concerto  of 
his  own  before  the  court.  The  I  )uke  admitted  him 
into  the  orch.,  and  in  1802  requested  Franz  Eck, 
then  touring  Germany,  to  take  S.  as  a  pupil.  The 
latter  accompanied  Eck  to  St.  Petersburg,  re- 
maining with  him  18  months;  practised  assidu- 
ously, and  publ.  a  violin-concerto  (op.  1),  etc. 
In  1S03  he  reentered  the  Ducal  orch.;  in  1S04  he 
made  his  first  tour  (to  Berlin,  Leipzig,  Dresden, 
etc.),  and  aroused  genuine  enthusiasm  both  as  a 
virtuoso  and  composer.  At  Gotha  he  was  app. 
in  1S05  to  succeed  Ernst  as  leader;  here  he  met 
and  married  Dorette  Scheidler,  the  harp-player, 
making  further  tours  with  her  in  1807  and  1S09. 
In  the  latter  year  he  cond.  the  first  musical  fes- 
tival in  Germany,  held  at  Frankenhausen.  After 
brilliantly  successful  concerts  at  Vienna  in  1S12, 
he  became  leader  at  the  Theater  an  der  Wien. 
Resigning  in  1815,  he  cond.  a  second  Festival  at 
Frankenhausen  ;  made  a  grand  tour  in  Italy  (play- 
ing a  concertante  of  his  own  with  Paganini  at 
Rome),  then  in  Holland,  and  in  1817  became 
opera-cond.  at  Frankfort.  Here  his  opera  Faust, 
written  for  Vienna,  but  not  prod,  there  by  reason 
of  disagreements  with  the  Director,  was  perf. 
in  181S  with  success.  This  position  he  gave  up 
in  1S19;  in  1820  he  visited  England  with  his 
wife,  played  in  several  Philharm.  Concerts,  and 
brought  out  two  symphonies,  conducting  the 
Philharm.  Orch.  with  a  baton — an  entirely  novel 
method  in  England.  Concerts  given  at  Paris,  on 
the  home-journey,  found  less  appreciative  audi- 
ences. S.  now  settled  in  Dresden;  but  in  1821 
he  was  offered  a  life-appointment  as  court  con- 
ductor at  Kassel,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
the  position  on  Jan.  1,  1822.  Here  he  won  last- 
ing renown  as  a  conductor,  and  reached  his  zenith 
as  a  composer  in  the  opera  Jessonda  (1823),  the 
oratorio  Die  letzten  Dinge  (1826),  and  his  grand 


symphony,  "Die  "Weihe  der  Tone"  (1832). 
Though  his  powers  were  on  the  wane,  it  was 
chiefly  for  political  reasons  (S.  was  a  staunch  radi- 
cal) that  he  was  retired  in  1S57  on  a  pension  con- 
siderably less  than  had  been  expressly  agreed 
upon.  In  the  following  year  he  broke  his  left 
arm  by  falling,  and  thenceforward  could  play  no 
more  in  public. — S.  was  a  composer  of  marked 
individuality,  with  a  romantic  warmth  of  tem- 
perament akin  to  Schubert,  and  in  fine  regard  for 
formal  finish  resembling  Mendelssohn.  He  ranks 
just  below  the  greatest  representatives  of  new 
German  art ;  some  of  whom  {e.g. ,  Weber  and 
Beethoven)  he  failed  to  appreciate  ;  though,  curi- 
ously enough, he  did  recognize.Wagner'ssupreme 
dramatic  genius,  brought  out  Der  fliegende  Hol- 
lander [1S42]  and  Tannhauser  [1853]  despite 
strenuous  opposition  by  the  court,  and  tried  hard 
to  produce  Lohengrin.  As  a  virtuoso  he  was  dis- 
tinctly one  of  the  greatest,  more  especially  in  the 
cantabile.  His  success  as  a  teacher  was  conspicu- 
ous; St.  Lubin,  Ferd.  David,  Hauptmann,  Kom- 
pel,  Bott,  Bohm,  Pott,  Henry  Blagrove,  K.  L. 
Bargheer,  and  Adolph  Bargheer  (his  last  pupil) 
were  trained  by  him.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
best  conductors  in  Germany,  and  often  officiated 
at  the  great  Musical  Festivals  (at  Di'isseldorf, 
1826;  Nordhausen,  1S29;  Norwich,  1S39;  Bonn, 
1845  ;  etc.).  His  publ.  compositions  number  over 
160.  He  wrote  11  operas:  Die Priifung (1806), 
Alruna  (1S08),  and  Die  Eulenkonigin  (1808),  all 
3  not  perf. ;  Der  Zweikampf  viit  der  Geliebten 
(Hamburg,  1S11)  ;  Faust  (Frankfort,  1S1S)  ;  Ze- 
tuire  und  Azore  (Frankfort,  1819  ;  for  a  time  ri- 
valling Jessonda  in  popularity)  ;  Jessonda  (Kas- 
sel, 1823);  Der  Berggeist  (ibid.,  1S25)  ;  Pietro 
von  A Ibano  (ibid.,  1S27) ;  Der  A Ichymist  (ibid., 
1830);  and  Die  Kreuzfahrer  (ibid.,  1S45); — the 
oratorios  Das  Jiingste  Gerie/il {Erfurt,  1812) ;  Die 
letzten  Dinge  (Kassel,  1826;  in  England  as  The 
Last  Judgment)  \  Des  Heilands  letzte  Stunden 
(Kassel,  1835;  as  Calvary  at  the  Norwich  Fest., 
1S39)  ;  and  Der  Fall  Babylons  (Kassel,  1841 ; 
Norwich  Fest.,  1S42); — a  dram,  cantata,  Da.\  be- 
freite  Deutschland  ;  a  mass,  psalms,  hymns,  etc., 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. ;  also  part-songs  f.  mixed  or 
male  ch.;  duets;  many  songs.  —  Nine  sympho- 
nies: 1.  op.  20,  Ep  ;  2.  op.  49,  D  min. ;  3.  op. 
78,  C  min.;  4.  op.  S6,  F  ("  Weihe  der  Tone"); 
5.  op.  102,  C  min.;  6.  op.  1 16,  G  ("  Historical  "  ; 
dedicated  to  the  London  Philharm.  Soc);  7.  op. 
121,  C  ("  Irdisches  und  Gottlichesim  Menschen- 
leben,"  f.  2  orch.s);  8.  op.  137,  G  min.  (ded.  to 
the  London  Philharm.);  9.  op.  143,  Bmin.  ("  Die 
Jahreszeiten  ") ; — eight  overtures,  inch  those  to 
Die  Priifung,  Alruna,  Das  befreite  Deutsch- 
land, to  the  play  Der  Matrose,  and  the  fantasia 
on  Raupach's  "  Tochterder  Luft"  (played  as  1st 
movem.  to  Symphony  No.  5),  a  Macbeth  over- 
ture, and  an  overture  "  Im  ernsten  Styl"; — fif- 
teen violin-concertos,  classics  of  violin-literature, 
among  the  finest  being  No.  8  (op.  47  in  A  min., 
' '  in  modo  d'una  scena  cantante  "),  and  No.  9  (op. 
55,  in  D  min.),  all  edited  by  Ferd.  David;  a  re- 
markable "  quartet-concerto  "  for  2  violins,  viola, 


555 


SPONTINI 


and  'cello,  w.  orch.,  op.  131;  2  concertantes  f. 
2  violins  w.  orch.  ;  Grande  Polonaise  f.  violin  w. 
orch.;  2  clar. -concertos; — much  fine  chamber- 
music,  in  which  the  leading  violin  is  particularly 
favored  (a  nonet  f.  vln.,  via., 'cello,  d.-bass,  wood- 
wind, and  horn;  an  octet  f.  vln.,  2  violas,  'cello, 
d.-bass,  clar.,  and  2  horns;  4  double  quartets  f. 
strings;  septet  f.  pf.,  flute,  clar.,  horn,  bassoon, 
violin,  and  'cello;  string-sextet;  7  string-quin- 
tets; quintet  f.  pf.,  flute,  clar.,  horn,  and  bas- 
soon; pf. -quintet;  34  string-quartets;  5  pf.- 
trios;  14  duos  concertants  f.  2  violins;  3  do.  f. 
pf .  and  violin ;  3  sonates  concertantes  f .  harp  and 
violin;  etc.,  etc.  Finally,  his  great  "Violin- 
School  "  in  3  parts  (1831). 

Biographical  :  Autobiography  (Kassel,  i860, 
'61;  2vol.s;  Engl,  transl.  London,  1S65);  "  L. 
Spohr,  sein  Leben  und  Wirken,"  by  Malibran 
(Frankfort,  i860);  "Louis  Spohr,"  by  H.  M. 
Schletterer  (in  Waldersee's  "  Sammlung,"  1SS1). 

Sponti'ni,  Gasparo  (Luigi  Pacifico),  very 
prominent  Italian  dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Majo- 
lati,  Ancona,  Nov.  14, 
1774  ;  d.  there  Jan.  24, 
1851.  His  parents, 
poor  peasants,  in- 
tended him  for  the 
church,  and  gave  him 
in  charge  of  an  uncle, 
a  priest  at  Jesi,  who 
attemped  to  stifle  his 
musical  aspirations. 
The  result  was,  that 
the  boy  ran  away  to 
another  uncle,  at  San 
Vito,  who  not  only 
procured  him  suitable 

instruction,    but     ef-  l 

fected  a  reconciliation,  so  that  in  a  year  he  re- 
turned to  Jesi,  was  taught  by  good  masters,  and 
in  1791  entered  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de'  Tur- 
chini  at  Naples,  studying  under  Sala  and  Tritto. 
In  1796  he  was  invited  to  write  an  opera  for  the 
Teatro  Argentina  at  Rome,  its  director  having 
been  pleased  by  some  of  S.'s  music  heard  in 
Naples  ;  though  S.,  to  this  end,  absented  him- 
self from  the  Cons,  without  leave,  Piccinni,  after 
the  success  of  the  opera,  /  puntigli  delle  domic, 
persuaded  the  management  to  take  him  back, 
and  also  gave  him  valuable  advice  concerning 
the  composition  of  other  operas  written  for  Rome, 
Florence,  and  Naples.  As  cond.  to  the  Nea- 
politan court,  which  had  fled  to  Palermo  before 
the  French  invasion,  S.  brought  out  3  operas 
there  in  1800  ;  wrote  others  for  Rome  (1801)  and 
Venice  (1802),  and  then  proceeded  via  Marseilles 
to  Paris  (1S03).  Up  to  this  time  he  had  prod.  16 
operas  in  the  prevalent  light  Italian  style  ;  while 
supporting  himself  in  Paris  by  lesson-giving,  the 
ill-success  attending  the  production  of  3  operas 
in  1804 — La  finta  filosofa,  an  earlier  work,  and 
two  imitations  of  French  opera  comique,  Julie 
and  La  petite  maisou  (the  latter  was  hissed  off  the 
stage) — and  his  fortunate  acquaintance  with  the 


/ 


poet  Etienne  Jouy,  influenced  him  to  change  his 
style  completely.  His  great  admiration  for,  and 
careful  study  of,  Mozart  also  operated  to  effect 
this  change.  The  i-act  opera  Milton  (Th.  Fey- 
deau,  Nov.  27,  1804)  differed  markedly,  in  warmth 
and  depth  of  sentiment  and  loftiness  of  expres- 
sion, from  its  immediate  predecessors  ;  La  I 'es- 
tate, on  which  S.  labored  for  more  than  three 
years,  retouching  and  rewriting  passage  after 
passage,  page  after  page,  shows  the  new  Spontini 
at  his  best.  Meantime  the  Empress  Josephine, 
to  whom  he  had  dedicated  the  score  of  Milton, 
had  appointed  him  her  "chamber-composer," 
and  her  favor  increased  after  the  production  of 
S.'s  cantata,  L'eccelsa  gara,  celebrating  the  vic- 
tory of  Austerlitz.  Her  powerful  patronage  se- 
cured a  hearing  for  La  Vesta le,  which  was  brought 
out  at  the  Academic  Imperiale  (Grand  Opera), 
despite  virulent  open  and  secret  opposition  on 
the  part  of  influential  musicians,  on  Dec.  15, 
1S07,  and  with  triumphant  success.  Not  only 
did  the  public  receive  it  with  acclamation  ;  by  a 
unanimous  verdict  of  the  judges,  Mehul,  Gossec, 
and  Gretry,  the  prize  offered  by  Napoleon  for  the 
best  dramatic  work  was  awarded  to  Spontini. 
Shortly  after  the  equal  success  of  his  grand  opera 
Fernand  Cortez,  in^iSog,  S.  married  the  daughter 
of  Jean-Baptiste  Erard  ;  and  in  1S10  became  di- 
rector of  the  Italian  Opera,  in  which  capacity  he 
staged  Mozart's  Don  Giovanni  in  its  original  form 
for  the  first  time  in  Paris.  He  was  dismissed  in 
18 12,  on  charges  of  financial  irregularity  ;  but  in 
1 8 14  Louis  XVII I.  appointed  him  court  com- 
poser, S.  having  refused  reinstatement  as  opera- 
director  in  favor  of  Catalani.  He  now  wrote 
stage-pieces  in  glorification  of  the  Restoration 
(Pt'lage,  ou  le  rbi  et  la  pai.v,  1 8 14  ;  Les  dieux 
rivaux,  1816),  followed  in  1819  by  the  opera 
Olympie,  which  had  only  a  succes  d'estiuie.  He 
had  already  accepted  the  appointment,  by  King 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  III.,  of  court-composer  and 
general  musical  director  at  Berlin  ;  he  made  his 
debut  there,  in  the  Spring  of  1820,  with  his  opera 
Fernand  Cortez,  fairly  electrifying  his  audiences, 
although,  like  Julie,  Milton,  and  La  Vestale,  it 
had  been  heard  before  in  Berlin.  Here  S.'s 
wonderful  talents  as  a  conductor  had  freest  scope; 
besides  repeating  his  earlier  works,  he  wrote  for 
Berlin  the  festival  play  Lalla  Rukh  (1821),  re- 
modeled as  the  opera  iVurnia/ial,  oder  das  Rosen- 
fest  von  Kaschmir  (1822);  Alcidor  (1825) ;  and 
Agnes  von  LLohenstauffen  (1829)  ;  none  of  these, 
however,  found  currency  in  other  German  cities. 
In  spite  of  his  successes,  and  the  King's  con- 
tinued favor,  S.'s  position  in  Berlin  gradually 
grew  untenable  ;  he  had  been  placed  on  an 
equality  with  the  Intendant  of  the  Royal  Thea- 
tre, and  there  were  frequent  misunderstandings 
and  sharp  clashes  of  authority,  not  tempered  by 
S.'s  jealousies  and  dislikes,  his  overweening  self- 
conceit  and  despotic  temper.  Partly  through 
intrigue,  partly  by  reason  of  his  own  lack  of  self- 
control,  he  narrowly  escaped  imprisonment  for 
lese-majeste  ;  and  was  finally  fairly  driven  out  of 
the  theatre  by  the  hostile  demonstrations  of  the 


556 


SQUIRE— STADTFELDT 


audience.  He  retired  in  1841,  retaining  his 
titles  and  full  pay  ;  the  next  year  he  went  to 
Paris,  a  broken  man,  unfitted  for  composition  or 
any  regular  occupation  by  the  stinging  memory 
of  his  degradation.  He  sought  to  improve  his 
shattered  health  by  returning  to  Italy  ;  but  died 
not  long  after  reaching  his  native  place.  In 
1844  the  Pope  had  given  him  the  rank  and  title 
of  "  Conte  di  Sant'  Andrea  "  ;  he  was  a  knight 
of  the  Prussian  "  Ordre  pour  le  merite,"  member 
of  the  Berlin  Akademie  (1833),  and  the  Paris 
Academic  (1839),  and  had  received  from  Halle 
Univ.  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil. — Biographical : 
L.  de  Lomenie,  "  M.  Spontini,  par  un  homme 
de  rien  "  (1841)  ;  E.  M.  Oettinger,  "Spontini" 
(1843);  Montanari,  "  Elogio  .  .  .  "(1851); 
Raoul-Rochette,  "  Notice  historique  . 
(1852);  R.  Wagner,  "  Erinnerungen  an  Spon- 
tini" (in  his  "Collected  Writings,"  Vol.  v.). 

Squire,  William  Henry,  English  'cellist  ;  b. 
Ross,  Herefordshire,  Aug.  8,  1871.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  an  amateur  violinist  ;  debut  at  7  ;  won 
scholarship  at  the  R.  C.  M.,  studied  under  Ed- 
ward Powell  and  Hubert  Parry,  and  came  out  at 
the  Albeniz  Concerts,  St.  James's  Hall,  Feb.  12, 
1 891.  Favorite  concert-'cellistin  London  ;  Asso- 
ciate of  R.  C.  M.,  1889. — Works  :  A  'cello-con- 
certo ;  a  serenade,  pastorale,  gavotte,  tarentelle 
(op.  23),  4  sets  of  pieces,  12  easy  exercises,  etc., 
f.  'cello  ;  violin-music  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  songs. 

Ssaffieddin.     See  Saffieddin. 

Sseroff.     See  Serov. 

Ssolowiew.     See  Soloviev. 

Stabi'le,  Annibale,  pupil  of  Palestrina  and 
a  comp.  of  the  Roman  school,  d.  about  1595  as 
maestro  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore,  Rome. — Publ.  3 
books  of  motets  a  5-8  (15S4,  '85,  '89),  3  of 
madrigals  a  5  (1572,  often  republ.),  2  of  Sacrae 
modulationes  a  5-8  (15  [?],  '86),  and  litanies  a  4 
(1592)  ;  detached  pieces  in  Gardane's  "  Dolci 
affetti  "  and  "  Trionfo  di  Dori,"  and  in  Phalese's 
"  Harmonia  celeste,"  "  Laureo  verde,"  and 
"  Paradiso  musicale." 

Sta'de,  Heinrich  Bernhard,  b.  Ettischleben, 
n.  Arnstadt,  May  2,  1816  ;  d.  Arnstadt,  May  29, 
1882,  as  town-cantor  and  organist.  Restored 
the  organ  in  the  St.  Bonifaciuskirche,  on  which 
Bach  played  1703-7. — Publ.  "  Der  wohlvorbe- 
reitete  Organist,  ein  Praludien-,  Choral-  und 
Postludienbuch  "  in  2  parts  ;  and  other  organ- 
music. 

Sta'de,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Halle,  Aug. 
25,  1817.  Organist;  pupil  of  Fr.  Schneider  at 
Dessau  ;  mus.  dir.  and  Dr.  phi/,  hon.  causa,  of 
fena  Univ.;  from  i860,  court  organist  and  Ka- 
pellra.  at  Altenburg,  retiring  in  1891. — Works  : 
2  symphonies ;  Festouverture;  music  to  Ross- 
mann's  tragedy  Orestes;  violin-duos;  a  violin- 
sonata;  7  books  of  organ-pieces;  8  Charakter- 
stiicke,  a  suite,  a  charming  "  Kindersonate  "  (4 
hands),  etc.,  f.  pf . ;  Easter  and  Christmas  can- 
tatas f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  numerous  other 
choral  works,  sacred  and  secular  ;  songs,  among 


them  the  celebrated  "  Vor  Jena,"  beginning 
"  Auf  den  Bergen — -die  Burgen,"  which  made 
him  famous,  and  is  a  favorite  student-song.  His 
arrangements  of  Bach's  and  Handel's  sonatas, 
and  of  "  Die  Lieder  und  Spriiche  ausder  letzten 
Zeit  des  Minnegesangs,"  have  added  greatly  to 
his  reputation. 

Sta'de,  Dr.  Fritz  (Ludwig  Rudolf),  b. 
Sondershausen,  Jan.  8,  1S44  ;  student  and  teacher 
in  Leipzig,  pupil  of  Riedel  and  Richter  ;  writer 
for  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik."  Publ. 
"  Vom  Musikalisch-Schonen  "  {contra  Hanslick), 
and  edited  the  6th  ed.  of  Brendel's  "  Geschichte 
der  Musik." 

Sta'den,  Johann,  b.  Nuremberg,  about 
1579  ;  d.  there  Nov.,  1634,  as  organist  of  the 
Sebalduskirche.  Publ.  many  motets,  Magnifi- 
cats, etc.,  and  secular  music  (dances),  from 
1606-43  (<"_/•" Monatshefte  fur  Musikgeschichte," 
Vol.  xv.). — His  son  and  successor,  Sigismund 
Gottlieb,  wrote  the  earliest  extant  German  opera, 
Seelewig  (publ.  in  I  larsdorffer's  "  Frauenzimmer- 
gesprachspiele,"  1644  ;  new  score  ed.  in  "  Mo- 
natsh.  f.  Musikgesch.,"  Vol.  xiii)  ;  also  publ.  in 
do.  "  Seelen-Musik  trostreicher  Lieder"  (1644) 
and  "  Der  7  Tugenden  Planeten-Tone  oder 
Stimmen"  (1645);  some  melodies  in  Rist's 
"  Neue  himmlische  Lieder"  (1651)  ;  and  edited 
H.  L.  Hassler's  "  Kirchengesange  "  (1637  ;  with 
18  additional  songs  by  the  two  Stadens  and  2 
other  comp. s).    [C/".  H.  Schutz,  opera  Dafue.~\ 

Sta'dler,  Maximilian,  b.  Melk,  Lower 
Austria,  Aug.  4,  174S  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  8,  1S33. 
Priest,  from  17S6-9  abbot  at  Lilienfeld  ;  held 
other  church-positions,  and  settled  in  Vienna 
1815.  Publ.  many  masses,  Requiems,  psalms, 
etc.;  also  organ-fugues,  pf. -sonatas,  songs  w. 
pf.,  etc.  Noted  for  his  defense  of  the  genuine- 
ness of  Mozart's  Requiem  against  Gottfried 
Weber  and  others:  "  Vertheidigung  der  Echt- 
heit  des  Mozart'schen  Requiems  "  (1826  ;  suppl. 
1827). 

Sta'dlmayer,  Johann,  b.  Freising,  Bavaria, 
1560  ;  Kapellm.  to  the  Archduchess  Claudia  at 
Innsbruck,  where  he  was  still  living  in  1646. — 
Publ.  masses  a  8  (1593,  '96)  ;  do.  w.  continuo 
(1610) ;  masses  a  6  w.  continuo  (1612)  ;  masses 
a  10-12,  f.  2  choirs  (1616)  ;  vesper  hymns  a  5, 
w.  instr.s  (1617)  ;  "  Apparatus  musicus,"  sacred 
songs  a  6-24,  w.  instr.s  (1619)  ;  Misereres  a  4-8 
(1621)  ;  "  Odae  sacrae"  a  5  (1638;  Xmas  and 
Easter  cantatas,  w.  instr.s  ad  lib.);  psalms  a  2-3, 
w.  2  violins  or  cornets  (1640);  "  Missae  breves" 
a  4-5,  with  a  Requiem  (1641)  ;  and  2  books  of 
psalms  (1641,  '46). 

Stadt'feldt,  Alexander,  b.  Wiesbaden, 
Apr.  27,  1826  ;  d.  Brussels,  Nov.  4,  1853.  Pu- 
pil of  Fetis  in  Brussels  Cons.,  winning  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  1849. — Works  :  Operas  Hamlet 
(Darmstadt,  1857  ;  Weimar,  1882)  ;  Abu  Has- 
san, V  Illusion,  and  I  .a  Pedrina  (MS.) ;  a  cantata, 
vocal  scenes  w.  orch.,  4  symphonies,  overtures, 
2  concertinos  f.   pf.   and   orch.,  string-quartet, 


557 


STAGEMANX— STAMITZ 


pf.-trio  ;  a  mass,  a  Te  Deum  and  a  hymn,  w. 
orch.;  etc. 

Sta'gemann,  Max,  b.  Freienwalde-on-Oder, 
May  10,  1843.  Pupil  of  Dresden  Cons.;  actor 
at  Bremen,  1862  ;  2nd  baritone  at  Hanover, 
1865,  later  singing  leading  roles,  and  becoming 
"chamber-singer";  dir.  of  Konigsberg  Th., 
1877  ;  lived  in  Berlin  1879-82  as  a  concert-singer 
and  singing-teacher  ;  since  then  director  (man- 
ager) of  the  Leipzig  City  Th. 

Sta'gno,  Alberto,  dramatic  tenor ;  b.  Pa- 
lermo, 1836  ;  d.  Genoa,  Apr.  26,  1897.  Pupil  of 
Mariot  and  Gius.  Lamperti.  Sang  with  great 
applause  in  Italy,  Prague  (1872),  London  (1S76), 
Russia,  Spain,  and  America.  Married  his  pupil, 
Gemma  Bellincioni,  in  1881. 

StahTknecht,  two  brothers  :  (1)  Adolf,  vio- 
linist ;  b.  Warsaw,  June  18,  1813  ;  d.  Berlin,  June 
24,  1SS7,  as  chamber-musician  ; — and  Julius, 
b.  Posen,  Mar.  17,  1817  ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  16, 
1S92,  as  1st  'cello  in  the  royal  orch.  They  made 
concert-tours  together,  and  establ.  trio-soirees  in 
Berlin,  1S44.  Adolf  comp.  an  opera,  2  masses, 
7  symphonies,  36  entr'actes,  and  much  chamber- 
music  (nearly  all  MS.)  ;  Julius  publ.  concert- 
pieces  f.  'cello. 

Stai'ner  (or  Steiner),  Jakob,  b.  Absam, 
Tyrol,  July  14,  1621  ;  d.  there  1683.  The  son  of 
poor  peasants,  as  a  shepherd-boy  he  already  at- 
tracted attention  by  his  skilfully  made  "  Schwe- 
gelpfeifen  "  and  other  wood-wind  instr.s  ;  as  a 
youth  he  began  making  violins,  and  became  so 
famous  in  1658  that  Archduke  Ferdinand  Karl 
made  him  "  erzfiirstlicher  Diener,"  with  the 
title  "  ehrsamer  und  furnehmer  Ilerr."  Though 
his  violins  found  ready  sale  at  fair  prices  (for 
those  times),  his  income  did  not  keep  pace  with 
his  expenditures,  and  he  fell  into  the  hands  of 
usurers.  His  patron's  death  left  him  without 
resources  ;  his  mind  gave  way,  and  he  died  in 
an  insane  asylum. — Genuine  Stainer  violins  are 
highly  prized,  and  command  good  prices  ;  it  is 
supposed  that  S.  served  an  apprenticeship  at 
Cremona. — Biography  by  Sebastian  Ruf  (Inns- 
bruck, 1S72). — His  brother  Markus  made  ex- 
cellent violas. 

Stainer,  Sir  John,  eminent  English  com- 
poser and  organist  ;  b.  London,  June  C,  1840. 
Chorister  at  St.  Paul's  1847-56,  studying  under 
Bayley  (harm.)  and  Steggall  (cpt.),  and  later 
under  Cooper  (org.).  From  1854-60  he  held  3 
positions  as  organist,  being  then  app.  University 
organist  at  Oxford,  graduating  there  Mus.  Bac. 
(1859)  and  Mus.  Doc.  (1865).  App.  Examiner  for 
mus.  degrees  1S66.  From  1872-88,  successor  to 
Sir  John  Goss  as  organist  of  St.  Paul's,  resigning 
on  account  of  failing  eyesight  ;  he  was  knighted 
in  188S,  and  in  1889  assumed  the  position  of  prof. 
of  music  at  Oxford  Univ.  In  1S76,  prof,  of  or- 
gan and  harmony  at  the  Nat.  Training  School 
for  Music,  succeeding  Sullivan  as  Principal  in 
1SS1,  and,  after  its  reconstruction  as  the  R.  Col- 
lege  of    Music  in  1S83,  again  prof.  Also   suc- 


ceeded Ilullah,  in  18S2,  as  Government  Inspec- 
tor of  Music  in  the  Training-Schools.  Among 
many  high  distinc- 
tions, he  was  made 
a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor 
in  1878.— Works: 
Oratorio  Gideon  ; 
the  cantatas  The 
Daughter  of  faints 
(Wore.  Fest., 
1878)  ;  St.  Alary 
Magdalene  (Glou- 
cester, 1883) ;  and 
The  Crucifixion 
(London,  1887) ;  4 
church-services ; 
canticles,  anthems, 
songs  ; — Primers  on  the  Organ,  Harmony,  Com- 
position, Choral  Society  Vocalisation  ;  a  Treatise 
on  Harmony  (often  republ.) ;  "Dictionary  of 
Mus.  Terms"  with  W.  A.  Barrett  (1876  ;  3rd 
ed.   1888)  ;    also   edited  church-music  works. 

Stamaty,  Camille-Marie,  b.  Rome,  Mar. 
23,  181 1  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  19,  1870.  Pianist, 
pupil  of  Kalkbrenner  ;  his  first  concert,  in  1S35, 
was  very  successful.  He  was  one  of  the  fore- 
most teachers  in  Paris  ;  among  his  pupils  were 
Saint-Saens  and  Gottschalk. — Publ.  a  pf. -con- 
certo, op.  2  ;  2  sonatas,  op.  8,  14  ;  a  pf.-trio,  op. 
12  ;  Variations,  op.  5,  19  ;  excellent  educational 
pieces  :  12  etudes  pittoresques,  op.  21  ;  6  etudes 
caract.  sur  Oberon,  op.  33  ;  La  rythme  des  doigts 
a.  l'aide  du  me'tronome,  op.  36  ;  etudes  progres- 
sives, op.  37  ;  25  etudes  pour  petites  mains,  op. 
38  ;  20  etudes,  "Chant  et  mecanisme,"  op.  39  ; 
12  do.,  same  title,  f.  4  hands  ;  24  etudes  de  per- 
fectionnement,  op.  46  ;  etc. 

Sta'mitz,  Johann  Karl,  famous  self-taught 
violinist  ;  b.  Deutsch-Brod,  Bohemia,  June  19, 
1717  ;  d.  Mannheim,  1761,  as  Electoral  Concert- 
meister  and  chamber-music  director. — Publ.  6 
sonatas  f.  harpsichord  and  violin  ;  12  do.  f.  violin 
and  bass  ;  etudes  (duets)  f.  2  violins  ;  6  trios  f.  2 
violins  and  bass  ;  6  violin-concertos  ;  12  sym- 
phonies.     Many  works  in  MS. 

Sta'mitz,  Karl,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Mann- 
heim, May  7,  1746  ;  d.  Jena,  1S01.  Renowned 
player  on  the  violin  and  viole  d'amour  ;  pupil  of 
his  father  and  Cannabich  ;  1767,  member  of  the 
Electoral  orch.;  1770-85  in  Paris  as  leader  to  the 
Due  de  Noailles  ;  toured  Germany  and  Austria, 
lived  in  Nuremberg,  Kassel,  etc.,  toured  Rus- 
sia (1790),  lived  for  some  years  in  St.  Petersburg  ; 
from  1800,  cond.  of  the  academical  concerts  at 
Jena.  —  Publ.  3  symphonies  w.  8,  and  6  w.  10, 
instrumental  parts  ("La  chasse "  is  scored  f. 
strings,  flute,  2  oboes,  2  bassoons,  2  horns,  2 
trumpets)  ;  4  concertantes  f.  2  violins  ;  7  violin- 
concertos  ;  string-quartets  (op.  4,  7,  10,  13,  15)  ; 
6  trios  f.  2  violins  w.  bass  ;  duos  f.  2  vlns. ,  f. 
vln.  and  'cello,  and  viola  and  'cello  ;  a  viola-con- 
certo ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  etc. — Prod.  2  operas  :  Der 
verliebte  Vormund,  comic  (Frankfort),    and   the 


558 


STAMITZ— STARK 


grand  opera   Dardanus   (St.   Petersburg).  —  Cf. 
Jean  Paul,  "  Hesperus." 

Sta'mitz,  Anton,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Mannheim,  1753  ;  d.  Paris  (?),  whither  he  went 
with  his  brother  in  1770.  Violinist. — Publ. 
quartets,  trios,  and  duets  f.  strings  ;  a  violin- 
concerto  ;  6  sonatas  f.  violin,  flute,  and  bass  ; 
Nocturnes  f.  vln.  and  'cello;  concertos  f.  pf.,  f. 
'cello,  f.  bassoon  ;  etc. 

Stanford,  Charles  Villiers,  distinguished 
composer  and  conductor  ;  b.  Dublin,  Sept.  30, 
1852.  His  family  was 
musical,  and  their 
house  a  rallying-point 
for  musicians  ;  at  an 
early  age  he  was  a 
good  pianist  and  an 
ambitious  composer, 
one  of  his  teachers 
being  Sir  Robert 
Stewart.  From  1862 
he  studied  with  Arthur 
O'Leary  (comp.)  and 
Ernst  Pauer  (pf.)  in 
London  ;  obtained  in 
1870  an  Organ 
Scholarshipat  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge  ;  in  1S73  he  succeeded  Dr. 
Hopkins  as  org.  of  Trinity  Coll.  (resigned 
1892)  ;  also  becoming  cond.  of  the  Cambridge 
Univ.  Mus.  Soc.  (resigned  1893).  For  2  years 
(1875-6)  he  studied  comp.  under  Reinecke  at 
Leipzig,  going  in  1877  to  Kiel,  Berlin.  Took 
degree  of  M.A.,  Cantab.,  in  1878  ;  in  1883  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1888  Cambridge,  bestowed  on  him 
the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc;  in  18S3  he  was  app. 
Prof,  of  Comp.,  and  cond.  of  the  orch.,  at  the 
R.  C.  M.,  on  the  opening  of  that  institution. 
He  succeeded  Coldschmidt  as  cond.  of  the  Bach 
Choir  in  1885  ;  and  G.  A.  Macfarren  as  Prof,  of 
Music  at  Cambridge  in  1887.  In  1S97  he  be- 
came cond.  of  the  Leeds  Philharm.  Soc. — Works : 
The  operas  The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan 
(Hanover,  1881  ;  German  libretto  by  Frank)  ; 
Savonarola  (Hamburg,  1SS4)  ;  The  Canterbury 
Pilgrims  (London,  Covent  Garden,  1SS4)  ;  Slia- 
inus  0' Brien  (London,  1896  ;  v.  succ.)  ; — incid. 
music  to  Tennyson's  Queen  Alary  and  Becket,  to 
/Eschylus'  EumeniJcs,  and  to  Sophocles'  CEdi- 
pus  ; — many  grand  choral  works  :  The  Resur- 
rection, oratorio  (1875),  Psalm  96  (1877),  Elegiac 
Ode  (Norwich,  1884),  The  Three  Holy  Chil- 
dren, oratorio  (Birmingham,  1885),  The  Revenge 
(Leeds,  1S86),  "Jubilee  Ode"  (1887),  The 
Voyage  of  Maeldune  (Leeds,  1S89),  The  Battle 
of  the  Baltic  (Hereford,  1891),  Eden  (Birm., 
1S91),  Installation  Ode  (1892),  "  East  to  West," 
ode  (1893),  The  Bard  (Cardiff ,  1895),  Phaudrig 
Crohoore  (Norwich,  1896),  "Awake,  my  heart," 
choral  hymn  (1SS1),  Psalm  90  (1887),  Mass  in 
B  (1893),  Requiem  (1897),  Te  Deum  (Leeds, 
1S9S)  ; — 3  Morning  and  Evening  Services ;  a 
Communion  Service;  etc.; — 5  symphonies  (B (7; 
D    min.,    "Elegiac";    F    min.,    "Irish";    F, 


"  Thro'  youth  to  strife,  thro'  deatli  to  life"  ;  and 
1),  "  L'allegro  ed  il  pensieroso  ") ;  2  overtures 
and  a  serenade,  f.  orch.;  a  pf. -concerto,  a  'cello- 
concerto,  and  a  suite  f.  violin  and  orch. ;  a  'cello- 
sonata,  op.  9;  a  violin-sonata,  op.  11;  2  pf.- 
quartets,  op.  15,  25  ;  3  string-quartets,  op.  44, 
54,  65  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  pf. -sonatas  ;  etc. — Excellent 
sketch  of  Life  and  Works  is  in  the  "  Mus. 
Times"  for  Dec,  1S98. 

Stan'ge,  Hermann,  b.  Kiel,  Dec.  19,  1835. 
St.  at  Leipzig  Cons. ;  private  tutor  to  Count 
Bernstorff  and  the  Prince  of  Wied  ;  organist  at 
Rossal  College,  Engl.,  1S60-4  ;  since  1878  mus. 
dir. ,  and  since  1S87  prof.,  at  Kiel  Univ. 

Stanhope,  Charles,  Third  Earl  of,  b.  Aug. 
3,  1753  ;  d.  London,  Sept.  13,  1816.  Wrote 
"  Principles  of  Tuning  Instr.s  with  Fixed 
Tones  "  (1806). 

Stanley,  (Charles)  John,  b.  London,  Jan.  17, 
1713  ;  d.  there  May  19,  1786.  Blind  from  early 
youth,  he  st.  under  J.  Reading  and  M.  Greene, 
became  organist  in  several  churches,  and  in  1779 
succeeded  Boyce  as  Master  of  the  Royal  Band. 
He  enjoyed  the  esteem  of  Handel,  after  whose 
death  he  cond.  the  oratorio  performances  with 
Smith.  —  Works:  Oratorios  Jephtha  (1757), 
Zimri  (1760),  The  Fall  of  Egypt  (1774);  dram, 
pastoral  Arcadia  (for  George  III.'s  wedding)  ; 
songs; — Op.  1,  8  solos  f.  German  flute,  vln.,  or 
harpsichord  ;  op.  4,  6  ditto  ;  op.  2,  6  concertos 
f.  4  vlns.,  viola,  'cello,  and  thorough-bass  f. 
harpsich.;  op.  5-7,  ten  voluntaries  f.  org.  or  pf. ; 
and  6  concertos  f.  harpsich.  or  organ  (1760). 

Stanley,  Albert  Augustus,  b.  Manville, 
Rhode  Island,  May  25,  1851.  St.  in  Provi- 
dence, and  in  1S71-5  at  Leipzig  (privately  and 
in  Cons.)  under  Reinecke,  Richter,  Wenzel, 
Paul,  and  Fapperitz.  Org.  of  Grace  Ch.,  Provi- 
dence, 1876-S8  ;  prof,  of  music  at  the  Univ.  of 
Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  since  1888.  Pres.  of 
M.  T.  N.  A.,  1883-95  ;  Examiner  for  Amer. 
Coll.  of  Musicians,  1893.— Works:  The  City  of 
Freedom, ode  f.  soli,  ch.,and  orch.  (Boston,  1SS3); 
Psalm  21,  f.  do.  (Providence,  1892)  ;  Commemo- 
ration Ode  "Chorus  triumphalis,"  f.  ch.  and 
orch. ;  symphony  "  The  awakening  of  the  soul  "  ; 
symph.  poem  "  Altis  "  (all  these  perf.  at  Ann 
Arbor)  ;  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Starck,  Ingeborg.     See  Bronsart. 

Stark,  Ludwig,  b.  Munich,  June  19,  1831  ; 
d.  Stuttgart,  Mar.  22,  18S4.  Student  of  philos. 
at  Munich  Univ.,  and  of  music  under  Ignaz  and 
Franz  Lachner.  1857  co-founder  of  Stuttgart 
Cons.,  teaching  harmony,  playing  from  score, 
the  history  of  music,  and  (chiefly)  singing,  until 
1873,  when  he  was  compelled  to  rest  on  account 
of  overwork  ;  returning  after  a  trip  to  Italy,  he 
confined  his  teaching  to  theory  and  history. 
Together  with  Lebert,  he  received  the  hon.  de- 
gree of  Dr.  phil.  from  Tubingen  Univ.  (1873)  ; 
also  the  title  of  "  Royal  Professor"  (1868)'.  He 
founded  and  cond.  the  Stuttgart  Singverein, 
Eminent  pedagogue  ;    joint-editor,  with  Lebert, 


559 


STARKE— STEFFANI 


of  the  "  Crosse  Klavierschule  "  ;  with  Faiszt,  of 
an  elementary  and  choral  singing-method,  a 
"Liederschule,"etc.;  edited  several  coll.  s  of  clas- 
sical transcriptions  f.  pf . — Comp.  sacred  and  sec- 
ular choral  works  (  Volkers  Nachtgesang  received 
the  golden  prize-medal  from  the  Amsterdam 
"Euterpe")  ;  instr.l music,  pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 
Star'ke,  Friedrich,  b.  Elsterwerda,  1774  ;  d. 
Dobling,  n.  Vienna,  Dec.  8,  1835.  Bandmaster 
of  an  Austrian  regiment.  Publ.  "Journal  fiir 
Militarmusik  "  (300  parts),  "Journal  fiir  Trom- 
peterchore"  (50  Nos.),  and  other  instr.l  music  ; 
3  orch.l  masses,  a  Tantum  ergo,  etc.;  "  Wiener 
Pianoforte-Schule  "  (1819-20). 

Stasny,  Ludwig,  b.  Prague,  Feb.  26,  1823  ; 
d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Oct.  30,  1883,  as  cond. 
(from  1871)  at  the  "  Palmengarten."  Prod,  the 
operas  Liane  (Mayence,  1851)  and  Die  beiden 
Grenadiere  (ibid.,  1879).  Noted  for  his  popular 
dances  and  skilful  orch.l  arrangements  of  Wag- 
ner's later  music-dramas. 

Stau'digl,  Josef,  famous  dram. bass;  b.  Wol- 
lersdorf,  Lower  Austria,  Apr.  14,  1807  ;  d.  insane 
at  Michaelbeuerngrund,  n.  Vienna,  Mar.  18, 1861. 
He  gave  up  the  study  of  medicine  to  join  the 
court  opera-chorus  at  Vienna,  later  becoming 
leading  bass,  and,  in  1831,  court  cond. — His  son, 
Josef,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  18,  1S50,  and  a  pupil  of 
Rokitansky  at  the  Cons. ,  is  chamber-singer  (bari- 
tone) to  the  Grand  Duke  at  Karlsruhe,  and  a 
member  of  the  court  opera. 

Stavenha'gen,  Bernhard,  distinguished  pi- 
anist ;  b.  Creiz,  Reuss,  Nov.  24,  1862.  Pupil  in 
Berlin  of  Kiel,  at  the  Meisterschule,  and  of  Ru- 
dorff  at  the  Hochschule,  where  he  won  the  Men- 
delssohn prize  for  pf. -playing  in  1880.  Studied 
with  Liszt  18S5-6.  Has  made  a  succession  of 
brilliantly  successful  pianistic  tours  through  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Hungary,  Prance,  Holland,  Eng- 
land, and  the  United  States  (1894-5).  Court  pi- 
anist to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar,  1890  ; 

in  1892,  Knight  of  the  White  Falcon  order.      In 

1S95  he  succeeded  Lassen  and  d'Albert  as  court 
cond.  at  Weimar  ;  since  Oct.  1,  1898,  he  has  been 

court  cond.  at    Munich.      Has  publ.   a  few  pf.- 

pieces. 

Stcherbatcheff,  Nicolas  de,b.  Russia,  Aug. 

24,  1853.  Composer  of  the  neo-Russian  group  ; 

has  written  about  60 

comp.s,     chiefly    f. 

pf.,    but  also  some 

orch.l     pieces    and 

songs.  Among  them 

may  be    mentioned 

"Deux    I  d  y  1 1  e  s 

pour  orchestre"; 

6  Lieder  on  poems 

by  Heine  ;  and,  for 

piano,    "  Feeries  et 

pantomimes,"  op.  8 

(16  numbers),  "Mo- 

sai'que,  album  pitto- 

resque,"  op.    15    (7 

numbers),     Grande 


etude,  op.  19,  3  Idylles,  op.  23,  Fantaisies- 
Etudes,  op.  26,  Impromptu-Caprice,  op.  29, 
"  Au  soir  tombant,"  waltz,  op.  39,  "  Nouvelles 
Marionnettes,"  op.   41,  Mazurka,  op.  42,  etc. 

Steck'er,  Carl,  b.  Kosmanos,  Bohemia, 
Jan.  22,  1S61.  Pupil  of  Prague  Organ-School; 
1885-9,  teacher  of  organ  there,  then  prof,  of 
cpt.  and  hist,  of  music  at  the  Cons.,  and  from 
18SS  also  lecturer  on  mus.  science  at  the  Univ. 
—  Publ.  "  Kritische  Beitrage  zu  einigen  Streit- 
fragen  in  der  Musikwissenschaft  "  (1S90,  in  the 
"  Vierteljahrsschrift  fiir  Musikwissenschaft"; 
orig.  in  Bohemian,  1889).  Has  comp.  a  Missa 
solemnis,  an  Ave  Maria,  motets  a  4-5,  an  organ- 
sonata,  etc. 

Steffa'ni,  Abbate  Agostino,  b.  Castelfranco, 
Venetia,  1655  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  1730.  A 
choir-boy  at  San  Marco,  Venice,  his  beautiful  so- 
prano voice  so  charmed  Count  Tattenbach  that 
he  obtained  permission  to  take  the  boy  to  Munich, 
where  he  was  trained  from  1667  by  Kerl  at  the 
Elector's  expense,  becoming  court  and  chamber- 
musician  in  1670.  After  study  in  Rome  (1673-4), 
he  became  court  organist  in  1675  ;  took  holv  or- 
ders in  1680  ;  and  prod,  his  first  opera,  Marco 
Aurelio,  in  16S1,  about  this  time  being  made 
director  of  the  Elector's  chamber-music  (with 
Bernabei).  Other  operas  (//  So/one,  Audacia  c 
rispelto,  Servio  Tttllio,  Alarico,  and  Niobe)  fol- 
lowed ;  in  1688,  a  year  after  Bernabei's  death,  he 
went  to  Hanover  as  court  Kapcllnt.  Here  he 
brought  out  the  opera  Enrico  del  to  il  Leone  in 
1689,  the  orchestration  of  which  is  noteworthy 
(besides  the  string-quartet,  there  are  flutes,  oboes, 
bassoons,  3  trumpets,  and  drums  ;  all  the  wind- 
instr.s  have  obbligato  passages)  ;  further,  La  lotta 
di  Alcide  con  Acheloo  [Acheloos]  (1689),  La  su- 
perbia  d'Alcssandro  (1691),  Orlando  gcneroso 
(1691),  Le  rivali  concord/'  (1692),  La  liberta  con- 
centa  (1693),  L  trionfi  del  fato  (1695  ;  at  Ham- 
burg, 1699,  in  German,  as  Das  machtige  GescJ/ick 
bei  Lavinia  und  Dido);  Briseide j  Alcibiade ; 
Atalanta ;  Arminio  (Diisseldorf,  1707);  Tas- 
siloue  (ibid.,  1709),  and  Enea  (Hanover,  1709). 
Long  before  this,  however,  his  services  had  been 
more  in  requisition  as  a  diplomatist  than  as  a  mu- 
sician ;  in  1696  he  had  brought  to  a  triumphant 
conclusion  the  delicate  negotiations  for  the  crea- 
tion of  a  ninth  Elector  of  Brunswick,  being  re- 
warded by  the  appointment  as  Bishop  of  Spiga 
(in  partibus)  ;  from  169S  he  was  privy  councillor 
and  Papal  Protonotary  at  Diisseldorf,  though  still 
holding  his  position  as  Kapellm.  at  Hanover  till 
1710,  when  he  joyfully  relinquished  it  to  Handel. 
Some  works  of  the  later  epoch  were  prod,  under 
the  name  of  his  copyist,  Gregorio  Piva.  —  Publ. 
works:  "  Psalmodia  vespertina "  a  8  (1674); 
"  Janus  Quadrifrons  3  vocibus  vel  2  qualibet  prae- 
termissa  modulandus  "  (1685  ;  motets  a  3,  w.  con- 
tinuo  ;  any  voice  may  be  omitted  at  pleasure)  ; 
"  Sonate  da  camera  a  2  violini,  alto  e  continuo  " 
(1679) ;  "  Duetti  da  camera  a  soprano  e  contralto 
con  il  basso  continuo"  (1683;  historically  im- 
portant and  intrinsically  valuable)  ;  and  the  pam- 


560 


STEFFENS— STEIBELT 


phlet  "  Quanta  certezza  habbia  da'  suoi  principj 
la  musica "  (Amsterdam,  1695;  German  by 
Werckmeister,  1699,  and  Albrecht,  1760). — Cf. 
"  Ausden  Papieren  des  kurpfalzischen  Ministers 
Agostino  Steffani  "  (1885). 

Stef'fens,  Julius,  b.  Stargard,  Pomerania, 
July  12,  1831  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Mar.  4,  1882.  Fine 
'cellist  ;  pupil  of  Ganz  at  Berlin,  and  Schuberth 
at  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  joined  the  Imp.  orch. 
Tours  with  Jaell  and  Vieuxtemps. — Publ.  2  'cello- 
concertos  ;  also  pieces  f.  'cello. 

Steggall,  Charles,  b.  London,  June  3,  1826. 
In  1847,  pupil  of  Bennett  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  be- 
coming prof,  of  organ  and  harmony  there  in  1851, 
and  taking  degrees  of  Mus.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc. 
at  Cambridge.  Since  1864,  organist  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  Chapel.  Hon.  Sec.  to  the  Bach  Soc.  from 
1849  till  its  dissolution  in  1870. — Works  :  Psalm 
105,  f.  soli,  double  chorus,  and  orch.  ;  Psalm  33  ; 
Magnificat,  Nunc  dimittis,  Cantate  Domino,  and 
Deus  misereatur,  w.  orch.  ;  Morning  and  Even- 
ing service  in  F  ;  anthems  ;  an  Instruction-Book 
f.  organ  ;  organ-music.  Edited  "Church  Psal- 
mody" (1848)  ;  "  Hymns,  Ancient  and  Modern" 
(1889) ;  etc. — His  son,  Reginald,  b.  London, 
Apr.  7,  1867,  st.  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  where  (since 
1895)  he  is  prof,  of  organ-playing  ;  is  also  asst- 
org.  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel. — Works  :  Mass  w. 
orch.  and  organ  ;  Festival  Evening  Service  w. 
orch.  ;  dram,  scene,  "  Alcestis  "  ;  a  symphony, 
3  overtures,  a  concert-piece  f.  org.  w.  orch.  ;  or- 
gan-music, etc. 

Steg'mann,  Karl  David,  b.  Dresden,  1751  ; 
d.  Bonn,  May  27,  1S26.  Pupil  of  Zillich,  Homi- 
lius  and  Weisse  (vln.)  ;  debut  as  tenor  at  Bres- 
lau,  1772  ;  sang  at  Konigsberg,  and  became  Con- 
certmeister  to  the  Prince-Bishop  of  Ermeland. 
In  1778  Kapellm.,  in  1798  a  Director,  of  the 
Hamburg  opera.  He  wrote  some  ten  operas ; 
ballets;  12  symphonies;  etc.;  publ.  pf. -music 
and  songs. 

Steg'mayer,  Ferdinand,  b.  Vienna,  Aug. 
25,  1S03  ;  d.  there  May  6,  1863.  Son  and  pupil 
of  the  actor-poet  S.  ("  Rochus  Pumpernickel  ")  ; 
also  taught  by  Triebensee  and  Seyfried  ;  was 
chorusmaster  at  Linz  and  Vienna,  then  (1825) 
music  -  director  at  the  Konigstadter  Th.,  Ber- 
lin ;  cond.  of  the  Roeckel  German  opera-troupe 
in  Paris  (1829-30),  theatre-cond.  at  Leipzig, 
Bremen,  and  Prague  ;  from  1848  at  the  Joseph- 
stadter  Th.,  Vienna,  where  he  was  also  teacher 
of  dramatic  and  choral  singing  at  the  Cons. 
(1835-7),  and  co-founder,  with  Aug.  Schmidt,  in 
185S,  of  the  Singakademie. — Publ.  2  graduals 
and  an  offertory  f.  male  voices  ;  pf. -pieces,  songs, 
etc. 

StehTe,  Gustav  Eduard,  b.  Steinhausen, 
Wiirttemberg,  Feb.  17,  1839.  Kapellm.  at  St. 
Gallen  Cath.;  wrote  a  symphonic  tone-picture, 
"  Saul,"  f.  organ. 

Stei'belt,  Daniel,  noted  pf. -virtuoso;  b.  Ber- 
lin, 1765  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  20.  1S23.  A 
pupil  of  Kirnberger  for  theory  and  pf. -playing,  he 

36  56 


came  out  early  ;  publ.  sonatas  for  pf.  and  violin 
as  op.  1  and  2  at  Munich,  1788  ;  and  in  1789  was 
giving  concerts  inSax- 
ony,  Hanover,  and 
Mannheim,  proceed- 
ing to  Paris  in  1790. 
After  vanquishing 
Johann  David  Her- 
mann and  Igna2 
Pleyel,  he  became  the 
reigning  pianist  and 
favorite  teacher  in 
Paris  ;  his  composi- 
tions found  ready  sale ; 
and  the  triumph  of 
his  first  opera,  Romeo 
et  Juliette  (Th.  Fey- 
deau,  1793),  would 
have  rendered  his  position  impregnable,  despite 
his  arrogance  and  bad  manners,  had  he  not  sold 
to  his  publisher,  Boyer,  the  above-named  sona- 
tas as  something  new.  This  was  temporarily 
smoothed  over  ;  but  further  questionable  trans- 
actions, and  increasing  debts,  obliged  S.  to  leave 
Paris  in  1797.  He  stayed  some  time  in  London, 
winning  plaudits  as  player  and  composer  ;  the 
finale  of  his  3rd  concerto,  "  l'Orage,  precede  d'un 
rondeau  pastoral,"  became  as  fashionably  popu- 
lar as  Koczwara's  "  Battle  of  Prague,"  for  half 
a  century  the  show-piece  of  drawing-rooms.  In 
1799  he  began  a  German  tour  in  Hamburg,  going 
thence  to  Dresden,  Prague,  Berlin,  and  Vienna, 
where  his  challenge  to  Beethoven  ended  in  sad 
discomfiture.  In  1800  he  brought  out  Haydn's 
Creation  at  Paris,  for  the  first  time,  with  great 
success,  he  himself  acting  as  cembalist  ;  but  soon 
had  to  take  flight,  and  settled  in  London  until 
1805,  when  he  revisited  Paris  for  the  last  time, 
remained  there  3  years,  and  in  1808  suddenly 
started  on  a  concert-tour,  playing  in  Frankfort, 
Leipzig,  Breslau,  and  Warsaw,  and  settling  in 
St.  Petersburg,  where  he  succeeded  Boieldieu, 
in  1810,  as  cond.  of  the  French  Opera  and  Imp. 
court  cond.;  here  he  prod.  2  new  operas,  and 
some  earlier  ones. — S.'s  music  is  hardiy  played 
now-a-days,  and  the  greater  part  probably  merits 
oblivion  ;  but  Fetis  bestows  warm  praise  on  the 
sonatas  and  concertos  (works  of  his  first  period, 
before  pressing  need  had  forced  him  to  write 
hastily  and  carelessly).  He  publ.  5  pf.-con- 
certos,  37  sonatas  w.  violin,  29  solo  sonatas 
and  sonatinas,  15  rondos,  18  fantasias,  etc.; 
among  the  best  are  50  Etudes,  op.  7S  ;  a  sonata 
in  E  [),  op.  45  ;  a  rondo  in  B  [7,  "  Le  Berger  et 
son  troupeau  "  ;  the  Elegie  on  the  death  of  Prince 
Soltykoff ;  and  a  duo  for  2  pf.s.  Pieces  which 
created  a  sensation  in  their  day  are  "Combat 
naval,"  op.  41,  the  Sonate  martiale,  op.  82,  the 
"  Bataille  de  Gemappe  et  de  Neerwinde,"  "  Die 
Zerstorung  von  Moskwa,"  and  the  "Storm" 
rondo  mentioned  above — all  trashy  "program- 
music."  His  "  Me'thode  de  Piano"  had  con- 
siderable vogue.  His  chef d'eezevre  is  probably 
the  opera  Rome'o  et  Juliette  ;  besides  which  he 
prod.  5  other  operas,  and  5  ballets. — German 


STEIN— STENDHAL 


criticism  of  S.  is  unanimously  unfavorable  ; 
Grove's  Diet,  contains  an  interesting  and  impar- 
tial sketch  of  his  life  and  works. 

Stein,  Johann  Andreas,  inventor  of  the 
"German"  (Viennese)  pf. -action  ;  b.  Heides- 
heim,  Palatinate,  1728  ;  d.  Augsburg,  Feb.  29, 
1792.  Trained  in  Silbermann's  workshops  at 
Strassburg,  he  was  a  noted  organ-builder  and 
famous  piano-maker  {cf.  "Mozart's  Briefe "). 
The  business  was  carried  on  by  his  son,  M. 
Andreas,  and  daughter,  Nanette  Streicher 
[see  Streicher],  who  removed  to  Vienna  in 
1802. 

Stein,  Eduard,  b.  Kleinschirma,  Saxony, 
1818  ;  d.  Sondershausen,  Mar.  16,  1864,  as  court 
cond.  (since  1853).  His  concerto  f.  double-bass, 
op.  9,  is  noted. 

Stein,  Theodor,  b.  Altona,  1819.  Concert- 
pianist,  appearing  at  12  ;  since  1872,  prof,  of 
pf. -playing  at  St.  Petersburg  Cons. 

Stein'bach,  Emil,  b.  Lengenrieden,  Baden, 
Nov.  14,  1849.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons. ;  since 
1877,  cond.  of  the  Mayence  town-orch.  Has 
comp.  orch.l  music,  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. 
— His  brother  and  pupil,  Fritz,  b.  Gri'insfeld, 
Baden,  June  17,  1855  ;  st.  at  Leipzig  Cons. 
(1873)  ;  won  the  Mozart  Scholarship  ;  1880-6, 
2nd  Kapellm.  at  Mayence  ;  since  1886,  court 
cond.  at  Meiningen. — Publ.  a  septet,  op.  7  ;  a 
'cello-sonata  ;  songs. 

Stein'del,  Bruno  (I.),  b.  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
about  1864.  Excellent  'cellist,  for  3  years  1st 
'cello  in  the  Berlin  Philharm.  under  v.  Biilow  ; 
do.  in  the  Chicago  Orch.,  under  Th.  Thomas, 
since  its  establishment.- — Bruno  (II. ),  pianist ; 
b.  Miinchen-Gladbach,  Germany,  1890.  His  fa- 
ther, mus.  dir.  in  that  town,  is  his  teacher.  S. 
gave  public  concerts  as  early  as  1896  ;  has  played 
since  in  many  German  cities,  also  in  London, 
etc. — Program  at  Leipzig  (Hotel  de  Prusse), 
Apr.  28,  1898  :  2  Preludes  (Bach)  ;  F-major  so- 
nata (Mozart) ;  Nocturne  in  E[?,  and  Fantaisie- 
Impromptuin  C #min.  (Chopin);  Songw.  Words 
(Mendelss.)  ;  2  little  pieces  (Schumann)  ;  "  Seil- 
springer"  (Mtiller-Reuter)  ;  Impromptu  op.  90, 
No.  4  (Schubert)  ;  Tarantella  (Heller)  ;  Mazurka 
(Godard) ;  Elfentanz-Etude  (Sapellnikoff)  ;  Vo- 
gel-Caprice  (Blattermann). 

Stei'ner,  Jakob.     See  Stainer. 

Stein'graber,  Theodor,  b.  Neustadt-on-the- 
Orla,  Jan.  25,  1830.  Founder  and  head  of  the 
Hanover  music-publishing  firm,  since  1890  in 
Leipzig.  Author  (under  the  pseudonym  "  Gus- 
tav  Damm  ")  of  a  pf.-method. 

Steinway  &  Sons,  renowned  piano-manu- 
facturers in  New  York  and  Hamburg.  The 
founder  of  the  firm,  Heinrich  Engelhard 
Steinweg ;  b.  Wolfshagen,  Ilarz,  Feb.  15, 
1797  ;  d.  New  York,  Feb.  7,  1871.  He  learned 
cabinet-making  and  organ-building  at  Goslar, 
and  went  to  Seesen  about  1820,  beginning  as  a 
journeyman  organ-builder,  also  working  as  a 
joiner.     He  married  in  1825.    In  his  ambition  to 


establish  a  business  of  his  own,  he  worked 
through  many  a  night  on  his  first  piano,  which 
combined  the  merits  of  old  English  and  the 
(then)  new  German  instr.s.  It  found  ready  sale, 
and  S.  bent  his  energies  to  pf. -construction  ;  in 
1S39  he  exhibited  1  grand,  1  3-stringed  square, 
and  1  2-stringed  square  at  the  Brunswick  State 
Fair.  The  Revolution  of  1848  caused  him  to 
emigrate  to  New  York  in  1850  with  four  sons 
[Charles,  b.  Seesen,  Jan.  4,  1829 ;  d.  there 
Mar.  31,  1865  ; — Henry,  b.  Seesen,  Oct.,  1829; 
d.  New  York,  Mar.  11,  1865  ; — William,  b. 
Seesen,  Mar.  5,  1836  ;  d.  New  York,  Nov.  30, 
1896; — and  Albert,  b.  Seesen,  June  10,  1840; 
d.  New  York,  May  14,  1877],  leaving  the  Ger- 
man business  at  Seesen  in  charge  of  the  eldest 
son,  Theodor  (b.  Seesen,  Nov.  6,  1825  ;  d. 
Brunswick,  Mar.  26,  1S89).  For  3  years,  father 
and  sons  worked  in  different  New  York  fac- 
tories ;  in  1853  they  established  a  factory  of  their 
own  under  the  above  firm-name  ;  their  remark- 
able prosperity  dates  from  1855,  when  they  took 
1st  prize  for  overstrung  pianos  (squares)  with 
cast-iron  frame  at  the  N.  Y.  Industrial  Exhibi- 
tion. Among  the  very  numerous  prizes,  medals, 
etc.,  since  awarded,  may  be  mentioned  1st  prize 
medal  at  London,  1862  ;  1st  grand  gold  medal  of 
honor  for  all  styles  at  Paris,  1867  (by  unanimous 
verdict);  and  diploma  for  "highest  degree  of 
excellence  in  all  styles"  at  Philadelphia,  1876. — 
In  1865  Theodore  S.  gave  up  the  Brunswick- 
business  [see  Steinweg],  and  became  a  full 
partner  in  the  New  York  firm,  which  is  now  the 
largest  establ.  of  its  kind  in  the  world.  At  pres- 
ent (1899)  the  officers  of  the  corporation  are 
Charles  H.  Steinway  (pres.),  Frederick  T.  Stein- 
way (vice-pres.),  Charles  F.  Tretbar  (treas.), 
Nahum  Stetson  (seer.),  all  of  whom,  with  Henry 
Ziegler,  constitute  the  board  of  directors.  His- 
tory of  the  firm  is  in  "  Contemporary  Amer. 
Biography "  ;  also  in  a  reprint  from  the  same 
(New  York,  1895)  ;  and  in  the  "  Illustrated 
Pamphlet"  publ.  by  the  firm. 

Steinweg.  Original  name  of  the  Steinway 
family.  Theodor  S.  continued  the  Seesen  busi- 
ness until  1859,  then  removing  to  Brunswick, 
and  carrying  it  on  there  till  1865,  when  it  was 
taken  over  by  Grotrian,  Helferich  &  Schulz, 
Theodor  Steinweg  Nachfolger  [i.e.,  "G.,  H.  & 
S.,  successors  to  T.  S."],  this  firm-name  being 
registered  in  1869. 

Stel'zner,  Dr.  Alfred,  of  Wiesbaden,  now 
(1S99)  living  in  Dresden,  is  the  inventor  of  the 
Violotta  and  Cellone,  etc.,  stringed  instr.s  con- 
structed on  a  new  system  (by  Weidemann  at 
Wiesbaden),  for  which  he  claims  increased  so- 
nority. 

Stendhal,  pen-name  of  Marie-Henri  Beyle, 
b.  Grenoble,  Jan.  23,  1783  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  23, 
1842.  A  military  official  under  Napoleon.  As 
"Stendhal"  he  publ.,  in  1S23,  a  "Vie  de  Ros- 
sini" plagiarized  in  great  part  from  Carpani's 
"  Le  Rossiniane  "  ;  and  "Vies  de  Flaydn,  Mo- 
zart et  Metastase"  in  1817  (a  reprint  of  a  former 


562 


STEPHENS— STEVENSON 


plagiarization,  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Rom- 
bet,"  of  Carpani's  "  Le  Haydine").  The  latter 
was  publ.  in  English  (1817)  as  "  Eives  of  Haydn 
and  Mozart." 

Stephens,  Catherine,  soprano  singer  in 
opera  and  concert  ;  b.  London,  Dec.  18,  1791 
[Sept.  iS,  1794  ?]  ;  d.  there  Feb.  22,  18S2.  From 
1813-35  she  occupied  a  leading  position  in  Lon- 
don mus.  life  ;  married  the  octogenarian  Earl  of 
Essex  in  1S38.  On  the  stage  she  was  known  as 
"  Kitty  Stephens." — Her  nephew, 

Stephens,  Charles  Edward,  b.  London, 
Mar.  iS,  1821  ;  d.  there  July  13,  1S92.  Pianist 
and  teacher,  also  organist  at  several  London 
churches  till  1875.  His  chief  instructors  were 
C.  Potter  (pf.),  Blagrove  (vln.),  and  Hamilton 
(theory).  In  1850,  Associate,  in  1857  full  mem- 
ber, of  the  Philharm. ,  later  Director  and  Treas. ; 
1865,  F.  C.  O.;  1870,  Hon.  member  of  the  R. 
A.  M.;  1874,  OTlS-  member  of  the  Mus.  Assoc. 
— Works  :  Orch.l  and  chamber-music  (2  sym- 
phonies ;  2  string-quartets  ;  a  pf. -quartet  ;  a  pf.- 
trio  ;  etc.)  ;  pf. -pieces  (sonata  in  Ab  ;  Duo  bril- 
lant  in  E,  f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  Duo  concertant  in  G, 
and  another  in  C,  f.  2  pf.s)  ;  organ-music,  glees, 
songs,  church-music. 

Ster'kel,  Abbe  Johann  Franz  Xaver,  b. 
Wiirzburg,  Dec.  3,  1750;  d.  Mayence,  Oct.  12, 
1S17.  Distinguished  amateur  composer  ;  in 
1778  court  chaplain  and  organist  at  Mayence, 
from  1793  Kapellm.  and  canon.  Founded  a 
singing-school  in  Ratisbon,  1807  ;  returned  to 
Mayence  in  1S14. — Publ.  10  symphonies,  2 
overtures,  6  pf. -concertos,  a  string-quintet,  6 
trios  f.  violins  and  'cello,  6  duos  f.  vln.  and  viola, 
violin-sonatas,  pf. -sonatas  f.  2  and  4  hands, 
rondos  (the  "Rondo  comique"  was  popular), 
canzonettas,  songs,  duets,  etc. 

Sterling,  Antoinette,  alto  singer  in  concert 
and  oratorio  ;  b.  Sterlingville,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  23, 
1850.  Pupil  of  Mme.  Marchesi  (Cologne),  Mme. 
Viardot  -  Garcia  (Baden-Baden),  and  Manuel 
Garcia  (London).  Returning  to  America,  she 
gave  successful  song-recitals,  and  for  a  time  sang 
in  Henry  Ward  Beecher's  Ch.,  at  Brooklyn  ;  then 
went  to  London,  making  very  successful  debut  at 
Covent  Garden,  Nov.  5,  1S73,  in  one  of  Riviere's 
Promenade  Concerts.  She  takes  high  rank  in  the 
mus.  world  of  London,  her  permanent  home  ;  in 
1875  she  married  Mr.  MacKinlay. 

Sterling,  Winthrop  S.,  b.  Cincinnati,  1859  ; 
st.  there  in  the  College  of  Music,  and  from  1883 
at  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Zwintscher,  Jadassohn, 
and  Reinecke  (privately  under  R.  Hoffmann, 
comp.,  and  Frau  Unger-Haupt,  voice-training)  ; 
later  in  London  under  Turpin,  Behnke,  and 
Shakespeare,  and  was  organist  of  the  W.  London 
Tabernacle.  Since  1887,  head  of  organ-depart- 
ment, and  teacher  of  singing  and  comp.,  at  the 
Cincin.  Coll.  of  Music. 

Stern,  Georg  Friedrich  Theophile,  b. 
Strassburg,  July  24,  1S03  ;  d.  there  in  Dec,  18S6. 
From  1S41,  organist  at  the  New  Temple  (Prot- 


estant).—  Publ.  7  sets  of  organ-pieces  w.  pedal 
ad  lib.  ;  also  wrote  sacred  cantatas,  pf.-music, 
and  songs. 

Stern,  Julius,  b.  Breslau,  Aug.  S,  1S20  ;  d. 
Berlin,  Feb.  27,  1S83.  Tupil  of  P.  Lustner 
(vln.)  ;  from  1832  of  Maurer,  Ganz,  and  St.  Lu- 
bin,  at  Berlin  ;  later  of  Rungenhagen  at  the  Aka- 
demie.  St.  iS43-6at  Dresden  and  Paris,  and  in 
1847  founded  the  famous  Stern  Gesangverein  in 
Berlin,  conducting  it  until  1874.  With  Kullak 
and  Marx  he  founded  the  Stern  Cons.,  in  1850  ; 
the  others  withdrew  in  1855  and  '57  respectively. 
He  received  the  title  of  "  R.  Music-Director  "  in 
1849,  and  that  of  "  Professor"  in  i860.  From 
1869-71  healsocond.  the  Berlin  Symphony Orch. ; 
from  1873-4,  the  concerts  in  the  "  Reichshalle." 
—  Cf.  "  Erinnerungsblatter  an  Julius  Stern" 
(18S6),  by  Richard  Stern. 

Stern,  Margarethe,  nte  Herr,  b.  Dresden, 
Nov.  25,  1857.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Karl  Kragen, 
Liszt,  and  Frau  Schumann.  In  1881  she  mar- 
ried the  poet  and  literary  historian  Dr.  Adolph 
Stern  of  Dresden. 

Stern,  Leo,  b.  Brighton,  Engl.,  1S70.  'Cel- 
list ;  pupil  of  Piatti,  and  at  Leipzig  of  Klengel 
and  Davidoff.  First  concert-tour  18S8,  with  Pi- 
atti ;  has  played  with  great  applause  in  Germany 
and  France.  American  tour,  1897.  Has  publ. 
solo  pieces  f.  'cello,  and  songs. 

Sternberg,  Constantin  (Ivanovitch,  Edler 
von),  b.  St.  Petersburg,  July  9,  1S52.  Pianist 
and  composer  ;  pupil  1S65-7  of  Moscheles,  Coc- 
cius,  Reinecke,  Brendel,  Richter,  Hauptmann, 
and  David,  at  Leipzig  Cons.  ;  1S72-4,  at  the  Ber- 
lin Akademie,  of  Th.  Kullak,  Wiierst,  and  II. 
Dorn,  visiting  Liszt  in  summer.  1S67-9,  cond. 
of  Briihl  Th.,  Leipzig,  and  asst.-chorusmaster  at 
City  Th.  ;  1870,  cond.  at  Wiirzburg  Th.,  and 
Kissingen  Summer  Th.  ;  1S71,  of  court  opera  at 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz  ;  1S75-7,  Dir.  of  Acad. 
Music-School,  and  court  pianist, at  Mecklenburg- 
Schwerin  ;  1877-9,  concert-tours  in  Germany; 
1879-80,  tour  through  Russia,  Asia  Minor,  and 
Central  Asia;  1880-5,  concert-seasons  in  the 
United  States  ;  1885-9,  Dir-  of  Coll.  of  Music  at 
Atlanta,  Ga.  ;  1890  till  now  (1899),  Dir.  of  the 
"  Sternberg  School  of  Music,"  Philadelphia. 
Still  makes  occasional  short  pianistic  tours. — 
Publ.  works:  2  pf.-trios  ;  "  Danses  cosaques" 
f.  violin  (op.  13)  ;  Fantasia  f.  'cello  (op.  18)  ; 
about  80  salon-pieces  f.  pf.  ;  8  songs  (79  pieces 
with  opus-number). 

Stevens,  Richard  John  Samuel,  b.  London, 
1757  ;  d.  there  Sept.  23,  1837.  One  of  the  most 
popular  of  English  glee-comp.s;  from  1801,  prof, 
of  music  at  Gresham  College.  Publ.  over  40 
glees,  among  them  "  Sigh  no  more,  Ladies," 
"Ye  spotted  snakes,"  "  The  cioud-capt  towers," 
"  Crabbed  Age  and  Youth,"  etc. 

Stevenson,  E.  Irenaeus,  b.  Madison,  N.  J. 
An  indefatigable  musico-literary  pilgrim  in  Eu- 
rope, he  early  began  his  career  as  a  writer.  Has 
been  mus.  editor  of  the  "Independent"  (New 


563 


STEWART— STOBAUS 


York)  since  1881,  and  of  "  Harper's  Weekly" 
since  1895.  As  such  he  is  a  widely-read  and  influ- 
ential musical  journalist,  inclining  towards  con- 
servatism, although  an  outspoken  admirer  of 
much  in  Wagner's  works.  Has  publ.  2  mus. 
novels,  "A  Matter  of  Temperament"  and  "  Sil- 
vester Sard,  Teacher  of  Vocal  Music  "  ;  and  a 
dozen  carefully  finished  sketches,  collected  under 
the  title  "  Some  Men;  and  Women;  and  Music." 

Stewart,  Sir  Robert  Prescott,  b.  Dublin, 
Dec.  16,  1825;  d.  there  Mar.  25,  1894.  Choir- 
boy at,  and  at  18  organist  of,  Christ  Ch.  Cath., 
Dublin;  in  1846,  cond.  of  the  Univ.  Choral  Soc. ; 
in  1851,  Mus.  Doc,  Dublin;  in  1852,  Vicar- 
choral  at  St.  Patrick's;  knighted  in  1872,  and  be- 
came prof,  of  harmony,  etc.,  at  the  R.  Irish  Acad, 
of  Music;  in  1873,  cond.  of  the  Philharm. — 
Works:  Numerous  odes  and  cantatas;  church- 
services,  motets,  anthems;  glees,  songs,  etc. 

Stha'mer-Andriessen,  Pelagie,  dramatic 
soprano  ;  b.  Vienna,  June  20,  1862.  Pupil  of 
Vienna  Cons.,  and  of  Frau  Dreyschock,  Berlin  ; 
sang  with  Neumann's  travelling  opera-troupe, 
from  1384-90  at  Leipzig  City  Th.,  later  at 
Cologne  and  Vienna.  Married  the  architect 
Ende  of  Wannsee,  n.  Berlin,  in  1890. 

Stiastny  [Stastny],  Bernhard  Wenzel,  b. 
Prague,  1760;  d.  there  1S35;  'cellist  in  the  thea- 
tre-orch.  ;  from  1810-12,  prof,  at  the  Cons. 
Wrote  sonatas  and  fugal  pieces  f.  2  'celli,  and  a 
'cello-method. — His  brother,  Franz  Johann 
[Jan],  b.  Prague,  1764,  d.  about  1820;  'cello- vir- 
tuoso in  Prague,  Nuremberg,  and  Mannheim ; 
publ.  a  concertino  f.  'cello,  'cello-duets,  a  diver- 
tissement f.  'cello,  viola,  and  bass,  'cello-sonatas 
w.  bass,  etc. 

Stich,  Jan  Vaclav  [Ger.  Johann  Wenzel ; 

Italianized  his  German  name,  Johann  Stich,  as 
"Giovanni  Punto"],  famous  horn-player;  b.Zchu- 
zicz,  n.  Czaslau,  Bohemia,  1748;  d.  Prague,  Feb. 
16, 1803.  After  brilliant  tours  in  Germany,  Hun- 
gary, and  Italy,  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
Prince-Bishop  of  Wiirzburg  in  1781 ;  in  1782  be- 
came chamber-musician  to  the  Comte  d'Artois 
(later  Charles  X.)at  Paris;  conducted  a  small  vau- 
deville-theatre during  the  Reign  of  Terror;  and 
returned  to  Germany  in  1799,  enchanting  Bee- 
thoven at  Vienna,  who  wrote  a  sonata  (op.  17)  for 
him,  and  played  it  with  him  at  a  concert,  Apr. 
11,  1800.  He  went  to  Prague  in  1801. — Publ. 
14  horn-concertos;  "  Hymne  a  la  liberte,"  w. 
orch. ;  sextet  f.  horn,  clar. ,  bassoon,  and  strings; 
quintet  f.  horn,  flute,  and  strings;  24  quartets  f. 
horn  and  strings ;  20  trios  f .  3  horns ;  duets  f .  2 
horns,  and  f.  horn  and  d.-bass;  studies  f.  horn; 
a  Method  f.  horn  (1798;  revision  of  that  by  his 
teacher,  Hampel) ;  also  string-trios,  and  violin- 
duets. 

Stiehl,  Heinrich  (Franz  Daniel),  b.  Ltibeck, 
Aug.  5,  1829  ;  d.  Reval,  May  I,  18S6.  Organ- 
ist ;  pupil  of  Lobe,  and  of  Moscheles,  Gade,  and 
Hauptmann  at  Leipzig  Cons.  From  1853-66, 
organist  at  St.  Peter's,  and  cond.  of  the   Sing- 


akademie,  at  St.  Petersburg.  After  tours  in 
Germany,  Italy,  and  England,  he  was  cond.  of 
the  St.  Cecilia  Soc.  at  Belfast  1874-8  ;  taught  at 
Hastings  ;  and  from  1880  was  organist  at  Reval, 
and  cond.  of  the  Sii/gakadeniie. — Works  :  2 
operettas,  Der  Schatzgraber,  and  Jcry  und 
Bately  ;  pantomimic  intermezzo  Schneewittchen  : 
"  Ouverture  triomphale  "  and  "  Die  Vision,"  f. 
orch. ;  the  choral  work  Elfetikonigiti  ;  a  string- 
quartet  (op.  172);  3  pf. -trios  ;  a  'cello-sonata; 
several  violin-sonatas  ;  5  Fantasiestiicke  f.  pf. 
(op.  58);  4  pf. -pieces,  "In  lonely  hours"  (op. 
75)  ;  4  "  Musical  Portraits,"  f.  pf.  (op.  166)  ; 
songs  ("Psalter  und  Harfe  ")  ;  etc.  —  His 
brother, 

Stiehl,  Karl  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Liibeck, 
July  12,  1826.  Organist  ;  since  1878  cond.  of 
the  Alusikvcrein  and  Singakadenrie  at  Ltibeck  ; 
is  also  mus.  critic  for  the  Liibeck  "  Zeitung," 
and  custodian  of  the  mus.  section  in  the  Ltibeck 
Library. — Publ.  "  Zur  Geschichte  der  Instru- 
mentalmusik  in  Liibeck  "  (1885) ;  "  Liibeckisches 
Tonkiinstler-Lexikon"  (1887);  and  "  Musik- 
geschichte  der  Stadt  Ltibeck"  (1891). 

Stieh/le,    Ludwig   Maximilian   Adolf,  b. 

Frankfort,  Aug.  19,  1850.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of 
Vieuxtemps,  Hermann,  and  Joachim  ;  in  1872 
he  joined  Alard's  Quartet  at  Paris  ;  in  1873,  that 
of  the  Baron  von  Derwies,  at  Nice  ;  in  1875,  the 
Hochberg  Quartet  ;  now  living  at  Basel,  where 
he  gives  quartet-W/'t'r.f  with  Hans  Huber. 

Stigel'li,  Giorgio,  \recte  Georg  Stie'gele,] 
celebrated  German  tenor  ;  b.  about  1S20  ;  d.  in 
his  villa  Boschetti,  n.  Monza,  Italy,  July  3,  1868. 
Made  long  concert-tours  in  Germany,  and  1864-5 
in  America.  Comp.  several  songs,  among  them 
the  popular  "  Die  schonsten  Augen." 

Stirling,  Elizabeth,  b.  Greenwich,  Engl., 
Feb.  26,  1819  ;  d.  London,  Mar.  25,  1895. 
Pupil  of  W.  B.  Wilson  and  E.  Holmes  (org.  and 
pf.);  J.  A.  Hamilton  and  G.  A.  Macfarren 
(comp.).  In  1839,  organist  of  All  Saints',  Pop- 
lar, and  1858-80  of  St.  Andrew's,  Undershaft. 
In  1853  she  passed  the  examination  for  the  de- 
gree of  Mus.  Bac.  at  Oxford  (her  exercise  was 
Psalm  130  a  5,  w.  orch.),  but  did  not  receive  the 
degree,  there  being  no  precedent  for  conferring 
it  upon  a  woman.  Married  F.  A.  Bridge  in 
1863. — Publ.  6  "  Pedal-Fugues"  and  other  ex- 
cellent organ-pieces  ;  some  part-songs  won  great 
popularity  (e.g.,  "All  among  the  barley"). 

Stoba'us,  Johann,  b.  Graudenz,  W.  Prus- 
sia, July  6,  1580;  d.  Konigsberg,  Sept.  11, 
1646.  Important  church-composer  ;  pupil  of 
Jon.  Eccard  at  Konigsberg,  where  he  also  at- 
tended the  Univ.;  1601,  bass  singer  in  the 
Electoral  chapel  ;  1602,  cantor  of  the  cathedral- 
school;  1627,  Electoral  Kapellm. — Works: 
"Cantiones  sacrae  5-10  vocum  item  Magnifi- 
cat" (1624)  ;  many  songs  for  special  occasions  ; 
and  contributed  to  Eccard's  ' '  Preussische  Fest- 
lieder"  a  5-8  (2  parts,  1642,  '44  ;  new  ed.  1S58); 
and  "  Geistliche  Lieder"  motets  a  5  (1634). 


564 


STOCKHAUSEN— STRADELLA 


Stock'hausen,  Julius,  son  of  the  harpist  and 
comp.  Franz  S.  [1792-1868]  ;  eminent  baritone 
vocalist  and  teacher  ;  b.  Paris,  July  22,  1826. 
Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.,  and  of  Manuel  Garcia  in 
London,  soon  winning  renown  as  a  concert- 
singer.  From  1862-7,  cond.  the  Philharm. 
Concerts  and  the  Singakademie  at  Hamburg  ; 
1S69-70,  chamber-singer  at  Stuttgart  ;  1874-8, 
cond.  of  the  Stern  Gesangverein  at  Berlin ; 
1878-9,  teacher  of  singing  at  the  Hoch  Cons., 
Frankfort-on-Main  ;  after  Raff's  death  in  1882 
he  resumed  the  professorship  at  the  Cons.,  re- 
tiring in  189S,  since  when  he  has  given  private 
lessons  only.  He  has  publ.  a  Method  of  Sing- 
ing, in  2  parts. — His  brother, 

Stock'hausen,  Franz,  b.  Gebweiler,  Alsa- 
tia,  Jan.  30,  1839.  Pupil  of  Alkan  at  Paris, 
and  of  Moscheles,  Richter,  and  Hauptmahn  at 
Leipzig  Cons.,  1860-2  ;  from  1868,  cond.  of  the 
"  Soc.  de  chant  sacre  "  at  Strassburg  (resigned 
1879),  and  mus.  dir.  at  the  cathedral  ;  since  1871, 
Director  of  the  Strassburg  Cons.  Received  the 
title  of  "  R.  Professor  "  in  1892. 

Stojow'ski,  Sigismund,  b.  Strelce,  Poland, 
May  2,  1870.  Pianist,  pupil  of  L.  Zelenski  at 
Cracow,  and  of  Die'mer  (pf.)  and  Delibes 
(comp.)  at  the  Paris  Cons.  18S7-9,  winning  1st 
prizes  for  pf. -playing  and  composition.  St.  later 
under  Paderewski.  At  an  orch.l  concert  of  his 
own  works,  given  in  Paris,  1891,  he  prod,  a  pf.- 
concerto  in  F$  min.  At  present  (1899)  residing 
in  Paris. — Works:  Pf. -concerto  ;  Suite  f.  orch.; 
Variations  f.  orch.;  Var.s  and  Fugue  f.  string- 
quartet;  Romance,  op.  15,  f.  violin  and  orch.; 
graceful  and  effective  pf. -music. 

Victorine  Nob,]  b. 

Fine    mezzo-soprano  ; 

sang  at  Brussels,  and 

Opera,    Paris.     Other 

Ternaux  "  and  "  Mile. 


■:te 


Stoltz,  Rosine,  [ 
Paris,    Feb.    13,     1815. 
pupil  of  Choron's  school 
1837-47    at    the    Grand 
stage-names  were  "  Mme 
Heloise." 

Stol'tzer,  Thomas,  b.  Silesia,  about  1490  ; 
d.  Ofen,  Aug.  29,  1526,  as  R.  Kapellm. — Comp.s 
in  Graphaus'  "  Novum  et  insigne  opus,"  1537  ; 
Petrejus'  Coll.  of  Psalms,  1538-9  ;  Rhaw's 
"  Bicinia,"  1543  ;  etc. 

Stol'zel    [Stolzl],    Gottfried  Heinrich,  b. 

Grunstadtl,  Saxony,  Jan.  30,  1690  ;  d.  Gotha, 
Nov.  27,  1749.  Pupil  of  cantor  Umlauf  at 
Schneeberg,  and  Melchior  Hofmann  at  Leipzig  ; 
taught  at  Breslau,  and  there  prod,  his  first  opera, 
Narcissus,  in  1711,  followed  by  Valeria,  Artemi- 
sia and  Orion  at  Naumburg  (all  171 2).  After  a 
journey  to  Italy,  and  a  sojourn  in  Prague  (bring- 
ing out  Venus  und  Adonis,  1714  ;  Acts  und 
Galathea,  1715  ;  and  Das  dnrch  die  Liebe  besiegte 
Gliick,  1716),  he  went  to  Bayreuth  {Diomedes, 
1717),  Gera,  and  in  1719  became  court  cond.  at 
Gotha  {Der  .  Mtisenberg,  1723). — Works  :  22 
operas  ;  the  pastoral  Rosen  und  Dornen  ;  14  ora- 
torios ;  8  double  sets  of  cantatas  and  motets  for 
the  church-year;  masses;  symphonies,  serenades, 
and  table-music  ;  etc.  (all  MS.). 


Stol'zenberg,  Benno,  stage-tenor  ;  b.  K6- 
nigsberg,  Feb.  25,  1829.  Pupil  of  Mantius  and 
H.  Dorn  ;  debut  at  Konigsberg,  1S52,  as  Alma- 
viva  ;  sang  with  great  success  on  several  stages, 
notably  at  Karlsruhe  ("chamber-singer"),  and 
Leipzig  (from  1876) ;  Director  of  Danzig  City 
Th.  1878-82  ;  then  taught  singing  in  Berlin,  and 
in  1885  became  teacher  of  solo  singing  at  Cologne 
Cons.;  since  1896,  Dir.  of  a  vocal  school  for 
opera  and  concert,  at  Berlin. 

Sto'pel,  Franz  (David  Christoph),  b.  Ober- 
heldrungen.  Saxony,  Nov.  14,  1794  ;  d.  Paris, 
Dec.  19,  1836.  Noteworthy  as  the  introducer 
(1S22)  of  Logier's  method  of  pf.-teaching  in 
Berlin  ;  later  in  other  cities,  finally  in  Paris  ; 
nowhere  with  striking  success. — Publ.  "  System 
der  Harmonielehre "  (after  Logier ;  1825); 
"  Grundztige  der  Geschichte  der  modernen 
Musik  "  (1821)  ;  "  Beitrage  zur  Wiirdigung  der 
neuen  Methode  des  gleichzeitigen  Unterrichts 
einer  Mehrzahl  Schuler  im  Pianofortespiel  und 
der  Theorie  der  Harmonie  "  (1823)  ;  "  Ueber  J. 
B.  Logiers  System  der  Musikwissenschaft " 
(1827)  ;  etc. 

Stor,  Karl,  b.  Stolberg,  Harz,  June  29,  1814; 
d.  Weimar,  Jan.  17,  1S89.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of 
Gotze  and  Lobe  at  Weimar  ;  in  1S27,  court  musi- 
cian ;  in  1S57  he  was  app.  court  cond.,  but  in  a 
few  years  failing  eyesight  compelled  his  resigna- 
tion.— Works  :  Opera  Die  Fluchl  (Weimar, 
1S43)  ;  "  Tonbilder  zu  Schillers  Lied  von  der 
Glocke"  f.  orch. ;  overtures  ;  ballets  ;  a  Stand- 
chen  f.  'cello  w.  orch. ;  male  choruses  ;  songs. 

Storace,  Stephen,  b.  London,  1763  ;  d. 
there  Mar.  ig,  1796.  Pupil  of  his  father,  a 
noted  double-bass  player,  and  of  the  Cons,  di  S. 
Onofrio  at  Naples.  Brought  out  a  comic  Italian 
opera  at  Vienna  ;  lived  in  London  as  composer 
to  the  principal  theatres.  He  prod.  18  stage- 
works,  besides  adaptations  of  Dittersdorf  s 
Doctor  und  Apotlickcr  and  Salieri's  Grotia  di 
Trofonio. — His  sister,  Anna  Selina  (1766- 
1817),  was  a  famous  stage-soprano  (coloratura), 
a  pupil  of  Sacchini  in  Venice. 

Storch,  M.  Anton,  b.  Vienna,  Dec.  22, 
1813  ;  d.  there  Dec.  31,  1SS8.  Kapellm.  at  the 
Carl  and  Josephstadter  Theatres.  Wrote  many 
favorite  quartets  for  male  voices  ("  Letzte 
Treue,"  "  Griin  "  ) ;  also  music  to  burlesques. 

Sto'we,  Gustav,  b.  Potsdam,  July  4,  1835  ; 
d.  there  Apr.  30,  1S91.  Pupil  of  the  Stern- 
Marx  Cons,  at  Berlin  ;  also  of  Marx  (comp.) 
and  Zech  (pf.).  Founder  (1875)  and  lifelong 
director  of  the  Potsdam  School  of  Music. — Publ. 
"  Die  Klaviertechnik,dargestelltals  musikalisch- 
physiologische  Bewegungslehre "  (18S6  ;  thor- 
ough analysis  of  the  elements  of  piano-touch)  ; 
also  papers  in  Breslaur's  "  Klavierlehre  "  ;  pf.- 
pieces  ;  songs. 

StradePla,  Alessandro,  famous  Italian  com- 
poser of  the  17th  century.  His  career  is  shrouded 
in  mystery,  not  even  place  or  date  of  his  birth  or 
death  being  known.     It  is  supposed  that  he  was 


565 


STRADIVARI— STRAUSS 


born  in  Naples  or  Venice  about  1645,  and  died 
in  Genoa  after  July  6,  1681  (the  date  borne  by 
his  cantata  II  Barcheggid).  He  is  the  hero  of 
Flotow's  opera,  which  is  founded  on  a  story 
narrated  by  Bonnet-Bourdelot  in  "  Histoire  de 
la  musique  et  de  ses  effets  "  (Paris,  1715). — Ex- 
tant works  :  Oratorios  San  Giovaimi  Battista,  a  5 
w.  instr.s  (publ.  1676),  and  Susanna  (1681)  ;  the 
operas  Corispero  (1665  ?),  Orazio  Code  sul  ponte 
(1666?),  Trespulo  tutore  (1667),  La  forza  del 
amore paterno  (1678),  the  cantata  //  Barcheggio 
(16S1)  ;— 148  MSS.  in  the  Modena  Library, 
incl.  8  oratorios  and  11  dramas  (cf.  Catelani, 
"  Delle  opera  di  A.  Stradella"  in  the  above 
library  ;  Modena,  1866)  ; — cantatas  in  the  Na- 
ples Cons.  Library  ;  21  cantatas  in  the  library  of 
San  Marco,  Venice  (10  publ.  by  L.  Escudier,  w. 
pf.-accomp.  by  Halevy)  ; — others  in  the  Paris 
Nat.  Library,  and  at  the  Cons. ; — 1  motet  and 
8  cantatas  at  Christchurch  Library,  Oxford  ;  a 
number  of  cantatas,  madrigals,  arias,  duets,  etc., 
in  the  British  Museum  ;  etc. — The  church-aria 
"  Pieta,  Signore,"  and  the  arias  "O  del  mio 
dolce  ardor"  and  "  Se  i  miei  sospiri  "  have  been 
wrongly  attributed  to  S. — See  Catelani's  work 
above,  and  the  monograph  by  P.  Richard,  "A. 
Stradella"  (1S66). 

Stradiva'ri  [Stradiva'rius],  Antonio,  b. 
Cremona,  1649  (1650?),  d.  there  Dec.  17  (18?), 
1737,  divides  with  Guarneri  the  honor  of  being 
the  most  skilful  of  violin-makers.  It  is  probable 
that  he  worked  for  Niccolo  Amati  from  about 
1667—79.  He  purchased  the  house  in  which,  for 
half  a  century,  his  workshop  was  situated,  in 
1680.  Plis  finest  instruments  were  made  in  the 
period  from  1 700-1725  ;  but  he  still  worked  up 
to  1736.  Grove  says  of  him  :  "  S.  marks  the 
culminating  point  of  the  art  of  making  stringed 
instruments.  It  was  he  who  perfected  the  model 
of  the  violin  and  its  fittings.  No  improvement 
has  been  made  since  his  time,  and  subsequent 
makers  .  .  .  have  mostly  copied  him."  His 
label  reads  :  "  Antonius  Stradivarius  Cremonen- 
sis.  Fecit  Anno  .  .  .  (AfS)."  His  violon- 
celli  command  even  higher  prices  than  the  vio- 
lins. Of  his  eleven  children,  2  sons,  Francesco 
(b.  Feb.  1,  1671  ;  d.  May  ir,  1743)  and  Omo- 
bono  (b.  Nov.  14,  1679  ;  d.  July  8,  1742),  were 
his  co-workers.  S.  also  made  violas  (equally 
prized  with  the  violins),  viols  of  the  earlier  types, 
guitars,  lutes,  mandolins,  etc.  —  Monograph, 
with  genealogical  table,  by  P.  Lombardini  : 
"  Cenni  sulla  celebre  scuola  Cremonense  degli 
istrumenti  ad  arco  .  .  .  e  sulla  famiglia  del 
sommo  Antonio  Stradivari"  (1872)  ;  Fetis  wrote 
"  Antoine  Stradivari"  (1856);  an  interesting 
article  is  in  Grove's  Diet. ;  see  also  works  by 
Vidal,  Wasielewski,  and  August  Riechers. 

Strae'ten,  van  der.     See  Yanderstraeten. 

Stra'kosch,  Moritz,  b.  Lemberg,  Galicia, 
1825  (1830?)  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  9,  1887.  Pianist; 
pupil  in  comp.  of  Sechter  at  Vienna  ;  after  con- 
cert-tours, he  lived  in  New  York  1845-60  as  a 
teacher  and  concert-pianist,  and  from  iS56asan 


impresario.  He  was  the  teacher  and  brother- 
in-law  of  Adelina  Patti.  His  opera  Giovanna 
di  A'apo/i  was  prod,  in  New  York  ;  he  also  wrote 
sa/on-pieces  and  other  music  f.  pf. — After  his 
departure  from  New  York,  his  brother  Max  car- 
ried on  the  management  of  concert-  and  opera- 
troupes  ;  he  died  in  New  York  in  1892. 

Strauss,  Joseph,  b.  Briinn,  1793  ;  d.  Karls- 
ruhe, Dec.  1  (2  ?),  1866.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of  his 
father,  Blumenthal,  Urbani,  and  Schuppanzigh, 
at  Vienna,  also  of  Albrechtsberger.  Played  in 
the  court  opera-orch.,  Vienna  ;  was  eng.  in  18 10 
as  solo  violin  at  the  Pesth  Th.,  1813  as  Kapclhn. 
at  Temesvar,  18 14  to  conduct  the  German  opera 
at  Hermannstadt.  In  1817  Kapelim.  at  Briinn  ; 
in  1822,  of  German  opera  at  Strassburg  ;  in 
1S23,  mus.  dir.  at  the  Mannheim  court  theatre  ; 
and  1824-63,  court  cond.  at  Karlsruhe.  —  7 
operas  :  Armiodan  (1836),  Berthold  der  Zah- 
ringer  (1S38),  Der  Wahrwolf  (1840),  Die 
Schlittenfahrt  nach  Nowgorod  (1846),  etc.  ; 
incid .  music  to  dramas  ;  the  oratorio  Judith ; 
sacred  and  orch.l  music  ;  he  publ.  a  string- 
quartet,  variations  f.  violin,  and  songs. 

Strauss,  Johann  (Sr.),  "  The  Father  of  the 
Waltz";  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  14,  1804;  d.  there 
Sept.  25,  1849.  His  father,  who  kept  a  beer- 
house and  dance-hall,  apprenticed  him  to  a 
bookbinder  ;  after  S.  had  run  away,  his  parents 
consented  to  his  becoming  a  musician.  He  st. 
the  violin  under  Polyschansky,  and  harmony 
under  Seyfried  ;  at  15  joined  Pamer's  orch.  in 
the  "  Sperl  "  dance-hall,  and  the  Lanner  Quartet 
in  1823,  later  acting  as  deputy  conductor  of 
Lanner's  orch.;  organized  an  independent  orch. 
of  14  in  1826,  playing  at  various  resorts,  and 
producing  his  first  waltzes  (op.  1  is  the  "  Tau- 
berl-Walzer,"  for  the  garden-concerts  at  the 
"  Zwei  Tauben  "  ).  His  renown  spread,  and  his 
orch.  increased  rapidly  in  size  and  efficiency  ; 
from  1833  he  undertook  concert-tours  in  Austria, 
and  in  1834  was  app.  bandmaster  of  the  1st 
Vienna  militia  regiment.  His  tours  extended  to 
Berlin  in  1834,  and  to  Holland  and  Belgium  in 
1836  ;  in  1837-8  he  invaded  Paris  with  a  picked 
corps  of  28,  and  had  immense  success  both  here 
and  in  London.  In  1845  he  was  made  cond.  of 
the  court  balls  at  Vienna.  Among  152  pub- 
lished waltzes,  the  "  Lorelei-,"  "  Gabrielen-," 
"  Taglioni-,"  "  Cacilien-,"  "  Victoria-,"  "  Ket- 
tenbriicken-,"  and  "  Bajaderen-Walzer,"  the 
"  Electrische  Funken,"  "  Mephistos  Hollen- 
rufe,"  and  the  "  Donau-Lieder,"  are  prime  favor- 
ites ;  he  also  wrote  24  galops,  13  polkas,  32 
quadrilles,  6  cotillons  and  contredanses,  iS 
marches,  and  6  potpourris.  Both  as  a  comp. 
and  cond.  he  distinctly  raised  the  level  of  dance- 
music. 

Strauss,  Johann  (Jr.),  "  The  Waltz-King"  ; 
b.  Vienna,  Oct.  25,  1825  ;  d.  there  June  3,  1S99. 
His  father,  though  a  tender  parent,  could  not 
bear  the  idea  of  professional  rivalry  within  the 
family,  and  intended  all  3  of  his  sons  for  busi- 
ness ;  but  the  mother  privately  procured  instruc- 


566 


STRAUSS— STREET 


tion  on  the  violin  and  in  comp.  (Drechsler)  for 
Johann,  who  threw  off  paternal  control  in  1844, 
appearing  on  Oct. 
15  as  cond.  of  the 
orch.  at  Dommayer's 
restaurant  at  Ilietzing. 
His  success  was  in- 
stantaneous, and  his 
new  waltzes  won  wide 
popularity.  In  1849, 
after  his  father's 
death,  he  united  the 
two  orchestras  ;  made 
a  tour  through  Austria, 
Poland,  and  Germany; 
and  in  1855  was  engf- 
for  ten  years  to  con- 
duct the  summer  con- 
certs at  the  Petropaulovski  Park  in  St.  Peters- 
burg. In  1862  he  married  the  singer  Henriette 
Treffz  ;  from  1S63-70  he  was  cond.  of  the  court 
balls,  resigning  in  favor  of  his  brother  Eduard 
to  obtain  more  leisure  for  composition  ;  now 
turning  from  dance-music,  a  domain  in  which  he 
had  won  supreme  artistic  and  popular  success,  to 
operetta,  herein  rivalling  Lecocq  and  Suppe. 
He  wrote  400-500  pieces  of  dance-music  ;  of  the 
waltzes  "  The  beautiful  blue  Danube,"  "  Roses 
from  the  South,"  "  Kiinstlerleben,"  "  Wiener 
Blut,"  "  The  1001  Nights,"  "  Wine,  Woman  and 
Song," and ' '  Geschichten  aus dem  Wiener  Wald " 
may  be  mentioned.  "  One  of  S.'s  waltzes,"  said 
Wagner,  "as  far  surpasses  in  charm,  finish  and 
real  musical  worth  hundreds  of  the  artificial  com- 
positions of  his  contemporaries,  as  the  tower  of 
St.  Stephen's  surpasses  the  advertising  columns 
on  the  Paris  Boulevards." — Operettas  :  Indigo 
und  die  40  Rauber  ('71) ;  Der  Carneval  in  Rom 
('73) ;  Die  Fledermaus  ('74  ;  in  Paris  1877  as  La 
Tzigane)  ;  Cagliostro  ('75)  ;  Prinz  Methusalem 
('77) ;  Blindekuh^iZ)  ;  Das  Spitzentuch  der  Ko- 
nigin  ('80) ;  Derlustige  A'rieg('Si) ;  Eine Nacht 
in  Venedig('S^);  Der  Zigeunerbaron  ('85) ;  Sim- 
plicins  (Vienna,  1887,  unsucc.  ;  remodelled  and 
prod,  at  Prague,  '88,  with  considerable  applause) ; 
3-act  comic  opera  Ritter  Pdsmdn  ('92  ;  mod. 
succ.) ;  Fiirstin  Ninetta  ('93  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  3-act  op- 
eretta Jabuka,  oder  das  Apfelfest  ('94  ;  succ.)  ;  3- 
act  do.  Waldmeister  ('95  ;  v.  succ.) ;  Die  Gottin 
der  Vemunft  ('97  ;  succ.)  ;  and  a  ballet,  Aschen- 
brode I  (left  practically  complete  ;  will  be  finished 
by  Bayer). — Biographical  :  "J.  S.,  ein  Lebens- 
bild,"  by  L.  Eisenberg  (Leipzig,  1894) ;  a  "  Life  " 
is  in  preparation  by  Freiherr  von  Prochaczka. 

Strauss,  Joseph,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Vienna,  Apr.  25,  1827  ;d.  Warsaw,  July  22,  1870. 
During  Johann's  illness  in  1853,  he  cond.  the 
orch.,  and  later  formed  one  of  his  own.  Comp. 
283  dances,  many  popular. — A  third  brother, 
Eduard,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  14,  1835,  succeeded  Jo- 
hann as  cond.  of  the  court  balls  and  the  orch. ;  also 
composes  dance-music. 

Strauss,  Ludwig,  b.  Pressburg,  Mar.  28, 
1835.     Violinist,  pupil  of  Bohm  ;  from  1864  in 


London  as  soloist  in  the  court  orch.,  leaderof  the 
Philharm.,  andalsoof  Halle's  orch.  ;  retired  1894. 
Strauss,  Richard,  b.  Munich,  June  11,  1864; 
son  of  Franz  S.,  chamber-musician  (horn-player). 
A  pupil  of  K ape  I  I  in. 
W.  Meyer,  and  a  very 
precocious  com- 
poser, his  1st  sym- 
phony, prod,  by  Levi 
in  1881,  being  op. 
12 ;  his  E  \}  Serenade 
for  wind-instr.s,  op. 
7,  was  also  made 
popular  by  the  Mei- 
ningen  orch.  under 
v.  Biilow,  who  pro- 
cured S.'s  appoint- 
ment as  court  mus. 
dir.  at  Meiningen  in 
1S85.  In  1S86  he 
was    made    3d    A'a-  ' 

pellm.  at  Munich  ;  in  1889,  court  Kapellm.  at 
Weimar  under  Lassen  ;  in  1894,  Kapellm.  at  the 
Court  Opera,  Munich,  also  conducting  the  Ber- 
lin Philharm.  Concerts  1894-5  ;  and  from  Oct., 
1S98,  Kapellm.  at  the  Berlin  Royal  Opera.  He 
is  an  orchestral  composer  of  ultra-modern  ten- 
dency, and  of  undeniable  power  and  individu- 
ality ;  his  symphonic  poems  "  Tod  und  Verkla- 
rung,"  and  especially  ' '  Also  sprach  Zarathustra," 
are  so  far  the  "  last  word  "  in  orchestral  program- 
music. — Works  :  Op.  2,  string-quartet  in  A  ;  op. 
3,  5  pf.-pieces  ;  op.  5,  sonata  f.  pf.,  in  B  min.  ; 
op.  6,  do.  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  in  F  ;  op.  7,  Serenade 
f.  wind,  in  E  [7  ;  op.  8,  violin-concerto;  op.  9, 
5  "  Stimmungsbilder  "  f.  pf. ;  op.  10,  8  songs  [H. 
v.Gilmjw.  pf.-accomp.;  op.  11,  concerto  f.  Wald- 
horn  w.  orch.  or  pf.  ;  op.  12,  symphony  in  F  min. ; 
op.  13,  pf.-quartet  in  C  min.  ;  op.  14,  "  Wan- 
drers  Sturmlied  "  [Goethe]  f .  6-part  chorus  and 
full  orch.;  op.  16,  symph.  fantasy  "  Aus  Italien," 
in  G  ;  op.  18,  sonata  f.  violin  and  pf.,  in  E|?  ; 
op.  19,  6  songs  [Fr.  v.  Schack]  ;  op.  20,  "  Don 
Juan,"  Tondichtung  f.  full  orch.  ;  op.  21, 
"  Schlichte  Weisen,"  5  songs  [Felix  Dahn]  ;  op. 

23,  "  Macbeth,"  Tondichtung  f.  full  orch.  ;  op. 

24,  "  Tod  und  Verklarung,"  do.  ;  op.  25,  Gun- 
tram,  3-act  opera  (Weimar,  1894 ;  Munich,  1S95)  ; 
op.  26,  two  songs  [Lenau]  ;  op.  27,  four  songs 
[Henckell,  Hart,  and  Mackay]  ;  op.  28,  Orches- 
ter-Rondo  "  Till  Eulenspiegels  lustige  Streiche  "  ; 
op.  29,  three  songs  [O.  J.  Bierbaum]  ;  also  the 
symphonic  poems  "Also  sprach  Zarathustra," 
"Ein  Heldenleben  "  (op.  40),  and  "Don  Qui- 
xote"; and  (op.  3S)  "Enoch  Arden,"  melodrama 
f.  pf.  and  recitation.  —  Biographical:  "Eine 
Charakterskizze,"  by  Dr.  Arthur  Seidl  (Prague). 

Streabbog.     See  Gobbaerts. 

Street,  Georges-Ernest,  b.  Vienna,  1854, 
of  French  parents.  Pupilof  Bizet  and  B.  Damcke, 
at  Paris  ;  mus.  critic  of  "  Le  Matin  "  for  8  years  ; 
since  1898,  of  "  L'Fclair."  Has  given  lectures 
on  Andre  Messager. — Works  :  The  operettas 
V Amour  en  livre'e,  Le  Charmeur,  La  Fillette  de 


567 


STREICHER— STUNTZ 


Ploukinec,  etc.  ;  ballet  Scaramottche  (w.  Mes- 
sager,  i8gi)  ;  Les detix  Re'servistes  (1891)  ;  i-act 
mimodrama  Fides  (Opera-Comique,  1894) ;  3-act 
opera  Mignonette,  parody  of  Thomas's  Mignon 
(1896). 

Strei'cher,  Johann  Andreas,  piano-maker, 
b.  Stuttgart,  Dec.  13,  1761  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  25, 
1833.  At  Augsburg,  1793,  he  married  Joh.  An- 
dreas Stein's  daughter  Nanette,  succeeding  Stein 
in  the  business,  and  removing  to  Vienna.  In  v. 
the  pf. -action  in  which  the  hammer  strikes  from 
above. 

Strelez'ki,  Anton,  pen-name  of  an  English 
composer,  said  to  be  a  Mr.  Burnand  ;  b.  Croydon, 
Dec.  5,  1859  '  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons,  and  of  Frau 
Schumann.  Much  pf. -music,  some  very  popular  : 
Tarentelle  in  I)  min.  ;  Folonaise ;  Valse-Sou- 
venir  ;  Eight  Pieces  (op.  47) ;  Three  Pieces  (op. 
146)  ;  3  books  of  pieces  (op.  191,  197,  204)  ;  Jagd- 
sti'ick  ;  Valsette  ;  Serenade  espagnole  ;  Menuet 
a  l'antique  in  E  (7  ;  Barcarolle  ;  Leichte  Klavier- 
stucke  (op.  220) ; — also  songs. 

Streppo'ni,  Giuseppina,  the  wife  of  Verdi. 
See  Verdi. 

Strig'gio,  Alessandro,  lutenist  and  early 
comp.  of  Intermezzi  ;  b.  Mantua,  about  1535  ; 
d.  (?).  Lived  at  the  court  of  Cosimo  de'  Medici, 
Florence,  and  later  at  Mantua  as  court  conductor. 
—  Intermezzi  L'amieo  fido  (about  1565,  in  madri- 
gal-style) and  Psyche  (Florence,  1565,  for  the 
wedding  of  Francesco  de'  Medici)  ;  other  festival 
music  (particularly,  with  Merulo,  Caccini,  and 
Pietro  Strozzi,  a  festival-play  for  the  wedding  of 
Francesco  de'  Medici  with  Bianca  Capello  in 
1579). — Publ.  3  books  of  madrigals  a  6  (1566, 
'69,  '82) ;  2  of  madr.  a  5  (1572  [2nd  ed.  '85]  and 
15S3)  ;  a  work  of  "  characteristic  "  (program-)  mu- 
sic is  "II  cicalamento  delle  donne  al  bucato  e  la 
caccia,  a  4,  5  e  7  voci,  con  il  giuoco  di  primeria 
a  5  voci  "  (1567-84) ;  etc. 

Strong,  George  Templeton,  b.  New  York, 
about  1855.  Composer  ;  pupil  of  the  Leipzig 
Cons.,  and  resident  in  Germany. — Works  :  Sym- 
phony "  In  den  Bergen"  ;  symph.  poem  "  Un- 
dine" (op.  14)  ;  a  march  f.  orch.  w.  violin  obbli- 
gato,  "  Gestrebt — Gewonnen — Gescheitert  "  (op. 
12)  ;  "  Wie  ein  fahrender  Hornist  sich  ein  Land 
erblies,"  f. soli, male  ch.,and  orch.  (op.  26);  "  Die 
verlassene  Miihle,"  f.  solo, male  ch., and  orch. (op. 
30)  ;  a  "  Tonstuck  "  f.  English  horn  and  organ  ; 
numerous  charact.  pf. -pieces  ;  etc. 

Stroz'zi,  Pietro,  Florentine  composer,  co- 
founder  of  the  stile  rappresentatizw  ;  set  to  music, 
in  1595,  Caccini's  libretto  La  Mascarada  degli 
accecati.     (Also  cf.  Striggio.) 

Stroz'zi,  Abbate  Gregorio,  apostolic  pro- 
tonotary  at  Naples. — Publ.  "  Elementarum  mu- 
sicae  praxis"  (1683  ;  vocal  exercises  a  2,  in  canon- 
form)  and  "  Capricci  da  suonare  sopra  cembali 
ed  organi  "  (1687). 

Stru'be,  Gustav,  b.  Ballenstedt,  Ilarz,  Mar. 
3,  1867.    Violinist ;  taught  by  his  father,  and  at 


10  joined  the  Ballenstedt  orch.  ;  entered  Leipzig 
Cons,  at  16,  studying  under  Hermann  and  Brod- 
sky,  also  Reinecke  and  Jadassohn  (comp.). 
Played  in  the  Gewandhaus  Orch. ;  later  became 
prof,  of  violin  at  Mannheim  Cons.  ;  went  to  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  in  1889,  and  joined  the  Symphony 
Orch. — His  symphony  in  C  minor  (1896)  is  op. 
11. 

Struck,  Johann  Baptist  (usually  called  Ba- 
tistin),  b.  Florence,  about  16S0  ;  d.  Paris,  Dec. 
9i  1755.  With  Labbe  he  introduced  the  vio- 
loncello into  the  orch.  of  the  Opera  at  Paris, 
where  he  prod.  3  grand  operas  :  Ale'le'agre  (1709), 
Manto  la  fe'e  (1711),  and  Polydore  (1720)  ;  many 
ballets  for  Versailles  ;  publ.  4  books  of  cantatas 
(1706,  '8,  '11,  '14),  and  a  coll.  of  airs  (1709). 

Strungk  (or  Strunck),  Nicolaus  Adam,  b. 
Celle,  Hanover,  1640  ;  d.  Leipzig,  .Sept.  23,  1700. 
Violinist  ;  organ-pupil  of  his  father,  whose  asst. 
he  became  at  12  ;  studied  the  violin  under  Schnit- 
telbach  at  Liibeck,  and  at  20  became  1st  violin  in 
the  Brunswick  orch.,  later  at  Celle  and  Hanover. 
In  1678,  mus.  dir.  of  a  Hamburg  church  ;  then 
chamber-organist  to  the  Duke  of  Hanover,  who 
created  him  a  canon,  and  with  whom  he  visited 
Italy,  winning  Corelli's  admiration.  Returning, 
he  played  before  the  Emperor  at  Vienna  ;  about 
1685  he  became  Vice-Kapellm.  at  Dresden,  suc- 
ceeding Bernhardt  as  1st  Kapellm.  in  1694  ;  but 
organized  an  Italian  opera  at  Leipzig,  and  set- 
tled there  in  1696.  Wrote  several  operas  for  the 
first  German  Opera  at  Hamburg  1678-83,  and  16 
Italian  operas  for  Leipzig  (1693-1700).  Publ. 
"  Musicalische  Uebung  auf  der  Violine  oder  Vi- 
ola da  Gamba  in  etlichen  Sonaten  fiber  die  Fest- 
gesange,  ingleichen  etlichen  Ciaconen  mit  2  Vio- 
linen  bestehend  "  (1691). 

Struss,  Fritz,  b.  Hamburg,  Nov.  28,  1847. 
Violinist;  pupil  of  Unruh,  Auer,  and  Joachim  ; 
1870,  member  of  the  Berlin  Court  Orch.  ;  1SS5, 
"chamber-virtuoso";  18S7,  R.  Concertmeister ; 
teaches  in  the  Klindworth-Scharwenka  Cons. 

Stumpf,  Johann  Christian,  bassoonist  ;  in 
Paris  about  17S5  ;  then  member  of  the  Altona 
orch.;  from  1798,  Repetitor  at  the  Frankfort  City 
Th. — Works:  Orch.l  entr'actes;  pieces  f.  2 
clarinets,  2  horns,  and  2  bassoons  ;  4  bassoon- 
concertos  ;  1  flute-concerto  ;  a  quartet  f .  bassoon 
and  strings  ;  duos  f.  bassoons  and  f.  clarinets  ; 
duos  f.  violin  and  'cello  ;  duos  f .  'celli  ;  duos  and 
trios  f.  violins. 

Stumpff,  Karl,  b.  Wiesentheid,  Lower  Fran- 
conia,  Apr.  21,  1848;  Dr.  pliil.  (Gottingen)  ; 
ordinary  prof,  at  Wiirzburg,  1S73  ;  since  1889  in 
Munich.  Also  a  profound  student  of  music. — 
Publ.  "  Tonpsychologie "  (2  vol.s,  1883,^90), 
continuing  the  researches  of  Helmholtz  ;  "  Uber 
Tonpsychologie  in  England  "  (in  the  "  Viertel- 
jahrsschrift  fi'ir  Musikwissenschaft  ")  ;  and  "  l!ei- 
trage  zur  Akustik  und  Musikwissenschaft" 
(Leipzig,  1898). 

Stuntz,  Joseph  Hartmann,  b.  Arlesheim, 
n.   Basel,  July  25,   1793  ;  d.   Munich,  June  18, 


568 


SUCCO— SULLIVAN 


1859.  Prod,  operas  at  Milan,  Venice,  etc.;  be- 
came chorusmaster  at  the  Munich  Court  Opera 
in  1824  ;  and  in  1826  succeeded  his  teacher, 
Peter  von  Winter,  as  court  cond.  In  Munich 
he  brought  out  3  German  operas  and  a  ballet  ; 
wrote  much  church-music  ;  and  publ.  2  overtures, 
a  string-quartet,  male  choruses,  and  vocal  Noc- 
turnes a  2. 

Suc'co,  Reinhold,  b.  Gorlitz,  May  29,  1S37  ; 
d.  Breslau,  Nov.  29,  1S97.  Pupil  of  the  Berlin 
Akademie  ;  1863,  organist  of  the  Thomaskirche  ; 
1874,  teacher  of  theory  at  the  Hochschitle  ;  1S88, 
Senator  of  the  R.  Acad,  of  Arts,  Berlin.  A 
writer  on  church-music  ;  comp.  sacred  and  secu- 
lar vocal  works,  and  organ-pieces. 

Su'cher,  Joseph,  eminent  conductor  ;  b. 
Dorbor,  District  of  Eisenburg,  Hungary,  Nov. 
23,  1844.  At  Vienna  he  studied  singing  and  the 
violin,  and  became  a  choir-boy  in  the  court  chapel 
in  1854  ;  gave  up  later  legal  studies  for  music, 
taking  lessons  in  comp.  of  Sechter  ;  became  vice- 
cond.  of  the  acad.  Gesangverein,  "coach"  for  solo 
singers  at  the  Court  Opera,  and  afterwards  cond. 
of  the  Comic  Opera  ;  in  1876,  cond.  of  the  Leip- 
zig City  Th.,  marrying  the  soprano,  Rosa  Has- 
selbeck,  in  1877  ;  they  were  engaged  by  Pollini 
at  Hamburg  from  1878-88  ;  S.  then  became 
cond.  of  the  Royal  Opera  at  Berlin  (retired  1899), 
his  wife  being  eng.  there  as  prima  donna  (retired 
189S).  Frau  Sucher  (b.  Velburg,  Upper  Pala- 
tinate), is  a  distinguished  Wagner  singer ;  at 
Bayreuth  she  has  taken  the  roles  of  Isolde  (1S86) 
and  Sieglinde. 

Sudds,  William  F.,  b.  London,  Engl.,  Mar. 
5,  1843.  His  parents  removed  in  1S50  to  a  farm 
in  Gouverneur,  N.  Y. ;  S.  taught  himself  the 
violin,  'cello,  guitar,  and  cornet  ;  was  a  band- 
master during  the  civil  war,  and  some  years 
afterward  entered  the  Boston  Cons,  of  Music, 
studying  under  Eugene  Thayer  (org.)  and  J. 
Eichberg  (violin  and  comp.).  Now  (1899)  es- 
tabl.  at  Gouverneur  as  a  composer,  teacher,  and 
music-publisher. — Works:  For  orch.,  4  over- 
tures, "  From  ocean  to  ocean,"  "  A  night  in 
June,"  "The  merry  Chanter,"  and  "The  Vi- 
king's Daughter"  ; — f.  violin  and  pf.,  "5  Tone- 
Vignettes,"  and  a  score  of  other  pieces; — for 
piano,  over  100  comp.s,  inch  dances,  marches, 
salon-music,  and  instructive  pieces  ; — about  75 
numbers  of  church-music  (cantata  The  Star  of 
Bethlehem)  ; — many  songs  ;  etc. — Also  publ. 
"  National  School  for  Piano"  ;  "  Nat.  Guide  for 
Reed  Organ  "  ;  "  Easy  Method  "  f.  do. ;  "  Organ 
Gems"  (original);  "50  Organ-Voluntaries" 
(original)  ;  "  Modern  Guide  to  Violin-playing"  ; 
etc. 

Suk,  Josef,  b.  Krecovic,  Bohemia,  Jan.  4, 
1874.  Pupil,  at  Prague  Cons.,  1SS5,  of  Benne- 
witz  (vln.)  and  Dvorak  (comp.)  ;  fine  violinist  ; 
2nd  violin  in  the  "  Bohemian  String-Quartet," 
1896  ;  also  comp.  a  "  Dramatic  overture,"  an 
overture  to  Shakespeare's  Winter  s  Tale,  a  Sere- 
nade f.  string-orch.,  op.  6,  a  pf.-quintet,  a  pf.- 


quartet,  a  string-quartet,  op.  II,  2  books  of  pf.- 
pieces,  op.  12,  etc. 

Sullivan,  Sir  Arthur  Seymour,  b.  London, 
May  14,  1S42.  In  1S54  he  entered  the  Chapel 
Royal  as  a  chorister, 
under  Helmore; 
publ.  a  song  in  1S55; 
waselected(the  first) 
Mendelssohn  Schol- 
ar in  1856,  studying 
at  the  R.  A.  M.  from 
1857  under  Bennett 
and  Goss,  and  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons.  1858— 
61  under  Moscheles, 
Hauptmann,  Rich- 
ter,  Plaidy,  etc., 
conducting  a  per- 
formance of  his 
overture  to  "  Lalla 
Rookh"  in  1S60,  and  writing  string-quartets  and 
music  to  Tlie  Tempest  (Crystal  Palace,  1S62). 
His  cantata  Kenilworth  (Birmingham  Fest., 
1S64)  stamped  him  as  a  composer  of  high  rank. 
He  has  cond.  numerous  series  of  concerts,  more 
especially  those  of  the  London  Philharm. 
(1885-7)  and  the  Leeds  Festivals  (since  1S80). 
He  was  Principal  of,  and  prof,  of  comp.  at,  the 
National  Training  School  for  Music  from  1876 
to  his  resignation  in  18S1.  Received  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  hon.  causa  from  Cambridge  (1S76) 
and  Oxford  (1879)  ;  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor,  1878  ;  grand  organist  to  the  Freemasons, 
18S7;  corr.  member  of  the  R.  Mus.  Inst., 
Florence,  1888  ;  etc.  He  was  knighted  by  the 
Queen  in  1883.  His  operettas  have  had  un- 
exampled success  in  Britain  and  America  ;  his 
orch.l  and  choral  works  are  among  the  best  of 
the  period. — Dramatic  works  :  Cox  and  Box 
(1867)  ;  The  Contrabandista  (1S67)  ;  Thespis 
(1871) ;  Trial  by  Jury  (1S75) ;  The  Zoo  (1875)  ; 
The  Sorcerer  (1877);  H.  M.  S.  Pinafore  (1878) ; 
The  Pirates  of  Penzance  (1880)  ;  Patience 
(1881);  Iolanihe  (1S82) ;  Princess  Ida  (1884); 
The  Mikado  (18S5)  ;  Ruddigore  (1887)  ;  The 
Yeomen  of  the  Guard  (1888)  ;  The  Gondoliers, 
or  The  King  of  Barataria  (18S9)  ;  grand  opera 
Ivanhoe  (1891)  ;  Hidden  Hall  (1892) ;  Utopia 
(limited),  or  The  Flowers  of  Progress  (1893); 
The  Chieftain  [revision  of  The  Contrabandista] 
(1894)  ;  The  Grand  Duke,  or  The  Statutory  Duel 
(1896)  ;  The  Martyr  of  Antioch  (Edinburgh, 
1S98  ;  a  stage-arr.  of  the  cantata)  ;  The  Beauty- 
Stone  (w.  Pinero  ;  May  28,  1898)  ;— 2  ballets, 
Vile  enchantd  (1864)  and  Victorian  and  Merrie 
England  (1897). — Incid.  music  to  The  Tempest, 
The  Merchant  of  Venice,  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor,  Henry  VIII.,  Macbeth,  and  King 
Arthur. — Oratorios  and  cantatas,  Kenilworth 
(1864),  The  Prodigal  Son  (1869),  On  Shore  and 
Sea  (1871),  The  Light  of  the  World  (1873),  The 
Martyr  of  Antioch  (1880),  The  Golden  Legend 
(1 886);  a  Festival  Te  Deum  (1872);  and  the 
ode,  "  I  wish  to  tune  my  quiv'ring  lyre,"  f.  bar. 


569 


SULZER— SURIANO 


solo  w.  orch.  (1880). — For  orch.,  symphony  in  E 
(1866)  ;  overtures  "  In  memoriam,"  "  Mar- 
mion,"  "  di  ballo,"  "  Sapphire  Necklace"  ;  and 
a  'cello-concerto  (1S66).  Also  a  Te  Deum, 
Jubilate  and  Kyrie,  in  D  ;  anthems  and  hymn- 
tunes  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  songs. 

Sul'zer,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Winterthur,  1719; 
d.  Berlin,  Feb.  25,  1779,  where  he  had  been 
prof,  at  the  Joachimsthal  Gymnasium  and  the 
Ritterakademie.  —  Publ.  "  Pense'es  sur  l'ori- 
gine  .  .  .  des  sciences  et  des  beaux-arts  "  (1757, 
in  Reports  of  the  Akad.;  German  ed.,  1772,  as 
"  Die  schonen  Kiinste  in  ihrem  Ursprung  .  .  .  ")  ; 
"  Allgemeine  Theorie  der  schonen  Kiinste" 
(1772,  4  vol.s  ;  2nd  ed.  1792-4  ;  Blankenburg 
added  3  vol.s  of  "Litterarische  Zusatze,"  1796-8; 
Dyck  and  Schatz  added  8  supplementary  vol.s, 
1 792-1 806  ;  the  musical  articles  are  mostly  by  J. 
A.  P.  Schulz) ;  and  a  report  on  Hohlfeld's  Melo- 
graph,  for  the  Akademie  (1771). 

Sul'zer,  Salomon,  b.  Hohenems,  Vorarl- 
berg,  Mar.  30,  1S04  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  18,  1890. 
He  studied  comp.  with  Seyfried  at  Vienna, 
where  he  was  cantor  at  the  chief  synagogue  from 
1825.  He  is  known  as  the  regenerator  of  the 
Jewish  service  of  song,  having  rhythmically  and 
harmonically  ordered  the  old  religious  melodies. 
Was  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Cons.  1844-7  !  re- 
ceived the  gold  medal  for  science  and  art  ;  also 
in  1868  the  Order  of  P'ranz  Joseph. — Works  : 
"  Schir  Zion  "  (Hebrew  hymns)  ;  "  Dudaim  " 
(songs  for  school  and  home)  ;  Psalms ;  etc. — 
His  son  Julius,  b.  Vienna,  1834  ;  d.  there  Feb. 
13,  1S91,  was  a  fine  violinist  ;  after  long  travels 
in  the  East,  he  became  Kapellm.  at  the  Hof- 
burgtheater  at  Vienna  in  1875.  Prod,  several 
operas,  a  "  symphonic  tone-painting,"  pf. -music, 
and  songs. 

Suppe,  Franz  von,  b.  Spalato,  Dalmatia, 
Apr.  18,  1820  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  22,  1895.  [His 
real  name  was  Fran- 
cesco Ezechiele  Er- 
menegildo  Cavaliere 
Suppe-Demelli.]  At 
11  he  played  the  flute,  / 
and  at  15  prod,  a  i 
mass  at  Zara  ;  sent  I 
by  his  father  to  study  ■' 
philosophy  at  Padua,  J* 
he  pursued  a  course  || 
of  music  under  Cigala  'm 
and  Ferrari,  and  on  '* 
his  father's  death 
went  with  his  mother 
to  Vienna,  and  stud- 
ied at  the  Cons,  under  Sechter  and  Seyfried. 
His  first  position  was.  that  of  unpaid  conductor 
at  the  Josephstadter  Th.;  he  then  obtained 
more  profitable  engagements  at  Pressburg 
and  Baden,  and  again  at  Vienna  at  the  Th. 
an  der  Wien  (till  1S62),  Carl  Th.  (till  1865), 
and  thereafter  at  the  Leopoldstadter  Th. 
Among  three  score  or  more  comic  operas,  ope- 


rettas, and  other  stage-pieces  of  all  degrees  of 
levity,  the  following  are  most  important  :  Der 
Apfel  (Zara,  1834  ;  private  perf.) ;  Gertrude  und 
Virginia  (comp.  183S);  Das  Made  hen  vom 
Lande  (Vienna,  1847)  ;  Der  Bandit  (Vienna, 
184S  ;  in  Florence,  1894,  as  Cartouche)  ;  Para- 
graph j  (1S58);  Das  Pensionat  (i860);  Die 
Kar tense hlager in  ;  Zehn  Madchen  und  kein 
Mann  (1S62)  ;  Flotte  Bursc/ie  (1S63)  ;  Das  Corps 
der  Rache  (1863)  ;  Pique-Dame  (1864)  ;  Franz 
Schubert  (1864);  Die  schone  Galatea  (1865); 
Leichte  Cavallerie ;  Freigeister  (1866);  Ban- 
ditenstreiche  (1867);  Die  Fran  Meisterin  j 
Tantalusqualen  (1868)  ;  Isabella  (1869)  ;  Can- 
nebas  (1870)  ;  Die  Prinzessin  z'ou  Dragant 
(Prague,  1870)  ;  Fatinitza  (Vienna,  1876  ;  in 
London,  1S78  ;  in  Paris,  1879;  extremely  popu- 
lar) ;  Der  Teufel  auf  Erden  (187S) ;  Boccaccio 
(Vienna,  1S79  ;  London,  1882)  ;  Donna  Juanita 
(1880);  Der  Gascogner  (1SS1) ;  Herzblattchen 
(1882);  Die  Afrikareise  (1883);  Des  Matrosen 
Heimkehr (Hamburg,  1885)  ;  Bellmann  (Vienna, 
1887);  Die  JagdnachdemGluck  (1888);  Braut- 
jagd (Berlin,  1894  ;  music  that  of  Die  Jagd  nach 
dem  Gliick ;  text  new)  ;  Das  Modell  (posth.  ; 
Vienna,  1895)  ; — overtures  (that  to  Dichter  und 
Batter  is  played  everywhere),  a  symphony,  quar- 
tets, songs  ;  also  (1867)  a  Missa  dalmatica  and 
(i860)  a  Requiem,  "  L'estremo  giudizio."  S. 
was  one  of  the  most  popular  of  German  operetta- 
composers.  An  interesting  sketch  of  his  career 
is  in  the  Leipzig  "  Signale  "  for  1895,  No.  34. 

Surette,  Thomas  Whitney,  b.  Concord, 
Massachusetts,  Sept.  7,  1S62.  Pupil  of  Arthur 
Foote  (pf.)  and  J.  K.  Paine  (Harvard  Univ., 
class  of  1891);  org.  of  First  Parish  Ch.,  Con- 
cord, 1883-93;  music-master  at  the  Hill  School, 
Pottstown,  Pa.,  1893-4;  org.  and  choirm.  of 
Christ  Ch.,  Baltimore,  1895-6;  since  then,  staff- 
lecturer  on  music  for  the  Amer.  Soc.  for  the  Ex- 
tension of  University  Teaching  (Phila.,  Pa.), 
as  which  he  has  won  wide  recognition  for  his 
lucid  and  interesting  presentation  of  the  subjects 
treated. — Publ.  work  :  Priscilla,  or  the  Pilgrim 's 
Proxy,  2-act  operetta  (given  over  500  times  up 
to  date,  1899);  Cascabel,  romantic  opera  (Pitts- 
burg, 1899);  The  Eve  of  St.  Agnes  [Keats], 
dram,  ballade  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1898);  Let 
God  arise,  thanksgiving  anthem  for  close  of 
Span. -Amer.  war;  "Portraits,"  5  pf. -pieces; — 
"  What  part  should  music  have  in  education  ?" 
(in  "  The  Citizen,"  June,  1S96;  repr.  in  report 
of  U.  S.  Comm.  of  Education,  1895-6);  "Com- 
mon-sense Music-study  "  ("  Univ.  Ext.  Journal," 
March,  '94);  "  What  constitutes  good  Church- 
music  ?  "  ("  Prot.-Episc.  Review,"  Oct.,  '96); 
and  other  papers. 

Suria'no  (or  Soriano),  Francesco,  b.  Rome, 
1549;  d.  there  in  Jan.,  1620.  Pupil  of  Nanini 
and  Palestrina  ;  in  1581  maestro  at  Luigi  de' 
Francesi  ;  in  15S7,  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore  ;  in 
1599,  at  S.  Giovanni  in  Laterano  ;  next  year 
again  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore  ;  finally,  in  1603,  at 
St.  Peter's. — Works:   Madrigals  a  5  (15S1,  '92);  2 


57o 


S USATO—  SZARVADY 


books  do.  a  4  (1601,  1602) ;  masses  a  4-6  (1609); 
motets  a  8  (1597)  ;  masses  a  6-S  (1609  ;  incl. 
Palestrina's  Missa  Papae  Marcelli  arr.  a  8); 
"  Canoni  et  Obblighi  di  CX  sorte,  sopra  L'Ave 
Maria  Stella"  a  3-S  (1610  ;  a  scientific  master- 
work)  ;  2  vol.s  of  psalms  and  motets  a  8,  12 
and  16  (1614,  1616)  ;  villanelle  a  3  (1617)  ;  and 
a  Magnificat  a  4,  with  a  Passion  (1619). 

Susa'to.     See  Tylman  Susato. 

Siiss'mayer,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Steyr,  Upper 
Austria,  1766  ;  d.  Vienna,  Sept.  17,  1S03.  Pupil 
of  Salieri  and  Mozart,  becoming  an  intimate 
friend  of  the  latter.  Kapellm.  at  the  National- 
Theater,  1792  ;  2nd  Kapellm.  at  the  Court 
Opera,  1794.  Prod,  an  opera  and  a  score  of 
operettas,  of  which  Dcr  Wildfang  (1798)  and 
Soliman  II.  (1799)  were  published. 

Svend'sen,  Oluf,  b.  Christiania,  Apr.  19, 
1832  ;  d.  London,  May  15,  1S88.  Flute-player  ; 
pupil  of  Brussels  Cons.;  from  1855,  in  London  ; 
from  1867,  teacher  at  the  R.  A.  M. 

Svend'sen,  Johan  (Severin),  violinist  and 
comp.;  b.  Christiania,  Sept.  30,  1840.  From 
1S63-7,  pupil  of  David,  Hauptmann,  Richter, 
and  Reinecke  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons. ;  toured 
Denmark,  Scotland, 
the  Faroe  Islands, 
Iceland,  Norway,  and 
England  ;  lived  in 
Paris  1868-9,  plavmg 
in  Musard's  orch.  and 
at  the  Odeon  ;  went  to 
Leipzig  in  1869,  mar- 
ried an  American  lady 
in  New  York,  1871, 
and  was  Concertmeis- 
ter  of  the  Leipzig 
"Euterpe"  concerts 
the  following  winter  ; 
cond.  the  concerts  of  the  Christiania  Mus.  Assoc. 
1872-7,  and  again  1880-3  after  visiting  Rome, 
London,  and  Paris  ;  in  1S83,  court  cond.  at 
Copenhagen  ;  since  1896,  cond.  of  the  Royal 
Theatre  there. — Works:  Op.  1,  string-quartet ; 
op.  2,  male  quartets  ;  op.  3,  string-octet  in  A 
min.;  op.  4,  symphony  in  D  ;  op.  5,  string-quin- 
tet ;  op.  6,  violin-concerto  in  A  ;  op.  7,  'cello- 
concerto  in  D  min.;  op.  8,  overture  to  Bjorn- 
son's  drama  Sigurd  Slembe ;  op.  9,  "  Carnaval 
a  Paris"  f.  orch.;  op.  10,  Funeral  March  for 
Charles  XV.;  op.  II,  "  Zorahayda,"  Legende  f. 
orch.;  op.  12,  Polonaise  f.  orch.;  op.  13,  Corona- 
tion March  (for  Oscar  II.)  ;  op.  14,  Wedding- 
Cantata  f.  chorus  and  orch.;  op.  15,  symphony 
No.  2,  in  B[?  ;  op.  iC,  "Carnaval  des  artistes 
norvegiens,"  humorous  march  ;  "  Norwegian 
Rhapsodies"  f.  orch.  (op.  17,  19,  21,  22);  op. 
18,  overture  to  Romeo  and  Juliet ;  op.  20,  Scan- 
dinavian airs  f.  string-quartet  ;  op.  23,  5  songs 
(French  and  German)  ;  op.  24,  4  songs  (French 
and  Norwegian)  ;  op.  25,  Romance  by  Popper, 
arr.  f.  'cello  and  pf. ;  op.  26,  Romance  in  G,  f. 
violin  and  orch. 


Swan,  Timothy,  b.  Worcester,  Mass.,  July 
23.  175S  ;  d.  Northiield,  July  23,  1842.  Teacher 
of  music  at  Groton  and  Northfield  ;  publ.  "  The 
New  England  Harmony"  (1S01),  and  "The 
Songster's  Museum"  (1803);  co-editor  (?)  of 
"  Federal  Harmony"  (1785).  Comp.  the  hymn- 
tunes  "Poland,"  "China,"  "Ocean,"  and 
"  Pownal." 

SweeTinck,  Jan  Pieter,  b.  Amsterdam, 
1562  ;  d.  there  Oct.  16,  1621.  This  great  organ- 
ist, composer,  and  teacher  was  the  pupil  of 
Jacob  Buyck,  pastor  of  the  Old  Church  at  Ams- 
terdam, and  probably  of  his  father,  Pieter  S.,  the 
organist  at  that  church,  who  died  in  1573,  the 
son  succeeding  to  the  position  between  1577-81. 
As  a  player  and  teacher  he  was  celebrated  far 
and  wide  ;  most  of  the  leading  organists  in 
Northern  Germany,  of  the  next  generation,  were 
his  pupils.  During  his  lifetime,  only  some  of 
his  vocal  music  was  publ. ;  but  his  organ-music 
is  more  remarkable  and  important  :  S.  was  the 
first  to  employ  the  pedal  in  a  real  fugal  part,  and 
originated  the  organ-fugue  built  up  on  one  theme 
with  the  gradual  addition  of  counter-themes 
leading  up  to  a  highly  involved  and  ingenious 
finale, — a  form  perfected  by  Bach.  In  rhythmic 
and  melodic  freedom,  his  vocal  compositions 
show  an  advance  over  the  earlier  polyphonic 
style,  though  replete  with  intricate  contrapuntal 
devices.  A  complete  ed.  of  S.'s  works,  edited 
by  Dr.  Max  Seiffert  for  the  "  Vereeniging  voor 
Noord-Nederlands  Musiekgeschiedenis,"  and 
now  publishing  by  Breitkopf  &  Hartel,  will  be 
finished  in  1901,  and  will  comprise  12  Parts,  of 
which  7  had  appeared  down  to  1898  :  Part  I, 
Works  for  Organ  and  Clavichord  ;  Part  II,  1st 
half  of  the  First  Book  of  Psalms  (1604)  ;  Part  III, 
2nd  half  of  do. ;  Part  IV,  1st  half  of  the  Second 
Book  of  Psalms  (1613)  ;  Part  V,  2nd  half  of  do.; 
Part  VI,  Third  Book  of  Psalms  (1614)  ;  Part  VII, 
Fourth  Bk.  do.  (1621)  ;  these  comprise  the  150 
Psalms  of  David  in  the  rhymed  French  version 
by  Marot  and  Beza.  Besides  the  early  French 
ed.s,  there  is  a  German  ed.  publ.  at  Berlin  1616, 
1618.  Other  old  ed.s  are  those  of  the  "Rimes 
francaises  et  italiennes  a  2-3  parties  avec  chan- 
sons a  4  parties  "  (1612)  ;  "  Cantiones  sacrae  cum 
basso  cont.  ad  organum  6  vocum  "  (1619)  ;  other 
chansons,  and  wedding-songs,  in  coll.s.  MSS. 
are  in  libraries  at  Berlin,  Brussels,  Cambridge, 
Oxford,  and  London  (Brit.  Mus.). — S.'s  bio- 
graphy was  written  by  F.  H.  J.  Tiedeman  : 
"J.  P.  Sweelinck,  een  bio-bibliografische  Schets  " 
(Amsterdam,  1876). 

Swert,  Jules  de.     See  Deswert. 

Swobo'da,  August,  Viennese  music-teacher ; 
publ.  "  Allgemeine  Theorie  der  Tonkunst " 
(1S26),  a  "  Harmonielehre  "  (2  vol.s,  1828,  '29), 
and  "  Instrumentirungslehre  "  (1S32). 

Sy'fert,  Paul.     See  Scacchi. 
Sympson.     Sec  Simpson. 
Szarva'dy,     Wilhelmine.       See    Clausz- 
Szarvady. 


571 


SZEKELY— TALLYS 


Szekely,    Imre    [Emeric],    b.    Malyfalva, 

Hungary,  May  8,  1823.  Pianist;  st.  in  I'esth  ; 
concert-tours  in  1846  ;  visited  Paris  and  London, 
also  lived  in  Hamburg  and  other  German  towns, 
and  in  1852  settled  in  Pesth,  distinguishing  him- 
self as  a  teacher.  Has  publ.  30  Hungarian  Fan- 
tasias on  national  airs  ;  salon-pieces  (op.  20-27)  ; 
concertos  and  etudes  f.  pf.;  orch.l  works  ;  ensem- 
bles for  strings  ;  etc. 

Szumow'ska,  Antoinette,  b.  Lublin,  Po- 
land, Feb.  22,  1S6S.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Strobel 
and  Michalowski  at  Warsaw,  laterof  Paderewski 
at  Paris.  Has  given  successful  concerts  at  Lon- 
don, Paris,  New  York,  Boston,  etc.  Married 
Joseph  Adamowski. 

Szymanow'ska,  Maria,  ne'e  Wolowska,  b. 
Poland,  1790;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  1831.  Piano- 
virtuoso,  pupil  of  Field  at  Moscow  ;  lived  in  War- 
saw 1815-30,  making  highly  successful  tours  in 
Germany,  also  giving  concerts  at  St.  Petersburg, 
where  she  was  app.  court  pianist. — Publ.  Studies, 
24  Mazurkas,  a  Nocturne  "  Le  murmure,"  etc., 
which  received  Schumann's  approval. 


Tabourot,  Jean.     See  Arbeau. 

Tacchinar'di,  Nicola,  famousdramatictenor; 
b.  Florence,  Sept.  3,  1772  ;  d.  there  Mar.  14, 
1859.  After  singing  on  Italian  stages  (La  Scala, 
Milan,  1805),  he  waseng.  at  the  Theatre  Italien, 
Paris,  1S11-14,  with  Grivelli  ;  from  1822-31, 
"  primo  cantante  "  in  the  Grand  Ducal  chapel  at 
Florence,  also  appearing  repeatedly  on  the  stage  ; 
then  lived  in  Florence  as  a  teacher,  one  of  his  pu- 
pils being  his  daughter,  Fanny  Tacchinardi-Per- 
siani  (see  Persiani).  He  publ.  vocalizzi  and  ex- 
ercises ;  also  the  work  "  Dell'  opera  in  musica  sul 
teatro  italiano  e  de'  suoi  difetti." 

Tadoli'ni,  Giovanni,  b.  Bologna,  1793  ;  d. 
there  Nov.  29,  1S72.  Pupil  of  Mattei  (comp.)  and 
Babini  (singing)  ;  1811-14,  accompanist  and  cho- 
rusmaster  at  the  Th.  des  Italiens,  Paris,  under 
Spontini  ;  then  prod,  a  succession  of  operas  in 
Italy(Z«  Priucipessa  di  Navarro.,  Bologna,  18 16 ; 
La  fata  Alcina,  Venice,  1815  ;  //  Credulo  de/uso, 
Rome,  1817;  Tamerlano,  Bologna,  18 18  \  II Jin  to 
molinaro,  Rome,  1820 ;  Moctar,  Milan,  1824  ; 
Mitridate,  Venice,  1S26  ;  Almansor,  Trieste, 
1827)  ;  then  (1830-9)  resumed  his  post  in  Paris. 
Also  wrote  romances,  cantatas,  and  canzonets  ;  a 
trio  f.  pf. ,  oboe,  and  bassoon  ;  etc. 

Taffanel,  Claude-Paul, b.  Bordeaux,  Sept.  16, 
1844  ;  excellent  flutist;  pupil  of  Durus  (flute)  and 
Reber  (comp.).  3rd  chef  d1  orchestre  at  the  Grand 
Opera,  Paris  ;  director  (1892)  of  the  Paris  Cons, 
concerts;  in  1893  succeeded  Altes  as  prof,  of  flute- 
playing  at  the  Cons. 

Tag,  Christian  Gotthilf,  b.  Bayerfeld,  Sax- 
ony, 1735  ;d.  Niederzwonitz,  July  19,1811.  Can- 
tor at  Hohenstein  for  53  years.  —  Publ.  6  Choral- 
preludes  w.  Trio  and  Allabreve  (17S3)  ;   12  Pre- 


ludesand  a  Symphonyf.  org.  (1795)  ;  songs  (1783, 
'85.  '93.  '98)  ;  70  var.s  f.  pf.,  on  an  Andantino 
C1 7^5) ;  "  Der  Glaube,"  melody  w.  org.  (1793)  ; 
"  Urians  Reise  um  die  Welt "  and  "UriansNach- 
richt  von  der  Aufklarung  "  (1797)  ;  "  Naumann, 
ein  Todtenopfer  "  (1803  ;  voice  w.  pf.)  ;  "  Melo- 
die  zum  Vaterunser  und  den  Einsetzungsworten  " 
(1S03  ;  w.  org.)  ;  "  Worlitz,"  an  ode  (1803  ;  voice 
w.  pf.) ;  many  sacred  and  instr.l  works  MS. 

Taglia'na,  Emilia,  operatic  soprano  (colora- 
tura) ;  b.  Milan,  1854  ;  pupil  of  the  Cons,  there, 
also  of  Lamperti.  Sang  in  Naples,  Rome,  Flor- 
ence, Paris,  Odessa,  and  Vienna  (1873-7),  study- 
ing there  under  Hans  Richter  ;  at  Berlin  1881-2, 
being  app.  "  chamber-singer." 

Ta'glichsbeck,  Thomas,  b.  Ansbach,  Dec. 
31,  1799;  d.  Baden-Baden,  Oct.  5,  1867.  Vio- 
linist, pupil  of  Rovelliat  Munich  ;  member  of  the 
theatre-orch.  1817  ;  later  asst. -conductor.  After 
long  concert-tours,  he  was  Kapellm.  to  the  Prince 
of  Hohenzollern-Hechingen  1827-48  ;  then  thea- 
tre-cond.  at  Strassburg  ;  then  lived  in  Lowen- 
berg  (Silesia),  Dresden,  and  Baden-Baden. — 
Works:  Opera  JVebers  Bild  (Munich,  1823);  a 
mass  w.  orch. ;  2  symphonies  ;  a  "  concerto  mili- 
taire  "  f.  violin  w.  orch.  ;  concertino  f.  do.;  Varia- 
tions f.  do. ;  Polonaise  f.  do.  ;  a  pf  .-trio  ;  violin- 
duos;  sonatas,  fantasias,  var.s,  etc.,  f.  violin  w. 
pf.  ;  part-songs  f.  mixed  ch.,  w.  wind-instr.s  ; 
male  quartets  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Taglio'ni,  Ferdinando,  son  of  the  famous 
ballet-master  Salvatore  T.  [1790-1868]  ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Sept.  14,  1 8 10.  From  1842-9,  cond.  at  Lan- 
ziano;  then  leader  at  the  San  Carlo  Th.,  Naples, 
until  1852.  Later  he  edited  the  Naples  "  Gaz- 
zetta  Musicale  "  ;  in  1856  he  began  a  series  of 
historico-classical  concerts,  the  first  of  the  kind  in 
Italy;  also  founded  a  school  for  choral  singing. 
— Publ.  several  pamphlets  on  vocal  instruction  in 
the  schools  ;  also  a  few  sacred  vocal  comp.s. 

Talexy,  Adrien,b.  raris,iS2o;  d. there  Feb., 
1881.  Teacher  and  composer  for  piano.  Publ. 
much  sa/ou-music,  also  studies  ("  Methode  ele- 
mentaire  et  progressive  "  ;  20  etudes  espressives, 
op.  So;   "  Priere  a  la  Madone";  etc.). 

Tallys  (or  Talys,  Tallis),  Thomas,  famous 
English  composer  andorganist ;  b. about  1520-29; 
d.  London,  Nov.  23,  1585.  Organist  of  Waltham 
Abbeyuntil  1540;  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI. , 
Mary,  and  Elizabeth,  and  joint-organist  with 
Byrd.  With  the  latter  he  obtained  in  1575  letters 
patent  for  the  exclusive  privilege  pf  printing  mu- 
sic and  ruled  music-paper  for  21  years  ;  the  first 
work  issued  by  them  being  34  "  Cantiones  quae 
ab  argumento  sacrae  vocantur,  5  et  6  partium," 
in  1575  (16  motets  by  T.  and  18  by  Byrd).  About 
this  time  he  comp.  a  remarkable  "Song  of  40 
Parts,"  for  8  5-part  choirs,  entitled  "  Spem  in 
alium  non  habui"  ;  (specimen-page  in  Grove,  Vol. 
iii,  p.  274).  In  Barnard's  "  First  Book  of  Se- 
lected Church  Music"  (1641)  is  a  First  Service, 
or  Short  Service  (Venite,  Te  Deum,  Benedictus, 


572 


TAMAGNO— TARTINI 


Kyrie,  Creed,  Sanctus,  Gloria,  Magnificat,  and 
Nunc  dimittis  ;  all*?  4),  Preces,  Responses,  etc., 
often  republished  (by  Rimbault,  Novello,  Jebb, 
etc.) ;  J.  Day's  "  Morning  and  Evening  Prayer" 
(1560),  Boyce's  "  Cathedral  Music,"  and  the  his- 
tories by  Hawkins  and  Burney,  contain  specimens 
of  his  music.  Rimbault  republ.  the  "  Order  of 
DailyService,  with  the  Musical  Notation."  There 
are  many  works  in  MS.  at  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  London. 

Tama'gno,  Francesco,  celebrated  dramatic 
tenor  ;  b.  Turin,  1S51.  Debut  Palermo,  in  Un 
hallo  in  maschera  ;  excited  great  enthusiasmat  La 
Scala,  Milan,  in  1880,  as  Ernani,  etc.;  continued 
his  triumphs  in  Montevideo,  Buenos  Ayres,  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  Lisbon  (1SS0-1),  Madrid  (18S5-6), 
Paris,  London,  New  York,  etc. ;  he  created  the 
role  of  Otello,  in  Verdi's  opera,  at  La  Scala  in 
1S87. 

Tam'berlik,  Enrico,  celebrated  dramatic 
tenor;  b.  Rome,  Mar.  16,  1S20  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar. 
13,  1889.  Though  intended  for  the  law,  he  stud- 
ied singing  under  Guglielmi  and  Borgna  at  Bo- 
logna, and  came  out  at  the  S.  Carlo  Th.,  Naples, 
1S40,  in  Gius.  Nicolini's  Theodosia.  After  sing- 
ing at  Lisbon,  Madrid,  and  Barcelona,  he  was 
eng.  1S50-64  during  the  season  at  the  R.  Ital. 
Opera,  London,  going  in  the  winters  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, Paris,  Madrid,  North  and  South  America, 
etc.  He  reappeared  in  London  in  1870  and  1877 ; 
settled  in  Madrid  as  a  manufacturer  of  arms. 
Among  his  leading  roleswere  Arnold  (  7V//),Man- 
rico,  Otello,  Ottavio,  Florestan  {Fidelia),  etc. 

Tamburi'ni,  Antonio,  basso  cantante  (bass- 
baritone)  stage-singer  of  great  celebrity  ;  b.  Fa- 
enza,  Mar.  28,  1S00  ;  d.  Nice,  Nov.  9,  1S76.  Pu- 
pil of  his  father,  also  of  Boni  and  Asioli  ;  debut 
at  Cento  in  1S18  ;  thereafter  sang  on  the  chief 
stages  of  Italy,  being  engaged  by  Barbaja  from 
1824-32.  During  1S32-41  he  sang  at  the  Thea- 
tre Italien,  Paris,  "  a  conspicuous  star  in  the  bril- 
liant constellation  formed  byGrisi,  Persiani,  Viar- 
dot,  Rubini,  Lablache,  and  himself,"  appearing 
in  London  in  the  alternate  seasons  ;  after  a  short 
stay  in  Italy,  he  remained  for  ten  years  in  Rus- 
sia.     He  retired  in  1859. 

Tanejeff,  Sergei,  b.  in  Russia,  Nov.  13,  1856 ; 
pupil  of  N.  Rubinstein  and  Tchaikovsky.  Prof, 
of  theory  and  comp.  at  the  Moscow  Cons.  His 
3-act  opera  Oresteia  had  a  succis  d'estime  at  St. 
Petersburg  in  1895. 

Tans'ur,  William,  English  comp. ;  b.  Dun- 
church,  about  1700;  d.  St.  Neots,  Oct.  7,  1783. 
Organist  and  teacher  of  music. — Publ.  "  A  Com- 
pleat  Melody,  or  the  Harmony  of  Sion  "  (1724?; 
later  ed.s  '30,  '36,  '38,  '64,  etc.,  under  varying 
titles)  ;  "  Heaven  on  Earth,  orthe  Beauty  of  Holi- 
ness "(173S)  ;  "  Sacred  Mirth,  or  the  Pious  Soul's 
Daily  Delight "  (1739)  ;  "The  Universal  Har- 
mony"(i743,  etc.)  ;  "The  Psalm-singer's  Jewel" 
(1760,  etc.) ;  "  Melodia  sacra  "  (1771,  '72)  ;  "  A 
New  Musical  Grammar"  (1746  ;  7th  ed.  1829)  ; 


an  epitome  of  this  last,  "  The  Elements  of  Mu- 
sick  Displayed"  (1772). 

Tap'pert,  Wilhelm,  b.  Ober-Thomaswaldau, 
Silesia,  Feb.  19,  1S30.  Trained  as  a  schoolmas- 
ter at  Bunzlau  Seminary,  and  taught  school  till 
1856,  when  he  entered  Kullak's  Academy  at  Ber- 
lin, and  studied  theory  privately  with  Dehn. 
Dwelling  in  Berlin  since  1866  as  a  writer,  and  con- 
tributes to  various  papers  ;  edited  the  "  Allgem. 
deutsche  musikalische  Zeitung  "  1S76-S0.  His 
large  collection  of  old  tablatures  contains  unique 
specimens. — Publ.  "  Musik  und  musikalische 
Erziehung"  (1S66)  ;  "Musikalische  Studien" 
(186S)  ;  "Das  Verbot  der  Quintenparallelen " 
(1869)  ;  "  Wagner-Lexikon:  Worterbuch  der  Un- 
hoflichkeit,  enthaltend  grobe,  hohnende,  gehas- 
sige  und  verleumderische  Ausdriicke,  welche  ge- 
gen  den  Meister  Richard  Wagner,  seine  Werke 
und  seine  Anhanger  von  den  Feinden  und  Spot- 
tern  gebraucht  worden  sind  "(1877)  ;  also  songs, 
arr.s  of  old  German  songs,  "  50  Studies  for  the 
left  hand"  f.  pf.,  Albumblatter  f.  pf.,  etc. 

Tar'chi,  Angelo,  b.  Naples,  1760  ;  d.  Paris, 
Aug.  19,  1814.  Pupil  of  Tarantino  and  Sala  at 
the  Cons,  della  Pieta.  Up  to  1797  he  wrote  op- 
eras for  Italy  and  London  ;  then  went  to  Paris, 
and  prod,  several  French  comic  operas,  one  of 
which,  d'  Auberge  en  auberge,h&&  much  success  at 
the  Th.  Feydeau  in  1800,  and  was  publ.  at  Ham- 
burg as  Von  Gasthof  zn  Gasthof,  and  at  Vienna 
as  Die  zwei  Postal. 

Tardi'ti,  Orazio,  church-composerof  the  Ro- 
man school  ;  from  164S,  maestro  at  Faenza  Ca- 
thedral, where  he  was  still  living  in  1670. — Publ. 
3  books  of  masses  a  3-5  (1639,  '48,  '50)  ;  Messa 
e  salmi  concertati  a  4  (1640) ;  dittos  2(1668)  ;  15 
books  of  Motetti  concertati  (7  1-5  (1625-63)  ;  4 
books  of  motets  f.  solo  w.  violin  (Book  iii,  1646)  ; 
psalms  a  8,  w.  bass  (1649)  ;  Complines  and  Lit- 
anies a  4,  w.  antiphones  a  3  (1647)  ;  litanies  a 
3-5,  antiphones  and  motets  a  3,  Te  Deum  a  4 
(1644)  ;  madrigals  (7  5  (1649)  ;  2  books  of  "  Can- 
zonette  amorose "  a  2-3  (1642;  republ.  1647); 
"  Sacri  concentus,"  a  2-3  (1655). 

Tarti'ni,  Giuseppe,  celebrated  violinist ;  b. 
Pirano,  Istria,  Apr.  8  [not  12],  1692  ;  d.  Padua, 
Feb.  16,  1770. 
While  studying, 
at  his  parents'  de- 
sire, for  the  priest- 
hood, his  first  les- 
sons on  the  violin 
strengthened  his 
ardent  longings 
for  a  secular  ca- 
reer ;  his  father  fi- 
nally allowed  him 
to  study  law  at 
Padua  (1710),  but 
music,  especially 
the  violi  n  ,  and 
fencing,  were  his 
passion.  A  charge  of  abduction,  following  on  his 
secret  marriage  to  a  niece  of  Cardinal  Cornaro's, 


573 


TASKIN— TAUBERT 


obliged  him  to  take  refuge  in  the  Franciscan  mon- 
astery at  Assisi  ;  for  two  years  he  studied  the  vio- 
lin, also  composition  (under  the  organist  Padre 
Boemo  [Czernohorsky]),  and  then  returned  to 
Padua,  a  reconciliation  having  been  effected  with 
the  Cardinal.  Shortly  afterward  he  heard  the  vio- 
linist Veracini  at  Venice,  and  was  stimulated  to 
more  arduous  endeavor  ;  sending  his  wife  to  rela- 
tions at  Pirano,  he  retired  to  Ancona  for  further 
study  of  the  violin.  About  this  time  (1714)  he 
discovered  the  combination-tones,  and  utilized 
them  in  perfecting  purity  of  intonation.  His  fame 
now  increasing,  in  1721  he  was  app.  solo  violin- 
ist and  cond.  of  the  orch.  at  S.  Antonio  in  Padua. 
He  spent  the  years  1723—5  in  Prague  as  chamber- 
musician  to  Count  Kinsky,  having  been  invited 
thither  to  assist  at  the  coronation  of  Karl  VI. ;  he 
then  resumed  his  duties  at  Padua,  and  in  1728 
founded  a  violin-school  there,  in  which  were 
formed  many  distinguished  violinists  (Nardini, 
Pasqualino,  Lahoussaye). — T.  was  one  of  the 
great  masters  of  the  violin  ;  his  style  of  bowing 
still  serves  as  a  model,  and  his  compositions  are 
regarded  as  classics  ;  he  publ.  op.  1,  Six  Concer- 
tos (1734  ;  3  republ.  in  Paris  ;  3  others  republ. 
there  w.  2viola-partsaddedbyBlainville,as  "Con- 
certi  grossi  ") ;  also  as  op.  1,12  violin-sonatas  w. 
'cello  and  cembalo  ;  op.  2,  6  sonatas  f.  do.  ;  op. 

3,  12  sonatas  [incl.  op.  2]  f.  violin  and  bass  ;  op. 

4,  "  Sei  concerti  a  violino  solo,  2  violini,  viola  e 
violoncello  o  cembalo  di  concerto  "  ;  also  as  op.  4, 
6  sonatas  f.  violin  w.  basso  cont.  ;  op.  5,  6  do.  ; 
op.  6,  6  do. ;  op.  7,  6  do.;  op.  8,  "  Sei  sonate  a 
3,  due  violini  col  basso";  op.  9,  6  do.;  and 
"  L'Arte  dell  'arco  "  (reprinted  in  French  by  Car- 
tier  ;  also  by  Choron  in  "  Principes  de  composi- 
tion," and  separately  by  Andre)  ;  the  celebrated 
and  oft-republ.  "  Trillo  del  diavolo  "  was  a  post- 
humous work  ;  the  concertos  have  been  republ. 
in  various  editions,  and  in  varying  combinations  ; 
sonatas  have  been  republ.  by  Alard,  Leonard, 
David,  Jensen,  Wasielewski,  etc. — Theoretical 
works  :  "  Trattato  di  musica  secondo  la  vera  sci- 
enza  dell'  armonia  "  (1754) ;  ".Risposta  alia  critica 
del  di  lui  Trattato  di  musica  di  Msgr.  Le  Serre  di 
Ginevra"  (1767);  "  De'  principj  dell' armonia 
musicalecontenuta  nel  diatonico  genere  "  (1767)  ; 
"Lettera  allasignora  Maddalena  Lombardini,in- 
serviente  ad  una  importante  lezione  per  i  suonato- 
ri  di  violino"  (1770;  English  by  Burney,i77i,  and 
Bremner,  1779;  German  in  17S6);  and  another 
treatise,  only  in  a  French  transl.  by  P.  Denis, 
"  Traite  des  agrements  de  la  musique"  (1782). 
As  a  theorist  he  follows  Rameau,  and  derives  the 
minor  chord  from  an  undertone-series  opposed  to 
the  overtone-series  ;  like  Zarlino,  he  regards  the 
minor  chord  as  the  opposite  of  the  major. — Bio- 
graphical :  ByFanzago,  "Orazione,etc."  (Padua, 
1770)  ;  Vallotti,  "  Elogi "  (Padua,  1792)  ;  Forno, 
"  Elogio  "  (1792  ;  in  his  complete  works) ;  Ugoni 
(1802  ;  in  "  Delia  letteratura  italiana  .  .  .  ,"  Vol. 
i,  pp.  1-2S)  ;  J.  A.  Hiller,  "  Lebensbeschreibun- 
genberiihmter  Musikgelehrtenund  Tonkunstler" 
(1784);  Fayolle,  "  Notices  sur  Corelli,  Tartini, 
etc."  (1810). 


Taskin,  Pascal,  the  inventor  of  leathern 
tangents  for  the  clavichord  ;  b.  Theux  (Liege), 
1723;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  9,  1795;  was  a  celebrated 
instrument-maker  in  Paris.  Also  introduced  the 
piano-pedal  worked  by  the  foot  instead  of  the 
knee. — His  nephew,  Joseph-Pascal  T.,  b.  1750, 
d.  1S29,  was  Keeper  of  the  King's  Instruments, 
from  1772  to  the  Revolution  ;  his  second  son, 
Henri-Joseph,  b.  Versailles,  Aug.  24,  1779,  d. 
Paris,  May  4,  1852,  page  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
became  a  fine  organist  and  composer,  publishing 
a  pf. -concerto,  pf. -trios,  a  Caprice  f.  pf.  and 
violin,  solo  pieces  f.  pf.,  and  songs. 

Taskin,  (Emile-)  Alexandre,  grandson  of 
Henri-Joseph  ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  18,  1S53  ;  d.  there 
Oct.  5,  1897.  Operatic  baritone,  pupil  of  Pon- 
chard  and  Bussine  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  taking  a 
1st  accessit.  Debut  at  Amiens,  1875,  in  Les 
mousquetaires  de  la  reine.  Sang  in  Lille  and 
Geneva  ;  returned  to  Paris  in  1878  ;  eng.  at  the 
Opera-Comique  in  1880,  and  created  important 
parts  in  many  new  operas  (Jean  de  Nivelles,  Les 
contes  d 'Hoffmann,  Manon,  Egmont,  Esclar- 
monde,  etc.).  He  was  prof,  of  lyrical  declama- 
tion at  the  Cons. 

Tau'bert,  (Karl  Gottfried)  Wilhelm,  b. 
Berlin,  Mar.  23,  181 1  ;  d.  there  Jan.  7,  1891. 
Pianist  ;  pupil  of 
Neithardt,  later 
of  L.  Berger,  and 
for  com  p.  of 
Bernhard  Klein. 
Appeared  early 
as  a  concert-plav- 
er  ;  taught  music 
in  Berlin,  became 
accompanist  at 
the  court  concerts 
in  1831  ;  in  1842, 
cond. of  the  opera 
and  the  sym- 
phony-concerts 
of  the  royal  orch., 
being  app.  Hof- 
kapelltneister  in 
1S45,  and  retiring  in  1870  with  the  title  of 
"  Oberkapellmeister."  President  of  the  mus. 
section  of  the  Akademie  from  1S75. — Operas  Die 
Kirmess  (1832)  ;  Der  Zigetiner  (1834)  ;  Marquis 
undDieb  (1S42)  \Joggeli  (1853)  ;  Macbeth  (1857) ; 
Cesario  (1874).  Music  to  Shakespeare's  Tempest 
(Darmstadt,  1891  ;  very  successful  there  and 
elsewhere)  ;  to  Euripides'  Medea  ;  to  Tieck's  Der 
gestiefelte  Kater  (1844),  and  to  Blaubart  (1845) ; 
the  overtures  "  Aus  1001  Nacht,"  to  Othello,  and 
to  the  play  Dasgraue  Mannlein  ;  4  symphonies  ; 
a  concertino  f.  violin  w.  orch.  (op.  205)  ;  cham- 
ber-music ;  pf. -pieces  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Tau'bert,  Otto,  b.  Naumburg-on-Saale,  June 
26,  1S33.  Pupil  there  of  O.  Claudius,  and 
"prefect"  of  the  cathedral-choir;  student  at 
Halle,  taking  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  at  Bonn  in 
1S59  '<  taught  in  various  schools  ;  and  in  1863  was 
app.  prof,  at  the  Gymnasium  at  Torgau,  where 


....  »: 


574 


TAUBERT— TAYLOR 


he  is  also  cantor  at  the  Stadtkirche  and  cond.  of 
the  singing-society. — Works  :  Salvum  fac  regem, 
f.  mixed  chorus  ;  Skolion  of  Kallistratos,  f.  male 
ch. ;  other  male  choruses;  songs; — publ.  "  1  )ie 
Pflege  der  Musik  in  Torgau "  (1868)  ;  "  Der 
Gymnasialsingchor  in  T."  (1870)  ;  "Daphne,  das 
erste  deutsche  Operntextbuch  "  (1S78). 

Tau'bert,  Ernst  Eduard,  b.  Regenwalde, 
Pomerania,  Sept.  25,  1838.  Studied  theology  at 
Bonn,  and  music  there  under  Albert  Dietrich, 
later  under  Kiel  at  Berlin,  where  he  is  now 
(1S99)  teacher  at  the  Stern  Cons.  Received  the 
title  of  "  Professor"  in  1S9S.  Has  publ.  cham- 
ber-music, pf. -pieces,  and  songs. 

Taudou,  Antoine  (-Antonin-Barthelemy), 

b.  Perpignan,  France,  Aug.  24,  1846.  Violinist ; 
pupil  of  Paris  Cons.,  winning  the  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1869  ;  member  of  the  Opera-orch. ;  since 
1S83,  prof,  of  harmony  at  the  Cons. — Publ.  a 
"  Marche-ballet,"  a  "  Chant  d'automne,"  and  a 
"  Marche  nocturne,"  f.  orch.;  a  violin-concerto  ; 
a  string-quartet  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  a  trio  f.  flute,  viola, 
and  'cello  ;  etc. 

Tausch,  Franz,  celebrated  clarinettist ;  b. 
Heidelberg,  Dec.  26,  1762  ;  d.  Berlin,  Feb.  9, 
1817.  At  8  he  played  in  the  Electoral  orch.  at 
Mannheim  ;  was  eng.  at  Munich  1777-S9,  and 
then  in  the  court  orch.  at  Berlin,  where  he 
founded  a  school  for  wind-instr.s  in  1805. 
Heinrich  Barmann  was  his  pupil. — Publ.  2  clar.- 
concertos,  3  concertantes  f.  2  clar.s,  Andante 
and  Polonaise  f.  clar.,  clar.-duos,  trios  f.  2  clar.s 
w.  bassoon,  6  quartets  f.  2  basset-horns  and  2 
bassoons  (w.  2  horns  ad  lib.),  6  military  marches 
a  10,  etc. 

Tausch,  Julius,  b.  Dessau,  Apr.  15,  1827  ; 
d.  Bonn,  Nov.  11,  1S95.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Fr. 
Schneider,  and  of  the  Leipzig  Cons.  1844-6, 
then  settling  in  Di'isseldorf  ;  succeeded  Rietz  as 
cond.  of  the  Kunstlerliedertafel;  was  Schumann's 
deputy  from  1853,  and  in  1855  his  successor,  as 
cond.  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  and  Subscription  Con- 
certs, retiring  in  1890. — Works  :  Music  Xo  As  you 
like  it ;  "  Der  Blumen  Klage  auf  den  Tod  des 
Sangers,"  f.  sopr.  solo,  female  voices,  and  orch.; 
"  Dein  Leben  schied,  dein  Ruhm  begann,"  f. 
male  ch.  and  orch.;  Ave  Maria,  f.  sopr.  solo  and 
orch.;  Festouvertiire  f.  orch.;  duo  f.  pf.  and 
violin  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  male  choruses  ;  etc. 

Tau'sig,  Carl,  b.  Warsaw,  Nov.  4,  1841  ;  d- 
Leipzig,  July  17,  1S71.  Remarkable  piano-vir" 
tuoso  ;  trained  by  his  father  Aloys  T.  [1S20- 
18S5],  who  was  a  pupil  of  Thalberg,  and  wrote 
brilliant  pf. -music;  from  the  age  of  14  he  studied 
with  Liszt,  almost  vying  with  him  in  grandeur 
of  interpretation,  and  surpassing  him  in  absolute 
(lawlessness  of  technique — the  latter  due,  in 
great  part,  to  his  systematic  and  zealous  prac- 
tice of  his  original  transposing  finger-exercises. 
His  public  debut  was  made  in  1S58,  at  an  orches- 
tral concert  conducted  by  von  Billow  at  Berlin. 
During  the  next  two  years  he  gave  concerts  in 
German  cities,  making  Dresden  his  headquarters  ; 


then  went  to  Vienna  in  1862,  giving  orch.l  con- 
certs with  "advanced"  programs  similar  to 
Billow's  at  Berlin.  He  settled  in  Berlin  in  1865, 
and  opened  a  ' '  Schule  des  hoheren  Clavierspiels." 
Now  recognized  as  a 
virtuoso  of  the  first 
rank,  he  gave  con- 
certs in  the  principal 
towns  of  Germany, 
and  at  St.  Peters- 
burg and  other  Rus- 
sian centres.  He  died 
of  typhoid  fever. — 
Works  :  2  etudes  de 
concert,  in  F#  and 
A  \),  op.  1  (cancelling 
an  earlier  op.  1,  a  pf.- 
transcription  of  his 
own  symphonic  bal- 
lade, "Das  Geisterschiff ")  ;  "  Ungarische  Zi- 
geunerweisen  "  f.  pf . ;  "  Nouvelles  soirees  de 
Vienne,"  Valses-Capriceson  themes  from  Strauss; 
"  Tagliche  Studien  "  f.  pf.  (transposing  chromatic 
exercises  of  high  value  ;  edited  by  Ehrlich). — 
Complete  pf.-score  of  Wagner's  M eister singer j 
a  selection  of  studies  from  Clementi's  "  Gradus 
ad  Parnassum,"  with  variantes  and  changed 
fingerings  ;  a  transcr.  of  Bach's  Toccata  and 
Fugue  for  Organ,  in  D  min. ;  of  Weber's  "  Aiif- 
forderung  zum  Tanz  "  ;  of  6  Beethoven  quartets  ; 
of  the  "  Walkiirenritt "  and  Siegmund's  Liebes- 
lied,  from  Wagner's  Walkiire ;  etc. 

Tau'witz,    Eduard,  b.   Glatz,   Silesia,  Jan. 

21,  1S12  ;  d.  Prague,  July  26,  1S94.  Kapelltn. 
at  theatres  in  Wilna  (1837),  Riga  (1840),  Breslau 
(1S43),  and  Prague  (1846  ;  pensioned  1S63)  ;  at 
Prague  he  also  directed  the  Sophien-Akademie, 
and  was  Chormeister  of  the  German  Manner- 
gesangverein.  Wrote  upwards  of  1000  composi- 
tions :  3  operas,  Trilby  (Wilna,  1836),  Brada- 
mante  (Riga,  1S44),  and  Schmolke  und  Bakel, 
comic  (Breslau,  1846);  church-music,  songs, 
part-songs,  and  considerable  "occasional" 
music. 

Tay'ber.     See  Teyber. 

Taylor,   Edward,  b.   Norwich,   Engl.,  Jan. 

22,  17S4;  d.  Brentwood,  Mar.  12,  1863.  Be- 
came bass  singer  (taught  by  Chas.  Smyth  and 
Dr.  Beckwith)  at  the  Norwich  Concerts,  and  in 
1824  a  co-founder  of  the  Norwich  Mus.  Fest., 
which  he  cond.  1839  and  1S42.  Settled  in  Lon- 
don. 1825,  as  a  singer,  teacher,  and  mus.  critic 
for  the  "  Spectator"  ;  succeeded  Stevens  as  prof, 
at  Gresham  College  in  1S37.  Founder  of  the 
"  Purcell  Club";  also,  with  Rimbault  and 
Chappell,  of  the  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.  —  Publ. 
"  Three  Inaugural  Lectures"  (1838)  ;  "  An  Ad- 
dress from  the  Gresham  Prof,  of  Music  to  the 
Patrons  and  Lovers  of  Art"  (1838;  plea  for 
founding  a  mus.  library  at  Gresham);  "The 
Engl.  Cathedral  Service  :  Its  Glory,  its  Decline, 
and  its  Destined  Extinction  "  (1845)  ;  "  People's 
Music    Book"   (1844)  and    "Art   of   Singing  at 

Sight  "  (1846  ;   2nd  ed.  1855),  both  with  J.'  Turle; 


575 


TAYLOR— TCHAIKOVSKY 


edited  Purcell's  King  Arthur  ;  translated  libretti 
of  Mozart's  Requiem,  Graun's  Death  of  Jesus, 
Haydn's  Seasons,  Spohr's  Last  Judgment  and 
Fall  of  Babylon. 

Taylor,  Franklin,  pianist  and  teacher  ;  b. 
Birmingham,  Engl.,  Feb.  5,  1843.  Pupil  of  C. 
Flavell  (pf.)  and  T.  Bedsmore  (org.)  ;  also 
1859-61  of  Plaidy,  Moscheles,  Richter,  Haupt- 
mann,  and  Fapperitz  at  Leipzig  Cons.  Return- 
ing to  London  via  Paris  in  1862,  he  settled 
there  as  a  highly  successful  concert-pianist  and 
teacher ;  1876-S2,  prof,  at  the  Nat.  Training 
School,  and  since  1883  at  the  R.  C.  M.,  then' 
ceasing  to  play  in  public  ;  1891-3,  a  director  of 
the  Philharm.  lie  is  on  the  Assoc.  Board  of 
the  R.  A.  M.  and  the  R.  C.  M.  for  local  exami- 
nations ;  and  is  President  of  the  Acad,  for  the 
Higher  Development  of  Pf. -playing. — Works: 
"  Primer  of  Pf. -playing"  (1S77)  ;  "  Pf.  Tutor," 
"Technique  and  Expression  in  Pf. -playing" 
(1897);  numerous  articles  in  Grove's  Diet.; 
transl.  E.  F.  Richter's  works  on  Harmony, 
Counterpoint,  and  Canon  and  Fugue. 

Tchaikov'sky,  Peter  Iljitch,  the  most  dis- 
tinguished representative  of  the  modern  Russian 
school  of  composition, 
and  one  of  the  most 
original,  powerful  and 
fertile  of  modern  com- 
posers, was  born  on 
Christmas  Day,  1840, 
in  Wotkinsk,  in  the 
Government  of  Wiat- 
ka.  He  died  Nov.  6, 
1893,  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, of  cholera.  Like 
many  others  who  have 
reached  the  highest 
places  in  music,  he 
was  not  intended  for 
such  a  career,  but  was 
put  to  the  study  of  law,  and  entered  the  govern- 
ment civil  service.  Soon  after  Rubinstein 
founded  the  St.  Petersburg  Conservatory  in  1862, 
young  Tchaikovsky  entered  it  as  a  student. 
The  intention  thus  shown  of  devoting  himself  to 
the  art  was  confirmed  in  1S66,  when  he  became 
an  instructor  of  harmony  in  the  Conservatory. 
He  retained  the  post  till  1877.  After  that  time 
he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  composition,  with 
results  that  have  ever  since  wrought  steadily  to 
enhance  his  fame.  His  life  was  the  uneventful 
one  of  a  thoughtful  and  serious  devotee  of  art  ; 
it  was  passed  partly  in  St.  Petersburg,  partly  in- 
Italy,  partly  in  Switzerland.  In  the  spring  of 
1891  he  visited  New  York  for  the  dedication  of 
the  new  Carnegie  Music  Hall,  and  then  gave 
New  York  musicians  and  music-lovers  a  taste  of 
his  vigor,  power,  and  infectious  enthusiasm  as  a 
conductor  of  his  own  compositions.  In  1893  the 
Univ.  of  Cambridge  conferred  on  him  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  honoris  causa.  Tchaikovsky 
was  a  zealous  cultivator  of  national  spirit  and 
color  in  music.       His  own  is  full   of   Russian 


characteristics.  He  has  frequently  used  native 
folk-music  as  thematic  material,  but,  more  than 
this,  his  music  shows  the  strange  and  violent 
contrasts  of  mood  characteristic  of  the  race  ;  now 
full  of  a  wild  and  barbarous  energy  and  fiery 
intensity  ;  now  of  an  almost  maiden  tenderness 
and  ingenuousness  ;  now  of  a  black  and  hopeless 
melancholy.  His  highest  qualities  are  shown  in 
his  orchestral  works,  particularly  his  sympho- 
nies, symphonic  poems,  suites,  and  overtures,  of 
which  the  orchestration  is  of  the  richest  modern 
cast.  His  numerous  operas,  mostly  on  Russian 
subjects,  are  little  known  outside  of  his  native 
land  ;  but  a  casual  inspection  of  their  scores  shows 
that  he  was  no  follower  of  Wagner,  and  con- 
structed them  closely  after  old-time  models. 
His  songs  have  a  characteristic  and  poignant 
melancholy.  His  first  pianoforte-concerto  is 
one  of  the  best-known  and  most  effective  modern 
works  of  its  class,  and  his  solo  pianoforte-com- 
positions, though  chiefly  written  in  the  vein  of 
salon-music,  bear  the  hall-mark  of  his  melodic 
freshness  and  originality  of  harmonic  treatment. 
— Works :  The  Russian  operas  The  Voyevode 
(Moscow,  1869),  Opritehnnyk  (St.  P.,  1874), 
Vakula,  the  Smith  (St.  P.,  1876),  Jevgenjie 
One'gin  (St.  P.,  1879  ;  Hamburg,  as  Eugen  One- 
gin,  1892)  ;  The  Maid  of  Orleans  (1881)  ;  Ma- 
zeppa  (1882) ;  Tcharavitchki  (1886) ;  Tcharod- 
jeika  [The  Sorceress]  (1887)  ;  Pique-Dame 
(1890)  ;  Jolanthe  (1893) ;  the  lyric  drama  Snego- 
rutchka  [Snowdrop  ;  Ger.  Schueewittchen\  ;  3 
ballets,  Le  lac  des  cygnes  (op.  20),  La  Belle  au 
bois  dormant  (1890),  and  Le  Casse-noisette  (op. 
71)  ; — a  Coronation  Cantata  f.  soli,ch.,  and  orch. ; 
2  masses  (op.  41,  52)  ; — 6  symphonies  (op.  13, 
G  min.;  op.  17,  C  ;  op.  29,  D  ;  op.  36,  F  min.; 
op.  64,  E  min.;  op.  74,  B  min.)  ;  7  symphonic 
poems  ("  The  Tempest,"  op.  18;  "  Francesca 
da  Rimini,"  op.  32  ;  "  Manfred,"  op.  58  ;  "  Ro- 
meo and  Juliet  "  [fantasy-overture]  ;  "  Hamlet," 
op.  67;  "  Fatum,"  op.  77;  "  Le  Voyevode," 
op.  78  [symphonic  ballade]); — 4  orch.  1  suites, 
op.  43,  53,  55,  and  61  ("  Mozartiana " ) ; — 
"  1812,  Ouverture  solennelle  "  (op.  49),  "  Ouver- 
ture  triomphale "  on  the  Danish  nat.l  hymn 
(op.  15);  overture  to  the  drama  F  Or  age 
(op.  76)  ;  "  Marche  slave  "  (op.  31)  ;  Corona- 
tion March  (1883)  ;  Serenade  f.  string-orch., 
op.  48  ;  3  pf. -concertos  (op.  23,  44,  75) ;  a  pf.- 
fantasia  w.  orch.  (op.  56)  ;  violin-concerto  (op. 
35)  ;  Capriccio  f.  'cello  w.  orch.  (op.  62)  ;  string- 
sextet  "  Souvenir  de  Florence,"  f.  2  violins,  2 
violas,  2  'celli  (op.  70)  ;  3  string-quartets  (op. 
11,  22,  30)  ;  a  pf.-trio  (op.  50)  ;  variations  f. 
'cello  and  pf.  (op.  33)  ;  pieces  f.  violin  and  pf. 
(op.  26,  34);  many  pf. -pieces  ("Souvenir  de 
Hapsal,"  3  numbers,  op.  2  ;  Romance,  op.  5  ;  3 
morceaux,  op.  9  ;  2  morceaux,  op.  10  ;  6  mor- 
ceaux,  op.  19;  sonata,  op.  37;  "The  Seasons," 
12  charact.  pieces,  op.  37a  ;  "  Kinder-Album," 
24  numbers,  op.  39;  12  morceaux,  op.  40;  6 
do.,  op.  51  ;  iS  do.,  op.  72);  also  6  duets,  and 
Russian  songs.  lie  publ.  a  "  Treatise  on  Har- 
mony," and   translations  of  Gevaert's  "  Traite 


570 


TEBALDINI— TEMrLETON 


d'instrumentation "  and  Lobe's  "  Catechismus 
der  Musik  "  ;  also  "  Musikalische  Erinnerungen 
und  Feuilletons." 

Tebaldi'ni,  Giovanni,  b.  Brescia,  1864(7). 
Pupil  of  Paolo  Chimeri  ;  at  15,  organist  of  Brescia 
Cath.,  and  chorusmaster  at  the  Guillaume  Th.  ; 
entered  the  Milan  Cons,  a  few  years  later;  ex- 
pelled 1SS6  for  criticizing  a  mass  written  by  one 
of  the  professors.  After  a  wandering  life  as  or- 
ganist and  journalist,  he  entered  the  school  for 
church-music  as  Ratisbon,  and  zealously  studied 
theory,  comp.,  and  mus.  history.  Was  app.  mae- 
stro of  the  "  Schola  cantorum  "  at  San  Marco, 
Venice  ;  in  1894,  maestro  at  the  Padua  Cath.  ;  in 
1S97,  Director  of  Parma  Cons.  Is  a  zealous  re- 
former of  church-music  in  Italy. — Works  :  An 
opera,  Fantasia  araba:  Messa  funebre  (w.  Bossi); 
Messa  di  San  Antonio  a  4,  w.  strings  and  chorus  ; 
organ-music  (e.g.,  "  Trois  pieces,"  op.  16)  ;  and 
a  great  Organ-method  (see  Bossi). 

Tedes'ca,  Fernanda,  b.  near  Baltimore, 
i860;  d.  1885.  Violinist;  pupil  of  Wilhelmj, 
Vieuxtemps,  and  Leonard. 

Tedes'co,  Ignaz  (Amadeus),  pianist,  called 
the"  Hannibal  of  octaves  "  ;  b.  Prague,  1817  ;  d. 
Odessa,  Nov.  13,  1882.  Pupil  of  Triebensee  and 
Tomaschek  ;  successful  concert-tours,  especially 
in  Southern  Russia  ;  settled  in  Odessa.  Wrote 
light  and  brilliant  sa/ou-music  :  Pf. -concerto, 
Caprices  de  concert,  mazurkas,  waltzes,  rhapso- 
dies, nocturnes,  transcriptions. 

Te'lemann,  Georg  Philipp,  influential  con- 
temporary of  J.  S.  Bach  ;  b.  Magdeburg,  Mar. 
14,  1681  ;  d.  Hamburg,  July  25,  1767.  He  had 
only  an  ordinary  school-training  in  the  mus.  rudi- 
ments, owing  his  later  eminence  to  self-instruc- 
tion. At  12  he  wrote  an  opera  a  la  Lully  ;  at  14 
he  cond.  the  music  in  the  Catholic  ch.  at  Hildes- 
heim;  in  1700  he  entered  Leipzig  Univ.  as  a  stu- 
dent of  law  and  modern  languages,  and  in  1701 
became  organist  and  mus.  dir.  at  the  Neukirche, 
enlarging  his  choir  by  a  students'  singing-society 
("  Collegium  musicum  ")  organized  by  himself. 
From  1704-8  he  was  Kapellm.  to  Count  Prom- 
nitz  at  Sorau  ;  then  Concertmeister  at  the  court  of 
Eisenach,  where  he  succeeded  Hebenstreit  in 
1709  as  court  cond.,  retaining  title  and  emolu- 
mentswhen  called(i7ii)to  Frankfort s&Kapellm. 
at  the  churches  of  the  "  Barefooted  Friars  "  and 
St.  Catherine.  From  1721  till  death  he  was  town 
mus.  dir.  at  Hamburg  ;  declining,  on  Kuhnau's 
death  in  1722,  the  proffered positionsof  townmus. 
dir.  and  cantor  of  the  Thomasschule  at  Leipzig. 
An  astonishingly  productive  composer,  he  wrote 
with  ease  and  fluency  in  any  desired  style  ;  he  was 
far  better  known  in  his  day  than  Bach,  whose  su- 
perior depth,  dignity,  and  thorough  workman- 
ship have  won  the  day  with  posterity. — Works  : 
12  series  of  cantatas  and  motets  for  the  church- 
year  (about  3000  numbers  with  orch.  or  organ)  ; 
44  Passions  ;  33  installation-numbers  for  preach- 
ers ;  33  "Hamburger  Capitansmusiken  "  (each 
being  a  cantata  w.  instr.l  introduction) ;  20  pieces 


for  jubilees,  consecrations,  or  coronations  ;  12 
funeral  services  ;  14  numbers  of  wedding-music  ; 
over  3000vertures  ;  many  serenadesand  oratorios ; 
some  40  operas  (chiefly  for  Hamburg). — Publ. 
works  (mostly  engraved  by  T.  himself)  :  12  vio- 
lin-sonatas (1715,  '18);  "Die  kleine  Kammer- 
musik  "  (1716  ;  6  suites  f.  vln.,  flute,  oboe  and 
clavichord);  6  trios  f.  various  instr.s  (1718); 
"  Harmonischer  GottesdienstodergeistlicheCan- 
taten  "  (1725)  ;  Airs  on  the  Evangels,  f.  vocal  solo 
w.  basso  cont.  (1727);  "Der  getreue  Musik- 
meister  "  (1728;  songs,  sonatas,  fugues,  etc.);  so- 
natas f.  2  flutes  or  violins,  without  bass  ;  "  All- 
gem,  evang.  Liederbuch  "  (1730)  ;  3  trios  and  3 
scherzi  f.  2  violins  or  flutes,  w.  b.  cont.  (1731)  ; 
humorous  songs  f.  sopr.  w.  strings  ;  6  new  sona- 
tinas f.  harpsichord  solo,  or  with  violin  (or  flute) 
and  b.  cont  ;  "  Scherzi  melodichi  "  f.  vln.,  via., 
and  bass  (1734)  ;  50  minuets  f.  harpsichord,  and 
otherinstr.s  ;  "  Heldenmusik"  (12  marches) ;  2nd 
set  of  50  minuets  ;  overture  and  suite  f.  2  violins 
(or  oboes),  2  violas,  and  b.  cont.  ;  6  quartets  f. 
violin,  flute,  gamba,  and  b.  cont.  ;  "  Piombine, 
ou  le  mariage  mal  assorti,"  intermezzo  f.  2  voices, 
2  violins,  and  b.  cont.  ;  "  Sing-,  Spiel-  und  Gene- 
ralbass-Uebungen  "  (1740)  ;  "  Jubel-Musik  "  (2 
cantatas  w.  strings  ;  1733)  ;  "  Kleine  Fugen  fur 
die  Orgel  "  ;  "  Tafel-Musik  "  (3  overtures,  3  sym- 
phonies, 3  concertos,  3  quartets,  3  trios,  3  solos)  ; 
quartets  (or  trios)  f.  2  flutes  (or  violins)  and  2 
'celli(or  1  'cello)  ;  "  Fantaisiespour  le  clavecin" 
(3  sets  of  12  each)  ;  etc. 

Te'lemann,  Georg  Michael,  grandson  of 
preceding;  b.  Plon,  Ilolstein,  Apr.  20,  174S;  d. 
Riga,  Mar.  4,  1831,  as  mus.  dir.  and  cantor. — 
Publ."  Unterricht  inGeneralbass-Spielenauf  der 
Orgel  .  .  ."(1773);  "  Beitrage  zur  Kirchenmu- 
sik,"  organ-pieces  (1785)  ;  "  Sammlung  alter  und 
neuer  Kirchenmelodien  "  (1S12)  ;  and  "  Ueber 
die  Wahl  der  Melodieeines  Kirchenlieds"  (1S21). 

Tel'le,  Carl,  b.  1S26  ;  d.  Klosterneuburg, 
Jan.  6,  1S95.  Golinelli's  successor  1858-88  as 
ballet-master  at  the  Hofoperntheater,  Vienna. 
Wrote  over  20  ballets,  some  being  very  success- 
ful. 

Telford.     Pen-name  of  Francis  Boott. 

Tellefsen,  Thomas  Dyke  Acland,  b. 
Trondhjem,  Norway,  Nov.  26,  1823  ;  d.  Paris, 
Oct.,  1874.  Pianist  ;  pupil  (1842)  of  Chopin  in 
Paris  ;  lived  there  as  a  teacher. — Works  :  2  pf.- 
concertos,  a  pf.-trio,  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin, 
do.  w.  'cello,  duos  f.  pf.  and  violin,  nocturnes, 
mazurkas,  waltzes,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Temple,  Hope,  b.  in  Dublin  of  English 
parents.  Pupil,  in  London,  of  J.  F.  Barnett 
and  E.  Silas  ;  in  Paris  of  A.  Messager. — Works  : 
Operetta,  The  Wooden  Spoon;  numerous  songs. 

Templeton,  John,  b.  Riccarton,  n.  Kilmar- 
nock, Scotland,  July  30,  1802  ;  d.  New  Hamp- 
ton, n.  London,  July  1,  1886.  Tenor  singer  ; 
pupil  of  Blewitt,  Welsh,  and  T.  Cooke.  Stage- 
debut  at  Worthing,  1828  ;  in  London  in  1831, 
being  eng.  at  Drury  Lane.     From   1S33-5   he 


37 


577 


TENAGLIA— THADEWALDT 


was  associated  with  Malibran.  Sang  on  the 
stage  till  1S40.  Gave  lecture-recitals  in  the 
United  States  1845-6,  publishing  his  lecture  as 
"A  Musical  Entertainment"  (Boston,  1845). 
Retired  1852. 

Tena'glia,  Anton  Francesco,  b.  Florence  ; 
d.  (?).  Dwelt  principally  in  Rome,  where  he 
cond.  a  choir.  In  1661  he  comp.  the  opera 
Cleano,  which  contains  the  first  known  example 
of  the  aria  with  da  capo. 

Ten  Brink.     See  Brink,  ten. 

Ten  Ka'te.     See  Kate,  ten. 

Terpander,  famous  Greek  musician  and 
lyricist  ;  a  native  of  Antissa,  Lesbos,  who  lived 
in  the  7th  century  B.C.,  and  was  called  the 
"father  of  Greek  music,"  probably  from  his 
development  of  the  forms  of  lyric  song. 

Terrade'llas  [Terrade'glias],  Domingo 
[Domenico],  b.  Barcelona,  Spain  (baptized 
Feb.  13,  1711);  d.  Rome,  1751.  Pupil  of  Du- 
rante at  the  Cons.  S.  Onofrio,  Naples.  Prod, 
operas  in  Italy  and  London  (1746-7) ;  was  then 
maestro  at  S.  Giacomo  degli  Spagnuoli,  Rome. 
Having  had  success  with  the  operas  Astarte 
(1739)  ar|d  L'intrighe  delle  canlarine  (1740)  at 
Naples,  Artemisia  (1740,  Rome),  Merope  (1743, 
Florence),  and  Mitridaie  and  Bellerofo7ite  at 
London,  he  took  the  failure  of  Sesostri  at  Rome, 
1741,  so  to  heart,  that  he  died. 

Terschak,  Adolf,  b.  Prague,  Apr.  21,  1832. 
Flutist ;  pupil  of  Zierer  at  the  Vienna  Cons. 
(1850-2).  Made  long  tours  ;  to  London  in  the 
west,  and  Siberia  in  the  east.  Tubl.  many 
comp.s  for  his  instr. 

Terzia'ni,  Eugenio,  b.  Rome,  1825  ;  d. 
there  June  30,  1SS9.  Pupil  of  Mercadante  at 
the  R.  Cons.,  Naples;  prod,  an  oratorio,  La 
cad n /a  di  Gerico,  in  1844,  followed  by  the  operas 
Giovanna  di  Napoli  and  Alfredo,  at  Rome, 
where  he  became  maestro  at  the  Teatro  Apollo 
about  1848  ;  from  1867-71,  maestro  at  La  Scala, 
Milan  ;  from  1877,  prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Liceo 
musicale  of  the  Accad.  di  Sta.  Cecilia  at  Rome. 
Last  opera,  Niccolb  de' Lapi  [L'assedio  di  Firenze] 
(Rome,  1883) ;  also  prod,  a  Requiem  mass,  an 
Inno  sinfonico,  etc. 

Tesch/ner,  Gustav  Wilhelm,  b.  Magde- 
burg, Dec.  26,  1800  ;  d.  Dresden,  May  7,  1883. 
Singing-teacher  ;  pupil  of  Zelter  and  Klein  at 
Berlin,  and  of  Ronconi,  Bianchi,  and  Crescentini 
in  Italy  (1829) ;  later  of  Mieksch  in  Dresden. 
Settled  in  Berlin  as  a  vocal  teacher  after  Italian 
methods.  He  publ.  elementary  vocal  exercises, 
and  solfeggi  of  his  own  ;  also  many  by  Italian 
masters  (Clari,  8  books  ;  Crescentini,  5  ;  Minoja, 
6;  Zingarelli,  10);  edited  much  early  vocal 
church-music. 

Te'si-Tramonti'ni,  Vittoria,  celebrated 
singer  ;  b.  Florence,  about  1695  ;  d.  Vienna, 
1775.  Her  singing-masters  were  Redi  at  Flo- 
rence and  Campeggi  at  Bologna,  where  she 
made  an  early  debut.     She  sang  at  Venice  in 


1719,  and  in  Dresden  the  same  year,  at  the  wed- 
ding of  the  electoral  prince  ;  up  to  1738  she 
appeared  chiefly  at  Venice  and  Naples,  then  had 
a  long  engagement  with  Farinelli  at  Madrid, 
and  in  1749  was  singing  with  great  success  at 
Vienna,  ending  her  days  in  the  house  of  the 
Prince  of  Hildburghausen. 

Tessarin,  Francesco,  b.  Venice,  Dec.  3, 
1820.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  A.  Fanno  and  G.  B. 
Ferrari.  He  was  intimate  with  Wagner.  De- 
voted himself  chiefly  to  lesson-giving  and  com- 
position.— Works  :  Opera  L' 'ultimo  A bencerragio 
(Venice,  1858)  ;  a  cantata,  church-music,  pf.- 
fantasias,  etc. 

Tessari'ni,  Carlo,  famous  violinist  of  the 
Corelli  school;  b.  Rimini,  1690;  d.  (?).  At- 
tained celebrity  as  early  as  1724  ;  was  1st  violin 
at  the  cathedral  in  Urbino. — Publ.  "  Sonate  per 
2  violini  e  basso,  con  uncanonein  fine"  ;  "Sonate 
a  2  violini"  (2  books)  ;  "  12  concertini  a  violino 
principale,  2  violini  di  ripieno,  violetto,  violon- 
cello, et  basso  cont.  per  organo  o  cembalo "  ; 
"12  sonate  a  violino  solo,  e  basso  per  organo"  ; 
"  6  divertimenti  a  2  violini  "  ;  "  L'arte  di  nuova 
modulazione,  ossia  concerti  grossi  a  violino  prin- 
cipale, 2  violini  di  concerto,  2  violini  di  ripieno, 
violetta,  violoncello  et  b.  cont.  per  organo " 
(1762;  Amsterdam);  "  Contrasto  armonico, 
ossia  concerti  grossi  "  [as  before]  ;  and  a  violin- 
method,  "  Grammatica  musicale  .  .  ."  (MS.; 
French  and  English  translations  were  printed  ; 
it  is  a  practical  method  consisting  of  exercises, 
etudes,  and  sonatinas,  with  only  a  few  letterpress 
directions). 

Testo'ri,  Carlo  Giuseppe ;  Carlo  An- 
tonio ;  and  Paolo  Antonio  ;  father  and  two 
sons,  Milanese  violin-makers  from  about  1687- 
1754- 

Tey'ber  (or  Tayber),  Anton,  b.  Vienna, 
Sept.  8,  1754;  d.  there  Nov.  18,  1822.  Pupil 
of  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna.  From  1792,  cem- 
balist at  the  Imp.  Opera,  Vienna,  and  assistant 
of  Salieri  ;  from  1793,  court  composer  and  music- 
master  to  the  Imperial  children. — Works  :  An 
opera,  an  oratorio,  a  Passion,  a  melodrama, 
many  masses,  a  symphony,  string-quartets,  min- 
uets and  allemandes,  etc. — His  brother, 

Tey'ber  (or  Tayber),  Franz,  b.  Vienna, 
Nov.  15,  1756  ;  d.  there  Oct.  22,  18 10.  Pianist, 
pupil  of  Wagenseil  ;  after  a  concert-tour  in  S. 
Germany  and  Switzerland,  he  cond.  Schikaneder's 
itinerant  opera-troupe  ;  was  then  Concertmeister 
at  Karlsruhe  and  Bern,  and  from  1799-1810  com- 
poser to  Schikaneder's  Theater  an  der  Wien. 
Two  months  before  his  death  he  was  app.  or- 
ganist of  the  Imp.  Chapel.  Besides  several 
operas  and  Singspiele,  he  wrote  an  oratorio,  a 
mass  and  other  church-music,  songs,  etc. 

Tha'dewaldt,  Hermann,  founder  (1872)  and 
president  of  the  "  Allgemeiner  deutscher  Musi- 
kerverband";  b.  Bodenhagen,  Pomerania,  Apr. 
8,  1827.  From  1850-51,  bandmaster  at  Dussel- 
dorf ;   1853-5,  cond.  at  Dieppe  ;  1857-69,  cond. 


578 


THALBERG— THAYER 


of  his  own  orch.  at    Berlin,  and  in  1S71  of  the 
concerts  at  the  Zoological  Gardens. 

Thal'berg  [tahl-],  Sigismund,  renowned 
piano-virtuoso  and  composer  ;  b.  Geneva,  Jan. 
7,  1812  ;  d.  Naples, 
Apr.  27,  1S71.  The 
natural  son  of  Prince 
Moritz  Dietrichstein 
and  the  Baroness 
von  Wetzlar,  his 
father  took  charge 
of  his  education,  at 
Vienna,  from  1822. 
Hummel  and  Sech- 
ter  were  nominally 
his  teachers  ;  but  he 
himself  gives  the 
credit  for  his  pian- 
istic  training  to  Mit- 
tag,  the  1st  bassoon- 
ist in  the  Vienna  Court  Opera.  At  14  he  already 
had  success  in  private  circles  ;  in  1828  his  first 
three  works  (Fantaisie  and  variations  on  Eitry- 
anthe  ;  do.  on  a  Scotch  theme  ;  Impromptu  on 
Le  Siege  de  Cor  hi  the)  appeared,  followed  in  1S30 
by  the  pf. -concerto  in  F  minor,  op.  5.  In  1830 
he  also  made  a  concert -tour  through  Southern 
Germany,  winning  great  applause.  In  1834  he 
was  app.  court  pianist  at  Vienna  ;  in  1835  he 
excited  intense  enthusiasm  in  Paris,  and  con- 
tinued his  triumphs  through  Belgium,  England, 
Holland,  and  Russia.  In  1S43  he  married  Mme. 
Boucher,  the  daughter  of  Luigi  Lablache,  in 
Paris  ;  in  1S45  he  undertook  a  tournee  in  Spain  ; 
in  1 85 1  his  first  operatic  venture,  Florinda, 
failed  completely  in  London,  and  a  second,  Cri- 
stina  di  Svezia,  met  a  similar  fate  in  Vienna, 
1855  ;  he  then  set  out  on  a  tour  through  Brazil 
(1S55)  and  the  United  States  (1856),  retiring  in 
185S  to  his  villa  at  Posilippo,  near  Naples.  In 
1862  he  revisited  Paris  and  London  ;  made  a 
second  Brazilian  tour  in  1863  ;  and  in  1864  with- 
drew permanently  to  Posilippo. — T.  was  an  ex- 
ecutant of  the  highest  rank,  unexcelled  as  an 
interpreter  of  salon-music,  with  a  complete  com- 
mand of  tone-effect,  and  a  wonderful  legato, 
eliciting  from  Liszt  the  remark,  "  Thalberg  is 
the  only  artist  who  can  play  the  violin  on  the 
keyboard."  His  technical  specialty,  since  widely 
imitated,  was  to  play  a  central  melody  with  the 
thumb  of  either  hand,  surrounding  it  with  bril- 
liant arpeggios  and  arabesques.  He  was  the 
leader  of  the  Vienna  school  of  brilliant  piano- 
playing,  the  glittering  superficiality  of  which  has 
succumbed  to  modern  Romanticism. — Published 
works:  Op.  5,  Gran  concerto  f.  pf. ;  op.  7,  di- 
vertissement ;  op.  15,  19,  Caprices  ;  op.  16,  21, 
28,  6  nocturnes  ;  op.  31,  Scherzo  ;  op.  32,  An- 
dante ;  op.  35,  Grand  nocturne;  op.  3 5 for, 
Etrennes  aux  jeunes  pianistes  ;  op.  36,  6  pieces 
(La  Cadence,  a  study,  is  No.  1);  op.  38,  Ro- 
mance et  etude  ;  op.  41,  2  Romances  sans 
paroles  ;  op.  45,  Theme  orig.  et  etude  ;  op.  47, 
Grandes  valses   brillantes  ;  op.   55,    Le  Depart, 


varie  en  forme  d'etude  ;  op.  57,  10  morceaux 
(ecole  preparatoire)  ;  op.  56,  Grande  sonate  ;  op. 
59,  Marche  funebre  variee  ;  op.  60,  Barcarolle  ; 
op.  62,  Valse  melodique  ;  op.  64,  Les  Capri- 
cieuses  ;  op.  65,  Tarentelle  ;  Souvenir  de  Pesth  ; 
etc.  Among  many  brilliant  transcriptions  and 
fantasias  are  op.  20  {Huguenots),  op.  33  (Moise), 
op.  66  {L'etisir  d 'a  111  ore). 

Thallon,  Robert,  b.  Liverpool,  Mar.  iS, 
1S52  ;  was  taken  to  New  York  in  1854  !  studied 
1864-76  at  Stuttgart,  Leipzig,  Paris,  and  Flor- 
ence ;  is  now  (1899)  living  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
as  a  well-known  organist  and  music-teacher. 

Thayer,  Alexander  Wheelock,  b.  South 
Natick,  Mass.,  Oct.  22,  1S17  ;  d.  Trieste,  July 
15,  1S97.  After  graduation  at  Harvard  Univ. 
in  1843,  he  became  asst. -librarian  there  ;  during 
6  years'  work  in  the  library,  he  matured  a  plan 
for  writing  a  detailed  and  trustworthy  biography 
of  Beethoven.  For  preliminary  study,  and  to 
collect  material,  he  first  spent  2  years  (1849-51) 
in  Germany,  also  writing  letters  for  newspapers  ; 
in  1852  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  New  York 
"Tribune,"  and  returned  to  Europe  in  1854, 
where,  excepting  2  years  (1856-8)  spent  in  Bos- 
ton, he  remained.  Dr.  Lowell  Mason,  and  Mrs. 
Mehetable  Adams  (of  Cambridge,  Mass.),  gave 
generous  and  disinterested  aid  at  this  juncture. 
In  1862  T.  was  attached  to  the  American  em- 
bassy at  Vienna;  in  1865,  Abraham  Lincoln 
appointed  him  consul  at  Trieste,  a  post  held 
during  life.  He  now  publ.  a  "  Chronologisches 
Verzeichniss  der  Werke  Ludwig  van  Beetho- 
vens"  (Berlin,  1S65)  ;  in  1866  Vol.  i  of  his  life- 
work,  "  Ludwig  van  Beethovens  Leben,"  ap- 
peared in  German,  translated  from  the  English 
MS.  by  Dr.  Hermann  Deiters,  followed  (1872) 
by  Vol.  ii,  and  (1S78)  by  Vol.  iii.  In  1S77  he 
also  publ.  "  Ein  kritischer  Beitrag  zur  Beetho- 
ven-Litteratur."  Unhappily,  his  wonderful  ca- 
pacity for  work  was  overtaxed,  and  Vol.  iv  of 
his  nobly  conceived  work,  executed  with  a  pains- 
taking thoroughness  and  scrupulous  fidelity  be- 
yond praise,  was  left  unfinished  \cf.  Beetho- 
ven]. Though  he  lived  for  years  in  straitened 
circumstances,  he  resolutely  refused  offers  from 
firms  like  Novello  &Co.,  and  G.  Schirmer,  hop- 
ing to  recast  entirely  the  English  version  of  his 
"  Beethoven." 

Thayer,  (Whitney)  Eugene,  b.  Mendon, 
Mass.,  Dec.  ir,  1838;  d.  Burlington,  Vermont, 
Jan.  27,  1889.  Distinguished  organist  ;  began 
study  at  14  ;  in  1862  assisted  at  the  opening  of 
the  great  organ  in  the  Music  Hall,  Boston,  where 
he  became  regular  organist  after  study  (1S65-6) 
under  Haupt,  Wieprecht,  etc.,  in  Germany  ;  also 
editor  of  the  "Organist's  Journal,  "and  the  "Choir 
Journal,"  cond.  of  the  Boston  Choral  Union,  the 
N.  E.  Church-Music  Assoc,  etc.  Gave  free  or- 
gan-recitals in  Boston  from  1869  ;  played  in  the 
chief  cities  of  America  and  Europe  ;  and  lec- 
tured. From  1881-8,  organist  of  the  Fifth  Av. 
Presb.  Ch.,  New  York.  For  a  Festival  Cantata 
(f.  soli  and  8-part  ch.  w,  orch.)  he  received  the 


579 


THAYER— THIERFELDER 


degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  from  Oxford  Univ. ;  also 
comp.  organ-pieces,  part-songs,  and  songs. 

Thayer,  Arthur  Wilder,  b.  Dedham,  Mass., 
Aug.  20,  1857.  Composer  and  cond.;  pupil  of 
Dr.  C.  A.  Guilmette  and  C.  R.  Adams  (singing), 
Chadwick  (theory  and  instrumentation),  and 
Zerrahn  (conducting).  Conducted  choral  so- 
cieties in  Lowell,  Salem,  Worcester,  Providence, 
etc.;  1882-5,  supt.  of  music  in  schools  at  Ded- 
ham, 1885-8  at  Milton;  then  mus.  dir.  at  Eliot 
Ch.,  Newton.  Since  18S9,  member  of  the 
Harvard  Mus.  Assoc.  Has  publ.  numerous 
songs  and  part-songs  ;  also  a  few  church-pieces, 
and  some  pf. -music. 

Thei'le,  Johann,  b.  Naumburg,  July  29, 
1646;  d.  there  June  24,  1724.  Pupil  of  H. 
Scht'itz  at  Weissenfels ;  in  1673,  Kapellm.  to  the 
Duke  of  Holstein  at  Gottorp ;  during  the  troub- 
lous war-times,  he  went  to  Hamburg,  and  wrote 
(for  the  opening  of  the  Opera  there  in  1678)  the 
Singspiele  Adam  und  Eva,  and  Orontes;  he  also 
prod,  a  Christmas  oratorio  in  1681.  In  1685, 
Kapellm.  to  the  Brunswick  court  at  Wolfen- 
bi'ittel ;  then  Kapellm.  at  Merseburg.  He  was 
called  by  contemporaries  "  the  father  of  counter- 
point." Among  his  pupils  were  N.  Hasse, 
Buxtehude,  and  Zachau. — Extant  works  :  A 
German  Passion  (publ.  Li'ibeck,  1675);  "Noviter 
inventum  opus  musicalis  compositions  4  et  5 
vocum,  pro  pleno  choro  "  (20  masses),  and  ' '  Opus 
secundum,  novae  sonatae  rarissimae  artis  et  sua- 
vitatis  musicae  "  (a  coll.  of  instr.l  sonatas,  pre- 
ludes, courantes.  airs,  and  sarabands  a  2-5,  in 
single,  double,  triple,  and  quadruple  counter- 
point). 

Theodericus,  Xistus.     See  Dietrich. 

Thern,  Carl  [Karoly],  b.  Iglo,  Upper  Hun- 
gary, Aug.  18,  1S17;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  13,  18S6. 
In  1841,  Kapellm.  of  the  National  Th.,  Pesth  ; 
1853-4,  prof,  of  pf.  and  comp.  at  the  Cons., 
resigning  to  travel  with  his  sons  ;  in  1868,  again 
in  Pesth  ;  later  in  Vienna. — Works  :  3  successful 
operas  (prod,  at  Pesth);  very  popular  Hungarian 
songs;  pf. -pieces. — His  sons,  Willi  (b.  Ofen, 
June  22,  1847),  and  Louis  (b.  Pesth,  Dec.  18, 
1S48),  excellent  pianists,  taught  by  their  father 
and  (1864-5)  by  Moscheles  and  Reinecke  at 
Leipzig,  have  won  fame  by  their  remarkable 
ensemble-playing  on  two  pianos.  They  are 
living  as  favorite  teachers  at  Vienna;  have  made 
extended  concert-tours  in  Germany,  to  Brussels 
and  Paris  (1866),  to  Holland,  England,  etc. 

Thibaud,  Joseph,  b.  Bordeaux,  Jan.  25, 1875. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  L.  Diemer  at  Paris  Cons., 
taking  1st  prize  for  pf.-playing  in  1892.  Has 
played  at  the  Concerts  Colonne,  also  in  the 
larger  French  towns.  Accompanied  the  vio- 
linist Marsick  on  his  American  tour,  1895-6. 

Thibaut  IV.,  King  of  Navarre;  b.  Troyes, 
1201 ;  d.  Pamplona,  1253.  He  was  a  Trouvere  ; 
63  of  his  songs  were  publ.  by  bishop  La  Ra- 
vailiere  in  1742  as  "  Poesies  du  roi  de  Navarre," 


in  2  vol.s;  the  melodies  are  not  adequately  re- 
produced. 

Thibaut,     Anton     Friedrich    Justus,    b. 

Hameln,  Jan.  4,  1774;  d.  Heidelberg,  Mar.  28, 
1S40,  as  prof,  of  jurisprudence. — Publ.  "  Ueber 
Reinheit  der  Tonkunst  "  (1825;  often  republ.; 
Engl.  ed.  as  "  Purity  in  Mus.  Art  "). — Cf.  "  A. 
F.  J.  T.,  Blatter  der  Erinnerung  fur  seine 
Verehrer,"  by  Baumstark,  1841. 

Thie'le,  Eduard,  b.  Dessau,  Nov.  21,  1S12; 
mus.  dir.  at  Kothen,  organist  at  the  principal 
church,  and  prof,  at  the  Seminary;  in  1855  he 
succeeded  Fr.  Schneider  at  Dessau,  with  title  of 
Ilof kapellmeister  in  1S60. — Works:  A  mass 
(1840);  choruses  f.  mixed  and  male  voices; 
sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  do.  f .  pf. 

Thie'le,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.  Ilarzgerode,  n. 
Bernburg,  Nov.  18,  1816;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  17, 
1848.  Pupil  of  A.  W.  Bach  at  the  R.  Inst,  for 
Church-music,  Berlin;  from  1S39,  organist  of 
the  Parochialkirche.  An  excellent  organ-vir- 
tuoso, he  publ.  concert-pieces,  variations,  pre- 
ludes, etc.,  for  organ. 

Thie'me  (called  Thieme),  Friedrich,  Ger- 
man music-teacher  at  Paris,  1780-92,  then  in 
Bonn,  dying  there  in  June,  1802. — Publ.  "Ele- 
ments de  musique  pratique"  (2nd  ed.  1783,  w. 
new  method  of  figuring  ace.  to  Abbe  Roussier); 
"  Principes  abreges  de  musique  "  for  beginners 
on  the  violin;  do.  for  pf. ;  "  Nouvelle  theorie  sur 
les  differents  mouvements  des  airs  .  .  .  avec 
le  projet  d'un  nouveau  chronometre  "  (1S01); 
and  several  books  of  violin-duos. 

Thier'felder,  Dr.  Albert  ( Wilhelm),  b.  Miihl- 

hausen,  Thuringia,  Apr.  30,  1S46.  Studied  at 
Leipzig  Univ.  1865-9,  ant'  at:  the  same  time 
with  Hauptmann,  Richter,  and  Paul.  1869-70, 
director  of  a  singing-society  at  Elbing  ;  1S70- 
87,  gymnasial  singing-teacher,  and  cantor,  at 
Brandenburg ;  since  1887,  Mus.  Director  and 
Prof,  at  Rostock  Univ.,  succeeding  Kretzsch- 
mar,  receiving  title  of  "  Professor"  in  1898. — 
Works:  3-act  opera  Die  Jung f rait  vom  Kdnigsee 
(Brandenburg,  1876;  Rostock,  188S);  3-act 
opera  Almansor  [Heine]  (Berlin,  1886);  4-act 
opera  Der  Trentajdgcr  [after  Baumbach's  Zlato- 
rog]  (Schwerin,  1895);  3-act  opera  Floreniina, 
text  by  T.  himself  (Rostock,  1S96);  2-act  opera 
Der  Heirathstein,  text  do.  (Rostock,  1898;  v. 
succ); — also  op.  1-7,  pf. -pieces,  songs,  and 
duets;  op.  8,  Zlalorog,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.; 
Fran  Holde,  f.  do. ;  Edelweiss,  f.  chorus  ;  2 
symphonies  (C  min.,  D  maj.);  the  essays  :  "  De 
Christianorum  psalmis  et  hymnis  usque  ad 
Ambrosii  tempora "  (his  doctor-dissertation  ; 
publ.  by  Teubner),  and  "  System  der  griechi- 
schen  Instrumentalnoten "  (Dietrich'sche  Buch- 
handlung) ;  and  an  extremely  interesting ' '  Samm- 
lung  von  Gesangen  aus  dem  klassischen  Alter- 
thume  vom  5.  bis  1.  Jahrhundert  v.  Chr.  nach 
den  iiberlieferten  Melodieen  mit  griechischem 
und   deutschem  Texte  nebst  einleitenden  Vor- 


580 


THIERIOT— THOMAS 


bemerkungen  herausgegeben  und  fur  den  Con- 
certgebrauch  eingerichtet  "  (  Leipzig,  1899). 

Thieriot,  Ferdinand,  b.  Hamburg,  Apr. 
7,  1838.  Pupil  of  E.  Marxsen  at  Altona,  and 
Rheinberger  at  Munich  ;  mus.  dir.  at  Hamburg, 
Leipzig  (1867),  and  Glogau  (1868-70);  dir.  of 
the  Styrian  Vocal  Soc.  at  Graz  till  1S85  ;  since 
then  living  in  Hamburg. — Works  :  Symphonic 
fantasy  "Loch  Lomond";  Am  Traunsee,  f. 
bar.  solo,  female  ch.,  and  string-orch.;  haspubl. 
a  violin-concerto  in  A,  a  pf. -quintet,  a  pf. -quar- 
tet, a  violin-sonata,  pieces  f.  'cello  w.  pf.,  an 
octet  in  B (^ ,  f.  strings,  clar.,  horn,  and  bassoon 
(op.  62)  ;  etc. 

Thillon,  Anna  {ne'e  Hunt),  English  stage- 
soprano  ;  b.  London,  1S19.  Pupil  of  Bordogni, 
Tadolini,  and  Thillon,  marrying  him  when  she 
was  but  fifteen  ;  debut  Th.  de  la  Renaissance, 
Paris,  1S3S,  in  Grisar's  Lady  Melvil ;  sang  in 
Paris,  and  appeared  in  London  at  the  Prin- 
cess's Th.,  May  2,  1844,  as  the  Queen  in 
Auber's  Crown  Diamonds.  In  America  1S50-4. 
Last  appearance  in  opera  1S55,  at  the  Lyceum 
Th.,  London.  Retired  some  years  later  to 
Torquay. 

Thi'mus,  Albert,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Cologne, 
1S06  ;  d.  there  Oct.  14,  1S46,  as  judge  of  the 
Appellate  Court,  and  "  Ilofrath." — Publ.  "  Die 
harmonikale  Symbolik  des  Alterthums  "  (2  vol.s, 
1S6S-76),  a  work  containing  much  of  interest 
to  friends  of  harmonic  dualism.      [RlEMANN.] 

Thoinan,  Erneste,  pen-name  of  Antoine- 
Erneste  Roquet,  b.  Nantes,  Jan.  23,  1827  ; 
d.  Paris,  in  May,  1S94.  A  business-man  in 
Paris,  and  a  thoughtful  student  of  music.  He 
collected  a  fine  mus.  library. — Publ.  "La  ran- 
sique  a.  Paris  en  1S62"  (1S63)  ;  "  Les  origines 
de  la  chapelle  -musique  des  souverains  de 
France  "  (1S64)  ;  "  L'ope'ra  Les  Troyens  a  Pere 
Lachaise"  (1863;  a  satire);  "Les  origines  de 
l'opera  francais  ";  "  La  deploration  de  Guillaume 
Crestin  surle  trepas  de  Jean  Ockeghem  "  (1864)  ; 
"  Maugars,  celebre  joueur  de  viole "  (1865); 
"  Antoine  de  Cousu  et  les  singulieres  destinees 
de  son  livre  rarissime  '  la  musique  universelle 
(1S66)  ;  "  Curiosites  musicales  et  autres  trou- 
vees  dans  les  ceuvres  de  Michel  Coyssard " 
(1866)  ;  "  Un  bisai'eul  de  Moliere  ;  recherches 
sur  les  Mazuel,  musiciens  du  X\Teet  XVIIe 
siecles  "  (1S78)  ;  "Louis  Constantin,  roi  des 
violons  "  (187S) ;  "  Notes  bibliographiques  sur  la 
guerre  musicale  des  Gluckistes  et  Ticcinistes  " 
(1878). 

Tho'ma,  Rudolf,  b.  Lehsewitz,  n.  Steinau- 
on-Oder,  Feb.  22,  1S29.  Pupil  of  the  R.  Inst. 
for  Church-music,  Berlin  ;  in  1S57,  cantor  of 
the  Gnadenkirche,  Hirschberg  ;  in  1S62,  of  the 
Elisabethkirche,  Breslau.  In  1S70,  "  R.  Mus. 
Dir."  Founded  a  singing-society,  and  is  direc- 
tor of  a  music-school. — Works  :  The  romantic 
opera  Helga's  Rosen  (Olmutz,  1S90)  ;  i-act  opera 
lone  (Breslau,    1894);  2  oratorios,    Moses,   and 


Johannes    der     Taitfer  ;  other    church-music  ; 
etc. 

Tho'mas,  Christian  Gottfried,  b.  Wehrs- 
dorf,  n.  Bautzen,  Feb.  2,  1748  ;  d.  Sept.  12, 
1806,  at  Leipzig,  where  he  lived  as  a  composer 
and  writer. — Publ.  "  Praktische  Beitrage  zur 
Geschichte  der  Musik,  musikal.  Litteratur,  etc." 
(1778  ;  chiefly  for  the  music-trade) ;  "  Unpar- 
teiische  Ivritik  der  vorzt'iglichsten  seit  3  Jahren 
in  Leipzig  aufgefiihrten  .  .  .  Kirchenmusiken, 
Concerte  und  Opern "  (179S,  '99);  and  "  Mu- 
sikalische  kritische  Zeitschrift "  (1805  ;  2  vol.s). 
Extant  comp.s  :  A  Gloria  f.  3  choirs,  w.  instr.s  ; 
a  cantata  ;  quartets. 

Thomas,  (Charles-Louis-)  Ambroise,  dis- 
tinguished dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Metz,  Aug.  5, 
1811;  d.  Paris,  Feb. 
12,  1S96.  He  en- 
tered the  Paris 
Cons,  in  1828  ;  his 
teachers  were  Zim- 
merman anil  Kalk- 
brenner  (pf.);  Dour- 
len  (harm.)  ;  Bar- 
bereau  (cpt.)  ;  and 
Le  Sueur  (comp.)  ; 
in  1829  he  won  the 
1st  prize  for  pf.- 
playing,  in  1S30  for 
harmony,  and  in 
1832  the  Grand  prix 
de  Rome  with  the  dram,  cantata  Hermann  et 
Ketty.  After  3  years  in  Rome,  Naples,  Florence, 
Bologna,  Venice,  and  Trieste,  and  a  visit  to  Vi- 
enna in  1836,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and  up  to 
1843  prod,  nine  stage-pieces, — La  double  eelielle 
(1S37),  Le  Perruquier  de  la  Regenee  (1838), 
La  Gipsy,  ballet  (Opera,  1839),  Le  panier  fleuri 
(1839),  Carline  (1S40),  Le  eointe  de  Carmagnola 
(1841),  Le  Gueri//ero(lS42),  Angelique  et  Me'dore 
(1843),  and  Mina,  on  le  menage  a  trois  (1S43). 
Discouraged  by  the  poor  success  of  the  last 
operas,  T.  prod,  only  Betty,  a  ballet  (1846),  dur- 
ing 5  years  ;  but  then  made  a  brilliant  reentry 
with  L.e  Ca'id (1849),  followed  by  Le  songe  d' une 
mat  d\'te (1S50),  which  won  him  good  standing 
among  French  composers  of  the  time.  In  1851 
he  was  elected  to  Spontini's  chair  in  the  Aca- 
demic The  next  5  operas,  Raymond  (1851), 
La  Tonelli  (1853),  La  eonr  de  Ce'limene  (1855), 
/>.fir///(i857),  and  Le  Carnaval de  Vemse(i8$-j), 
achieved  only  moderate  success,  and  Le  rowan 
d'Lh'ire  (i860)  had  similar  fortune  ;  but  with 
Mignon  (Opera-Comique,  Nov.  17,  1S66),  T. 
took  first  place  among  recent  composers  of  French 
comedy-opera  ;  Hamlet  (Opera,  Mar.  9,  1S68) 
was  almost  equally  successful  in  Paris  ;  but 
Mignon  has  gained  world-wide  popularity.  Gille 
el  Gillotin  (1874),  Francoise  de  Rimini  (1S82), 
and  the  ballet  La  Tempete  (Opera,  18S9),  com- 
plete the  list  of  T.'s  dramatic  works.  In  1871 
he  succeeded  Auber  (after  the  Communist 
Daniel's  brief  reign)  as  Director  of  the  Conserva- 
toire.     In    1845    he    was    created    a    Chevalier, 


53i 


THOMAS— THOMAS 


in  1858  Officer,  and  in  186S  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  Besides  operas  and  ballets, 
he  wrote  a  cantata  for  the  unveiling  of  Le  Sueur's 
statue  at  Abbeville,  1852  ;  the  cantata  "  Hom- 
mage  a.  Boieldieu,"  Rouen,  1875  ;  Messe  solen- 
nelle  (1857);  Requiem,  Marche  religieuse,  Notre  - 
Dame,  1865  ;  3  motets  w.  organ  ;  Fantaisie  f. 
pf.  and  orch.;  a  string-quintet;  a  string-quar- 
tet; a  pf.-trio  ;  6  Neapolitan  canzonets;  and  a 
series  of  "  chceurs  orpheoniques "  (4-part  male 
choruses)  which  rank  with  the  best  of  their 
kind  :  Le  chant  des  amis,  La  Vapeur,  Le  saint 
au.x  chanteurs,  France!  France!,  Le  Tyrol, 
Le  car  naval  de  Rome,  F  Atlantiqne,  Les  Trai- 
ncanx,  Le  Temple  de  la  Faix,  Paris,  La  unit 
tin  Sabbat,  Les  Archers  de  Bouvines,  and  Le 
Forgeron. 

Thomas,  John,  "  Pencerdd  Gwalia"(=  Chief 
Bard  of  Wales,  a  title  conferred  upon  him  in 
1S61),  b.  Bridgend,  Glamorganshire,  Mar.  1, 
1826.  Pupil  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  from  1840,  of  J. 
B.  Chatterton  (harp),  and  Lucas  and  Potter 
(comp.).  In  1851,  harpist  at  the  R.  Italian  Op- 
era ;  made  Continental  tours  from  1852-62,  play- 
ing at  the  Leipzig  Gewandhaus  (1852,  1S61),  Vi- 
enna, Berlin,  St.  Petersburg,  Moscow,  etc.  First 
concert  of  Welsh  music  at  St.  James's  Hall,  July 
4,  1862,  with  a  chorus  of  400,  and  20  harps  ;  sim- 
ilar concerts  annually.  In  1871  he  succeeded 
Chatterton  as  harpist  to  the  Queen.  He  has  been 
for  many  years  a  leader  in  the  Eisteddfodau  ;  is 
prof,  of  the  harp  at  the  R.  C.  M.,  and  a  member 
of  the  R.  Soc.  of  Musicians,  the  Philharm.  Soc, 
and  various  foreign  societies. — Works  :  Llewelyn, 
dram,  cantata  (1863);  The  Bride  of  Neath  Val- 
ley, a  Welsh  scene  (1S66)  ;  Welsh  patriotic  songs, 
f.  chorus  and  harp  ;  other  songs  ;  2  harp-con- 
certos (in  E[?  and  B|->) ;  duos  f.  2  harps,  and  f. 
harp  and  pf.  ;  Romance  and  Rondo  piacevole,  f. 
harp  and  violin  ;  pieces  f .  solo  harp  ;  2  sets  of  6 
studies  f.  harp  ;  transcriptions  f.  harp  of  Men- 
delssohn's Songs  without  Words,  Schubert's 
songs,  etc. 

Thomas,  Lewis  William,  bass  concert- 
singer  ;  b.  Bath,  England,  Apr.,  1826  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, June  13,  1896.  Pupil  of  J.  Bianchi  Taylor 
and  Randegger.  1850,  lay-clerk  at  Worcester 
Cath.  ;  1852,  master  of  choristers  there.  Sang  at 
provincial  festivals  ;  London  debut  1854  in  Mes- 
siah. In  1855,  sang  at  Exeter  Hall  ;  1856,  in  St. 
Paul's  Cath.  ;  1857,  in  Temple  Church  ;  also  for 
a  short  time  in  opera.  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  1857,  resigning  in  1887.  He  was  critic 
for  the  "  Mus.  World  "  and  "  Daily  Telegraph  "  ; 
and  edited  "  The  Lute  "  for  some  years.— Of  his 
two  sons,  W.  Henry  T.  (b.  Bath,  MayS,  184S) 
is  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Guildhall  School  of 
Music  and  the  R.  A.  M  ;  and  Frank  L.  T.  is 
cond.  and  organist  at  Bromley. 

Thomas,  Theodore,  eminent  conductor;  b. 
Esens,  East  Friesland,  Oct.  11,  1835.  Taught 
by  his  father,  a  violinist,  he  played  in  public  at  6. 
In  1845  the  family  went  to  New  York,  where  T. 


soon  entered  an  orchestra;  in  1851  he  made  a 
concert-tour  as  a  soloist,  later  touring  the  country 
with  Jenny  Lind,  Grisi,  Sontag,  Mario,  etc.  In 
1855  began  the  Mason  and  Thomas  soirees  \cf. 
William  Mason].  Up  to  1861  he  played  in 
various  opera-orchestras,  sometimes  conducting. 
In  1S64  he  organized  an  orch.  for  "  Symphony 
Soire'es  "  at  Irving  Hall,  New  York  (discontinued 
1S69  ;  resumed  at 
Steinway  Hall  in 
1872)  ;  and  in  1S66 
started  summer 
concerts  in  Terrace 
Garden,  removing 
in  1868  to  Central 
Park  Garden.  The  / 
influence  of  these 
enterprises  on  mu- 
sical culture  in  New  ' 
York,  was  simply 
incalculable  ;  T.'s 
programs  attained 
European  celebrity. 
The  first  concert- 
tour  with  the  orch.  was  made  in  1869,  with  54 
players.  After  the  disastrous  season  of  1876  at 
the  Philadelphia  Centennial,  the  orch.  was  dis- 
banded. From  1878-80,  T.  was  the  president 
of  the  new  Cincinnati  College  of  Music.  In 
1880  he  was  elected  cond.  of  the  New  York 
Philharmonic  Orch.,  succeeding  Neuendorff, 
and  holding  this  position  until  called  to  Chi- 
cago in  1888  as  Director  of  the  Conservatory. 
He  is  also  cond.  of  the  Chicago  Orch.,  now  one 
of  the  most  efficient  organizations  in  the  United 
States. 

Thomas,  Arthur  Goring,  English  composer ; 
b.  Ralton  Park,  n.  Eastbourne,  Sussex,  Nov.  21, 
1S50  ;  d.  London,  Mar.  20,  1,892.  Pupil  of  Emile 
Durand  at  Paris,  1874-6  ;  later  of  Sullivan  and 
Proutat  the  R.  A.  M.,  London,  winning  the  Lu- 
cas Prize  in  1879.  Dwelt  in  London  as  a  com- 
poser.— Works  :  The  operas  Esmeralda  (Drury 
Lane,  1883)  ;  Nadeshda  (ibid.,  18S5)  ;  The  Golden 
Web  (unfinished  ;  score  compl.  by  Waddington  ; 
prod,  at  Liverpool,  1893)  ; — a  choral  ode,  The 
Sun  Worshippers  (Norwich,  1  SSi)  ;  cantata  The 
Swan  and  the  Skylark  (Birmingham,  1894  ;  or- 
chestrated by  C.  V.  Stanford) ;  psalm  f .  sopr.  solo, 
ch.,  and  orch.  (1S78);  3  vocal  scenes,  "  Hero  and 
Leander  "  (1880)  ;  duets  ;  songs  ;  Suite  de  ballet 
f.  orch.  (1887)  ;  a  violin-sonata;  etc. 

Thomas  Aquinas  [Thomas  of  Aquino], 
(Saint),  b.  Rocca  Sicca,  n.  Aquino,  Italy,  1225 
(1227?)  ;  d.  Fossa  Nuova,  n.  Terracina,  Mar.  7, 
1274.  This  famed  theologian  and  scholastic 
philosopher  entered  the  Dominican  order  in  1245. 
In  1263  Pope  Urban  IV.  commissioned  him  to 
compose  a  communion  service,  which  contains 
the  memorable  numbers  "  Lauda  Sion  "  (Corpus 
Christi  sequence),  and  "  Pange  lingua,"  "  Sacra 
solemnis,"  "Verbum  supermini,"  and  "  Adhortor 
te  "  (hymns). 


5S2 


THOME— THURSBY 


Thome,  Francis  {rede  Fran$ois-Luc-Jo- 
seph),  b.  Port  Louis,  Mauritius,  Oct.  iS,  1850. 
Pupil  at  Paris  Cons.,  1S66-70,  of  Marmontel 
(pf.)  and  Duprato 
(theory)  ;  resides  at 
Paris  as  a  teacher, 
composer,  and  critic. 
Has  set  to  music  nu- 
merous light  stage- 
pieces  ;  also  Rotneo 
et  Juliette  (after 
Shakespeare  by  G  . 
Lefevre  ;  1S90) ;  the 
mystery  F  Enfant  Jc-  , 
sits  (1S91)  ;  the  sym-  ''• 
phonic  ode  "  Hymne 
a  la  nuit  "  ;  has  publ. 
vocal  melodies,  ro- 
mances, etc.,  and 
numerous  elegant  pf.-pieces  (Simple  aveu,  op.  25 ; 
Les  Lutins,  op.  69). 

Thomson,  George,  b.  Limekilns,  Fife,  Mar. 
4,  1757  ;  d.  Leith,  Feb.  iS,  1851.  From  1780- 
1S30,  Seer,  to  the  "  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  En- 
cour.  of  Arts  and  Manufactures  in  Scotland."  An 
enthusiastic  and  indefatigable  collectorof  Scotch, 
Welsh,  and  Irish  melodies,  to  which  he  had  spe- 
cial instr.l  accompaniments  written  (besides  the 
pf.-accomp.)  by  the  most  noted  musicians  of  the 
time  (Beethoven,  Haydn,  Pleyel,  Kozeluch). 
Each  song  had,  accordingly,  a  prelude,  coda,  and 
ad  libitum  parts  throughout  (f.  violin,  or  flute,  or 
'cello).  J.  Cuthbert  Hadden's  biography  of  T., 
"  G.  T.,  the  Friend  of  Burns.  His  Life  and 
Correspondence"  (London,  1S98),  contains  full 
and  interesting  details,  notably  Beethoven's  let- 
ters.— The  collections  are:  "A  Select  Coll.  of 
Orig.  Scottish  Airs  .  .  ."  (London,  6  vol.s;  Vol. 
i,  1793;  Vol.  ii,  179S;  Vol.  iii,  1799;  Vol.  iv, 
1802;  Vol.  v,  1S1S-26;  Vol.  vi,  1841);  "Coll.  of 
the  Songs  of  R.  Burns,  Sir  W.  Scott,  etc."  (Lon- 
don, 1822  ;  6vol. s);  "  Select  Coll.  of  Orig.  Welsh 
Airs  ..."  (London,  1809  ;  3  vol.s)  ;  ditto  of 
"Irish  Airs"  (London,  1814-16;  2  vol.s);  "20 
Scottish  Melodies"  (Edinburgh,  1839). 

Thomson,  John,  b.  Sprouston,  Roxburgh, 
Oct.  28,  1805  ;  d.  Edinburgh,  May  6,  1841. 
Pupil  of  Schnyder  v.  Wartensee  at  Leipzig,  and 
a  friend  of  Mendelssohn,  Schumann,  and  Mo- 
scheles.  In  1839,  first  Ried  Professor  of  Music 
at  Edinburgh  Univ. — Works  :  Several  operas  ; 
instr.l  music;  songs. — At  the  third  concert  given 
by  the  "  Edinb.  Professional  Soc."  (Feb.,  1837), 
an  analytical  program  was  issued  by  T.,  then 
conductor ;  this  is  the  first  recorded  instance  of 
the  use  of  such  programs. 

Thomson,  Cesar,  fine  violinist ;  b.  Liege, 
Mar.  17,  1857.  From  7,  pupil  of  Liege  Cons., 
winning  the  gold  medal  at  11  ;  then  studied 
under  Vieuxtemps,  Leonard,  Wieniawski,  and 
Massart.  Tours  in  Spain  and  Italy  very  suc- 
cessful ;  from  1S73-83  he  was  for  some  time 
chamber-musician  to  Baron  von  Derwies  at 
Lugano,  on  tour  in  Italy,  etc.,  and  a  member  of 


Bilse's  orch.  at  Berlin  ;  from  1S83-97,  teacher 
of  violin  at  Liege  Cons.,  but  making  frequent 
tours  to  European  capitals  and  (1894-5)  in  the 
United  States  ;  in  1898  he  succeeded  Isaye  as 
prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the  Brussels  Cons. 
His  technique  in  double-stops  is  peculiarly  re- 
markable. 

Thome,  Edward  Henry,  b.  Cranborne, 
Dorset,  May  9,  1S34.  Chorister  at  St.  George's 
Chapel  under  Elvey  ;  organist  in  turn  at  Henley 
(1853),  Chichester  Cath.  ('63),  St.  Patrick's, 
Brighton  ('70),  St.  Peter's,  Cranley  Gardens  ('73), 
St.  Michael's,  Cornhill  ('75),  and  St.  Anne's, 
Soho  (since  1891).  Is  cond.  of  St.  Anne's  Choral 
and  Orch.l  Soc;  and  gives  concerts  and  pf.- 
recitals  in  London  and  elsewhere.  Works  : 
Psalm  57,  f.  tenor  solo,  chorus,  and  orch.  (1884); 
Tsalm  125  ;  Magnificat  and  Nunc  dimittis,  f. 
soli,  ch.,  orch.,  and  organ  ;  services  ;  anthems  ; 
an  overture  ;  2  pf  .-trios  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vio- 
lin, and  pf.  and  'cello;  "Sonata  elegia  "  f.  pf. ; 
suite  f.  pf.  and  clar. ;  7  books  of  organ  pieces;  etc. 

Thuille,  Ludwig  (Wilhelm  Andreas 
Maria),  b.  Bozen,  Tyrol,  Nov.  30,  1S61.  Pupil 
of  Jos.  Pembaur  at  Innsbruck  (pf.,  cpt.)  ; 
1S79-83  of  Carl  Baermann  (pf.)  and  Rhein- 
berger  (comp.)  at  the  Munich  Music-School. 
Since  1883,  teacher  of  pf.  and  theory  there;  also 
conducts  the  male  choral  union  "  Liederhort." 
In  1S91,  "  R.  Professor  of  Music." — Works: 
The  3-act  opera  Tkeuerdank  (Munich,  1897  ;  v. 
succ  ;  won  the  Luitpold  Prize)  ;  opera  Lobetanz 
(Karlsruhe  and  Berlin,  1898)  ;  op.  1,  sonata  f. 
violin  and  pf.;  op.  2,  organ-sonata  ;  op.  3,  three 
pf.-pieces  ;  op.  4-5,  Lieder  ;  op.  6,  sextet  f.  pf. 
and  wind  ;  op.  7,  Liedercyclus  "Von  Lust  und 
Leid";  op.  8,  10,  n,  male  choruses. 

Thunder,  Henry  G.,  pianist ;  b.  near  Dub- 
lin, Feb.  io,  1832  ;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  14, 
1891.  Pupil  of  Thalberg  ;  settled  in  New 
York,  where  he  was  in  turn  organist  of  St. 
Augustine's,  St.  Clement's,  and  St.  Stephen's 
R.  C.  churches.  Comp.  church-music,  songs, 
etc. 

Thiir'lings,  Adolf,  since  1877  prof,  of  Old- 
Catholic  theology  at  Bonn.  Dr.  phil.,  Munich  ; 
publ.  dissertation  :  "  Die  beiden  Tongeschlech- 
ter  und  die  neuere  musikalische  Theorie  "  (1S77  ; 
favoring  harmonic  dualism.) 

Thur'ner,  Friedrich  Eugen,  oboe -virtuoso  ; 
b.  Montbeliard,  Dec.  9,  1785  ;  d.  Amsterdam, 
Mar.  21,  1827. — Publ.  3  symphonies,  an  over- 
ture, 4  oboe-concertos,  4  quartets  f.  oboe  and 
strings,  rondos  and  divertissements  f.  oboe  w. 
string-quartet,  trio  f.  oboe  w.  2  horns,  duos  f. 
oboe  and  pf.,  sonata  f.  horn  and  pf.,  pf. -music, 
etc. 

Thurn'mayer.     See  Aventinus. 

Thursby,  Emma,  famous  concert-soprano 
(coloratura);  b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  17,  1857. 
Pupil  of  Julius  Meyer  (Brooklyn),  Achille  Errani 
(New  York),  and  Mme.  Rudersdorff  (Boston) ; 
then  at  Milan  (1S73)  of  Lamperti  and  San  Gio- 


5S3 


TICHATSCHEK— TIMM 


vanni.  Clave  her  first  concert  in  America  at 
Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn,  in  1S75  ;  sang  in 
concert  and  oratorio,  and  was  eng.  by  Gilmore 
(1S75)  for  his  summer-night  concerts,  and  then 
for  a  tour  of  the  country.  She  then  sang  in  Dr. 
Taylor's  church,  New  York,  at  a  salary  of 
$3,000 ;  made  a  European  tour  with  Maurice 
Strakosch,  appearing  in  London,  Paris,  Cologne, 
etc.,  everywhere  with  great  applause.  Her 
second  Amer.  tour  (1879-80)  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful, and  has  been  followed  by  numerous 
others  in  the  United  States  and  Europe. — "  Her 
tone  possesses  that  captivating  timbre  character- 
istic of  celebrities  of  the  first  rank,  such  as  Ade- 
lina  Patti  ;  her  style  is  exquisite,  though  her 
voice  is  not  especially  voluminous"  [RlEMANN, 
3rd  German  ed.]. 

Tichatschek,  Joseph  Aloys,  famous  dra- 
matic tenor ;  b.  Ober-Weckelsdorf,  Bohemia, 
July  11,  1807  ;  d.  Dresden,  Jan.  18,  1886.  Son 
of  a  poor  weaver  ;  studied  in  the  Benedictine 
Gymnasium  at  Braunau,  and  went  to  Vienna  in 
1827  as  a  medical  student,  but  joined  the  chorus 
at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  had  vocal  instruc- 
tion from  Cicimara,  and  became  chorusmaster. 
He  then  went  to  Graz,  where  he  sang  minor 
and  second  roles  ;  made  starring  tours  to  Vienna 
and  Dresden,  his  debut  in  the  latter  city  as  Gus- 
tav  in  Der  Maskenball,  Robert,  and  Tamino, 
leading  to  immediate  engagement  (1837)  at  the 
Court  Opera,  where  he  remained  until  pensioned 
in  1872.  In  1842  he  created  the  role  of  Rienzi  ; 
in  1845,  Tannhauser. 

Tieffenbriicker.     See  Duiffopruggar. 

Tieb/sen,  Otto,  b.  Danzig,  Oct.  13,  1S17  ; 
d.  Berlin,  May  15,  1849.  Pupil  of  the  R.  Aka- 
demie  at  Berlin,  where  he  settled  as  a  teacher. — 
Works  :  The  comic  opera  Annette  (Berlin,  1847); 
Christmas  cantata  ;  Ryrie  and  Gloria  a  6  ;  Cruci- 
fixus  a  6  a  cappella  ;  songs  of  high  merit. 

Tiersch,  Otto,  b.  Kalbsrieth,  Thuringia, 
Sept.  1,  1838  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  1,  1892.  Pupil 
of  J.  G.  Topfer  at  Weimar,  and  Bellermann,  A. 
T>.  Marx,  and  L.  Erk  at  Berlin.  Teacher  of 
singing  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin.  As  a  theo- 
rist he  was  a  disciple  of  Ilauptmann,  but  laid 
more  stress  on  the  relationship  by  the  Third  (of 
keys  and  chords)  than  the  latter. — Writings  : 
"System  und  Methode  der  Ilarmonielehre " 
(1868)  ;  "  Elementarbuch  tier  musikalischen 
Harmonic-  und  Modulationslehre "  (1874); 
"  Kurze  praktische  Generalbass-,  Harmonie- 
und  Modulationslehre  "  (1S76)  ;  "  Kurzes  prak- 
tisches  I.ehrbuch  fur  Kontrapunkt  und  Nach- 
ahmung"  (1S79)  ;  "  Allgemeine  Musiklehre" 
(1885  ;  w.  Erk)  ;  "  Lehrbuch  fur  Klaviersatz 
und  Akkompagnement  "  (18S1)  ;    "Notenfibel" 

(1852)  ;  "Die  Unzulanglichkeit  der  heutigen 
Musikstudien    an    den     Konservatorien,     etc." 

(1853)  ;  "  Rhythmik,  Dynamik  und  Phrasie- 
rungslehre "  (1886);  articles  on  harmony,  etc., 
in  Mendel's  "Conversationslexikon." 


Tiersot,  (Jean-Baptiste-Elisee-)  Julien, 
b.  Bourg,  Bresse,  France  ;  pupil  of  Savard, 
Massenet,  and  Cesar  Eranck  at  the  Paris  Cons. 
(1876) ;  since  1883,  asst. -librarian  of  the  Cons. 
Contributor  to  "  Le  Menestrel"  of  interesting 
essays  (e.g.,  "  Musique  antique  :  Les  nouvelles 
decouvertes  de  Delphes,"  Jan. -March,  1896)  ; 
also  publ.  "  Histoire  de  la  chanson  populaire  en 
F ranee  "  (1S85  ;  won  Bordun  Prize).  Hascomp. 
Hellas  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  also  orch.l  rhapso- 
dies on  popular  airs  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Tiet'jens  (/w/V  Titiens),  Therese  Johanne 
Alexandra,  famous  dramatic  soprano ;  b. 
Hamburg,   July   17,    1831  ;    d.    London,   Oct.  3, 

1577.  Trained  in  Hamburg;  successful  debut 
there  in  1849  I  sang  at  Frankfort,  and  was  eng. 
for  the  Vienna  Court  Opera  in  1S56  ;  but  went 
to  London  in  1858,  and  remained  there  till 
death,  for  long  years  the  reigning  favorite,  sing- 
ing at  PI.  M.'s  Th.,  F>rury  Lane,  Covent  Garden, 
and  the  Haymarket.  Pier  greatest  roles  were 
Fidelio,  Donna  Anna,  Valentine,  Lucrezia,  Se- 
miramide,  and  Countess  Almaviva.  She  visited 
Paris  in  1863,  and  America  in  1S75. 

Tilborghs,  Joseph,  Flemish  theorist ;  b. 
Nieuwmoer,  Sept.  28,  1830.  Pupil  of  Lem- 
mens  (org.)  and  Fetis  (comp.)  at  the  Brussels 
Cons.;  since  1882,  prof,  of  organ-playing  at  the 
Ghent  Cons.,  and  of  counterpoint  at  the  Antwerp 
Music-School. — Works  :  Organ-pieces  ;  motets 
w.  organ-accomp. 

Tilman,  Alfred,  b.  Brussels,  Feb.  3,  1848  ; 
d.  there  Feb.  21,  1895  ;  pupil  of  the  Cons. 
1866-71,  winning  1st  prizes  for  pf. -playing, 
counterpoint,  and  fugue. — Works  :  Requiem 
(for  Queen  Louise  Marie)  ;  Te  Deum  solennel  ; 
"  Cantate  patriotique  "  ;  cantata  La  Sirene  ; 
Chant  sacre ;  "  Marnix,"  scene  for  bass;  24 
vocal  fugues  a  2  and  3  ;  etc. 

Tilmant,  Theophile-Alexandre,  b.  Valen- 
ciennes,   July    8,    1799  ;     d.    Asnieres,    May  7, 

1578.  From  1S38-49,  2nd  m.  de  chap,  at  the 
Th.  Italien  ;  then  1st  do.  at  the  Opera-Comique. 
—  His  brother,  Alexandre,  b.  1S0S,  d.  Paris, 
June  13,  1880  ;  'cellist,  co-founder  of,  and 
player  in,  the  Cons.  Concerts  ;  also  in  the  Th. 
Italien. 

Timanoff,  Vera,  b.  Ufa,  Russia,  Feb.  18, 
1855.  Distinguished  pianist;  pupil  of  L.  No- 
witzky,  at'  Ufa ;  played  in  public  in  her  9th 
year;  studied  with  A.  Rubinstein  (1866)  and 
Tausig  (for  2^  years,  at  Berlin).  Lived  in  St. 
Petersburg,  Prague  (1871),  and  Vienna  (1S72), 
going  to  Liszt  at  Weimar  for  several  summers. 

Timm,  Henry  Christian,  b.  Hamburg, 
Germany,  July  n,  181 1  ;  d.  New  York,  Sept.  4, 
1892.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Methfessel  and  Jacob 
Schmitt  ;  debut  1828  ;  went  to  the  United 
States  in  1835,  giving  concerts  at  Boston,  etc, 
and  in  the  Park  Th.,  New  York.  Was  suc- 
cessively organist  at  Grace  Church,  mus.  dir.  of 
the  Charleston,  S.  C,  Th.,  chorusmaster  at  the 


584 


TINCTORIS— TOLBECQUE 


Church  St.  Opera  House,  New  York,  and  organ- 
ist at  various  churches  (for  16  years  at  All  Souls', 
on  Fourth  Av.).  Early  member  of  the  N.  Y. 
Philharm.,  and  its  president  1847-64. — Works  : 
Grand  mass,  f.  soli,  ch.,  orch.,  and  organ  ;  part- 
songs  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  transcriptions  f.  2  pf.s  of 
numerous  classical  works. 

Tinctoris,  Johannes  (called  John  Tinctor; 
recte  Jean  de  Vaerwere),  Belgian  writer  and 
composer  ;  b.  Poperinghe,  about  1446  ;  d.  Ni- 
velles,  15 1 1.  About  1475,  maestro  to  Ferdinand 
of  Arragon  at  Naples,  who  despatched  him  in 
quest  of  singers  for  his  chapel  to  France,  etc., 
in  14S7  ;  but  T.  never  went  back,  and  became  a 
canon  at  Nivelles.  His  chief  works  are  "  Liber 
de  arte  contrapuncti  "  (written  in  1477  ;  printed 
by  Coussemaker  in  "  Scriptores,"  iv),  and  the 
earliest  known  dictionary  of  music,  "  Termi- 
norum  musicae  diffinitorium "  (Naples,  publ. 
about  1475)  ;  others  are  "  Expositio  manus," 
"  Liber  de  natura  et  proprietate  tonorum,"  "  De 
notis  ac  pausis,"  "  De  regulari  valore  notarum," 
"  Liber  imperfectionum  notarum,"  "  Tractatus 
alterationum,"  "Super  punctis  musicalibus," 
"  Proportionale  musices,"  and  "  Complexus 
effectuum  musices."  Extant  comp.s  are  a 
"  Missa  I'homme  arme,"  and  some  chansons, 
in  MS.  ;  other  chansons  are  in  Petrucci's 
"  Odhecaton,"and  a  Lamentation  in  his  coll.  of 
1506. 

Tinel,  Edgar,  b.  Sinay,  Belgium,  Mar.  27, 
1854.  Pianist  and  composer  ;  taught  at  first  by 
his  father,  a  poor 
schoolteacher  and 
organist  ;  entered 
Brussels  Cons,  in 
1863,  studying  un- 
der Brassin,  Du- 
p  o  n  t ,  G  e  v  a  e  r  t , 
Kufferath,  and 
Mailly  ;  in  1873 
took  1st  prize  for 
pf. -playing,  and 
publ.  op.  1,  4  Noc- 
turnes f.  solo  voice 
w.  pf . ;  won  the 
Grand  prix  tie 
Rome  in  1877  with 
the  cantata  Klokke 
Roeland  (op.  17).  In  1SS1,  Dir.  of  the  Inst. 
for  Sacred  Music  at  Malines,  succeeding  Lem- 
mens  ;  in  1S88  he  brought  out  an  oratorio,  Fran- 
ciscus(op.  36),  which  made  him  famous  ;  in  1S89, 
inspector  of  the  State  music-schools  ;  in  1896  he 
succeeded  Kufferath  as  prof,  of  cpt.  and  fugue 
at  Brussels  Cons.  He  has  also  prod,  a  "  Grand 
Mass  of  the  Holy  Virgin  of  Lourdes,"  f.  5  parts 
(op.  41)  ;  Te  Deum  f.  4-part  mixed  ch.  w.  or- 
gan ;  Alleluia  f .  4  equal  voices  w.  organ  ;  several 
motets  and  sacred  songs  ("  Marienlieder ")  ; 
entr'acte-music  to  Corneille's  Polyene  te  ;'  Kolle- 
bloemen,  f.  tenor  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  De  drie 
Bidders,  f.  bar.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  pf. -pieces  ; 


and  publ.  "  Le   chant    gregorien,   theorie    som- 
maire  de  son  execution"  (1895). 

Tirindel'li,  Pietro  Adolfo,  b.  Conegliano, 
Italy,  1S58.  Violinist ;  pupil  of  Milan  Cons. 
1869-76,  then  for  2  years  of  Boniforti  ;  con- 
ducted the  band  at  Gorizia  for  3  years,  then 
studied  in  Vienna  under  Grim,  and  in  1S83  un- 
der Massart  at  Paris.  From  18S7,  prof,  of  vio- 
lin at  the  Liceo  Benedetto  Marcello,  Venice,  be- 
ing app.  Director  in  1S93.  He  also  conducted 
the  "Giuseppe  Verdi  Orchestra"  of  Venice. 
Knighted  ("  Cavaliere  ")  in  1S94.  In  Boston, 
Mass.,  he  played  with  the  Symphony  Orch.  on 
Dec.  16,  1S95.  His  i-act  opera,  UAtenaide, 
was  prod,  at  Venice  in  1892  ;  he  is  a  gifted 
song-composer,  and  has  publ.  pf. -music,  and 
pieces  for  pf.  and  violin. 

Titl,  Anton  Emil,  b.  Pernstein,  Moravia, 
Oct.  5,  1809  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  21,  18S2,  where 
he  was  Kapellm.  at  the  Burgtheater  from  1850. 
Operas  Die  Burgfrau  (Brt'inn,  1S32),  Das  Wol- 
kenkind  (Vienna,  1S45),  and  others  ;  also  a  mass 
a  8,  overtures,  etc. 

Titoff,  Nicolai  Alexeijevitch,  b.  St.  Peters- 
burg, Apr.  2S,  1801  ;  d.  there  Jan.  6,  1876. 
Noted  song-composer. 

Todi,  Luiza  Rosa  de  Aguiar,  famous  mez- 
zo-soprano stage-singer  ;  b.  Setubal,  Portugal, 
Jan.  9,  1753;  d.  Lisbon,  Oct.  1,  1S33.  At  15 
she  played  Dorine  in  Moliere's  Tartuffe,  at  Lis- 
bon ;  then  studied  singing  with  David  Perez  un- 
til 1772,  when  she  appeared  in  London  (and 
again  in  1777)  without  striking  success.  In  1777, 
however,  she  won  a  triumph  at  Madrid  in 
L ' Olimpiade  (by  Paisiello)  ;  also  in  177S-9  and 
17S1-2  at  the  Concerts  spirituels,  Paris,  though 
failing  to  please  Frederick  the  Great  at  Berlin  in 
1781.  After  singing  in  Southern  Germany  and 
Vienna,  she  was  eng.  for  a  short  time  (1782)  at 
Berlin  ;  in  1783  her  rivalry  with  Mara  fairly  con- 
vulsed musical  Paris,  two  bitterly  hostile  fac- 
tions (Todistes  and  Maratistes)  being  formed. 
Next  year  she  was  enthusiastically  received  at 
St.  Petersburg,  singing  in  Sarti's  Armida  (cf. 
Sarti)  ;  in  1786  Friedrich  Wilhelm  II.  engaged 
her  at  a  high  salary  for  Berlin;  until  17S9  she 
sang  alternately  at  Berlin  and  St.  Petersburg, 
then  paid  a  brief  visit  to  Paris,  and  after  a  vain 
attempt  to  have  her  salary  increased  to  6000 
Thaler  on  the  expiration  of  her  Berlin  contract, 
returned  to  Portugal. 

Toedt,  Theodore  J.,  b.  New  York,  Feb.  4, 
1853.  Choir-boy  of  Trinity  Parish  1S61-71  ; 
music-pupil  of  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Horn-Zust.  Ik- 
acquired  an  excellent  reputation  as  a  singer  in 
oratorio,  church,  and  concert;  at  present  (4S99) 
he  is  living  in  New  York  as  a  vocal  instructor. 
He  became  blind  in  1S95. 

Tolbecque,  four  brothers,  Belgian  musicians  : 
— (1)  Isidore-Joseph,  b.  Hanzinne,  Apr.  17, 
1794  ;  d.  Vichy,  May  10,  1871  ;  comp.  and  cond. 


585 


TOMASCHEK— TOPFER 


of  ball-music  ; — (2)  Jean-Baptiste-Joseph,  b. 
Apr.  17,  1797  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  23,  1869.  Violin- 
ist, pupil  of  Kreutzer  and  Reicha  at  the  Paris 
Cons.;  1820-5,  orch. -player  at  the 'Ph.  Italien, 
and  a  comp.  of  charming  quadrilles,  valses, 
galops,  etc.,  which  gained  great  vogue  ;  in  1825 
he  began  conducting  dance-music  at  the  Tivoli, 
etc.,  and  later  the  court  balls  ;  he  was  the  favor- 
ite ball-cond.  till  Musard's  advent.  In  1851  he 
prod.  (w.  Deldevez)the  3-act  ballet  Vert- Vert  at 
the  Opera. — (3)  Auguste-Joseph,  b.  Feb.  28, 
1801  ;  d.  Paris,  May  27,  1S69  ;  violinist  at  the 
( )pera  and  the  Cons.  Concerts,  and  for  some  sea- 
sons at  H.  M.'s  Th.,  London. — (4)  Charles- 
Joseph,  b.  Paris,  May  27,  1806  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
29,  1835  ;  violinist,  pupil  of  Kreutzer  ;  from 
1830,  cond.  at  the  Varietes. — Auguste,  son  of 
Auguste-Joseph  ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  30,  1S30;  emi- 
nent'cellist  ;  took  1st  prize  at  the  Cons,  in  1849; 
teacher  at  Marseilles  Cons.  1S65-71  ;  later 'cellist 
at  the  Paris  Cons.  Concerts.  Publ.  "La  Gym- 
nastique  du  Violoncelle  "  (op.  14  ;  excellent  ex- 
ercises and  mechanical  studies),  and  prod,  a  1- 
act  comic  opera,  Aftres  la  valse,  at  Niort  in 
iSg5,with  success. — His  son,  Jean,  b.  Niort, 
Oct.  7,  1857,  took  1st  'cello-prize  at  the  Paris 
Cons,  in  1873  ;  is  a  fine  player. 

Tomaschek,  Johann  Wenzel  (rede  Jan 
Vaclav  Tomasek),  eminent  composer  and 
teacher;  b.  Skutsch,  Bohemia,  Apr.  17,  1774; 
d.  Prague,  Apr.  3,  1850.  He  learned  the  rudi- 
ments of  singing  and  violin-playing  from  Wolf, 
regens  cliori  at  Chrudim  ;  studied  as  a  chorister 
at  the  Minorite  monastery,  Iglau  ;  took  the  law- 
course  at  Prague  Univ.,  1790-3,  supporting  him- 
self by  giving  lessons,  and  also  studying  the 
chief  German  theoretical  works.  Finally  he 
applied  himself  wholly  to  music  ;  found  a  patron 
in  Count  Bucquoy  de  Longeval ;  and  became  the 
most  noted  teacher  in  Prague  (Dreyschock, 
Schulhoff,  v.  Booklet,  Kittl,  Kuhe,  Dessauer, 
Tedesco,  and  Sig.  Goldschmidt,  were  his  pupils). 
He  was  an  admirable  pianist  and  organist,  and 
a  composer  of  high  merit,  though  unfortunate  in 
being  Beethoven's  contemporary.  Among  no 
works  with  opus-numbers  are  an  orch.l  mass  in 
Ef>,  cantatas,  hymns,  Bohemian  and  German 
songs,  a  symphony,  a  pf. -concerto,  a  string- 
quartet,  a  string-trio,  and  several  pf.-comp.s  (so- 
natas, op.  14,  15,  21,  48,  and  a  fifth  in  B ;  6  sets 
of  Eclogues,  each  having  6  numbers,  op.  35,  47, 
51,  63,  66,  83;  6  Rhapsodies,  op.  40;  6  do.,  op. 
41  ;  3  Ditirambi,  op.  65  ;  3  Allegri  capricciosi  di 
bravura,  op.  52;  and  3  do.,  op.  84).  His  opera 
Seraphine  (Prague,  1811)  was  well  received. 

Tomasi'ni,  Luigi,  b.  Pesaro,  1741 ;  d.  Ester- 
haz,  Apr.  25,  1808,  where  he  had  lived  since 
1757  as  violinist  and  director  of  the  chamber- 
music,  on  intimate  terms  with  Haydn. — Publ.  2 
violin-concertos;  duos  concertants  f.  violins;  12 
string-quartets. 

Tombelle,  Fernandde  la,  b.  Paris,  Aug.  3, 
1S54.     A  pupil  of  Guilmant  and  Th.  Dubois  at 


the  Conservatoire;  won  1st  prize  of  the  "  So- 
ciete  des  compositeurs  "  for  quartet  and  sym- 
phony. He  is  living 
in  Paris  as  a  com- 
poser, and  has  been 
app.  an  Officer  of 
Public  Instruction. 
His  compositions  in- 
clude several  suites 
and  other  orchestral 
pieces  ;  chamber-mu- 
sic (quartets  and  trios 
for  strings,  or  forpf. 
and  strings)  ;  numer- 
ous choral  scenes  and 
sets  of  songs  ;  and 
many  organ-works, 
which  have  been  perf. 
at  the  Trocadero,  and  have  vogue  both  in  Eng- 
land and  America. 

Tomeo'ni,  Florido,  b.  Lucca,  1757;  d.  Paris, 
Aug.,  1820,  having  dwelt  there  as  a  teacher 
since  1783. — Publ.  "  Methode  qui  apprend  la 
connaissance  de  l'harmonie  et  la  pratique  de 
l'accompagnement  selon  les  principes  de  l'ecole 
de  Naples"  (179S)  ;  and  "  Theoriede  la  musique 
vocale  "  (1799).— His  brother,  Pellegrino,  b. 
Lucca,  about  1729,  a  music-teacher  in  Florence, 
publ.  "  Regole  pratiche  per  accompagnare  il 
basso  continuo"  (1795). 

Tomlins,  William  Lawrence,  b.  London, 
Feb.  4,  1844.  Pupil  of  G.  A.  Macfarren  and  E. 
Silas.  Settled  in  America,  1869;  from  1875, 
cond.  of  the  Apollo  Glee  Club,  Chicago.  Mem- 
ber of  the  Amer.  Coll.  of  Musicians.  He  is  a 
vocal  teacher,  and  has  publ.  "  Children's  Songs, 
and  How  to  Sing  Them"  (1885?).  At  Indian- 
apolis, Feb.,  1S97,  he  read  a  paper  on  "  Music 
and  Education." 

Tomma'si,  Giuseppe  Maria,  Cardinal,  eru- 
dite historiographer  of  church-music  ;  b.  Ali- 
cante, Sicily,  Sept.  14,  1649  ;  d.  Rome,  Jan.  1, 
1713.  His  works,  valuable  for  students  of 
ancient  church-music,  were  publ.  in  a  complete 
7-vol.  ed.  at  Rome,  174S-54  ;  the  separate 
original  ed.s,  from  1680-97.  His  magnum  opus 
is  "Codices  sacramentorum  nongentis  annis 
vetustiores,  nimirum  Libri  III  sacramentorum 
ecclesiae.  Missale  Gothicum,  sive  Gallicanum 
vetus,  Missale  Francorum,  Missale  Gallicanum 
vetus  "  (16S0). 

Top'fer,  Johann  Gottlob,  famous  organist 
and  writer  on  organ-building  ;  b.  Niederrossla, 
Thuringia,  Dec.  4,  1791  ;  d.  Weimar,  June  8, 
1870.  Pupil  of  cantor  Schlomilch ;  then,  at 
Weimar,  of  Destouches,  Riemann,  and  A.  E. 
Miiller,  also  studying  at  the  Gymnasium  and 
Seminary,  where  he  was  app.  teacher  of  music  in 
1817.  From  1S30,  town  organist  of  Weimar.  An 
expert  on  organ-construction,  he  wrote  "Die 
Orgelbaukunst "  (1833);  "Die  Orgel :  Zweck 
und  Beschaffenheit  ihrer  Theile  "  (1S43)  ;  "  Die 
Scheibler'sche    Stimmethode "    (1S42);     "  Lehr- 


586 


TORCHI— TOSI 


buch  der  Orgelbaukunst "  (1S56 ;  4  vol.s;  2nd 
ed.  by  Allihn,  18SS);— also  a  "  Theoretisch- 
praktische  Organistenschule  "  (1S45);  "  Allge- 
meines  und  vollstandiges  Choralbuch  "  (a  4,  w. 
organ-interludes);  a  cantata,  Die  Orgelweihe; 
Concertsttick  for  organ  ;  sonatas,  fantasias,  pre- 
ludes, etc.,  for  org.;  a  pf.-trio;  a  sonata 
and  variations  for  flute  and  pf. ;  a  pf. -sonata  ; 
etc. 

Tor'chi,  Luigi,  b.  Mordano,  Bologna,  Nov. 
7,  185S.  Graduate  of  Bologna  Cons.,  1876,  and 
elected  member  (comp.)  of  the  Philharm.  Soc. ; 
from  1S76-7,  studied  comp.  under  Serrao  at 
Naples  Cons.;  1S78-83,  under  Reinecke,  Jadas- 
sohn, and  Paul,  at  Leipzig  Cons,  (writing  a 
symphony,  an  overture  to  Heine's  Almansor,  a 
string-quartet;  also  letters  to  the  "  Gazz.  Mus." 
of  Milan).  From  1SS5-91,  prof,  of  mus.  history 
at  the  Liceo  Rossini,  Pesaro;  then  at  Bologna 
Cons.,  being  also  prof,  of  comp.  since  1S95. 
Twice  elected  Pres.  of  the  R.  Acad,  of  Music 
at  Bologna,  a  position  still  held  in  1S9S. — T.'s 
literary  career  has  been  one  of  great  and  useful 
activity;  in  1890  he  publ.  a  critical  study  on  R. 
Wagner  (Bologna;  pp.  607);  in  1S93,  a  transl. 
of  Wagner's  "  Oper  und  Drama"  (Turin);  in 
1894,  a  transl.  of  Hanslick's  "  Das  Musikalisch- 
Schone"  ("Del  bello  nella  musica";  Milan); 
later  othef  transl. s  from  Wagner  and  v.  Wolzo- 
gen  ;  has  written  many  essays  for  the  "  Rivista 
Musicale  Italiana,"  e.  g.,  "  Italian  Opera  of  the 
17th  Century,"  and  "  Italian  Lyric  and  Instr.l 
Music  of  the  i6th-i8th  Centuries."  Besides  a 
coll.  of  "  Eleganti  canzoni  ed  arie  italiane  "  of 
the  17th  cent.  (Milan),  and  "A  Coll.  of  Pieces 
for  the  Violin  comp.  by  Italian  Masters  of  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries"  (London)  [both  with 
pf.-accomp.  by  T.],  he  has  begun  publishing  a 
work,  to  comprise  34  vol.s  :  "  L'arte  musicale 
in  Italia.  Pubblicazione  nationale  delle  piu 
importanti  opere  italiane  dal  sec.  XV  al  XVIII, 
trascritte  in  partitura,  armonizzate  ed  annotate 
da  L.  T."  Vol.s  i  and  ii  contain  "  Composi- 
zioni  sacre  e  profane  a  piu  voci.  Sec.  XlV, 
XV  e  XVI." 

Torel'li,  Giuseppe,  renowned  violinist,  origi- 
nator of  the  "concerto  grosso";  b.  Verona, 
about  1660;  d.  Ansbach,  170S.  Studied  in 
Bologna,  where  he  was  1st  violin  at  the  church 
of  S.  Petronio  in  16S5  ;  made  a  concert-tour  in 
Germany  in  1701,  and  became  Concertmeister  to 
the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg  at  Ansbach  in 
1703. — Publ.  works:  Op.  1,  Balletti  da  camera 
a  3  violini  e  b.  cont. ;  op.  2,  Concerto  da  camera 
a  2  violini  e  basso  (1686);  op.  3,  Sinfonie  a  2-4 
istromenti  (16S7);  op.  4,  Concertino  per  camera 
a  violino  e  violoncello;  op.  5,  6  sinfonie  a  3,  e  6 
concerti  a  4  (1692);  op.  6,  Concerti  musicali  a  4 
(w.  organ);  op.  7,  Capricci  musicali  per  camera 
a  violino  e  viola  ovvero  arciliuto ;  op.  8,  Con- 
certi grossi  con  un  pastorale  per  il  Santissimo 
Natale  (1709;  republ.  in  Jensen's  "  Classische 
Violinmusik"),  written  for  2  violini  concertanti, 
2  violini  di  ripieno,  viola  and  b.  cont. 


Torrance,  Rev.  George  William,  b.  Rath- 
mines,  n.  Dublin,  1835.  Chorister  at  Christ  Ch. 
Cath.,  Dublin  ;  organist  at  St.  Andrew's  and  St. 
Anne's;  st.  music  at  Leipzig,  1S56;  ordained  as  a 
priest,  1866;  emigrated  to  Melbourne,  Australia, 
in  1869,  where  (since  1895)  he  is  the  incumbent 
at  St.  John's.  Honorary  degree  of  Mus.  Doc, 
Dublin,  1S79. — Works  :  Oratorios  Abraham 
(Dublin,  1855),  The  Captivity  (1S64),  and  The 
Revelation  (Melbourne,  1SS2)  ;  Te  Deura  and 
Jubilate;  services  and  anthems; — an  opera,  Wil- 
liam of  Normandy  (1S59);  etc. 

Tor'ri,  Pietro,  b.  about  1665  ;  d.  Munich, 
July  6,  1737,  as  court  cond.  (since  1732). — Prod. 
26  operas  at  Munich  (1690-1737)  ;  and  an  ora- 
torio, Les  vanites  dumonde,  at  Brussels  (1706). 

Torrington,  Frederick  Herbert,  b.  Dudley, 
Worcestershire,  England,  Oct.  20,  1S37.  Arti- 
cled pupil  of  James  Fitzgerald,  Kidderminster  ; 
in  1S53,  organist  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Anne's, 
Bewdley  ;  from  1S56-6S,  organist  of  Great  St. 
James's  Church,  Montreal,  Canada,  giving  organ- 
recitals,  and  acting  as  solo  violinist,  leader,  orch.l 
cond.,  and  bandmaster.  With  a  picked  orch.,  he 
represented  Canada  at  the  Boston  Peace  Jubilee, 
1869  ;  was  app.  organist  and  mus.  dir.  at  King's 
Chapel,  Boston,  and  held  the  position  until  1S73, 
teaching  at  the  New  Engl.  Cons.,  and  playing  1st 
violin  in  concerts  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn, 
Harvard  Symphony,  and  other  societies.  Since 
1873,  organist  and  choirmaster  at  the  Metropoli- 
tan Ch.,  Toronto,  Canada,  and  cond.  of  the  To- 
ronto Philharm.  Soc.  ;  organized  the  first  Toronto 
mus.  festival  (1SS6),  founded  the  Toronto  Col- 
lege of  Music  (1S8S),  and  is  in  every  way  active 
in  the  cause  of  good  music. — Works  :  Services, 
hymn-tunes,  choruses,  songs,  organ-music,  etc. 

To'schi,  Carlo  Giuseppe,  b.  Romagna,  1724; 
d.  Munich,  Apr.  12,  17SS,  as  court  mus.  director. 
— Works  :  Ballets;  6  symphonies  f.  2  oboes,  2 
horns,  2  violins,  viola  and  'cello  ;  24  flute-quar- 
tets ;  3  flute-quintets  ;  3  sextets  f .  flute,  oboe,  bas- 
soon, andstring-trio. — Ilisson,  Johann  Baptist, 
b.  Mannheim,  abt.  1745  ;  fine  violinist ;  succeeded 
his  father  at  Munich,  and  died  there  May  1,  1800. 
His  18  symphonies  (variously  instrumented,  but 
without  clarinet,  trumpet,  and  double-bass)  were 
favorites  in  Paris  before  Haydn's  advent ;  he  also 
publ.  10  string-quartets,  and  6  trios  f.  2  violins 
and  'cello. 

To'si,  Pier  Francesco,  celebrated  contral- 
tista  {musicd)  and  singing-teacher  ;  b.  Bologna, 
1647;  d.  London,  1727.  Pupil  of  his  father,  the 
comp.  Giuseppe  Felice  T.  ;  sang  successfully  in 
Italy,  Dresden,  etc.,  and  in  1692  settled  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  gave  regular  concerts,  and  was 
highly  esteemed  as  a  vocal  teacher.  He  owes  his 
fame  chiefly  to  the  work  "  Opinioni  de'  cantori 
antichi  e  moderni  o  sieno  osservazioni  sopra  il 
cantofigurato  "(Bologna,  1723;  in  English,  1742, 
as  "  Observations  on  the  Florid  Song,  etc.";  in 
German  [Agricola]  as  "  Anleitung  zur  Sing- 
kunst,"  1757). 


5S7 


TOSTI— TRAETTA 


To'sti,  Francesco  Paolo,  celebrated  sing- 
ing-master and  vocal  composer;  b.  Ortona, 
Abruzzi,  Apr.  g,  1846. 
Pupil,  from  1858,  of 
the  R.  Collegiodi  S. 
Pietroa  Majella,  Na- 
ples, and  was  app. 
sub-teacher  (mae- 
strino)  by  Merca- 
dante,  resigning  on 
account  of  ill-health 
in  1869.  After  this 
he  became  singing- 
teacher  to  the  court 
at  Rome  ;  visited  Lon- 
donin 1875, had  great 
success  in  concerts, 
and  settled  there  as  a  teacher,  becoming  singing- 
master  to  the  Royal  Family  in  1880,  and  prof,  of 
singing  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in  1894.  Besides  many 
beautiful  original  songs,  both  English  and  Ital- 
ian, he  has  publ.  a  coll.  of  ' '  Canti  popolari  abruz- 
zesi"  (Milan). 

Tott'mann,  Carl  Albert,  b.  Zittau,  July  31, 
1S37.  Studied  in  Dresden,  and  at  the  Leipzig 
Cons.  (Hauptmann)  ;  was  a  violinist  in  the  Ge- 
wandhaus  Orch.,  and  cond.  at  the  Old  Theatre 
186S-70.  Living  in  Leipzig  as  a  teacher  of  mus. 
theory,  aesthetics,  and  history  ;  also  lecturing. — 
Publ.  "  Kritisches  Repertorium  der  gesammten 
Violin- und  Bratschen-Litteratur  "  (1873  ;  a  com- 
pendious and  valuable  work,  earning  him  the  title 
of  "  Professor"  from  the  Kingof  Bavaria)  ;  "  Die 
Schulgesang  und  seine  Bedeutung  flir  die  Ver- 
standes-undHerzensbildungder  Jugend  "  ;  many 
detached  essays  in  journals,  etc. ;  also  a  melo- 
drama, Dornroschcn,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Ave 
Maria  f.  4-part  female  chorus  and  solo  ;  Hymn 
f.  3-part  male  ch.,  soli,  and  brass;  sacred  and 
secular  choruses,  songs,  etc. 

Toulmouche,  Frederic,  b.  Nantes,  Aug.  3, 
1850.  Pupil  of  Victor  Masse  at  Paris.  In  1894, 
director  of  the  theatre  "  Menus-Plaisirs."  Since 
1S82  he  has  prod,  about  a  dozen  light  operettas  ; 
La  veilu'e  de  noces  (1S88)  was  brought  out  in  Lon- 
don, 1S92,  as  The  Wedding  Eve. 

Tourjee,  Dr.  Eben,  b.  Warwick,  Rhode  Isl- 
and, June  1,  1834  ;d.  Boston,  1890.  Chiefly  self- 
taught  in  youth,  at  17  he  opened  a  music-store 
and  began  class-teaching  at  Fall  River,  Mass. ; 
became  organist  and  choirmaster  at  Newport  ; 
founded  a  Mus.  Inst,  at  E.  Greenwich  in  1859; 
visited  Europe  to  study  the  Conservatory  system 
there,  improving  the  opportunity  by  taking  les- 
sons from  August  Ilaupt,  at  Berlin,  and  others; 
establ.  the  "  Providence  (R.  I.)  Cons,  of  Music  " 
on  his  return,  and,  in  1867,  the  "  New  England 
Cons,  of  Music "  at  Boston.  lie  was  a  most 
successful  organizer,  and  the  creator  of  the 
class-system  of  mus.  instruction  in  the  United 
States. 

Tours,  Berthold,  violinist,  composer,  and 
musical  editor;    b.    Rotterdam,  Dec.    17,  1838; 


d.  London,  Mar.  11,  1897.  Tupil  of  Verhulst, 
and  of  the  Conservatories  at  Brussels  and  Leip- 
zig ;  went  to  London 
in  1 86 1  as  an  orch.- 
player  ;  in  1872  be- 
came musicaladviser 
to  Novello  &  Co., 
and  editor  of  their 
publications.— 
Works:  Services, 
anthems,  hymn- 
tunes;  pf. -pieces;  a 
"  Primer  of  the  Vio- 
lin "  ;  also  many 
arrangements  f. 
pf.  of  classical  orch.l 
works. 

Tourte,  Francois,  b.  Paris,  1747  ;  d.  there 
Apr.,  1S35.  This  famous  maker  of  violin-bows 
was  the  creator  of  the  modern  bow,  the  model 
for  all  succeeding  bow-makers.  The  shape  and 
inward  curve  of  the  stick,  the  selection  and 
preparation  of  the  wood  (Pernambuco),  the 
length  of  the  bow  and  all  its  modern  fittings, 
are  the  product  of  his  constructive  genius. 

Traet'ta,  Tommaso  (Michele  Francesco 
Saverio),  famous  dramatic  composer ;  b.  Bi- 
tonto,  Naples,  Mar.  30,  1727  ;  d.  Venice,  Apr. 
6,  1779.  Pupil  of  Durante  at  the  "Cons,  di 
Loreto,  Naples,  where  he  studied  1738-48  ;  after 
teaching,  and  writing  church-music,  for  two 
years,  he  prod,  an  opera,  Farnace  (Teatro  San 
Carlo,  1751),  the  success  of  which  procured  him 
commissions  for  others,  so  that  in  ten  years  he 
brought  out  19  dramatic  works  in  Naples,  Rome, 
Florence,  Verona,  Venice,  Parma,  Vienna  (//?- 
genia  in  Aulide,  1759),  etc.  In  175S  he  was 
app.  maestj-o  to  the  Duke  of  Parma,  and  singing- 
master  to  the  princesses  ;  his  festival  opera 
Ippolito  ed  Aricia,  first  given  in  1759,  and  re- 
peated at  the  wedding  of  a  princess  with  the 
Prince  of  the  Asturias  in  1765,  procured  him  a 
life-pension  from  the  King  of  Spain.  From 
1765-8  he  was  Director  of  the  Cons,  dell'  Ospe- 
daletto  at  Venice,  then  resigning  in  favor  of 
Sacchi  in  order  to  succeed  Galuppi  at  St.  Peters- 
burg as  court  composer  to  Catherine  II.  The 
uncongenial  climate  compelled  him  to  leave 
Russia  in  1775  ;  he  repaired  to  London,  and 
produced  the  opera  Germondo  there  in  1776  ;  its 
cool  reception  decided  him  to  return  to  Italy. 
Here  he  wrote  5  more  operas  (he  composed  37 
in  all) ;  but  his  health  was  undermined,  and  he 
died  3  years  after  his  homecoming.  His  dra- 
matic sense  was  keen,  his  effects  natural  and 
striking,  his  harmonies  bold  and  vigorous. — 
Besides  operas,  he  comp.  an  oratorio,  a  Passion, 
a  Stabat  Mater,  masses,  motets,  etc. ;  duets, 
arias  f.  soprano  w.  accomp.,  and  "  Le  4  stagioni 
e  i  12  mesi  dell'  anno,"  a  divertimento  f.  4 
orchestras  (St.  Petersburg,  1770). — Cf.  Capruzzi, 
"  Traetta  e  la  musica  "  (Naples,  187S). 

Traet'ta  [Trajetta],  Filippo,  son  of  pre- 
ceding;   b.  Venice,  Jan.  8,    1777;    d.    Philadel- 


588 


TRAUTMANN— TROUTBECK 


phia,  Jan.  g,  1854.  Tupil  of  Fenaroli  and 
Perillo  at  Venice,  later  of  Piccinni  at  Naples. 
Becoming  a  soldier  in  the  patriot  ranks,  he  was 
captured  and  cast  into  prison  ;  escaped  6  months 
afterward,  and  sailed  to  Boston,  Mass.,  settling 
there  in  1799.  Here  he  wrote  his  "  Vocal 
Exercises,"  and  "  Washington's  Dead  March." 
Proceeding  to  New  York,  he  wrote  the  cantatas 
The  Christian ' s  Joy,  and  Prophecy ;  also  an 
opera,  The  Venetian  Maskers.  Was  manager 
of  a  travelling  theatrical  troupe,  lived  in  Virginia 
for  some  years,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia  in 
1822,  founding  the  "  American  Conservatorio  " 
in  1S23  with  his  pupil,  U.  C.  Hill.  He  prod. 
2  oratorios,  Jerusalem  in  Affliction  (1828)  and 
Daughter  of  Zion  (1S29)  ;  later  2  cantatas,  The 
Nativity,  and  The  Day  of  Rest ;  also  instr.l  and 
vocal  quartets,  trios,  and  duets  ;  songs  ;  etc. ; 
and  publ.  "  Rudiments  of  the  Art  of  Singing" 
for  his  Cons.  (T.  was  active  until  his  death  as  a 
singing-  teacher. ) 

Traut'mann,  Marie.     See  Jaell,  Alfred. 

Traut'wein,  Traugott,  founder  (1820)  of  the 
music-publishing  business,  ("  Trautwein'sche 
Buch-  und  Musikalien-Handlung ")  at  Berlin, 
transferred  in  1840  to  J.  Guttentag,  and  by  him 
in  185S  to  Martin  Bahn. 

Treberii,  Zelia  (stage-name  of  Zelia  Guille- 
bert),  brilliant  dramatic  mezzo-soprano  ;  b.  Paris, 
1838 ;  d.  Etretat,  Aug.  18,  1S92.  Studied  5 
years  with  Wartel  ;  debut  Madrid,  1859,  as 
Rosina  in  //  Barbiere,  a  complete  success,  fol- 
lowed by  triumphs  in  Germany  and  (1862)  Lon- 
don. Married  Sgr.  Bellini  in  1863  ;  they  were 
separated  a  few  years  later.  She  was  long  a 
favorite  in  London ;  also  toured  the  United 
States  (1S84). 

Trei'ber,  Wilhelm,  b.  Graz,  1838  ;  d.  Kas- 
sel,  Feb.  16,  1899.  Pianist;  taught  by  his 
father  ;  made  successful  tours  in  Germany  and 
Austria,  became  cond.  of  the  Euterpe  Concerts 
at  Leipzig  in  1876,  and  in  1881  court  Kapellm. 
at  Kassel. 

Tren'to,  Vittorio,  b.  Venice,  1761  ;  d.  ( ?). 
Pupil  of  Bertoni  ;  prod,  several  ballets  at  Venice, 
Verona,  etc.,  and  in  1791  an  opera,  Teresa 
vedova,  at  Venice.  He  was  cembalist  at  the  S. 
Samuele  Th.,  Venice,  and  then  at  la  Fenice  ; 
mus.  dir.  of  the  Italian  opera  at  Amsterdam 
(1S06),  and  some  years  later  at  Lisbon  till  1818, 
when  he  visited  Italy,  but  returned  in  1821  to 
Lisbon.  His  best  work  (among  some  15  ballets 
and  30  operas)  was  the  opera  buffa  Quanti  cast  in 
un  sol  gi'orno,  ossia  Gli  assassini  (Venice,  1819). 

Treu  (Italianized  Fedele),  Daniel  Gottlieb, 

b.  Stuttgart,  1695  ;  d.  (?).  Violinist,  pupil  of 
Kusser,  and  (with  a  stipend  from  the  Duke  of 
Wilrttemberg)  of  Vivaldi  at  Venice.  After 
bringing  out  12  operas  at  Venice,  he  took  an 
Italian  opera-troupe  to  Breslau,  where  from 
1725-7  he  prod,  his  operas  (Asfarte,  Coriolano, 
Ulisse  e  Tclemacco,  Don   Chiscioite)  with  much 


success.  In  1727  Kapellm.  at  Prague  ;  in  1740 
to  Count  Schaffgotsch  at  Ilirschberg. 

Trial,  Jean-Claude,  b.  Avignon,  Dec.  13, 
1732  ;  d.  Paris,  June  23,  1771.  From  1767  he 
was  co-director  of  the  Opera  at  Paris  with  Ber- 
ton,  producing  the  operas  Sylvie  (1765  ;  w. 
Berton),  Ksope  a  Cy there  (1766),  Tlie'onis  (1767  ; 
w.  Berton  and  Gamier),  and  La  Fete  de  /-'lore 
(1771). — His  nephew,  Armand-Emmanuel,  b. 
Paris,  Mar.  1,  1771  ;  d.  there  Sept.  9,  1S03. 
Also  wrote  several  successful  operas. 

Trito'nius,  Petrus,  German  author  of  a  rare 
and  curious  work,  "  Melopoeiae  seu  harmoniae 
tetracenticae  super  XXII  genera  carminum  hero- 
icorum,  elegiacorum,  lyricorum  et  ecclesiastico- 
rum  hymnorum  ..."  (Augsburg,  1507  ;  printed 
by  Erhard  Oeglin) ;  the  music  is  written  for  4 
parts,  and  conforms  to  the  rules  of  prosody,  thus 
sacrificing  the  mus.  rhythm. 

Trit'to,  Giacomo,  b.  Altamura,  Naples, 
1735  ;  d.  Naples,  Sept.  17,  1S24.  Pupil  of  Ca- 
faro  and  Sala  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  ;  became 
sub-teacher  (prima  maestri  no),  and  Cafaro's  as- 
sistant in  teaching  harmony,  also  succeeding 
him  as  leader  at  the  San  Carlo  Th.  In  1800 
he  succeeded  Sala  as  prof,  of  counterpoint  and 
composition  ;  and  followed  Paisiello  in  18 16  as 
maestro  of  the  Royal  Chapel.  His  first  opera, 
La  fedelta  in  amore,  was  perf.  at  Naples  in 
1764  ;  some  50  others  came  out  subsequently  in 
Naples,  Rome,  Venice,  Milan,  etc.  He  like- 
wise prod.  3  cantatas,  a  mass  for  double  chorus 
w.  2  orchestras,  3  orch.l  masses  and  4  others, 
2  Passions  w.  orch.,  a  Te  Deum  a  5  w.  orch., 
motets,  etc.  (none  printed).  Excellent  teacher  ; 
Spontini,  Farinelli,  Raimondi,  and  Conti  were 
his  pupils  ;  he  publ.  "  Partimenti  e  regole  ge- 
nerali  per  conoscere  qual  numerica  dar  si  deve  ai 
vari  movimenti  del  basso"  (1821),  and  "  Scuola 
di  contrappunto,  ossia  Teoria  musicale  "  (1823). 

Trom'litz,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Gera,  Feb.  9, 
1726  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Feb.  4,  1S05.  Flutist  and 
flute-maker  at  Leipzig. — Publ.  "  Kurze  Abhand- 
lung  vom  Flotenspielen  "  (1786);  "  Ausf  uhr- 
licher  und  griindlicher  Unterricht  die  Flote  zu 
spielen"  (1791) ;  "  Ueber  die  Flote  mit  mehre- 
ren  Klappen "  (1S00)  ;  and  articles  in  the 
"  Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung  "  (1799)  ; — also  3  con- 
certos f.  flute  and  strings  ;  2  books  of  sonatas  f. 
pf.  and  flute  ;  6  Partien  f.  flute  ;  songs. 

Trotter  [Trotere],  Henry,  English  song- 
composer ;  b.  London,  Dec.  24,  1S55.  Some  fa- 
vorite numbers  are  "  Once  for  all,"  "  Leonore," 
"Ever  dear,"  "  Asthore,"  "The  Deathless 
Army,"  "  Love  can  wait,"  etc. 

Troutbeck,  Rev.  John,  b.  Blencowe,  Cum- 
berland, Nov.  12,  1832  ;  d.  London,  Oct.,  1899. 
Graduate  of  Oxford  (B.A.,  1856  ;  M.A.,  1858)  ; 
from  1865-9,  precentor  of  Manchester  Cath.;  in 
1869,  canon  of  Westminster. — Publ.  "  The 
Manchester  Psalter"  (1S68)  ;  "  Manch.  Chant 
Book  "  (1871)  ;  "  Cathedral  Paragraph  Psalter  "; 
"  Hymn  Book  for  Use  in  Westminster  Abbey"; 


589 


TRUHN— TUDWAY 


"Music  Primer  for  Schools,"  w.  R.  F.  Dale 
(1S73  ;  often  republ.)  ;  "  Church  Choir  Train- 
ing" (1S79)  ;  excellent  translations  of  operatic 
and  other  texts,  e.g.,  Wagner's  Flying  Dutch- 
man, Beethoven's  Mount  of  Olives,  Cade's  Cru- 
saders, etc. 

Truhn,  Friedrich  Hieronymus,  b.  Elbing, 
W.  Prussia,  Oct.  14,  1S11  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  30, 
1886.  Pupil  of  Dehn,  B.  Klein,  and  Mendels- 
sohn ;  Kapellm.  of  Danzig  theatre  1835-7 ; 
writer  for  the  Leipzig  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fiir 
Musik  "  during  Schumann's  editorship  ;  mus. 
dir.  at  Elbing,  1848-52  ;  then  lived  chiefly  at 
Berlin. — Works  :  Marionette-opera,  Dcr  baieri- 
sche  Hiesel (Berlin,  1S32) ;  Dcr  vierjahrige  Fas- 
ten (1S33)  ;  comic  opera  Trilby  (Berlin,  1835)  ; 
melodrama  Kleopatra  (Berlin,  1S53)  ;  choral 
works,  songs,  etc. 

Tschaikowsky.     See  Tchaikovsky. 

Tschirch,  six  brothers  : — (1)  Hermann,  b. 
Lichtenau,  Silesia,  Oct.  16,  1808  ;  d.  as  organ- 
ist at  Schmiedeberg  in  1829. — (2)  Carl  Adolf, 
b.  Lichtenau,  Apr.  8,  1S15  ;  d.  as  pastor  at 
Cuben,  Silesia,  Aug.  27,  1875.  From  1845-55, 
wrote  for  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fiir  Musik." — 
(3)  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Lichtenau,  June  8, 
1818  ;  d.  Cera,  Jan.  6,  1892  ;  pupil  of  the  R. 
Inst,  for  Church-music,  Berlin  ;  mus.  dir.  at 
Liegnitz  1843-52  ;  then  court  cond.  at  Gera. 
By  invitation  of  the  German- Amer.  choral  socie- 
ties, he  visited  the  United  States  in  1869,  and 
prod,  many  of  his  celebrated  male  choruses  at 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washing- 
ton, Chicago,  etc. — Other  works  :  Opera  Meister 
Martin  und  seine  Gesellen  (Leipzig,  1861)  ; 
grand  works  for  soli,  male  chorus,  and  orch.: 
Fine  Nacht  auf  dem  Meere  ;  Die  Zeit ;  Blilcher 
in  (,'iessen  ;  Leben,  Liebe,  Lust  und  Leidj  Ab- 
schiedsgruss  ans  Vaterland ;  Fine  Sangerfahrt 
auf  dem  Rheinj — others  with  wind-instr.s  ; — 
also  W<w-pieces  f.  pf.  (pseudonym  "Alexander 
Czersky  "). — (4)  Ernst  Leberecht,  b.  Lichte- 
nau, July  3,  1S19;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  26,  1854; 
from  1849-51,  theatre-cond.  at  Stettin.  Wrote 
overtures,  etc.,  and  2  operas. — (5)  Heinrich 
Julius,  b.  Lichtenau,  June  3,  1S20  ;  d.  Hirsch- 
berg,  Silesia,  Apr.  10,  1867,  as  organist  and  R. 
Mus.  Dir. — (6)  Rudolf,  b.  Lichtenau,  Apr.  17, 
1825  ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  16,  1872,  as  R.  Mus.  Dir. 
Founded  the  "  Markischer  Central  -  Sanger- 
bund";  comp.  works  for  wind-band  (e.g.,  "  Die 
llubertusjagd,"  perf.  annually  for  the  Royal 
Chase  at  Grunewald  ;  "  Das  Fest  der  Diana  ") ; 
music  to  Fine  Brautscliau  (Berlin,  1858)  ;  can- 
tata Sajis  souci  (1855)  ;  etc. 

Tschudi.     See  Broadwoou. 

Tu'a,   Teresina,   b.    Turin,   May  22,   1867. 

Exquisite  violinist  ;  pupil  of  Massart  at  the 
Paris  Cons.,  where  she  took  the  1st  prize  in 
1S80.  Toured  the  Continent  with  brilliant  suc- 
cess ;  English  debut  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  May 
5,  1883  ;  has  since  then  played  frequently  in 
Britain  ;    in  America,    1S87.     About    1891    she 


married  Count  Franchi-Verney  della  Valetta, 
and  withdrew  from  the  concert-stage  till  the 
autumn  of  1895,  when  she  set  out  on  a  successful 
European  tour.  Was  playing  in  Italy  in  the 
Spring  of  1899. 

Tubbs,  Frank  Herbert,  b.  Brighton,  Mass., 
Nov.  16,  1853.  Mus.  studies  (harm,  and  pf.) 
with  W.  J.  D.  Leavitt,  C.  Petersilea,  and  W.  F. 
Apthorp,  Boston  ;  special  studies  (voice-training) 
under  \V.  W.  Davis  and  Lyman  Wheeler,  Bos- 
ton, Manuel  Garcia,  E.  Behnke,  and  W.  Shake- 
speare, London,  and  San  Giovanni  and  Francesco 
Lamperti  in  Italy.  Then  choirmaster  in  vari- 
ous churches,  and  an  organizer  of  boy-choirs 
(in  New  York,  Pittsfield,  and  Glen's  Falls). 
Pie  founded,  and  is  (1899)  musical  director  of, 
the  "  New  York  Vocal  Institute";  establ.  "The 
Vocalist";  is  assoc. -editor  of  "The  Musician" 
(Phila.)  ;  is  pres.  of  the  "  Clef  Club,"  New  York, 
and  on  the  Exec.  Comm.  of  the  M.  T.  N.  A. — 
Publ.  "Hints  to  my  Pupils";  "Expression 
in  Singing";  "Seed  Thoughts  for  Singers"; 
"Voice-culture  and  Singing"  (1898). 

Tu'cher,  Gottlieb,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Nurem- 
berg, May  14,  1798  ;  d.  Feb.  17,  1877.  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  at  Munich,  1S56-68. — 
Publ.  "  Kirchengesange  der  beriihmtesten  altern 
italienischen  Meister  .  .  ."  (1827),  and  "  Schatz 
des  evangelischen  Kirchengesangs "  (1848;  2 
vol.s). 

Tuckerman,  Samuel  Parkman,  b.  Boston, 
Mass.,  Feb.  11,  1819  ;  d.  Newport,  Rhode  Isl- 
and, June  30,  1890.  Pupil  of  Carl  Zeuner  in 
Boston  ;  organist  and  choirmaster  of  St.  Paul's 
Ch.,  1840  ;  studied  the  organ  in  various  English 
cathedral  towns  from  1849,  and  took  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc,  Lambeth,  in  1S53  ;  returned  to 
his  Boston  position,  and  gave  lectures  on  early 
cathedral-music  and  church-music  ;  resided  in 
England  1856-64,  and  for  many  years  in  Switzer- 
land. Wrote  much  church-music  (4  services, 
anthems,  hymns,  etc.),  and  edited  collections 
"The  Episcopal  Harp"  ;  "  The  National  Lyre"; 
"Cathedral  Chants"  (1S58)  ;  "  Trinity  Coll.  of 
Church  Music  "  (New  York,  1S64).  His  mus. 
library  was  exceptionally  fine. 

Tuczek,  Franz,  b.  Prague,  about  1755  ;  d. 
Testh,  1820.  Tenor  singer  and  theatre-accom- 
panist at  Prague  ;  in  1797,  Kapellm.  to  the 
Duke  of  Kurland  at  Sagan  ;  in  1800,  cond.  of 
the  Breslau  theatre  ;  in  1802,  of  the  Leopold- 
stadter  Th.,  Vienna. — Works:  Several  operas  ; 
music  to  the  tragedy  Lanassa  ;  2  oratorios  ;  can- 
tatas ;  dances. 

Tudway,  Thomas,  English  comp. ;  b.  about 
1650;  d.  London,  1730.  From  1660,  chorister 
in  the  Chapel  Royal,  under  Dr.  Blow  ;  lay-vicar 
at  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  1664  ;  org.  of 
King's  Coll.,  Cambridge,  1670  ;■  teacher  of  chor- 
isters there,  1679  ;  Prof,  of  Music,  Cambridge 
Univ.,  1704;  suspended  1 706-7  ;  retired  1726. 
Mus.  Baa,  Cantab.,  1681  ;  Mus.  P)oc,  1705. 
He  comp.   services,  motets,  and  anthems  ;  his 


590 


TULOU— TURNHOUT 


"Coll.  of  .  .  .  Services  and  Anthems  used  in 
the  Church  of  England  from  the  Reformation  to 

the   Restoration  of  King  Charles   II " 

in  6  MS.  vol.s,  is  in  the  British  Museum. 

Tulou,  Jean-Louis,  celebrated  flutist ;  b. 
Paris,  Sept.  12,  17S6  ;  d.  Nantes,  July  23,  1865. 
From  1796,  pupil  of  Wunderlich  at  Paris  Cons., 
winning  2nd  prize  for  flute-playing  in  1799,  and 
1st  in  1801  (in  1S00  it  was  withheld  on  account 
of  his  youth).  In  1S04,  rst  flute  at  the  Italian 
opera  ;  in  18 13  he  succeeded  Wunderlich  at  the 
Opera,  resigning  in  1822,  but  resuming  the  posi- 
tion in  1826  (with  the  title  of  "  premiere  flute 
solo");  shortly  after,  hewasapp.  flute-prof,  at  the 
Cons.;  retired  from  both  positions  in  1856.  He 
won  his  brilliant  triumphs — particularly  the  sig- 
nal victory  over  his  rival  Drouot,  when  the  role 
of  the  Nightingale  was  assigned  to  T.  in  Le- 
brun's  opera  Le  Rossignol — with  the  old-fash- 
ioned flute  ;  and  until  his  retirement  obstinately 
opposed  the  introduction  of  Bohm's  improved 
instrument  into  the  Conservatoire. — Works  :  2 
symphonies  concertantes.  No.  1  f.  flute,  oboe,  and 
bassoon,  No.  2  f.  flute,  oboe,  horn,  and  bassoon  ; 
5  flute-concertos  ;  grand  solos,  fantaisies,  and 
airs  varies,  f.  flute  w.  orch.;  airs  varies  w.  string- 
quartet,  etc.;  a  trio  f.  3  flutes;  flute-duos  ;  many 
solo  pieces  f.  flute. 

Tu'ma,  Franz,  b.  Kostelecz,  Bohemia,  Oct. 
2,  1704  ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb.  4,  1774.  Gamba-vir- 
tuoso  and  contrapuntist  ;  pupil  of  Cernohorsky 
at  Prague  and  Fux  at  Vienna  ;  from  1741,  cham- 
ber-composer to  the  dowager  Empress  Elisabeth. 
— Works  :  30  masses  (2  highly  praised  by  Am- 
bros)  ;  a  Miserere  ;  responses,  etc. 

Tun'der,  Franz,  b.  1614  ;  d.  Nov.  5,  1667, 
as  organist  of  the  Marienkirche,  Lttbeck.  Pupil 
of  Frescobaldi.     Buxtehude  succeeded  him. 

Tun'stede  (or  Tunsted,  Dunstede),  Simon, 
a  native  of  Norwich  ;  d.  as  prior  of  the  Francis- 
can nunnery  at  Bruisyard,  Suffolk,  in  1369. 
Reputed  author  of  the  treatise  "  De  quatuor 
principalibus,  in  quibus  totius  musicae  radices 
consistunt,"  valuable  for  the  history  of  mensu- 
ral music.  MS.  in  the  Bodleian  Library  ;  the 
"  Quartum  principale  "  was  printed  by  Cousse- 
maker  in  "  Scriptores,"  Vol.  iii. 

Turi'ni,  Gregorio,  b.  Brescia,  about  1560  ; 
d.  Prague,  about  1600,  as  court  singer  and  cor- 
net-player — Publ.  "  Cantiones  admodum  devo- 
tae  cum  aliquot  psalmis,"  f.  4  equal  voices 
(1589);  "  Teutsche  Liedernach  Art  derwelschen 
Villanellen,"  a  4  ;  and  a  book  of  canzonets  a  4 
(1597).  —  1 1  is  son,  Francesco,  b.  Brescia,  about 
1590;  d.  there  1656  as  cathedral-organist. — 
Publ.  Messe  a  4  e  5  voci  ;  Mottetti  a  voce  sola 
(1629)  ;  Madrigali  a  3  e  5  voci,  con  2  violini  e 
chitarrone  (1629)  ;  Madrigali  a  1  e  3  voci,  con 
alcune  sonate  a  2  e  3  istrumenti  (1624) ;  Misse 
da  cappella  a  4  voci  (1643)  ;  Mottetti  comodi  in 
ogni  parte  (1640). 

Turk,  Daniel  Gottlob,  eminent  organist  and 
teacher  ;  b.  Claussnitz,   Saxony,  Aug.  10,  1756  ; 


d.  Halle,  Aug.  26,  1813.  Pupil  in  harmony  and 
counterpoint  of  Homilius  while  studying  at  the 
Kreuzschule,  Dresden;  he  had  learned  to  play  the 
violin  at  home,  and  after  he  entered  Leipzig 
Univ.  Hiller  continued  his  instruction,  and 
eng.  him  as  a  violinist  at  the  theatre  and  the 
"  Grosses  Concert."  In  1776,  cantor  of  the 
Ulrichskirche,  Halle,  and  music-teacher  at  the 
Gymnasium;  1779,  mus.  dir.  of  the  Univ.;  on 
becoming  organist  at  the  Liebfrauenkirche  in 
17S7,  he  resigned  his  positions  as  cantor  and 
teacher.  He  publ.  "  Von  den  wichtigsten 
Pflichten  eines  Organisten.  Ein  Beitrag  zur 
Verbesserung  der  musikalischen  Liturgie " 
(1787)  ;  an  important  "  Clavierschule,"  with  crit- 
ical annotations  (17S9) ;  "  Kleines  Lehrbuch  fiir 
Anfanger  im  Clavierspielen  "  (1792);  "  Kurze 
Anweisung  zum  Generalbass-Spielen "  (1791  ; 
rev.  ed.  1800);  "  Anleitung  zu  Temperaturbe- 
rechnungen "  (1806); — also  an  oratorio,  Die 
Hirten  bei  der  Krippe  in  Bethlehem  ;  18  so- 
natas and  18  sonatinas  f.  pf . ;  60  Handstucke 
(exercises)  for  beginners  ;  120  easy  pf. -pieces  for 
4  hands  in  4  books  ;  songs.  Fie  left  church- 
music,  symphonies,  organ-pieces,  etc.,  in  MS. 

Turle,  James,  b.  Somerton,  Somerset,  Engl., 
Mar.  5,  1S02  ;  d.  London,  June  28,  1S82.  He 
was  asst. -organist  to  Greatorex  at  Westminster 
Abbey  till  1831,  then  succeeding  him  as  organist 
and  master  of  the  choristers,  resigning  in  1875. 
He  cond.  the  "  Antient  Concerts"  1840-3  ;  was 
music-master  at  the  School  for  the  Indigent  Blind 
1S29-56.  He  comp.  services,  anthems,  chants, 
and  hymn-tunes;  edited  several  coll. s of  church- 
music  (e.g.,  "The  Westminster  Abbey  Chant 
Book,"  w.  Dr.  Bridge) ;  and  publ.  "  The  Art  of 
Singing  at  Sight"  (1S46;  w.  E.  Taylor).  He  was 
a  noted  teacher. 

Turley,  Johann  Tobias,  German  organ- 
builder  at  Treuenbrietzen,  Brandenburg,  where 
he  was  b.  Apr.  4,  1773,  and  d.  Apr.  9,  1829. 

Turner,  Alfred  Dudley,  b.  St.  Albans,  Maine, 
Aug.  24,  1854;  d.  there  May  7,  18SS.  Pupil  of, 
and  teacher  in,  the  New  Engl.  Cons,  of  Music 
and  the  Boston  College  of  Music.  Concert-pi- 
anist.— Works:  Op.  11,  3  morceaux  f.  pf.  and 
'cello  ;  op.  17,  suite  f.  do. ;  op.  18,  Sonate  dra- 
matique  f.  pf. ;  op.  27,  31,  2  sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
violin;  op.  34,  sonata  for  pf.  and  'cello;  pf.- 
pieces. 

Turnhout,  Gerard  de  {rede  Gheert  Jacques, 

called  T  ),  b.  Turnhout,  Belgium,  about  1520;  d. 
Madrid,  Sept.  15,  1580.  In  1545  chorister,  in 
1563  maitre  de  musique,  at  Antwerp  Cathedral. 
Became  maestro  to  Philip  II.  at  Madrid  in  1572. 
— Publ.  motets  a  4-5  (1568)  ;  motets  and  chan- 
sons a  3  (1569);  "  Praestantissimorum  divinae 
musices  auctorum  Missae  X"  a  4-6  (1570),  the 
sixth  by  T.  himself.  Other  comp.s  in  coll.s  of 
Phalese  and  TylmanSusato. — His  son,  Jean, was 
court  cond.  to  the  Duke  of  Parma  at  Brussels  till 
about  1595;  publ.  madrigals  a  6  (1589)  and  a  5 
(1595),  and  motets  a  5-8  (1600). 


59i 


TURPIN— UGOLINO 


Turpin,  Edmund  Hart,  b.  Nottingham,  May 
4,  1835.  Pupil  of  Hullah  and  Pauer  at  London  ; 
organist  of  St.  Barnabas'  Ch.,  Nottingham,  1850; 
gave  his  first  organ-recital  at  the  Hyde  Park  Ex- 
hibition of  1S51,  and  settled  in  London  in  1857. 
In  1S69,  organist  of  St.  George's,  Kloomsbury  ; 
since  1S88,  at  St.  Bride's,  Fleet  Street.  Since 
1S75,  Hon.  Seer,  of  the  College  of  Organists.  In 
1889  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  From  1880,  editor 
of  the"  Mus.  Standard  "for  several  years;  in  1S91, 
joint-editor  of  the  "Mus.  News";  is  a  writer 
and  lecturer  of  distinction,  and  celebrated  as  a 
concert-organist. — Works:  A  mass  a  cappella, 
and  a  mass  for  soli,  ch.,  brass,  drums,  and  organ  ; 
a  motet  f.  do.  (without  drums)  ;  Stabat  Mater  a 
cappella  ;  2  oratorios,  St.  John  the  Baptist  and 
Hezekiah  j  2  cantatas,  A  Song  of  Faith  and  Jeru- 
salem j  services  and  anthems;  symphony  "  The 
Monastery  "  ;  overtures  ;  string-quartet ;  pf. -quar- 
tet ;  pf.-trio  ;  pf. -pieces  and  organ-music. 

Turtshaninoff,  Peter  Ivanovitch,  b.  St. 
Petersburg,  Nov.  20,  1779  ;  d.  there  Mar.  4,  1856. 
High  Priest.  Important  MS.  comp.s  in  the  Im- 
perial Chapel. 

Tye,  Christopher,  English  organist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Westminster,  early  in  the  16th  century; 
was  organist  of  Ely  Cathedral  1 541-61  ;  later  rec- 
tor at  several  Cambridgeshire  towns.  He  died  in 
March,  1572.  Mus.  Doc,  Cantab.,  1545. — Publ. 
"  The  Actesof  the  Apostles,  translated  into  Eng- 
lyshe  Meter,  and  dedicated  to  the  Kynge's  Most 
Excellaunte  Maiestye  .  .  .  with  Notes  to  eche 
Chapter,  to  synge  and  also  to  play  upon  the  lute  " 
(London,  1553)  ;  it  includes  the  first  14  chapters 
of  Acts.  Alsopubl.  aserviceand  several  anthems; 
masses  and  anthems  are  in  MS. 

Tylman  Susato  (also  Tilman,  Tielman, 
Thieleman),  music-printer  and  musician  at  Ant- 
werp, beginning  to  print  music  there  in  1543. 
His  14th  book  of  chansons  (1560)  was  his  last 
publication.  In  some  of  his  collections  are  chan- 
sons and  motets  of  his  own  composition. 

Tyndall,  John,  the  eminent  physicist,  was  b. 
at  Leighlin  Bridge,  Ireland,  Aug.  21,  1820  ;  d. 
Ilaslemere,  Surrey,  Engl.,  Dec.  4,  1893.  His 
two  works  in  the  domain  of  acoustics  are  "Sound: 
A  Course  of  8  Lectures  Delivered  at  the  Royal 
Institution  of  Great  Britain  "(1867,  and  other  ed.s  ; 
in  German  as  "  Der  Schall"),  a  lucid  and  simple 
explanation  of  acoustical  phenomena  ;  and  "  On 
the  Transmission  of  Sound  by  the  Atmosphere  " 
(1874).  He  was  prof,  of  natural  philosophy  at 
the  R.  Inst,  from  1S53. 


U 


Ubaldus  (or  Ugbaldus,  Uchubaldus).  See 
Hucbald. 

U'ber,  Christian  Benjamin,  b.  Breslau,  Sept. 
20,  1746  ;  d.  there  1812  as  Public  Prosecutor,  etc. 
Excellent  amateur  musician.  —  Publ.  works  :   Op- 


eretta Clarisse  ;  music  to  the  comedy  Der  Volon- 
tar ;  cantata  Deukalion  und  Pyrrha ;  several 
instr.l  divertimentos,  concertinos,  etc.  ;  pf. -sona- 
tas, a  serenade,  and  a  quintet. — Two  sons  were 
professional  musicians:  (1)  Friedrich  Christian 
Hermann,  b.  Breslau,  Apr.  22,  17S1  ;  d.  Dres- 
den, Mar.  2,  1822.  Law-student  at  Halle,  but 
studied  music  under  Turk,  and  became  chamber- 
musician  to  Prince  Louis  Ferdinand  of  Prussia, 
istviolinat  Brunswick  (1807),  opera-cond.at  Kas- 
sel(iSoS)and  Mayence  (1814),  and  from  1S18  can- 
tor and  mus.  dir.  of  the  Kreuzkirche,  Dresden. — 
Works:  Les  Marins,  opera-comique  (Kassel); 
Der  falsche  Weber,  intermezzo  (Rassel,  1808); 
Der  frohe  Tag,  opera  (Mayence,  1815);  music  to 
Klingemann's  drama  Moses,  to  Der  ewige  Jude, 
to  the  allegory  Saxonia,  and  toSchiller's  Taucher; 
oratorio,  Die  letzten  Worte  des  Er  losers  ;  canta- 
tas, a  violin-concerto,  etc.  He  publ.  the  overtures 
Ko Der  ewige  J itde  and  Les  Marins,  the  violin-con- 
certo, and  German  and  French  songs. — (2)  Alex- 
ander, b.  Breslau,  17S3;  d.  Carolath,  Silesia, 
1S24,  as  cond.  to  Prince  von  Schonaich-Carolath. 
Fine  'cellist;  publ.  a  'cello-concerto,  variations  f. 
'cello  with  full  orch.  or  strings  ;  Caprices  and 
other  'cello-pieces;  a  septet  f.  clar. ,  horn,  and 
strings;  var.s  f.  wind-instr.s ;   songs;  etc. 

Uber'ti  [Hubert],  Antonio,  brilliant  stage- 
soprano  (tnusieo);  b.  Verona,  1697  (?) ;  d.  Berlin, 
Jan.  20,  1783.  One  of  Porpora's  best  pupils,  he 
was  therefore  called  il  Porporino.  From  1741 
he  was  in  the  service  of  Frederick  the  Great,  at 
Berlin. 

Uccelli'ni,  Don  Marco,  cond.  to  the  Duke  of 
Modena,  prod,  an  opera  at  Florence  (1673)  and 
another  at  Naples  (1677)  ;  also  publ.  chamber- 
music  (1639-49)  :  Sonate,  sinfonie,  concerti,  arie, 
and  canzone,  a  1-4,  f.  strings  w.  continuo. 

Ugalde,  Delphine,  ne'e  Beauce,  stage-so- 
prano; b.  Paris,  Dec.  3,  1829;  sang  at  the  Opera 
National,  Opera-Comique,and  Th.-Lyrique  ;  and 
in  1866  assumed  the  management  of  the  Bouffes- 
Parisiens,  taking  leading  roles  in  Offenbach's  op- 
erettas. Wrote  an  opera,  La  halte  an  in  on /in  ; 
was  a  good  vocal  teacher  (Marie  Sass  was  her  pu- 
pil). 

Ugoli'ni,  Vincenzo,  distinguished  church- 
composer  in  Talestrina-style;  b.  Perugia,  about 
1570  ;  d.  there  May  6,  1638.  Pupil  of  Nanini  at 
Rome  ;  from  1620-26,  maestroaX  St.  Peter's.  Ora- 
zio  Benevoli  was  his  pupil. — Works  :  2  books  of 
madrigals  a  8  (1614);  2  do.  a  5  (161 5);  4  of  mo- 
tets a  1-4,  w.  organ-bass  (1616-19);  2  of  psalms 
a  8  (1620);  2  of  masses  and  motets  a  8  and  12 
(1622);  and  psalms  and  motets  a  12  (1624). 

Ugoli'no,  Biagio,  Venetian  monk.  —  Publ. 
"  Thesaurus  antiquitatum  sacrorum,complectens 
selectissima  clarissimorum  virorum  opuscula,  in 
quibus  veterum  Hebraeorum  mores,  leges,  insti- 
tuta,  ritus  sacri  et  civiles  illustrantur  ..." 
(1744-69  ;  in  34  folio  vol.s  ;  Vol.  32  treats  wholly 
of  I  lebrew  music,  and  contains  a  Latin  transl.  of 
ten  chapters  of  the  "  Schilte  Haggiborim  "). 


592 


UHL— UPTON 


Uhl,  Edmund,  b.  Prague,  Oct.  25,  1853.  Tu- 
pil  of  Richter,  Reinecke,  Jadassohn  and  Wenzel 
at  Leipzig  Cons.,  winning  the  Helbig  Prize  for 
pf. -playing  in  1878  ;  since  then  in  Wiesbaden  as 
teacher  at  the  Freudenberg  Cons.,  organist  at  the 
Synagogue,  and  mus.  critic  for  the  "  Rheinischer 
Courier."  Has  publ.  pf. -trios,  a  'cello-sonata,  a 
Romance  f.  violin  w.  orch. ;  var.s  and  pieces  f. 
pf.,  songs,  etc. 

Uh/lig,  Theodor,  b.  Wurzen,  Saxony,  Feb. 
15,1822;  d.  Dresden,  Jan.  3,  1853.  Pupil  of  Fr. 
Schneider  at  Dessau  ;  in  1841,  violinist  in  the 
Dresden  orch.  His  symphonies,  operettas,  etc., 
were  not  publ.  He  wrote  "  Die  Wahl  der  Takt- 
arten  "  ;  "  Die  gesunde  Vernunft  und  das  Ver- 
bot  der  Fortschreitung  in  Quinten";  "  Druck- 
fehlerinden  Symphonie-Partituren  Beethovens." 
He  was  a  convert  to  Wagnerism ;  the  "  Briefe 
Wagners  an  Uhlig  "  were  publ.  1S88  (Engl.  ed. 
1890). 

Ulibisheff  [French  Oulibischeff],  Alexan- 
der d',  Russian  diplomat  and  mus.  amateur;  b. 
Dresden,  1795;  d.  on  his  estate  at  Nishnij  Nov- 
gorod, Jan.  24  (O.  S.j,  185S.— Publ.  "  Nouvelle 
Biographie  de  Mozart,  suivie  d'un  apercu  sur 
l'histoire  generale  de  la  musique  "  (1844;  3V0I.S; 
2nd  German  ed.  1859)  ;  to  von  Fenz's  scathing  at- 
tack (in  "  Beethoven  et  ses  trois  styles  ")  on  the 
opinions  therein  expressed  on  Beethoven's  last 
style,  he  replied  with  "  Beethoven,  ses  critiques 
et  ses  glossateurs  "  (1857;  Ger.  ed.  1859),  main- 
taininghisformer  position,  and  conclusivelyprov- 
ing  his  own  inability  to  appreciate  Beethoven. 

Ul'rich,  Otto,  b.  Oppeln,  Silesia,  Nov.  26, 
1S27;  d.  Berlin,  May  23,  1S72.  Pupil  of  Kot- 
zoldt  and  Brosig  at  Breslau  ;  from  1846,  while 
studying  at  the  Berlin  Univ.,  of  Dehn.  From 
1S59-63,  teacher  at  the  Stern  Cons. ;  otherwise 
earned  his  living  by  working  for  publishers  ;  pov- 
erty prevented  the  full  development  of  his  gifts  as 
a  composer. — Works  :  3  symphonies  (the  "  sym- 
phonic triomphale  "  won  the  prize  of  1500  francs 
offered  by  the  Brussels  Acad,  in  1853)  ;  a  pf.-trio, 
op.  1 ;  and  an  unfinished  opera,  Bertrandde  Born. 
He  made  excellent  arr.s  of  Beethoven's  sym- 
phonies f.  pf.,  4  hands. 

Um'breit,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Rehstedt,  n. 
Gotha,  June  9,  1763;  d.  there  Apr.  27,  1829.  Or- 
gan-virtuoso, pupil  of  Kittel  at  Frfurt,  and  for  35 
years  organist  at  Sonnenborn. — Publ.  "  All- 
gemeines  Choralbuch  fur  die  protestantische 
Kirche"  (Gotha,  1811;  332  chorals  a 4,  with  long 
Preface  ;  French  ed.  by  Choron)  ;  "  Die  evange- 
lischen  Kirchenmelodien  zur  Verbesserung  des 
hauslichen  und  kirchlichen  Gesangs "  (Gotha, 
1S17)  ;  12  organ-pieces  (179S);  25  ditto  ;  12  Cho- 
ralmelodien  for  organ  (181 7)  ;  4  do.  w.  var.s 
(1S21);   50  Choralmelodien  for  solo  voice  ;  etc. 

Um'lauf,  Ignaz,  b.  Vienna,  1756;  d.  Meid- 
ling,  June  8,  1796.  Mus.  director  of  the  German 
Opera  at  Vienna;  from  1789,  Salieri's  deputy  as 
Kapellm.  of  the  Imp.  Chapel.  1 1  is  Singspiele  had 
great  vogue:  Die  Berg knappen,  and  Die  pilcefar- 


benen  Schuhe,  oder  die  sehone  Schusterin  (1778) ; 
Die  Apotheke  (1778);  Die  gliicklichen  J&ger 
(1785) ;  Der  Ring  der  Liebe  (1785)  ;  Das  Irrlickt, 
with  the  song,  "  Zu  Steffen  sprach  in  Traume  ;  " 
Aeneas  in  Carthago. — His  son,  Michael,  b.  Vi- 
enna, Aug.  9,  1781  ;  d.  there  June  20,  1842  ;  fol- 
lowed Weigl  as  Kapellm.  of  the  German  Opera  ; 
prod,  an  opera,  Der  Grenadier,  6  ballets,  and  sa- 
cred music  (for  the  Court  Chapel)  ;  publ.  a  violin- 
sonata,  a  4-hand  pf. -sonata,  and  pf. -pieces. 

Um'lauft,  Paul,  b.  Meissen,  Oct.  27,  1S53. 
Pupil  of  LeipzigCons.,  holding  the  MozartSchol- 
arship  1879-83. — Works  :  The  i-act  opera Evan- 
tJiia  (Gotha,  1893 ;  succ.  ;  took  prize  offered  for 
best  i-act  opera  by  the  I  >uke  of  Koburg-Gotha)  ; 
has  publ.  the  dramatic  poem  Agandecca,  f.  soli, 
male  ch.,  and  orch.  (1892)  ;  a  "  Mittelhoch- 
deutsches  Liederspiel  "  f.  solo  vocal  quartet  w. 
pf . ,  and  other  vocal  works  ;  also  a  Nocturne  and 
Tarentelle  f.  pf.,  op.  4. 

Un'ger,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Brunswick, 
1716;  d.  there  Feb.  9,  1781.  Noteworthy  as  the 
inventor  of  the  first  apparatus  for  the  mechanical 
notation  of  music  played  on  the  pianoforte,  de- 
scribed in  his"  Fntwurf  einer  Maschine,  wodurch 
alles,  was  auf  dem  Clavier  gespielt  wird,  sich  von 
selber  in  Noten  setzt  "  (1774).  He  claimed  pri- 
ority of  invention  over  Ilohlfeld  (1752). 

Un'ger  (in  Italy,  Ungher),  Caroline,  cele- 
brated stage-singer;  b.  Stuhlweissenburg,  Hun- 
gary, Oct.  28,  1803  ;  d.  at  her  villa  near  Florence, 
Mar.  23,  1877.  A  pupil  of  Ronconi  at  Milan,  her 
debut  was  at  Vienna  in  1821  ;  her  greatest  tri- 
umphs were  won  in  Italy,  her  reception  in  Paris, 
1S33,  being  comparatively  cool.  A  great  actress, 
her  voice  was  powerful,  but  not  perfectly  equal- 
ized, and  sharp  in  the  high  register.  Soon  after 
her  marriage  (1S40)  to  a  M.  Sabatier,  she  left  the 
stage. 

Un'ger,  Georg,  b.  Leipzig,  Mar.  6,  1837  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  2,  1887.  Dramatic  tenor  ;  originally 
a  student  of  theology  at  Leipzig  ;  stage-debut  there 
in  1867  ;  after  several  engagements,  Hans  Rich- 
ter heard  him  at  Mannheim,  and  recommended 
him  to  Wagner  for  the  role  of  Siegfried  in  Der 
Ring  des  Nibelungen  at  Bayreuth,  1876.  Unger 
studied  the  part  with  Hey,  and  his  interpretation 
of  it  made  him  famous.  From  1877-81  he  was 
eng.  at  Leipzig. 

Ungher-Sabatier.     See  Unger,  Caroline. 

Upton,  George  Putnam,  mus.  writer  and 
critic;  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  25,  1S35.  Gradu- 
ate of  Brown  Univ.,  1854  ;  in  1855,  reporter  for 
the  Chicago  "  Native  Citizen,"  1855-61  for  the 
"  Journal,"  and  from  1861-85  was  on  the  edi- 
torial staff  of  the  Chicago  "  Tribune."  Founder 
(1872)  and  first  president  of  the  "Apollo  Club." — 
Writings:  "  Letters  of  Peregrine  Pickle  "  (1870); 
"  Woman  in  Music  "(1S85)  ;  "  Standard  Operas" 
(1890);  "  Standard  Oratorios"  (1891)  ;  "  Stand- 
dard  Symphonies  "  (1892)  ;  numerous  contribu- 
tions to  magazines  ;  has  translated  Nohl's  "  Life 


38 


593 


URBAN— VACCAI 


of  Haydn,"  "  Life  of  Liszt," and  "Life  of  Wag- 
ner" ;  also  Max  Midler's  "Deutsche  Liebe," 
with  the  Engl,  title  "  Memories." 

Ur'ban,  Christian,  b.  Elbing,  Oct.  16,  177S; 
d.  (?).  From  1S24,  town  mus.  dir.  at  Danzig. — 
Publ.  "  Ueber  die  Musik,  deren  Theorie  und  den 
Musik-Unterricht"  (Elbing,  1823);  "Theorie 
der  Musik  nachrein  naturgemassenGrundsatzen" 
(Konigsberg,  1824;  2nd  ed.  Danzig,  1826) ;  and 
a  16-page  prospectus,  "Anktindigung  meines 
allgemeinen  Musik-Unterrichts-Systems,und  der 
von  mir  beabsichtichten  normalen  Musikschule  " 
(Berlin,  1S25).  He  comp.  an  opera,  Der  goldene 
Widder,  and  music  to  Schiller's  Brant  von  Mes- 
sina. 

Ur'ban,  Heinrich,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  27,  1837. 
Studied  under  Ries,  Laub,  I  Iellmann,  and  others  ; 
alsoat  Paris.  Giftedviolinist  and  composer;  since 
1881,  teacher  at  Kullak's  Acad. ;  is  a  noted  theo- 
rist.— Works:  "  Fruhling,"  symphony;  3  over- 
tures— to  Schiller's  Fieseo,  "  Scheherazade,"  and 
"  zu  einem  Fastnachtsspiel  "  ;  a  violin-concerto  ; 
pieces  for  violin  ;  vocal  duets  and  terzets  ;  songs. 
— His  brother,  Friedrich  Julius,  b.  Berlin,  Dec. 
23,  1838,  was  solo  boy-soprano  in  the  Domchor 
under  Neithardt,  and  a  private  pupil  of  H.  Ries 
and  Hellmann  (violin),  Grell  (theory),  and  Elsier 
and  Mantius  (singing).  He  teaches  singing  in 
Berlin  schools,  and  is  in  great  request  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher. His  text-book,  "  Die  Kunst  des 
Gesangs,"  is  highly  spoken  of.  He  has  publ. 
some  songs. 

Urba'ni,  Valentino.  See  Valentim. 
Urfey,  Thomas  d',  b.  Exeter,  Engl.,  about 
1649;  d.  London,  Feb.  26,  1723.  A  playwright, 
producing  about30  stage-pieces, thesongsinsome 
of  which  were  set  to  music  by  Pureed.  He  him- 
self wrote  and  sang  many  songs,  publ.  in  his  "Wit 
and  Mirth  ;  or,  Pills  to  purge  Melancholy  "  (4 
vol.s,  about  1706  ;  augmented  to  6  vol.s,  in  1719- 
20).  He  also  publ.  (1683-5)  3  sets  of  his  songs, 
set  to  music  by  eminent  composers. 

Ur'han,  Chretien,  b.  Montjoie,  n.  Aixda- 
Chapelle,  Feb.  16,  1790  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  2,  1845. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  Le  Sueur  in  composition  ; 
revived  the  viole  d'amour,  playing  in  Baillot's 
Quartet  ;  from  18 16  he  was  violinist  (later  solo- 
ist) in  the  Opera-orch.  In  the  Cons.  Concerts 
he  employed  a  5-stringed  violin  (violon-alto, 
with  the  accordatura  f-g-dL-aI-e2),  producing 
charming  effects  (see  Woldemar).  He  was  for 
years  organist  at  St. -Vincent-de-Paul. — Works  : 
2  quintettes  romantiques  f.  2  violins,  2  violas, 
and  'cello  ;  quintets  f.  3  violas,  'cello,  and  d.- 
bass,  w.  drums  ad  lib.;  3  duos  romantiques  f. 
pf .  4  hands  ;   2  solo  pieces  f.  pf . ;  songs. 

Urio,  Francesco  Antonio,  b.  Milan  (?), 
1660  (?).  A  Franciscan  monk,  about  1690  maestro 
at  the  Church  of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  Rome. — 
Publ.  "  Motetti  di  concerto  a  2,  3  e  4  voci,  con 
violini,  e  senza"  (1690)  ;  "  Salmi  concertati  a  3 
voci  con  violini  "  ;  an  oratorio,  Sansone  accecato 
da!  Filistri ;  and  a  Te  Deum  from  which  Han- 


del borrowed  numerous  themes  for  his  Dettingen 
Te  Deum,  Saul,  Israel,  and  Julius  Cersar  [cf. 
Prout's  paper,  "  Urio's  Te  Deum  and  Handel's 
use  thereof"  ["  Monthly  Mus.  Record,"  1871], 
and  Chrysander's  essay  in  the  "Allgem.  mus. 
Zeitung,"  1878-9). 

Ursil'lo,  Fabio  [or  merely  Fabio],  Roman 
virtuoso  on  the  archlute,  etc.,  toward  the  middle 
of  the  1 8th  century. — Publ.  3  trios  f.  2  violins 
and  'cello,  and  flute-sonatas  ;  he  left  in  MS. 
Concerti  grossi  f.  archlute,  other  pieces  f.  do., 
a  guitar-concerto,  etc. 

Ur'so,  Camilla,  b.  Nantes,  France,  1842. 
Distinguished  violin-virtuoso,  pupil  of  Massart 
in  Paris.  Accompanied  by  her  father,  she  played 
in  New  Vork,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  etc.,  in 
1S52,  with  great  success,  particularly  in  concerts 
of  Alboni  and  Sontag.  She  toured  Canada,  re- 
turned to  France,  and  revisited  New  York  in 
1866  ;  since  which  time  her  numerous  concert- 
tours  have  been  a  succession  of  triumphs. 

Ur'spruch,  Anton,  pianist  and  comp.  of  dis- 
tinction ;  b.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Feb.  17,  1850. 
Tupil  of  Ignaz  Lachner  and  M.  Wallenstein, 
later  of  Raff  and  Liszt.  Teacher  of  pf. -playing 
at  the  Hoch  Cons. ;  since  18S7,  at  the  Raff  Cons., 
Frankfort. — Works  :  Opera  Der  Sturm  [after 
Shakespeare's  Tempest]  (Frankfort,  1S88)  ;  a 
comic  opera,  in  a  Prologue  and  3  acts,  Das  ( Tn- 
moglichste  von  Allem  (Karlsruhe,  1897  ;  U. 
wrote  both  text  and  music)  ;  Die  Frulilingsjeier, 
f.  ch.  and  orch.;  a  symphony  ;  a  pf. -concerto ; 
a  pf.-quintet  ;  a  pf. -quartet  ;  a  pf.-trio;  Varia- 
tions and  Fugue  on  a  Bach  theme,  f.  2  pf.s  ; 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  23;  pf. -sonata  f.  4 
hands  ;   5  Fantasiestt'icke  f .  pf . ;  songs. 

Ur'sus.     See  Bahr. 

Utendal  (or  Utenthal,  Uutendal),  Alex- 
ander, Flemish  composer;  d.  Innsbruck,    May 

8,  1581,  as  Kapcllm.  to  Archduke  Ferdinand. 
— Publ.  "7  Psalmi  poenitentiales "  (1570);  3 
books  of  motets  a  5  and  more  parts  (1570-77)  ; 
3  masses  a  4-5,  and  Magnificat  a  4  (1573)  ;  and 
"  Froliche  neue  teutsche  und  franzosische  Lie- 
der  .  .  ."  (1574  ;  often  republ.)  ;  detached  num- 
bers are  in  Joannelli's  "  Novus  thesaurus,"  and 
Paiz's  "  Orgelbuch." 

V 

Vaccai,  Niccolo,  b.  Tolentino,  Papal  States, 
Mar.  15,  1790  ;  d.  Pesaro,  Aug.  5,  1848.  Pupil 
of  Jannaconi  (cpt.)  at  Rome,  and  from  1812  of 
Paisiello  (dramatic  comp.)  at  Naples,  produc- 
ing his  first  opera,  /  solitari  di  Scozia,  at  the 
Teatro  Nuovo,  1815.  Ill-fortune  on  the  stage 
caused  him  to  adopt  the  vocation  of  a  singing- 
teacher  ;  though  up  to  1845  he  brought  out  16 
operas,  one  of  which,  Giulietta  e  Romeo  (Milan, 
1825),  was  much  applauded,  and  made  the 
rounds  of  Italian  theatres;  its  third  act  was 
generally  substituted  for  that  of  Bellini's  Capu- 
leti  e  Montecchi. — V.  taught  at  Venice  (1818-21), 


594 


VAET— VANDERSTRAETEN 


Trieste  (1S21-23),  Vienna  (1S23),  Paris  (1829-31), 
and  London  (1832),  with  ever-increasing  reputa- 
tion. Returning  to  Italy,  he  succeeded  Basili  in 
1838  as  prof,  of  comp.,  and  censor,  at  the  Milan 
Cons.,  retiring  to  Pesaro  in  1S44.  Besides  op- 
eras, he  wrote  4  ballets,  cantatas,  and  church- 
music  ;  with  Coppola,  Donizetti,  Mercadante, 
and  Pacini,  he  comp.  the  funeral  cantata  for 
Malibran  ;  further,  vocal  duets,  arias,  and  ro- 
mances ;  an  excellent  and  oft-republ.  "  Metodo 
pratico  di  canto  italiano  per  camera  "  ;  and  "12 
ariette  per  camera,  per  l'insegnamento  del  bel- 
canto  italiano." 

Vaet,  Jacques,  Flemish  contrapuntist ;  d. 
Vienna,  Jan.  8,  1567,  as  Kapellm.  io  Maximilian 
II. — Publ.  works:  "  Modulationes  5  vocum  " 
(1562)  ;  25  motets  in  Joannelli's  "  Novus  thesau- 
rus "  ;  other  motets,  chansons,  etc.,  are  in  Tyl- 
man  Susato's  "  Ecclesiasticae  cantiones  "(1553), 
Montan  -  Neuber's  "  Evangelien  -  Sammlung  " 
(1554-6)  and  "  Thesaurus  musicus  "  (1564),  and 
other  coll.s. 

Valenti'ni,  Giovanni,  comp.  of  the  Roman 
school;  about  1615,  organist  of  the  Court  Chapel, 
Vienna. — Publ.  motets  a  6  (1611);  "  Musiche 
concertate  da  6  a  10  voci,  ossia  istromenti " 
(1619)  ;  "  Musiche  a  2  voci  col  basso  per  or- 
gano  "  (1622)  ;  "  Sacri  concerti  "  a  2-5  (1625)  ; 
"  Musiche  da  camera  da  2  a  6  voci,  parte  con- 
certate con  voci  sole,  e  parte  con  voci  ed  istro- 
menti "  (1621  ;  madrigals,  etc.)  ;  "  Le  musiche 
da  camera  "  a  1-2,  w.  b.  cont.  (1622).  In  M.S., 
masses,  Magnificats,  and  psalms. 

Valenti'ni,  Giovanni,  Neapolitan  comp.; 
brought  out  from  1779-1788  eight  operas  at 
Venice,  Brescia,  and  Cremona  ;  one,  Le  nozze  in 
contrasto  (Venice,  1779),  was  given  at  Milan, 
1780,  and  Leipzig,  1784. 

Valenti'ni,  Pietro  Francesco,  b.  Rome, 
about  1570  ;  d.  there  1654.  A  pupil  of  Nanini, 
and  an  eminent  comp.  of  the  Roman  school. — 
Publ.  works  :  "  Canone  .  .  .  sopra  le  pa- 
role del  Salve  Regina  :  '  Illos  tuos  misericordes 
oculos  ad  nos  converte,  etc.,' con  le  risoluzioni  a 
2,  3,  4  e  5  voci,"  (1629  ;  canon  with  over  2000 
possible  solutions)  ;  "  Canone  nel  nodo  di  Salo- 
mone  a  96  voci"  (1631  ;  the  themes  of  these  2 
are  printed  in  Kircher's  "  Musurgia  ")  ;  "Ca- 
none a  6,  10  e  20  voci"  (1645)  ;  "  La  Mitra, 
favola  greca  con  2  intermedii  :  la  ufccisione  di 
Orfeo,  e  Pittagora,  che  ritrova  la  musica " 
(1654)  ;  "  La  trasformazione  di  Dafne,  favola 
morale,  etc."  (1654)  ;  2  books  of  madrigals  a  5 

(1654)  ;  2  of  motets  a  1,  w.  instr.s  (1654)  !  2  do. 
a    2-4    (1655)  ;   2  of   Canzonetti    spirituali    a    1 

(1655)  ;  2  do.  a  2-3  (1656)  ;  2  do.  a  2-4  (1656)  ; 
"  Canoni  musicali  "  (1655)  ;  2  books  of  Musiche 
spirituali  for  the  Nativity  a  1-2  (1657)  ;  2  of 
Canzoni,  Sonetti  ed  Arie  a  1  (1657)  ;  Canzonetti 
ed  Arie  a  1-2  (1657)  ;  2  of  litanies  and  motets  a 
2-4. 

Valenti'ni,  recte  Valentino  Urba'ni,  a  cele- 
brated contraltista  (musico),  whose  voice  changed 


later  to  a  high  tenor  ;  he  came  to  London  Dec. 
6,  1707,  and  sang  there  till  1714  in  English  and 
Italian  opera. 

Valenti'ni,  Giuseppe,  violinist  ;  b.  Florence 
about  1690  ;  in  the  service  of  the  court  about 
1735. — Publ.  12  Sinfonie  f.  2  vlns.  and  'cello  ; 
7  Bizzarrie  f.  2  vlns.  and  violone  ;  12  Fantasie 
f.  2  vlns.  and  'cello  ;  12  Sonate  f.  2  vlns.  and 
violone;  Concerti  f.  4  vlns.,  alto  viola,  'cello, 
and  b.  cont. ;  10  other  concertos  ;  and  violin- 
sonatas  w.  basso  continuo. 

Valentino,  Henri-Justin-Armand-Joseph, 

b.  Lille,  Oct.  14,  1785  ;  d.  Versailles,  Jan.  28, 
1865.  In  1820  2nd,  in  1824  1st  cond.  (w.  Ha- 
beneck)  at  the  Orand  Opera  ;  1831-7,  at  the 
Opera-Comique  ;  then  founded  the  first  popular 
concerts  of  classical  music,  as  a  rival  enterprise 
to  the  Conservatory  Concerts,  at  the  Salle  St.- 
Honore  (since  called  the  "  Salle  Valentino "), 
but  discontinued  them  in  1841.  Retired  to  Ver- 
sailles. 

Valet'ta,  Ippolito.  Pen-name  of  Count 
Franchi-Verney. 

Vallot'ti,  Francesco  Antonio,  eminent 
theorist  and  composer;  b.  Vercelli,  June  11, 
1697  ;  d.  Padua,  Jan.  16,  1780.  Franciscan 
monk  ;  pupil  of  Calegari  at  Tadua  ;  from  1728, 
maestro  at  the  church  of  S.  Antonio. — Publ. 
works  :  Responsoria  in  parasceve,  Resp.  in  Sab- 
bato  Sancto,  and  Resp.  inCoena  Domini,  all  a  4 
(masses,  motets,  etc.,  in  MS.  at  Padua)  ;  and 
"  Delia  scienza  teorica  e  practica  della  moderna 
musica,"  Book  i  (I'adua,  1779  ;  the  other  3 
books  unpubl.),  a  learned  work  combatting  the 
systems  of  Rameau  and  Tartini  ;  V.'s  system  is 
explained  in  "  La  vera  idea  delle  musicali  nu- 
meriche  signature,"  by  Sabbatini,  who,  like 
Abbe  Vogler,  was  V.'s  pupil. — V.  was  also  one 
of  the  foremost  organists  of  his  time. 

Van  Cleve,  John  Smith,  b.  Maysville,  Ky., 
Oct.  30,  1851.  Pianist  and  teacher,  pupil  of 
Nothnagel  (Columbus,  O.),  Lang  and  Apthorp 
(Boston),  and  W.  Steinbrecher  (Cincinnati). 
Taught  at  the  Inst,  for  the  Blind,  Columbus, 
1872-5  ;  at  Janesville,  Wis.,  1879  ;  lived  in  Cin- 
cinnati 1879-97  as  a  teacher,  critic  ("Cine.  Com- 
mercial," etc.),  writer,  and  lecturer  (at  the  Cons, 
and  the  Coll.  of  Music)  ;  gave  many  piano  lec- 
ture-recitals. Is  A.M.  of  the  Ohio  Wesleyan 
Univ.  (1S74)  ;  Ph.D.  of  Twin  Valley  College 
(1892).  Removed  to  Chicago,  1897. — Has  publ. 
a  Gavotte  humoresque  f.  pf. ;  and,  in  book- 
form,  "Annotations"  on  Campanari's  22  Quar- 
tet Concerts  given  1892-3. 

Van  den  Eeden.     See  Eeden. 

Vanderlin'den,  C.,  b.  Dordrecht,  1839.  Pu- 
pil of  Bohme  (harm,  and  cpt.)  and  Kwast  (pf.). 
Cond.  of  the  Dordrecht  Philharm.  Soc.  the 
National  Guard  band,  and  choral  societies. — 
Works:  2  operas,  Teniers,  and  Le  mariage  au 
tambour  ;  overtures;  choruses  w.  orch.;  songs. 

Vanderstrae'ten,  Edmond,  b.  Oudenaarden 
(Audenarde),   Belgium,   Dec.  3,    1826;  d.   there 


595 


VAN  DER  STUCKEN— VARNEY 


Nov.  26,  1895.  Student  of  philosophy  at  Ghent  ; 
went  to  Brussels  in  1857,  and  studied  counter- 
point under  Fetis  (acting  as  his  secretary  for  2  or 
3  years),  and  comp.  under  Bosselot.  He  held 
a  life-position  in  the  Royal  Library,  interrupted 
only  by  journeys  to  Italy,  and  a  stay  of  some 
years  at  Dijon  ;  edited  the  paper  "  Le  Nord  " 
for  a  short  time,  also  writing  (1859-72)  mus. 
criticisms.  lie  comp.  a  3-act  opera,  Le  Pro- 
scrit ;  but  his  fame  rests  upon  his  work  as  a 
mus.  historian  and  compiler,  embodied  in  the 
following  publications:  "Coup  d'ceil  sur  la 
musique  actuelle  a  Audenarde"  (1851)  ;  "No- 
tice sur  Charles-Felix  de  Hollandre"  (1S54)  ; 
"  Notice  sur  les  carillons  d'Audenarde  "  (1S55)  ; 
"  Recherches  sur  la  musique  a  Audenarde  avant 
le  XIXe  siecle  "  (1856);  "  Examen  des  chants 
populaires  des  Flamands  de  France,  publies  par 
E.  deCoussemaker  "  (1858)  ;  "  Jacques  deGoiiy, 
chanoine  d'Embrun"  (1863);  "  J.-F.-J.  Jans- 
sens  "  (1866)  ;  "  La  musique  au  Pays-Bas  avant 
le  XIXe  siecle"  (1867-85;  7  vol.s  ;  a  "  monu- 
mental "  work  of  reference)  ;  "  Le  noordsche 
Balck  du  musee  communal  d'Ypres "  (1868); 
"  Wagner  :  Verslag  aan  den  heer  minister  van 
binnenlandsche  Zaaken  "  (1S71)  ;  "  Le  theatre 
villageois  en  Flandre  "  (1874;  Vol.  i) ;  "Les 
musiciens  beiges  en  Italie  "  (1S75)  ;  "  Societes 
dramatiques  des  environs  d'Audenarde  "  (n.  d.) ; 
"  Voltaire  musicien  "(1878)  ;  "  La  melodie  popu- 
late dans  l'opera  Guillaume  Tell  de  Ros- 
sini "  (1879) ;  "Lohengrin:  instrumentation  et 
philosophic"  (1S79)  I  "  Turin  musical  "  (1880)  ; 
"  Jacques  de  Saint-Luc  "  (1886)  ;  "  La  musique 
congratulatoire  en  1454,  etc."  (1888);  "Cinque 
lettres  intimes  de  Roland  de  Lassus"  (1S91)  ; 
"  Les  billets  des  rois  en  Flandre  ;  xylographie, 
musique,  coutumes,  etc."  (1S92). 

Van  der    Stucken,   Frank  (Valentin),   b. 

Fredericksburg,  Gillespie  Co.,  Texas,  Oct  15, 
1858.  Taken  by  his 
parents  to  Antwerp, 
in  1866,  he  studied 
with  Benoit,  writing 
several  successful 
comp. s(a  ballet,  perf . 
at  the  Royal  Th. ;  a 
Te  Deum,  a  Gloria, 
etc.).  Spent  1876-8 
at  Leipzig,  aided  in 
study  by  Reinecke, 
Grieg,  and  Langer ; 
publ.  op.  2-5  ;  trav- 
elled in  southern  Eu- 
rope ;  1881-2,  Ka- 
pellm.  of  B  r  e  s  1  a  u 

City  Th.  (prod,  music  to  Shakespeare's  Tempest, 
1882).  During  1883,  in  Rudolstadt  with  Grieg, 
and  Weimar  with  Liszt ;  prod,  the  opera  Vlasda 
(Paris?,  1883)  ;  in  1884,  mus.  dir.  of  the  "  Arion," 
New  York,  succeeding  L.  Damrosch  ;  also  con- 
ducted several  other  series  of  concerts  ;  1895,  Di- 
rector of  Cincinnati  Cons.,  and  1st  cond.  of  the 
Cincinnati  Symphony  Orch.     He  has  publ.  sev- 


eral series  of  songs,  and  4-part  mixed  and  male 
choruses  a  cappella  ;  also  an  orch.l  episode,  "  Pa- 
gina  d'amore,"  w.  choruses  and  songs,  and  sev- 
eral pf. -pieces ;  for  the  "  Arion  "he  wrote  an  "In- 
auguration March,"  and  a  "  Festival  Hymn  "  ; 
has  also  prod,  a  "  Festival  March  "  f.  orch., 
symphonic  prologue  "  William  Ratcliff,"  church- 
music,  etc. 

Van  Duy'ze,  Florimond,  b.  Ghent,  Aug.  4, 
1853.  Lawyer  and  amateur  composer  ;  pupil  of 
Ghent  Cons.,  winning  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1873  with  the  cantata  Torqnato  Tassds  dood. 
Has  prod.  7  operas  at  Antwerp  and  Ghent  ;  also 
an  ode-symphonie,  De  nacht. 

Van  Dyck,  Ernest  (Marie  Hubert),  famous 
dramatic  tenor;  b.  Antwerp,  Apr.  2,  1861.  At 
first  a  law-student  ;  studied  singing  with  Bax  St.- 
Yves  at  Paris,  sang  at  the  Concerts  Lamoureux ; 
became  famous  in  1886  by  his  interpretation  of  the 
role  of  Parsifal,  at  Bayreuth,  and  waseng.  for  the 
Vienna  Court  Opera  in  1888.  Makes  frequent 
"  starring  "  tours,  the  last  being  for  the  season  of 
1899-1900  at  Chicago  and  New  York,  etc. 

Van  Hal.     See  Wanhal. 

Vanneo,  Stefano,  b.  Recanati,  Ancona,  1493; 
was  maestro  at  the  monastery  of  Ascoli.  —  Publ. 
"  Recanetum  de  musica  aurea  .  .  ."  (Rome,  1553), 
an  excellent  trjeatise  on  plain  chant,  mensural  mu- 
sic, and  counterpoint. 

Van  Rooy,  Anton,  dramatic  bass  ;  b.  Rotter- 
dam, 1869.  Pupil  of  Stockhausen  at  Frankfort  ; 
began  career  as  a  singer  of  Lieder  and  in  oratorio  ; 
later  eng.  for  Bayreuth  by  Frau  Wagner  ;  sang 
with  success  in  London  (1898)  and  New  York 
(1899). 

Van  Wes'terhout,  Niccolo,  b.  of  Dutch  par- 
entage at  Mola  di  Bari,  Italy,  in  Dec,  1862  ;  d. 
Naples,  Aug.  21,  1898.  A  pupil  of  Nicola  d'Ari- 
enzo  at  the  R.  Cons.,  Naples  ;  from  1897,  he  was 
himself  a  prof,  of  harmony  there. — Works  :  The 
3-act  opera  Tilde  (not  perf.)  ;  4-act  opera  seria 
Cimbelino  (Rome,  Teatro  Argentina,  Apr.  7, 
1892)  ;  3-act  opera  seria.  Tortiirn'o  (Milan,  Teatro 
Lirico,  May  16,  1895)  ;  i-act  opera  Doiia  Flor 
(Mola  di  Bari,  Apr.  18,  1896,  on  the  opening  of 
the  Teatro  Van  Westerhout,  named  after  the  au- 
thor) ;  4-act  opera  Colombo,  (not  perf.)  ; — 2  sym- 
phonies, a  violin-concerto,  several  orch.l  comp.s, 
a  violin-sonata,  etc. ;  publ.  many  pf. -pieces  of  real 
merit,  and"  songs. 

Varney,  Pierre-Joseph-Alphonse,  b.  Paris, 
Dec.  1,  1811  ;  d.  there  Feb.  7,  1879.  Pupil  of 
Reicha  at  the  Cons. ;  theatre-cond.  at  Ghent,  The 
Hague,  Rouen,  Paris,  and  Bordeaux.  He  set  to 
music  Dumas'  Chant  des  Girondins,  "  Mourir 
pour  la  patrie,"  the  popular  revolutionary  lyric  of 
1848  ;  prod.  7  i-act  operettas. 

Varney,  Louis,  son  and  pupil  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Paris, (?).  Since  1876  he  has  prod,  over 
30  operettas,  comic  operas,  "  revues,"  etc.,  at 
minor  Parisian  theatres  ;  the  3-act  operetta  Les 
Forains  (Paris,  1894),  was  given  at  Vienna,  1895, 
as  Olympia,  and  at  Berlin,  1895,  as  Die  Gaukler, 


596 


VASCONCELLOS— VENTO 


His  latest  are  the  mus.  farce  Le  Pompier  de  ser- 
vice (iS()j),  and  Les Demoiselles des  Saint- Cyriens 
(1S9S  ;  v.  succ). 

Vasconcel'los,  Joaquim  de,  contemporary 
Portuguese  historiographer  ;  has  publ.  the  bio- 
graphical dictionary  "  Os  musicos  portuguezes 
..."  (1870),  containing  much  new  matter,  and 
many  emendations  of  old  ;  a  monograph  on  "  Lu- 
iza  Todi "  (1873)  ;  an  "  Ensajo  critico  sobre  o 
catalogo  del  rey  Don  Joao  IV."  (1S73)  ;  also  con- 
tributed to  Pougin's  supplement  to  Fetis'  "  Bio- 
graphie  universelle." 

Vasseur,  L6on(-Felix-Augustin-Joseph), 

b.  Bapaume,  Pas-de-Calais,  May  28,  1844.  Pu- 
pil of  the  Ecole  Niedermeyer  ;  from  1870,  organ- 
ist of  Versailles  Cathedral  ;  chef  d' orchestre zX  the 
Folies-Bergere  and  the  Concerts  de  Paris  (1882). 
Since  1872  he  has  prod,  over  30  operettas,  comic 
operas,  and  the  like,  on  minor  Parisian  stages  ; 
La  timbale  d 'argent  (1872)  was  very  success- 
ful ;  some  of  the  latest  are  Le  voyage  de  Suzette 
(1S90),  La  famille  Venus  (1S91),  Le  pays  de  Tor 
(1S92),  Le  commandant  Laripete  (1892),  Le  Pre'- 
tentaine  (1S93),  La  pension  ToncAard,  Aspasie, 
La  foire  aux  amours,  etc.  Publ.  "  I  /office  di- 
vin,"  a  coll.  of  masses,  offertories,  antiphones, 
etc. ;  a  method  f.  organ  and  harmonium  ;  tran- 
scriptions f.  harmonium  and  pf. 

Vaucorbeil,  Auguste-Emmanuel,  b.  Rouen, 
Dec.  15,  1S21  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  2,  1884.  Pupil  of 
Marmontel,  Dourlen,  and  Cherubini,  at  Paris 
Cons.  ;  made  himself  known  bysongs  and  2  string- 
quartets  ;  prod,  a  comic  opera,  Bataille  d' amour 
(1863),  and  a  very  successful  lyric  scene,  La  mart 
de  Diane,  at  the  Concerts  spirituels.  In  1S72, 
government  commissioner  forthe  subsidized  thea- 
tres of  Paris  ;  in  18S0,  Director  of  the  Opera.  He 
also  prod.  pf. -pieces,  sacred  songs,  etc. 

Vavrinecz,  Mauritius,  b.  Czegled,  Hun- 
gary, July  18,  1858  ;  pupil  of  the  Pesth  Cons., 
later  of  R.  Volkmann.  Cathedral-conductor  at 
Pesth. — Works :  The4-actopera/vWf/?jf(Prague, 
1895;  succes  d'estime);  i-act  opera  Kosamunda 
(Frankfort-on-Main,  1895  ;  succ.)  ;  oratorio 
Christus ;  Stabat  Mater  (1886);  5  masses;  a 
Requiem  ;  a  symphony  ;  overture  to  Byron's 
Bride  of  Abydos  ;  a  "  Dithyrambe  "  f.  full  orch. ; 
etc. 

Vec'chi,  Orazio,  b.  Modena,  i55i{?)  ;d.  there 
Feb.  19,  1605.  Distinguished  composer  ;  maestro 
at  Modena  Cath.  from  1596.  His  most  interest- 
ing work  is  the  Amfiparnasso,  "  comedia  har- 
monica" (publ.  Venice,  1597),  perf.  at  Modena 
in  1594  ;  a  kind  of  musical  farce  written,  not  in 
the  monodic  style  of  Peri's  Da f tie  (prod,  in  the 
same  year),  but  in  madrigal-style,  with  the  mono- 
logues, duets,  and  turbe  (choruses)  all  sung  by 
several  voices  (i.e.,  a  chorus  a  4-5).  V.  was  an 
exquisite  composer  of  madrigals  and  canzonets  ; 
of  especial  note  are  the  "  Selva  di  varie  ricrea- 
tioni  "  a  3-10  (Venice,  159c'  2nd  ed.  1595;  con- 
tains "  Madrigali,  Capricci,  Balli,  Arie,  Justini- 
ane,  Canzonette,  Fantasie,Serenate,  Dialoghi,  un 


Lotto  amoroso,  con  una  Battaglia  a  10  nel  fine  ed 
accommodatavi  la  intavolatura  di  liuto  alle  Arie, 
ai  Balli  ed  alle  Canzonette  "),  and  "  Le  Veglie  di 
Siena  da  3  a  6  voci,  ovvero  i  varii  humori  della 
musica  moderna  "  (Venice,  1604  ;  also  1605  as 
"  Noctes  ludicrae  ";  presents  musical  characteri- 
zations of  the  various  moods,  as  "  grave,  allegro, 
dolente,  lusinghiero,  affettuoso,"  etc.).  There 
were  also  publ.  (besides  detached  numbers  in  nu- 
merous coll.s  from  1575-1615),  4  books  of  can- 
zonette a  4  (1580  [2nd  ed.],  'So,  '85,  '90  ;  often 
republ.)  ;  selected  canzoni  a  4  (Phalese  :  Antwerp, 
161 1  ;  also,  with  German  words,  at  Nuremberg, 
1601,  and  Gera,  1614)  ;  canzonette  a  6  (1587)  ;  2 
books  of  canzonette  a  3  (1597,  '99 ;  Book  i  with 
Ger.  version  added,  1608)  ;  2  books  of  madrigals 
a  6,  with  some  a  7-10  (isS3[often  republ.],  1591); 
one  of  madrigals  a  5  (1589)  ;  a  "  Convito  musi- 
cale"  a  3-8  (1597)  ; — further,  various  sacred  com- 
positions (V.  was  a  noted  church-comp.)  :  Lamen- 
tations for  4  equal  voices  (1587)  ;  a  book  of 
motets  a  4-8  (1590  ;  republ.  by  Phalese  in  1597) ; 
one  a  5-8  (1597)  ;  one  a  6  (1604)  ;  Hymns  forthe 
entire  church-year,  "  partim  brevi  stilo  super 
cantu  piano,  partim  propriumarte"  (1604  ;  a  4) ; 
masses  a  6  and  8  (1607  ;  some  reprinted  by  Pha- 
lese in  1612). 

Vec'chi,  Orfeo,  b.  Milan,  about  1540  ;  d. 
there  1613.  Noted  church-comp. ;  maestro  at  the 
church  of  Santa  Maria  della  Scala,  where  most 
of  his  MSS.  are  preserved. — Extant  publ.  works: 
1  book  of  motets  a  6  (1603)  ;  another  a 4 (1603); 
and  psalms  a  5,  w.  2  Magnificats,  etc.  (1614). 

Veit,  Wenzel  Heinrich  [Vaclav  Jindrich], 
b.  Repnic,  n.  Leitmeritz,  Bohemia,  Jan.  19, 
1806  ;  d.  Leitmeritz,  Feb.  16,  1S64,  as  president 
of  the  district  court.  A  self-taught  musician, 
and  excellent  composer. — Works  :  A  solemn 
.mass,  a  Te  Deum,  graduals  ;  a  festival  cantata  ; 
a  symphony,  a  concert-overture,  and  chamber- 
music  (5  string-quintets,  6  string-quartets,  a 
trio)  ;  male  choruses  in  Bohemian  and  German  ; 
songs. 

Vellu'ti,  Giovanni  Battista,  the  last  cele- 
brated sopranista  (niusicd)  ;  b.  Monterone,  An- 
cona,  1781  ;  d.  San  Burson,  in  Feb.,  1S61. 
Pupil  of  Calpi  at  Ravenna  ;  sang  with  great 
success  in  Italy,  also  in  London  (1825). 

Venatori'ni.     See  Mysliweczek. 

Veno'sa,  Prince  of.     See  Gesualdo. 

Ven'to,  Ivo  de,  Spanish  musician,  organist  of 
the  Court  Chapel  at  Munich. — Publ.  motets  a  4 
(1569  ;  1574)  ;  do.  a  5  (1570)  ;  several  books  of 
"  Neue  teutsche  Lieder  "  a  3  (1572,  '73,  '76/91), 
and  a  4-6  (1570,  '71,  'S2).  MS.  masses  in 
Munich  Library. 

•Ven'to,  Mattia,  b.  Naples,  1739  ;  d.  London, 
1777.  Fupil  of  the  Cons,  di  Loreto,  Naples  ; 
prod.  2  operas  in  Naples,  and  4  in  London  ; 
publ.  6  string-trios,  36  pf.-trios,  6  pf. -sonatas, 
12  canzonets  f.  1-2  voices. 


597 


VENTURELLI— VERDI 


Venturel'li,  Vincenzo,  dram.  comp.  and 
song-writer  ;  b.  Mantua,  Apr.  19,  1851  ;  d.  there 
(by  suicide),  Aug.  22,  1895.  Contributor  to  the 
Milan  "  Gazzetta  Musicale." — Operas,  //  conte 
di  Lara  (Florence,  1876  ;  mod.  succ.) ;  Maria  di 
Xeres  (not  perf.). 

Venza'no,  Luigi,  b.  Genoa,  about  1814  ;  d. 
there  Jan.  26,  1S78.  For  years  1st  'cello  in  the 
Carlo  Felice  Th. ;  also  teacher  of  'cello-playing 
at  the  Cons. — Works  :  Many  songs  (his  "  Valzer 
cantabile,"  often  sung  in  the  lesson-scene  of  the 
Barbiere,  made  him  popular)  ;  an  opera  Juii- 
venuto  Cellini  (Genoa,  1870?);  an  operetta 
buff  a  in  2  acts,  La  notte  degli  schiaffi  (Genoa, 
1873)  ;  a  ballet,  Li  ilia  ;  12  Solfeggi  ;  pf. -music. 

Veraci'ni,  Antonio,  Florentine  violinist. — 
Publ.  op.  1,  sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass,  w.  con- 
tinuo  (1692)  ;  op.  2,  church-sonatas  f.  vln.  and 
bass  ;  op.  3,  chamber-sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  \v.  bass 
and  cont.  (1696).  One  sonata  from  op.  r,  and 
another  from  op.  2,  have  been  republ.  by  G. 
Jensen. — His  nephew, 

Veraci'ni,  Francesco  Maria,  celebrated  vio- 
linist ;  b.  Florence,  about  1CS5  ;  d.  near  Pisa, 
about  1750.  Appearing  at  Venice  after  successful 
tours,  he  had  great  influence  on  Tartini's  style  ; 
was  for  2  years  (1715-17)  soloist  at  the  Italian 
Opera  in  London  ;  for  5  years  chamber-virtuoso 
at  Dresden  ;  then  for  a  long  time  with  Count 
Kinskyat  Prague;  retired  to  Pisa  in  1747,  after 
unsuccessful  rivalry  (1736)  with  Geminiani  at 
London. — Publ.  24  violin-sonatas  w.  bass,  in  2 
books  (in  Jensen's  "  Classische  Violinmusik," 
may  be  found  his  concert-sonata,  and  2  others)  ; 
other  works  MS. 

Verdelot,  (Italianized  Verdelotto,)  Philippe, 

famous  Belgian  madrigal-composer  ;  for  a  time 
a  singer  at  San  Marco,  Venice;  between  1530- 
40  in  Florence;  died  before  1567. — Extant 
printed  works  :  "  Madrigali  ...  da  cantare 
it  sonare  nel  liuto  "  (1536)  ;  3  books  of  madrigals 
a  4  (1537)  ;  together  (1566)  ;  1  do.  a  5  (153.3)  ; 
"  Verdelot,  La  piu  divina  e  piii  bella  musica, 
che  se  udisse  giamai  delli  presenti  Madrigali  a 
sei  voci  "  (1541)  ;  also  colls,  of  madrigals  a  4-5 
(1540,  '41,  '46,  '66),  and  a  4  (1541)  ; — a  book  of 
motets,  "  Philippi  Verdeloti  electiones  diver- 
sorum  motettorum  distinctae  4  vocum  "  (1549)  '< 
detached  motets  in  Gardane's  "  Motetti  del 
frutto,"  J.  Moderne's  "  Motetti  del  fiore,"  Mon- 
tan-Neuber's  "  Magnum  opus,"  Kriesstein's 
"  Cantiones  selectissimae,"  Graphaeus'  "  Novum 
et  insigne  opus,"  Attaignant's  great  coll.,  etc.; 
a  mass  is  in  Scotto's  "  Missarum  quinque  liber 
primus  cum  4  voc,"  (1544). 

Ver'di,  (Fortunio)  Giuseppe  (Francesco), 

most  eminent  among  contemporary  Italian  opera- 
composers  ;  b.  at  the  village  of  Le  Roncole,  n. 
Pusseto,  Duchy  of  Parma,  Oct.  9,  1813.  His 
father  was  an  innkeeper  and  grocer  ;  the  son's 
precocious  talent  was  trained  for  a  year  by  the 
village  organist,  Baistrocchi,  whom  V.  succeeded 
at  the  age  of  ten,  and  for  three  more  by  Ferdi- 


nando  Provesiat  Busseto;  in  1831,  with  pecuniary 
aid  from  his  father's  friend  Antonio  Barezzi  of 
Busseto,  he  repaired 
to  Milan,  but  was 
refused  admission  to 
the  Conservatory  by 
Basili,  the  Director, 
on  the  score  of  lack 
of  musical  talent.  V. 
took  private  lessons 
in  composition  of 
Lavigna,  cembalist  at 
La  Scala  ;  in  1833  he 
returned  to  Busseto  as 
conductor  of  the  Phil- 
harm.  Soc,  and  or- 
ganist ;    and    in    1836 

married  Barezzi's  daughter  Margherita.  In  li 
with  his  wife  and  two  children,  he  returned  to 
Milan  with  the  finished  score  of  an  opera  Oberlo, 
conte  di  San  Bonifacio,  which  was  accepted  by 
Merelli,  the  impresario  for  La  Scala,  and  per- 
formed with  success  on  Nov.  17, 1839.  [Before  this 
time  he  had  written,  between  13  and  18,  marches 
for  brass  band,  short  symphonies,  six  concertos 
and  variations  f.  pf.  (which  he  played  himself), 
many  serenate,  cantate,  arie,  duetti,  terzetti,  and 
church-works  (e.  g.,  a  Stabat  Mater)  ;  also,  dur- 
ing the  first  three  years  at  Milan,  2  symphonies 
and  a  cantata  ;  then  in  Busseto,  a  "  Messa,"  a 
"  Vespro,"  3  Tantum  ergos,  other  church-music, 
and  choruses  to  A.  Manzoni's  tragedies,  and  "II 
cinque  Maggio."]  Merelli  immediately  com- 
missioned him  to  write  3  operas,  one  every  eight 
months,  at  4000  lire  apiece,  with  half  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  copyright.  The  first  was  a  comic 
opera,  Un giorno  di  regno.  In  the  midst  of  the 
work,  his  wife  and  both  children  died  in  swift 
succession  ;  small  wonder  that  an  opera  distaste- 
ful in  subject,  and  completed  under  such  con- 
ditions, should  have  proved  a  "  dead  failure" 
(Milan,  Sept.  5,  1S40).  V.  was  so  discouraged 
and  despondent,  that  he  determined  to  give  up 
composition  for  good.  However,  some  time 
after,  Merelli  persuaded  him  to  set  to  music 
Solera's  ATalntcco  (Nebuchadnezzar),  which  was 
given  at  La  Scala  on  Mar.  9,  1842,  with  tremen- 
dous applause  ;  Signorina  Strepponi,  V.'s  future 
spouse,  taking  the  role  of  Abigaile.  The  success 
of  /  Lombardi  alia  prima  Crociata,  also  at  La 
Scala,  on  Feb.  11,  1843,  was  yet  more  emphatic, 
especially  as  voicing,  symbolically,  the  national 
aspirations  of  the  patriotic  Milanese.  This  work 
has  survived  the  test  of  time  ;  it  is  still  played  in 
Italy,  and  was  successful  in  Brussels,  though  less 
so  at  Paris  (as  Jerusalem  ;  under  which  title  it  was 
revived  at  Amsterdam  in  1S95).  Ernani,  written 
for  La  Fenice  Th.  at  Venice  after  Victor  Hugo's 
7/er/iaui,  was  greeted  (Mar.  9,  1844)  with  enthu- 
siasm, and  prod,  on  15  different  stages  within  9 
months.  In  this  year  he  married  Giuseppina 
Strepponi  [see  below].  Now  followed  a  series  of 
works  which  added  nothing  to  the  composer's 
fame — /  due  Foscari  (Pome,  Nov.  3,  1S44), 
Giovanna  d'Arco  (Milan,  Feb.  15,  1S45),  Alzira 


59S 


VERDI— VERHULST 


(Naples,  Aug.  12,  1845),  Attila  (Venice,  Mar. 
17,  1846),  Macbeth  (Florence,  Mar.  14,  1847), 
/  Masnadieri  [after  Schiller's  Rauber\  (London, 
H.  M.'s  Th.,  July  22,  1847),  Jerusalem  [f 
Lombardi  revised  and  augmented]  (Paris,  Grand 
Opera,  Nov.  26,  1847),  //  Corsaro  (Trieste, 
Oct.  25,  1848),  and  La  battaglia  di  Legnano 
[later  as  VAssedio  d'Arleni]  (Rome,  Jan.  27, 
1849).  Luisa  Miller  had  real  success  at  the 
Teatro  San  Carlo,  Naples,  Dec.  8,  1849,  and 
still  holds  the  stage  in  Italy.  Stiffelio  (Trieste, 
Nov.  16,  1850  ;  prod,  later  as  Guglielmo  Weling- 
rode  ;  also,  with  another  libretto,  as  Aroldo)  was 
a  failure.  Rigoletto,  written  in  40  days,  and 
brought  out  at  Venice,  La  Fenice  Th.,  Mar.  11, 
1 85 1  [has  also  been  given  as  Viscardello\,  ushered 
in  Verdi's  most  brilliant  period  ;  it  was  followed 
by  II  Trovatore  (Rome,  Apollo  Th.,  Jan.  19, 
1853),  and  La  Tr a  via  ta  (Venice,  La  Fenice  Th., 
Mar.  6,  1S53  ;  also  given  as  Violetta),  works 
which  established  his  fame  as  the  greatest  living 
Italian  composer  of  opera.  For  the  ensuing  18 
years,  no  signal  triumph  was  recorded  ;  Les 
vepres  siciliennes  (Paris,  Ope'ra,  June  13,  1S55  ; 
in  Italian  /  vespri  siciliani  ;  also  given  as  Gio- 
vanna  di  Guzman),  Simon  Boccanegra  (Venice, 
Mar.  12,  1857  ;  revised,  and  successfully  revived 
at  Milan,  Apr.  12,  1SS1),  Aroldo  [a  revision  of 
Stiffelid\  (Rimini,  Aug.  16,  1857),  Un  ballo  in 
maschera  (Rome,  Feb.  17,  1S59),  La  forza  del 
destino  (St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  10,  1862),  Mac- 
beth [revised]  (Paris,  Apr.  21,  1865),  and  Don 
Carlos  (Paris,  Opera,  Mar.  II,  1S67),  were  re- 
ceived either  coolly,  or  with  moderate  applause. 
In  La  forza  del  destino,  however,  began  a  tran- 
sition to  a  richer  and  more  elaborate  style  of 
instrumentation  and  harmony,  which  attained 
very  marked  development  in  Aida,  written  for 
the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  and  first  perf.  at  Cairo, 
Dec.  24,  1 87 1  ;  its  overwhelming  success  there 
was  intensified  at  Milan  (La  Scala,  Feb.  S, 
1S72),  and  good  fortune  has  attended  its  pro- 
duction throughout  Europe  (Perlin,  1874  ;  Vienna, 
1S75  ;  Paris  and  London,  1876  ;  Brussels,  1877  ; 
etc.).  His  Manzoni  Requiem,  prod,  in  1874, 
made  a.  furore  in  Italy;  its  markedly  theatrical 
style  has  prevented  an  equally  warm  reception  in 
Germany  and  England,  despite  its  undeniable 
musical  beauties.  His  last  stage-works  were 
Otello  (Milan,  Feb.  5,  1SS7),  and  Fa  Is  taf  (Milan, 
Feb.  9,  1S93);  the  latter,  especially,  seems  des- 
tined for  a  long  and  prosperous  career.  Un- 
doubtedly influenced  by  his  contemporaries 
Meyerbeer,  Gounod,  and  Wagner  in  his  treat- 
ment of  the  orchestra,  Verdi's  dramatic  style 
nevertheless  shows  a  natural  and  individual  de- 
velopment, and  has  remained  essentially  Italian 
as  an  orchestral  accompaniment  of  vocal  melody; 
but  his  later  instrumentation  is  far  more  careful 
in  detail  and  luxuriant  than  that  of  the  earlier 
Italian  school,  and  his  melody  more  passionate 
and  poignant  in  expression.  In  iSg3he  received 
the  title  of  "  Marchese  di  Busseto "  from  the 
King  of  Italy.  He  is  living  in  retirement  at  his 
villa    Sant'  Agata,    near   Busseto. — Besides  the 


works  enumerated  above,  V.  has  written  2  books 
of  Romances,  2  songs  for  bass,  a  Notturno  a  3 
(S.  T.  B.),  etc.;  an  "  Inno  delle  Nazioni,"  for 
the  London  Exhibition  (1862)  ;  a  Pater  noster 
and  an  Ave  Maria  ;  and  a  string-quartet  (1873). 
— Biographical  :  The  latest  and  best  biography  is 
that  by  Gino  Monaldi  (publ.  only  in  a  German 
translation  by  Ludwig  Holthof,  at  Leipzig, 
1S98),  "  Giuseppe  Verdi  und  seine  YVerke,"  a 
well-written,  interesting,  and  reliable  work. 
Further,  by  Pougin,  "  Verdi,  souvenirs  anecdo- 
tiques  "  (Paris,  1878;  in  English,  1S87;  also  ir 
a  fine  Italian  ed.,  with  valuable  notes  and  addi- 
tions by  "  Folchetto  ") ;  by  Eugenio  Checchi, 
"  Giuseppe  Verdi,  il  genio  e  le  opere  "  (Florence, 
1887);  by  Blanche  Roosevelt,  "Verdi,  Milan, 
and  Otello"  (London,  1887);  by  G.  Perosio, 
"  Cenni  biografici,"  and  B.  Bermani,  "  Schizzi  " 
(both  at  Milan:  Ricordi)  ;  by  Basevi,  "Studio 
sulle  opere  di  G.  V."  (Florence,  1859)  ;  also  cf. 
Fe'tis,  Grove,  Hanslick  ("  Die  moderne  Oper," 
p.  217),  etc. 

Ver'di,  Giuseppina,  //<vStrepponi, dramatic 
soprano  ;  wife  of  Giuseppe  Verdi  ;  b.  Lodi,  Sept. 
18,  1815;  d.  Busseto,  Nov.  14,  1897.  Daughter 
of  the  dramatic  composer  Feliciano  S.  [d.  Trieste, 
1S32].  Pupil  of  Milan  Cons.  1830-5  ;  debut 
Trieste,  1835,  in  Matilde  di  Shabran  ;  immedi- 
ately eng.  for  the  Italian  Opera  at  Vienna.  Sang 
later  in  chief  Italian  towns;  at  La  Scala,  Milan, 
in  Donizetti's  Be/isario  ;  on  Mar.  9  she  created 
the  role  of  Abigaile  in  Verdi's  Nabucco,  and 
shared  the  young  composer's  triumph.  After 
their  marriage  in  1S44  she  retired  from  the 
stage. 

Verdonck,  Cornelius,  b.  Turnhout,  Belgium, 
1564;  d.  Antwerp,  July 4, 1625. — Works:  French 
chansons ;  2  books  of  madrigals  a  6  ;  1  do.  a  9  ; 
and  a  Magnificat  a  5  (1585). 

Vere,  Clementine  Duchene  de  [de  Vere- 

Sapio],  b.  in  Paris.  Her  father  was  a  Belgian 
nobleman  ;  her  mother,  an  English  lady.  Her 
mus.  education  was  completed  under  Mine.  Al- 
bertini-Baucarde,  at  Florence  ;  successful  debut 
there  at  16,  as  Marguerite  de  Valois  in  Les 
Huguenots;  then  sang  with  equal  fortune  at 
leading  theatres  in  Italy,  France,  Spain,  and 
Mexico  ;  was  also  welcomed  in  Berlin,  London, 
Australia,  and  the  United  States  as  a  highly  ac- 
complished concert-  and  oratorio-singer.  At  New 
York,  in  1896,  she  assumed  the  part  of  Mar- 
guerite in  Berlioz's  Damnation  de  Faust ;  in  1897, 
as  a  member  of  the  Abbey  &  Grau  troupe,  she 
interpreted  the  roles  of  Violetta,  Gilda,  Micaela, 
Marguerite  de  Valois,  the  Infanta  (Le  Cid), 
Marguerite  (Gounod's  Faust),  and  Ophelia,  with 
good  success.  Her  voice  is  a  well-schooled, 
powerful,  and  brilliant  high  soprano  ;  she  excels 
in  coloratura.  Other  chief  roles  are  Lucia  and 
Dinorah. 

Verhulst,  Johannes  (Josephus  Herman), 
b.  The  Hague,  Mar.  19,  1816  ;  d.  there  Jan.  17, 
1 891.    Studied  there,  at  the  Cons.,  under  Volcke; 


599 


VERNIER— VIARDOT-GARCIA 


entered  the  orch.  as  a  violinist  ;  won  several 
prizes  for  comp.  ;  was  a  pupil  of  Joseph  Klein 
at  Cologne,  and  Mendelssohn  (1838)  at  Leipzig, 
where  he  conducted  the  "Euterpe"  Concerts 
till  1S42  ;  then  became  Royal  Mus.  Dir.  at  The 
Hague,  and  in  1848  cond.  of  the  concerts  given 
by  the  "  Maatschappij  tot  bevordering  der  toon- 
kunst  "  at  Rotterdam.  He  organized  all  the 
great  Dutch  mus.  festivals  since  1S50.  He  cond. 
the  "  Diligentia"  Concerts  at  The  Hague  1860- 
86,  then  retiring;  also  the  "  Cicilia  "  Concerts, 
etc.  He  was  a  leader  among  contemporary  Dutch 
composers. — Works  :  A  symphony,  3  overtures, 
and  an  Intermezzo,  f.  orch.  ;  7  festival  cantatas  ; 
a  Tantum  ergo  f.  ch.  and  orch.  ;  a  Clemens  est 
Dominus  f.  double-chorus  and  orch.  ;  a  mass  f. 
4  solo  voices,  c^.  and  orch.  ;  other  sacred  music  ; 
choruses,  songs  ;  and  3  string-quartets. 

Vernier,  Jean-Aime,  b.  Paris,  Aug.  16,  1769; 
d.  (?).  Harpist  at  the  Opera-Comique,  1795  ;  at 
the  Opera  1813—38  ;  then  pensioned. — Publ. 
sonatas  f.  solo  harp,  and  f.  violin  and  harp  ;  a 
quartet  f.  harp,  pf. ,  oboe,  and  horn  ;  trios  f.  harp, 
flute,  and  'cello  ;  harp-duos  ;  fantasias,  var.s, 
etc.,  f.  harp. 

Vero'vio,  Simone,  the  first  copper-plate  music- 
printer,  working  at  Rome  about  1586-1604.  His 
process  marked  a  long  step  beyond  Petrucci's 
movable  types. 

Vesque  von  PiittTingen,  Johann  (pen-name 
"J.  Iloven"),  b.  Opole,  Poland,  July  23,  1803  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Oct.  30,  1883.  Intended  for  a  govern- 
ment career,  he  took  the  degree  of  Dr.  juris  at 
Vienna,  and  became  a  councillor  of  state  ;  but 
studied  music  under  Moscheles  and  Sechter,  was 
an  excellent  pianist,  and  made  his  mark  as  a 
comp.  of  operas  ;  Turandot,  1838  ;  Johanna 
d' Arc,  1S40  ;  Liebeszauber  \Kathchen  von  Heil- 
bronn],  1845;  Ein  Abenteuer  Karls  II.,  1850; 
Der  lustige  Rath,  1852  ;  and  Lips  Tellian,  1854. 
Also  publ.  "  Das  musikalische  Autorrecht  " 
(1865). 

Viada'na,  Ludovico  (da),  recte  Ludovico 
Grossi,  b.  Viadana,  n.  Mantua,  1564  ;  d.  Gual- 
tieri,  May  2,  1645.  Maestro  at  Mantua  Cath., 
1 594-1609  ;  later  at  Fano,  Papal  States,  at  Con- 
cordia in  Venetia,  and  finally  at  Mantua  in  1644. 
This  famous  church-composer  was  formerly  ac- 
credited with  the  invention  of  the  basso  continuo 
(thorough-bass)  ;  but  Peri's  Euridice  (publ.  1600) 
has  a  figured  bass  in  certain  numbers,  as  well  as 
Banchieri's  "Concerti  ecclesiastici  "  (publ.  1595); 
whereas  V.'s  "Cento  concerti  .  .  .  con  il 
basso  continuo  "  did  not  appear  till  1602.  Ap- 
parently, however,  he  was  the  first  to  write 
church-concertos  with  so  few  parts  that  the  organ- 
continuo  was  employed  as  a  necessary  harmonic 
support. — Works  :  Canzonets  a  4  (1590)  and  a  3 
(1594)  ;  madrigals  a  4  (15Q1)  and  a  6  (1593)  ; 
masses  a  4(1596;  often  republ.)  ;  2  books  of 
vesper-psalms  a  5  (1595,  1604),  and  a  8  (1602)  ; 
"Falsi  bordoni  "  a  5  (1596);  2  books  "  Com- 
pletorium  romanum  "  a  8  (1597,  1608)  ;  motets  a 
8   (1597)  ;    psalms  and  Magnificats    a  4   (1598; 


often  republ.)  ;  "  Officium  defunctorum  "  (1600)  ; 
the  celebrated  "  Cento  Concerti  ecclesiastici  a  i, 
a  2,  a  3  et  a  4  voci  con  il  basso  continuo  per 
sonar  nell'  organo.  Nova  inventione  comoda 
per  ogni  sorte  di  Cantori  e  per  gli  Organisti " 
(Venice,  Book  i,  1602;  4th  ed.  1611,  also  as 
"  Opus  musicum  sacrorum  concentuum  .  .  .  ", 
Frankfort,  1612  ;  Book  ii,  1607  ;  Book  iii,  161 1 
[2nd  ed.]  ;  complete  ed.  "  Opera  omnium  sa- 
crorum concentuum  1,  2,  3  et  4  vocum  .  .  .  ", 
containing  146  motets  and  sacred  concerts,  Frank- 
fort, 1620)  ;  Litanies  a  3-12  (1607  [2nd  ed.]  )  ; 
"  Officium  ac  missae  defunctorum  5  voc."  (1604)  ; 
"  Lamentationes  Hieremiae  "  f.  4  equal  voices 
(1609)  ;  "  Symphonie  musicali  "  a  8,  for  all  kinds 
of  instr.s,  w.  fig.  organ-bass  (1610)  ;  "  Respon- 
soria  ad  lamentationes  Hieremiae  4  voc."  (1609)  ; 
"  Completorium  romanum  quaternis  vocibus  de- 
cantandum,  una  cum  b.  cont.  pro  organo  "  (1609); 
"  Salmi  a  4  voci  pari  col  basso  per  l'organo,  brevi, 
comodi  ed  ariosi  con  2  Magnificat"  (1610)  ;  Te 
Deum  and  Salve  regina  a  8  (1612)  ;  "  24  Credo 
a  canto  fermo  ..."  (1619)  ;  and  (posthu- 
mous) "  Missa  defunctorum  "  a  3  (1667). 

Viane'si,  Auguste-Charles-Leonard- 
Francois,  b.  Leghorn,  Nov.  2,  1837.  He 
finished  his  mus.  education  in  Paris,  whither  he 
had  come  in  1857  with  a  letter  of  recommenda- 
tion to  Rossini  ;  in  1S59  became  cond.  at  Drury 
Lane,  London  ;  was  then  at  New  York,  Moscow, 
and  St.  Petersburg,  later  conducting  Italian 
opera  for  12  years  at  Covent  Garden  ;  has  also 
cond.  Italian  opera-troupes  in  many  other  cities. 
On  July  1,  1887,  he  was  chosen  to  succeed  Altes 
as  1st  chef  d'orchestre  at  the  Grand  Opera, 
Paris  ;  conducted  opera  in  New  York,  1891-2. 

Viardot-Garcia,  (Michelle-Ferdinande-) 
Pauline,  famous  dramatic  singer,  daughter  of 
Manuel  del  Popolo  Garcia  ;  b.  I'aris,  July  18, 
1 821.  She  was  taken  by  her  parents  to  England 
and  America  ;  had  pf. -lessons  from  Vega, 
organist  at  Mexico  Cath.,  also  (on  returning  to 
Paris  in  182S)  from  Meysenberg  and  Liszt.  Her 
father  and  mother  both  gave  her  vocal  instruction ; 
Reicha  was  her  teacher  in  harmony.  Her  con- 
cert debut  was  at  Brussels  in  1837  ;  after  singing 
in  Germany  and  Paris,  she  came  out  in  opera  at 
London,  1839,  as  Desdemona  in  Othello,  and  was 
eng.  by  Viardot,  the  director  of  the  Theatre 
Italien,  Paris.  She  sang  there  until  her  marriage 
with  M.  Viardot  in  1841  ;  he  then  accompanied 
her  on  long  tours  throughout  Europe.  In  1849 
she  created  the  role  of  Fides  in  Le  Propheie  at 
the  Grand  Opera,  Paris,  and  that  of  Sapho  in 
Gounod's  opera,  1851  ;  after  another  succession 
of  tours,  she  took  the  role  of  Orphee  in  Berlioz's 
revival  of  Gluck's  opera  at  the  Th.-Lyrique, 
1859,  singing  the  part  150  nights  to  crowded 
houses.  In  1861  she  also  took  part  in  the  re- 
vival of  Gluck's  Alees/e,  most  admirably  inter- 
preting the  excessively  difficult  title-role.  She 
retired  to  Baden-Baden  in  1863  ;  since  1871  she 
has  dwelt  in  Paris  and  Bougival.  Her  voice  was 
a  mezzo-soprano  of  extraordinary  compass  (from 


600 


VICENTINO-VIEUXTEMPS 


bass  c  toy"3),  and  while  neither  sweet  nor  even, 
lent  itself  readily  to  every  form  of  dramatic  ex- 
pression. She  was  a  wonderful  actress.  For 
some  years  she  taught  at  the  Paris  Cons.;  among 
her  pupils  were  Desiree  Artot,  Orgeni,  Antoinette 
Sterling,  and  Marianne  Brandt.  A  thoroughly 
trained  musician,  she  has  also  comp.  operas,  one 
of  which,  Le  dernier  sorrier,  was  perf .  at  Weimar, 
Karlsruhe,  and  Riga  as  Der  letzte  Zauberer;  this 
opera,  I' Ogre,  and  Trop  de  femmes,  were  given 
at  her  private  theatre  in  Baden-Baden.  About 
60  vocal  melodies  have  been  publ.,  and  have  won 
wide  popularity  ;  also  6  pieces  f.  pf.  and  violin, 
and  an  "  Ecole  classique  de  chant."  A  biogr. 
sketch  of  Mine.  Viardot-Garcia,  by  La  Mara,  is 
publ.  by  Breitkopf  &  Hartel. — Her  daughter, 
Mme.  Louise  Heritte-Viardot,  b.  Paris,  Dec. 
14,  1841,  taught  singing  at  the  Hoch  Cons., 
Frankfort,  for  some  years  (till  1886),  and  then 
establ.  a  vocal  school  at  Berlin  ;  comp.  2  comic 
operas,  Lindoro  (Weimar,  1S79)  and  Das  Bac- 
chusfest  (Stockholm,  1S80)  ;  a  pf.-quartet  ;  a 
terzetto  f.  female  voices,  etc.  Two  other  daugh- 
ters, Mme.  Chamerot-V.,  and  Marianne  V., 
are  tine  concert-singers  ;  her  son,  Paul  Viardot, 
b.  Courtavent,  July  20,  1857,  and  a  pupil  of 
Leonard,  is  an  excellent  violinist  ;  in  1S93  he 
was  temporarily  chef  d'orckestre  at  the  Opera. 

Vicenti'no,  Nicola,  b.  Vicenza,  1511  ;  d. 
Milan,  about  1576.  Pupil  of  Willaert  at  Venice; 
maestro  and  music-master  to  the  Princes  d'Este 
at  Ferrara;  then  for  some  years  in  the  service  of 
Cardinal  Ippolito  d'Este  at  Rome.  Here  his 
book  of  madrigals  a  5,  an  attempt  to  revive  the 
chromatic  and  enharmonic  genera  of  the  Greeks, 
led  to  an  academic  controversy  with  the  learned 
Portuguese  musician  Lusitano  ;  defeated,  V. 
publ.  a  theoretical  treatise,  "  L'antica  musica 
ridotta  alia  moderna  prattica "  (1555),  which 
likewise  contains  a  description  of  his  invention, 
an  instr.  called  the  archicembalo  (having  6  key- 
boards, with  separate  strings  and  keys  for 
distinguishing  the  ancient  genera — diatonic, 
chromatic,  and  enharmonic).  He  also  invented 
and  described  (1561)  an  "  Archiorgano."  In 
chromatic  composition  he  was  followed  by 
Cyprian  de  Rore  and  Gesualdo.  His  work  paved 
the  way  for  the  monodic  style,  and  the  eventual 
disuse  of  the  church-modes. 

Victoria.     See  Vittoria. 

Vidal,  Louis-Antoine,  b.  Rouen,  July  10, 
1S20.  Writer  and  musician  ;  'cello-pupil  of 
Franchomme. — Publ.  ' '  Les  instruments  a  archet, 
les  faiseurs,  les  joueurs  d'instr.s,  leur  histoire 
sur  le  continent  europeen,  suivie  d'un  catalogue 
general  de  la  musique  de  chambre"  (3  vol.s  ; 
Paris,  1876-8  ;  with  120  illustrative  plates  en- 
graved by  Frederic  Hillemacher),  an  interesting 
and  important  work  : — also  an  extract  from  the 
above,  "  La  chapelle  St.-Julien-des-Menetriers" 
(1878),  and  "La  lutherie  et  les  luthiers"  (1889). 

Vidal,  Paul-Antonin,  b.  Toulouse,  June  16, 
1863.     Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.;  first  Grand  prix  de 


Rome,  1SS1.  In  1894  he  succeeded  Mouzin  as 
teacher  of  the  solfege-class  at  the  Cons. ;  became 
cond.  of  the  Sunday  Concerts  at  the  Grand 
Opera  ;  and  in  1896  succeeded  Madier  de  Mont- 
jau  as  chef  d'orehestre  at  the  Grand  Opera. 
Besides  3  pantomines  he  has  prod,  the  3-act 
lyric  fantasy  Eros  (1892),  a  ballet,  La  Maladetta 
(1S93),  2  i-act  operettas,  Le  mariage  d'  Yvette, 
and  La  de'votion  a  St. -Andre,  and  the  3-act 
lyric  drama  Guernica  (Opera-Comique,  1895)  ; 
numerous  choral  comp.s  ;  an  orch.l  suite,  "Les 
mysteres  d'Eleusis,"  etc. 

Vier'dank,  Johann,  organist  of  the  Marien- 
kirche,  Stralsund. — Publ.  "  Neue  Pavanen, 
Gagliarden,  Ballette  und  Concerte "  f.  2  vlns., 
violone,  and  b.  cont.  (1641)  ;  and  "  Geistliche 
Concerte  "  a  2-4,  w.  basso  cont."  (1642,  '43). 

Vier'ling,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Metzels,  n. 
Meiningen,  Jan.  26,  1750  ;  d.  as  organist  at 
Schmalkalden,  Nov.  22,  1813,  having  succeeded 
his  teacher,  Tischler.  Also  studied  with  C.  Ph. 
E.  Bach,  and  Kirnberger. — Publ.  "  12  leichte 
Orgelstiicke";  "  Versuch  einer  Anleitung  zu 
Praludiren  fiir  Ungeubtere"  (1794) ;  "  Sammlung 
leichter  Orgelstiicke"  (1794);  "  4S  leichte  Or- 
gelstiicke" (1795);  "Sammlung  3-stimmiger 
Orgelstiicke"  (1802);  "  Allgemein  fasslicher 
Unterricht  im  ( '.eneralbass "  (1805)  ;  "Leichte 
Choralvorspiele  "  (1807)  ;  also  a  Choralbuch  a  4, 
w.  Introd.  to  thorough-bass  (17S9)  ;  a  pf.-quartet, 
2  pf. -trios,  and  6  pf. -sonatas. 

VierTing,  Georg,  b.  Frankenthal,  Palatinate, 
Sept.  5,  1820.  Pupil  of  his  father,  the  organist 
Jacob  V.  [1 796-1 S67]  ;  then  of  Neeb  at  Frank- 
fort (pf.),  Rinck  at  Darmstadt  (org.),  Marx  at 
Berlin  (comp.;  1S42-5)  ;  1847,  organist  of  the 
Oberkirche,  Frankfort-on-Oder  ;  1852-3,  cond. 
of  the  Liedertafel  at  Mayence  ;  then  settled  in 
Berlin,  where  he  founded  and  for  some  years 
conducted  the  Bach-Verein ;  received  the  title 
of  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."  in  1859,  and  shortly  after 
resigned  his  public  positions  to  devote  himself 
to  composition. — Works  :  The  secular  cantatas 
(oratorios)  Der  Raub  der  Sabinerinnen  (op.  50), 
Alarichs  Tod  (op.  58),  and  Conslanlin  (op.  64)  ; 
Psalm  137,  f.  tenor  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  22  ; 
Hero  und  Leander,  f.  do.  op.  30  ;  Zur  Weinlese, 
f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  32  ;  Zechcantate, 
f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  pf. ,  op.  10  ;  Psalm  100  f. 
mixed  chorus  a  cappella ;  many  other  choral 
works  with  and  without  accomp.; — a  symphony 
in  C,  op.  33  ;  overtures  to  The  Tempest,  Maria 
Stuart,  Die  Hermannsschlacht  [Kleist],  Die 
LLexe  [Fitger],  and  "  Im  Friihling"  ;  Capriccio 
f.  pf.  w.  orch.;  Phantasiestiick  f.  violin  w.  small 
orch.;  Phantasie  f.  pf.  and  'cello;  3  Phantasie- 
stiicke  f.  do. ;  Phantasiestiicke  f.  pf.  and  violin  ; 
a  string-quartet,  op.  56  ;  a  pf.-trio,  op.  51  ;  pf.- 
pieces  (sonata,  op.  44  ;  Valse-Caprice,  op.  43  ;  2 
Impromptus,  op.  53  ;  etc.)  ;  organ-pieces,  op. 
23  ;  etc. 

Vieuxtemps,  Henri,  b.  Venders,  Belgium, 
Feb.   20,  1820  ;  d.  Mustapha,  Algiers,   June  6, 


601 


VIEUXTEMPS— VILLOTEAU 


18S1.  Famous  violinist;  his  first  teacher  was  his 
father,  a  piano-tuner  and  instrument-maker,  who 
soon  turned  him  over 
to  L e c  1  o u  x  ,  \\"  i  t  h 
whom  he  made  a 
concert- tour  at  8. 
From  1829-30  he 
studied  with  de  Be- 
riot  at  Brussels; 
played  successfully 
at  concerts  in  Paris  ; 
Studied  harmony 
with  Sechter  at  Vi- 
enna in  1833,  while 
on  a  German  tour ; 
visited  London  in 

1534,  and     took    a 
course  in  composition  with   Reicha  at  Paris  in 

1535,  producing  some  original  works  next  year 
in  Holland.  In  1837  he  revisited  Vienna,  and 
made  successful  Russian  tours  in  1S3S-9  ;  com- 
posed the  Concerto  No.  1,  in  E,  and  the  Fan- 
taisie-Caprice  in  A,  making  with  the  former, 
especially,  a  profound  impression  at  Antwerp 
(1S40),  and  at  Paris  and  London  (1S41).  From 
1844-5  he  toured  America  ;  from  1846-52  he  was 
solo  violinist  to  the  Czar,  and  prof,  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  Cons.;  then  recommenced  his  wan- 
derings, lie  twice  revisited  America  ;  in  1857, 
with  Thalberg,  and  in  1870,  with  Christine 
Nilsson  and  Marie  Krebs.  From  1871-3  he 
was  prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the  Brussels  Cons. ; 
in  the  latter  year  a  stroke  of  paralysis,  affect- 
ing his  left  side,  cut  short  his  career  as  a  vir- 
tuoso ;  though  he  still  taught  for  a  time,  after 
partial  recovery.  With  de  Beriot  he  stood  at 
the  head  of  the  modern  French  school  of  violin- 
playing  ;  many  of  his  compositions  still  grace  the 
repertory  of  leading  violinists. — Works  :  6  con- 
certos— No.  1,  op.  10,  in  E  ;  2.  op.  19,  in  F# 
min. ;  3.  op.  25,  in  A  ;  4.  op.  31,  in  D  min.;  5. 
op.  37,  in  A  min. ;  6.  op.  47,  in  G  ; — several  con- 
certinos ;  Fantaisie  w.  orch.;  Ballade  and  Polo- 
naise, w.  orch.;  Fantaisie-Caprice,  w.  orch.; 
fantaisies  on  Slavic  themes,  op.  21,  27  ;  Introd. 
et  Rondo,  op.  29  ;  "  Hommage  a  Paganini," 
Caprice,  op.  9  ;  sonata,  op.  12  ;  var.s  on  "  Yan- 
kee Doodle,"  op.  17  ;  Duo  concertant  f.  pf.  and 
violin,  on  Don  Giovanni,  op.  20;  Duo  brilliant 
f.  do.,  on  Hungarian  themes  (w.  Erkel)  ;  suite, 
op.  43  ;  6  concert-studies  w.  pf.,  op.  16;  3  ca- 
denzas to  Beethoven's  violin-concerto  ;  fantaisies, 
caprices,  etc. ; — also  2  'cello-concertos  ;  an  Elegy, 
and  a  sonata,  f.  viola  or  'cello  ;  a  Grand  duo  f. 
violin  and  'cello  (w.  Servais)  ;  an  overture  (op. 
41)  on  the  Belgian  national  hymn  ;  etc. — Bio- 
graphy by  Radoux :  "II.  V.,  sa  vie  et  ses 
ceuvres  "  (1891). 

Vieuxtemps,  Jules-Joseph-Ernest,  brother 
of  preceding  ;  b.  Brussels,  Mar.  18,  1832  ;  d. 
Belfast,  Mar.  20,  ]Sg6.  Was  for  years  solo 'cellist 
at  the  Italian  Opera,  London  ;  also  in  Halle's 
orch.  at  Manchester. 

Vilbac,  (Alphonse-Charles-)  Renaud    de, 


b.  Montpellier,  June  3,  1829  ;  d.  Faris,  Mar.  19, 
1S84.  Pianist  and  organist ;  studied  at  the  Paris 
Cons,  under  Lemoine,  Halevy,  and  Benoist,  win- 
ning the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1844  ;  from 
1856,  organist  at  St. -Eugene,  Paris. — Prod.  2 
comic  operas,  An  clair  de  litne  (1857),  and  Al- 
manzor  (1858)  ;  a  method  f.  pf. ;  and  numerous 
well-written  pf. -pieces  (3  Morceaux  de  salon,  op. 
23  ;  3  Caprices,  op.  25  ;  Elisir  d'amore,  op.  24  ; 
"  Les  Amazones,"  galop  ;  etc.) 

Villanis,  Luigi  Alberto, distinguished  writer 
and  critic  ;  b.  San  Mauro,  n.  Turin,  June  20, 
1S63.  After  taking  the  degree  of  LL.D.  at 
Turin  Univ.  in  1887,  he  gave  up  the  law  for 
music,  studying  composition  under  Thermignon 
at  Turin,  and  finishing  under  Cravero.  App. 
prof,  of  mus.  aesthetics  and  history  at  Turin 
Univ.,  1890;  gave  well-attended  lectures  on  the 
philosophy  of  music,  1S95-7  ;  since  1890,  con- 
tributor to  various  papers,  notably  the  "  Gaz- 
zetta  Musicale  "  of  Milan. — Publ.  "  II  comenuto 
della  musica "  (1891)  ;  "  Estetica  del  libretto 
nella  musica  "  (1892)  ;  "  II  leit-motiv  nella  mu- 
sica moderna  "  (1891)  ;  "  L'estetica  e  la  Psyche 
moderna  nella  musica  contemporanea  "  (1S95) ; 
"  Come  si  ascolta  la  musica,  e  come  si  dovrebbe 
ascoltare  "  (1S96)  ;  many  essays  in  the  "  Gazz. 
Mus.,"  and  critical  studies  in  "  L'illustration 
italienne."  Is  preparing  a  comprehensive  work 
on  the  development  of  the  several  Schools  of 
Music,  due  to  the  clavichord  and  pianoforte. 

Villaro'sa,  Carlantonio  de  Rosa,  marchese 
di,  b.  Naples,  Jan.  1,  1762;  d.  there  Jan.  30, 
1847.  App.  Royal  Historiographer  in  1823. — 
Publ.  "  Memorie  dei  compositore  di  musica  del 
regno  di  Napoli  "  (1S40),  now  superseded  by 
Florimo's  "  Cenni  storici  "  ;  also  "  Lettera  bio- 
grafica  intorno  alia  patria  ed  alia  vita  di  G.  B. 
Pergolesi,"  a  second  ed.  appearing  in  1S43  as 
"  Biografia  di  G.  B.  P." 

Villars,  Frangois  de,  b.  lie  Bourbon,  Jan. 
26,  1825  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.,  1S79,  where  he  was 
mus.  feuilletoniste  of  "  L'Furope,"  and  writer 
for  "  L'Art  musical." — Publ.  "  La  Serva  pa- 
drona,  son  apparition  a  Paris  1752,  son  analyse, 
son  influence"  (1863);  "Notices  sur  Luigi  e 
Federico  Ricci,  suivies  d'une  analyse  critique  de 
Crispino  e  la  Comare"  (1866)  ;  and  "  Les  deux 
Iphiginie  de  Cluck  "  (1S68). 

Villebois,  Constantin  Petrovitch,  Russian 
song-composer  ;  b.  Warsaw,  May  29,  1S17  ;  d. 
there  July  12,  1S82. 

Villoing,  Alexander,  b.  St.  Petersburg  ;  d. 
there  in  Sept.,  1S78.  Known  to  fame  as  the 
pf. -teacher  of  Anton  and  Nicholas  Rubinstein, 
and  other  pupils  of  note.  He  assisted  at  A. 
Rubinstein's  debut  at  Paris  in  1841.  His 
"  Ecole  pratique  du  Piano  "  embodies  his  system 
of  instruction  ;  the  technical  exercises  are  very 
ingenious  and  practical.  Comp.  a  concerto,  and 
smaller  pieces. 

Villoteau,  Guillaume-Andre,  b.  Belleme, 
Orne,  Sept.   6,  1759  >  d.  Tours,   Apr.   23,  1839. 


6oi 


VINCENT— VIOLE 


Choir-boy,  then  tenor,  at  Le  Mans  Cath.;  later 
at  Notre-Dame,  Paris  ;  chorus-singer  at  the 
Opera.  Having  studied  philosophy  at  the  Sor- 
bonne,  he  was  qualified  for  election  as  a  member 
of  the  scientific  commission  which  accompanied 
Napoleon  to  Egypt,  and  made  a  special  study  of 
Oriental  music. — Publ.  4  essays  (in  the  great 
work  issued  by  the  government,  "  Description  de 
l'Egypte  ")  entitled  "  Dissertation  sur  la  musique 
des  anciens  egyptiens  "  ;  "Dissertation  sur  les 
diverses  especes  d'instruments  de  musique  que 
Ton  remarque  parmi  les  sculptures  qui  decorent 
les  antiques  monuments  de  l'Egypte  .  .  ." 
(German  transl.  ,1821);"  De  I'etat  actuel  de  l'art 
musical  en  Egypte  .  .  .";  and  "  Description 
historique,  technique  et  litteraire  des  instru- 
ments de  musique  des  Orientaux"; — also  a  "Me- 
moire  sur  la  possibilite  et  l'utilite  d'une  theorie 
exacte  des  principes  naturels  de  la  musique  " 
(1S70),  being  an  introduction  to  his  ,"  Recher- 
ches  sur  l'analogie  de  la  musique  avec  les  arts 
qui  ont  pour  objet  limitation  du  langage  ..." 
(1807  ;  2  vol.s). 

Vincent,  Alexandre-Joseph-Hydulphe,  b. 
Ilesdin,  Pas-de-Calais,  Nov.  20,  1797  ;  d.  Paris, 
Nov.  26,  1868.  Prof,  of  mathematics  at  the 
College  St. -Louis,  Paris  ;  member  of  the  Acade- 
mic, aiid  of  the  Soc.  of  Antiquaries  ;  custodian 
of  the  library  of  learned  societies  at  the  Ministry 
of  Public  Instruction.  An  investigator  of  an- 
cient Greek  and  Latin  music,  he  championed  the 
idea  that  the  Greeks  used  chords  (harmony)  ;  he 
likewise  sought  to  revive  the  employment  of  the 
quarter-tone.  On  these  subjects  he  publ.  a  great 
number  of  essays,  some  of  which  were  reprinted 
in  pamphlet-form,  and  reports  of  the  Academic, 
scientific  journals,  etc.  His  mus.  activity  was 
scathingly    criticised    by   Fetis  ;  also   cf.    RlE- 

MAXN. 

Vincent,  Heinrich  Joseph,  b.  Theilheim,  n. 

Wi'irzburg,  Feb.  23,  1819.  Renouncing  theology 
and  law,  he  became  a  tenor  singer  in  theatres  at 
Vienna  (1847),  Halle,  and  Wlirzburg;  from  1872, 
singing-teacher,  and  cond.  of  the  singing-so- 
ciety, at  Czernowitz,  Bukowina;  later  removed 
to  Vienna. — Works:  Operas  Die Bettlerin(iia.lle, 
1864)  and  A'onig  Marat  (Wlirzburg,  1870);  also 
operettas,  and  popular  songs.  As  a  writer  he  is 
a  warm  defender  of  the  "  Chroma  "  Society's  12- 
half-tone  system;  has  publ.  "  Kein  Generalbass 
mehr"(iS6o),  "Die  Einheit  in  der  Tonwelt" 
(1862),  "  Die  Neuclaviatur"  (1874);  and  articles 
on  the  chromatic  keyboard  and  notation  in 
various  papers. 

Vincent,  Charles  John,  b.  Houghton-le- 
Spring,  Durham,  England,  Sept.  19,  1S52. 
Pupil  of  his  father,  Charles  John  V.  [organist  at 
St.  Michael's];  from  1S64,  chorister  at  Durham 
Cath.  under  Dr.  Armes  ;  in  1869,  organist  at 
Monkwearmouth ;  from  1S76-S,  st.  at  Leipzig 
Cons. ;  then  org.  at  Tavistock  and  Kelly  College ; 
graduated  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1S7S  ;  Mus.  Doc, 
1885;  org.  of  Christ  Ch.,  Hampstead,  London, 
1883-91.     As  Examiner  for  Trinity  College  he 


has  visited  South  Africa  (1S93)  and  Australia 
(1S97).  Joint-editor  of  the  "  Organist  and  Choir- 
master."— Works:  Oratorio  Ruth  (Hampstead, 
1SS6);  Psalm  08,  The  Day  of  Rest,  and  The 
Crowning  of  the  Wheat,  cantatas  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  6  cantatas  f.  female  voices;  "Honour 
and  praise  to  Music,"  choral  fugue  in  8  parts  ; 
vocal  duets  ;  over  too  songs  ; — orch.l  overture 
"The  Storm"  (1894);  pieces  f.  'cello  and  pf. , 
violin  and  pf.,  and  pf.  solo  ;  organ-music  ; — the 
text-books  "  A  Year's  Study  at  the  Piano," 
"First  Principles  of  Music,"  "Choral  Instructor 
for  Treble  Voices,"  "On  Scoring  for  an  Or- 
chestra" (in  "The  British  Musician,"  1897); 
etc. — His  brother,  George  Frederick  V.,  b. 
Mar.  27,  1855;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  187,-6; 
since  i88'2  organist  and  choirmaster  at  St. 
Thomas's,  Sunderland ;  also  cond.  the  Choral 
Soc,  the  Ladies'  Orch.l  Soc,  and  the  Amateur 
Opera  Soc,  at  Sunderland.  Well-known  con- 
cert-organist.— Works  :  Operettas  ;  a  cantata, 
Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  f.  bar.  solo,  ch.,  and 
orch.  (1895);  songs,  anthems,  etc.; — 2  Fantasias 
and  Fugues  f.  2  pf.s  ;  pf. -pieces;  2  vol.s  of 
organ-pieces ;  etc. 

Vin'ci,  Pietro,  b.  Nicosia,  Sicily,  1540;  was 
maestro  at  Bergamo  Cath. — Publ.  5  books  of 
motets  a  4-6  (1572-S8) ;  "  14  Sonetti  spirituali  a 
piu  voci  "  (15S0) ;  masses  a  5-8  (1575);  and  10 
vol.s  of  madrigals  a  3-6  (1564-89). 

Vin'ci,  Leonardo,  b.  Strongoli,  Calabria, 
1690.  Pupil  of  Greco  at  the  Cons,  de'  Poveri, 
Naples,  where  he  died  in  1732.  He  was  maestro 
at  the  Royal  Chapel,  Naples.  Much  admired  in 
Italy  as  an  opera-composer,  producing  over  25 
operas,  of  which  Ijigenia  in  Tauride  and  Astia- 
natte  (both  at  Venice  in  1725)  were  particularly 
successful.  Also  comp.  2  oratorios,  cantatas, 
motets,  masses,  songs,  etc. 

Vining,  Helen  Sherwood,  b.  Brooklyn,  N.  V. , 
July  4,  1855.  Has  publ.  a  pf. -primer,  and  other 
instructive  works. 

Viola,  Alfonso  della,  maestro  to  Ercole  II. 
d'Este,  is  noteworthy  as  an  early  composer  of 
pastorals  and  incidental  music  for  the  court  of 
Ferrara  : — T'Or/'aeehe(i  ^41),  II  Saeri  li\i  0(1^4), 
Lo  Sfortunato  (1557),  and  Aretusa  (1563),  all  in 
madrigal-style,  the  dialogue  sung  by  a  chorus. 
He  publ.  madrigals  a  5  (1559). 

Vio'la,  Francesco,  of  Ferrara;  maestro  to 
Duke  Alfonso  d'Este,  and  pupil  of  Willaert, 
whose  "  Musica  nova"  (motets  and  madrigals) 
he  publ.  in  1558.  Also  publ.  2  books  of  original 
madrigals  (1567,  '73). 

Vio'le,  Rudolf,  b.  Schochwitz,  Mansfeld, 
May  10,  1815  ;d.  Berlin,  Dec.  7,  1S67.  Pianist 
and  teacher,  pupil  of  Liszt,  who  recommended 
his  comp.s;  lived  in  Berlin  as  a  teacher. — ■ 
Works:  11  pf. -sonatas,  op.  1  and  21-30;  "Die 
musikalische  Gartenlaube,"  100  studies  f.  pf. ; 
Caprices  heroi'ques ;  Poesies  lyriques ;  a  Polo- 
naise, a  Ballade,  etc;  all  of  distinctly  modern 
tendency. 


603 


VIOTTA— VITALI 


Viot'ta,  Henri,  b.  Amsterdam,  July  16,  1S48. 
Pupil  of  the  Cologne  Cons. ;  but  also  studied 
law,  and  practised  for  a  time.  In  18S3,  how- 
ever he  organized  and  became  cond.  of  the 
Amsterdam  Wagner  Society;  also  conducted  the 
"Excelsior"  and  the  "  Cicilia."  Since  1S89, 
editor  of  the  "  Maandblad  voor  Muziek  ";  writes 
for  other  papers;  and  publ.  a  "Lexicon  der 
Toonkunst  "  (1889;  biographies  and  terms).  In 
1S96  he  succeeded  Nicolai  as  Director  of  the 
Cons,  at  The  Haeue. 


Viot'ti,  Giovanni  Battista,  eminent  vio- 
linist and  composer,  was  born  at  Fontaneto  da 
P6,  Vercelli,  Italy,  ^~~ _- 


May  23,  1753;  he 
died  in  London, 
Mar.  10  (3?),  1S24. 
His  father,  a  black- 
smith, gave  him  a 
little  violin,  which 
he  learned  to  play 
without  tuition, 
and  attracted  the 
attention  of  the 
Bishop  of  Stram- 
bino,  who  recom- 
mended him  to 
Alfonso  Del  Pozzo, 
Prince  della  Cisterna;  the  latter  confided  him  to 
the  teaching  of  Pugnani  at  Turin.  V.  soon 
entered  the  court  orchestra;  in  1780  he  made  a 
grand  tour  to  Germany,  Poland,  and  Russia  with 
I'ugnani,  and  was  feted  at  the  court  of  Catherine 
II.  Repairing  to  London  in  1782,  he  won 
signal  triumphs;  later,  at  Paris,  he  played  re- 
peatedly at  the  Concerts  spirituels,  where  his  art 
was  acknowledged  as  unrivalled.  It  happened 
that  one  of  his  concerts  in  17S3  was  poorly  at- 
tended, while  in  the  next  concert  a  mediocre 
violinist  won  great  applause  from  a  large 
audience;  this  so  irritated  V.  that  he  abruptly 
closed  his  public  appearances,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  teaching  and  composing,  at  the  same  time 
acting  as  accompanist  to  Queen  Marie  An- 
toinette, and  maitre  de  chapelle  to  the  Prince  de 
Soubise.  Failing  in  his  attempt  to  obtain  the 
directorship  of  the  Opera  in  17S7,  he  joined 
Leonard,  the  Queen's  hairdresser,  in  establish- 
ing an  Italian  opera,  opened  at  the  Tuileries  in 
1789,  transferred  to  the  Theatre  de  la  P'oire  St.- 
Germain  in  1790,  and  in  1791  to  the  newly 
erected  Theatre  Feydeau,  where  the  Revolution 
ruined  their  enterprise.  V.,  obliged  to  recom- 
mence his  virtuoso-career,  went  to  London,  and 
gave  a  series  of  most  successful  concerts  at  the 
Hanover  Square  Rooms;  but  a  rumor  gained 
credence  that  he  was  an  emissary  of  the  revolu- 
tionists, and  he  thought  it  advisable  to  leave 
England,  retiring  to  Hamburg  until  1794,  when 
he  resumed  concert-giving  in  London,  was  man- 
ager of  the  Italian  Opera  in  the  ensuing  winter, 
and  director  of  the  Opera  Concerts  in  1795.  Ill- 
success  caused  him  to  embark  in  the  wine-trade. 
On  a  visit  to  Paris  in  1S02,  he  was  persuaded  to 


play  before  Cherubini  and  others,  and,  to  their 
astonishment,  outrivalled  his  earlier  perform- 
ances. He  finally  settled  in  Paris  as  Director 
of  the  Opera  from  1819-22,  when  he  resigned 
with  a  pension  of  6000  francs;  he  died  while  on 
a  pleasure-trip. — On  account  of  his  influence  as 
a  player  and  teacher  (especially  through  his  two 
pupils  Rode  and  Baillot),  and  the  breadth  and 
dignity  of  his  works,  V.  has  been  styled  "the 
father  of  modern  violin-playing."  His  composi- 
tions, more  particularly  of  the  maturer  period, 
show  great  refinement  and  skill  in  workman- 
ship, and  are  classics  of  violin-literature;  he  was 
the  first  to  write  violin-concertos  in  the  broad 
modern  sonata-form,  and  displaying  the  full 
resources  of  the  orchestra.  He  publ.  29  violin- 
concertos  (No.  22,  in  A  min.,  is  still  a  favorite), 

2  Concertantes  f.  2  violins,  21  string-quartets,  21 
trios  f.  2  violins  and  viola,  51  violin-duos  (many 
interesting  and  valuable),  18  sonatas  with  bass, 

3  Divertissements  (Nocturnes)  f.  pf.  and  violin, 
and  a  pf.-sonata. — Biographical  sketches  by 
Fayolle,  "Notices  sur  Corelli  .  .  .  et  Viotti " 
(Paris,  1810);  by  Baillot,  "Notice  sur  V."  (1825) ; 
by  Miel,  "  Notice  historique  "  (1827);  etc. 

Vir'dung,  Sebastian,  priest  and  organist  at 
Basel,  wrote  the  historically  important  illustrated 
work  "  Musica  getutscht  und  auszgezogen  durch 
Sebastianum  Virdung,  Priester  von  Amberg,  um 
alles  Gesang  aus  den  Noten  in  die  Tabulaturen 
diser  benannten  dreye  Instrumente  der  Orgeln, 
tier  I.auten  und  der  Floten  transferiren  zu  lernen 
.  .  ."  (151 1  ;  facsimile  reprint  by  Breitkopf  & 
Ilartel,  1SS2).  4  of  V.'s  songs  are  in  P.  Schof- 
fer's  "  Teutsche  Lieder  mit  4  Stimmen  "  (1513). 

Viset'ti,  Alberto  Antonio,  b.  Spalato, 
Dalmatia,  May  13,  1S46.  Pupil  of  Mazzucato 
at  Milan  Cons.,  1S55-65.  Concert-pianist  at 
Nice  ;  then  proceeded  to  Paris,  became  Auber's 
friend,  and  was  app.  conductor  to  Empress 
Eugenie.  On  the  fall  of  the  empire  he  hastened 
to  London,  where  he  became  director  of  the 
vocal  department  in  the  N.  T.  S.  M.  Publ.  a 
"  History  of  the  Art  of  Singing";  also  Italian 
translations  of  Ilullah's  "History  of  Modern 
Music,"  and  Hueffer's  "  Musical  Studies." 

VitaTi,  Filippo,  Florentine  by  birth,  from 
1631  singer  in  the  Papal  Chapel,  Rome,  and 
chamber-singer  to  Cardinal  Barberini. — rubl. 
madrigals  a  5  (1616)  ;  "  Musiche  a  2,  3  e  6  voci  " 
(1617  ;  in  monodic  style) ;  "  Musiche  a  1  e  2  voci 
con  il  basso  per  l'organo  "  (1618)  ;  "  Intermedj 
.  .  .  fatti  per  la  commedia  degli  Accademici 
inconstanti "  (1623;  prod,  in  that  year  at  the 
palace  of  Cardinal  de'  Medici  at  Florence)  ;  mo- 
tets a  2-5  (1630)  ;  "  Arie  "  a  2  (1635) !  "  Hymni 
Urbani  VIII  "  (1636)  ;  "Arie"  a  3,  w.  b.  cont. 
(1639)  ;  psalms  a  5  (1640)  ;  "  Libri  V  di  arie  a  3 
voci "  (1647). 

VitaTi,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Cremona 
about  1644  ;  d  Modena,  Oct.  12,  1692,  as  2nd 
maestro  di  capp,  to  the  Duke  (from  1674).  Im- 
portant instr.l  comp.,  preceding  Corelli. — Publ. 


604 


VITRY— VOGEL 


Balletti,  correnti,  gighe,  allemande,  etc.  (1668)  ; 
Sonate  a  2  violini  con  b.  cont.  per  l'organo(i667  ; 
2nd  ed.  1685)  ;  Balletti,  correnti  alia  francese, 
gagliarde  e  brando  per  ballare  (1685)  ;  Balletti, 
correnti  e  sinfonie  da  camera  a  4  stromenti  (1677  ; 
2nd  ed.  1685);  Balletti,  correnti,  etc.,  a  violino 
e  violone  o  spinetta,  con  il  secondo  violino  a 
beneplacito  (1678)  ;  Sonate  a  2-5  stromenti 
(16S1) ;  Salmi  concertati  a  2-5,  w.  instr.s  (1677)  ; 
Sonate  a  2  violini  e  b.  cont.  (op.  9)  ;  Inni  sacri 
...  a  voce  sola  con  5  stromenti  (16S1)  ;  Varie 
sonate  alia  francese  ed  all'  italiana  a  6  stromenti 
(1689)  ;  Balli  in  stile  francese  a  5  stromenti 
(1690);  "  Artifici  musicali  a  diversi  stromenti" 
(1689) ;  Sonate  da  camera  a  4  stromenti  (1692). 
Others  in  MS.  at  Modena. 

Vitry,  Philippe  de  [Philippus  di  Vitriaco], 

b.  Vitry,  Pas-de-Calais  ;  d.  as  Bishop  of  Meaux, 
1 3 16.  Theorist  ;  writer  on  mensurable  music 
(treatises  printed  by  Coussemaker  in  "  Scrip- 
tores,"  iii).  He  established  the  values  of  the  4 
prolations  ;  invented  red  notes  and  Proportions 
(ef.  Amisros),  probably  introduced  the  term 
contrapunctus  in  lieu  of  diseantns,  and  adopted 
(but  did  not  invent)  the  notes  called  minima  and 
semiminima. 

Vitto'ri,  Loreto,  b.  Spoleto,  about  1588  ;  d. 
Rome,  Apr.  23,  1670,  as  a  member  of  the  Papal 
Chapel  (from  1622). — Publ.  "  Arie  a  voce  sola" 
(1639)  ;  a  "  cantata  a  voce  sola,"  Irene  (1648)  ;  a 
"  dramma  in  musica,"  La  Galatea  (1639)  I  ar>d  a 
"  dramma  sacro,"  La  pellegrina  costante  (1647). 

Vitto'ria,  Tomaso  Ludovico  da  \recte 
Tomas  Luis  de  Victoria],  eminent  contem- 
porary and  friend  of  Palestrina  ;  b.  Avila,  Spain, 
about  1540  ;  d.  Madrid  (?),  about  160S.  Pupil, 
in  youth,  of  Escobedo  and  Morales,  singers  in 
the  Papal  Chapel  at  Rome  ;  in  1573,  maestro  at 
the  Collegium  Germanicum  ;  in  1575,  at  San 
Apollinare  ;  from  15S9-1602,  vice-maestro  of  the 
Royal  Chapel,  Madrid. — Publ.  works  :  "  Liber 
primus,  qui  missas,  psalmos,  Magnificat,  ad 
Virginem  Dei  Matrem  salutationes  aliaque  cora- 
plectitur"  a  6-8  (1576)  ;  Magnificats  a  4,  w.  4 
antiphones  to  the  Virgin  a  5-8  (1581)  ;  "  Hymni 
totius  anni  "  a  4,  w.  4  psalms  a  8  (1581  ;  1600)  ; 
masses  a  4-8  (2  vol.s  :  1583  ;  1592)  ;  "  Officium 
hebdomadae  sanctae "  (1585);  "  Motetta  fes- 
torum  totius  anni  cum  communi  sanctorum  "  a 
5-8  (1585  ;  often  republ. ;  an  ed.  of  15S9  has  mo- 
tets a  12) ;  and  his  famous  requiem  for  the  Em- 
press Maria,  "  Officium  defunctorum  sex  voci- 
bus  "  (1605). — In  Proske's  "  Musica  divina"  are 
several  numbers  by  V. 

Vival'di,  Abbate  Antonio,  celebrated  violin- 
ist ;  b.  Venice,  about  1675  ;  d.  there  1743.  The 
son,  and  probably  the  pupil,  of  a  violinist  at  San 
Marco,  he  early  entered  the  priesthood,  and  was 
surnamed  "  il  prete  rosso  "  on  account  of  his  red 
hair.  After  a  period  in  the  service  of  the  Elec- 
toral court  at  Darmstadt,  he  returned  to  Venice 
in  17 13,  and  became  director  for  life  of  the 
Cons,  della  Pieta.     Some  of  his  sonatas  and  con- 


certos for  violin  are  still  prized.  lie  publ.  12 
trios  f.  2  violins  and  'cello,  op.  1;  18  violin-so- 
natas w.  bass,  op.  2  and  5  (one  is  in  Jensen's 
"  Classische  Violinmusik  ")  ;  "  Estro  poetico," 
12  concerti  f.  4  violins,  2  violas,  'cello,  and  or- 
gan-bass, op.  3  ;  "23  Concerti  per  violino  prin- 
cipale,  2  violini  di  ripieno,  viola  e  basso  per  l'or- 
gano,"  op.  4,  6,  and  7;  "Le  quattro  stagioni,"  12 
Concerti  a  5,  op.  8  ;  "La  cetra,"  6  do.,  op.  9  ; 
6  Concerti  f.  flute,  violin,  viola,  'cello,  and  or- 
gan-bass, op.  10  ;  and  "12  Concerti  per  violino 
principale,  2  violini  concertanti,  viola,  violon- 
cello e  basso  d'organo,"  op.  12  and  22. — He  also 
prod.  28  operas,  chiefly  in  Venice. 

Vlees'houwer,  Albert  de,  b.  Antwerp,  June 
8,  1STJ3.  Pupil  of  Jan  Blockx.  Has  prod.  2 
operas,  l'£cole  des  feres  (1892),  and  Zryni  (Ant- 
werp, 1S95)  ;  a  symphonic  poem,  "  De  wilde 
Jager"  ;  an  orch.l  Idylle  ;  etc. 

Vock'erodt,  Gottfried,  b.  Miihlhausen, 
Thuringia,  Sept.  24,  1665  ;  d.  Gotha,  Oct.  10, 
1727,  as  rector  of  the  Gymnasium.  It  was  his 
opinion,  that  excessive  enjoyment  of  music  in- 
jures the  intellect,  and  that  Nero  and  Caligula 
became  totally  depraved  through  their  passion 
for  music.  He  advocated  these  ideas  in  "  Con- 
sultatio  .  .  .  de  cavenda  falsa  mentium  intem- 
peratarum  medicina"  (1696);  "Missbrauch  der 
freien  Kunst,  insonderheit  der  Musik  "  (1697)  ; 
and  "WiederhoItesZeugniss  der  Wahrheit  gegen 
die  verderbte  Musik  und  Schauspiele,  Opern, 
etc."  (1698).      [RlEMANN.] 

Vo'gel,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Nuremberg, 
1756  ;  d.  Paris,  June  26,  17SS.  Pupil  of  Riepel 
at  Ratisbon  ;  went  to  Paris  in  1776,  and  wrote 
two  operas  in  Gluck's  style  :  La  toison  d'or 
(Paris,  1786  ;  given  later  as  Jlfe'de'e  a  Colchis)^ 
and    Ddmophon   (1789). — Publ.    3  symphonies  ; 

2  concertantes  f.  2  horns,  and  1  f.  oboe  and  bas- 
soon ;  a  bassoon-concerto  ;  3  clarinet-concertos; 
6  string-quartets  ;  6  quartets  f.  horn  and  strings; 

3  quartets  f.  bassoon  and  strings  ;  6  trios  f.  2 
violins  and  bass  ;  6  duos  f.  2  clar.s  ;  and  6  duos 
f.  2  bassoons. 

Vo'gel,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Ferdinand,  b. 
Havelberg,  Prussia,  Sept.  9,  1S07  ;  organ-pupil 
of  Birnbach  at  Berlin  ;  made  tours  as  an  organ- 
virtuoso,  taught  in  Hamburg  1838-41,  and  from 
1852  at  the  school  for  organ-playing  and  compo- 
sition at  Bergen,  Norway.- — Publ.  a  concertino  f. 
org.,  w.  trombones;  60  choral-preludes  and  10 
postludes  ;  2  preludes  and  fugues  ;  symphony, 
overture,  and  suite  in  canon-form,  f.  orch.; 
chamber-music,  choruses,  etc.  Also  prod.  2 
operettas. 

Vo'gel,  (Charles-Louis-)  Adolphe,  b.  Lille, 
May  17,  1808  ;  d.  Paris,  in  Aug.,  1S92.  Violin- 
ist ;  pupil  of  A.  Kreutzer,  and  of  Reicha  (comp.) 
at  Paris  Cons.  After  winning  popularity  by  his 
song  "  Les  trois  couleurs,"  for  the  July  Revolu- 
tion (1830),  he  prod,  a  series  of  successful  op- 
eras :  Le  Podestat  (Op. -Com.,  1831)  ;  Le  siege 
de  Leyde  (The   Hague,  1S47) ;  La  moissoiineuse 


605 


VOGEL— VOGLER 


(Th.-Lyrique,   1S53) ;  Rompons  !  (Boufifes-Pari- 

siens,  1857);  Le  nid de  cigognes  (Baden-Baden, 
185S)  ;  Gredins  de  Pigoche  (Folies-Marigny, 
1866) ;  La  filicide  du  roi  (Brussels  and  Paris, 
1875).  Also  symphonies,  chamber-music,  church- 
music,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Vo'gel,  (Wilhelm)  Moritz,  b.  Sorgau,  n. 
Freiburg,  Silesia,  July  9,  1846.  Pianist  ;  pupil 
of  Leipzig  Cons.;  settled  in  Leipzig,  becoming 
prominent  as  a  teacher  and  mus.  critic,  conduct- 
ing several  choral  societies,  and  publishing  a 
series  of  excellent  instructive  comp.s  f.  pf.,  in- 
cluding a  Method  (in  12  parts),  rondos,  sona- 
tinas, etudes,  etc.;  besides  songs  (op.  24)  and 
duets  (op.  15,  21). 

Vo'gel,  (Adolf)  Bernhard,  b.  Plauen,  Sax- 
ony, Dec.  3,  1847  !  d-  Leipzig*  May  12,  1898. 
After  studying  law  and  philosophy  at  Leipzig 
Univ.,  and  graduating  as  Dr.  p/iil.,  he  took  the 
Conservatory  course,  and  embraced  a  musico- 
literary  career.  He  was  for  25  years  a  contribu- 
tor to  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  ftir  Musik  "  and 
the  "  Leipziger  Nachrichten  "  ;  also  for  many 
years  to  the  Leipzig  "  Tageblatt "  ;  and  edited 
the  "  Deutsche  Liederhalla"  in  1SS5.  His  mono- 
graphs on  R.  Volkmann,  Wagner,  von  Bulow, 
Brahms,  Rubinstein,  Liszt,  on  Schumann's 
"  Clavier tonpoesie,"  etc.,  are  interesting  and 
valuable.  Ilecomp.  male  and  mixed  choruses, 
sacred  songs,  and  pf. -music. 

Vo'gel,  Emil,  b.  Wriezen-on-Oder,  Jan.  21, 
1859.  Studied  at  Greifswald  and  Berlin,  taking 
the  degree  of  Dr.  pliil.  in  1SS7.  In  1S83  he  was 
sent  by  the  Prussian  government  to  Italy,  as 
Haberl's  assistant.  Since  1893,  librarian  of  the 
Peters  Mus.  Library  at  Leipzig. — Has  publ.  a 
monograph  on  Monteverde  (1S87),  and  on  Marco 
da  Gagliano  and  music  in  Florence  from  1570- 
1650  (1889),  both  in  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  fi'ir 
Musikwissenschaft ;  "  also  a  catalogue  of  "  Die 
Handschriften  nebst  den  alteren  Druckwerken 
der  Musikabtheilung  der  herzoglichen  Bibliothek 
zu  Wolfenbiittel  (1S90),  and  "  Bibliothek  der 
gedruckten  weltlichen  Vocalmusik  Italiens  aus 
den  Jahren  1500-1700"  (1S92). 

Voggenhuber,  Vilma  von  (Frau  F.  Krolop), 
noted  dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Pesth,  1845  ;  d. 
Berlin,  Jan.  II,  1888.  Pupil  of  Stoll  at  Berlin  ; 
debut  1862,  at  the  National  Th.,  Pesth,  as 
Romeo  in  Bellini's  opera  ;  sang  there  until 
1865,  then  visited  Germany  and  Holland,  and 
while  "starring"  at  the  Vienna  Court  Opera, 
was  eng.  for  Berlin  (1868)  ;  marrying  Franz 
Krolop  in  that  year,  and  remaining  a  member  of 
the  Court  Opera  till  her  death,  with  the  title  of 
"Chamber-singer"  after  her  interpretation  of 
Isolde. — Chief  roles  :  Isolde,  Elisabeth,  Fi- 
delio,  Iphigenia,  Armida,  Donna  Anna,  Norma, 
etc. 

Vogl,  Johann  Michael,  tenor  singer,  and 
the  introducer  of  Schubert's  songs  to  the  pub- 
lic ;  b.  Steyr,  Aug.  10,  176S  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov. 
19,    1840.     A    law-student    in    Vienna,    he   was 


persuaded  by  Sussmayer,  then  Kapellm.  at  the 
Court  Th. ,  to  join  the  opera-company  (1794- 
1S22). 

Vogl,  Heinrich,  famous  dramatic  tenor  ;  b. 
Au,  a  suburb  of  Munich,  Jan.  15,  1S45.  While 
a  schoolmaster  at  Ebersburg,  1862-5,  he  pur- 
sued musical  and  vocal  studies,  continued  at 
Munich  under  Fr.  Lachner  and  Jenk  ;  since  his 
successful  debut  as  Max  in  Der  Freischiitz,  in 
Nov.,  1865,  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Munich  Court  Opera.  He  succeeded  Schnorr 
von  Carolsfeld  (d.  1865)  as  the  model  "  Tristan" 
in  Wagner's  opera,  and  is  peculiarly  successful 
as  a  Wagner  singer.  In  1899  he  prod,  an 
opera,  Der  Fremdling,  at  Munich. — His  wife, 
Therese  (ne'e  Thoma),  b.  Tutzing,  on  the 
Lake  of  Starnberg,  Nov.  12,  1S45,  is  a  distin- 
guished dramatic  soprano,  trained  in  the  Mu- 
nich Cons,  by  Hauser  and  Ilerger ;  eng.  at 
Karlsruhe,  1S64  ;  at  Munich,  1865-92,  then 
retiring.  Also  a  remarkable  Wagner  singer  ; 
her  interpretation  of  Isolde  was  one  of  her 
best  achievements.      She  married  V.  in  1868. 

Vo'gler,  Georg  Joseph,  best  known  as 
"Abbe  Vogler ";  b.  Wurzburg,  June  15, 
174c);  d.  Darmstadt,  May  6,  1814.  Famous 
organist,  theorist,  and  composer  ;  pupil  of 
Padre  Martini  at  Bologna  (for  a  very  short 
time),  and  of  Vallotti  at  Padua,  where  he  also 
studied  theology.  Going  to  Rome,  he  took 
holy  orders,  and  received  numerous  high  dis- 
tinctions ;  returning  to  Mannheim,  he  founded 
the  "  Mannheimer  Tonschule,"  and  was  app. 
court  chaplain  and  2nd  Kapellm.  He  prod,  the 
operas  Der  Kaufmann  von  Smyrna  at  May- 
ence,  1780,  and  Albert  III.  von  Bayem  at  Mu- 
nich, 1781  ;  from  1783-6  he  travelled  in  France 
(his  opera,  La  Kermesse,  failed  totally  at  Paris 
in  1783),  Spain,  and  the  East ;  from  17S6-99  he 
was  court  cond.  at  Stockholm,  where  he  founded 
a  music-school.  Having  invented  a  system  for 
the  simplification  of  the  organ,  he  travelled  as  a 
concert-organist,  with  a  portable  organ  called 
"orchestrion,"  to  Copenhagen,  Hamburg,  Am- 
sterdam, London,  Paris,  etc.,  explaining  his 
system,  and  obtaining  various  orders  for  remod- 
eling organs  according  to  it.  By  uniting  an 
8-foot  pipe  with  a  ^/i  Ioot  ("quint")  pipe,  he 
obtained  a  16-foot  tone  through  the  tones  of 
combination,  an  idea  still  put  in  practice  by 
combining  a  16-foot  pipe  with  a  107/3-foot  pipe 
to  get  a  32-foot  tone  ;  most  of  his  other  "  simplifi- 
cations," such  as  discarding  mixtures  and  dis- 
play-pipes, have  not  found  favor.  In  1807  he 
became  court- Kapellm.  at  Darmstadt,  where  he 
establ.  a  third  "Tonschule,"  in  which  Carl 
Maria  von  Weber  and  Meyerbeer  were  taught 
[at  Vienna  (1803-4)  Weber  had  also  been  his 
pupil]  ;  both  were  doubtless  strongly  influenced 
by  the  liberal  and  aggressive  theories  of  their 
teacher. — Vogler's  writings  are  "  Tonwissen- 
schaft  und  Tonsetzkunst "  (1776),  "  Stimm- 
bildungskunst "  (1776),  and  "  Churpfalzische 
Tonschule"   (177S),    all    3    republ.    together    as 


606 


VOGRICII— VOLKLAND 


"  Mannheimer  Tonschule";  a  monthly  paper, 
"Betrachtungen  der  Mannheimer  Tonschule" 
(177S-S1)  ;  "  Inledning  til  harmoniens  konne- 
dom"  (Stockholm,  1795)  ;  Swedish  methods  for 
pf.,  organ,  and  thorough-bass  (1797)  ;  "  Choral- 
system  "  (Copenhagen,  1S00)  ;  "  Data  zur  Akus- 
tik  "  (1S00)  ;  "  Handbuch  zur  Ilarmonielehre  " 
(1802);  "  Ueber  die  harmonische  Akustik " 
(1807);  "  GrQndliche  Anweisung  zum  Clavier- 
stimmen"  (1S07)  ;  "Deutsche  Kirchenmusik " 
(1807)  ;  "  Ueber  Choral-  und  Kirchengesange  " 
(1S14);  "System  fur  den  Fugenbau." — Com- 
positions :  Operas  (besides  3  mentioned  above) 
Eg!/,  Erwin  und  Elvira  (Darmstadt,  17S1  ; 
Paris,  17S2)  ;  Le  patriotisme  (written  178S  for 
the  Paris  Opera  ;  not  perf.)  ;  Castor  und  Pollux 
(in  Ital.  at  Munich,  17S4  ;  in  Ger.  at  Mann- 
heim, 1 791)  ;  Gustavus  Adolphus  (Swedish 
opera,  Stockholm,  1791)  ;  Hermann  of  Unna 
[also  as  H.  of  Stauferi\  (drama  by  Skjolde- 
brand  ;  Copenhagen,  1S00)  ;  Samori  (Vienna, 
1S04)  ;  and  Der  Admiral  (Darmstadt,  1S10)  ; — 
overture  and  entr'actes  to  Hamlet ;  choruses  to 
Athalia  j  ballets,  etc.; — much  church-music 
(masses,  a  Requiem,  Miserere,  Te  Deum, 
psalms,  motets,  etc.)  ; — a  symphony,  overtures, 
a  pf. -concerto,  a  pf. -quartet  (called  "The  ma- 
trimonial quarrel"),  "  Polymelos,  ou  caracteres 
de  musique  de  differentes  nations  "  (f.  pf.  and 
strings)  ;  a  concerto,  preludes,  chorals,  etc.,  f. 
organ,  etc. — A  full  list  of  his  works  is  in  Schaf- 
hautl's  biography  of  Abbe  V.  (188S). 

Vo'grich,  Max  (Wilhelm  Carl),  pianist 
and  poet-composer  ;  b.  Szeben  (Hermannstadt), 
Transylvania,  Jan. 
24,  1S52.  Begin- 
ning the  study  of 
the  pianoforte  at  5, 
he  played  in  public 
at  7  ;  from  1S66-9 
he  attended  the 
Leipzig  Cons,  as  a 
pupil  of  Wenzel, 
Reinecke,  and  Mo-  ■ 
scheles  (pf .),  Haupt- 
mann  and  Richter 
(theory),  and  Rei- 
necke (com  p.). 
During  1S70-8  he 
made  pianistic  tours  through  Germany,  Austria, 
Russia,  France,  Spain,  Italy,  Mexico,  and  South 
America  ;  visited  New  York  in  1S78,  toured  the 
United  States  with  Wilhelmj,  and  sojourned 
from  1882-6  in  Australia,  where  he  married. 
Since  1S86  he  has  resided  in  New  York  as  a 
composer,  making  frequent  trips  to  Europe  to 
produce  his  works.  These  include  the  grand 
opera  Vanda  (Florence,  1875)  ;  the  opera  Lan- 
zelol  (1890)  ;  the  3-act  grand  opera  King* Arthur 
(Leipzig,  1893)  ;  the  3-act  grand  opera  Buddha 
(in  prep,  at  Leipzig,  1S99)  ;  and  other  dramatic 
works  in  MS.;  an  oratorio,  The  Captivity 
(1S84  ;  Metr.  Opera  House,  New  York,  1S91)  ; 
the    cantatas     The    Diver    [Schiller]     (Detroit, 


'f, 


1S90),  and  The  young  King  and  the  Shepherd- 
ess j  Missa  solemnis  ;  2  symphonies  (E  min.,  A 
min.)  ;  violin-concerto  (1S7S  ;  often  played  by 
Wilhelmj)  ;  pf. -concerto  (1886)  ;  12  concert- 
studies  f.  pf. ;  "  Romanzero,"  cycle  f.  pf. ;  pf.- 
fugue  ;  pf. -sonatinas  ;  many  other  pf. -pieces  ; — 
numerous  anthems,  terzets,  duets,  and  songs. — 
V.  writes  the  libretti  for  his  operas. 

Vogt,  Gustave,  b.  Strassburg,  Mar.  iS,  17S1  ; 
d.  Paris,  May  30,  1879.  Oboist,  pupil  of  Sallan- 
tin  at  Paris  Cons. ;  1st  oboist  at  the  Ope'ra-Co- 
mique  ;  1S14-34  at  the  Opera  ;  1S2S-44  in  the 
Cons.  Concerts,  then  retiring.  Prof,  at  the  Cons. 
— Works  :  4  oboe-concertos  ;  variations  f.  oboe 
w.  orch. ;  concert-piece  f.  English  horn  ;  duos  f .  2 
oboes  ;  pot-pourris  and  marches  f.  military  band  ; 
etc. 

Vogt,  Johann  [Jean],b.  Gross-Tinz,n.  Lieg- 
nitz,  Jan.  17,  1S23  ;d.  Ebcrswalde,  July  31,  1SS8. 
Pupil,  at  Berlin,  of  A.  W.  Bach  and  Crell  ;  at 
Breslau  of  Hesse  and  Seidel.  Taught  pf. -play- 
ing in  St.  Petersburg,  1850-55  ;  made  long  pian- 
istic tours  ;  lived  in  Dresden  1861-5,  then  in  Ber- 
lin, becoming  prof,  at  the  Stern  Cons.  ;  went  to 
New  York  in  1S71,  but  returned  to  Berlin  2  years 
later. — Works  :  Die  Auferweckung  des  Lazarus 
(Liegnitz,  1S58)  ;  chamber-music  ;  instructive  pf.- 
pieces  ;  also  Valse  brillante(op.  39),  3  Impromp- 
tus (op.  69),  6  Salonstucke  (op.  73),  etc.,  f.  pf.  (in 
all,  over  150  opus-numbers). 

Voigt,  Johann  Georg  Hermann,  b.  Oster- 
wieck,  Saxony,  May  14,  1769;  d.  Feb.  24,  1811, 
as  organist  of  theThomaskirche,  Leipzig. — Publ. 
12 minuets  f.  orch.,  aPolonaise  f.  'celloand  orch., 
a  viola-concerto,  7  string-quartets,  a  string-trio 
(w.  viola),  6  Scherzi  f.  pf.  4  hands,  and  3  pf. -so- 
natas. 

Voigt,  Carl,  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  29,  1S0S  ; 
d.  there  Feb.  6,  1879.  In  !S3S  ne  succeeded 
Schelbleas  cond.  of  the  Frankfort  Cacilienverein  ; 
settled  in  Hamburg,  1S40,  where  he  organized 
and  conducted  the  Cacilienverein,  famous  for  its 
fine  a  cappella  performances. 

Volck'mar,  Wilhelm  (Valentin),  b.  Hers- 
feld,  Kassel,  Dec.  26,  1S12  ;  d.  Homberg,  n.  Kas- 
sel,  Aug.  27,  1S87.  Dr.  phi/.,  Marburg  ;  from 
1835,  music-teacher  at  the  Homberg  Seminar). 
A  gifted  organ-virtuoso,  he  wrote  several  organ- 
concertos,  20  organ-sonatas,  an  organ-symphony, 
an  "  Orgelschule,"  a  "  Schule  der  Gelaufigkeit  " 
f.  organ  ;  pieces  f.  organ,  f.  pf. ,  and  f.  violin  ; 
hymns,  and  songs. 

VoFkert,  Franz,  b.  Heimersdorf  (Bunzlau), 
Bohemia,  Feb.  2,  1767  ;d.  Vienna,  Mar.  22,  1845, 
having  been  organist  at  the  Schottenstift,  and 
Kapellm.  at  the  Leopoldstadter  Th.  (from  1821). 
— Works  :  Over  100  comic  operas,  Singspiele, 
melodramas,  farces,  etc.,  many  very  popular  ;  also 
church-music,  pf. -concertos,  pf. -trios,  organ-mu- 
sic, etc. 

Volk'land,  Alfred,  1>.  Brunswick,  Apr.  10, 
1841.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  1864-6  ; 
court  pianist  at  Sondershausen,  and   from    1S67 


607 


VOLKMANN— VROYE 


court  Kapellm.  there  ;  from  1S69-75,  cond.  of  the 
Leipzig-  "  Euterpe,"  also  organizing,  with  von 
Holstein  and  Spitta,  the  "  Bach-Verein  "  ;  since 
1S75  cond.,  at  Basel,  of  the  "  Allgemeine  Musik- 
gesellschaft,"  the  "  Gesangverein,"  and  the 
"  Liedertafel."  In  1SS9,  Dr.  phi/,  /ion.  causa 
(Basel  Univ.). 

Volk'mann,  (Friedrich)  Robert,  distin- 
guished instrumental  composer  ;  b.  Lommatzsch, 
Saxony,  Apr.  6, 
1S15  ;  d.  l'esth, 
Oct.  30, 1SS3.  Pu- 
pil of  his  father,  a 
cantor,  on  the  or- 
gan and  piano  ;  of 
Friebel  on  the  vio- 
lin and  'cello ;  stud- 
ied  composition 
under  Anacker  at 
Freiberg  (whither 
he  had  gone  to  pre- 
pare himself  for 
school  -  teaching), 
and  K.  F.  Becker 
at  Leipzig,  where  Schumann  greatly  encouraged 
him.  After  teaching  music  at  Prague  1S39-42, 
he  settled  in  Pesth,  where  he  remained  for  life, 
excepting  4  years  (1854-8)  in  Vienna  ;  for  some 
years  he  was  prof,  of  harmony  and  counterpoint 
at  the  National  Academy  of  Music. — Instru- 
mental works  :  2  symphonies  (op.  44,  D  min.  ; 
°P-  53.  Bb)  ;  3  Serenades  f.  strings,  op.  62,  63, 
69  (w.  'cello  obbl.)  ;  2  overtures,  op.  50  and  6S 
("  Richard  III.")  ;  6  string-quartets,  op.  9,  14, 
34.  35.  37.  43  <  2  pf.-trios,  op.  3  and  5  ;  'cello- 
concerto,  op.  33  ;  Romanze  f.  'cello,  op.  7  ;  do. 
f.  violin,  op.  10  ;  Allegretto  capriccioso  f.  pf.  and 
violin,  op.  15  ;  Rhapsody  f.  do.,  op.  31  ;  2  so- 
natinas f.  do.,  op.  60,  61  ;  Concertstiick  f.  pf.  and 
orch.,  op.  42; — For  pf.  solo:  Phantasiebilder, 
op.  1  ;  Dithyrambe  und  Toccate,  op.  4  ;  Souve- 
nir de  Mahrolh,  op.  6  ;  Nocturne,  op.  8  ;  pf. -so- 
nata, op.  12  ;  Buch  der  Lieder,  op.  17  ;  Deutsche 
Tanze,  op.  18  ;  Cavatine  und  Barcarole,  op.  19  ; 
Visegrad,  op.  2154  marches,  op.  22  ;  Wander- 
skizzen,  op.  23  ;  Lieder  der  Grossmutter,  op.  27  ; 
3  Improvisations,  op.  36  ;  Am  Grab  des  Grafen 
Szechenyi,  op.  41  ;  Ballade  und  Scherzetto,  op. 
51  ;  transcriptions  of  songs  by  Mozart  and  Schu- 
bert, etc.; — For  pf.  4  hands  :  Sonatina,  op.  57  ; 
Musikalisches  Liederbuch,  op.  n  ;  Ungarische 
Skizzen,  op.  24 ;  Die  Tageszeiten,  op.  39;  3 
marches,  op.  40;  Rondino  and  Marcia-Capriccio, 
op.  55;  sonatina,  op.  57;  also  transcriptions  of  his 
other  works,  and  Variations  f.  2  pf.s  on  a  Han- 
del theme,  op.  26  ; — Vocal  w<  irks  :  2  masses  f. 
male  chorus,  op.  28,  29  ;  3  sacred  songs  f.  mixed 
ch.,  op.  38  ;  2  do.  for  do.,  op.  70  ;  offertories  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  47  ;  songs  f.  male  ch.,  op. 
48,  58;  Christmas  Carol  of  the  12th  century,  op. 
59  ;  old  German  hymns  f.  double  male  chorus,  op. 
64  ;  6  duets  on  old  ( '.erman  poems,  op.  67  ;  2  wed- 
ding-songs f.  mixed  ch.,op.  71  ;  alto  solo  w.  orch., 
"  An  die  Nacht,"op.  45  ;  dram,  scene  f.  soprano 


w.  orch.,  "  Sappho,"  op.  49;  "  Kirchenarie  "  f. 
bass,  w.  flute  and  strings,  op.  65  ;  2  songs  f.  mez- 
zo-soprano, w.  pf.  and  'cello;  many  songs. — Bio- 
graphical sketch  by  Bernhard  Vogel  (Leipzig, 
1875). 

VolFhardt,  Emil  Reinhard,  b.  Seifersdorf, 
Saxony,  Oct.  16,  1858;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons., 
1883-6;  cantor  of  the  Marienkirche,  and  cond.  of 
singing-societies,  at  Zwickau.  Excellent  pianist 
and  organist ;  has  publ.  motets  and  songs. 

VolFweiler,  Carl,  b.  Offenbach,  Nov.  27, 
1S13  ;  d.  Heidelberg,  Jan.  27,  1848.  Tupil  of  his 
father,  a  Frankfort  music-teacher  (d.  Nov.  17, 
1S47);  piano-teacher  in  St.  Petersburg,  then  at 
Heidelberg. — rubl.  2  pf.-trios,  op.  2,  15;  a  pf.- 
sonata,  op.  3;  6  melodic  pf. -etudes,  op.  4  ;  lyric 
etudes,  op.  9  and  10;  other  pf. -music  ;  Variations 
on  Russian  themes,  f.  string-quartet,  op.  14;  etc. 

Von  der  Hei'de,  John  Frederic,  b.  Cincin- 
nati, Feb.  28,  1857.  Was  taught  singing  from 
early  childhood,  and  the  violin  at  7  ;  appeared  in 
public  as  a  vocalist  and  violinist  in  his  tenth  year. 
Choir-boy  for  5  years  ;  before  the  age  of  17  he  had 
practically  studied  nearly  all  orch.l  instr.s. 
Taught  3  years  in  a  Pittsburg  school  ;  studied 
voice-culture  and  piano  for  2  years  in  Cincinnati, 
then  for  several  years  in  Europe.  Director  of  the 
Buffalo  School  of  Music  1SS2-4;  then  settled  in 
New  York,  teaching  1885-91  at  the  N.  Y.  Cons., 
then  privately  till  1S97. — 1891,  seer,  and  treas. 
of  the  N.  Y.  M.  T.  A.  ;  reelected,  1892  ;  president, 
1S93  ;  reelected,  1S94. 

Vope'lius,  Gottfried,  b.  Herwigsdorf,  n.  Zit- 
tau,  1645  ;  d.  Leipzig,  1 7 1 5,  as  cantor  of  the 
Nicolaikirche. — Publ.  "  Neues  Leipziger  Ce- 
sangbuch  "  (1682).  Some  of  his  choral-melodies 
are  still  sung. 

VossfVossius],  Gerhard  Johann,b.  Heidel- 
berg, 1577  ;  d.  Amsterdam,  Mar.  19,  1649,  as 
prof,  of  history. — Publ.  "  De  artium  et  scientia- 
rum  musica"  (1650-58  ;  2nd  ed.  1660;  treats  in 
detail  of  music). — His  son,  Isaak,  b.  Leyden, 
161S;  d.  as  canon  at  Windsor,  England,  Feb.  21, 
1689. — Publ.  "  De  poematum  cantu  et  viribus 
rhythmi  "  (1673). 

Voss,  Charles,  b.  Schmarsow,  n.  Demmin, 
Pomerania,  Sept.  20,  1815  ;  d.  Verona,  Aug. 
28/29,  1S82.  Pianist;  studied  in  Berlin,  and 
went  to  Paris  in  1846,  where  he  gained  a  high 
reputation  as  a  player  and  composer,  and  found 
ready  sale  for  a  great  number  -of  brilliant  and 
effective  pf. -pieces  (sa Ion -pieces,  fantasias,  tran- 
scriptions, paraphrases,  etc.,  for  piano,  together 
with  pf. -music  of  a  higher  order,  such  as  con- 
certos, and  etudes).  His  Concerto  No.  1,  op. 
52,  in  F  min.,  was  warmly  commended  by  Men- 
delssohn. 

Vroye,  Theodore-Joseph  de,  b.  Villers-la- 
Ville,  Belgium,  Aug.  19,  1804  ;  d.  Liege,  July 
19,  1873,  as  canon  and  grand  ckantre  at  the 
Cathedral.  Erudite  reformer  of  plain  song. — 
Publ.  "  Vesperal  "  (1829);  "Graduel"  (1S3T); 
"  Traitedu  plain-chant  a  1'usagedes  serninaires  " 


60S 


VUILLAUME— WAELRANT 


(1S39)  ;  "  Manuale  cantorum  "(1849);  "  Pro- 
cessionale"  (1849);  "  Rituale  Komanum " 
(1862);  "De  la  musique  religieuse "  (1S66  ; 
with  Elewyck). 

Vuillaume,  Jean-Baptiste,  famous  violin- 
maker  ;  b.  Mirecourt,  Dept.  of  Vosges,  France, 
Oct.  7,  179S  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  19,  1S79.  He 
came  of  a  family  of  violin-makers,  and  learned 
the  trade  from  his  father,  Claude  V.  [d.  1S34]. 
At  19  he  went  to  Paris,  and  worked  with  Chanot 
till  1821,  and  from  1821-5  Ior  Lete,  with  whom 
he  then  entered  into  partnership.  After  Lete's 
retirement  in  1S2S,  V.  worked  alone,  and  put 
his  own  name  on  several  instr.s  which  he  had 
constructed  with  the  greatest  care  ;  but  sales 
were  slow,  as  the  craze  for  old  Italian  violins  had 
just  set  in.  Unable  to  make  headway  against 
the  prevailing  fashion,  he  deftly  turned  it  to  ac- 
count ;  after  long  and  patient  labor  he  placed 
a  "  Stradivarius  "  violin  on  the  market  for  300 
francs,  bearing  the  master's  label,  and  possess- 
ing a  full,  sonorous  tone  !  Thenceforward  he 
could  hardly  keep  pace  with  the  orders  for  simi- 
lar instr.s  ;  he  also  built  'celli  for  500  francs. 
The  sight  of  a  Uuiffopruggar  viola  da  gamba 
inspired  him  with  the  idea  of  further  imitations  ; 
hence  the  hundreds  of  "  Duiffopruggar "  vio- 
lins and  'celli  with  their  quaint  shape,  carved 
scrolls,  inlays,  and  the  motto  "  viva  fui  in  sylvis, 
etc."  By  dint  of  indefatigable  researches  and 
experiments,  V.  carried  the  construction  of  these 
various  instr.s  to  the  highest  perfection.  His 
own  inventions  were  numerous  : — in  1851  the 
huge  "  Octobasse,"  a  double-bass  4  metres  in 
length,  3-stringed  (CC-GG-C),  with  a  special 
lever-mechanism  to  aid  the  left  hand  (an  "octo- 
basse "  is  in  the  Museum  of  the  Paris  Cons.)  ; 
in  1855  a  viola  of  broader  and  higher  model, 
the  "contre-alto,"  with  double  strength  of  tone, 
but  clumsy  to  play  ;  in  1S67  a  kind  of  mute,  the 
"  pedale  sourdine  ";  also  a  machine  for  manu- 
facturing gut-strings  of  perfectly  equal  thick- 
ness. He  likewise  formulated  the  laws  govern- 
ing the  tapering  of  the  stick  of  the  Tourte  bow. 

Vul'pius,  Melchior,  b.  Wasungen,  about 
1560;  d.  as  cantor  at  Weimar,  1616. — Publ.  2 
books  of  "  Cantiones  sacrae "  (1602;  1604); 
"  Kirchengesange  und  geistliche  Lieder  Dr. 
Luthers,  etc."  a  4-5  (1604)  ;  "  Canticum  beatis- 
simae  Virginis  Mariae  "  (1605);  "  Lateinische 
Hochzeitsti'icke  "  (1608);  "  Opusculum  novum 
selectissimarum  cantionum  sacrarum "  a  5-6 
(1610);  "  Sontagliche  evangelische  Spriiche  "  a 
4  (3  parts  ;  1619-21)  ;  and  edited  "  Musicae 
compendium  latino-germanicum  M.  Henrici 
Fabri  .  .  ."  (1610  ;  with  German  translations 
and  additions). 

W 

Wach,  Karl  Gottfried  Wilhelm,  b.  Lobau, 
Sept.  16,  1755  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  28,  1S33,  as 
double-bass  player  in  the  theatre  and  Gewand- 
haus  since  1777. 


Wachs,  Paul,  pianist  ;  b.  Paris,  Sept.  19, 
1851.  Pupil,  at  Paris  Cons.,  of  Masse,  Mar- 
montel,  Cesar  Franck,  and  Duprato  ;  won  1st 
prize  for  organ-playing  in  1S72.  Has  writtten 
a  large  number  of  j-^/^/z-pieces  f.  pf. ,  many  of 
which  enjoy  popularity. 

Wachs'mann,  Johann  Jacob,  mus.  dir.  at 
Magdeburg  Cath. — Publ.  a  "  Praktische  Sing- 
schule,"  a  "  Gesangfibel  fur  Elementarklassen  " 
(1S22),  "Gesangfibel  in  Ziffern"  (1827),  "  Vier- 
stimmige  Schulgesiinge"  (1840),  "  Elementar- 
schule  fiir  Pianoforte,"  "  Altargesange,"  and 
"  Choralmelodien  zum  Magdeburgischen  Ge- 
sangbuch." 

Wacb/tel,  Theodor,  famous  stage-tenor ; 
b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  10,  1S23  ;  d.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  Nov.  14,  1S93.  According  to  W.'s  own 
account,  his  father  was  a  "Fuhrherr"  (livery- 
stable  keeper),  not  a  "  Droschkenkutscher " 
(cabman).  He  carried  on  the  business  from  the 
age  of  17,  after  his  father's  death.  His  voice 
was  "discovered"  by  some  customers  of  his, 
with  whom  he  happened  to  join  in  quartet-sing- 
ing ;  it  was  trained  by  Fraulein  Grandjean  of 
Hamburg,  and  his  successful  debut  followed  in 
about  iS  months.  After  singing  heroic  parts  in 
the  chief  German  cities,  he  went  to  Vienna  for 
further  study.  In  1862,  and  often  thereafter, 
he  appeared  in  London.  In  1S65  he  was  eng. 
for  the  Berlin  Royal  Opera.  In  1S69  he  sang 
in  Paris;  went  to  the  United  States  in  1871,  at 
first  as  a  concert-singer,  later  for  a  season  of 
opera  at  the  Stadt  Theatre,  New  York  ;  and  re- 
appeared in  America  in  1S75,  singing  in  Italian 
and  German  opera.  After  this,  having  accumu- 
lated quite  a  fortune,  he  accepted  no  fixed  en- 
gagement. His  voice  was  a  powerful  and  bril- 
liant lyric  tenor  of  delightful  timbre,  brought 
under  good  control  by  long  routine  ;  he  was  ad- 
mirable in  theatrical  roles  like  that  of  the  Pos- 
tillion in  Adam's  Postilion  de Longfumeau,  which 
he  sang  over  1,200  times,  George  Brown  in  La 
Dame  blanche,  Manrico  in  Trovaiore,  Lyonel  in 
Martha,  Arnold  in  7'ell,  Raoul  in  Les  Hugue- 
nots, Stradella,  and  Eleazar  ;  his  sole  attempt 
as  a  Wagner  singer,  in  Lohengrin  (Leipzig, 
1S76)  was  a  dismal  failure. 

Waelput,  Hendrik,  b.  Ghent,  Oct.  26,  1845  ; 
d.  there  July  8,  1885.  Pupil  of  Brussels  Cons., 
winning  the  Prix  de  Rome  with  the  cantata  LLet 
Woud.  In  1869,  Director  of  Bruges  Cons.,  also 
acting  as  cond.  of  the  theatre  and  the  Popular 
Concerts.  Lived  1S71-5  in  Dijon  ;  then  became 
cond.  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Ghent  ;  and,  finally, 
prof,  of  harmony  at  Antwerp  Cons. — Works  : 
4  symphonies  ;  the  cantatas  Dezegender  wapens, 
La  pacification  de  Gand,  Memling  ;  a  festival 
march  ;  songs  ;  an  opera  (not  perf.),  Berken  de 
diamantslyper y  etc. 

Waelrant,  Hubert,  b.  Tongerloo,  Brabant, 
about  1517;  d.  Antwerp,  Nov.  19,  1595.  Pupil 
of  Willaert  at  Venice  ;  founded  a  music-school 
at  Antwerp  in  1547,  and  was  Jean  Laet's  partner 


39 


609 


WAGENSEIL— WAGNER 


in  music-publishing.  Asa  teacher  he  broke  with 
the  old  system  of  solmisation  by  hexachords, 
introducing  a  new  system  of  the  7  tone-names 
bo  cc  di  ga  lo  ma  ni  (hence  called  "  Bocedisa- 
tion  "  ;  also  "Voces  belgae  "). — Publ.  comp.s  : 
Motets  a  5-6  (1557)  ;  chansons  and  madrigals  a 
5  ( L55S)  ;  "  Canzoni  alia  napoletana"  a  3-5 
(1565)  ;  others  in  coll.s. 

Wa'genseil,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Nurem- 
berg, Nov.  26,  1633  ;  d.  Altdorf,  Oct.  9,  1708, 
as  prof,  of  history  and  librarian. — Publ.  "  De 
sacri  Rom.  Imp.  libera  civitate  Norimbergensi 
commentatio.  Accedit  de  Germaniae  phona- 
scorum  origine  ..."  (1697  ;  w.  140-page 
treatise  on  the  Meistersinger,  and  melodies  by 
Frauenlob,  Mtthlings,  Murner,  and  Regen- 
bogen). 

Wa'genseil,  Georg  Christoph,  b.  Vienna, 
Jan.  15,  1715;  d.  there  Mar.  1,  1777.  Pupil  of 
J.  J.  Fux  ;  music-teacher  to  Maria  Theresia  and 
her  children,  and  chamber-comp.  to  the  latter. — 
Publ.  "  Suavis  artificiose  elaboratus  concentus 
musicus  continens  VI  parthias  selectas  ad  cla- 
vicembalum  compositas"  (1740);  18  Divertimenti 
di  cembalo,  op.  1-3  ;  a  Divertimento  f.  2  harp- 
sichords, and  2  f.  harps.,  2  violins,  and  'cello, 
op.  5  ;  10  symphonies  f.  harps.,  2  violins,  and 
'cello,  op.  4,  7,  S  ;  six  violin-sonatas  w.  harps., 
op.  6. — Ten  operas,  30  grand  symphonies,  27 
harpsichord-concertos,  etc.,  in  MS. 

Wag'ner,  Gotthard,  b.  Erding,  1697  ;  d.  at 
the  Benedictine  monastery,  Tegernsee,  in  1739. 
—  Publ.  sacred  songs  f.  1  voice  w.  instr.l  accomp., 
in  the  coll.s  :  "  Der  Marianische  Schwan  "  (1710), 
"  Musikalischer  Ilofgarten  "  (1717),  "  Der 
musikalische  Springbrunnen  "  (1720),  and  "  Das 
Marianische  Immelein  "  (1730). 

Wag'ner,  Georg  Gottfried,  b.  Mtihlberg, 
Saxony,  Apr.  5,  1698  ;  d.  as  cantor  at  Plauen, 
1760.  Pupil  of  Kuhnau  and  Bach  at  the 
Thomasschule,  Leipzig. — Works  (MS.)  :  Con- 
certos and  soli  f.  violin,  oratorios,  cantatas, 
overtures,   trios,   etc. 

Wag'ner,  the  brothers  Johann  and  Michael, 
organ-builders  at  Schmiedefeld,  in  the  iSth 
century  ;  built  the  great  organ  at  Arnheim  (47 
stops). 

Wag'ner,  the  brothers  Christian  Salomon 
and  Johann  Gottlob,  harpsichord-makers  at 
1  >resden,  turning  out  over  800  instr.s  ;  one,  the 
"  Clavecin  royal  "  (1774),  had  3  pedals  (Panta- 
lonzug,  Ilarfenzug,  Lautenzug);  another  (1786) 
had  3  keyboards. 

Wag'ner,  Karl  Jakob,  b.  Darmstadt,  Feb. 
22,  1772  ;  d.  there  Nov.  25, 1822.  1  lorn-virtuoso  ; 
pupil  of  Portmann  and  Abbe  Vogler  ;  in  1790 
1st  horn  in  the  Darmstadt  orch.,  making  many 
tours  ;  from  1808  Concertmeisier \  later  court  con- 
ductor.—  Prod,  the  operas  Pygmalion,  Der  Zahn- 
arzt  (1S10),  Herodcs  von  Bethlehem  (1810), 
Nittetis  (1811),  and  Chimene  (1821),  all  at  Darm- 
stadt ;  the  melodrama  Adonis  (1S11);  dram, 
cantatas,   etc.  ; — publ.    2    symphonies,    4   over- 


tures, trios  f.  violin,  flute,  and  'cello,  duos  f. 
flute  and  violin,  40  horn-duos,  3  violin-sonatas, 
variations  f.  pf. ,  etc.;  also  an  augm.  ed.  of 
Portmann's  "  Rurzer  musikal.  Unterricht"  as 
"  Handbuch  zum  Unterricht  fur  die  Tonkunst" 
(1802). 

Wag'ner,  Ernst  David,  b.  Dramburg,  Po- 
merania,  Feb.  18,  1806  ;  d.  Berlin,  Ma}'  4, 
1SS3.  Pupil,  in  Berlin,  of  A.  W.  Bach  at  the  R. 
Inst,  for  Church-music,  and  of  Rungenhagen  at 
the  School  of  Comp.  (R.  Acad.) ;  in  183S,  cantor 
of  the  Matthaikirche  ;  1848,  organist  of  the 
Trinitatiskirche  ;  185S,  R.  Mus.  Dir. — Publ. 
motets,  psalms,  songs,  organ-pieces,  pf. -pieces, 
a  "  Choralbuch,"  and  an  essay,  "Die  musi- 
kalische Ornamentik"  (1S6S);  comp.  an  oratorio, 
Johannes  der  Taufer. 

Wagner  [vahg'ner],  (Wilhelm)  Richard, 
the  grandest  and  most  original  dramatic  com- 
poser of  all  times, 
was  born  at  Leipzig, 
(Bruhl,  No.  88,)  May 
22,  1813  ;  died  in 
Ve  nice,  Feb.  13, 
1SS3.  His  father, 
clerk  in  the  city 
police-court,  died 
when  W.  was  but 
six  months  old  ;  his 
mother,  Johanne 
Rosine,  ne'e  Bertz, 
soon  after  married  the 
actor  and  playwright 
Ludwig  Geyer  of 
Dresden.  In  that 
city  W.  attended  the 

Kreuzschule  until  1827;  he  was  a  good  Greek 
scholar,  and  showed  special  aptitude  for  German 
verse,  writing  a  grand  tragedy  in  Shakespearian 
style  at  the  age  of  14  ;  but  evinced  no  particular 
talent  for  music.  Mis  stepfather  died  in  1821  ;  in 
1S27  W.  entered  the  Nikolai  Gymnasium  in  Leip- 
zig, whither  the  family  had  returned  when  his 
sister  Rosalie  obtained  a  favorable  engagement 
at  the  City  Theatre  there.  In  Dresden,  Weber's 
music  had  already  made  a  strong  impression  on 
Wagner  ;  at  Leipzig,  as  he  himself  writes,  he 
was  "overpowered"  on  hearing  a  Beethoven 
symphony  at  the  Gewandhaus.  lie  studied 
Logier's  Thoroughbass  by  himself,  and  then  had 
regular  lessons  in  theory  from  the  organist  Gott- 
lieb Midler,  writing  a  string-quartet,  a  sonata, 
and  an  aria,  but  profited  little  from  this  teacher's 
pedantic  instructions.  In  1S30,  after  matricula- 
tion as  a  student  of  philology  and  aesthetics  at 
Leipzig  University,  he  took  a  six-months'  course 
in  composition  under  Theodor  Weinlig,  then 
cantor  of  the  Thomasschule  ;  two  works  of  this 
period,  a  pf. -sonata  in  4  movements  (op.  1)  and 
a  4-hand  Polonaise  (op.  2),  were  printed  by 
Breitkopf  &  Hartel,  and  show,  both  in  melody 
and  harmony,  indications  of  W.'s  later  individ- 
uality. He  also  gave  himself  up  to  a  thorough  and 
enthusiastic  study  of  Beethoven's  symphonies ; 


610 


WAGNER 


and  in  1S32  wrote  a  symphony  in  4  movements  in 
C  major,  which  he  offered  for  performance  at 
Vienna  and  Prague  ;  it  was  produced  at  the 
Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  on  Jan.  10,  1S33.  While 
in  Prague,  he  wrote  his  first  opera-libretto,  Die 
Hochzeit,  of  which  he  composed  an  introduction, 
a  septet,  and  a  chorus,  afterwards  abandoning 
the  work  on  account  of  objections  raised  by  his 
sister  Rosalie.  In  1833  he  began  his  career  as 
a  professional  musician,  being  invited  by  his 
brother  Albert,  stage-manager  and  singer  at  the 
Wiirzburg  Theatre,  to  take  the  position  of  chorus- 
master  there.  He  found  leisure  to  compose  a 
romantic  opera  in  3  acts,  Die  Dee//,  to  a  libretto 
of  his  own  after  "La  Donna  serpente"  by  Gozzi  ; 
it  was  accepted,  but  never  performed,  by  the 
Leipzig  theatre-director  Ringelhardt  (first  given 
at  Munich,  188S).  In  1S34  he  was  made  con- 
ductor of  the  Magdeburg  Th.;  he  brought  out 
two  overtures,  to  Die  Feen  and  Columbus  [Apel], 
songs  to  the  farce  Der  Berggeist,  etc. ;  and  finished 
book  and  score  of  a  2-act  opera  Das  Liebesverbot 
[after  Shakespeare's  Measure  for  Measure],  the 
performance  of  which,  on  March  29,  1S36,  after 
hurried  rehearsals,  ended  in  chaos.  Failing  to 
bring  it  out  at  Leipzig  and  Berlin,  he  repaired 
to  Konigsberg,  became  conductor  of  the  theatre, 
and  married  (Nov.  24,  1S36)  the  actress  Wilhel- 
mine  Planer.  His  sole  new  work  here  was  the 
overture  "  Rule  Britannia."  Next  year  he  was 
appointed  conductor  of  the  Riga  opera,  newly 
opened  under  Holtei  ;  he  also  conducted  orches- 
tral concerts,  and  completed  the  libretto  of  Rienzi, 
tier  letzte  der  Tribunen,  a  tragic  opera  in  live 
acts,  of  which  he  composed  the  first  two  in  Riga. 
Inspired  by  the  hope  of  equalling  Meyerbeer's 
triumphs  on  the  stage  of  the  Grand  Opera  at 
Paris,  W.  set  out  for  that  city  in  July,  1839,  ms 
contract  at  Riga  having  expired  ;  the  events  of 
the  stormy  voyage,  heightened  by  his  previous 
perusal  of  the  legend  of  the  Flying  Dutchman, 
made  an  indelible  impression  on  his  mind.  He 
passed  4  weeks  at  Boulogne  in  Meyerbeer's  so- 
ciety, who  gave  him  letters  to  musicians  and 
publishers  in  Paris  ;  he  arrived  there  with  his 
wife  in  September,  and  remained  there  until 
1S42.  Unsuccessful  in  his  attempts  to  get  a 
hearing  for  Rienzi,  he  found  himself  in  dire 
straits,  and  supported  himself  by  song-writing, 
arranging  dances  for  piano  and  cornet,  prepar- 
ing the  piano-score  of  Halevy's  Reii/e  do  Chypre, 
and  other  operas,  writing  articles  for  musical 
papers,  etc.  In  1S40,  in  the  midst  of  his  troubles, 
he  wrote  the  grand  "  Faust-Ouverture,"  intended 
for  the  first  movement  of  a  "  Faust  Symphony"  ; 
in  November  of  that  year,  the  score  of  Rienzi 
was  finished,  and  sent  to  the  Intendant  of  the 
Dresden  Court  Theatre.  Sketches  for  Der  Jlie- 
gende  Hollander  had  also  been  submitted  to  the 
Director  of  the  Opera,  who  viewed  them  with 
approval,  but  ended  by  giving  the  libretto  to 
Foucher  for  versification,  and  forcing  W.  to 
accept  400  francs  for  his  share  in  the  work.  W. 
lost  no  time  in  setting  his  own  poem,  completing 
the  score   in   7   weeks  ;  on   Meyerbeer's,   recom- 


mendation it  was  accepted  at  Berlin,  but  not 
performed  ;  applications  to  other  German  theatres 
were  equally  unsuccessful.  [On  Nov.  9,  1S42, 
the  French  version,  Le  Vaisseau  fantdme,  set  to 
music  by  Dietsch,  chef  d'orchestre  at  the  Opera, 
was  unsuccessfully  produced.]  Rienzi,  however, 
had  finally  been  accepted  at  Dresden,  and  in 
April,  1S42,  W.  left  Paris  to  superintend  the 
rehearsals  ;  it  was  produced  on  Oct.  20  with 
great  success,  which  induced  the  direction  to 
bring  out  Der  fiiegende  Hollander  on  Jan.  2, 
1S43.  But  the  step  from  the  grandiose  grand- 
opera  style  of  Riei/zi  to  the  fervent  romanticism 
of  the  Hollander  was  too  long  for  the  average 
critic  and  musician  to  take  ;  the  protests  raised 
against  the  almost  crudely  realistic  instrumenta- 
tion, the  pathetic  declamation,  the  suppression 
of  the  traditional  divisions  of  musical  numbers 
and  scenes,  etc.,  started  the  opposition  to  Wag- 
ner which  grew  in  intensity  for  the  next  quarter 
of  a  century.  Nevertheless,  in  the  same  month 
W.  was  appointed  conductor  of  the  Dresden 
Opera,  succeeding  the  deceased  Morlacchi.  In 
this  position  he  developed  great  activity  for  the 
following  6  years,  bringing  out  the  best  operas 
{Der  Freischiitz,  Euryanthe,  Do//  Giovanni,  Die 
Zauberjlote,  Fidelio,  etc.)  in  masterly  fashion  ; 
he  also  conducted  the  Dresden  Liedertafel,  for 
which  he  wrote  a  "  biblical  scene,"  Das  Liebes- 
i/ialil  der  Apostel,  for  3  choirs  of  male  voices 
singing  at  first  a  cappella,  finally  with  full  orch. 
The  3-act  opera  Tannkduser  und  der  Sanger- 
krieg  auf  Wartburg,  was  finished  in  1S44  ;  the 
first  performance  took  place  at  Dresden,  Oct.  19, 
1845,  arousing  more  strenuous  opposition  than 
the  Hollander  ;  now  the  critics  discovered  that 
W.  had  neither  "  melody  "nor  "  form,"  a  phrase 
on  which  the  changes  have  been  rung  ad  nauseam 
ever  since  ;  still,  the  opera  made  its  way  slowly 
to  the  principal  German  stages  (Weimar,  ]  849  ; 
Wiesbaden,  1852  ;  Kassel,  1853  ;  Munich,  1855  ; 
Berlin,  1856  ;  Vienna,  1857  ;  etc.).  It  was  Wag- 
ner's misfortune  to  be  within  the  peculiar  sphere 
of  the  conservative  (not  to  say  narrow-minded) 
Dresden  critic  Schladebach,  whose  opinions  were 
echoed  by  the  press  of  other  German  capitals, 
and  created  a  strong  prejudice  among  theatre- 
managers  and  influential  musicians.  Liszt,  Schu- 
mann, and  Spohr  did,  however,  recognize  W.'s 
lofty  aims  ;  the  first-named  later  became  his 
foremost  champion.  After  Tannhauser,  W. 
began  work  on  the  3-act  romantic  opera  Lohen- 
grin ;  even  the  book  for  Die  Meistersinger,  and 
tentative  sketches  for  Der  Ring  ties  Nibelungen, 
were  progressing  at  the  same  time.  Early  in 
1S48  Lohengrin  was  finished  ;  but  the  direction 
of  the  Opera  did  not  care  to  experiment  with  the 
work,  and  only  the  Finale  to  Act  I  was  per- 
formed at  the  300th  anniversary  of  the  court  or- 
chestra, on  Sept.  22,  1S4S.  Studies  on  the 
Barbarossa  legend  resulted  in  the  curious  essay 
"Die  Wibelungen.Weltgeschichteausder  Sage"; 
W.  does  not  appear  to  have  approached  the  sub- 
ject musically.  A  prose  study  on  "Der  Nibe- 
lungen-Mythus  als  Entwurf  zu  einem   Drama" 


611 


WAGNER 


(184S)  was  followed  by  Siegfrieds  Tod,  a  3-act 
drama  with  Prologue,  written  in  alliterative  verse, 
and  subsequently  utilized,  in  an  altered  form,  for 
Gotterdammerungj  some  of  the  musical  themes 
were  also  conceived  at  this  time.  Full  of  these 
plans,  and  penetrated  by  the  conviction  of  the 
impossibility  of  carrying  them  out  under  the 
existing  theatrical  conditions,  Wagner  drew  up, 
and  sent  in  to  the  Saxon  Ministry,  a  "  Proposi- 
tion for  a  National  Theatre  of  the  Kingdom  of 
.Saxony"  ;  it  remained  unnoticed, and  W.,  already 
chafing  under  secret  and  open  hostility,  and  the 
irksome  details  incident  to  his  position,  incau- 
tiously expressed  sympathy  with  the  revolution- 
ary tendencies  of  the  period,  and  had  to  leave 
Dresden  after  the  suppression  of  the  May  Revo- 
lution (1S49),  in  order  to  escape  arrest.  For  a 
brief  space  he  found  asylum  at  Weimar  with 
Liszt,  who  was  rehearsing  Tannhiiitser ;  but  was 
again  forced  to  flee,  Liszt  providing  him  with  a 
passport  and  accompanying  him  as  far  as  Eise- 
nach on  the  way  to  Paris.  This  second  visit  to 
the  French  capital  was  quite  barren  of  results, 
and  in  June,  1849,  W.  proceeded  to  Zurich. 
Here  followed  a  period  of  literary  activity.  The 
exiled  composer,  finding  his  music  slighted,  now 
took  up  the  pen  to  defend  himself  in  earnest 
against  the  attacks  of  prejudice,  malice,  and 
ignorance,  and  to  enlighten  the  public  with  re- 
gard to  his  own  aims  and  motives.  Within  3 
years  a  remarkable  series  of  essays  appeared  : 
"  Die  Kunst  und  die  Revolution  "  (1S49)  '■<  "  ^as 
Kunstwerk  der  Zukunft,"  "  Kunst  und  Klima," 
"Das  Judenthum  in  der  Musik"  (1850)  ;  "Oper 
und  Drama, "#  "  Eine  Mittheilung  an  meine 
Freunde,"  "  Uber  die  Goethe  Stiftung,"  "  Ein 
Theater  in  Zurich,"  "Erinnerungen  an  Spontini" 
(1851);  "Uber  die  Auffiihrung  des  Tannhauser," 
"  Bemerkungen  zur  Auffiihrung  der  Oper  Der 
fliegende  Hollander"  (1S52).  He  also  com- 
pleted the  3-act  prose  drama  Wieland  der 
Schmiedt,  hoping  to  bring  it  out  in  Paris  as  an 
opera  in  French  verses  ;  in  1852  the  poems  of 
the  Nibelungen  trilogy  were  finished,  and  pri- 
vately printed  in  1853  ;  the  full  score  of  Das 
Rheingold  was  finished  in  1S54,  and  that  of  Die 
Walkiire  in  1S56.  In  the  meantime  he  con- 
ducted orchestral  concerts,  lectured  on  the  musi- 
cal drama,  rehearsed  and  produced  Tannhauser 
at  Zurich,  1S55  ;  in  the  spring  of  1855  he  like- 
wise conducted  eight  concerts  of  the  London 
Philharmonic  Society.  In  1S57  he  laid  aside  the 
half-finished  score  of  Siegfried,  and  took  up 
Tristan  und  Isolde,  the  poem  being  completed 
in  that  year,  with  the  full  score  of  Act  I  ;  the 
score  of  Act  II  was  finished  in  Venice,  1859, 
and  of  Act  III  in  Lyons,  August,  1859.  He 
now  gave  concerts  of  his  own  works  at  Paris 
(i860),  making  many  enthusiastic  friends,  but 
also  stirring  up  active  opposition,  and  incurring 
heavy  debts.  Two  concerts  in  Brussels  were 
even  less  successful.  However,  powerful  in- 
terests in  Paris  were  enlisted  in  his  favor;  the 
Emperor  ordered  that  Tannhauser  should  be 
put  in  rehearsal  at  the  Grand  Opera  ;  and  it  was 


brought  out  on  March  13,  1S61,  though  in  the 
face  of  such  tumultuous  opposition  by  a  hostile 
clique  that  it  was  withdrawn  after  the  third  per- 
formance. Upon  this  disaster  followed  a  gleam 
of  sunshine  ;  W.  was  amnestied,  and  returned 
to  his  native  country  in  hopes  of  soon  producing 
Tristan  ;  the  work  was,  indeed,  received  at  the 
Vienna  Court  Opera,  but  given  up  as  "  imprac- 
ticable "  after  57  rehearsals.  He  was  partially 
consoled  by  hearing,  for  the  first  time,  his  own 
opera  Lohengrin  (Vienna,  May  31,  1861);  and 
he  was  greeted  with  effusion  by  Liszt  and  other 
leaders  of  German  music  at  the  Tonkiinstler- 
Versammlung  at  Weimar  in  August.  The  de- 
sign of  a  comic  opera,  Die  Aleistersinger  von 
Nurnberg,  sketched  as  far  back  as  1S45,  was 
now  taken  up  with  energy  ;  he  finished  the 
poem  at  Paris,  1862,  though  the  score  was  not 
completed  until  1867.  Up  to  1864  he  supported 
himself  chiefly  by  giving  concerts  of  his  compo- 
sitions, meeting  with  greatest  success  in  St. 
Petersburg  and  Moscow.  Despite  all  efforts, 
however,  his  situation  became  desperate  ;  in 
1863  he  published  the  poems  of  the  Nibelung 
cycle,  having  lost  hope  of  finishing  the  musical 
setting.  At  this  crisis  King  Ludwig  II.  of  Ba- 
varia, who  had  just  ascended  the  throne,  sent 
for  W.  in  1864,  inviting  him  to  Munich  with 
the  promise  of  the  amplest  aid  in  carrying  out 
his  projects.  Von  Billow  was  summoned  as  court 
Kapellmeister,  to  produce  Tristan  und  Lsolde 
(June  10,  1865).  But  court  cabals,  and  persis- 
tent opposition  on  the  part  of  leading  musicians, 
rendered  W.'s  position  so  unpleasant  that  he 
left  Munich  in  December,  and  settled  in  the 
village  of  Triebschen  on  the  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
busying  himself  with  the  completion  of  the  scores 
of  Die  Meistersinger  (prod.  Munich,  June  21, 
1S68)  and  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen,  Siegfried 
being  finished  in  1S69,  and  Gotterdammerung  in 
1874.  King  Ludwig's  plan  for  a  special  Wag- 
ner Theatre  in  Munich  having  fallen  through, 
W.  fixed  upon  Bayreuth,  in  1871,  as  the  place 
for  it ;  the  cornerstone  was  laid  in  1872,  on  W.'s 
60th  birthday.  The  fund  required  for  erecting 
the  new  theatre,  which  was  built  according  to 
W.'s  original  plans,  was  raised  by  private  sub- 
scription, by  the  contributions  of  "  Wagner  So- 
cieties "  (Wagner- Vereine)  formed  all  over  the 
world,  and  by  a  series  of  concerts  arranged  by 
W.  in  various  German  cities.  At  length,  in 
August,  1876,  the  dream  of  his  life  was  realized  ; 
three  complete  performances  of  the  Der  Ring  des 
Nibelungen  were  given  at  the  Bayreuth  theatre, 
attended  by  musical  notabilities  from  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe,  and  honored  by  the  pres- 
ence of  Emperor  William  I.  and  King  Ludwig. 
Hans  Richter  conducted  the  orchestra,  in  which 
Wilhelmj  led  the  violins.  Musically  a  grand 
success,  the  undertaking  left  W.  again  heavily 
involved  in  debt  ;  concerts  given  at  the  Albert 
Hall,  London,  in  1S77,  gave  meagre  pecuniary 
returns  ;  but  he  was  finally  relieved  by  the  set- 
ting aside  of  the  tantiemes  derived  from  perfor- 
mances of  the  cycle  at  Munich.     The  next  few 


61: 


WAGNER 


years  were  occupied  with  literary  work,  and  with 
the  completion  of  his  last  dramatic  composition, 
the  "  Biihnenweihfestspiel  "  Parsifal,  finished 
in  1882,  and  produced  for  the  first  time  on  July 
26  of  that  year,  other  performances  following 
through  July  and  August,  all  under  the  master's 
personal  supervision.  He  also  made  arrange- 
ments for  the  performances  of  18S3  ;  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1SS2  ill-health  compelled  him  to  seek 
relief  in  Venice,  where  he  spent  the  winter  ; 
death  overtook  him  suddenly  on  Feb.  13,  18S3. 
His  remains  were  interred  in  the  garden  of  his 
villa  "  Wahnfried  "  at  Bayreuth. 

In  1S61  Wagner  separated  from  his  first  wife, 
who  went  to  Dresden,  and  died  there  in  1S66. 
In  1S70  he  married  Cosima,  the  daughter  of 
Liszt,  after  her  divorce  from  her  first  husband, 
Hans  von  Biilow. 

In  comprehensiveness  and  grandeur  of  con- 
ception, and  originality  and  boldness  of  execu- 
tion, Wagner  is  facile  princeps  among  musical 
dramatists.  From  the  outset  he  penned  his  own 
poems  according  to  his  own  ideas.  He  wasted 
no  time  in  searching  for  libretti  from  which  to 
borrow  ideas,  or  for  a  librettist  to  cast  his  ideas 
in  the  conventional  mould.  When  he  wrote  a 
work,  he  was  so  filled  with  his  subject  that  it  was 
a  natural  necessity  for  him  to  put  it  into  concrete 
shape,  and  so  disburden  his  teeming  imagina- 
tion. His  was  a  thoroughly  poetic  nature.  And 
in  true  dramatic  instinct  he  was  so  far  in  ad- 
vance of  his  musical  contemporaries,  that  many 
of  them  still  fail  to  appreciate  his  preeminence. 
Of  his  first  operas,  Die  Feen,  Das  Liebesverbot, 
and  Rienzi,  it  may  be  said  briefly  that  they 
represent  his  immature,  formative,  imitative 
period.  With  Der  jliegende  Hollander  the  in- 
dividual Wagner,  the  genius,  is  unveiled,  almost 
abruptly.  The  plain,  straightforward  mythical 
tale,  a  conflict  of  stormy  emotions  and  the  apo- 
theosis of  love  and  self-sacrifice,  appeals  to  every 
heart  ;  the  music,  radiating  from  the  central 
ballade  sung  by  Senta,  of  an  elementary  power 
enhanced  by  the  (already)  original  employment 
of  leading-motives  [Leitmotive],  is  as  wildly 
romantic,  as  tenderly  pathetic,  and  as  sternly 
tragic,  as  the  successive  situations — and,  above 
all,  a  music  not  written  to  exhibit  the  beauty  and 
agility  of  the  singers'  voices,  but  to  follow  the 
drama  into  its  least  details  without  the  customary 
breaks  made  by  set  numbers  (arias,  duets,  en- 
sembles) ;  here  the  heroine  has  only  one  solo, 
the  Ballade,  and  the  hero  none,  in  the  customary 
sense.  And  all  these  innovations — the  deriva- 
tion of  the  dramatic  and  musical  whole  from  a 
central  source  ;  the  preservation  of  dramatico- 
musical  unity  by  the  use  of  Leitmotive ;  the 
subordination  of  the  singers  to  dramatic  require- 
ments ;  and  the  absolute  melodic  and  harmonic 
freshness  and  vigor,  combined  with  daring  or- 
chestration— all  these  at  once  in  one  work  !  No 
wonder  that  there  was  a  rattling  of  dry  bones. — 
In  Tannhauser  and  Lohengrin  (184S)  Wagner's 
second  period,  the  romantic,  closes.  In  these 
two    operas    he    employs    like    means,    in    sub- 


stantially the  same  manner,  though  with  grow- 
ing variety  and  refinement. — The  third  period 
opens  six  years  later,  with  Das  Kheingold  (1854). 
The  intermediate  time  has  been  one  of  profound 
self-searching  and  reflection.  W.'s  ideas  con- 
cerning the  union  of  the  arts  have  been  fully 
matured  and  formulated  (ef.  "  Operund  Drama  " 
and  "  Eine  Mittheilung  an  meine  Freunde  ")  ; 
and  in  this  period  they  are  carried  out  to  their 
ultimate  logical  conclusion.  He  assumes  the 
role  of  a  reformer  of  the  musico-dramatic  stage  ; 
unsparingly  criticizes  and  condemns  the  faulty 
and  illogical  plan  of  the  Italian  "opera"  and 
the  French  "grand  opera,"  and  naturally  dis- 
cards these  titles,  calling  his  own  subsequent 
works  "music-dramas,"  adding  specific  titles 
("  Handlung  "  [action]  for  Tristan  und  Isolde  ; 
"  Bi'ihnenfestspiel  "  [stage  festival-play]  for  the 
Nibelungen  ;  "  Biihnenweihfestspiel  "  [stage- 
consecrating  festival-play]  for  Parsifal).  To 
quote  his  own  words,  "the  mistake  in  the  art- 
form  of  the  opera  consists  in  this,  that  a  means 
of  expression  (music)  was  made  the  end,  and  the 
end  to  be  expressed  (the  drama)  was  made  a 
means."  Only  in  a  coordinated  cooperation  of 
musical  and  scenic  means  of  expression  with  the 
end  to  be  expressed,  the  dramatic  action,  could 
a  genuine  and  perfect  musical  drama  be  achieved. 
Wagner's  orchestra  now  became  an  exponent 
of  the  dramatic  action  ;  the  highly  individualized 
and  pregnant  leading-motives,  now  singly,  in 
bold  relief,  now  subtly  intertwined  and  varied, 
plastically  present  the  ever-changing  soul-states 
of  the  characters  of  the  drama  and  form  the  con- 
necting-links for  the  dramatic  situations  ;  the 
singing  of  the  actors  is  resolved  into  a  lofty 
declamation  ("  Sprechsingen,"  Wagner  calls  it) 
of  telling  dramatic  force. — A  natural  consequence 
is,  that  music  so  treated  generally  loses,  in  a 
varying  degree,  its  effectiveness  as  absolute 
music — i.e.,  when  performed  without  the  acces- 
sories of  acting  and  scenery.  So  long,  however, 
as  the  music  fulfils  the  end  intended  by  the  com- 
poser, this  cannot  be  regarded  as  an  aesthetic 
fault.  In  richness,  variety,  and  novelty  of  effect, 
W.'s  theatre-orchestra  stands  unrivalled  ;  in 
chromatic  and  enharmonic  modulation,  rhythmic 
variety,  and  fertility  and  originality  of  con- 
trapuntal combination  and  thematic  exploitation, 
he  is  wholly  sni  generis.  The  music-dramas 
Die  Meistersinger  and  Tristan  m id  Isolde  are 
twin  peaks  of  an  elevation  of  sustained  dramatic 
energy  undreamed  of  before  his  advent. 

It  will  be  seen  that  Wagner's  reform  was  in- 
comparably more  far-reaching  in  aim  and  import 
than  Gluck's.  The  latter's  chief  purpose  was 
to  overcome  the  arbitrary  predominance  of  the 
singers.  In  the  essential  form  of  the  Italian  op- 
era he  altered  nothing  ;  recitatives,  scenes,  arias, 
and  ensembles  followed  each  other  much  as  be- 
fore. 

W.  spent  a  large  amount  of  his  enormous  pro- 
ductive activity  in  writing.  He  expounded  his 
theories  on  music  and  the  music-drama  at  great 
length  and  in  great  detail  ;  in  his  later  years,  es- 


613 


WAGNER 


pecially,  he  also  touched  upon  a  large  number  of 
social  and  economic  subjects  in  essays  of  more 
or  less  value.  The  merits  of  his  dramatic  poems 
have  aroused  only  less  dispute  than  his  music, 
his  admirers  acclaiming  him  as  one  of  Germany's 
greatest  poets,  while  his  critics  allege  that  his 
later  works,  especially  Der  Ring des  Nibelungen, 
in  which  he  adopts  the  alliterative  verse  of  the 
old  Teutonic  literature,  and  Tristan  und  Isolde, 
give  a  severe  wrench  to  the  purity  of  the  Ger- 
man language  and  literary  style.  His  works 
have  been  collected  and  published  in  several  edi- 
tions ;  the  first  ("  Gesammelte  Schriften  und 
I  'ichtungen  von  R.  W."),  in  1871-83  ;  a  second 
cheaper  edition  followed,  1S87-8.  An  English 
translation  in  eight  volumes  (seven  already 
[1S99]  published,  by  William  Ashton  Ellis,  be- 
gan to  appear  in  1S92.  In  addition,  volumes  en- 
titled "  Gedanken,  Eragmente,  Entwurfe  "  and 
"Jesus  von  Nazareth,"  being  a  sketch  for  the 
drama  that  was  afterwards  relinquished  for  Par- 
sifal, have  appeared.  Eollowing  is  a  list  of  W.'s 
musical  works  : 

Operas  and  Music-dramas:  Die  Hochzeit 
(fragment;  unpubl. ;  comp.  1833).  Die  Feen, 
romantic  opera  in  3  acts  (comp.  1833  ;  overture 
played  Magdeburg,  1834  ;  first  prod.  Munich, 
June  29,  1888.  Vocal  score  publ.  18S8).  Das 
Liebesverbot,  rom.  op.  in  2  acts  (comp.  1835-6  ; 
prod.  Magdeburg,  March  29,  1836,  as  Die 
Novize  vonPalernio  ;  unpubl.).  Rienzi,  der  lelzte 
der  Tribiinen  ;  tragic  opera  in  5  acts  (comp. 
1838-40;  prod.  Dresden,  Oct.  20,  1842).  Der 
fliegende  Hollander,  romantic  opera  in  3  acts 
(comp.  1841  ;  prod.  Dresden,  Jan.  2,  1843). 
Iannha.ust?  und  <i:>  SzngtfArug  an/  Wa.fi- 
burg ;  romantic  op.  in  3  acts  (comp.  1843-5; 
prod.  Dresden,  Oct.  19,  1845).  Lohengrin, 
romant.  op.  in  3  acts  (comp.  1845-8.  Prod.  Wei- 
mar, Aug.  28,  1S50).  Das  Rheingold,  Tart  I 
of  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen,  music-drama  in 
four  parts.  [Wagner  calls  Der  R.  des  Ar.  a 
"Biihnenfestspiel,"  dramatic  trilogy  in  3  parts 
and  a  "  Vorabend"  (introductory  evening),  Das 
RheingoldS\  (Comp.  1S48-53  ;  prod.  Munich, 
Sept.  22,  1869.  Publ.  pf.-score,  1861  ;  full  do., 
1873.)  Die  Walkiire,  Part  II  qf  Der  Ring  des 
Nibelungen.  (Comp.  1S4S-56  ;  prod.  Munich, 
June,  20,  1S70.  Publ.  pf.-score,  1865  ;  full  do., 
1873.)  Tristan  und  Isolde,  "  Ilandlung"  in  3 
acts.  (Comp.  18^7-9  ;  prod.  Munich,  June  10, 
1865.  Publ.  i860.)  Siegfried,  Part  III  of 
Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen.  (Comp.  1857-69  ; 
prod.  Bayreuth,  Aug.  16,  1876.  Publ.  pf.- 
score,  1871  ;  full  do.,  1876.)  Die Meistersinger 
von  Niirnberg,  musical  comedy  in  3  acts. 
(Comp.  1S61-67  ;  prod.  Munich,  June  21,  1868. 
Publ.  pf.-score,  1867;  full  do.,  1868.)  Gotter- 
dammerung,  Part  IV  of  Der  Ring  des  Nibe- 
lungen. (Comp.  1870-4  ;  prod.  Bayreuth,  Aug. 
17,  1876.  Publ.  pf.-score,  1875,  full  do.,  1S76.) 
Parsifal,  ein  Buhnenweihfestspiel  in  3  acts. 
(Comp.  1876-82;  prod.  Bayreuth,  July  26,  1882. 
Publ.  pf.-score,  1S82  ;  full  do.,  1884.) 

Orchestral   and  Choral  Works  :   Over- 


ture, B\)  (unpubl.;  prod.  Eeipzig,  1830:  score 
lost).  Overture,  D  min.  (unpubl.;  prod.  Eeip- 
zig, Dec.  25,  1831).  Overture,  C  ("  Konzert- 
ouvertiire,  ziemlich  fugirt  "  ;  unpubl.;  comp. 
1831  ;  prod.  Leipzig,  April  10,  1833).  Overture, 
C,  "  Polonia"  (unpubl. ;  comp.  1832).  Symphony 
in  C  (unpubl.;  comp.  1832  ;  prod.  Leipzig,  1S33  ; 
in  Venice,  1882).  New  Year's  Cantata  (Introd. 
and  two  choral-pieces  ;  unpubl.;  prod.  Magde- 
burg, 1834).  Overture,  "  Columbus  "  (unpubl. ; 
comp.  1835  ;  prod.  Magdeburg,  1S35  ;  score 
lost).  Incidental  music  to  Gleich's  farce  Der 
Berggeist  (unpubl.;  prod.  Magdeburg,  1836). 
Overture,  "Rule  Britannia"  (unpubl.;  comp. 
1S36).  "  Huldigungsmarsch  "  (comp.  1864;  orig. 
score  for  military  band,  unpubl.;  publ.  version 
for  orchestra  begun  byW.  and  finished  by  Raff). 
"Siegfried  Idyll"  (comp.  1S70  ;  publ.;  1877). 
"  Kaisermarsch "  (comp.  and  publ.  1871). 
"  Festival  March  "  (for  the  Centennial  Expo- 
sition, Philadelphia,  1876  ;  comp.  and  publ. 
1S76).  "  Das  Liebesmahl  der  Apostel,"  for 
male  chorus  and  orch.  (comp.  1843).  "  Gele- 
genheits-Cantata "  (for  unveiling  of  statue  of 
King  Friedrich  August,  1S43  ;  unpubl.).  "  Gruss 
an  den  Konig  "  (comp.  1843  ;  publ.  for  4  male 
voices  and  as  a  song  with  pf.).  "  An  Webers 
Grabe "  (Funeral  March  for  wind-instr.s  on 
motives  from  "  Euryanthe,"  and  double  quartet 
for  voices  ;  comp.  1844;  the  latter  publ.  1871). 

Pianoforte-pieces:  Sonata,  B[?  (comp. 
1831  ;  publ.  1S32).  Polonaise,  D,  four  hands 
(comp.  1831  ;  publ.  1832).  Fantaisie,  F$min. 
(comp.  1831  ;  unpubl.).  "  Albumsonate,  fur 
Fran  Mathilde  Wesendonck,"  E  f?  (comp.  1853; 
publ.  1877).  "  Ankunft  bei  den  Schwarzen 
Schwanen"  (comp.  1861  ;  publ.  1S97).  "Ein 
Albumblatt  fur  Fiirstin  Metternich,"  C  (comp. 
1861  ;  publ.  1871).  "Albumblatt  fur  Frau  Betty 
Schott,"  E|?  (comp.  1S75  ;  publ.  1876). 

Songs:  "  Carnavalslied  "  from  Das  Liebes- 
verbot  (comp.  1835-6;  publ.  1885).  "Dors, 
mon  enfant,"  "  Mignonne,"  "Attente"  (comp. 
1839-40;  publ.  1841-2;  reprinted  1S71).  "  Les 
deux  Grenadiers"  (comp.  1839).  "Der  Tan- 
nenbaum  "  (comp.  1840;  publ.  1S71).  "  Kraft- 
liedchen  "  (comp.  1871).  Fi'inf  Gedichte  :  I, 
Der  Engel  ;  2,  Stehe  Still  ;  3,  Im  Treibhaus  ; 
4,  Schmerzen  ;   5,  Traume  (comp.  1862). 

Arrangements,  etc.:  Gluck,  Iphige'nie  en 
Aulide  (pf.-arr.  by  von  Bulow,  publ.  1859  ;  score 
of  close  to  overture  publ.  1S59).  Mozart,  Don 
Juan  (version  of  dialogues  and  recitatives  ;  un- 
publ.). Palestrina,  Stabat  Mater,  with  indications 
for  performance  (publ.  1S77).  Allegro  to  the  air 
of  Aubrey,  in  Marschner's  Der  Vampyr  (comp. 
1833  ;  unpubl.).  Beethoven's  Ninth  Symphony, 
pf.-arr.  (1830  ;  unpubl.).  Donizetti,  La  Favorita 
and  Elisir  d' a  more,  pf. -scores.  Halevy,  La  Peine 
de  Chypre  and  Le  Guittarero,  pf. -scores  (1841). 

Biographies:  C.  F.  Glasenapp,  "  R.  W.'s 
Leben  u.  Wirken"  (1876  ;  2nd  ed.  1882)  ;  do., 
"  Das  Leben  R.  W.'s  "  (a  third  edition  of  the 
same,  revised  and  rewritten)  ;  Ad.  Jullien,  "  R. 
W.,  sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres  "  (1886  ;  Engl,  transl 


614 


WAG  N  E  R— WALCK  E  R 


1892);  H.  T.  Finck,  "  W.  and  his  Works," 
(1893);  H.  S.  Chamberlain,  "  R.  W."  (Engl. 
transl,  1897)  ;  E.  Dannreuther,  article  "  R.  W." 
in  Grove's  "  Dictionary"  ;  F.  Priiger,  "  W.  as 
I  knew  him  "  (1893  ;  the  Germ.  ed.  withdrawn) ; 
R.  Pohl,  "  R.  W.,ein  Lebensbild"  (1S83)  ;  W. 
Tappert,  "  R.  W.,  sein  Leben  u.  seine  Werke  " 

(1553)  ;  II.  v.  Wolzogen,  "  Erinnerungen  an  R. 
W."  (1S83)  ;  F.  Hueffer,  "  R.  W."  (18S1);  G. 
Kobbe,  "  R.  W.'s  Life  and  Works"  (2vol.s; 
New    York). 

Critical,  Polemical,  and  Explanatory  : 
II.  E.  Rrehbiel,  "Studies  in  the  Wagnerian 
Drama"  (1S91)  :  Ernest  Newman,  "  A  Study  of 
Wagner  "  (1S99)  ;  W.  II.  Hadow,  "  Studies  in 
Modern  Music"  (Vol.  i.,  1896);  A  Gasperini, 
"  R.  W."  (1S66)  ;  F.  Hueffer,  "  R.  W.  and  the 
Music  of  the  Future"  (1S74)  ;  R.  Pohl,  "  R. 
W.,  Studienu.  Kritiken"  (1S83);  F.  Muller,  "  R. 
W.  u.  das  Musikdrama  "  (1S61)  ;  do.  "  Der  Ring 
des  Nibelungen  "  (1862);  Catulle  Mendes,  "  R. 
W."  (1S86)  ;  M.  Kufferath,  "  Le  Theatre  de  R. 
W."  (four  parts,  1S92)  ;  E.  Schure,  "  Le  Drame 
musical  "  (1SS6)  ;  E.  Gurney,  "  Tertium  Quid  " 
(1S87);  L.  Nohl,  "Beethoven,  W.  und  Liszt" 
(1S74);  do.,  "Gluck  u.  W."  (1S70)  ;  A.  Lavi- 
gnac,  "  The  Music  Dramas  of  R.  W."  (Engl, 
transl.,  1S9S)  ;  Alfred  Ernst,  "  L'ceuvre  de 
W."  ;  F.  Nietzsche,  "  Die  Geburt  der  Tragodie 
aus  dem  Geiste  der  Musik  "  (1872)  ;  do.,  "  R.  W. 
in  Bavreuth  "  (1S66)  ;  do.,  "  Der  Fall  Wagner" 
(18SS);  F.  Muller,  "  R.  W.  u.  das  Musikdrama" 
(1861)  ;  do.,"  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen"  (1862); 
"  Tristan  u.  Isolde  "  (1865)  ;  "  Lohengrin  u.  I  >ie 
Meistersinger  "  (1S69)  ;  Frida  Winworth,  "The 
Epic  of  Sounds  "  (1898)  ;  A.  R.  Parsons,  "  Par- 
sifal "    (1890);    J.    Raff,    "Die  Wagnerfrage" 

(1554)  ;  A.  V.  Schleinitz,  "W.'s  Tannhauser" 
(1S91) ;  John  P.  Jackson,  "  The  Bavreuth  of 
W."  (1S91)  ;  J.  Bennett  "Letters  from  Bav- 
reuth" (1S77)  ;  C.  Saint-Saens,  "  Harmonie  et 
melodie"  (1SS5)  ;  H.  v.  Biilow,  "  Uber  R.  W.'s 
'  Faustouverttire ' "  (i860);  Karl  Mayrberger, 
"Die  Harmonik  R.  W.'s"  (1SS2)  ;  F.  Liszt, 
"  Lohengrin  et  Tannhauser"  (185 1);  do.,  "  Der 
fliegende  Hollander"  (1S54)  ;  do.,  "  Das  Rhein- 
gold  "  (1S55)  ;  G.  Noufflard,  "  R.  W.  d'apres  lui- 
raeme "  ;  H.  Lichtenberger,  "  W.,  Poete  et 
Penseur  "  ;  H.  Coutagne,  "  Les  Drames  musi- 
caux  de  R.  W.";  J.  G.  Freson,  "  L'esthetique 
de  R.  W.";  E.  Ilippeau,  "  Parsifal  et  l'opera 
Wagnerien  "  (18S2)  ;  E.  Dannreuther,  "  R.  W., 
His  Tendencies  and  Theories";  Judith  Gau- 
tier,  "  R.  W.  et  son  ceuvre  poetique  "  (1S82  ; 
Engl,  transl.  1883)  ;  Ch.  Baudelaire,  "  R.  W.  et 
Tannhauser  a.  Paris"  (1S61)  ;  J.  Grand-Carteret, 
"  R.  W.  en  caricatures"  (Paris,  1892).  Also, 
see  Weisheimer,  and  Tappert. 

Correspondence  :  "  Briefwechsel  zwischen 
W.  u.  Liszt  "  (1S88,  Engl,  transl.  18S9);  "  W.'s 
Briefe  an  Wesendonck "  (1898,  Engl,  transl. 
1899)  ;  "  Briefe  R.  W.'s  an  Emil  Meckel  '  (Ber- 
lin, 1898  ;  Engl,  transl.  1899);  "Briefe  an  Uhlig, 
Fischer  und  Heine  "  (Engl,  transl.  1890)  ;"R. 
W.,  Briefe  an  August  Roeckel  "  (Leipzig,  1895) ; 


E.  Kastner,  "Briefe  R.  W.s  an  seine  Zeitge- 
nossen  "  (from  1830-S3  ;  very  incomplete). 

Wag'ner,  Siegfried,  son  of  Richard  W. , 
b.  Triebschen  (?),  June,  1869.  Intended  for  an 
architect,  he  attended  a  polytechnic  school,  but 
afterwards  took  up  music,  studying  under 
Kniese  and  Humperdinck.  Since  iSg3,  as  a 
concert-conductor,  he  has  travelled  through  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Italy,  and  England,  meeting 
with  success  ;  he  conducts  without  score,  and 
left-handed.  lie  cond.  the  performances  of  Der 
King  des  Nibelungen  at  Bayreuth  in  1896  and 
1899.  His  compositions  include  a  symphonic 
poem  "  Sehnsucht"  (based  on  Schiller's  poem) ; 
and  a  3-act  comic-romantic  opera,  Der  Bciren- 
hciuter,  text  written  by  W.  after  Grimm's  fairy- 
tale ;  it  was  prod,  at  the  Munich  Court  Th., 
Jan.  22,  iSgg,  with  moderate  success;  since 
then  at  several  other  German  theatres. 

Wag'ner  [Jachmann- Wagner],  Johanna, 
niece  of  Richard,  being  the  daughter  of  his 
brother  Albert  [1 799-1 S74]  ;  b.  near  Hanover, 
Oct.  13,  1S28  ;  d.  Wiirzburg,  Oct.  16,  1S94. 
Dramatic  soprano  ;  at  first  took  children's  roles 
at  Wiirzburg  and  Bernberg,  and  was  eng.  as 
leading  soprano  at  Dresden  in  1S44,  creating 
the  role  of  Elisabeth  in  1S45  ;  studied  under  the 
Viardot-Garcia  in  Paris,  1846-8  ;  eng.  at  Ham- 
burg, 1S49,  and  at  the  Court  Opera,  Berlin, 
1S50-62,  with  the  title  of  "  Chamber-singer"  in 
1S53.  In  1859  she  married  the  district  judge 
Jachmann.  After  1S62  she  appeared  as  an  ac- 
tress, chiefly  in  tragedy  ;  though  at  Bayreuth  in 
1S76  she  still  assumed  the  part  of  one  of  the 
Walkiiren  and  of  First  Norn.  Taught  dra- 
matic singing  at  the  Munich  School  of  Music, 
1882-4  I  thereafter  gave  private  lessons. 

Wais'sel  [Waisselius],  Matthias,  a 
Frankfort  lutenist  ;  b.  Bartenstein,  Prussia. — 
Tubl.  "  Tabulatura  continens  .  .  .  cantiones  4, 
5  et  6  vocum,  testudini  aptatas,  ut  sunt  :  Prae- 
ambula,  phantasiae,  cantiones  germanicae,  itali- 
cae,  gallicae  et  latinae,  Passamesiae,  Gagliardae 
et  Choreae "  (Frankfort,  1573);  2nd  ed.  with 
German  title  :  "  Tabulatura  oder  Lautenbuch 
allerley  klinstlicher  rraeambula,  etc.,  auff  der 
Lauten  zu  schlagen  "  (1592). 

Wal'cker,  Eberhard  Friedrich,  b.  Kann- 
stadt,  July  3,  1794  ;  d.  Ludwigsburg,  Oct.  4, 
1872.  Trained  in  the  workshops  of  his  father,  a 
skilled  organ-builder,  he  set  up  for  himself  in 
1S20,  and  won  great  renown  by  his  excellent 
work  and  numerous  inventions.  The  business 
is  now  in  the  hands  of  his  five  sons,  Heinrich 
[b.  Oct.  10,  1828],  Friedrich  [b.  Sept.  17,  1829], 
Karl  [b.  Mar.  6,  1845],  Paul  [b.  May  31,  1S46], 
and  Eberhard  [b.  Apr.  S,  1S50].  Of  more  than 
400  organs  turned  out  by  the  firm,  some  of  the 
largest  are  those  in  Ulm  Cathedral  (1856  ;  100 
speaking  stops),  Music  Hall,  Boston  [now  re- 
moved] (1863  ;  86  stops),  Paulskirche,  Frankfort 
(T333  !  74  stops),  St.  Peter's,  St.  Petersburg 
(1840;  65  stops),  Olaikirche,  Reval  (1S42  ;  65 
stops),  Votivkirche,  Vienna  (1878;  61  stops). 


615 


WALDERSEE— WALMISLEY 


Wal'dersee,  Paul,  Count  von,  b.  Potsdam, 
Sept.  3,  1831.  A  Prussian  officer  from  1848-71, 
he  later  turned  to  music  ;  was  co-editor  of  Breit- 
kopf  &  Hartel's  complete  ed.s  of  Beethoven 
and  Mozart,  and  edits  a  valuable  "  Sammlung 
musikalischer  Yortrage." 

Walker,  John,  the  English  lexicographer  ; 
b.  Colney  Hatch,  Middlesex,  Mar.  18,  1732  ;  d. 
London,  Aug.  1,  1S07.  Wrote  "  The  Melody  of 
Speaking  Delineated "  (1787  ;  often  republ.), 
with  an  original  notation  for  representing  the 
musical  inflexions  of  the  speaking  voice. 

Walker,  Joseph  Cooper,  b.  Dublin,  Nov., 
1760  ;  d.  St.-Valery,  France,  Apr.  12,  1S10. — 
Publ.  "  Historical  Memoirs  on  the  Irish  Bards," 
with  notes  on  Irish  music  (1786)  ;  "  An  Histori- 
cal Account  and  Critical  Essay  on  the  Opera 
.     .     ."  (1805)  ;  etc. 

Walker,  Frederick  Edward,  b.  Maryle- 
bone,  London,  Jan.  17,  1S35.  Chorister  in  the 
Chapel  Royal  ;  Vicar-choral  of  St.  Paul's,  1858  ; 
succeeded  H.  Buckland  as  Master  of  the  Boys 
in  1867  ;  cond.  of  the  Brixton  Philharm.  Sue, 
1883;  prof,  of  singing  at  the  R.  A.  M.;  also 
hon.  member  of  the  London  Vocal  Union.  A 
noted  tenor  concert-singer,  and  a  good  organist, 
pianist,  and  violinist. 

Wallace,  William  Vincent,  b.  Waterford, 
Ireland,  June  1,  1814  ;  d.  Chateau  de  Bages, 
Haute  Garonne,  Oct.  12,  1865.  The  family  re- 
moved to  Dublin,  where  W.  played  with  the 
violins  in  the  orch.,  and  later  appeared  as  a  solo- 
ist. He  left  Ireland  in  1835,  and  for  some  years 
led  an  adventurous  life  in  Australia,  the  East 
Indies,  South  America,  Mexico,  and  the  United 
States,  giving  concerts  at  intervals  with  sensa- 
tional success.  In  1S45  he  was  in  London,  and 
prod,  the  opera  Jlfarita //a  (Drury  Lane,  Nov.  15), 
which  is  still  played;  Matilda  of  Hungary  fol- 
lowed in  1847.  He  soon  resumed  his  wander- 
ings, and  revisited  N.  and  S.  America.  From 
1853  he  lived  chiefly  in  London  and  Paris.  The 
opera  Lurline  (Covent  Garden,  Feb.  23,  1860) 
had  tremendous  success  ;  his  others  are  The 
Amber  Witch  (1861),  Love  s  Triumph  (1862), 
and  The  Desert  Flower  (1863).  His  pf.-music 
had  great  vogue  ;  some  noted  numbers  are  "  La 
Gondola,"  op.  18  ;  2  Nocturnes,  op.  20  ;  "Chant 
d'amour,"  op.  26  ;  Nocturne  melodique,  op.  30  ; 
Melodie  irlandaise,  op.  53  ;  "  Music  murmuring 
in  the  trees";  Valse  brillante  de  salon  ;  Taren- 
telle  ;  etc.  Cf.  "  W.  V.  W.,  etude  biographique 
et  critique,"  by  Pougin  (Paris,  1866). 

Wal'lenstein,  Martin,  b.  Frankfort -on- 
Main,  July  22,  1843  ;  d.  there  Nov.  30,  1896. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Dreyschock  at  Prague,  and 
Hauptmann  and  Rietz  at  Leipzig.  Made  many 
concert-tours  ;  was  noted  as  a  master  of  phras- 
ing.— Prod,  a  2-act  comic  opera,  Das  Testament, 
at  Frankfort  (1870),  and  an  overture  ;  publ.  a 
pf. -concerto  in  D  min.,  pf. -studies,  solo  pieces, 
etc. 


Wal'lerstein,  Anton,  b.  Dresden,  Sept.  28, 
1813  ;  d.  Geneva,  Mar.  26,  1892.  Violinist  and 
popular  dance-comp. ;  made  concert-tours  as  a 
child,  joined  the  Dresden  court  orch.  in  1829, 
was  a  member  of  the  Hanover  orch.  1832-41, 
lived  there  in  retirement  till  1S5S,  thereafter  in 
Dresden. — Publ.  about  300  pieces  of  dance- 
music  ;  variations  f.  violin  w.  orch.  (op.  2)  ; 
songs. 

Wallis,  John,  b.  Ashford,  Kent,  Nov.  23, 
1616  ;  d.  London,  Oct.  28,  1703.  Prof,  of  mathe- 
matics at  Oxford. — Publ.  "  Tractatus  elenchticus 
adversus  Marci  Meibomii  dialogum  de  propor- 
tionibus  "  (1657);  "  Claudii  Ptolemaei  harmoni- 
corum  libri  III  "(Greek,  1682;  w.  supplem., 
"  De  veterum  harmonia  ad  hodiernam  compa- 
rata ")  ;  "  Porphyrii  in  harmonica  Ptolemaei 
commentarius "  ;  "  Manuelis  Bryennii  harmo- 
nica"; all  the  above  are  in  his  complete  works 
(1699,  3  vol.s).  Also  acoustical  investigations 
in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions"  (1672-98). 

Walli'ser,  Christoph  Thomas,  b.  Strass- 
burg,  1568  ;  d.  there  as  mus.  dir.  of  the  Cathe- 
dral, Thomaskirche,  and  Univ.,  Apr.  26,  164S. 
— Publ.  a  theoretical  work,  "  Musicae  figuralis 
praecepta  .  .  ."  (1611)  ;  further,  "  Catecheticae 
cantiones  odaeque  spirituales,  hymni  et  cantica 
.  .  .  et  madrigalia  "  (1611)  ;  "Chorus  nubium 
ex  Aristophanis  comoedia  ad  aequales  composi- 
tus,  et  Chori  musici  novi  Eliae  dramati  sacro- 
tragico  accommodati  "  (1613)  ;  "  Sacraemodula- 
tiones  in  festum  Nativitatis  Christi,"  a  5  (1613)  ; 
"  Ecclesiodiae,  das  ist  Kirchengesange  oder 
Psalmen  Davids,  nicht  allein  una  voce,  sondern 
auch  mit  Instrumenten  von  4-6  Stimmen"  (1614); 
"Ecclesiodiae  novae  "  a  4-7  (1625);  "  Herrn 
Wilhelm  Salusten  von  Bartas  Triumph  des  Glau- 
bens  "  (1627)  ;  choruses  a  4-6  to  the  tragicom- 
edy Charicles  (1641). 

Wall'ner,  Leopold,  b.  Kiev,  Russia,  Nov. 
27,  1S47.  Writer  and  music-teacher  in  Brussels. 
Publ.  "  De  la  Mathe'sis  dans  la  musique  "  (1S91). 

WalFnofer,  Adolf,  1).  Vienna,  Apr.  26,  1S54. 
Pupil  of  WaldmiUler,  Krenn,  and  Dessoff  for 
comp. ;  of  Rokitansky  for  singing.  Baritone 
concert-singer  in  Vienna  ;  his  voice  developing 
into  a  tenor  in  1S80,  he  sang  at  the  Olmiitz  City 
Th.,  then  (1882)  joined  Neumann's  Wagner 
troupe,  went  later  to  the  Bremen  City  Th. ,  and 
thence  to  the  German  Landestheater  at  Prague. 
Sang  in  opera  in  the  N.  Y.  season  of  1897-8. 
Works  :  The  opera  Eddyslone  (Prague,  1889  ; 
Berlin,  1894  ;  succ);  Die  Grenzen  iter  Mensch- 
Iieit,  and  Der  Blumen  A'ae/ie  (both  f.  chorus 
w.  orch.)  ;  also  ballads  and  songs  (some  in  the 
"  Wallnofer  Album  "). 

Walmisley,  Thomas  Forbes,  b.  London, 
1783;  d.  there  July  23,  1S66.  Pupil  of  Thomas 
Attwood  ;  in  1812,  organist  at  St.  Martin-in-the- 
Fields.  Popular  glee-composer  ;  publ.  4  coll.s 
of  6  glees  each  ;  also  "  A  Coll.  of  Glees,  Trios, 
Rounds  and  Canons  "  (1S26)  ;  many  single  glees ; 
church-music  ;  songs. — His  son, 


616 


WALMISLEY— WALTHER 


Walmisley,  Thomas  Attwood,  b.  London, 
Jan.  21,  1814;  d.  Hastings,  Jan.  17,  1856.  Pu- 
pil of  Attwood.  Organist  of  Croydon  Ch.,  1S30  ; 
of  Trinity  and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge, 
1833.  Mus.  Bac,  Cantab.,  1833  ;  Mus.  Doc., 
1848  ;  Prof,  of  Music  at  Cambridge,  1S36. — 
Works  :  2  Installation-Odes  ;  a  4-part  choral 
hymn;  songs;  edited  coll.s,  e.  g.,  "Cathedral 
Music,  a  Coll.  of  Services  and  Anthems"(i857) ; 
"  Coll.  of  Chants  with  the  Responses  in  use  at 
the  Chapels  of  King's,  Trinity  and  St.  John's 
Colleges,  Cambridge"  (1S45). 

Walsh,  John,  noted  music-publisher  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  died  Mar.  13,  1736.  Commenced 
business  about  1690,  at  first  printing  from  plates 
engraved  by  hand,  but  from  about  1710  using 
punches,  being  a  pioneer  in  this  latter  method  of 
engraving  on  tin  plates. 

WaPter,  Ignaz,  b.  Radowitz,  Bohemia, 
1759  ;  d.  Ratisbon,  about  1830.  Comp.  and 
tenor  singer  ;  pupil  of  Starzer  at  Vienna  ;  eng. 
at  the  Court  Th.  in  1779  '<  at  I'rague,  1783  ;  at 
Mayence,  1789,  and  with  the  Grossmann  com- 
pany at  Halle  and  Bremen,  undertaking  its  man- 
agement after  G.'s  death,  and  travelling  to 
Frankfort  and  Ratisbon.  For  this  troupe  he 
wrote  the  "  Singspiele"  Der  ausgepriigelte  Teu- 
ffl,  25,000  Git/den,  Die  bose  Fran,  Der  Drank 
der  Unsterblichkeit,  Doctor  Faust,  etc. ;  also 
comp.  a  cantata  for  the  coronation  of  Leopold 
II.,  a  Friedenscantate,  a  Weihnachtscantate,  6 
masses,  6  motets,  a  quartet  f.  harp,  flute,  violin 
and  'cello,  etc. 

WaPter,  August,  b.  Stuttgart,  1S21  ;  d. 
Basel,  Jan.  22,  1896.  Pupil  of  Sechter  at 
Vienna  ;  mus.  dir.  at  Basel  from  1S46,  where  his 
labors,  especially  in  the  cause  of  good  church- 
music,  have  borne  fruit. — Works  :  A  symphony, 
an  octet  f.  strings  and  wind,  and  3  string-quar- 
tets, male  choruses,  songs. 

WaPter,  William  Henry,  b.  Newark,  N.  J., 
July  1,  1825.  Organist,  as  a  boy,  at  the  First 
Presb.  Ch.,  then  at  the  Grace  Episc.  Church, 
Newark  ;  in  1842,  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Epiphany, 
New  York  ;  then  of  St.  John's  Chapel,  St.  Paul's 
Chapel,  and  Trinity  Chapel  (till  1869)  ;  from 
1856,  organist  at  Columbia  College,  New  York, 
receiving  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  /ton.  eausa  in 
1S64. — Works  :  2  masses  (in  C  and  F)  ;  services 
and  anthems  for  the  Episc.  Ch.;  "Common 
Prayer  with  Ritual  Song  "  ;  "  Manual  of  Church 
Music";  "Chorals  and  Hymns";  "Hymnal 
with  Tunes,  Old  and  New";  "Psalms  with 
Chants  "  ;  etc. 

WaPter,  George  William,  son  and  pupil  of 
preceding;  b.  New  York,  Dec.  16,  1851.  At 
the  age  of  5  he  played  the  organ  at  Trinity 
Chapel  ;  studied  further  under  J.  R.  Paine 
(Boston)  and  S.  P.  Warren  (New  York)  ;  has 
lived  in  Washington  since  1869.  Is  especially 
noted  for  his  skill  as  an  improviser  and  in  regis- 
tration. Received  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc. 
from    Columbian  College,  Washington,  in  1882. 


His  mus.  library  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
country. 

WaPter,  Joseph,  b.  Neuberg-on-Danube, 
Dec.  30,  1833  ;  d.  July  15,  1875,  at  Munich,  as 
violin-teacher  at  the  Cons.,  and  Concertmeister . 
De  Beriot  was  his  teacher. — I  lis  brother,  Benno, 
b.  Munich,  June  17,  1S47,  is  a  violinist,  pupil 
of  Munich  Cons.;  from  1863  member  of  the 
court  orch. ;  succeeded  his  brother  as  Concert- 
meister, also  as  teacher  at  the  Cons.;  has  toured 
South  Germany,  Austria,  Switzerland,  and 
America. 

WaPter,  Gustav,  b.  Bilin,  Bohemia,  Feb.  11, 
1S36.  Stage-tenor,  pupil  of  Prague  Cons.;  sang 
at  first  in  Brunn,  and  from  1856-87  at  the  Vienna 
Court  Opera  as  principal  lyric  tenor. 

WaPter,  Carl,  b.  Cransberg,  Taunus,  Oct. 
27,  1862.  Pupil  of  Meister  and  Schmetz  at  the 
Teachers'  Seminary,  Montabaur  ;  later  of  the 
Ratisbon  School  for  Church-music  ;  then  became 
teacher,  organist,  and  choirmaster  at  Biebrich- 
on-Rhine  ;  from  1893,  music-teacher  at  Monta- 
baur Seminary.  Contributor  to  Ilaberl's  "  Musica 
sacra,"  and  the  "  Rirchenmusikalisches  Jahr- 
buch  "  ;  writer  for  the  "  Monatshefte  fi'ir  Musik- 
geschichte  "  ;  has  comp.  motets  a  3-6,  organ- 
music,  and  a  triple  fugue  (prize). 

WaPter,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Mannheim, 
Sept.  3,  1S70.  Dr.  p/iil.,  Heidelberg,  1S92. 
Living  in  Mannheim  as  a  writer  ;  contributes  to 
various  periodicals,  and  is  mus.  critic  for  the 
"  Mannheimer  Generalanzeiger."  Has  publ.  a 
series  of  monographs  on  music  in  Mannheim  : 
"  Die  Entwickelung  des  Mannheimer  Musik- 
und  Theaterlebens  "  (1897)  ;  "  Geschichte  des 
Theaters  und  der  Musik  am  Rurpfalzischen 
Hofe  "  (Leipzig,  1898) ;  and  "  Archivund  Biblio- 
thek  des  Grossherzoglichen  Ilof-  und  National- 
theaters  in  Mannheim  "  (2  vol.s  ;  Leipzig,  1899)  ; 
also  the  chapters  on  mus.  history  in  Hans 
Rraemer's  "Das  19.  Jahrhundert  in  Wort  und 
Bild  "  (3  vol.s  ;  Berlin,  1S98). 

WaPther  von  der  Vogelweide,  the  foremost 
Minnesinger,  and  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of 
mediaeval  Germany  ;  b.  in  the  Tyrol  (?),  about 
1160;  d.  Wi'irzburg,  after  1227.  In  Wagner's 
l\i  1111  ha  user  he  appears  as  one  of  the  rival  singers 
at  the  Wartburg.  Among  editions  of  his  works 
cf.  Lachmann  (5th  ed.  Berlin,  1SS5)  ;  High 
German  translation  by  Simrock  (7th  ed.  Leipzig, 
1S83)  ;  also  cf.  Wilmanns,  "  Leben  und  Dichten 
Walthers  v.  d.  V."  (Bonn,  1882),  and  Leo,  "  Die 
gesammte  Litteratur  Walthers  v.  d.  V."  (Vienna, 
1 8  So). 

WaPther,  Johann,  b.  Thuringia,  1496  ;  d. 
Torgau,  1570.  In  1524,  singer  in  the  Electoral 
chapel  at  Torgau,  and  was  summoned  to  Witten- 
berg by  Luther  to  assist  in  the  composition  and 
regulation  of  the  German  Mass.  Court  Kapellm. 
at  Torgau  1525-30  ;  from  1548-55,  Kapellm.  to 
Moritz  of  Saxony  of  the  Dresden  Court  Chapel. 
—  Publ.  "  Geystlich  Gesangk  Buchlein  "  (Wit- 
tenberg, 1524  ;  the  first  Protestant  singing-book, 


617 


WALTIIER— WARD 


a  4  ;  often  republ.)  ;  "  Cantio  septem  vocum  in 
laudem  Dei  omnipotentis  et  Evangelii  ejus" 
(ibid.,  1544)  ;  "  Magnificat  8  tonorum  "  (1557)  ; 
"  Ein  neweschristliches  Lied"  (1561);  "Ein  gar 
schoner  geistlicher  und  christlicher  Bergkreyen  " 
(1561)  ;  "  Lob  und  Preis  derhimmlischen  Kunst 
Musica"  (1564);  "Das  christlich  Kinderlied 
Dr.  Martin  Luthers  Erhalt  wis  Herr  bei  deinem 
Wort"  (1566).     Various  numbers  in  coll.s. 

Wal'ther,  Johann  Jakob,  b.  Witterda,  n. 
Erfurt,  1650.  Electoral  Saxon  chamber-musician; 
later  at  Mayence. — Publ.  "  Scherzi  di  violino 
solo "  \v.  continuo,  and  viol  or  lute  ad  lib. 
(1676)  ;  and  "  Hortus  chelicus,  uno  violino, 
duabus,  tribus  et  quatuor  subinde  chordis  simul 
sonantibus  harmonice  modulanti"(i6S8  ;  curious 
work  ;  No.  2S  is  entitled  "  Serenate  a  un  coro 
di  violini,  organo  tremolante,  chittarino,  piva, 
due  tromboni  e  timpani,  lira  tedesca,  ed  arpa 
smorzata  per  un  violino  solo  "). 

Wal'ther,  Johann  Gottfried, b.  Erfurt,  Sept. 
(Nov.?)  18,  1684;  d.  Weimar,  Mar.  23,  174S. 
A  pupil  of  Adlung,  Kretschmar,  and  J.  B. 
Bach  at  Erfurt,  where  he  was  app.  organist  of 
the  Thomaskirche  in  1702  ;  in  1707,  town-organ- 
ist at  Weimar,  and  music-master  to  the  children 
of  the  Ducal  family  ;  from  1720,  court  musician. 
A  near  relative  and  close  friend  of  J.  S.  Bach's, 
he  nevertheless  hardly  more  than  mentions  him 
in  his  Lexicon.  lie  stands  next  to  Bach  as  a 
master  of  choral-variations  for  organ.  Mattheson 
called  him  a  second  Pachelbel.  His  greatest 
work  is  the  "  Musikalisches  Lexikonoder  Musi- 
kalische  Bibliothek,"  the  first mus.  encyclopaedia 
of  biography,  bibliography,  and  terms  (1732)  ; 
he  had  previously  publ.  the  64-page  "  Alte  und 
neue  musikalische  Bibliothek  oder  musikalisches 
Lexikon"  (1728). — Also  publ. a  "Clavierconcert" 
(unaccompanied  ;  1741)  ;  Prelude  and  Fugue 
(1741) ;  4  choral-variations  ("  Jesu  meine  Freude," 
"  Meinen  Jesum  lass'  ich  nicht,"  "  Allein  Gott 
in  der  Hoh'  sei  Ehr',"  "  Wie  soil  ich  dich  em- 
pfangen  ")  ;  many  choral-variations,  preludes, 
fugues,  and  toccatas,  in  MS.;  also  5  coll.s  of 
"  Choralbearbeitungen  "  by  other  composers. 

Wal'zel,  Camillo  [pseudonym  F.  Zell],  b. 
Magdeburg,  1S29  ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar.  17,  1895. 
At  first  intended  for  a  military  career,  he  became 
a  steamboat-captain  on  the  Danube  ;  at  the  end 
of  the  '50's  he  began  literary  work  as  a  trans- 
lator of  French  comedies  and  writer  of  short 
stage-pieces  (e.  g.,  Die  Biiste)  ;  later,  usually 
in  collaboration  with  Richard  Genee,  he  wrote 
libretti  for  Strauss,  Suppe,  Millocker,  Genee, 
Max  Wolf,  Czibulka,  Dellinger,  etc.,  on  which 
not  only  his  fame,  but,  in  great  measure,  the 
success  of  German  operetta  in  the  19th  cen- 
tury, rests. 

Wambach,  Emile  (-Xavier),  1>.  Arlon,  Lux- 
emburg, Nov.  26,  1854.  Pupil  of  lienoit,  Mer- 
tens,  and  Callaerts  at  the  Antwerp  Cons.  Com- 
poser of  the  young  Flemish  school. — Works  : 
"  Aan  de  boorden  van  de   Schelde,"  symphonic 


poem  ;  orch.l  fantasias,  pf. -pieces  ; — the  Flem- 
ish drama  Nathans  Parabel ;  2  oratorios,  Moses 
op  ill  n  Nyl,  and  Yolande  ;  cantata  Vlaander- 
land,  f.  male  chorus;  De  lente  ("Spring"),  f. 
female  ch.  and  orch.;  cantata  for  the  Rubens 
Festival  ;  a  children's  cantata  ;  "  Memorare," 
and  a  Hymn,  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  a  mass,  a  Te 
Deum,  and  other  church-music;  choruses  and 
songs. 

Wang'emann,  Otto,  b.  Loitz-on-the-Peene, 

Jan.  9,  1S48.  Pupil  of  G.  Fliigel  at  Stettin,  and 
Fr.  Kiel  at  Berlin  ;  since  187S,  organist  and 
singing-teacher  at  the  Demmin  Gymnasium. — 
Publ.  "  Geschichte  der  Orgel "  (1871));  "  Ge- 
schichte  des  Oratoriums  "  (1880);  "  Leitfaden 
fiir  den  Singunterricht  an  Gymnasien "  ;  also 
a  "  Weihnachtsmusik "  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.; 
school-songs;  pf. -pieces.  Edited  "Der  Orga- 
nist" in  1879  ;  in  18S0  he  succeeded  Halm  as  ed- 
itor of  "  Tonkunst." 

Wanhal    [van    Hal],    Johann  Baptist,  b. 

Neu-Nechanitz,  Bohemia,  May  12,  1739;  d. 
Vienna,  Aug.  26,  1813.  Son  of  a  peasant,  and 
self-taught  until  sent  to  Vienna  by  Countess 
Schaffgotsch.  Studied  later  in  Italy,  and  settled 
in  Vienna  ;  he  was  a  favorite  composer,  especially 
for  amateur  pf. -players,  before  the  advent  of 
Mozart  and  Beethoven. — Publ.  12  symphonies 
for  strings,  2  oboes,  and  2  horns  ;  12  string- 
quartets  ;  12  trios  f.  2  violins  and  'cello  ;  quar- 
tets (concerti)  f.  pf.  and  strings  ;  quartets  f.  pf., 
flute,  violin,  and  'cello  ;  pf. -trios  ;  5  pf. -sonatas 
f.  4  hands,  and  6  f.  2  hands  ;  violin-duos  ;  6  vio- 
lin-sonatas w.  pf . ;  characteristic  sonatas  ("  mili- 
taire,"  "  The  Battle  of  Wurzburg,"  "  The  Bat- 
tle of  Trafalgar");  many  pf. -sonatinas,  among 
them  an  interesting  set  of  12  ;  70  books  of  vari- 
ations f.  pf . ;  fantasias,  dances,  and  other  pf.- 
pieces  ;  fugues,  preludes,  etc.,  f.  organ  ;  2  orch.l 
masses;  2  offertories  f.  high  soprano  w.  orch.; 
also  prod.  2  operas,  and  left  88  symphonies,  94 
string-quartets,  etc.,  in  MS. 

Wan'ski,  Johann  Nepomuk,  Polish  violin- 
ist, b.  about  1S00  (?) ;  son  of  Jan  W.,  a  popular 
Polish  song-composer ;  studied  in  Warsaw,  and 
later  under  Baillot  at  Paris.  Made  extended 
concert-tours  in  Southern  France,  Spain,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland  ;  then,  with  impaired  health, 
settled  in  Aix  in  Provence  as  a  teacher. — Works: 
A  method  for  violin  ;  method  for  viola  ;  "  Gym- 
nastique  des  doigts  et  de  l'archet "  ;  "  l'Har- 
monie,  ou  la  science  des  accords  "  ;  a  concertino, 
etudes,  variations,  fugues,  fantasias,  romances, 
etc.,  f.  violin. 

Ward,  John  Charles,  b.  Upper  Clapton, 
London,  Mar.  27,  1S35.  Began  his  public  ca- 
reer as  a  soloist  on  the  concertina,  in  1846  ;  was 
a  chorister  in  the  Temple  Ch.  until  1848  ;  since 
1852,  organist  successively  at  several  London 
churches,  last  at  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Primrose 
Hill  (since  1890).  Member  of  the  Leslie  Choir 
from  its  foundation  in  1S55  ;  org.  and  asst.- 
cond.  1856-85. — Works  :  A  motet,  and  a  Sanc- 


61S 


WARLAMOFF— WEBB 


tus,  both  f.  double  choir;  cantata  The  Wood;  "A 
Psalm  of  Life"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  services, 
anthems,  hymn-tunes,  etc.;  an  orch.  1  fugue  on 
"The  Sailor's  Hornpipe";  organ-music;  can- 
tata The  Swedish  Singers,  f.  female  voices  ;  a 
Polonaise  f.  pf.  and  concertina  ;  Minuet  f.  3  con- 
certinas ;  etc. 

Warla'moff,  Alexander  Jegorovitch,  b. 
Moscow,  1S10;  d.  1S49.  Singing-teacher,  and 
composer  of  "  folk-songs,"  among  which  "  The 
red  Sarafan  "  became  known  everywhere. 

Warnots,  Henri,  b.  Brussels,  July  11,  1832; 
d.  Mar.  3,  1S93.  Opera-singer  (lyric  tenor) ;  pu- 
pil of  his  father  [Jean- Arnold  W.,  1 801-61], 
and  the  Brussels  Cons.  Debut  at  Liege,  1856  ; 
theneng.  at  the  Opera-Comique,  Paris;  at  Strass- 
burg  (producing  an  operetta,  I 'ue  Inure  de  ma- 
riage,  in  1S65)  ;  and  at  Brussels  (1867),  there  be- 
coming singing-teacher  at  the  Cons.,  and  cond. 
of  the  "Societe  de  musique."  In  1870  he  founded 
a  music-school  in  a  suburb  of  Brussels. — His 
daughter  and  pupil,  Elly,  b.  Liege,  18C2,  is  an 
excellent  stage-soprano  ;  debut  at  the  Th.  de  la 
Monnaie,  Brussels,  in  1879,  as  Anna  in  La  Dame 
blanche;  sang  there  for  two  years;  has  been  eng. 
since  then  at  the  Pergola  Th.,  Florence,  the 
Opera-Comique,  Paris,  etc.  On  Mayi7, 1SS1,  she 
sang  the  role  of  Marguerite  de  Valois  at  the  R. 
Italian  Th.,  London;  since  that  time  she  has 
frequently  appeared  at  the  Promenade  Concerts, 
the  Crystal  Palace,  etc. 

Warren,  Samuel  Prowse,  b.  Montreal, 
Canada,  Feb.  18,  1841.  Noted  organist  ;  from 
1 861-4  pupil  of 
Haupt  at  Berlin, 
studying  the  pf.  un- 
der Gustav  Schu- 
mann, and  instru-  , 
mentation  under  ! 
Wieprecht.  Organ-  ', 
istof  All  Souls'  Ch.,  I 
New  York,  1865-7  ; 
later  at  Trinity  Ch.,  - 
giving  several  series 
of  fine  organ-recit- 
als ;  afterwards  or- 
ganist and  mus.  dir. 
at  Grace  Church. — 
Publ.  works  :  Church-music 
organ ;   songs. 

Warren,  George  William,  b.  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  17,1828.  Isa  self-taught  organist,  holding 
a  position  from  1846-58  at  St.  Peter's,  Albany, 
later  at  Brooklyn;  since  1870,  organist  and  mus. 
dir.  of  St.  Thomas's  Ch.,  New  York. — Works: 
Church-music  (Te  Deum,  anthems,  hymns,  etc.); 
"Warren's  Hymns  and  Tunes,  as  Sung  at  St. 
Thomas's  Church  "  (1888);  pf. -pieces  ;  etc. 

Wartel,  Pierre-Francois, b.  Versailles,  Apr. 
3,1806;  d.  Paris.  Aug.,  1862.  Pupil  of  Choron's 
Inst,  for  Church-music,  and  of  Banderali  at  the 
Cons.,  taking  1st  prize  for  singing  in  1S29;  stud- 
ied further  under  Nourrit  till   1831 ;    was  then 


transcriptions  f. 


eng.  as  a  tenor  at  the  Opera  (for  some  15  years); 
after  which  he  made  tours,  and  settled  in  Paris 
as  a  singing-teacher  (Trebelli  was  his  pupil). 

Wasielew'ski,  Joseph  W.  von,  b.  Gross- 
Leesen,  n.  Danzig,  June  17,  1822;  d.  Sonders- 
hausen,  Dec.  13,  1S96.  Violinist;  private  pupil 
of  David  at  Leipzig,  also  studying  in  the  Cons, 
under  David,  Ilauptmann,  and  Mendelssohn 
(1S43-6).  He  joined  the  Gewandhaus  Orch., 
was  critic  for  the  "  Signale,"  and  wrote  for  the 
"Leipziger  Zeitung  "  and  the  "  Dresdner  Jour- 
nal "  ;  was  Concertmeister  under  Schumann  at 
Diisseldorf  1S50-52,  then  conducted  the  new 
Choral  Society  at  Bonn,  and  other  singing-soci- 
eties, till  1S55;  settled  in  Dresden  as  a  writer,  in 
which  capacity  he  greatly  distinguished  himself. 
In  1869  he  became  town  mus.  dir.  at  Bonn,  re- 
ceiving the  title  of  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."  in  1S73  ;  he 
retired  to  Sondershausen  in  1SS4. — "Works  : 
"Robert  Schumann's  Biographic"  (1S58  ;  3rd 
ed.  18S0),  with  important  supplementary  matter 
in  "  Schumanniana  "  (1884);  "  Die  Yioline  und 
ihre  Meister"  (1869;  2nd  augm.  ed.,  1SS3  ;  3rd 
ed.,  1S93) ;  "Die  Violine  im  17.  Jahrhundert 
und  die  Anfange  der  Instrumentalcomposition  " 
(1S74);  "  Geschichte  der  Instrumentalmusik  im 
16.  Jahrhundert  "  (1S7S)  ;  "  Beethoven"  (iSSS  ; 
2vol.s);  "  Das  Violoncell  und  seine  Geschichte" 
(1SS9)  ;  "Carl  Reinecke,  sein  Leben,  Wirken 
und  Schaffen  "  (Leipzig,  1S92);  and  "  Aus  70 
Jahren,"  memoirs  (Stuttgart,  1896).  Shorter  ar- 
ticles in  the  "  Musikalisches  Centralblatt  "  and 
the  "Vierteljahrsschrift  fiir  Musikwissenschaft." 
— Among  his  compositions  (over  30  opus-num- 
bers) are  "  Herbstblumen,"  a  set  of  9  violin- 
pieces  (op.  30);  a  Nocturne  f.  violin  w.  pf . ;  the 
"  Kaiserlied  imVolkston,"  and  other  patriotic 
songs. 

Was'sermann,  Heinrich  Joseph,  b. 
Schwarzbach,  n.  Fulda,  Apr.  3,  1791  ;  violinist, 
pupil  of  Spohr  ;  cond.  of  orchestras  at  Geneva 
and  Basel  ;  d.  Richen,  n.  Basel,  in  Aug.,  1838. 
— Publ.  dances  f.  orch.,  chamber-music,  guitar- 
pieces,  etc. 

Watson,  William  Michael  (pen-name  Jules 
Favre),  English  comp.  and  poet  ;  b.  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  July  31,  1S40  ;  d.  E.  Dulwich,  London, 
Oct.  3,  1889.  He  establ.  the  "  West  End  School 
of  Music,"  London,  in  18S3. — Works  :  Cantata 
Aladdin  (1885)  ;  part-songs,  songs,  and  pf.- 
pieces. 

Webb,  Daniel,  b.  Taunton,  England,  1735  ; 
d.  Bath,  Aug.  2,  1815. — Publ.  "Observations 
on  the  Correspondence  between  Poetry  and 
Music"  (London,  1769  ;  reprinted  in  his  "  Mis- 
cellanies," 1803  ;   German  ed.  1771). 

Webb,  George  James,  b.  Rushmore  Lodge, 
n.  Salisbury,  Engl.,  June  24,  1803  ;  d.  Orange, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  7,  1887.  Organist  at  Falmouth  ;  in 
1830  he  settled  in  Boston,  Mass.,  becoming 
organist  of  the  Old  South  Church,  a  co-founder 
of  the  Boston  Acad,  of  Music  in  1S36,  and  pres. 
of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  in  1840.      In 


619 


WEBB— WEBER 


1870  he  went  to  Orange  ;  taught  in  New  York 
from  1S76-85,  and  then  retired  to  Orange.  He 
edited  2  periodicals:  "The  Mus.  Library" 
(1835-6)  with  L.  Mason,  and  "  The  Mus. 
Cabinet  "  (1837-40)  with  W.  Hayward  ;  publ. 
"  Vocal  Technics  "  (Boston,  n.  d.),  and  "  Voice 
Culture"  (w.  C.  G.  Allen);  edited  the  "Young 
Ladies' Vocal  Class  Book"  (Boston,  1853);  "The 
Glee  Hive  "  and  "The  New  Odeon  "  (both  w. 
L.  Mason)  ;  and  "  Cantica  laudis  "  (New  York, 
1S50  ;  w.  Mason). 

Webb,  Frank  Rush,  b.  Covington,  Indiana, 
Oct.  S,  1851.  St.  1S71  in  the  New  Engl.  Cons., 
Boston,  later  in  Indianapolis,  where  he  was 
org.  at  St.  Baul's  Ch.  1874-6  ;  org.  and  choirm. 
of  Trinity  M.  E.  Ch.,  Lima,  O.,  1S76-83  ;  and 
from  18S1  head  of  the  pf.-dept.  at  the  N.  W. 
Ohio  Normal  School,  Ada;  since  18S3,  teacher 
of  pf.  and  dir.  of  School  of  Music  in  the  Virginia 
Female  Inst.,  Staunton,  Va.,  and  org.  and  mus. 
dir.  at  Trinity  Episc.  Ch.— Publ.  works  :  Nearly 
200  pieces  for  military  band  ;  also  (reaching  op. 
85)  much  salon-music  f.  pf.  ;  church-music 
("  Morning  and  Evening  Service, "anthems,  etc.) ; 
and  songs. 

Webbe,  Samuel,  Sr.,  b.  Minorca,  1740;  d. 
London,  May  25,  1S16.  He  became  Chapel- 
master  at  the  Portuguese  Chapel,  London,  in 
1776. — Works:  Many  glees  and  catches  in  coll. s; 
8  anthems  ;  8  antiphones  f.  double  choir  ;  a 
Cecilian  Ode  a  6  ;  a  concerto  f.  harpsichord  ;  a 
Divertissement  f.  wind-band  ; — he  also  edited 
several  collections. — His  son,  Samuel  W., 
jr.,  b.  London,  1770  ;  d.  there  Nov.  25, 
1843.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  Clementi  ;  org. 
at  various  churches,  and  at  St.  Patrick's  R.  C. 
Chapel,  Liverpool  ;  later  organist  at  the  chapel 
of  the  Spanish  Embassy,  and  teacher  at  Kalk- 
brenner  and  Logier's  School  of  Music.  Besides 
glees,  duets,  hymn-tunes,  etc.,  he  wrote 
"  L'Amico  del  principiante  "  (28  short  solfeggi), 
and  "  Harmony  Epitomised,  or  Elements  of  the 
Thorough-bass"  (London,  n.  d.). 

We'ber,  Friedrich  August,  practising 
physician  and  amateur  musician  at  Ileilbronn, 
where  he  was  b.  Jan.  24,  1753,  and  d.  Jan.  21, 
1806. — Works  :  2  operettas,  2  oratorios,  many 
cantatas  f.  chorus  and  orch.,  symphonies,  cham- 
ber-music, pf. -sonatas  f.4hands,  etc. ;  also  wrote 
for  mus.  journals. 

We'ber,  Bernhard  Anselm,  b.  Mannheim, 
Apr.  18,  1766;  d.  Berlin,  Mar.  23,  1821.  Pianist, 
pupil  of  Abbe  Vogler,  Einberger,  and  Holz- 
bauer.  Studied  law,  etc.,  at  Heidelberg,  then 
travelled  as  a  concert-performer  on  Rollig's 
Xanorphica  ;  became  mus.  dir.  of  the  Grossmann 
opera-troupe  at  Hanover  in  1797,  travelled  with 
Abbe  Vogler  to  Stockholm  in  1790,  and  in  1792 
was  app.  Kapellm.  of  the  Konigstadter  Th., 
Berlin,  remaining  as  Royal  Kapellm.  after  its 
union  with  the  Italian  Opera.  He  prod,  several 
operas,  operettas,  and  melodramas. 

We'ber,  (Friedrich)  Dionys,  b.  Welchau, 


Bohemia,  Oct.  9,  1766 ;  d.  Prague,  Dec.  25,  1842. 
Pupil  of  Abbe  Vogler  ;  a  founder  (1811)  and  the 
first  Director  of  the  Prague  Cons.  ;  Moscheles, 
Dessauer,  and  Kalliwoda  were  his  pupils. — 
Works  :  Operas,  iS  cantatas,  masses,  military 
marches,  a  sextet  f.  6  trombones,  a  sextet  f.  6 
cornets  a  pistons,  quartets  f.  4  cornets,  variations 
f.  violin  and  'cello,  numerous  popular  quadrilles, 
Landler,  etc.,  f.  pf.  ; — also  an  "Allgemeine  the- 
oretische  Vorschule  der  Musik  "  (1828),  and  a 
"Theoretisch-praktisches  Lehrbuch  der  Harmo- 
nie  und  des  Generalbasses  "  (1830-4  ;  four  parts). 
We'ber,  Gottfried,  theorist  and  composer  ; 
b.  Freinsheim,  n.  Mannheim,  Mar.  1,  1779  ;  d. 
Kreuznach,  Sept.  21,  1839.  He  studied  law  at 
Heidelberg  and  Gottingen,  practised  at  Mann- 
heim, Mayence,  and  Darmstadt,  where  he  was 
app.  Public  Prosecutor  (State  Attorney)  by  the 
Grand  Duke  in  1832.  An  excellent  amateur 
pianist,  flutist,  and  'cellist,  he  also  conducted 
a  mus.  society  at  Mannheim  and  founded  the 
Cons,  there,  and  was  opera-director  at  Mayence  ; 
studied  the  theories  of  Marpurg,  Kirnberger, 
Vogler,  Knecht,  etc.,  and  published  "  Versuch 
einer  geordneten  Theorie  der  Tonsetzkunst  " 
(3  vol.s  ;  1817-21  ;  3rd  ed.  1830-2),  introducing 
the  system  of  indicating  chords  by  capitals  (major) 
and  small  letters  (minor),  seventh-chords  by  add- 
ing a  small  7  (e.  g.,  C),  etc.  It  was  transl.  into 
English  by  Warner  (Boston)  and  Bishop  (London, 
1S51).  He  also  wrote  "  Ueber  chronometrische 
Tempobezeichnung  "  (1817)  ;  "  Beschreibung 
und  Tonleiter  der  G.  Weber'schen  Doppel- 
posaune  "  (1S17);  "  Versuch  einer  praktischen 
Akustik  der  Blasinstrumente "  (in  Ersch  and 
Gruber's  "  Encyclopadie  "  ;  also  in  the  "Allg. 
mus.  Zeitung"  1816-17)  ;  "Allgemeine  Musik- 
lehre "  (1S22)  ;  "Ueber  Saiteninstrumente  mit 
Bunden  "  ("  Berliner  Musikzeitung,"  1S25)  ; 
"Die  Generalbasslehre  zum  Selbstunterricht " 
(1833) ;  and  many  essays  for  the  "Allgem.  mus. 
Zeitung"  and  his  own  paper,  the  "  Cacilia," 
founded  at  Mayence  in  1824.  He  comp.  3 
masses,  a  Requiem,  and  a  Te  Deum  (all  w. 
orch.) ;  part-songs  and  songs,  variations  f .  guitar 
and  'cello,  a  trio,  a  pf. -sonata,  etc. 

We'ber  [va'ber],  Carl  Maria  (Friedrich 
Ernst),  Freiherr  von,  the  founder  of  the  Ger- 
m  a  n  Romantic 
school  ;  b.  Eutin, 
Oldenburg,  Dec.  18, 
1786  ;  d.  London, 
June  5,  1826.  His 
father,  Franz  Anton 
von  Weber  [b . 
1724],  formerly  an 
army -officer,  had 
taken  up  the  profes- 
sion of  music  when 
about  40,  and  at  the 
time  of  Carl  Maria's 
birth  was  cond.  of 
the  Eutin  town- 
orch. ;  he  came  of  a 


620 


WEBER 


musical  family,  and  it  was  his  darling  ambition 
that  one  of  his  children  should  become  a  great 
musician  like  Mozart,  the  husband  of  his  niece 
Constanze  Weber  (Carl  Maria  was  Mozart's  first 
cousin  by  marriage).  His  mother  was  a  dra- 
matic singer  of  talent.  The  year  after  his  birth, 
his  father  left  Eutin  as  the  director  of  a  travel- 
ling dramatic  troupe  ;  and  for  years  the  family 
led  a  wandering  life,  during  which  the  boy  ob- 
tained that  insight  into  the  technicalities  of  the 
stage  which  so  conspicuously  aided  him  in  his 
dramatic  career.  W.'s  first  teacher  was  his  step- 
brother Fritz,  a  pupil  of  Jos.  Haydn  ;  under  his 
instruction  progress  was  slow.  At  llildburg- 
hausen,  in  1796,  W.  received  thorough  instruc- 
tion on  the  piano  from  J.  P.  Heuschkel,  and 
here  laid  the  foundation  for  his  future  virtuosity. 
As  a  chorister  in  the  cathedral  at  Salzburg  in 
1797,  he  attracted  Michael  Haydn's  attention, 
from  whom  he  had  gratuitous  lessons  in  compo- 
sition for  some  months,  and  to  whom  he  dedi- 
cated his  first  published  compositions,  six 
fughettas  (179S).  At  Munich  (179S-1800)  he 
was  taught  singing  by  Valesi,  and  made  excel- 
lent progress  in  composition  under  Kalcher, 
later  court  organist,  writing  his  first  opera,  Die 
Macht  der  Liebe  und  des  Weins,  in  1799  (never 
perf. ;  the  MS.,  with  other  early  works,  was 
burned  by  accident  or  design).  He  also  ap- 
peared as  a  concert-pianist.  Here,  too,  he  fell 
in  with  Aloys  Senefelder,  the  inventor  of  litho- 
graphy ;  this  invention  interested  W.  deeply,  so 
that  he  gave  much  time  and  thought  to  its  im- 
provement, worked  at  it  practically  (he  engraved 
his  op.  2,  variations  f.  pf.,  himself  in  1800),  and 
(apparently)  so  improved  the  process  that  his 
father  removed  to  Freiberg  in  Saxony  in  1800 
for  the  purpose  of  exploiting  the  new  ideas. 
Here  W.'s  zeal  for  dramatic  composition  was 
reawakened  by  the  libretto  of  Das  Waldmad- 
chen y  the  opera  had  fair  success  at  Freiberg 
(Nov.  24,  1800),  and  much  better  fortune  at 
Chemnitz,  Prague,  Vienna,  and  St.  Petersburg  ; 
meantime  the  lithographic  venture  failed,  and 
in  1801  they  were  all  in  Salzburg  again,  where 
W.  studied  further  under  M.  Haydn,  and  com- 
posed a  third  opera,  Peter  Schmoll  und  seine 
Nachbarn  (Augsburg,  1S03?).  In  1802  they 
were  in  Hamburg  ;  in  Nov.  going  to  Augs- 
burg, and  thence  to  Vienna  early  in  1S03,  where 
W.  made  a  serious  study  of  the  works  of  the 
great  masters  under  the  guidance  of  Abbe 
Vogler.  In  1S04  the  latter  recommended  W. 
for  the  post  of  Kapellm.  of  the  Breslau  City  Th. 
He  resigned  early  in  1806,  supported  himself 
for  some  months  by  music-lessons,  and  was  then 
Music-Intendent  to  Duke  Eugen  of  Wiirttem- 
burg  at  Schloss  Carlsruhe,  Silesia,  till  Feb., 
1807,  when  he  became  private  secretary  to  Duke 
Ludwig  at  Stuttgart,  and  music-master  to  his 
children.  He  remained  here  until  his  banish- 
ment by  royal  edict  in  1S10,  after  spending 
two  weeks  in  prison  on  the  charge  of  having 
practised  a  deception  of  which  he  was  proved 
innocent.      The    preparations  for   bringing  out 


his  grand  opera  Silvana  were  nearing  comple- 
tion at  the  time,  and  were,  of  course,  aban- 
doned ;  W.  repaired  to  Mannheim,  meeting 
Gottfried  Weber,  and  bringing  out  his  first 
symphony  ;  he  then  rejoined  his  old  teacher. 
Abbe  Vogler,  at  Darmstadt.  Silvana  was  given 
at  Frankfort-on-Main,  Sept.  16,  1S10,  and  Abu 
Hassan,  a  comic  one-act  Singspiel,  at  Munich, 
June  4,  1S11.  In  February  of  that  year  W. 
had  left  Darmstadt,  making  a  concert-tour 
through  PTankfort,  Wtirzburg,  Nuremberg, 
etc.,  to  Munich,  where  he  stayed  5  months. 
In  1812  Silvana  was  staged  at  Berlin,  with  ad- 
ditional numbers.  After  short  stays  here,  in 
Leipzig,  Weimar,  and  Gotha,  he  was  appointed 
(1813)  Kapellm.  of  the  National  ("  Landstan- 
disches  ")  Theatre  at  Prague  ;  went  to  Vienna  to 
engage  a  company  (among  the  singers  was 
Caroline  Brandt,  his  future  wife),  thoroughly 
reorganized  the  opera,  and  became  a  conductor 
of  such  mark  that  in  1S16  the  King  of  Saxony 
called  him  to  Dresden  to  reorganize  the  Royal 
Opera.  His  conductor's  debut  in  this  new  po- 
sition was  on  Jan.  14,  1S17.  A  few  weeks  later 
he  suggested  to  Friedrich  Kind  (a  lawyer,  but 
then  Hving  as  a  writer  in  Dresden)  the  idea  of 
writing  him  a  libretto  ;  they  fixed  on  Apel's 
novel,  "  Der  Freischt'itz,"  and  on  Mar.  1  Kind 
handed  the  finished  libretto  to  W.  The  com- 
position of  this  work  occupied  3  years,  the  over- 
ture being  finished  in  May,  1820  ;  directly  after, 
he  wrote  the  music  to  Preciosa  in  3  weeks,  and 
also  began  work  on  a  comic  opera,  Die  drei 
Pintos.  Although  well  known  as  a  conductor, 
a  finished  pianist,  and  a  song-composer  (his  set- 
tings of  Korner's  "Lever  und  Schwert "  had 
won  him  the  hearts  of  the  students),  he  had  not 
yet  attained  to  national  renown.  But  with  the 
tremendous  success  of  Der  Freischutz  at  Berlin, 
June  18,  1821,  a  triumph  emphasized  by  the 
contrast  of  that  opera  with  the  French  ami 
Italian  works  then  dominating  the  German 
stage,  he  became  a  sort  of  national  hero  ;  every- 
where in  Germany  Der  Freischutz  won  triumph 
on  triumph,  culminating  in  a  grand  ovation  to 
the  composer  at  Vienna.  It  was  followed  in 
1823  by  Euryanthe,  which,  produced  at  the 
Karnthnerthor  Theatre,  Vienna,  on  Oct.  25, 
was  by  no  means  equally  successful  there,  in  ri- 
valry with  Rossini,  though  warmly  received  at 
Berlin  and  elsewhere.  For  some  years  W.'s 
health  had  been  gradually  declining  ;  in  1S24  he 
was  obliged  to  take  a  vacation  at  Marienbad, 
and  in  January,  1S25,  had  recovered  sufficiently 
to  begin  the  composition  of  Oberon,  a  new 
opera  which  Kemble  had  commissioned  him  to 
write  for  Covent  Garden,  London.  But  his  ill- 
ness, consumption,  interrupted  the  progress  of 
the  work  ;  he  was  obliged  to  go  to  Ems  for 
treatment,  after  which  he  recommenced  his 
work,  finishing  the  score  in  London,  where 
Oberon  was  brought  out  on  April  12,  1826. 
Worn  out  by  the  overexertion  incident  to  rehears- 
als, concert-giving,  and  social  life,  he  passed 
away  only  eight  weeks  afterward.     His  remains 


621 


WEBER— WEBER 


were  removed  to  Dresden  in  1S44,  where  a  statue 
to  his  memory,  by  Rietschel,  was  unveiled  in  1S60. 

Weber's  fame  as  a  dramatic  composer  still 
shines  undimmed  in  his  two  masterworks,  Der 
Freischiitz  and  Euryanthe.  In  subject  and 
conception  essentially  German,  the  vivid  me- 
lodic originality,  sustained  dramatic  vigor,  and 
tender  lyrical  charm  of  W.'s  music  have  in- 
vested them  with  a  poetic  glamour  fittingly 
styled  "  romantic."  His  influence  on  the  de- 
velopment of  German  music,  through  men  like 
Schumann,  Marschner,  and  Wagner,  cannot  be 
adequately  expressed  in  a  few  lines.  His  life 
has  been  written  by  Barbedette  (Paris,  1862) ; 
by  his  son,  Max  Maria  von  W.,  "  C.  M.  von 
W.,  ein  Lebensbild  "  (3  vol.s  ;  Leipzig,  1S64-8  ; 
a  comprehensive  biography,  also  including  W.'s 
writings);  by  Jahns,  "  C.  M.  von  W.,  eine 
Lebensskizze  "  (Leipzig,  1S73) ;  by  Reissmann, 
"C.  M.  von  W."  (1882).  Nohl  publ.  "  Briefe 
von  Gluck  und  Weber"  (1S70)  ;  Carl  v.  Weber 
(W.'s  grandson)  publ.  "  Reisebriefe  Weber's  an 
seine  Gattin  Caroline"  (1886);  Th.  Hell  publ. 
"  Hinterlassene  Schriften  von  C.  M.  von  W." 
(3  vol.s,  1S28)  ;  and  a  complete  thematic  cata- 
logue of  W.'s  compositions,  in  chronological 
order,  was  publ.  by  Jahns,  "  C.  M.  von  W.  in 
seinen  Werken  "  (Berlin,  1871). 

Dramatic  works  :  Besides  the  operas  enu- 
merated above,  Riibezahl,  begun  in  Breslau, 
1804,  was  not  completed  ;  the  revised  overture 
was  prod,  as  "  Der  Beherrscher  der  Geister." 
Die  drei  Pintos,  the  libretto  rearranged  by  W.'s 
last  grandson,  Carl  von  Weber  [d.  Dresden, 
Dec.  16,  1897],  the  music  completed  by  G. 
.Mahler  after  W.'s  sketches,  was  prod,  at  Leip- 
zig, Jan.  20,  18SS.  The  music  to  Wolff's  Pre- 
ciosa  consists  of  an  overture,  4  choruses,  1  song, 
3  melodramas,  and  dances  ;  he  also  wrote 
music  to  Schiller's  Turandot,  Milliner's  Konig 
Yngurd,  Gehe's  Heinrich  IV. ,  and  Houwald's 
Der  Leuchtthurm. 

Other  vocal  works  :  The  cantata  Der  ersie 
Ton,  f.  declamation,  chorus,  and  orch.  (1S08); 
cantata  Kampf  und  Sieg(on  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo), f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1S15) ;  hymn  "In 
seiner  Ordnung  schafft  der  Herr,"  f.  do.  (1812); 
Natur  und  Liebe,  cantata  f.  2  sopranos,  2  tenors, 
and  2  basses,  w.  pf.  (1818);  other  occasional 
cantatas;  2  masses,  also  2  offertories,  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.;  19  part-songs  for  male  voices,  espe- 
cially op.  42  ("  Leyerund  Schwert "),  op.  53,  op. 
63;  four  scenes  and  arias  f.  soprano  w.  orch. 
('  Misera  me,"  Atalia,  181 1 ;  "  Ah,  se  Edmondo 
fosse l'uccisor,"  for  Mehul's  HeVene,  1815;  "Non 
paventar,  mia  vita,"  for  Incs  de  Castro,  1816; 
and  "Was  sag'  ich  ?  Schaudern  macht  mich 
tier  Gedanke,"  for  Cherubini's  Lodoiska);  scena 
and  aria  f.  tenor,  male  ch.,  and  orch.,  "  Qual 
altro  attendi";  do.  f.  tenor,  double  ch.,  and 
orch.,  "  Signor,  se  padre  sei,"  for  Ines  de  Castro; 
many  songs  (op.  23,  25,  29,  30,  46,  47,  54,  64, 
66,  71,  80);  children's  songs,  op.  22;  8  part- 
songs  f.  mixed  voices,  w.  and  without  accomp.; 
6  canons  a  3-4 ;  duets  (op.  31). 


Instrumental  :  2  symphonies,  both  in  C ; 
Jubel-Ouvertiire ;  2  clarinet-concertos,  in  F  min. 
and  E  p  ;  concertino  f.  clar. ;  bassoon-concerto  ; 
Adagio  and  rondo  ungarese  f.  bassoon  w.  orch. ; 
concertino  f.  horn;  Romanza  siciliana,  f.  flute  w. 
orch.  ;  var.s  f.  viola,  pot-pourri  f.  'cello,  etc.,  w. 
orch.; — quintet  f.  clar.  and  strings  ;  7  variations 
f.  clar.  and  pf . ;  Grand  duo  concertant  f.  do.; — 
For  pianoforte  :  2  pf. -concertos,  in  C  and  E  p ; 
Concertstiick  w.  orch.,  in  F  min.;  6  sonatas f.  pf. 
and  violin  (F  ;  G  ;  I )  min. ;  E  p  ;  A  ;  C);  9  Varia- 
tions on  a  Norwegian  air,  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  4 
solo  sonatas  (C  ;  A  p  ;  D  min. ;  E  min.);  1  4-hand 
sonata  ;  trio  f.  pf.,  flute,  and  'cello,  op.  63;  pf.- 
quartet  in  E  j? ;  Momento  capriccioso  in  lib; 
Polonaise  in  E  [7,  op.  21 ;  Rondo  brillant  in  E  p, 
op.  62  ;  Aufforderung  zum  Tanze  in  I)  p  ,  op.  65  ; 
Polacca  brillante  in  E,  op.  72;  12  Allemandes, 
op.  4;  6  Ecossaises  ;  iS  Valses  favorites  de 
l'imperatrice  de  France  ;  several  sets  of  Varia- 
tions (6  on  an  original  theme  in  C,  op.  2 ;  8  on 
Castor  und  Pollux,  in  F,  op.  5;  6  on  Saniori,  in 
B  p,  op.  61 ;  7  on  "  Vien  qua,  Dorina  bella,"  in 
C,  op.  7;  7  on  an  orig.  theme  in  F,  op.  9;  9  on 
a  Norwegian  theme  in  D  min.,  w.  violin,  op.  22 ; 
7  on  Silvani,  in  Bp,  op.  33;  7  on  Joseph,  in  C, 
op.  28;  9  on  "  Schone  Minka,"  in  C,  op.  40;  7 
on  a  Gypsy  air,  in  C); — also,  f.  4  hands, E6petites 
pieces  faciles,  op.  3;  6  pieces,  op.  10;  and  8 
pieces,  op.  60.  Weber's  piano-works  have  been 
unduly  neglected.  He  was  a  player  and  com- 
poser of  fascinating  originality.  As  an  executant, 
his  large  hands  gave  him  an  unusual  command 
of  the  keyboard  (he  could  stretch  a  twelfth), 
which  he  improved  for  novel  and  striking  effects 
in  chords  and  passage-work.  He  wrote  for  the 
piano  as  a  pianist,  thoroughly  conversant  with 
the  nature  and  resources  of  the  instrument  ;  in 
these  pieces  he  is  not  only  the  first  "romanti- 
cist," but  also  distinctly  foreshadows  the  later 
"  orchestral  "  school. 

We'ber,  Edmund  von,  stepbrother  of  Carl 
Maria;  b.  Hildesheim,  1786;  d.  Wurzburg,  1828. 
Clever  composer  and  experienced  musical  di- 
rector ;  lived  in  the  latter  capacity  at  Rassel, 
Bern,  Li'ibeck,  Danzig,  Konigsberg,  Cologne, 
etc. 

We'ber,  Ernst  Heinrich,  b.  Wittenberg,  June 
24,  1795;  d.  Jan.  26,  1S78,  as  prof,  of  physi- 
ology at  Leipzig  Univ.  —  Publ.  "  De  aure  et 
auditu  hominis  et  animalium  "  (1820);  "Lie 
Wellenlehre "  (1825;  w.  his  brother  Wilhelm 
Eduard  [1S04-1891],  prof,  at  Gottingen);  also 
essavs  on  acoustics  in  G.  Weber's  "  Cacilia," 
and  in  Schweizer  and  Poggendorff's  "Annalen." 

We'ber,  Franz,  b.  Cologne,  Aug.  26,  1805; 
d.  there  Sept.  18,  1876.  Pupil  of  B.  Klein  at 
Berlin,  and  from  1S3S  organist  of  the  Cologne 
Cath. ;  later  also  cond.  of  the  Mannergesang- 
verein. — Works:  Psalm  57,  a  4  ;  "  Kriegsgesang 
der  Rheinpreussen,"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  many 
male  choruses. 

We'ber,  Karl  Heinrich,  son  of  Eduard  W., 
town-musician  at  Frankenberg  ;  b.  there  Aug.  9, 


622 


WEBER— WEELKES 


1S34.  Tupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  1846-9;  asst.- 
teacher  at  Moscow  Cons.  1S66-70;  since  1S77, 
director  of  the  Imp.  Russian  Mus.  Soc.  at 
Saratow. — Publ.  a  method  f.  pf.  (Russian);  a 
"Short  Sketch  of  the  Present  State  of  Mus. 
Culture  in  Russia"  (1SS5;  in  Russian);  etc. 

We'ber,  Georg  Victor,  b.  Ober-Erlenbacb, 
Upper  Hesse,  Feb.  25,  1S38.  Pupil  of  Schrems, 
Ratisbon;  took  holy  orders  in  1863  ;  since  1S66, 
Kapellm.  of  Mayence  Cath.,  giving-  fine  concerts 
of  a  cappella  music  of  the  I5th-i6th  centuries 
with  his  excellent  choir.  Expert  on  organ-build- 
ing.— Works  :  "  Manuale  cantus  ecclesiastici 
juxta  ritum  S.  Rom.  ecclesiae  "  (187S)  ;  "  Or- 
gelbuch  zum  Mainzer  Diocesan-Gesangbuch " 
(18S0);  "  Uber  Sprachgesang  "  (1883);  "  Uber 
Orgeldispositionen"  (1S90);  articles  in  Bockeler's 
"  Gregorius-Blatt "  and  Haberl's  "  Cacilien-Ka- 
lender";  — also  masses,  motets,  psalms,  etc. 

We'ber,  Gustav,  b.  Mi'inchenbuchsee,  Swit- 
zerland, Oct.  30,  1845  ;  d.  Zurich,  June  12,  1SS7. 
Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons,  from  1S61;  in  1865,  of 
Vincenz  Lachner  at  Mannheim.  Cond.  at  Aarau 
and  Zurich  ;  then  studied  1S69-70  with  Tausig 
at  Berlin;  his  symphonic  poem  "  Zur  Iliade" 
was  prod,  by  Liszt  at  the  Beethoven  Festival 
in  1S70.  From  1872,  organist  at  St.  Peter's, 
Zurich,  teacher  at  the  Cons.,  and  cond.  of  the 
"  Harmonic" — Publ.  op.  1,  pf. -sonata  ;  op.  2, 
five  duets  f.  sopr.  and  alto  ;  op.  3,  4-hand  pf.- 
waltzes  ;  op.  4,  pf. -quartet  ;  op.  5,  pf.-trio  ;  op. 
6,  Elegies  f.  pf. ;  op.  7,  five  Idyllen  f.  pf. ;  op.  8, 
violin-sonata  ;  op.  9,  two  books  of  pf. -pieces  ; 
"  Prinz  Carneval,"  little  pf. -pieces  for  small 
players;  many  choruses  ;  choral  arrangements  of 
old  German  songs  ;  edited,  and  contributed  to, 
Vol.  ii  of  Heim's  coll.  of  male  choruses. 

We'ber,  Miroslaw,  b.  Prague,  Nov.  9, 
1854.  Violinist  ;  taught  by  his  father,  and  at 
10  played  before  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  and 
made  tours.  Pupil  of  Plazek  at  the  Prague  Or- 
gan-School ;  also  of  the  Cons,  from  1870—3. 
Joined  the  Sondershausen  court  orch.  in  1S73  ; 
became  Concerttneister  at  Darmstadt  in  1S75, 
organizing  a  quartet-party  ;  succeeded  Rebicek 
as  1st  Concerttneister  of  the  royal  orch.  at  Wies- 
baden, and  2nd  cond.  at  the  opera  (resigned 
1893)  ;  in  1SS9,  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."— Works  :  '.Mu- 
sic to  Fels's  6>/<7/(iS84),  and  Schulte's  Prinz 
Bibu ;  a  ballet,  Die  Rkeinnixe  (Wiesbaden, 
1SS4)  ;  2  orch.l  suites;  septet  f.  violin,  viola, 
'cello,  clar. ,  bassoon,  and  2  horns;  2  string- 
quartets  (No.  2  won  prize  at  St.  Petersburg, 
1S91)  ;  etc. 

Webster,  Joseph  Philbrick,  b.  Manchester, 
N.  IL,  Mar.  22,  1819  ;  d.  Elkhorn,  Wis.,  Jan. 
18,  1875.  For  years  a  member  of  the  Handel 
and  Haydn  Soc,  and  other  mus.  associations, 
at  Boston. — Works:  Cantata  The  Beatitudes; 
many  songs  ;  also  a  coll.  of  Sunday-school 
songs,  "  The  Signet  Ring"  (1S6S). 

Weckerlin,    Jean-Baptiste-Theodore,    b. 

Gebweiler,    Alsatia,     Nov.    9,    1S21.     He    was 


trained  for,  and  entered  on,  his  father's  busi- 
ness of  cotton-dyeing  ;  but  went  over  to  music 
in  1844,  studying  under  Ponchard  (singing)  and 
Halevy  (comp.)  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  producing 
an  heroic  symphony,  Roland,  for  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.,  in  1S47  ;  on  leaving  the  Cons,  in  1S49, 
he  gave  music-lessons,  took  part  with  Seghers 
in  the  direction  of  the  Societe  Sainte-Cecile, 
which  brought  out  some  of  his  works  ;  and 
achieved  success  in  1853  with  a  i-act  comic 
opera,  VOrganiste  dans  I'embarras  (100  per- 
formances at  the  Th.-Lyrique).  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  several  privately  performed  operettas, 
2  comic  operas  in  Alsatian  dialect,  Die  dreifach 
Hochzitt  im  Basethal  (Colmar,  1S63),  and  Z>V 
verhdxf  Herbst  (ibid.,  1879),  and  the  i-act 
opera  Apres  Fontenoy  (Th.-Lyrique,  1S77). 
Meantime  he  had  become  asst. -librarian  to  the 
Cons.  (1S69),  in  1S76  succeeded  Felicien  David 
as  librarian,  and  in  1885  publ.  a  bibliographical 
catalogue  ;  was  also  chosen  librarian  of  the 
"  Soc.  des  compositeurs,"  for  whose  Bulletins 
he  has  written  important  articles.  He  has  won 
distinction  as  a  composer  of  grand  choral  works, 
e.g.,  an  oratorio,  Le  jugement  dernier  j  the  can- 
tatas VAurore  and  Paix,  charite",  grandeur 
(Opera,  1866);  the  "  ode-symphonie "  Les 
Poemes  de  la  mer,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (Th. 
Italien,  1S60;  conducted  by  the  comp.)  ;  I  Inde 
(1S73),  La  fete  d 'Alexandre  (1S73)  ;  also  cho- 
ruses a  cappella  ("  25  chceurs  pour  voix  de  jeunes 
filles";  "Soirees  parisiennes,"  f.  mixed  chorus  ; 
6  "  quatuors  de  salon,"  f.  do.),  and  songs  ;  and 
a  grand  "  Symphonie  de  la  foret,"  f.  orch.  —  1 1  is 
"  Histoire  de  l'instrumentation  depuis  le  sei- 
zieme  siecle  jusqu'  a  l'epoque  actuelle  "  won  the 
gold  medal  of  the  Academic  in  1S75.  I  lis 
"  Echos  du  temps  passe  "  (1853-5),  aQd  "  Sou- 
venirs du  temps  passe "  (1S64),  are  coll.s  of 
chansons,  noels,  madrigals,  etc.,  from  the  12th- 
iSth  century,  interesting  and  historically  valu- 
able, with  biographical  notes  ;  the  "  Musiciana  " 
(2  vols.;  1877,  '90)  is  a  coll.  from  rare  and  curi- 
ous works  on  music,  with  anecdotes,  etc. ;  other 
coll.s  are  "  Les  Echos  d'Angleterre "  (1877; 
folk-songs  w.  pf.)  ;  "  Chansons  et  rondes  popu- 
lates "  (children's  songs  w.  pf.)  ;  "Les  poetes 
francais  mis  en  musique  "  (1S6S)  ;  "Chansons 
populaires  des  provinces  de  la  France";  "  L'an- 
cienne  chanson  populaire  en  France  "  (18S7). 

Weelkes,  Thomas,  distinguished  English 
madrigal-writer  ;  in  1600,  organist  of  Winches- 
ter College  ;  in  1602,  Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.;  in  160S, 
organist  of  Chichester  Cathedral.  Dates  of 
birth  and  death  unknown. — Works:  "Madri- 
gals to  3-6  voyces  "  (1597)  ;  "  Ballets  and  Mad- 
rigals to  5  voyces,  with  one  to  6  voyces  "  (1598)  ; 
"  Madrigals  of  5  and  6  parts  apt  for  the  Viols 
and  Voyces,"  and  "  Madrigals  of  6  parts"  do. 
(1600)  ;  the  fine  madrigal  "  As  Vesta  was  from 
Latmos  hill  descending,"  in  the  "  Triumphes  of 
Oriana"  (1601)  ;  "  Ayeres  or  Phantasticke  Spir- 
ites  for  3  voices  "  (160S)  ;  and  in  1614  contributed 
to    "  Teares    or    Lamentacions."     His    5   publ, 


623 


WEGELER— WEINLIG 


works  contain  94  comp.s  distinguished  by  ori- 
ginality and  excellent  part-writing  ;  many  still 
popular,  and  often  reprinted. 

We'geler,  Franz  Gerhard,  b.  Bonn,  Aug. 

22,  1765  ;  d.  Koblenz,  May  7,  1S4S.  Physician 
in  Bonn  and  Koblenz,  knowing  Beethoven  as  a 
youth.  With  Ries  he  wrote  "  BiogTaphische 
Notizen  iiber  L.  van  Beethoven"  (1S3S  ;  sup- 
plem.,  1S45  ;  both  in  French,  1S62). 

We'dekind,  Erica,  soprano  stage-singer ; 
b.  Hanover,  Nov.  13,  1872.  Pupil  of  Dresden 
Cons.,  and  of  Fraulein  Orgeni  ;  debut  Dresden 
Court  Opera,  Mar.  15,  1894,  as  Frau  Fluth  in 
Nicolai's  Lustige  Weiber  von  Windsor, scad  was 
immediately  eng.  there  for  5  years,  for  soubrette 
coloratura  roles.  On  July  10,  1898,  she  married 
Flerr  Oschwald,  of  Basel. 

Wege'lius,  Martin,  b.  Helsingfors,  Nov. 
10,  1S46.  Student  of  philosophy  and  Magister 
(1S69)  ;  cond.  of  the  academical  choral  society  ; 
pupil  1S70-1  of  Rudolf  Bibl,  Vienna,  and 
Richter  and  Paul,  Leipzig,  where  he  again 
studied  1877-8,  then  becoming  cond.  of  the 
Finnish  Opera  at  Helsingfors.  He  is  Director 
of  a  Cons,  there,  and  conducts  a  mus.  society. — 
Works:  Overture  "Daniel  Iljort";  a  Rondo 
quasi  fantasia  f .  pf.  and  orch. ;  a  Christmas  can- 
tata ;  a  festival  cantata,  The  6th  of  May  ;  a 
ballade  f.  tenor  solo  w.  orch.;  Mignon,  f.  sopr. 
solo  w.  orch.;  has  publ.  a  Swedish  text-book  on 
harmony,  a  "  Course  in  Key-finding,"  a  brief 
history  of  music,  pieces  f.  pf. ,  and  songs. 

Weh'le,  Carl,  b.  Prague,  Mar.  17,  1825  ;  d. 
Paris,  |une  3,  18S3.  Trained  for  a  mercantile 
career,  he  abandoned  it  for  music  ;  studied  pf.- 
playing  with  Moscheles  at  Leipzig,  and  Kullak  at 
Berlin,  made  extended  tours  to  Asia,  Africa, 
America,  and  Australia,  but  resided  chiefly  in 
Paris.  Among  his  brilliant  comp.s  f.  pf.  are  a 
suite,  op.  86  ;  2  sonatas,  op.  38  and  58  ;  a  Bal- 
lade, op.  11  ;  a  Serenade  napolitaine,  op.  31  ;  an 
Allegroala  hongroise,  op.  81  ;  2  Tarentelles,  op. 
5,  56  ;  Impromptus,  op.  10,  73  ;  Ballade  and  Noc- 
turne, op.  79  ;  "  Berceuse  javanaise  "  ;  "  Marche 
cosaque  "  ;  "  Fete  bohemienne"  ;  "  Un  songe  a 
Vaucluse  "  ;  etc. 

Weich'ler,  Maximilian,  flutist  in  the  Ge- 
wandhaus  Orch.,  Leipzig  ;  publ.  a  "  Katechis- 
mus  der  Flote  und  des  Flotenspiels  "  (Leipzig, 
1897). 

Wei'denbach,  Johannes,  b.  Dresden,  Nov. 
29,  1S47  ;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  1869-71  ;  since 
1873,  teacher  of  pf.  in  that  inst. 

Weidt,  Carl,  b.  Bern,  Mar.  7,  1857  ;  from 
[889,  cond.  of  the  Klagenfurt  Mannergesang- 
vcreiti.      Noted  comp.  of  male  choruses. 

Weigl,  Joseph,b.  Eisenstadt,  Hungary,  Mar. 
28,  1766  ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb.  3,  1846.  A  pupil  of 
Albrechtsberger  and  Salieri,  he  wrote  his  first 
opera,  Die  unniitze  Vorsicht,  at  the  aye  of  16  ;  the 
first  to  be  performed,  II  pc.zzo  per  forza  (1788), 
was  so  successful  that  up  to  1S25  he  brought  out 


ovei^omore,  German  and  Italian,  besides  nearly 
a  score  of  ballets.  Two  of  his  operas  were  writ- 
ten for  La  Scala,  Milan.  The  most  popular  of 
all,  Die  Schweizerfamilie  (Vienna,  1809),  is  still 
played.  He  also  wrote  two  oratorios,  and  a  great 
number  of  German  and  Italian  cantatas,  besides 
chamber-music  and  songs.  In  1825,  on  Salieri's 
death,  he  was  app.  2nd  court  cond.,  and  thence- 
forward wrote  only  church-music  (masses,  gradu- 
als,  offertories). — His  brother  Taddaus,  b.  Vi- 
enna, 1774(7),  d.  there  Feb.  19,  1844,  prod.  4 
operettas  and  13  ballets  from  1799-1805;  was 
custodian  of  the  mus.  section  of  the  Imperial 
Library,  and  carried  on  a  music-business. 

Wein'berger,  Carl,  contemporary  Viennese 
composer,  has  prod,  the  operetta  Pagenstreiche 
(Vienna,  18SS),  the  burlesque  opera  Angelor  (?) 
(Troppau,  1S90),  the  3-act  operetta  Die  Ulanen 
(Vienna,  1891),  the  3-act  do.  Lachende £r&en(ib., 
1S92),  the  3-act  operetta  Miinchener  Kindl  (Ber- 
lin, 1893),  the  operetta  Die  Karlsschiilerin  (Vi- 
enna, 1895),  do.  Der  Schmetterling  (ib. ,  1S96), 
do.  Die  B 'lumen-Mary  (ib.,  1S97),  and  do.  Adam 
tin d  Eva  (ib. ,  1898)  ;  all  with  success. 

Wein'gartner,  (Paul)  Felix,  b.  Zara,  Dal- 
matia,  June  2,  1S63.  While  attending  the  Gym- 
nasium at  Graz,  he  studied  music  with  W.  A. 
Remy  ;  his  op.  1-3  were  publ.  in  1880.  From 
1881-3  he  studied  in  the  Leipzig  Cons.  ;  won  the 
Mozart  Prize,  and  stayed  for  a  time  with  Liszt  at 
Weimar,  where  his  opera  Sak  11 11  /a la  was  prod,  in 
18S4.  Until  1889  he  was  cond.  successively  of  the 
theatres  at  Konigsberg,  Danzig,  and  Hamburg  ; 
then  for  2  years  at  Mannheim  ;  and  in  1891  was 
eng.  as  2nd  Kapellm.  at  the  Berlin  Court  Opera. 
In  the  autumn  of  1897  ill-health  compelled  his  re- 
tirement from  this  position,  but  he  retained  his 
post  as  cond.  of  the  symphony  concerts  of  the 
royal  orch.  From  1898  he  has  lived  in  Munich 
as  cond.  of  the  Kaim  Concerts.  He  is  in  the  front 
rank  of  living  conductors. — Compositions  :  Op. 
1-5,  piano-pieces  ;  op.  6-7,  Lieder  ;  op.  8,  Sere- 
nade f.  string-orch.  ;  op.  9,  Sakuntala,  opera  (Wei- 
mar, Mar.  23,  1884)  ;  op.  10,  Malawika,  opera 
(Munich,  June  3,  1S86) ;  op.  n,  Genesius,  3-act 
opera  (Berlin,  Nov.  15,  1892  ;  withdrawn  by  the 
author  after  the  2nd  perf. ,  because  of  the  hostile 
attitude  of  the  press  ;  since  given  with  success  at 
Mannheim,  Hamburg,  and  Leipzig);  op.  12-19, 
Lieder;op.  20,  "Konig  Lear,"  symphonic  poem  ; 
op.  21,  "  Gefilde  der  Seligen,"  do. ;  op.  22,  Lieder 
(iopoemsby  Gottfried  Keller). — Writings  :  "  Die 
Lehre  vonder  Wiedergeburt  und  das  musikalische 
Drama"  (Leipzig)  ;  "  Uberdas  Dirigieren  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1S96) ;  "  Bayreuth  1876-96  "(Berlin,  1896); 
"Die  Symphonie  nach  Beethoven"  (Berlin). — 
The  tendency  of  W.'s  writings  and  music  is  Jin 
de  Steele. 

Wein'lig  [Weinlich],  Christian  Ehre- 
gott,  b.  Dresden,  Sept.  30,  1743  ;  d.  there  May 
13,  1813.  Organist;  pupil  of  Homilius,  at  the 
Kreuzschule  ;  in  1767,  organistof  the  Evangelical 
Church,  Leipzig  ;  in  1773,  at  Thorn  ;  in  1780, 
accompanist  at  the  Italian  Opera,  Dresden,  and 


624 


WEINLIG— WEITZMANN 


organist  of  the  Frauenkirche ;  in  17S5,  succeeded 
Homilius  as  cantor  of  the  Kreuzschule. — Publ. 
sonatas  f.  pf.  w.  flute  and  'cello;  he  brought  out 
several  oratorios,  a  Passion,  a  cantata,  an  ope- 
retta, etc. — His  nephew  and  pupil, 

Wein'lig,  (Christian)  Theodor,  b.  Dresden, 
July  25,  17S0;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  7,  1842.  Also 
studied  under  Padre  Matlei  at  Bologna ;  from 
1S14-17,  cantor  at  the  Dresden  Kreuzschule  ;  in 
1S23,  succeeded  Schichtas  cantor  of  the  Thomas- 
kirche,  Leipzig.  In  high  repute  as  a  teacher  of 
theory;  Richard  Wagner  was  his  pupil.  — Publ. 
a  "  Deutsches  Magnificat  "  f.  soli,ch.,  and  orch. ; 
vocalises  for  the  several  voices ;  do.  f .  2  sopranos ; 
and  a  practical  "  Anleitung  zur  Fuge  fur  den 
Selbstunterricht  "  (2nd  ed.  1S52). 

Wein'wurm,  Rudolf,  b.  Schaidldorf-on-the- 
Thaja,  Lower  Austria,  Apr.  3, 1S35.  Was  trained 
musically  as  a  chorister  in  the  Imperial  Chapel, 
Vienna;  in  185S,  as  a  law-student  in  the  Univ., 
he  founded  the  academical  Gesangverein,  con- 
ducting it  until  1S66  ;  in  1864  he  became  cond. 
of  the  Vienna  Singakademie  ;  in  .1866,  of  the 
Mdnnergesangverein,  succeeding  Ilerbeck,  and 
director  of  mus.  instruction  in  the  Imp.  Teachers' 
Seminary.  In  1SS0,  mus.  dir.  of  the  Univ. — 
Publ.  "  Allgemeine  Musiklehre";  "  Methodik 
des  Gesangunterrichts "  ;  has  prod,  male  and 
mixed  choruses. 

Wein'zierl,  Max,  Ritter  von,  b.  Bergstadtl, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  16,  1S41  ;  d.  Modling,  n.  Vienna, 
July  10,  1898.  He  was  Kapellm.  at  the  Comic 
Opera  and  the  Ringtheater,  Vienna  ;  from  1882, 
chorusmaster  of  the  Vienna  Mannergesangverein. 
— Works  :  The  operettas  Don  Quixote  (Vienna, 
1S79  ;  w.  L.  Roth)  ;  Die  weiblichen  /ager(i88o)  ; 
Madlemas  (1880)  ;  Fioretta  (Prague,  1886) ;  Page 
Fritz  (Prague,  iSSg  ;  3  acts);  Dcr  Schweizer- 
papa  (Berlin,  1893?);  also  many  choral  works 
("  Der  Herr  ist  Gott,"  psalm  f.  soli,  chorus,  and 
organ  ;  Maienwonne,  op.  136,  f.  male  ch.  and 
orch.)  ;  the  oratorio  Hiob  (Vienna,  1870)  ;  songs. 

Weis'heimer,  Wendelin,  b.  Osthofen,  Alsa- 
tia,  1836.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  1856-7; 
theatre-cond.  at  Wi'irzburg,  1866,  later  at  May- 
ence  ;  then  music-teacher  at  Strassburg.  Com- 
poser of  strong  Wagnerite  leanings.  His  book, 
"  Erlebnisse  mit  R.  Wagner,  F.  Liszt  und  vielen 
anderen  Zeitgenossen  nebst  deren  Briefen " 
(Stuttgart,  1898),  gives  full  information  about  his 
own  works  ;  many  of  the  letters  are  valuable. — 
Works  :  Theodor  Korner,  5-act  grand  opera  with 
Prologue  (Munich,  May  28,  1872)  ;  Meister 
Martin  und  seine  Gesellen,  3-act  opera  (Karls- 
ruhe, Feb.  22,  1879  ;  later  at  Baden-Baden  and 
Leipzig). 

Weiss,  Amalie.     See  Amalie  Joachim. 

Weiss,  Carl,  b.  Miihlhausen  (Thuringia?), 
about  173S  ;  d.  London,  1795.  Went  to  Rome 
with  an  English  lord,  and  later  entered  George 
the  Third's  private  orch.  Works  :  6  symphonies  ; 
10  quartets  f.  flute  and  strings  ;  trios  f.  flutes. — 
His  son  and  pupil,  Carl,  b.  1777,  was  taken  to 


England  by  his  father  in  17S4  ;  he  studied  and 
travelled  on  the  Continent,  and  also  settled  in 
England.  Wrote  a  concerto  f.  flute,  also  trios, 
duos,  and  solos,  and  a  "  New  Methodical  In- 
struction Book  for  the  Flute." — A  third  Carl 
Weiss,  contemporary  composer,  prod,  the  opera 
Viola  [after  Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Nighi\  at 
Prague  in  1892. 

Weiss,  Franz,  b.  Silesia,  Jan.  18,  1778  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Jan.  25,  1830.  Virtuoso  on  the  viola  ; 
chamber-musician  to  Prince  Rasumovsky  at 
Vienna,  and  a  member  of  the  Schuppanzigh 
Quartet. — Works  :  Music  to  ballets  ;  symphonies 
and  overtures  ;  symphonies  concertantes  f.  flute, 
bassoon  and  trombone,  w.  orch.;  Variations  bril- 
lantes  f.  violin  w.  orch.;  1  quintet  and  6  quartets 
f.  strings  ;  duos  f.  violins  ;  duos  f.  flutes  ;  pf.- 
sonatas. 

Weiss,  Julius,  b.  Berlin,  July  19,  1S14. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  Henning  ;  teacher,  writer,  and 
critic  ;  publ.  instructive  works  f.  violin.  On  his 
father's  death  in  1S52  he  succeeded  to  the  music- 
business  establ.  by  the  latter. 

Weiss'beck,  Johann  Michael,  b.  Unterlaim- 
bach,  Swabia,  May  10,  1756  ;  d.  May  I,  1808, 
as  cantor  and  org.  of  the  Liebfrauenkirche,  Nu- 
remberg.— Publ.  "  Protestationsschrift  oder  ex- 
emplarische  Widerlegung  einiger  Stellen  und 
Perioden  der  Kapellm.  Vogler'schen  Tonwissen- 
schaft  und  Tonsetzkunst "  (1783);  an  "Ant- 
wort"  to  Knecht's  subsequent  defence  of  Vogler 
(1802)  ;  also  "  Ueber  Herrn  Abt  Voglers  Orgel- 
Orchestrion "  (1797);  "  Etwas  iiber  Herrn 
Daniel  Gottlob  Turks  wichtige  Organistenpflich- 
ten  "  (1798)  ;  and  2  satirical  pamphlets  on  Hass- 
ler,  Rosier,  and  Vogler. 

Weitz'mann,  Carl  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin, 
Aug.  10,  1S0S  ;  d.  there  Nov.  7,  1880.  Pupil  of 
Henning  (violin)  and  Klein  (theory)  ;  later,  at 
Kassel,  of  Spohr  and  Hauptmann  ;  in  1S32, 
chorusmaster  and  violinist  in  the  Riga  theatre, 
and  founded  the  "  Liedertafel  "  with  Dorn  ;  in 
1836,  chorusmaster  at  Reval  ;  in  1836,  leader  of 
the  Imp.  orch.  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  mus.  dir. 
of  St.  Ann's  Church.  Studied  in  the  libraries 
of  Paris  and  London  1S46-8  ;  then  settled  in 
Berlin  as  a  teacher  of  composition.  Intimate 
friend  of  Liszt. — Works  :  The  operas  Rauber- 
liebe,  Walpurgisnackt,  and  Lorbeer  und  Bettel- 
stab  (all  at  Reval) ;  2  books  of  canonic  "  Rathsel  " 
f.  pf.  4  hands;  2  books  of  "  Contrapunct-Stu- 
dien"  f.  pf.;  1800  Preludes  and  Modulations  f. 
pf.  (Book  i,  "  Classic  "  ;  Book  ii,  "  Romantic  ")  ; 
3  books  of  "  Valses  nobles"  f.  pf . ;  sacred  songs 
f.  mixed  chorus  ;  several  sets  of  songs  f.  solo 
voice  w.  pf. ; — also  "Der  iibermassige  Drei- 
klang"  (1853)  ;  "Der  verminderte  Septimenac- 
cord "  (1S54)  ;  "  Geschichte  des  Septimenac- 
cords"  (1854);  "Geschichte  der  griechischen 
Musik  "  (1855)  ;  "  Geschichte  der  Harmonie  und 
ihrer  Lehre  "  (in  the  "  All  gem.  mus.  Zeitung," 
1S49)  ;  "  Harmoniesvstem  "  (i860  ;  won  a  prize  ; 
a  full  exposition  of  his  theories  may  be  found  in 


40 


62' 


WE  LC  K  E  R— W  E  NZ  E  L 


"  Bowman-Weitzmann's  Manual  of  Musical 
Theory"  \cf.  Bowman]);  "  Die  neue  Harmo- 
nielehre  im  Streit  mit  der  alten  "  ;  "  Geschichte 
des  Clavierspiels  und  der  Clavierlitteratur " 
(1863,  as  Part  iii  of  the  Lebert-Stark  pf. -method  ; 
2nd  ed.  printed  separately,  w.  added  "  History 
of  the  Pianoforte "  [Engl,  transl.  New  York, 
IS93]  !  3rd  German  ed.  Leipzig,  1899,  as  "  Ge- 
schichte der  Claviermusik,"  in  2  vol.s  :  Vol.  i 
edited  by  M.  Seiffert  [from  1450-1750]  ;  Vol.  ii, 
ed.  by  Prof.  O.  Fleischer,  has  a  "  History  of  the 
Pf."  as  a  Supplement);  "Der  letzte  der  Vir- 
tuosen  "  [Tausig]  ;  many  essays  in  various  mus. 
periodicals. 

Wel'cker  von  Gontershausen,  Heinrich, 
b.  Gontershausen,  Hesse,  1811  ;  d.  Darmstadt, 
June  15,  1873.  Court  pf. -maker  to  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Hesse. — Publ.  "Die  musikalischen 
Tonwerkzeuge  in  technischen  Zeichnungen  .  .  ." 
(w.  160  illustrations)  ;  "  Der  Fli'igel,  oder  die 
Beschaffenheit  des  Pianos  in  alien  Formen " 
(1S53  ;  augm.  ed.  1856) ;  "  Neueroffnetes  Maga- 
zin  musikalischer  Tonwerkzeuge,  dargestellt  in 
technischen  Zeichnungen.  .  ."  (1855);  "Der 
Rathgeber  fur  Ankauf,  Behandlung  und  Er- 
haltung  der  Pianoforte  "  (1857)  ;  "  Der  Klavier- 
bau  und  seine  Theorie,  Technik  und  Geschichte  " 
(4th  ed.  1870)  ;  "  Ueber  den  Bau  der  Saitenin- 
strumente  und  deren  Akustik,  nebst  Uebersicht 
der  Entstehung  und  Verbesserung  der  Orgel " 
(1S76). 

Weldon,  John,  b.  Chichester,  England,  Jan. 
19,  1676  ;  d.  London,  May  7,  1736.  Pupil  of 
John  Wilton,  at  Eton  College  ;  later  of  Purcell. 
In  1694,  organist  of  New  College,  Oxford  ;  Gen- 
tleman Extraordinary  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1701  ; 
succeeded  Blow  as  org.  of  the  Ch.  Royal,  1708  ; 
second  composer  to  do.,  1715  ;  organist  of  St. 
Bride's,  Fleet  St.,  and  (1726)  of  St.  Martin's-in- 
the-Fields.  A  few  anthems,  and  3  books  of 
songs,  were  publ.  ;  his  setting  of  Congreve's 
masque  The  Judg?nent  of  Paris  won  1st  prize 
in  1700. 

Wels,  Charles,  b.  Prague,  Aug.  24,  1825. 
Pupil  of  Tomaschek  ;  in  1S47,  court  pianist  in 
Poland  ;  in  1S49,  settled  in  New  York  as  a  con- 
cert-pianist and  teacher. — Works  :  Concert-over- 
ture and  suite  f.  orch. ;  3  masses,  op.  47,  111, 
167  ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  fantasias,  pieces,  transcrip- 
tions, and  arrangements,  f.  pf.,  2  or  4  hands; 
part-songs  ("  Stromfahrt,"  f.  male  quartet)  ; 
songs. 

Welsh,  Thomas,  b.  WTells,  Somerset,  1770; 
d.  Brighton,  Jan.  31,  1848.  English  bass  singer  ; 
chorister  in  Wells  Cath.,  and  pupil  of  J.  B. 
Cramer  and  Baumgarten.  London  debut  in 
opera,  1792  ;  eng.  for  oratorio  at  the  Haymarket, 
1796.  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal.  Noted 
teacher  of  singing  ;  publ.  "  Vocal  Instructor,  or 
the  Art  of  Singing  Exemplified  in  15  Lessons 
leading  to  40  Progr.  Exercises"  (1S25);  pf. -so- 
natas (1819) ;  glees,  duets,  and  part-songs  ;  prod, 
dramatic   pieces. — His   wife    and   pupil,  Mary 


Anne,  m'c  Wilson  [1802-1867],  was  a  noted 
soprano  singer  in  opera  and  concert  ;  debut  at 
Drury  Lane,  Jan.  iS,  1821,  in  Arne's^r/(Ui7.i,.v. 

Wenck,  August  Heinrich,  violinist,  pupil 
of  G.  Benda  ;  lived  in  Paris  (1786)  and  Amster- 
dam (1806).  Invented  (1798)  a  metronome, 
described  in  his  "  Beschreibung  eines  Chrono- 
meters .  .  .  "  ;  publ.  pf. -sonatas,  etc. 

Wen'delstein.     See  Cociilaus,  Johannes. 

Wen'dling,  Carl,  b.  Frankenthal,  Rhine 
Palatinate,  Nov.  14,  1857.  Tianist  ;  pupil  of 
the  Leipzig  Cons.;  has  made  a  specialty  of  the 
Janko  keyboard,  on  which  he  is  a  finished  per- 
former, and  the  technique  of  which  he  has  taught 
since  1887  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  Court  pianist 
to  the  Prince  of  Waldeck. 

Wendt,  Johann  Gottlieb  [Amadeus],  b. 
Leipzig,  Sept.  29,  17S3;  d.  as  prof,  of  philoso- 
phy at  GOttingen,  Oct.  15,  1836. —Publ.  "  Ros- 
sini's Leben  und  Arbeiten "  (Leipzig,  1824); 
"  Ueber  die  Plauptperioden  derschonen  Kunst  " 
(Leipzig,  i83i);and  essays  in  the  Leipzig  "  All- 
gem,  mus.  Zeitung." 

Wendt,  Eduard,  b.  Berlin,  1807  ;  d.  Mag- 
deburg, Dec.  23,  1S90.  Violinist,  and  excellent 
quartet-player  (publ. string-quartets);  from  1824- 
50  in  Magdeburg,  where  he  was  a  co-founder  of 
the  Tonkunstler-Verein  ;  thereafter  in  Berlin. 

Wendt,  Ernst  Adolf,  b.  Schwiebus,  Prus- 
sia, Jan.  6,  1S06  ;  d.  Neuwied,  Feb.  5,  1S50,  as 
teacher  at  the  Teacher's  Seminary.  Pupil  of 
Zelter,  Klein,  and  A.  W.  Bach,  at  Berlin. — 
Publ.  Vans  f.  pf.  and  orch. ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  a  4-hand 
pf. -sonata  ;  organ-pieces. 

Wen'zel,  Ernst  Ferdinand,  b.  Walddorf,  n. 
Lobau,  Jan.  24  (25?),  1808;  d.  Bad  Kosen, 
Aug.  16,  1SS0.  A  student  of  philosophy  at 
Leipzig  Univ.,  he  also  had  private  piano-lessons 
with  Fr.  Wieck,  became  the  fast  friend  of 
his  fellow-pupil  Schumann,  and  adopted  music 
,as  his  profession,  being  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik  "  during 
S.'s  editorship  (till  1844).  Also  an  intimate  of 
Mendelssohn's,  he  was  a  teacher  of  pf. -playing 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons,  from  its  foundation  in  1843 
until  his  death,  and  highly  distinguished  himself 
in  this  capacity  ;  the  majority  of  English-speak- 
ing students  there  were  in  his  classes,  or  had 
private  instruction  from  him. 

Wen'zel,  Leopold,  b.  Naples,  Jan.  23,  1847; 
pupil  of  the  Cons.  S.  Pietro  a  Majella,  leaving 
it  at  13,  travelling  as  a  violinist  to  Athens, 
Turkey,  Egypt,  and  France,  and  joining  Metra's 
orch.  at  Marseilles  in  1866  ;  became  cond.  of 
the  Alcazar  there  in  1S71,  later  of  the  Alcazar  at 
Paris.  In  1883  he  settled  in  London  ;  cond.  of 
the  orch.  at  the  Empire  Th.  since  18S9. — Works  : 
3-act  operetta  Le  chevalier  Mignon  (Paris,  1884); 
3-act  ballet  La  cour  a" Amour  (do.);  4-act  ballet 
Blondes  Ivresses  (Paris,  1887);  from  1889-93  he 
prod.  10  ballets  at  the  Empire  Th.  {Reve  de  For- 
huic,  Ce'cile,  LaPoupee,  Orphcc,  Brighton,  Nisita, 


626 


WERBECKE— WESLEY 


Versailles,  Tour  de  mile,  Catharina,  The  Girl 
I  left  behind  me)  ;  3-act  operetta,  TJElkve  du 
Conservatoire  (Paris,  1894);  ballet  Monte  Cristo 
(London,  1896);  also  many  songs. 

Wer'becke,  Gaspar  van.     See  Caspar. 

Werck'meister,  Andreas,  b.  Benecken- 
stein,  Nov.  30,  1645  ;  d.  Halberstadt,  Oct.  26, 
1706,  as  organist  from  1696  of  the  Martins- 
kirche. — Extant  comp.s  :  "  Musikalische  Privat- 
lust "  (1689  ;  violin-pieces  w.  continuo). — Writ- 
ings: "  Orgelprobe,  .  .  .  wie  man  die  Orgel- 
werke  von  den  Orgelmachern  annehmen  .  .  . 
konne"  (1681  ;  2nd  ed.  169S,  as  "  Erweiterte 
Orgelprobe";  often  republ.);  "  Musicae  mathe- 
maticae  hodegus  curiosus,  oder  richtiger  musi- 
kalischer  Wegweiser  "  (1687) ;  "  Der  edlen  Mu- 
sik-Kunst  Wtirde,  Gebrauch  und  Misbrauch  " 
(1691)  ;  "  Musikalische  Temperatur,  oder  deut- 
licher  und  wahrer  mathematischer  Unterricht, 
wie  man  durch  Anweisung  des  Monochordi  ein 
Clavier,  sonderlich  die  Orgelwerke,  Positive, 
Regale,  Spinetten  und  dergleichen  wohltemperirt 
stimmen  konne  "  (1691  ;  earliest  treatise  on  equal 
temperament)  ;  "  Hypomnemata  musica  oder 
musikalisch  Memorial  "  (1697);  "  Cribrum  musi- 
cum  oder  musikalisches  Sieb  "  (1700);  "  Har- 
monologia  musica,  oder  kurze  Anleitung  zur 
musikalischen  Composition  "  (1700);  "  Die  noth- 
wendigsten  Anmerkungen  und  Regeln,  wie  der 
Bassus  continuus  oder  Generalbass  wohl  konne 
tractirt  werden"  (169S  ;  2nd  ed.  1715)  ;  "  Or- 
ganum  Cruningense  redivivum,  oder  Beschrei- 
bung  des  in  der  Gruningischen  Schlosskirche 
beruhmten  Orgehverks  ..."  (1705)  ;  "  Musika- 
lische Paradoxaldiscurse,  oder  ungemeine  Vor- 
stellungen,  wie  die  Musik  einen  hohen  und  gott- 
lichen  Ursprung  habe  ..."  (1707). 

Wer'kenthin,  Albert,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  6, 
1842.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  von  Billow,  Weitzmann, 
Ulrich,  and  Stern.  Has  publ.  pf. -pieces,  songs, 
and  "  Die  Lehre  vom  Klavierspiel,  Lehrstoff 
und  Methode  "  (3  vol.s). 

Wer'mann,  Friedrich  Oskar,  b.  Neichen, 
n.  Trebsen,  Saxony,  Apr.  30,  1S40.  Pianist 
and  organist;  pupil  of  J.  Otto,  K.  Kragen,  Fr. 
Wieck,  and  Merkel  ;  later  of  Leipzig  Cons. 
(Hauptmann,  Richter,  Reinecke)  ;  became  mus. 
dir.  and  organist  at  Wesserling,  Alsatia,  later 
at  Neufchatel,  where  he  was  also  prof,  at  the 
Music-School  ;  in  1868,  teacher  at  the  R.  Semi- 
nary in  Dresden  ;  in  1876  he  succeeded  J.  Otto 
as  mus.  dir.  of  the  3  principal  evang.  churches, 
and  cantor  of  the  Kreuzschule. — Works  :  Re- 
formations-Cantate,  op.  35  ;  mass  a  8,  w.  soli, 
op.  60;  motets;  opera  Vineta ;  organ-sonata, 
op.  45  ;  do.  w.  'cello,  op.  58  ;  instructive  pf.- 
pieces  (24  easy  melod.  studies,  op.  6  ;  10  easy 
charact.  pieces,  op.  7  ;  6  do.,  op.  8  ;  3  "  Erin- 
nerungsblatter,"  op.  9)  ;  etc. 

Wer'neburg,  Johann  Friedrich  Christian, 

gymnasial  teacher  at  Kassel,  Gotha,  and  Wei- 
mar.— Publ.  pf.-sonatas  (1796);  and  an  "  All- 
gemeine  neue,  viel  einfachere  Musikschule  fiir 


jeden  Dilettanten  und  Musiker,  mit  einer  [simu- 
lated] Vorrede  von  J.  J.  Rousseau"  (1S12, 
adopting  Rousseau's  figure-notation). 

Wer'ner,  Gregor  Joseph,  b.  1695  ;  d. 
Eisenstadt,  Mar.  3,  1766  ;  was  Haydn's  pre- 
decessor as  Kapellm.  to  Prince  Esterhazy. — 
Publ.  "Sex  symphoniae  senaeque  sonatae  .  .  ." 
f.  2  violins  and  clavichord  ;  and  "  Neuer  .  .  . 
Instrumentalkalender,  parthien-weiss  mit  2  Vio- 
linen  und  Bass  in  die  12  Jahrmonathe  einge- 
theilet  "  ;  also  comp.  many  masses,  oratorios,  etc. 

Wer'ner,  Johann  Gottlob,  b.  Grossenhain, 
!777  !  d.  Merseburg,  July  19,  1822,  as  cathe- 
dral-organist and  mus.  dir.  An  organ-pupil  of 
Hoffman,  and  an  excellent  teacher.  —  Publ.  an 
"  Orgelschule  "  (1805;  Part  ii  as  "Lehrbucb, 
das  Orgelwerk  kennen,  etc.,  zu  lernen  "  1823; 
both  often  republ.) ;  "  Musikalisches  ABC" 
for  beginners  on  the  pf.  (1806  ;  often  republ.)  ; 
"  Choralbuch  zum  hollandischen  Psalm-  und 
Gesangbuch "  (1S14)  ;  "Choralbuch  zu  den 
neuern  sachsischen  Gesangbtichern  "  (Leipzig)  ; 
"  Versuch  einer  kurzen  und  deutlichen  Dar- 
stellung  der  Harmonielehre  "  (2  parts,  1S1S,  '19)  ; 
coll.s  of  chorals  ;  many  choral-preludes  ;  40  or- 
gan-pieces for  beginners  ;  etc. 

Wer'ner,  Josef,  b.  Wi'irzburg,  June  25,  1837. 
Violoncellist  ;  studied  in  the  Cons,  there,  joined 
the  Munich  court  orch.,  and  became  a  teacher 
in  the  Munich  School  of  Music.  Has  publ.  a 
method  f.  'cello,  a  quartet  f.  4  'celli,  Elegie  f. 
'cello,  duos  f.  'celli,  and  various  solo  pieces  f. 
'cello. 

Werstow'ski,  Alexei  Nikolajevitch,  b. 
Moscow,  Feb.  iS,  1799;  d.  there  Nov.  17,  1862. 
State  councillor  and  theatre-inspector  at  Mos- 
cow. Comp.  7  operas  :  Askold's  Grave  (very 
successful),  Pan  Tvardovshi,  etc. 

Wert,  Jacob  van,  famous  Flemish  contra- 
puntist ;  b.  1536;  d.  Mantua,  May  23,  1596. 
Went  to  Italy  when  a  youth  ;  succeeded  Con- 
tinuo as  maestro  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua  about 
1566  ;  was  zdce-maestro  at  Novellara,  1568-74  ; 
then  maestro  at  the  church  of  Santa  Barbara, 
Mantua.  Very  prolific  composer.  —  Extant 
works  :  11  books  of  madrigals  a  5,  one  a  4,  and 
one  a  5-6  ;  1  book  of  canzonets  ;  3  of  motets  a 
5-6  ;  publ.  from  155S-1633,  and  often  reprinted. 

Wery,  Nicolas-Lambert,  b.  Fluy,  n.  Liege, 
May  9,  1789;  d.  Bande,  Luxemburg,  Oct.  6, 
1867.  In  Paris  1822-3  as  cond.  at  "  Vauxhall  " 
(amateur  concerts)  ;  from  1823-60,  solo  violin  in 
the  royal  orch.,  Brussels,  and  teacher  of  violin- 
playing  at  the  Cons. 

Wesembeck.     See  Burbure  de  W. 

Wesley,  Charles,  b.  Bristol,  England,  Dec. 
11,  1757;  d.  London,  May  23,  1834.  Teacher 
in  London  ;  organist  of  St.  George's,  Hanover 
Square  ;  organist  in  ordinary  to  George  IV. 
—  Publ.  "  A  Set  of  Eight  Songs"  (I7S4)  ;  "A 
Set  of  Six  Concertos  for  the  Organ  or  Harpsi- 
chord "  ;  anthems  ;  hymns. 


627 


WESLEY— WESTPHAL 


Wesley,  Samuel,  b.  Bristol,  England,  Feb. 
24,  1766;  d.  London,  Oct.  11,  1837.  Pupil  of 
his  brother  Charles,  and  became  the  foremost 
English  organist  of  his  time.  Deputy  org.  at 
the  Abbey  Church,  Bath  ;  from  1824,  org.  of 
Camden  Chapel,  London.  He  is  especially 
noteworthy  as  a  warm  admirer  of  J.  S.  Bach, 
and  the  first  to  make  his  works  known  in  Eng- 
land. Biography  in  W.  Winters's  "Account 
.  .  of  the  Wesley  Family  "  (London,  1874)  ; 
also  cf.  "  Letters  of  S.  W.  to  Mr.  Jacobs,  relat- 
ing to  the  introduction  into  this  country  of  the 
works  of  Bach  "  (London,  1878). — For  pf. 
(harpsichord)  he  publ.  "  8  Harpsichord  Les- 
sons" (1777)  ;  11  sonatas;  2  sonatinas  ;  16  ron- 
dos ;  4  marches  ;  a  trio  f.  3  pf.s  ;  a  Polacca  ;  a 
Grand  Fugue  ;  7  sets  of  Variations  ;  4  waltzes, 
etc.  ;  also  comp.  a  Church  Service  in  F  ;  nu- 
merous anthems,  motets,  and  hymns  ;  fugues 
and  voluntaries  f.  organ  ;  many  glees,  choruses, 
and  songs  ;  4  symphonies,  3  overtures,  11  organ- 
concertos  ;  etc. 

Wesley,  Samuel  Sebastian,  son  of  pre- 
ceding ;  distinguished  organist  and  composer  ; 
b.  London,  Aug.  14,  1S10  ;  d.  Gloucester,  Apr. 
19,  1876.  Held  several  appointments  as  organ- 
ist in  London  churches  ;  then  at  Hereford  Cath., 
1832;  Exeter  Cath.,  1835;  Leeds  Parish  Ch., 
1842  ;  Winchester  Cath. ,  1 849 ;  Gloucester  Cath. , 
1865.  Mus.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc,  Oxon.,  1839. 
— Works  :  4  Church  Services  ;  many  anthems  ; 
glees,  songs,  and  part-songs  ;  exercises  and  pieces 
f.  organ;  also  "  A  Few  Words  on  Cathedral 
Music  and  the  Mus.  System  of  the  Church,  with 
'a  Plan  of  Reform  "  (1849). 

Wes'selack,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Sattelpeile- 
stein,  Upper  Palatinate,  Dec.  12,  1S28  ;  d.  Ratis- 
bon,  Dec.  12,  1866,  as  Mettenleiter's  successor 
as  regens  chori  and  Inspector  of  Seminaries. 
Edited  Vol.  ivof  Proske's  "  Musicadivina,"  with 
biogr.  sketch  of  Proske. 

Wes'sely,  Johann,  b.  Frauenburg,  Bohemia, 
June  24  (27?),  1762;  d.  Ballenstedt,  1814,  as 
violinist  in  the  orch. — Works  :  2  comic  operas  ; 
14  string-quartets  ;  3  string-trios  ;  3  quartets  f. 
clar.  and  strings  ;  10  var.s  f.  horn  and  violin  w. 
orch.;  6  do.  f.  clar.  w.  orch.;  etc. 

Wes'sely,  (Carl)  Bernhard,  b.  Berlin,  Sept. 
1,  1768;  d.  Potsdam,  July  11,  1826.  Pupil  of 
J.  A.  P.  Schulz  ;  in  1788,  mus.  dir.  at  the  Na- 
tional-Theater ;  in  1796,  Kapellm.  at  Rheinsbeck 
to  Prince  Heinrich  of  Prussia,  after  whose  death 
he  entered  the  government  service  at  Berlin,  then 
at  Potsdam,  where  he  organized  in  1814  a  society 
for  classical  music. — Prod.  4  operas  ;  wrote  music 
to  ballets  and  dramas  ;  numerous  "occasional" 
cantatas  ;  3  string-quartets  ;  songs.  Also  con- 
tributed to  the  "  Archiv  der  Zeit  "  and  the  "  All- 
gem,  mus.  Zeitung." 

West,  John  Ebenezer,  b.  South  Hackney, 
London,  Dec.  7,  1863.  Concert-organist  and 
pianist  ;    pupil   of   Dr.    Bridge    (org.)   and    E. 


Prout  (comp.)  at  the  R.  A.  M.;  from  1884-91, 
org.  and  choirm.  at  St.  Mary's,  Berkeley  Square  ; 
since  1891,  at  S.  Hackney  Parish  Ch. — Works  : 
2  cantatas,  The  Healing  of  the  Canaanite's 
Daughter  (1S82)  and  Seed-time  ami  Harvest 
(1892)  ;  Psalm  130  (1891)  ;  Evening  Services  in 
Eb  and  A  ;  Te  Deum  in  Bb  ;  anthems,  part- 
songs,  songs  ; — incid.  music  and  overture  to 
Longfellow's  "  King  Robert  of  Sicily  "  ;  march 
f.  orch.,  "Victoria,  our  Queen";  organ-music 
(sonata  ;  fugue  ;  march  ;  postlude  ;  etc.). 

Westbrook,  William  Joseph,  b.  London, 
Jan.  1,  1831  ;  d.  Sydenham,  Mar.  24,  1S94. 
Org.  of  several  churches  ;  1865-78,  cond.  of  the 
S.  Norwood  Mus.  Soc. ;  Mus.  Bac,  Cantab., 
1S7C)  ;  Mus.  Doc,  1878.  In  1862,  with  Ham- 
mond and  Crowdy,  he  founded  the  "  Musical 
Standard." — Works:  Oratorio  Jesus  (1S77)  ; 
cantata  The  Lord  is  my  Shepherd(i'6p]z));  services, 
anthems,  part-songs,  trios,  songs  ;  sonatas  and 
voluntaries  f.  organ  ;  several  text-books  on  the 
organ,  etc;  transl.  the  violin-methods  of  Alard, 
Dancla,  and  de  Beriot. 

Westlake,  Frederick,  b.  Romsey,  Hamp- 
shire, Feb.  25,  1840  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  12,  1898. 
St.  at  the  R.A.M.  1855-62  under  W.  Macfarren 
(pf.),  and  G.  A.  Macfarren  (harm.)  ;  was  app. 
sub-prof,  of  pf.  in  1862,  and  full  prof,  in  1863. 
— Works  :  Several  masses,  a  Duo  concertante  f. 
pf.  and  'cello,  a  prelude  and  fugue  f.  organ,  9 
Episodes  f.  pf.,  a  pf. -fugue,  hymns,  part-songs, 
songs,  etc. 

West'meyer,  Wilhelm,  b.  Iburg,  n.  Osna- 
bri'ick,  Feb.  11,  1832  ;  d.  Bonn,  Sept.  4,  1SS0. 
Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  of  Lobe  (in  dram, 
comp.  and  instrumentation).  Prod,  the  success- 
ful operas  Amanda,  odor  Grafin  und  Bauerin 
(Koburg,  1856),  and  Der  Wall  bei  Hermann- 
stadt  (Leipzig,  1859);  a  "  Kaiser-Ouverti'ire " 
perf.  annually  on  the  birthday  of  the  Emperor 
of  Austria  (Aug.  18)  ;  an  octet  for  wind  and 
strings  ;  symphonies  ;  quartets  ;  songs. 

Westmoreland,  John  Fane,  Earl  of  [previ- 
ously Lord  Burghersh],  b.  London,  P'eb.  3, 
17S4  ;  d.  Apthorpe  House,  Oct.  16,  1859.  After 
passing  through  the  Spanish  campaign,  he 
studied  composition  at  Lisbon  1S09-12  under 
Portugal,  then  fought  in  the  Prussian  army, 
became  British  Envoy  at  Florence,  and  from 
i84i-5iwas  British  Minister  at  Berlin.  Founded 
the  R.A.M.  in  1S22. — Works:  7  Italian  operas 
forFlorence and  London:  Bajazct,  1821  ;  L'Eroe 
di  Lancastre,  1826  ;  Lo  scontpiglio  teatrale,  1836 
[publ.  1S46]  ;  Catarina,  1830  [in  English  as 
Catherine,  the  Austrian  Captive]  ;  Fedra,  1S28 
[publ.  Berlin,  1848]  ;  //  Torneo,  1826  ;  //  ratio 
di  Proserpina,  1845  ; — also  3  symphonies  ;  string- 
quartets  ;  pf  .-pieces ; — Cathedral  Service ;  solemn 
mass  ;  Requiem  ;  6  cantatas,  by  Metastasio,  f. 
solo  voice  and  pf.  (1S31)  ;  madrigals,  glees, 
songs,  canzonets,  etc. 

West'phal,  Rudolf  (Georg  Hermann),  b. 
Oberkirchen,  Lippe-Schaumburg,  July  3,  1826  ; 


628 


WETZLER— WICHMANN 


d.  Stadthagen,  July  II,  1S92.  Philologian  ; 
student  at  Marburg,  qualified  as  lecturer  at 
Tubingen,  from  185S-62  was  prof,  extraordinary- 
at  Breslau,  taught  in  Jena,  Livland,  and  Moscow, 
and  after  1880  lived  in  Leipzig,  Biickeburg,  and 
Stadthagen.  His  exposition  of  Greek  rhythms 
and  metres  is  clear  and  systematic  ;  in  his  treat- 
ment of  Greek  music  he  is  less  happy,  conclud- 
ing that  the  Greeks  employed  polyphony.  He 
is  opinionatedand  aggressive. — Works  :  "  Metrik 
der  griechischen  Dramatiker  und  Lyriker  "  (w. 
Rossbach  ;  3  vol.s,  1S54-65  ;  2nd  ed.  1868  ; 
3rd  ed.  as  "  Theorie  der  musischen  Kiinste  der 
Hellenen,"  18S5)  ;  "  Die  Fragmente  und  Lehr- 
satze  der  griechischen  Rhythmiker"  (1861)  ; 
"  System  der  antiken  Rhythmik  "  (1865) ;  "  Ge- 
schichte  der  alten  und  mittelalterlichen  Musik  " 
(1865  ;  unfinished  ;  includes  "  Plutarch  iiber  die 
Musik,"  1864)  ;  "  Theorie  derneuhochdeutschen 
Metrik  "  (1870  ;  2nd  ed.  1S77)  ;  "  Die  Elemente 
des  musikalischen  Rhythmus  mit  Ri'icksicht  auf 
unsre  Opernmusik  "  (1872)  ;  "  Allgemeine 
Theorie  der  musikalischen  Rhythmik  seit  J.  S. 
Bach"  (1S80)  ;  "Die  Musik  des  griechischen 
Alterthums  "  (18S3)  ;  "Allgemeine  Metrik  der 
indo-germanischen  und  semitischen  Volker  auf 
Grundlage  der  vergleichenden  Sprachwissen- 
schaft  "  (1S92  ;  with  addendum  by  R.  Kruse, 
"  Der  griechische  Hexameter  in  der  deutschen 
Nachdichtung  ")  ;  and  "  Die  Melik  und  Rhyth- 
mik des  griechischen  Alterthums"  (1893;  3 
vol.s). 

WetzTer,  Hermann  Hans,  b.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  Sept.  S,  1S70.  Pupil  1885-92  of  Frau 
Schumann  (pf.),  B.  Scholz  (comp.),  Ivan  Knorr 
(cpt.),  H.  Heermann  (vln.),  and  Humperdinck 
(orchestration).  Settled  in  New  York  in  1893 
as  a  teacher,  pianist,  and  organist  ;  is  asst.  -or- 
ganist at  Trinity  Ch. — Works  :  Ancient  Engl, 
ballad,  "  The  Fairye  Queen  "  (publ.) ;  concert- 
overture  (played  by  Thomas  Orch.,  Chicago). 

Wey'se,  Christoph  Ernst  Friedrich,  b. 
Altona,  Mar.  5,  1774  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Oct.  8, 
1842.  Pupil  of  his  grandfather,  a  cantor,  and 
of  J.  A.  P.  Schulz  at  Copenhagen.  Prod,  sev- 
eral operas  in  Copenhagen  ;  a  symphony,  over- 
tures, pf. -sonatas,  pf. -etudes  ;  many  sacred  and 
secular  cantatas. 

Whist/ling,  Carl  Friedrich,  bookseller  in 
Leipzig.  In  1S17  he  publ.  Vol.  i  of  the  "  Hand- 
buch  der  musikalischen  Litteratur,"  continued 
later  by  Fr.  Ilofmeister  and  A.  Rothing. 

White,  John,  b.  W.  Springfield,  Mass.,  Mar. 
12,  1855.  Pupil  i86i-3of  Dudley  Buck  ;  then, 
in  Berlin,  of  Aug.  Haupt  (org.  and  cpt.).  Or- 
ganist of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  New  York,  for  3 
years  ;  then  studied  comp.  with  Rheinberger  at 
Munich,  gave  organ-concerts  in  various  German 
cities,  was  organist  and  choirm.  1SS7-96  of  the 
Ch.  of  the  Ascension,  New  York,  and  since  that 
time  has  lived  in  Munich,  studying  and  compos- 
ing.— Publ.  works  :  Missa  solemnis  ;  O  salu- 
taris  ;  Adorate  devoto  ;  Ave  verum,  Magnificat  ; 
Nunc  dimittis  ;  etc. 


White,  Maude  Valerie,  b.  Dieppe,  of  Eng- 
lish parents,  June  23,  1S55.  Pupil  of  O.  May 
and  W.  S.  Rockstro  ;  entered  R.  A.  M.  in  1876, 
was  elected  Mendelssohn  Scholar  in  1S79,  and 
completed  her  studies  in  Vienna.  Now  (1899) 
living  in  London. — Works  :  Mass(i88S) ;  "  Pic- 
tures from  Abroad,"  14  pf. -pieces  ;  Scherzetto  f. 
pf. ;  "  Naissance  d'amour,"  f.  pf.  and  'cello; 
other  pf. -music  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Whiting,  George  Elbridge,  b.  Holliston, 
Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1S42.  Organist;  played  at 
Worcester  when  13  ;  in  1858  succeeded  D.  Buck 
as  org.  of  the  North  Congr.  Ch.,  Hartford, 
Conn.,  where  he  founded  the  Beethoven  Soc. 
Went  to  Boston  in  1862  as  org.  in  various 
churches  ;  studied  with  G.  W.  Morgan,  New 
York,  and  Best,  Liverpool  ;  was  org.  in  Albany 
and  Boston  (King's  Chapel  and  Music  Hall), 
studied  with  Hauptand  Radecke  inBerlin,  taught 
at  the  New  England  Cons.,  Boston,  till  1S79, 
then  at  the  Cincinnati  Coll.  of  Music  till  1882, 
since  then  at  the  New  Engl.  Cons. — Works  :  2 
orch.l  masses  w.  organ  (1872)  ;  Te  Deum  ;  Ves- 
per services  ;  the  cantatas  Tale  of  tin-  Viking, 
Dream  Pictures,  Lenore,  March  of  the  Monks  of 
Bangor ;  Midnight  Cantata,  f.  soli  and  pf. ; 
Free  Lances,  f.  male  ch.  and  military  band  ; 
Henry  of  Navarre,  ballade  f.  male  ch.  and  orch. ; 
symphony  and  suite f.  orch.;  pf. -concerto  ;  suite 
f.  'cello  and  orch.;  suite  f.  'cello  and  pf. ;  many 
pieces  f.  organ  and  pf. ;  songs  ; — "  The  Organ- 
ist "(Boston,  1870);  and  "The  First  6  Months 
on  the  Organ"  (1871). 

Whiting,  Arthur  Battelle,  b.  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  20,  1861.  Pf.-pupil  of  W.  H.Sher- 
wood ;  pianistic  debut  Mechanics'  Hall,  Boston, 
1880 ;  studied  with  Chadwick  and  J.  C.  D. 
Parker  ;  then  in  Munich  Music-School  under 
Rheinberger.  Lived  for  some  years  in  Boston  ; 
at  present  (1S99)  in  New  York  as  teacher  of  pf. 
and  comp. — Publ.:  Many  pf. -pieces  (Bagatelle  ; 
Fantasy  w.  orch.;  Concert-etude;  Valse-Caprice; 
etc.);  church-service  in  A  ;  anthems  ;  songs  ;  or- 
gan-music.— In  MS.  Concert-overture  f.  orch., 
pf. -concerto,  pf.-trio,  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin, 
etc. 

Whitney,  Samuel  Brenton,  b.  Woodstock, 
Vermont,  June  4,  1842.  Organist  ;  pupil  of 
Chas.  Wels  in  New  York,  and  J.  K.  Paine  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  where  he  was  organist  at  Ap- 
pleton  Chapel  ;  since  1871,  organist  and  choir- 
director  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Advent,  Boston.  Or- 
ganizer and  cond.  of  many  church-choir  festivals; 
prof,  of  organ -playing,  and  lecturer,  at  the  Bos- 
ton Univ.  and  the  New  Engl.  Cons.;  excellent 
Bach-player. — Works  :  Anthems  and  songs  ;  a 
pf.-trio  ;  sonatas  and  transcr.s  f.  organ  ;  pf.- 
music. 

Wich'mann,  Hermann,  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  24, 
1S24.  Studied  at  the  R.  Akademie  ;  also  under 
Taubert,  Mendelssohn,  and  Spohr  ;  from  1857 
for  a  short  time  cond.  of  the  Bielefeld  Mus.  Soc. ; 
settled   later  in    Berlin. — Works:    Symphonies; 


WICHTL— WIECK 


quartets;  trios;  sonatas  f.  pf.,  and  f.  pf.  and 
violin  ;  psalms  and  songs  ;  also  "  Gesammelte 
Aufsatze"  (2  vol.s:   1884,  '87). 

Wichtl,  Georg,  b.  Trostberg,  Bavaria,  Feb. 
2,  1805;  d.  Bunzlau,  Silesia,  June  3,  1877.  Vio- 
linist, studied  at  Munich,  and  played  in  the 
orch.  of  the  Isarthal  Th.;  in  1S26  he  joined  the 
orch.  of  Prince  of  Hohenzollern-Hechingen  at 
Lowenberg,  Silesia,  as  1st  violin  ;  from  1852,  R. 
Mus.  Dir.  and  2nd  Kapellm.  there  ;  lived  on 
pension  at  Breslau,  1S70-6,  then  at  Bunzlau. — 
Works  :  An  opera,  a  melodrama,  and  an  orato- 
rio ;  a  mass  ;  songs  ;  symphonies  and  overtures  ; 
a  string-quartet  ;  violin-concertos  ;  many  instruc- 
tive pieces  for  violin  ;  etc. 

Wick'ede,  Friedrich  von,  b.  Domitz-on- 
Elbe,  July  2S,  1834.  Army-officer,  then  post- 
office  official  ;  music-pupil  of  J.  Vieth  (a  pupil 
of  Fr.  Schneider).  Living  in  Leipzigsince  1872, 
later  in  Munich,  employing  his  leisure  for  com- 
position.— Works  :  Opera  Ingo ;  funeral-march 
for  Emperor  Wilhelm  I.;  overture  "  Per  aspera 
ad  astra"  (1S75)  ;  pf.-pieces ;  songs  (highly 
praised). 

Wid'mann,  Erasmus,  poet-laureate  and 
Kapellm.  to  Graf  llohenlohe  at  Weikersheim. 
—  Publ.  "  Teutsche  Gesanglein  "  a  4  (1607); 
"  Musikalische  Kurtzweil  newer  teutscher  Ge- 
sanglein, Tantz  und  Curranten  "  (1611) ;  "  Mu- 
sikalischer  Tugendspiegel  mit  schonen  histori- 
schen  und  politischen  Texten  a  5  [ad  lib.  4] 
(1614)  ;  motets  a  3-8(1619)  ;  "Musikalischer  Stu- 
dentenmuth "  (7  4-5  (1622)  ;  antiphones,  re- 
sponses, hymns,  etc.  (1627)  ;  "  Musikalische 
Kurtzweil  in  Ganzonen,  Intraden,  Balletten, 
etc."  «4~5   (2  books  ;   1618,  '23). 

Wid'mann,  Benedict,  b.  Braunlingeh,  n. 
Donaueschingen,  Mar.  5,  1820.  Rector  at  Frank- 
fort.— Publ.  "  Formenlehre  der  Instrumental- 
musik  "  (1S62) ;  "  Catechismus  der  allgemeinen 
Musiklehre  "  ;  "  Grundzi'ige  der  musikalischen 
Klanglehre "  (1863);  "  Praktischer  Lehrgang 
fi'ir  einen  rationellen  Gesangunterricht "  ; 
"  I  landbi'ichlein  der  Harmonie-,  Melodic-  und 
Formenlehre"  (4th  ed.  1S80)  ;  "  Generallbass- 
Ubungen  "  (1S72). 

Wid'mann,  Joseph  Victor,  b.  Nennowitz, 
Moravia,  Feb.  20,  1842;  came  as  a  child  (1845) 
to  Switzerland  ;  is  a  distinguished  poet  and 
dramatist,  since  1880  literary  editor  of  the  Ber- 
nese "  Bund  "  ;  wrote  the  libretto  of  Goetz's 
opera  Der  Wider spenstigen  Zahmung,  and 
others;  also  "Johannes  Brahms  in  Erinne- 
rungen  "  (Berlin,  1S98). 

Widor,  Charles  (-Marie),  distinguished  or- 
ganist and  composer  ;  b.  Lyons,  Feb.  22,  1845. 
His  father,  an  Alsatian  of  Hungarian  descent, 
was  organist  at  the  church  of  St. -Francois,  Lyons; 
as  a  boy,  W.  was  a  skilful  improviser  on  the 
organ,  and  studied  later  at  Brussels  under  Lem- 
mens  (organ)  and  Fetis  (comp.)  ;  became  organist 
at  St. -Francois,  Lyons,  in  i860,  gained  high 
repute  by  concerts  there  and  in  other  cities,  and 


since  1869  has  been  organist  at  St.-Sulpice,  Paris. 
In  1S90  he  succeeded  Cesar  Franck  as  prof,  of 
organ-playing  at  the 
Paris  Cons.;  in  1896 
he  replaced  Dubois 
as  prof,  of  cpt., 
fugue,  and  comp. 
For  many  years  mus. 
critic  for  the  paper 
"  l'Estafette  "  (pen- 
name  "  Aule'tes")  ; 
also  director  and 
cond.  of  the  society 
"La  Concordia." 
For  the  stage  he  has 
written  the  2-act 
ballet  La  Korrigane 
(Opera,  Dec.  1,  18S0; 
99th  performance  Mar.  30,  1896)  ;  music  to  the 
play  Conte  d'Avril  (Odeon,  18S5)  ;  do.  to  Les 
Jacobites  (Odeon,  1885)  ;  the  4-act  lyric  drama 
Maitre  Ambros  (Op. -Com.,  May  6,  1896)  ;  the 
3-act  pantomime  Jeanne  d'Arc  (iSqo)\  the  opera 
Les  Marins,  w.  H.  Cain  (in  preparation)  ;  opera 
Les  Pechenrs  de  St. -Jean  (not  perf.)  ; — further, 
a  mass  f.  2  choirs  and  2  organs  ;  Psalm  112  f. 
ch.,  orch.,  and  organ;  2  motets  a  5  ;  an  Ave 
Maria  ;  2  O  salutaris,  one  f.  baritone,  the 
other  f.  tenor  w.  'cello  and  organ  ;  "  La  nuit 
de  Walpurgis,"  f.  chorus  and  orch.  (which  he 
conducted  in  1888  at  a  London  Philharm.  Con- 
cert) ;  2  symphonies,  a  "  Choral,"  a  Suite  espa- 
gnole,  a  Serenade,  a  "  Nuit  de  Sabbat,"  etc.,  f. 
orch. ;  many  highly  interesting  and  original  or- 
gan-works (Symphonie  gotique,  and  9  other 
"Symphonies"  [sonatas]);  a  pf. -concerto (op.  39); 
a  violin-concerto  ;  a  'cello-concerto  ;  a  pf. -quin- 
tet, op.  7  ;  a  pf.-trio,  op.  19  ;  a  pf.-quartet  ;  3 
little  trios  f.  pf.,  violin,  and  'cello  ;  a  sonata  f. 
do.;  a  Fantaisie  f.  pf.  and  orch.;  a  Romance  f. 
pf.  and  violin  ;  a  Suite  f.  flute  and  pf . ;  much 
pf. -music  ;  part-songs,  duets,  songs,  etc. 

Wieck,  Friedrich,  b.  Pretzsch,  n.  Torgau, 
Aug.  18,  1785  ;  d.  Loschwitz,  n.  Dresden,  Oct. 
6,  1873.  Studied  theology  at  Wittenberg,  but 
became  a  private  tutor  in  order  to  obtain  leisure 
for  musical  study  ;  establ.  a  pf. -factory  and  a 
mus.  circulating  library  at  Leipzig,  but  gave  up 
both  to  devote  himself  to  teaching  the  piano,  in 
which  profession  he  had  extraordinary  success 
(among  his  pupils  were  his  daughters  Clara  and 
Marie,  also  R.  Schumann,  PL  von  Biilow,  Anton 
Krause,  Fritz  Spindler,  I.  Seiss,  B.  Rollfuss, 
and  G.  Merkel).  He  removed  to  Dresden  in 
1840,  studied  Mieksch's  singing-method,  and 
taught  singing  also.  Besides  2  books  of  pf.- 
studies,  he  publ.  "  Clavier  and  Gesang  "  (1853), 
and  "Musikalische  Bauernsprliche "  (2nd  ed. 
1876,  by  Marie  Wieck). — Biography  by  A.  von 
Meichsner,  "  Fr.  W.  und  seine  Tochter  Clara 
und  Marie"  (1875),  and  by  A.  Kohut,  "  Fr. 
W."  (1S87). —  His  daughter  Clara  married  R. 
Schumann  [see  Schumann]. — Another  daugh- 
ter, Marie,  b.  Leipzig,  Jan.  17,  1835,  played  in 


630 


WIEDEMANN— WIHTOL 


public  at  S,  and  was  app.  court  pianist  to  the 
Prince  of  Hohenzollern  in  1858  ;  made  concert- 
tours  to  Sweden  and  London  ;  and  establ.  a 
school  for  pf. -playing  in  Dresden. — His  son 
Alwin,  b.  Leipzig,  Aug.  27,  182 1  ;  d.  there 
Oct.  21,  18S5.  Violinist,  pupil  of  David  ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Italian  Opera  orch.  at  St.  Petersburg 
1849-59;  later  teacher  of  pf.  at  Dresden. — Publ. 
"  Materialien  zu  Fr.  Wiecks  Pianoforteme- 
thodik"  (1875). 

Wie'demann,  Ernst  Johann,  b.  Hohen- 
giersdorf,  Silesia,  Mar.  28,  1797;  d.  Potsdam, 
Dec.  7,  1873,  as  singing-teacher  to  the  cadets. 
Organist  1818-52  of  the  R.  C.  Church  ;  founder 
and  cond.  of  2  singing-societies.  Comp.  masses, 
a  Te  Deum,  hymns,  etc. 

Wie'derkehr,  Jacob  Christian  Michael,  b. 
Strassburg,  Apr.  28,  1739;  d.  Paris,  April,  1S23. 
From  1783  in  Paris  ;  'cellist  at  the  Concerts 
spirituels,  bassoonist  at  the  Th.-Lyrique,  trom- 
bonist at  the  Opera  ;  from  1795-1S02,  singing- 
teacher  at  the  Cons. — Works:  12  concertantes  f. 
wind  ;  2  quintets  and  10  quartets  f.  strings  ;  6 
quintets  f.  pf.  and  wind  ;  6  pf. -trios  ;  6  violin- 
sonatas  ;  etc. 

Wie'gand,  Josef  Anton  Heinrich,  dramatic 
bass  ;  b.  Frankisch-Crumbach  in  the  Odenwald, 
Sept.  9,  1S42;  d.  Frankfort,  May  28,  1899. 
While  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits  in  Paris, 
he  had  private  vocal  lessons,  and  in  1S70  joined 
the  opera  at  Zurich  ;  then  sang  in  Cologne,  and 
from  1873-7  was  leading  bass  at  Frankfort,  tour- 
ing America  in  the  latter  year  with  the  Adams- 
Pappenheim  troupe.  At  Leipzig  1S7S-S2;  at 
the  Vienna  Court  Opera,  1S82-4;  then  eng.  at 
Hamburg.  At  Bayreuth  in  18S6  he  sang  the 
roles  of  Gurnemanz  and  Konig  IWarke;  also 
appeared  in  the  Nibelung  cycle  at  Berlin,  1881, 
and  London,  1S82. 

Wielhor'ski.     See  Wilhorski. 

Wieniaw'ski  [vya-ne-ahv'-ske] ,  Henri,  dis- 
tinguished violinist;  b.  Lublin,  Poland,  July  10, 
1S35  ;  d.  Moscow, 
Mar.  31,  1SS0.  At 
the  age  of  S  he 
entered  Clavel's 
class  in  the  Paris 
Cons.,  and  the 
advanced  class  of 
Massart  in  1844, 
winning  1st  prize  for 
violin-playing  in 
1846.  He  gave  his 
first  concerts  at  St. 
Petersburg  and 
Moscow  in  1848,  and 
from  1 849-50  studied 
harmony  at  the  Paris  Cons,  under  Colet.  He 
then  began  a  series  of  concert-tours  with  his 
brother  Joseph,  the  pianist,  through  Poland, 
Russia,  Germany,  Scandinavia,  Belgium,  Hol- 
land, England,  etc.;  in  i860  he  was  named  solo 
violinist  to  the  Czar,  living  chiefly  in  St.  Peters- 


burg until  1872,  and  teaching  at  the  Cons,  there 
1862-7.  With  Anton  Rubinstein  he  toured  the 
United  States  in  1872,  then  extending  his  travels 
alone  to  California;  in  1874  he  succeeded  Vieux- 
temps  as  prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the  Brussels 
Cons.,  resigning  in  1877,  and  continuing  his 
tours,  with  rapidly  failing  health,  until  death. 
He  composed  2  concertos,  some  fantasias,  pieces 
de  salon,  and  studies. — His  brother, 

Wieniaw'ski,  Joseph,  famous  pianist ;  b. 
Lublin,  May  23,  1S37;  entered  the  Paris  Cons. 
in  1S47,  studying  under  Zimmerman,  Mar- 
montel,  and  Alkan  (pf.),  and  Le  Couppey 
(comp.);  in  1850  he  went  on  tour  with  his 
brother,  Henri  ;  studied  with  Liszt  at  Weimar 
in  1S55-6,  then  taking  a  course  in  theory  under 
Marx  at  Berlin,  and  returning  to  Paris  in  1857. 
In  1S66  he  settled  in  Moscow  as  a  teacher  at  the 
Cons.;  but  soon  established  a  pf. -school  of  his 
own,  which  flourished.  He  went  to  Warsaw 
later;  and  finally  settled  in  Brussels,  teaching  in 
the  Cons.  On  very  numerous  concert-tours 
throughout  Europe,  he  has  won  fame  rivalling 
that  of  his  gifted  brother. — Works:  2  overtures; 
Suite  romantique  f.  orch.;  pf. -concerto  in  G 
min.,  op.  20;  string-quartet;  pf.-trio,  op.  40; 
Grand  duo  polonais  f.  pf.  and  violin;  sonata  f. 
do.,  op.  24;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  26; 
Fantasia  f.  2  pf.s,  op.  42;  Polonaises  (op.  13,  21, 
27,  4S);  Waltzes  (op.  3,  7,  18,  30,  46);  Mazurkas, 
op.  23 ;  Fantaisie  et  fugue,  op.  25 ;  Idylles, 
morceaux  de  concert,  etc. ; — a  Romance-Etude, 
op.  10;  Etudes  de  concert,  op.  33,  36;  24  etudes, 
op.  44;  etc. 

Wie'precht,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Asch- 
ersleben,  Aug.  8,  1S02;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  4,  1872. 
He  studied  in  Dresden  and  Leipzig,  where  he 
was  already  famous  as  a  trombonist  ;  lived  in 
Berlin  from  1S24,  at  first  as  violinist  in  the  court 
orch.,  finally  as  Director-General  of  all  the 
Prussian  military  bands.  He  invented  the  Bass 
Tuba  (1S35,  with  the  instrument-maker  Moritz), 
the  Bathyphon,  a  sort  of  bass  clarinet  (1839,  with 
Skorra),  the  "  piangendo  "  on  brass  instr.s  with 
pistons,  and  an  improved  contrabass  bassoon  ; 
his  claim  of  priority  over  Sax,  in  the  invention 
of  the  Saxhorns,  was  not  upheld  by  the  courts. 

Wihan,  Hans  [Hanus],  b.  Politz,  n.  Brau- 
nau,  June  5,  1S55.  Excellent  'cellist,  pupil  of 
Prague  Cons.;  1S73,  prof,  of  'cello  at  the  Mo- 
zarteum,  Salzburg;  1S77-S0,  chamber-virtuoso 
to  the  Prince  of  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen  ; 
1880,  1st  solo  'cellist  in  Court  Orch.,  Munich; 
1888,  prof,  of  'cello-playing  at  Prague  Cons.; 
also  a  member  of  the  "  Bohemian-String- 
Quartet." 

Wihtol,  Joseph,  b.  Wolmar,  Livonia,  1S63. 
St.  music  18S0  at  Mitau  ;  from  1881-6  at  St. 
Petersburg  Cons,  under  Johansen  (harm.),  and 
Rimsky-Korsakov  (comp.  and  instrumentation); 
since  1886,  prof,  of  harm,  there. — Works  :  "  La 
fete  Ligho,"  symphonic  picture  f.  orch.,  op.  4; 
"  Dramatic  "  overture  f.  orch.,  op.  21  ;  pieces  f. 


6-,  1 


WILBYE— WILHEM 


'cello  (op.  12,  14);  pf. -pieces  (sonatas,  varia- 
tions, etc.);  songs. 

Wilbye,  John,  madrigal-writer  ;  teacher  of 
music  in  Austin  Friars,  London,  1598. — Publ. 
"Madrigals  to  3-6  Voyces "  (1598;  reprinted 
1 841  by  the  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.)  ;  "  The  Second 
Set  of  Madrigals  to  3-6  Parts,  apt  both  for 
Voyals  and  Voyces "  (1609  ;  repr.  1846  by  the 
Mus.  A.  S.)  ;  one  madrigal  in  "  The  Triumphes 
of  Oriana  "  (1601),  and  2  in  "  Teares  or  Lamen- 
tacions  "  (1614). 

Wild,  Franz,  b.  Niederhollabrunn,  Lower 
Austria,  Dec.  31,  1792  ;  d.  Oberdobling,  n. 
Vienna,  Jan.  1,  1S60.  Chorister  at  Klosterneu- 
burg  and  later  in  the  court  chapel  ;  sang  as 
tenor  soloist  at  Eisenstadt,  in  the  Theater  an 
der  Wien  (Vienna)  and  the  Court  Opera  (1813) ; 
then  at  Berlin,  Darmstadt,  Kassel,  and  finally, 
from  1830,  again  in  Vienna. 

Wilder,  Jerome  Albert  Victor  van,  b. 
Wettern,  n.  Client,  Aug.  21,  1S35  ;  d.  Paris, 
Sept.  8,  1892.  Known  as  a  writer  for  "  Le 
Menestrel,"  etc.;  as  a  translator,  into  French, 
of  German  songs  and  opera-texts  ;  and  as  the 
author  of  "  Mozart,  I'homme  et  l'artiste  "  (1880). 

Wilhelm,  Carl,  composer  of  "  Die  Wacht 
am  Rhein  "  [poem  by  Max  Schneckenberger]  ; 
b.  Schmalkalden,  Sept.  5,  1815  ;  d.  there  Aug. 
26,  1873.  Pupil  at  Kassel,  1834-6,  of  Bott, 
Baldewein,  and  Spohr ;  later  of  Andre  and 
Aloys  Schmitt  in  Frankfort  ;  from  1839-64, 
director  of  the  Crefeld  Liedertafel,  for  which  he 
composed  many  male  choruses,  among  them 
"  Die  Wacht  am  Rhein,"  now  a  national  song 
of  the  Germans,  first  publ.  in  the  "  Chorlieder- 
sammlung,"  of  Erk  and  Greef  (Essen,  1854). 
In  1S60  he  received  the  title  of  "  R.  Prussian 
Mus.  Dir.";  in  1S70  Queen  (later  Empress)  Au- 
gusta presented  him  agold  medal, and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  granted  a  pension  of  3,000  marks. 

Wilhelm  von  Hirsau,  from  1068  until  his 
death  on  June  4,  1091,  Abbot  of  the  monastery 
at  Hirsau,  Schwarzwald,  wrote  a  treatise  on 
mus.  theory,  publ.  in  Vol.  ii  of  Gerbert's 
"  Scriptores ";  also,  with  German  transl.  and 
commentary,  by  Dr.  Hans  Midler  (Leipzig, 
1873).  The  treatise  "  De  musica  et  tonis," 
ascribed  to  W.,  is  mentioned  in  von  Murr's 
"  Notitia  duorum  codicum  musicorum "  (Nu- 
remberg, 1801). 

Wilhel'mj  [vil-hel'-me],  August  (Emil 
Daniel  Ferdinand),  eminent  violin-virtuoso ; 
b.  Usingen,  Nassau,  Sept.  21,  1845.  Taught 
by  Concertmeister  Fischer  at  Wiesbaden,  he 
played  in  concerts  at  8  ;  in  1S61  he  played  be- 
fore Liszt, who  introduced  him  to  David  at  Leip- 
zig as  a  second  Paganini.  Me  studied  1861-4 
at"  the  Leipzig  Cons,  under  I  hivid  (violin), 
Hauptmann,  and  Richter  ;  in  1862  he  played  in 
the  Gewandhaus  ;  in  1864  he  went  for  further 
study  to  Raff  at  Frankfort,  and  in  1865  made  his 
first  concert-tour,  to  Switzerland  ;  he  then  visited 
Holland  and    England  (1866),  France  and  Italy 


(1867),  Russia,  Switzerland,  France,  and  Bel- 
gium (1869),  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland 
(1869—70);  then  travelled  through  Holland, 
Scandinavia,  Germany,  and  Austria  (1871-4), 
to  England  (1875-7),  and  America  (1878),  mak- 
ing a  4-year  tour  of  the  world  to  S.  America, 
Australia,  and  Asia  (1S7S-S2).  In  1S76  he  was 
leader  of  the  Bayreuth  orch.  at  the  production 
of  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen.  For  several  years 
he  lived  chiefly  at  Biebrich-on-Rhine,  where  he 
established,  with  R.  Niemann,  a  "  Hochschule  " 
for  violin-playing.  In  1886  he  removed  to  Blase- 
witz,  near  Dresden  ;  and  in  1894  was  app.  head- 
prof,  of  violin-playing  in  the  Guildhall  School 
of  Music,  London.  In  1895  he  married  the 
pianist,  Miss  Mausch.  He  is  one  of  the  great- 
est among  contemporary  violinists. — Works  : 
Hochzeits-Cantate  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  a  vio- 
lin-concerto ;  solo  pieces  and  transcriptions 
(Bach,  Chopin,  Wagner)  f.  violin  ;  Romanze  f. 
pf. ;  songs. — His  son,  Anton,  an  excellent  vio- 
linist, was  app.  in  1898  violin-prof,  at  Belfast 
Cons. — His  sister-in-law,  Maria  W.,  ne'e  Gas- 
tell,  b.  Mayence,  July  27,  1856,  is  a  noted  con- 
cert soprano,  a  pupil  of  Mme.  Viardot-Garcia. 

Wilhem,  recte  Bocquillon,  Guillaume- 
Louis,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1771  ;  d.  there  Apr. 
26,  1842.  The  son  of  an  army-officer,  he  him- 
self entered  active  service  at  the  age  of  12  ;  but 
from  1795-1801  studied  at  the  school  of  Lian- 
court  (founded  by  the  Duke  de  Larochefou- 
cauld),  and  then  for  2  years  in  the  Paris  Cons. 
He  taught  music  in  the  military  school  of  Saint- 
Cyr  ;  and  in  1810  was  app.  teacher  of  music 
at  the  Lycee  Napoleon  (later  College  de  Henri 
IV),  occupying  this  position  until  death.  The 
system  of  enseignement  mutuel  (mutual  instruc- 
tion) which  had  been  introduced  into  the  popu- 
lar schools  of  France,  attracted  W.'s  attention, 
and  in  1815  he  began  to  apply  it  in  mus.  teach- 
ing, with  such  marked  success,  that  in  181 9 
he  was  chosen  to  organize  a  system  of  mus. 
instruction  for  the  primary  schools  in  Paris, 
was  app.  singing-teacher  to  the  Polytech- 
nique  in  1820,  and  likewise  Director  of  a  Nor- 
mal School  of  Music.  In  1S30  ten  elementary 
schools  were  under  his  supervision  ;  in  1S33  he 
conceived  the  happy  idea  of  instituting  regular 
reunions  of  the  pupils  in  one  grand  chorus,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  "  Orpheon,"  the 
performances  of  which  were  marked  by  wonder- 
ful confidence,  precision,  and  animation.  In 
1835  he  was  made  Director-General  of  mus.  in- 
struction in  all  primary  schools  of  Paris,  and 
was  created  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 
Besides  his  school-classes,  he  formed  classes  of 
adults,  chiefly  workingmen,  in  which  the  suc- 
cess of  his  system  was  equally  conspicuous,  and 
which  now,  under  the  name  of  "  Orpheons,"  in- 
clude scores  of  popular  singing-societies.  He 
publ.  numerous  songs  and  choruses  ;  also  a 
great  coll.  of  <?  capfella  choruses,  "  Orpheon,"  in 
5  (later  10)  vol. s.  His  first  expose  of  his  method, 
"Guide    de    la    methode   elementaire  et    analy- 


632 


WILHORSKI— WILM 


tique  de  musique  et  de  chant "  (1821-4),  was  fol- 
lowed by  "  Tableaux  de  lecture  musicale  et  d'exe- 
cution  vocale  "  (1S27-32),  "  Nouveaux  tableaux 
de  lecture  musicale  et  de  chant  elementaire " 
(rS35),  "  Manuel  musical  a  l'usage  des  colleges, 
etc.,  comprenant,  pour  tous  les  modes  d'enseigne- 
ment,  le  texte  et  la  musique  en  partition  des 
tableaux  de  la  methode  de  lecture  musicale  et 
de  chant  elementaire"  (1836). — Biographical: 
Isouard  (1S42)  ;  E.  Niboyet  (1843);  Lafage 
(1844). 

Wilhorski  [Wielhorski],  Count  Matvei 
Jurjevitch,  b.  Volhynia,  Oct.  19,  1787  ;  d.  St. 
Petersburg  (?),  1S63.  Excellent 'cellist,  pupil  of 
B.  Romberg  ;  Director  of  the  Imp.  Russian  Mus. 
Soc,  St.  Petersburg.  To  the  Cons,  he  left  his 
fine  library,  and  to  Davidoff  his  Stradivari  'cello. 
— His  brother,  Count  Michail  Jurjevitch,  b. 
Volhynia,  Oct.  31,  17SS,  d.  Moscow,  Aug.  28, 
1856,  comp.  a  string-quartet,  variations  f.  'cello, 
songs,  etc. 

Wil'ke,  Christian  Friedrich  Gottlieb,  b. 
Spandau,  Mar.  13,  1769  ;  d.  Treuenbrietzen, 
July  31,  1848.  In  1791,  organist  at  Spandau  ; 
1S09,  at  Neu-Ruppin  ;  in  1S20,  "R.  Mus.  Dir."  ; 
in  1S21,  government  expert  on  organ-building. — 
Publ.  "  Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  der  neuern 
Orgelbaukunst  "  (1S46)  ;  "  Ueber  Wichtigkeit 
und  Unentbehrlichkeit  der  Orgelmixturen 
(1839)  '•  articles  in  the  "Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung  " 
and  the  "  Cacilia"  ;  etc. 

Willaert  [Wigliardus,  Vigliar,  Vuigliart], 
Adrian,  called  Adriano ;  b.  Flanders,  about 
1480;  d.  Venice,  Dec.  7,  1562.  A  pupil  of  Jean 
Mouton  and  Josquin  Depres,  he  went  to  Rome 
in  1 5 16,  thence  to  Ferrara,  later  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Ludovic  II.,  King  of  Bohemia  and  Hun- 
gary, and  was  app.  maestro  at  San  Marco,  Venice, 
on  Dec.  12,  1527.  Here  he  founded  a  music- 
school,  among  whose  distinguished  alumni  were 
Zarlino,  Cipriano  de  Rore,  and  Andrea  Gabrieli  ; 
W.,  as  the  teacher  of  these  famous  pupils,  is  con- 
sidered the  founder  of  the  great  Venetian  school 
of  composition.  He  "is  also  regarded  as  the 
creator  of  the  style  of  writing  for  2  choirs, 
prompted  thereto  by  the  2  opposed  organs  at 
San  Marco,  preceding  Agostini  by  over  half  a 
century. — -Extant  works  :  5  masses  a  4  (1533)  ; 
2  books  of  motets  a  4  (1539,  '45)  ;  motets  a  6 
(1542);  2  books  do.  a  4-7  (1561)  ;  "Canzone 
villanesche  "  a  4  (1545)  ;  madrigals  a  5  (154S)  ; 
"  Fantasie  o  Ricercari  "  a  4-5,  with  de  Rore 
(1549)  ;  vesper-psalms  a  4-S,  with  de  Berchem 
(1550;  republ.  '57,  '63)  ;  madrigals  a  6,  with 
Verdelot  (1561)  ;  hymns  a  4  (1550)  ;  "  Musica 
nova,"  motets  a  4-7,  and  madrigals  (1559)  ; 
psalms  for  vespers  and  compline,  a  4  (1571). 
Detached  pieces  are  in  Scotto's,  Petrucci's, 
Montan-Neuber's,  and  other  contemporary  coll. s. 
{Cf.  Eitner's  monograph  on  W.  in  the  "  Monats- 
hefte  filr  Musikgeschichte,"  18S7.) 

Willent-Bordogni,  Jean-Baptiste-Joseph, 
b.  Douai,  Dec.  8,  1809  ;  d.  Paris,  May  11,  1852. 


Bassoon-virtuoso  ;  pupil  of  Delcambre  at  Faris 
Cons. ;  played  at  the  Italian  Opera,  London,  and 
the  Theatre  Italien,  Paris  ;  in  1S34  he  married 
Bordogni's  daughter  at  New  York,  travelled  with 
her,  was  app.  bassoon-teacher  at  the  Brussels 
Cons.,  and  in  184S  at  the  Paris  Cons. — Works  : 
Method  f.  bassoon  ;  4  Fantasias  f.  bassoon  w. 
orch.  (or  pf.)  ;  a  Concertante  f.  bassoon  and 
clarinet  ;  a  Duo  f.  bassoon  and  oboe  ;  he  prod, 
the  operas  Le  moine  (Brussels,  1S44),  and  Van 
Dyck  (ibid.,  1845). 

WilTing,  Johann  Ludwig,  b.  Kuhndorf,  n. 
Meiningen,  May  2,  1755  ;  d.  Nordhausen,  Sept., 
1S05,  as  organist  of  the  Ilauptkirche. — Publ. 
sonatas  f.  pf.,  f.  violin,  and  f.  'cello  ;  a  'cello- 
concerto,  a  violin-concerto,  duos  f.  violins,  24 
English  Dances  f.  pf. ;  etc. 

Willis,  Richard  Storrs,  brother  of  N.  P. 
Willis  ;  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Feb.  10,  1S19.  A 
student  (1S37)  at  Yale,  he  was  elected  pres.  of 
the  "  Beethoven  Soc,"  for  which  he  wrote  orch.l 
pieces  and  choruses.  Studied  (1841)  at  Frank- 
fort-on-Main  under  Schnyder  von  Wartensee 
(harm,  and  form),  and  at  Leipzig  under  Ilaupt- 
mann  (cpt.  and  instrumentation).  Returning  to 
New  York,  W.  contributed  to  the  press,  and 
later  edited  "  The  Musical  Times,"  "  The  Mus. 
World,"  and  "  Once  a  Month"  ;  publ.  "Our 
Church  Music  "  ;  and  comp.  much  vocal  music 
("Church  Chorals,"  "Student  Songs,"  "Mis- 
cellaneous Lyrics,"  besides  many  patriotic  songs 
afterwards  collected  as  "Waif  of  Song,"  and 
publ.  by  Galignani,  Paris,  1S76).  Now  (1899) 
resides  in  Detroit ;  has  publ.  a  vol.  of  lyrics, 
"  Pen  and  Lute." 

Will'mers,  Heinrich  Rudolf,  b.  Berlin,  Oct. 
31,  1S21  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  24,  187S.  Fine 
pianist,  pupil  of  Hummel  at  Weimar  and  Fr. 
Schneider  at  Dessau.  After  concert-tours  (1S3S- 
53),  he  lived  in  Vienna  until  called  to  Berlin  in 
1864  as  prof,  at  the  Stern  Cons.  ;  resigned  1S66, 
and  returned  to  Vienna.  His  technical  specialty 
was  the  trill  ;  in  the  performance  of  "  chains  of 
trills"  he  was  unrivalled.  —  Works:  Pf.  -quartet  ; 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  brilliant  pf. -solos  :  Op. 
1,  six  etudes  ;  op.  5,  Serenade  e'rotique  (for  the 
left  hand)  ;  op.  8,  Sehnsucht  am  Meere  ;  op.  27, 
Un  jour  d'ete  en  Norvege  ;  op.  28,  two  etudes  de 
concert  ("  La  pompa  di  festa"  is  No.  1)  ;  op.  29, 
Northern  National  Airs  ;  op.  35,  Tarantella 
giocosa ;  op.  49,  La  Sylphide  ;  op.  69,  Triller- 
ketten;  also  fantasias,  etc. 

Wilm,  Nicolai  von,  b.  Riga,  Mar.  4,  1S34. 
Pianist  and  composer  ;  pupil  1851-6  of  the  Leip- 
zig Cons.  (Hauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz,  Plaidy, 
etc.)  ;  from  1857-S,  2nd  Kapellm.  at  the  Riga 
City  Th.  ;  then  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  becom- 
ing, in  i860,  on  Henselt's  recommendation, 
teacher  of  pf.  and  theory  at  the  Imp.  "  Nicolai  " 
Inst.,  retiring  1S75  to  Dresden,  and  living  from 
1S7S  in  Wiesbaden. — Works  :  Popular  string- 
sextet,  op.  27  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  11 1  ; 
sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.   83,  92  ;  suites  f. 


633 


WILMS— WINTER 


do.,  op.  88,  gS',—/of  ff-  4  hands  :  Suites,  op. 
25,  30,  44,  53,  100  ;  suite  of  waltzes,  op.  86,  90, 
93  ;  "  Reisebildei  aus  Schlesien,"  op.  18  ;  "  Ca- 
lendarium,"  op.  39;  "Die  schone  Magelone," 
op.  32; — for  pf.  solo:  Valse  brillante,  op.  13, 
No.  2  ;  10  Characterstucke,  op.  24  ;  "  Im  rus- 
sischen  Dorfe,"  op.  37,  No.  2;  Valse-Impromptu, 
op.  45;  etc.; — male  choruses ;  motets  (op.  40); 
songs  ;  also  pieces  for  harp. 

Wilms,  Jan  Willem,b.  Witzhelden,  Schwarz- 
burg-Sondershausen,  Mar.  30,  1772  ;  d.  Amster- 
dam, July  18,  1S47.  Teacher  and  organist  in  Am- 
sterdam.— Publ.  2  pf. -concertos,  a  flute-concerto, 
a  string-quartet,  2  pf. -trios,  a  violin-sonata,  etc. 

Wil'sing,  Daniel  Friedrich  Eduard,  b. 
Horde,  n.  Dortmund,  Oct.  21,  1809.  Organ- 
ist in  Wesel  1829-34;  then  removed  to  Berlin. — 
Works:  Oratorioy«//.f  Christus, in  2  parts  (prod. 
r.onn.iSSg.byW.'s  pupil,  Arnold  Mendelssohn); 
a  1  >e  profundis  (7  16  (won  the  gold  medal  for  Art 
at  Berlin);  sonatas  f.  pf. ;  songs. 

Wilson,  John,  famous  English  lutenist ;  b. 
Faversham,  Kent,  April  5,  1594;  d.  London, 
Feb.  22,  1673.  Mus.  Doc, Oxon.,  1644;  prof,  of 
music  at  Oxford  Univ.,  1656-62;  then  Gentle- 
man of  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  chamber-musician 
to  Charles  II.  (Cf  Rimbault;  "  Who  was  Jack 
Wilson?") — Publ.  "I'salterium  Carolinum.  The 
Devotions  of  His  Sacred  Majestie  in  his  soli- 
tudes and  sufferings,  Rend  red  in  Verse,  Set  to 
Musick  for  3  Voices,  and  an  Organ  or  Theorbo" 
(1657);  "Cheerful  Ayres  or  Ballads"  a  1  or  3 
(1660)  ;  also  glees  and  catches  in  Blayford's 
"MusicalCompanion"  (1667), and  songs  in  "Se- 
lect Musicall  Ayres  and  Dialogues  "  (1652,  '53, 
'69). 

Wilt,  Marie,  ;/<■'••  Liebenthaler,  dramatic  so- 
prano; b.  Vienna,  Jan.  30,  1S33  ;  d.  there  (by 
suicide)  Sept.  24,  1S91.  After  her  marriage  with 
the  civil  engineer  Franz  Wilt,  she  studied  sing- 
ing under  Gansbacher  and  Wolf  ;  debut  Graz, 
1865,  as  Donna  Anna  ;  in  1S66  she  sang  in  Vi- 
enna and  Berlin ;  and  was  eng.  for  the  seasons 
of  1S66  and  '67  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  first 
appearing  as  Norma  on  May  1,  1866.  She  then 
sang  in  opera  and  concert  at  Vienna  for  ten 
years  ;  also  at  London  (1S74,  '75) ;  on  account  of 
a  family  agreement  which  prevented  her  from 
singing  on  the  stage  at  Vienna,  she  went  to  Leip- 
zig in  1877,  and  later  to  Bri'mn,  Pesth,  etc.,  but 
afterwards  appeared  again  at  Vienna.  Her  voice 
was  rich,  voluminous,  and  of  great  compass  ;  in 
bravura  singing  she  had  few  rivals. 

Win'derstein,  Hans  (Wilhelm  Gustav),  b. 
Luneburg,  Hanover,  Oct.  29,  1856.  St.  1877- 
80  at  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Henry  Schradieck  and 
Fr.  Hermann  (vln.),  E.  F.  Richter  and  W.  Rust 
(theory) ;  also  playing  in  the  Gewandhaus  Orch. 
From  18S0-4,  leader  in  Baron  von  Derwies'  pri- 
vate orch.  at  Nice ;  then  till  1SS7  violin-teacher 
at  the  Winterthur  (Switzerland)  Cons.,  after 
which  he    cond.  a  concert-orch.  at    Nuremberg 


for  3  years,  and  1890-3  the  concerts  of  the  Phil- 
harm.  Societies  of  Nuremberg  and  Furth.  1893- 
6,  director  of  the  newly  establ.  Philharm.  Orch. 
at  Munich,  and  of  the  Kaim  Concerts.  In  1896 
he  organized,  at  Leipzig,  the  "  Winderstein 
Orch."  of  60  pieces  ;  founded  the  Philharm.  con- 
certs at  Leipzig  and  Halle,  and  made  successful 
concert-tours  to  other  cities.  Succeeded  Klen- 
gel  in  iSgSas  cond.  of  the  Leipzig  Singakademie. 
—  Works:  Trauermarsch,  and  Valse-Caprice  and 
Standchen,  f.  orch.;  pieces  f.  violin  and  pf.; — 
has  an  orch.l  suite,  etc.,  in  MS. 

Win'ding,  August  (Henrik),  b.  Taaro(Laa- 
land),  Denmark,  Mar.  24,  1825.  Pianist  ;  pu- 
pil of  Reinecke  and  Ree  at  Copenhagen,  Drey- 
schock  at  Prague,  and  of  Gade.  Is  Director  of, 
and  prof,  in,  the  Copenhagen  Cons. — Works  for 
piano:  A  Concerto,  op.  16;  a  quartet,  op.  17; 
Reisebilder,  op.  3  ;  Genrebilder,  op.  15  ;  Pieces 
in  the  form  of  studies,  op.  iS  ;  Phantasiestiicke 
f.  pf.  and  violin  (or  clar.),  op.  19;  Studies,  op. 
25  ;  Preludes  in  all  keys,  op.  26  ;  Toccata,  op. 
34  ;  Sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  5  and  35  ;  10 
Landliche  .Scenen  ;  3  waltzes  ;  a  Humoreske  ;  2 
books  of  "  Contrasts  "  ;  4-hand  duets,  op.  32; 
also  a  violin-concerto,  etc. 

Wingham,  Thomas,  b.  London,  Jan.  5, 
1S46  ;  d.  there  Mar.  24,  1893.  At  ten,  organist 
of  St.  Michael's  Mission  Ch.,  Southwark  ;  pupil 
of  Dr.  Wylde's  London  Acad,  of  Music  1863  ; 
entered  the  R.  A.  M.  in  1867,  studying  under 
Bennett  and  Harold  Thomas,  and  becoming 
prof,  of  pf. -playing  in  1871.  From  1864,  or- 
ganist at  All  Saints',  Paddington.  Successful 
teacher  and  composer. — Works  :  2  masses  ( 1 876, 
18S7)  ;  Te  Deum  w.  orch.  and  organ  (1SS4)  ; 
motets,  offertories,  etc. ;  4  symphonies,  6  over- 
tures, a  serenade,  and  an  Elegy  (on  Sterndale 
Bennett),  f.  orch.;  Concert-Capriccio  f.  pf.  and 
orch.;  2  string-quartets;  a  pf. -septet  ;  Barca- 
rolle f .  pf . ;  songs. 

Win'kelmann,  Hermann,  dramatic  tenor  ; 
b.  Brunswick,  1845.  Pupil  of  Koch  at  Hanover; 
debut  Sondershausen,  1875;  sang  at  Altenburg, 
Darmstadt,  and  Hamburg;  then  eng.  at  Vienna 
for  the  Court  Opera.  Assumed  the  role  of  Par- 
sifal at  Bayreuth  in  1S82. 

Winograd'sky,  Alexander,  noted  conductor; 
b.  Kiev,  Russia,  Aug.  3  (N.  S.),  1854.  Pupil 
of  Soloviev  at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons. ;  from 
1SS4-6,  Director  of  the  Imp.  School  of  Music  at 
Saratov;  since  iSSS,  Pres.  and  Dir.  of  the  Imp. 
Soc.  of  Music  at  Kiev,  and  cond.  of  its  sym- 
phony-concerts. Has  given  concerts,  by  invita- 
tion, in  the  chief  Russian  cities,  and  also  in 
Paris,  where  he  cond.  Russian  programs  in  the 
"Concerts  d'Harcourt,"  1S94,  and  the  "Con- 
certs Colonne,"  1896. 

W^n'ter,  Peter  von,  dramatic  composer  ;  b. 
Mannheim,  1754;  d.  Munich,  Oct.  17,  1825. 
Violinist  in  the  Electoral  orch.,  and  a  pupil  of 
Abbe  Vogler  ;  in  1776,  mus.  dir.  at  the  court 
theatre  ;  went  with  the  court  to  Munich  in  177S, 


634 


WINTERBERGER— WITT 


and  from  178S  till  death  was  court  Kapellm., 
with  frequent  leave  of  absence,  which  he  im- 
proved to  bring  out  operas  in  Naples,  Venice, 
Prague,  Paris,  London,  Milan,  and  Genoa. — 
Operas:  Armida  (Munich,  177S)  ;  Cora  ed 
Alonzo,  and  Leonardo  e  Blandini  (ibid.,  1779)  ; 
Helena  und  Paris  (ibid.,  17S0)  ;  Der  Reisende, 
oder  der  Bettelstudent (ibid. ,  1781) ;  Bellerophon 
(Munich,  1782);  Das  Hirtenmddchen,  Scherz, 
List  und  Rache,  and  Jery  und  Bately  (ibid., 
1790)  ;  Catone  in  Utica  (Venice,  1791)  ;  Anti- 
gone (Naples,  1791)  ;  L  fratelli  rivali,  and  LI 
sacrifizio  di  Creta  (Venice,  1792)  ;  Pscyhe,  and 
Der  Sturm  (Munich,  1793);  Armida  und  Ri- 
naldo  (Vienna,  1793)  ;  Das  Labyrinth  (Vienna, 
1794  ;  sequel  to  Mozart's  Zauberfiote) ;  Arianna 
(ibid.,  1795)  ;  Ogus,  ossia  il  trionfo  del  bel  sesso 
(Prague,  1795)  ;  Die  Sommerbelustiguiveen 
(lierlin,  1795)  ;  Die  Thomasnacht  (Bayreuth, 
1795)  ;  /  due  vedovi,  and  his  most  celebrated 
opera,  Das  unterbrochene  Opferfest  (Vienna, 
1796,  given  in  Ital.  as  //  sacrifizio  interrottd)  ; 
Elisa,  and  Babylon's  Pyramiden  (ibid.,  1797)  ; 
Marie  von  Montalban  (Munich,  179S)  ;  Tamer- 
Ian  (Paris,  1S02)  ;  Calypso  (London,  1S03)  ;  // 
ratio  di  Proserpina  (ibid.,  1804)  ;  Zaira  (ibid., 
1805)  ;  Der  Frauenbund  (Munich,  1S05)  ;  Cas- 
tor et  Pollux  (Paris,  1806)  ;  Colmal  (Munich, 
1809)  ;  Die  beiden  B linden  (ibid.,  1S10)  ;  Belisa, 
Grdfin  von  Huldburg  (ibid.,  1812)  ;  Die  Pan- 
toff  eln  (Hamburg,  1816) ;  Maometio  II,  and  / 
due  Valdomiri  (Milan,  1S17);  Etelinda  (ibid., 
1818) ;  Der  Sanger  und  der  Schneider  (Munich, 
1S20).  Of  these,  Tamerlan,  and  parts  of  Das 
unterbrochene  Opferfest,  were  publ.  in  full 
score ;  /  fratelli  rivali,  Der  Sturm,  Das 
unterbrochene  Opferfest,  Das  Labyrinth,  Ogus, 
Calypso,  and  Marie  von  Montalban,  in  pf.- 
score.  He  also  wrote  3  oratorios  and  17  sacred 
cantatas  for  the  court  chapel  ;  26  masses,  and  a 
vast  amount  of  other  church-music  ;  several 
secular  cantatas  with  orch.  or  pf . ;  9  symphonies 
(inch  the  grand  choral  symphony  "  Die 
Schlacht"),  overtures,  2  septets,  6  string-quar- 
tets, 2  string-quintets,  an  octet  f.  strings  and 
wind,  a  sextet  f.  strings  and  2  horns,  concertos 
f.  clar. ,  bassoon,  etc.;  and  a  celebrated  "  Voll- 
standige  Singschule  "  in  3  parts. 

Win'terberger,  Alexander,  b.  Weimar, 
Aug.  14,  1S34.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  1848-9,  later  of  Liszt.  In  1861  he  went 
to  Vienna  ;  in  1S69  he  followed  A.  Dreyschock 
as  pf.-prof.  at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons.;  in 
1872  he  settled  in  Leipzig.  Has  publ.  inter- 
esting and  original  pf. -pieces  (Alinen-Tanze 
[waltzes,  mazurkas,  minuets,  etc.],  op.  20 ;  3 
Pieces,  op.  25  ;  Concert-etude,  and  Valse-Ca- 
price,  op.  27  ;  Concert-Adagio,  op.  63  ;  23  in- 
structive and  characteristic  pieces,  op.  72  ;  2 
sonatinas,  op.  93)  and  songs  ("  Britannias 
Ilarfe,"  op.  33  ;  German  and  Slavonic  duets, 
op.  59,  66,  6S). 

Win'terfeld,  Carl  Georg  August  Vivi- 
gens  von,   b.   Berlin,  Jan.  2S,    1784  ;  d.   there 


Feb.  19,  1S52.  Law-student  at  Halle  ;  in 
1811,  "Assessor"  in  Berlin  ;  in  1816,  judge  at 
Breslau,  and  keeper  of  the  mus.  section  in  the 
Univ.  library;  in  1S32,  "  Geheimer  Obertribu- 
nalrath  "  at  Berlin  ;  pensioned  1S47.  He  left 
his  valuable  coll.  of  old  music  to  the  Berlin 
Library.  Learned  and  original  writer  on  mu- 
sical history. — Works:  "Johannes  Pierluigi 
von  Palestrina "  (1832,  w.  critical  notes  on 
Baini's  "Palestrina");  "Johannes  Gabrieli 
und  sein  Zeitalter "  (1834  ;  2  vol.s  letterpress, 
1  vol.  mus.  illustrations  ;  of  high  interest  and 
importance);  "Der  evangelische  Kirchenge- 
sang  und  sein  Verhaltniss  zur  Kunst  des  Ton- 
satzes  "  (1S43-7  ;  three  large  quarto  vol.s;  in- 
dispensable source  for  the  study  of  evangelical 
church-music  of  the  i6th-i7th  centuries); 
"  Ueber  C.  Fr.  Chr.  Fasch's  geistliche  Gesangs- 
werke"  (1839)  ;  "Dr.  Martin  Luthers  deutsche 
geistliche  Lieder"  (1S40)  ;  "  Ueber  Herstellung 
des  Gemeinde-  und  Chorgesangs  in  der  evange- 
lischen  Kirche"  (1S48)  ;  and  "Zur  Geschichte 
heiliger  Tonkunst"  (2  parts  ;   1S50,  '62). 

Wirth,  Emanuel,  b.  Luditz,  Bohemia,  Oct. 
18,  1842.  Violinist,  pupil  of  Kittl  and  Milli- 
ner at  Prague  Cons.,  1854-61.  Teacher  at  Rot- 
terdam Cons.,  and  orchestra-leader,  1864-77  ; 
then  succeeded  Rappoldi  as  viola-player  in  the 
Joachim  Quartet,  Berlin,  and  violin-prof,  at  the 
Hochschule. 

Wit,  Paul  de,  b.  Maestricht,  Jan.  4,  1852. 
Violoncellist  ;  in  1880  he  founded,  w.  O.  Laf- 
fert,  the  "  Zeitschrift  fur  Instrumentenbau " 
(Leipzig).  Opened  a  Museum  of  mus.  instr.s 
in  18S6,  selling  the  collection  to  the  Berlin 
Hochschule  in  1S90  ;  has  since  made  a  second 
coll. 

Wita'sek,  Johann  Nepomuk  August,  b. 
Ilorzin,  Bohemia,  Feb.  20,  1771  ;  d.  Prague, 
Dec.  7,  1839.  In  J8i4  he  succeeded  his  teacher, 
Kozeluch,  as  Kapellm.  at  the  Prague  Dom- 
kirche  ;  in  1S26,  director  of  the  Organ-School. 
His  interpretation  of  Mozart's  concertos  was 
warmly  praised  by  the  composer  himself.  W.'s 
own  pf. -works  had  considerable  vogue  in 
Prague,  but  are  now  forgotten. 

Witt,    Friedrich,     b.     Halten-Bergstetten, 

1771  ;  d.  Wurzburg,  1837.  Violinist,  pupil  of 
Rosetti  at  Wallerstein  ;  at  19,  1st  violin  in 
Prince  von  Oettingen's  orch.;  from  1S02  he 
was  Kapellm.  at  Wurzburg,  at  first  to  the 
Prince-Bishop,  then  to  the  Grand  Duke,  finally 
to  the  city. — Works  :  The  historical  opera 
Palma  (Frankfort,  1S04)  ;  the  comic  opera  Das 
Fischerweib  (Wurzburg,  1S06)  ;  the  oratorios 
Der  leidende  Heiland  (Wurzburg,  1802)  and 
Die  Auferstehung  Jesu  ;  masses  and  cantatas  ; 
he  publ.  9  symphonies,  music  for  wind-band,  a 
septet  f.  clar.,  horn,  bassoon,  and  strings,  a 
quintet  f.  pf.  and  wind,  a  flute-concerto,  etc. 

Witt,  Julius,  b.  Konigsberg,  Jan.  14,  1S19; 
teacher  of  singing  there,  and  composer  of  favor- 
ite male  choruses. 


635 


WITT— WOLF 


Witt,  Theodor  de,  b.  Wesel,  Nov.  9,  1823  ; 
d.  Rome,  Dec.  I,  1855.  Pupil  of  his  father,  an 
organist,  until  Liszt  visited  Wesel  in  1839,  be- 
came warmly  interested  in  the  talented  boy,  and, 
by  giving  a  concert  for  his  benefit,  enabled  him  to 
study  in  Berlin  under  Dehn.  A  serious  disorder 
of  the  lungs  declared  itself  in  1846,  and  he  was 
sent  to  Italy,  with  a  government  stipend,  to  study 
old  church-music ;  he  laid  the  foundations,  and 
edited  some  volumes,  of  Breitkopf  &  Hand's  com- 
plete edition  of  Palestrina's  works.  His  own 
comp.s  comprisea pf. -sonata  and  afewvocal  num- 
bers. 

Witt,  Franz,  b.  Walderbach,  Bavaria,  Feb. 
9,  1834;  d.  Schatzhofen,  n.  Landshut,  Dec.  2, 
1S88.  A  pupil  of  Proske  and  Schrems  at  Ratis- 
bon,  he  took  holy  orders  in  1856  ;  was  parish  priest 
at  Schatzhofen  from  1S73-5.  In  1S67  he  founded 
the  "  Allgemeiner  deutscher  Cacilienverein  "  for 
the  improvement  of  Catholic  church-song  ;  es- 
tablished and  edited  the  "  Fliegende  Blatter 
fi'ir  katholische  Kirchenmusik,"  and  "  Musica 
sacra";  publ.  "  Der  Zustand  der  katholischen 
Kirchenmusik  "(1865);  "  Uber  das  Dirigiren  der 
katholischen  Kirchenmusik  ;"  and  "  Das  bayer- 
ische  Kultusministerium"  (1886).  Cf.  the  biogr. 
sketch  by  Carl  Walter,  "  Franz  Witt." 

Witt,  Joseph  von,  dramatic  tenor ;  b.  Prague, 
Sept.  7,  1843  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  17,  1887.  An  Aus- 
trian officer,  he  retired  from  the  army,  studied 
singing  under  Uffmann  at  Vienna,  sang  atGraz, 
was  then  eng.  at  Dresden,  and  from  1S77  at 
Schwerin  as  leading  tenor. 

Wit'te,  Georg  Heinrich,  son  of  the  organ- 
builder  C.  G.  F.  Witte  ;  b.  Utrecht,  Nov.  16, 
1843;  pupil  of  the  R.  Music-School  at  The  Hague 
1859-62,  studying  undervan  der  Does  (pf.),  Lii- 
beck  (vln.),  and  Nicolai  (theory  and  organ);  from 
1862-5  of  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Moscheles  and 
Plaidy  (pf.),  Hauptmann  (cpt.),  and  Reinecke 
(comp.).  He  taught  in  Leipzig  till  1867,  then  till 
1870  in  Alsatia,  and  in  1S71  was  app.  conductor 
of  the  Mus.  Soc.  at  Essen,  with  the  title  (since 
1882)  of  "  R.  Mus.  Dir." — Works:  Op.  1,  waltz 
f.  pf.  ;  op.  3,  concert-waltz  f.  pf.  ;  op.  4,  4  Im- 
promptus f.  pf.;  op.  5, pf. -quartet  in  A  (took  prize 
at  Florence);  op.  6,  Grand  Elegy  f.  violin  and 
orch.;  op.  7,  waltzes  (particularly  fine)  f.  pf.  4 
hands  ;  op.  8,  arr.  of  the  "  Alia  polacca  "  in  Beet- 
hoven's Serenade,  f.  pf.  4  hands;  op.  II,  Inter- 
mezzo and  Impromptu  f.  pf. ;  op.  12,  'cello-con- 
certo ;  op.  13,  two  Charakterstl'icke  f.  pf. ;  op.  14, 
3  pieces  f.  pf.  and  'cello  (prize) ;  op.  15,  sonata  f. 
pf.  and  'cello;  a  grand  choral  work  "  An  die 
Sonne,"  f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch. ;  songs. 

WohFfahrt,  Heinrich,  noted  pedagogue  ;  b. 
Kossnitz,  n.  Apolda,  Dec.  16,  1797;  d.  Conne- 
witz,  n.  Leipzig,  May  9,  1883.  Pupil  of  Haser 
at  Weimar ;  cantorand  tutor  in  Thuringian  towns ; 
teacher  at  Jena  and  (from  1867)  Leipzig. — Publ. 
"  Kinder-Clavierschule"  ^editions),  "Dererste 
Clavierunterricht,"  "Der  Clavierfreund  "  (36 
children's  studies);  "  Clavieriibungen,"  "  Gro- 
ssere    und    rein    praktische    Elementar-Clavier- 


schule,"  "  Schule  der  Fingermechanik," 
"  Anthologische  Clavierschule,"  "  Theoretisch- 
praktische  Modulationsschule,"  "  Vorschule  der 
llarmonielehre,"  "  Wegweiser  zum  Componi- 
ren  "  ;  also  Instructive  pieces  f .  pf. ,  op.  74  ;  3  chil- 
dren's sonatas  ;  "  Kleine  Leute,"  op.  86  ;  etc. — 
His  sons,  Franz  and  Robert,  also  teachers  of 
repute  in  Leipzig,  publ.  other  educational  works. 

Wol'demar,  Michel,  b.  Orleans,  Sept.  15, 
1750;  d.  Clermont-Ferrand,  Jan.,  1S16.  A  tal- 
ented and  eccentric  violinist,  pupil  of  Lolli.  For 
some  years  he  was  conductor  for  a  travelling  the- 
atrical troupe.  By  adding  a  fifth  string  (bass  c) 
to  the  violin,  he  obtained  an  instr.  which  he  called 
"  violon-alto,"  as  it  included  the  viola-compass, 
and  for  which  he  wrote  a  concerto  (this  instr.  was 
adopted  by  Urhan).  He  also  publ.  3  violin-con- 
certos, a  string-quartet,  duos  f.  2  violins  and  f. 
violin  and  viola  ;  ' '  Sonates  fantomagiques  "  f .  vio- 
lin ("  l'Ombre  de  Lolli,"  "  de  Mestrino,"  "de  Pu- 
gnani,"  "  de  Tartini  ") ;  12  grand  solos  ;  6  "  reves 
ou  caprices  "  ;  "  Caprices  ou  etudes  ";  "  Le  nou- 
veau  Labyrinth  pour  violon,"  followed  by  studies 
in  double-stops  ;  "  Le  nouvel  Art  de  l'archet  "  ; 
"  Etude  elementaire  de  l'archet  moderne  "  ;  6  fu- 
gal  themes;  variations  on  "  Les  Folies  d'Es- 
pagne,"  etc.;  methods  for  violin,  viola,  and  clari- 
net ;  also  a  system  of  mus.  stenography  ("  Tab- 
leau melotachigraphique  "),  and  a  method  of  mus. 
correspondence  ("  Notographie  "). 

Wolf,  Ernst  Wilhelm,  b.  Grossheringen, 
1735;  d.  as  court  Kapellm.  at  Weimar,  Dec.  7, 
1792.  Prod,  about  20  operas,  dramatic  cantatas, 
etc.,  in  Weimar;  also  Passion  oratorios,  Easter 
cantatas,  etc.;  publ.  7  pf. -concertos,  4 quintets  f. 
pf.,  flute,  violin,  viola,  and  'cello  ;  6  string-quar- 
tets; 7  books  of  pf. -sonatas,  each  containing  6 
numbers  ; — 15  symphonies,  17  partitas,  and  much 
chamber-music,  are  MS. — Also  wrote  "Kleine 
musikalische  Reise  "  (1782),  and  "  Musikalischer 
Unterricht  "  (17S8). 

Wolf,  Georg  Friedrich,  b.  Hainrode,  1762  ; 
d.  Wernigerode,  in  Jan.,  1814,  as  Kapellm. — 
Works  :  "  Kurzer  Unterricht  im  Clavierspielen  " 
(17S3  ;  often  republ.)  ;  "  Unterricht  in  der  Singe- 
kunst  "  (1784;  do.);  "  Kurzgefasstes  musikali- 
sches  Lexicon  "  (1787  ;  do.). 

Wolf,  Ferdinand,  writer  on  early  Romanic 
literature;  b.  Vienna,  Dec.  S,  1796;  d.  there 
Feb.  18,  iS66,_as  librarian  of  the  Imp.  Library. 
His  work  "  Uber  die  Lais,  Sequenzen  und 
Leiche.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Geschichte  der  rhyth- 
mischen  Formen  und  Singweisen  der  Volkslieder 
und  der  volksmiissigen  Kirchen-  und  Kunstler- 
lieder  im  Mittelalter"  (Heidelberg,  1841)  is  the 
most  valuable  compendium  on  these  subjects. 

Wolf  [Wolff],  Ludwig,  b.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  1804  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  6,  1859.  Pupil 
of  Seyfried  in  composition,  and  a  skilful  pianist 
and  violinist. — Works  :  3  string-quartets,  op. 
12  ;  a  pf. -quartet,  op.  15  ;  4  string-trios,  op.  6, 
13,  16  (prize  at  Mannheim),  iS  ;  many  other 
works  MS. 


636 


WOLF— WOLF  RUM 


Wolf,  Max,  b.  Moravia,  1840  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Mar.  23,  1S86.  Operetta-composer,  pupil  of 
Marx  and  Dessoff. — Operettas  (successful  in 
Vienna  and  elsewhere)  :  Die  Schuhe  der  Liebe, 
I m  Namen  des  Konigs,  Die  Ida  tie  Dame,  Rosa 
mid  Reseda,  Der  Pilger,  Die  Portratdanie, 
Cd sari ne,  Rafaella  (1884). 

Wolf,  William,  b.  Breslau,  Apr.  22,  1S38. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Th.  Kullak  ;  teacher  of  mus. 
history  at  the  Humboldt  Academy  and  Breslaur's 
Cons.,  Berlin.      Writer  for  mus.  periodicals. 

Wolf,  Hugo,  Viennese  composer,  fellow-pupil 
of  Gustav  Mahler  in  the  Vienna  Cons,  (about 
1878),  has  comp.  about  500  songs,  and  prod, 
his  first  stage-work,  the  4-act  comic  opera  Der 
Corregidor,  at  Mannheim,  iSg6,  with  success. 

Wolff,  Edouard,  b.  Warsaw,  Sept.  15,  1S16  ; 
d.  Paris,  Oct.  16,  1SS0.  Fupil  of  Zawadski 
(pf.)  and  Eisner  (comp.)  at  Warsaw,  and  of 
Wi'irfel  (pf.)  at  Vienna;  lived  in  Paris  from  1835 
as  an  esteemed  concert-pianist,  composer,  and 
teacher.  His  style  resembles  that  of  Chopin, 
with  whom  he  was  intimate. — Works  (350  opus- 
numbers)  :  Valuable  etudes,  op.  20  (24  num- 
bers), op.  50  (24),  op.  go  (24  etudes  faciles),  op. 
100  (24  improvisations  in  etude-form),  op.  189 
("  L'art  de  chanter  sur  le  piano,"  48  etudes), 
"  L'art  de  l'execution,"  and  "  L'art  de  l'expres- 
sion"; — op.  63,  Valse  "La  favorite";  op.  139, 
Chansons  polonaises  originales  ;  op.  148,  Taren- 
telle;  op.  164,  1S6,  Chansons  bacchiques;  a  pf.- 
concerto,  op.  39 ;  also  30  celebrated  duos  f.  pf. 
and  violin  (w.  de  Beriot),  and  8  more  (w.  Vieux- 
temps). 

Wolff,  Auguste-Desire-Bernard,  b.  Paris, 
May  3,  1S21  ;  d.  there  Feb.  3,  1SS7.  Pianist, 
pupil  of  Zimmerman  and  Halevy  at  Paris  Cons., 
and  later  pf. -teacher  there  ;  entered  Pleyel's 
pf. -factory  in  1S50,  became  a  partner  in  1852, 
and  head  of  the  firm  ("  Pleyel,  Wolff  &  Cie.")  in 
1855.  Was  hon.  pres.  of  the  "  Soc.  des  com- 
positeurs de  musique";  founded  the  "  Pleyel- 
Wolff  Prize"  (annual)  for  the  best  pf. -composi- 
tion with  or  without  orch. 

Wolff,  Hermann,  b.  Cologne,  Sept.  4,  1845. 
Pupil  of  Franz  Kroll  and  Wiierst ;  editor  of  the 
"  Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung "  1S78-9  ;  co- 
editor  of  the  "Musikwelt";  concert-agent  and 
concert-manager  at  Berlin. 

Wolfl  [Wolffl,  Woefl],  Joseph,  famous 
pianist;  b.  Salzburg,  1772;  d.  London,  May  21, 
1812.  A  pupil  in  pf. -playing  and  composition 
of  L.  Mozart  and  M.  Haydn,  he  appeared  as  a 
concert-player  in  Warsaw,  1792-4,  but  left  Po- 
land in  the  throes  of  revolution,  and  settled  in 
Vienna.  He  had  moderate  success  as  a  stage- 
composer,  bringing  out  3  light  pieces,  Der  Hol- 
lenberg (1795),  Das  schone  Milchmadchen  (1797), 
and  Der  Kopf  ohne  Mann  (179S)  ;  as  a  pianist, 
on  the  other  hand,  he  held  his  own  in  rivalry 
with  Beethoven,  aided  by  his  enormous  hands 
and  great  contrapuntal  skill  ;  the  relations  be- 
tween the  two  rivals  were  friendly.     In  1798  he 


set  out  on  a  long  tour,  playing  in  Briinn,  Prague, 
Leipzig,  Dresden,  Berlin,  and  Hamburg  (1799); 
he  was  again  in  Leipzig  (Oct.,  1S00),  and  Berlin 
(Dec.) ;  in  1801  he  journeyed  to  Paris,  where 
his  success  as  a  pianist  was  immense.  He  made 
that  city  his  home  until  1S05  ;  prod,  an  opera, 
V Amour  romanesqite,  at  the  Theatre  Feydeau 
(1S04),  with  applause,  but  failed  next  year  with 
the  3-act  heroic  opera  Fernando,  on  les  Maures, 
and  soon  after  repaired  to  London.  At  his  first 
concert,  on  May  27,  1805,  he  produced  a  pf.- 
concerto  and  a  symphony  of  his  own  composi- 
tion, and  played  other  concertos  on  June  1  and 
June  5.  He  was  received  with  the  greatest  ap- 
plause ;  and  everything  shows  that  he  retained 
his  popularity  throughout  his  7  years'  residence 
in  London.  Two  ballets  by  him  were  prod,  at 
the  King's  Th.,  La  surprise  de  Diane  (Dec. 
21,  1S05),  and  Alzire  (Jan.  27,  1S07),  both  with 
considerable  success.  His  compositions  were 
regularly  advertised  on  concert-programs  as 
special  attractions;  as  late  as  May  i6,«i8i2,  a 
new  concerto  was  played  at  a  Salomon  Concert 
by  Richard  Cudmore,  one  of  W.'s  pupils.  His 
most  eminent  English  pupil  was  Cipriani  Potter. 
Of  his  stage-pieces,  the  comic  opera  Liebe  macht 
kurzen  Process,  oder  Die  Heirath  auf  gewisse 
Art  (Vienna,  1S01  ?;  W.  wrote  7  of  the  15  mus. 
numbers)  still  remains  to  be  mentioned.  An 
extremely  prolific  composer,  he  publ.  69  works 
with  opus-numbers,  and  many  others  (chiefly  f. 
pf.)  without.  Though  very  fashionable  at  the 
time  in  Vienna,  Paris,  and  London,  few  of  his 
pf. -pieces  are  now  known.  The  best  of  the  7 
concertos  are  the  "Concerto  militaire,"  op.  43, 
and  "  Le  Calme,"  which  created  a  sensation  at 
London  in  1806.  The  grand  sonatas  "  Non 
plus  ultra,"  op.  41,  and  "  Le  diable  a  quatre,"  op. 
50,  likewise  deserve  mention.  Other  published 
comp.s  are  2  symphonies,  9  string-quartets,  a 
dozen  pf. -trios,  2  trios  f.  2  clar.s  and  bassoon, 
many  violin-sonatas,  a  flute-sonata,  a  'cello- 
sonata,  about  40  pf. -sonatas,  duos  with  violin, 
a  duo  f.  2  pf.s,  a  "  Methode  de  piano"  (with 
100  studies,  op.  56),  24  preludes  f.  pf.,  sonatas 
f .  4  hands,  waltzes,  Polaccas,  Polonaises,  rondos, 
fantasias,  variations,  etc.,  f.  pf.;  other  instr.l 
pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Wol'fram,  Joseph  Maria,  b.  Dobrzan,  Bo- 
hemia, July  21,  1789  ;  d.  Teplitz,  Sept.  30, 
1839.  Pupil  of  Kozeluch  (harm.)  at  Prague,  and 
Drechsler  (pf.)  at  Vienna,  where  he  gave  music- 
lessons  from  1811-13  ;  obtained  a  government 
position  at  Theusing,  and  became  mayor  of  Tep- 
litz in  1824.  An  amateur  composer,  he  prod, 
an  opera  at  Teplitz  in  1S20  (?),  and  several  others 
in  Dresden  from  1826-38,  one  of  them  {Alfred, 
1S26)  being  so  successful  that  W.  was  nearly 
called  to  succeed  Weber  as  LCapellm.  A  "  Missa 
nuptialis,"  some  pf. -pieces,  and  songs,  were 
publ. 

Wol'frurn,  Philipp,  b.  Schwarzenbach  am 
Wald,  Bavaria,  Dec.  17,  1855  ;  pupil  1879-84 of 
the  Munich  School  of  Music  ;  mus.  dir.  of  Hei- 


637 


WOLLANCK— WORMSER 


delberg  Univ.;  Dr.  phil.  lion,  causa  (Leipzig, 
1891). —  Works:  the  "Grosses  Halleluja " 
[Klopstock],  and  other  choral  compositions  ;  pf.- 
pieces  ;  songs. 

Wollanck,  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  3, 
1782  ;  d.  there  Sept.  6,  1S31,  as  counsellor  at 
the  city  court.  Amateur  composer. — Works  : 
Opera  Der  Alpenhirt  (Berlin,  1S11);  "  Lieder- 
spiel"  Thibaut  von  Lowis ;  music  to  Gubitz's 
drama  Liebe  und  Frieden  ;  monologues  from 
Maria  Stuart  and  Die  Braut  von  Messina  ;  2 
masses,  a  Requiem,  and  other  church-music  ; 
over  100  songs,  33  part-songs  ;  the  cantata  Hed- 
wig  von  Rungenhagen  :  2  overtures,  3  string- 
quartets  ;  2  sextets  ;  quintets  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  pf.- 
sonatas  ;  clarinet-concertos  ;  etc. 

WoFlenhaupt,  Heinrich  Adolf,  b.  Schkeu- 
ditz,  n.  Leipzig,  Sept.  27,  1S27  ;  d.  New  York, 
Sept.  iS,  1863.  Pianist  ;  pupil,  at  Leipzig,  of 
J.  Knorr  (pf.)  and  M.  Ilauptmann  (comp.).  He 
went  to.  New  York  in  1845  ;  played  at  a  concert 
of  the  Philharm.  Soc,  and  made  an  enviable 
reputation  as  a  concert-pianist  and  teacher  ;  in 
1855  he  undertook  a  successful  concert-tour  in 
Europe.  Among  nearly  100  brilliant  pf. -pieces 
may  be  mentioned  op.  19  and  31,  military 
marches  ;  op.  24,  Galop  di  bravura  ;  op.  27  and 
47,  Valses  styriennes ;  op.  30,  Improvisation  ; 
op.  32,  Nocturne ;  op.  72,  Scherzo  brillante  ; 
besides  many  transcriptions  and  arrangements. 

Wollick  [Vollicius  ;  Bollicius],  Nicolas,  a 
native  of  Bar-le-Duc,  studied  at  Cologne,  and 
became  a  teacher  at  Metz. — Publ.  ' '  Opus  aureum 
musices  castigatissimum,  de  gregoriana  et  figu- 
rativa  .  .  ."  (Cologne,  1501  ;  2nd  ed.  1505  ;  3rd 
entirely  remodelled  ed.,  as  "  Enchiridion  mu- 
sices .  .  .  de  gregoriana,  etc.,"  1509;  4th  ed., 
like  the  3rd,  Paris,  1512  ;  and  5th,  1521). 

Wolzogen  [und  Neuhaus],  (Carl  August) 
Alfred,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Frankfort,  May  27, 
1S33  ;  d.  San  Remo,  Jan.  13,  1SS3.  From  1S68 
Intendant  of  the  court  theatre  at  Schwerin.  Au- 
thor of  "  Uber  Theater  und  Musik "  (i860)  ; 
"  Uber  die  szenische  Darstellung  von'Mozarts 
Don  Giovanni"  (1S60) ;  "  Wilhelmine  Schroder- 
Devrient"  (1863)  ;  new  German  versions  of  Mo- 
zart's Don  Giovanni  and  Sehauspieldirector  ; 
also  articles  in  periodicals. — His  son, 

Wolzogen  [und  Neuhaus],  Hans  (Paul), 
P'reiherr  von,  Richard  Wagner's  ardent  ad- 
mirer; b.  Potsdam,  Nov.  13,  1S48.  Studied 
mythology  and  comparative  philology  at  Berlin 
1S68-71  ;  then  devoted  himself  to  literature  in 
Potsdam  till  called  to  Bayreuth  in  1877  by  Wag- 
ner to  edit  the  "  Baireuther  Blatter."  Has  publ. 
"  Der  Nibelungenmythus  in  Sage  und  Littera- 
tur"  (1876)  ;  "  ThematischerLeitfadendurch  die 
Musik  von  R.Wagner's  Festspiel  Der  Ring  de  s 
Nibelungen"  (1876;  4th  ed.  as  "  Erlauterungen 
zu  R.  W.'s  Nibelungendrama,"  187S)  ;  "Die 
Tragodie  in  Baireuth  und  ihr  Satyrspiel  "  (1876  ; 
5th  ed.  1881)  ;  "  Grundlage  und  Aufgabe  des 
allgemeinen  Patronatvereins  zur  Pflege  und  Er- 


haltung  der  Buhnenfestspiele  in  Baireuth " 
(1S77)  ;  "  Die  Sprache  in  Wagners  Dichtungen  " 
(1877;  2nd  ed.  1S81)  ;  "  R.  W'agners  Tristan 
und  Isolde "  (1SS0)  ;  "  Unsre  Zeit  und  unsre 
Kunst"  (1881)  ;  "  Was  ist  Stil  ?  was  will  Wag- 
ner?" (1SS1)  ;  "Die  Religion  des  Mitleidens" 
(1882)  ;  "  R.  Wagners  Heldengestalten  erlau- 
tert"  (2nd  ed.  1S86) ;  "  Wagneriana  "  (1888); 
"  R.  Wagner  und  die  Thierwelt  ;  audi  eine 
Biographie"  (1890);  "  R.  Wagners  Lebensbe- 
richt"(i884;  the  original  of  "  The  Work  and 
Mission  of  My  Life,"  publ.  1879  in  the  "  North 
Amer.  Review,"  under  Wagner's  name);  "  Erin- 
nerungen  an  R.  Wagner  "  (1883)  ;  many  articles 
in  mus.  periodicals  ;  also  a  transl.  of  Schure's 
"  Drame  musicale "  as  "Das  musikalische 
Drama"  (1877;   2nd  ed.  1879). 

Wood,  Mrs.  Mary  Ann.     See  Paton. 

Wood,    Mary    Knight,    b.     Easthampton, 

Mass.,  Apr.  7,  1857.  Pianist,  pupil  of  B.  J. 
Lang  at  Boston,  and  A.  R.  Parsons,  J.  H.  Cor- 
nell, and  H.  H.  Huss  at  New  York.  Has  publ. 
about  30  songs,  several  of  which  have  been 
brought  into  vogue  by  Bispham,  Julie  Wyman, 
and  other  noted  singers.  She  is  living  in  New 
York. 

Woodman,  Raymond  Huntington,  b. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  iS,  1861.  Pf. -pupil  of 
his  father;  studied  harm.,  cpt.,  and  orchestra- 
tion with  Dudley  Buck,  1881-5,  and  with  Cesar 
Franck  at  Paris,  1S88.  From  1875-9,  asst. -or- 
ganist to  his  father  at  St.  George's  Ch.,  Flush- 
ing, L.  I.;  org.  of  Christ  Ch.,  Norwich,  Conn., 
1S79-S0  ;  mus.  editor  of  the  "  New  York  Evan- 
gelist," 1S94-7;  at  present  (1S99)  org.  and 
choirm.  P"irst  Presb.  Ch.,  Brooklyn  (since  1880); 
prof,  of  music  at  Packer  Collegiate  Inst,  (since 
1894)  ;  head  of  organ-dept.,  Metr.  Coll.  of  Mu- 
sic, N.  Y.  (since  1889)  ;  etc.  His  church-choir 
of  mixed  voices  is  noted  for  excellent  perform- 
ances.—  Publ.  works  :  Romance,  The  Brook, 
Spring  Song,  and  Three  Album-leaves,  f.  pf. ; — 
Prayer  and  Cradle-song,  and  Cantilene,  f.  organ  ; 
— numerous  popular  part-songs,  anthems,  and 
songs. 

Woolf,  Benjamin  Edward,  b.  London,  Feb. 
16,  1836.  Taken  to  America  in  1839  by  his 
father,  who  taught  him  the  mus.  elements,  and 
various  instr.s  ;  studied  under  W.  R.  Bristow 
(organ)  at  New  York  ;  cond.  theatre-orchestras 
in  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  New  Orleans,  writ- 
ing overtures,  incidental  music,  etc.;  in  1S70, 
mus.  and  dram,  critic  for  the  Boston  "  Globe," 
later  for  the  "  Sat.  Evening  Gazette."  Besides 
string-quartets,  pf. -trios,  etc.,  he  has  prod,  the 
"  operatic  comedietta"  Lawn  Tenuis,  or  Djakh 
and  Djill  (Boston,  1880)  ;  the  2-act  comic  opera 
Pounce  cV  Co.  (ibid.,  1883)  ;  overture  to  Shake- 
speare's Comedy  of  Errors  (1S87)  ;  the  3-act 
comic  opera  Westward  ho!  (Boston,  1894; 
succ.)  ;  etc. 

Wormser,  Andre  (Alphonse-Toussaint), 
b.  Paris,  Nov.  1,  1851.     Studied  at  Paris  Cons. 


638 


WORK— WUERST 


under  Marmontel  (pf.)  and  Bazin  (harm,  and 
cpt.)  ;  ist  prize  for  pf.-playing,  1S72  ;  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  1S75.  Resides  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  The  3-act  opera-comique  Adcle-  de  Pon- 
thieu  (Aix-les-Bains,  1S77)  ;  3-act  pantomime 
V 'Enfant prodigue (Paris,  1890;  London,  1S91); 
"  exotic  fantasy  "  in  3  acts  Le  Dragon  vert  (Paris, 
1895)  ;  3-act  op. -com.  Rivoli  (Paris,  1896)  ;  pan- 
tomime l' Ideal  (London,  1896);  ballet  r£toile 
(Paris,  1S97).  Also  several  symphonic  comp.s 
("  Lupercale,"  "Suite  tsigane,"  etc.);  pf. -pieces. 

Work,  HenryClay,  thecomposerof  "March- 
ing through  Georgia"  ;  b.  Middletown,  Conn., 
Oct.  1,  1832  ;  d.  Hartford,  June  8,  1S84.  A  self- 
taught  composer  of  popular  songs.  His  first  suc- 
cess was  "  We  are  coming,  Sister  Mary"  ;  other 
well-known  ditties  are  "  Grandfather's  Clock," 
"  Father,  come  home,"  "Shadows  on  the  floor  "  ; 
among  the  war-songs  (1861-5),  are  "  Drafted 
into  the  army,"  "  God  save  the  Nation,"  "  Song 
of  a  thousand  years,"  "Wake,  Nicodemus," 
"  Kingdom  coming,"  etc. 

Wouters,  (Francois-)  Adolphe,  b.  Brussels, 
May  28,  1S41  ;  studied  in  the  Cons,  there.  In 
1S6S,  organist  of  Notre-Dame-de-hinistere,  and 
in.  de  chap,  at  Saint-Nicolas  ;  since  1S71,  pf.- 
prof .  at  the  Cons. — Works :  3  messes  solennelles ; 
3  short  masses  ;  a  grand  Te  Deum,  an  Ave  Ma- 
ria, a  "  Jesu  refugium  nostrum  "  f.  bar.  solo,  etc. ; 
male  choruses  ;  a  symphonic  overture  ;  technical 
studies  and  transcriptions  f .  pf. ;  etc. 

Woy'cke,  Eugen  (Adalbert),  b.  Danzig, 
June  19,  1843.  Pianist  ;  pupil  at  Leipzig  Cons., 
1864-7,  OI  Moscheles,  Plaidy,  Hauptmann, 
Reinecke,  and  Richter.  Settled  in  Edinburgh 
as  a  teacher.  Has  publ.  a  number  of  interest- 
ing pf. -pieces  :  7  Sonatas  ("  Dramatique,"  "  Ro- 
mantique,"  "  Poetique,"  "  Capricieuse,"  "  He- 
roi'que,"  "  Fantastique,"  and  "Sentimentale,"the 
last  two  with  violin)  ;  Andante,  op.  19  ;  "  Au 
rouet,"  op.  23;  "  L'oisillon,"  op.  35  ;  8  Novel- 
lettes,  op.  41  ;  6  characteristic  pieces,  op.  42  ; 
etc.  —  His  wife,  Emily  Drechsler  W.,  ne'e  Ham- 
ilton, daughter  of  Adam  Hamilton  of  Edinburgh, 
is  a  concert-violinist,  playing  in  public  since  her 
nth  year,  and  at  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  Oct. 
21,  1869.  Married  in  1S71. — Their  son,  Victor, 
b.  Edinburgh,  1872,  taught  by  his  parents,  made 
his  debut  as  a  violinist  on  November  30,  1889  ; 
since  1892,  in  New  York,  where  he  has  taught 
at  the  National  Cons. 

Woyrsch,  Felix  von,  b.  Troppau,  Austrian 
Silesia,  Oct.  S,  1S60.  A  pupil  of  A.  Chevallier 
at  Hamburg,  but  chiefly  self-taught  ;  since  1895, 
cond.  of  the  Altona  Singakademie  ;  also  organ- 
ist of  the  Friedenskirche.  Composer  of  marked 
ability. — Works  :  Comic  opera  Der  Pfarrervon 
Meudon  (Hamburg,  1886)  ;  3-act  comic  opera 
Der  Weiberkrieg (Hamburg,  1890;  Berlin,  1892); 
3-act  opera  Wikingerfahrt,  (Nuremberg,  1896  ; 
succ.) ;  opera  Donna  Diana  ;  music  to  Sakuntala 
(Breslau,  1885);  Deutscker  Heerbann,i.  soli,  male 
ch. ,  and  orch.,  op.  32  ;  Die  Geburt  Jestt,  f.  soli, 


ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  iS  ;  "  Sapphische  Ode  an 
Aphrodite"  f.  sopr.  solo,  female  ch.,  and  orch.; 
"  Edward,"  ballade  f.  bar.  and  orch.,  op.  12  ; 
"Deutsche  Volkslieder"  from  the  I4th-i6th  cen- 
tury, a  4-7,  op.  33  ;  "  Persische  Lieder,"  op.  6  ; 
"  Spanische  Lieder,"  op.  14  ;  "  Rattenfangerlie- 
der,"  op.  16  ;— symphony  in  Bp  minor  (1892)  ; 
symphonic  prologue  to  Dante's  "  Divina  Corn- 
media"  ;  a  string-quartet,  a  pf. -quartet,  a  violin- 
sonata,  etc. 

Wranit'zky,  Paul,  b.  Neureusch,  Moravia, 
Dec.  30,  1756  ;  d.  Vienna,  Sept.  28,  1S0S.  Pu- 
pil of  J.  Krauss  at  Vienna  ;  violinist  in  the  Ester- 
hazy  orch.  under  Haydn  ;  in  17S5,  Kapellm.  of 
the  Imp.  Opera,  Vienna.  He  prod,  numerous 
operas,  operettas,  and  ballets  ;  wrote  music  to 
several  dramas  ;  composed  27  symphonies  (some 
equally  popular  with  Hadyn's)  ;  12  quintets,  45 
quartets,  and  9  trios  for  strings  ;  3  trios  f.  2 
flutes  and  'cello ;  divertissements  f.  pf.  andstrings 
(op.  34)  ;  pf. -trios  (op.  21)  ;  and  3  pf. -sonatas. — 
His  brother,  Anton,  b.  Neureusch,  1761,  d.  Vi- 
enna, 1819  ;  violinist,  pupil  of  Paul  W. ,  Al- 
brechtsberger,  Mozart,  and  Haydn.  Kapellm. 
to  Prince  Lobkowitz  ;  esteemed  as  a  teacher. — 
Works:  2  masses  (MS.),  a  violin-concerto,  6 
string-quintets,  15  string-quartets,  duos  and  va- 
riations f.  2  violins,  violin-sonatas,  and  a  method 
f.  violin. 

Wre'de,  Ferdinand,  b.  Hanover,  1S2S  ;  d. 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  Jan.  20,  1S99.  Pian- 
ist, pupil  of  Marschner,  Methfessel,  and  Litolff  ; 
at  Frankfort  he  was  cantor  of  the  Marienkirche, 
cond.  of  the  Singakademie,  and  singing-teacher 
in  the  public  schools. — Works  :  Male  choruses, 
songs,  and  pf. -pieces. 

Wrighton,  W.  T.,  popular  English  song- 
composer  ;  b.  1S16  ;  d.  Tunbridge  Wells,  July 
13,  1880.  Some  well-known  numbers  are  "Ever 
with  thee,"  "  My  mother's  name,"  "  Faded 
Rose,"  "  Postman's  Knock,"  "April  Showers." 
With  H.  W.  A.  Beale  he  edited  "  Congrega- 
tional Psalmody"  (London,  1S5S). 

Wii'erst,  Richard  (Ferdinand),  b.  Berlin, 
Feb.  22,  1S24  ;  d.  there  Oct.  9,  1881.  Besides 
instruction  from  Rungenhagen  at  the  Akade?nie, 
he  was  taught  violin-playing  by  Hubert  Ries, 
and  later  by  David  at  Leipzig,  and  composition 
by  Mendelssohn.  In  1845-6  he  studied  in  Leip- 
zig, Frankfort,  Brussels,  and  Paris.  He  then 
settled  in  Berlin,  teaching  composition  for  many 
years  at  Kullak's  Academy  ;  titles  of  "  R.  Mus, 
Dir."  (1856)  and  "  Professor  "  (1S74)  ;  elected  a 
member  of  the  Acad,  of  Arts  in  1S77.  Editor  of 
the  "  Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung  "  1874-5. 
Esteemed  critic  for  the  "  Berliner  Fremden- 
blatt,"  and  for  mus.  periodicals. — Works:  Operas 
Der  Rothmantel ;  Der  Stern  von  Tar  an  ;  Vine/a 
(Mannheim,  1864) ;  Eine Kiinstlerreise (operetta, 
with  Winterfeld  ;  Berlin,  186S)  ;  A-ing-fo-hi 
(Mannheim  ami  Berlin,  1S75)  ;  Faublas  (Berlin, 
1S76)  ;  Die  Officiere  der  Kaiserin  (Berlin,  1S7S)  ; 
the  lyric  cantata  Der  Wassemeck;  2  symphonies 


639 


WULLNER— XANROF 


(No.  2,  op.  21,  won  prize  at  Cologne,  1849)  ! 
overtures  ;  a  violin-concerto  ;  string-quartets  ; 
songs  ;  etc. 

WuH'ner,  Franz,  b.  Minister,  Westphalia, 
Jan.  28,  1832  ;  pupil  there  of  C.  Arnold  and  A. 
Schindler,  following  the  latter  to  Frankfort  in 
1S48,  and  studying  there  under  him  and  F. 
Kessler  till  1S52.  The  winter  of  1850-1  was 
spent  at  Berlin  with  Grell,  Dehn,  and  Rungen- 
hagen.  After  further  study  at  Brussels,  Cologne, 
Bremen,  Hanover, and  Leipzig, alsogiving piano- 
concerts  in  which  Beethoven's  last  sonatas  were 
prominent,  he  went  to  Munich,  1854,  and  wasapp. 
pf. -teacher  at  the  Cons,  in  1S56.  In  1858  he 
became  town  mus.  dir.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  with 
the  title  (1861)  of  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."  With  Rietz 
he  conducted  the  41st  Lower  Rhine  Mus.  Fest. 
of  1864  ;  then  returned  to  Munich  to  conduct 
the  court  chapel,  and  in  1867  became  director 
of  the  choral  classes  in  the  reorganized  School 
of  Music,  writing  for  them  excellent  "  Chorii- 
bungen  der  Munchener  Musikschule."  He  suc- 
ceeded von  Biilow  in  1869  as  cond.  of  the  Court 
Opera  and  the  Academy  Concerts,  becoming  1st 
court  conductor  in  1S70,  and  "  R.  Professor" 
in  1 S 7 5 .  In  1877  he  succeeded  Rietz  as  court 
Kapellm.  at  Dresden,  and  artistic  director  of  the 
Cons.  ;  in  1SS2  Schuch  was  promoted  to  take 
W.'s  place  as  court  cond.  ;  the  latter  conducted 
the  Lower  Rhine  Festival  at  Aix-la-Chapelle 
that  year,  and  the  Berlin  Philharm.  Concerts 
in  the  winter  of  1S83-4  ;  and  on  Oct.  1,  1884, 
succeeded  Hiller  as  Director  of  the  Cologne 
Cons.,  and  cond.  of  the  Giirzenich  Concerts.  A 
distinguished  conductor,  he  hasdirected  two  other 
Lower  Rhine  Festivals  (1886,  1890)  ;  is  a  most 
successful  teacher  ;  and  has  made  a  good  name 
as  a  composer. — Works  :  Cantata  Heinrich  der 
Finkler,  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  (1st  prize  at 
competition  of  the  Aix-la-Chapelle  Liedertafel, 
1864)  ;  additional  recitatives  to  Weber's  Oberon 
(accepted  by  various  leading  theatres  in  Ger- 
many);  Psalm  125,  f.  ch.  and  orch.,  op.  40; 
Miserere  f.  double  choir,  op.  26  ;  Stabat  Mater 
f.  do.;  op.  45  ;  other  masses,  motets,  songs  f. 
mixed  chorus,  and  songs  ;  chamber-music  ;  pf.- 
pieces. 

Wun'derlich,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Bayreuth, 
1755  ;  d.  Paris,  1819.  Flute-virtuoso,  pupil 
of  his  father,  and  of  Rault  at  Paris,  appearing 
at  a  Concert  spirituel  in  1779  ;  in  1782  2nd,  in 
17S7  1st  flute  in  the  royal  orch.  and  at  the  Opera  ; 
in  1794,  flute-prof,  at  the  Cons.,  where  he  taught 
till  death  ;  his  most  famous  pupil  was  Tulou. — 
Publ.  6  duos  f.  flutes  ;  sonatas  f.  flute  and  bass  ; 
3  do.  w.  bassoon  (or  'cello)  ;  6  solos  f.  flute  ;  9 
grand  do.;  6  divertissements;  caprices,  etudes, 
and  a  Method,  f.  flute. 

Wiir'fel,  Wilhelm,  b.  Planian,  Bohemia, 
1791  ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  22,  1852  ;  excellent  pianist 
and  teacher  ;  after  tours  he  became  prof,  at  the 
Warsaw  Cons.  (18 15)  ;  from  1826,  sub-conductor 
at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  Vienna. — Works: 
3-act    opera    RiibezaJil  ^Prague,    1824) ;    comic 


opera  Rothmanlcl  (Vienna,  1832  ?) ;  pf.-concerto, 
op.  2S  ;  "  Wellington's  Victory"  f.  pf.  4  hands, 
op.  13  ;  P'antaisie,  op.  45  ;  rondos,  polonaises, 
variations,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Wurm,  Wilhelm,  b.  Brunswick,  1S26.  Vir- 
tuoso on  the  cornel  a  pistons  ;  since  1S47  in  St. 
Petersburg,  from  1862  teacher  of  cornet  at  the 
Cons.,  and  from  1869  bandmaster-in-chief  of  the 
Russian  Guards. — Comp.s  f.  cornet. 

Wurm,  Marie,  b.  Southampton,  Engl.,  May 
18,  i860.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Pruckner  and  Stark 
at  the  Stuttgart  Cons.;  from  1S7S-S0,  of  Anna 
Mehlig,  Mary  Krebs,  Jos.  Wieniawski  ;  in  1880, 
of  Raff  and  Frau  Schumann  ;  won  the  Mendels- 
sohn Scholarship  in  18S4,  and  has  studied  since 
with  Stanford,  Sullivan,  Bridge,  and  Reinecke. 
As  a  concert-pianist  she  has  met  with  success  at 
the  Crystal  Palace  (1882)  and  numerous  recitals 
in  London,  and  at  the  Monday  Popular  Concerts 
(1884)  ;  also  at  Leipzig,  Meiningen,  Berlin,  etc. 
—  Works  :  An  overture  ;  a  pf.-concerto  ;  a  string- 
quartet  (op.  40  ;  1894)  ;  Prelude  and  Fugue  f.  2 
pf.s  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and 
'cello;  pf. -sonata ;  "  Tanzweisen,"  4  hands; 
Valse  de  concert ;  Barcarolle  ;  etc. 

Wylde,  Henry,  b.  Bushey,  Hertfordshire, 
May  22,  1822  ;  d.  London,  Mar.  13,  1890. 
Pianist  ;  a  pupil  of  Moscheles,  and  (1S43)  of  Cip- 
riani Potter  at  the  R.  A.  M.;  in  1844,  organist 
of  St.  Ann's,  Aldersgate  St. ;  became  prof,  in 
the  R.  A.  M.;  founded  the  New  Philharm.  Soc. 
in  1852,  and  conducted  its  concerts  1858-79  ; 
took  degree  of  Mus.  Doc,  Cambridge,  in  1851, 
and  succeeded  E.  Taylor  as  Gresham  Prof,  of 
Music  in  1S63.  He  built  St.  George's  Hall,  and 
in  1 871  established  the  "  London  Academy  of 
Music,"  remaining  its  principal  until  death. — 
Publ.  "Harmony  and  the  Science  of  Music" 
(1865  and  1872)  ;  "  Music  in  its  Art  Mysteries" 
(1867)  ;  "  Modern  Counterpoint  in  Major  Keys" 
(1873)  ;  "Occult  Principles  of  Music  "  (1881)  ; 
"  Music  as  an  Educator"  (18S2)  ;  "  Evolution  of 
the  Beautiful  in  Sound  "  (1887)  ;  cantata  Praise 
and  Prayer,  op.  14  ;  a  pf.-concerto  ;  pf. -sonatas, 
op.  1,  7  ;  Rhapsody  f.  pf. ,  op.  2  ;  etc. 

Wyman,  Addison  P.,  b.  Cornish,  N.  H., 
June  23,  1832;  d.  Washington,  Penn.,  Apr.  15, 
1872.  Teacher  of  violin,  etc.,  at  Wheeling,  W. 
Va.,  in  1859  ;  founded  a  successful  music-school 
at  Claremont,  N.  II.,  in  1S69. — Publ.  popular 
pf.-pieces  :  "Silvery  Waves,"  "Woodland 
Echoes,"  "Moonlight  Musings,"  "Music  among 
the  Pines,"  etc. 


X 


Xanrof,  [Leon  Fourneau,  called  Xanrof,]  b. 
Paris,  Dec.  9,  1867.  Amateur  comp. ;  lawyer  by 
profession.  His  first  essays  were  songs  for 
Yvette  Guilbert  ;  since  1S90  ne  has  prod,  light 
stage-pieces  in  minor  Parisian  theatres  ;  writes 
for  several  papers. 


640 


XYLANDER— ZAJlC 


Xylander  {rede  Holtz'mann),  Wilhelm,  b. 
Augsburg,  Dec.  26,  1532  ;  d.  Heidelberg,  Feb. 
10,  1576,  as  prof,  of  Greek.  Wrote  a  Latin 
transl.  of  Psello's  "Compendium  mathetn.  qua- 
drivium,  id  est  arithmetica,  musica,  geometria  et 
astronomia  "  (Leyden,  1647). 

Xyndas,  Spiridion,  Greek  composer  ;  b. 
Corfu,  1S12  ;  d.  in  poverty  at  Athens,  Nov.  25, 
1896.  Wrote  many  charming  and  popular  melo- 
dies to  new-Greek  songs  ;  also  successful  ballad- 
operas  {Count  Julian  ;  The  Two  Rivals;  The 
Parliamentary  Candidate). 


Yussupoff,  Prince  Nicolai,  b.  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1S27.  Excellent  violinist,  pupil  of  Vieux- 
temps. — Works:  A  program-symphony  "  Gon- 
zalvo  de  Cordova,"  with  violin  obbligalo ;  "  Con- 
certo symphonique "  f.  violin;  etc.; — also 
"  Luthomonographie  historique  et  raisonnee  " 
(1S56;  on  violin-making);  and  "  Histoire  de  la 
musique  en  Russie :  .  .  .  Musique  sacree  suivie 
d'un  choix  de  morceaux  de  chants  d'eglise " 
(1S62). 

Yzac.     See  Isaac. 


Yost,  Michel,  celebrated  clarinettist  ;  b. 
Paris,  1754;  d.  there  July  5,  1786.  Pupil  of 
Beer. — Publ.  14  clar.-concertos  ;  30  quartets  f. 
clar.  and  strings  ;  8  books  of  duos  f.  clarinets  ; 
Airs  varies  f.  clar.  w.  viola  and  bass. 

Young,  Rev.  Matthew,  b.  Roscommon, 
1750;  d.  Nov.  28,  1800.  Prof,  at  Dublin  Univ.; 
Bishop  of  Clonfert  and  Kilmacduagh. — Publ. 
"An  Inquiry  into  the  Principal  Phenomena  of 
Sounds  and  Mus.  Strings"  (17S4). 

Young,  John  Matthew  Wilson,  b.  Dur- 
ham, Engl.,  Dec.  17,  1822;  d.  W.  Norwood, 
Mar.  4,  1897.  1st  boy-solo  at  Durham  Cath. ; 
pupil  and  assistant  of  Dr.  Henshaw;  in  1850, 
organist  of  Lincoln  Cath.,  retiring  in  1895. — 
Works :  Sacred  cantata  The  Return  of  Israel 
to  Palestine  (Lincoln  Festival,  1892);  Festival 
Service;  Morning  Service;  Te  Deums,  anthems, 
etc. 

Yradier,  Sebastian,  Spanish  song-composer ; 
d.  Vittoria,  1865.  His  most  popular  song  is 
"Ay  Chiquita."  A  coll.  of  25  favorite  num- 
bers, to  words  by  Tagliahco  and  Paul  Bernard, 
was  publ.  at  Paris. 

Yriar'te,  Don  Tomas  de,  Spanish  poet;  b. 
Teneriffe,  about  1750;  d.  Santa  Maria,  n.  Cadiz, 
1791.  His  didactic  poem  "  La  Musica"  (1779) 
was  transl.  into  Italian  (1789),  French  (1800), 
and  English  (1811). 

Ysaye,  Eugene,  celebrated  violinist;  b. 
Liege,  Belgium,  July  16,  1858.  Pupil  of  his 
father  [a  coml.  and  violinist]  ;  then  of  Liege 
Cons.,  and  of  Wieniawski  and  Vieuxtemps  at 
Brussels  ;  the  latter's  influence  obtained  state 
aid  for  the  prosecution  of  Y.'s  studies  in  Paris. 
He  was  leader  in  Bilse's  orch.,  Berlin,  till  1881 ; 
since  which  time  he  has  become  one  of  the 
foremost  among  contemporary  violinists  (tours 
throughout  Europe  and  N.  America).  From 
1886,  head  prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the  Brus- 
sels Cons.,  and  leader  of  the  "  Ysaye  Quartet." 
In  1S93,  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. — 
Works :  6  violin-concertos  ;  variations  on  a  theme 
by  Paganini ;  3  Mazurkas  f.  violin  (No.  3,  op. 
11,  is  "  Lointain  passe  ");  op.  12,  Poeme  ele- 
giaque  f.  violin  w.  orch.  (or  pf.);  etc. 

41  641 


Zabal'za  y  Ola'so,  Don  Damaso,  b.  Iru- 
rita,  Navarra,  Dec.  n,  1833  >  d.  Madrid,  Feb. 
25,  1894.  Pupil  of  Sagabeta,  Vidaola,  and 
Mariano  Garcia  ;  in  1858  he  settled  in  Madrid 
as  a  concert-pianist  and  teacher  ,  was  later  app. 
prof,  of  theory  and  declamation  at  the  National 
Cons.  Wrote  an  immense  number  of  pf.-pieces, 
many  very  popular  ;  also  sonatinas,  and  studies 
used  in  the  Conservatories  of  Madrid,  Barce- 
lona, Paris,  and  Milan. 

Za'bel,  Carl,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  19,  1822  ;  d. 
Brunswick,  Aug.  19,  1883,  as  2nd  Kapellm.  at 
the  court  theatre. — Comp.  ballets,  military  mu- 
sic, dances. 

Zacco'ni,  Ludovico,  b.  Pesaro,  1540 ;  d. 
about  1600.  Augustinian  monk,  cond.  of  a 
monastery-choir  at  Venice,  in  1593  a  member  of 
the  Vienna  court  orch.,  in  1595  do.  at  Munich, 
and  returned  to  Venice.  His  great  work  "  Prat- 
tica  di  Musica,"  in  two  parts  (Venice,  1592  ; 
1622),  is  a  valuable  treatise  on  mensural  theory 
and  counterpoint,  and  also  on  contemporary 
instr.s. 

Zachari'a,  Eduard,  b.  Holzappeler-Hiitte, 
Nassau,  June  2,  1S28  ;  pastor  at  Mazsayn,  Un- 
ter-Westerwald.  Inventor  of  the  "  Kunstpedal  " 
for  pianofortes,  a  set  of  4  pedals  lifting  the 
dampers  from  8  divisions  of  the  strings  :  A2 — E, 
F—By  c—e,  f—a,  b\>—d\  efy—g\  a^—e2, 
c°$-es. 

Zach'au,  Peter,  town  musician  at  Liibeck, 
publ.  "  7  Branlen,  dazu  Gigen,  Gavotten  .  .  . 
mit  3  Couranten  "  (1683),  and  "  Erster  Theil 
vierstimmiger  Viol  di  gamb  Lustspiele  solo " 
(1693  ;  preludes,  Allemandes,  etc.). 

Zach'au,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Leipzig, 
Nov.  19,  1663  ;  d.  Halle,  Aug.  14,  1712,  as  or- 
ganist (since  1684)  of  the  Liebfrauenkirche.  He 
was  Handel's  teacher.  Organ-pieces,  figurate 
chorals,  etc.,  were  publ.  in  Breitkopf  &  Hartel's 
"  Sammlung  von  Praludien,  Fugen,  etc.,"  and 
other  coll.s. 

Zajic,  Florian,  excellent  violinist  ;  b.  Un- 
hoscht,  Bohemia,  May  4,  1853.  Studied  for  8 
years  at  the  Prague  Cons,  under  M.  Mildner, 
Bennewitz,  etc.  ;  joined  the  theatre-orch.  at 
Augsburg,  became  leader  at  Mannheim  and 
(1S81)  Strassburg,  succeeding  Lotto  ;  and(iS8g) 


/AM  MINER— ZECKWER 


at  Hamburg;  in  1S91  he  succeeded  Sauret  as 
violin-teacher  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin. 

Zammi'ner,  Friedrich,  b.  Darmstadt, 
1818  (?);  d.  Giessen,  Aug.  16,  1856,  as  prof,  of 
physics;  publ.  "Die  Musik  und  die  musika- 
lischen  Instrumente  in  ihrer  Beziehung  zu  den 
Gesetzen  der  Akustik  "  (2  vol.s  ;  Giessen,  1855), 
an  important  contribution  to  acoustic  science. 

Zanardi'ni,  Angelo,  b.  Venice,  Apr.  9,  1820; 
d.  Milan,  Mar.  7,  1893.  In  1854  he  prod,  at 
Venice  the  opera  Atnleto,  of  which  he  also  wrote 
the  libretto  ;  he  also  wrote  the  texts  for  Ponchi- 
elli's  //  figliuol  prodigo,  Massenet's  Herodiade, 
Mancinelli's  Isora  di  Provenza,  Catalani's  De- 
janice,  Domeniceti's  //  /ago  delle  fate,  etc.; 
translated  many  foreign  libretti  (e.  g.,  Wagner's) 
into  Italian. 

Zanetti'ni.     See  Gianettini. 

Zang,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Zella  St.  Blasii, 
n.  Gotha,  Apr.  13,  1733  ;  d.  as  cantor  at  Main- 
stockheim,  Aug.  18,  1S11.  Excellent  pianist 
and  organist  ;  pupil  for  2  years  of  J.  S.  Bach  at 
Leipzig.  He  comp.  and  engraved  "  Die  sin- 
gende  Muse  am  Main  "  (1776)  ;  wrote  a  "  Kunst- 
und  Handwerksbuch,"  Part  ii  of  which  is  "  Der 
vollkommene  Orgelmacher,  oder  Lehre  von  der 
Orgel  und  Windprobe  "  (1804).  In  MS.  are 
church-cantatas,  organ-trios,  pf. -sonatas. 

Zang'e  [Zangius],  Nicolaus,  d.  Berlin,  be- 
fore 1620,  as  Kapellm.  to  the  Elector  of  Brand- 
enburg.— Publ.  "  Schone  teutsche  geistliche  und 
weltliche  Lieder" «  5  (1597),  and  "  Ander  Theil 
deutscher  Lieder "  a  3  (1611  ;  both  in  Liegnitz 
Library) ;  "  Lustige  neue  deutsche  Lieder  und 
Quodlibete"«  5-6  (1620;  in  Berlin  Library); 
and  "  Cantiones  sacrae "  a  6  (1630;  Danzig 
Library).     Other  pieces  in  coll.s,  and  MS. 

Za'ni  de  Ferranti,  Marco  Aurelio,  b.  Bo- 
logna, July  6,  1800;  d.  Pisa,  Nov.  28,  1878. 
Eminent  guitar-virtuoso  ;  gave  concerts  at  Paris 
(1820)  ;  was  in  St.  Petersburg  1821-4  as  private 
secretary  ;  then  made  highly  successful  concert- 
tours  to  Hamburg,  Paris,  London,  and  Brussels, 
where  he  settled  in  1827  as  a  guitar-teacher,  be- 
coming prof,  of  Italian  at  the  Cons,  in  1846. 
Returned  to  Italy  in  1855. 

Zano'bi.     See  Gagliano. 

Zara'te,  Eleodoro  Ortiz  de,  b.  Valparaiso, 
Dec.  29,  1865.  St.  there  in  the  Collegio  di  San 
Luis  ;  in  1885  won  1st  prize  offered  by  the 
Chilian  government,  and  studied  in  Milan  Cons, 
under  Saladino  ;  won  prize  in  1886  for  his  opera 
Giovanna  la  pazza  ;  graduated  188S  ;  travelled 
and  studied  in  Italy.  In  1895  he  brought  out 
the  first  Chilian  opera,  La  fioraia  de  Lugano,  at 
Santiago,  Chili,  Nov.  10,  with  success. 

Zarem'ba,  Nicolai  Ivanovitch  de,  b.  1824  ; 
d.  St.  Petersburg,  Apr.  8,  1879.  Pupil  of  Marx  ; 
teacher  at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons,  from  its 
foundation  in  1S62  ;  A.  Rubinstein's  successor 
as  Director,  1867-71. 

Zaremb'ski,  Jules  de,  b.  Shitomir,  Russian 


Poland,  Eeb.  28,  1854  ;  d.  there  Sept.  15,  1885. 
Brilliant  pianist  ;  pupil  of  Dachs  at  Vienna,  and 
Liszt  at  Weimar.  Succeeded  L.  Brassin  in 
1879  as  pf.-prof.  at  Brussels  Cons. — Works  : 
Op.  7,  3  concert-studies  ;  op.  18,  Ballade  ;  op. 
20,  Serenade  burlesque  ;  op.  22,  Berceuse  ; 
op.  23,  "A  travers  Pologne "  (6  pieces)  ;  op. 
26,  Serenade  espagnole  ;  op.  27,  Etrennes  (6 
pieces). 

Zarli'no,  Gioseffo,  important  theorist  ;  b. 
Chioggia,  Mar.  22,  1517  ;  d.  Venice,  Feb.  14, 
1590.  He  entered  the  Franciscan  order  in 
1537,  and  in  1541  went  to  Venice,  completing 
his  musical  studies  there  under  Willaert.  In 
1565  he  succeeded  his  fellow-pupil  Cipriano  de 
Rore  as  maestro  di  cappella  at  San  Marco,  hold- 
ing this  position  until  his  death.  He  likewise 
held  the  office  of  chaplain  at  San  Severo.  To 
obtain  the  former  post,  Z.  must  have  been  a 
composer  of  eminence  ;  Foscarini,  indeed,  terms 
him  "the  famous  regenerator  of  music  in  all 
Italy";  but  most  of  his  MSS.  have  been  either 
lost  or  stolen,  as  his  only  extant  compositions 
are  21  "  Modulationes "  a  6  (Venice,  1566; 
edited  by  Z.'s  pupil,  Usberti) ;  3  "  Lectiones 
pro  mortuis  "  (part  of  a  coll.  of  motets  a  4  by 
de  Rore  et  a/.;  publ.  by  Scotto,  1563),  and  a 
mass  (MS.  in  library  of  the  Liceo  Filarmonico, 
Bologna).  His  theoretical  works  are  "  Institu- 
zioni  harmoniche  "  (Venice,  1558;  republ.  1562, 
!573  <  in  it  Z.  recognizes  the  natural  opposition 
of  the  major  and  minor  triads,  taken  up  later  by 
Tartini,  and  with  more  success  by  Hauptmann  ; 
he  also  gives  lucid  and  practical  demonstrations 
of  double  counterpoint  and  canon,  illustrated 
by  numerous  examples  in  notes)  ;  "  Dimostra- 
zioni  harmoniche"  (1571  ;  1573)  ;  and  "  Soppli- 
menti  musicali,"  containing  explanations  of  the 
two  foregoing  works  (1588).  The  above,  to- 
gether with  several  non-musical  treatises,  are  in 
his  collected  works  (1589  ;  4  vol.s). 

Zarzycki,  Alexander,  distinguished  pianist ; 
b.  Lemberg,  Austrian  Poland,  Feb.  21,  1831  ; 
d.  Warsaw,  Nov.  1,  1895.  Studied  in  Lemberg, 
and  later  (1856-61)  at  Paris  (Reber,  theory)  ; 
gave  brilliant  concerts  in  France,  Germany, 
Austria,*  and  Poland  ;  cond.  of  the  Warsaw 
Mus.  Soc.  in  1870  ;  Director  (1879)  of  the  Cons, 
there,  succeeding  di  Rontski. — Works  :  Effec- 
tive pf. -pieces  (op.  7,  Grande  Polonaise  w.  orch.; 
op.  10,  two  Nocturnes  ;  op.  17,  pf. -concerto  ; 
op.  18,  Grand  Valse  ;  op.  19,  20,  Mazurkas ; 
op.  24,  Serenade  and  Valse-Impromptu ;  op. 
34,  3  pieces  ;  op.  37,  Suite  polonaise  w.  orch.). 

Zaytz,  Giovanni  von,  b.  Fiume,  1834. 
Pupil  of  Lauro  Rossi  at  Milan  Cons.  1850-6  ; 
since  1870  at  Agram  as  cond.  at  the  theatre 
and  singing-teacher  at  the  Cons. — Works  :  The 
first  Croatian  opera,  Nicola  Subic  Zrinjski 
(1876),  and  several  others;  also  about  a  score 
of  i-act  German  operettas  ;  instr.l  pieces, 
masses,  choral  comp.s,  songs,  etc. 

Zeck'wer,    Richard,    b.    Stendal,   Prussia, 


642 


ZEISLER— ZERRAHN 


Apr.  30,  1850.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Moscheles 
and  Papperitz,  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  for  pf.  and 
organ  ;  of  Hauptmann,  Richter,  and  Reinecke, 
for  comp.  From  1870-7,  organist  of  St.  Vin- 
cent de  Paul,  Philadelphia ;  of  Philadelphia 
Cath.,  1878-S0.  From  1870-6,  teacher  at  the 
Phila.  Mus.  Acad.;  Director  of  same  since 
1876.  Has  prod,  several  compositions  fororch., 
f.  pf,,  and  f.  voice. 

Zeisler.     See  Bloomfield-Zeisler. 

Zelen'ka,  Jan  Dismas,  b.  Lannowicz,  Bo- 
hemia, Oct.  16,  1679;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  23, 
1745.  He  was  asst.-cond.  to  Heinichen  at 
Dresden,  and  after  the  latter's  death  sole  cond., 
though  without  the  title  of  "  Hof kapellmeister. " 
In  1735  he  was  app.  court  church-composer. — 
Works  :  20  masses,  3  Requiems,  2  Te  Deums, 
and  other  sacred  music  ;  also  3  oratorios,  Die 
eherne  Scklange,  Jesus  auf  Golgotha,  and  / 
penitenti  al  sepolcro  j  cantatas  and  arias  ;  and  a 
Latin  melodrama. 

Zelen'ski,  Ladislas.b.  Galicia(on  the  family 
estate  Gradkowice),  July  6,  1837  ;  pupil  of  Mi- 
recki  at  Cracow,  Krejci  at  Prague,  and  Damcke 
at  Paris.  Frof.  of  composition  at  Warsaw  Cons. 
— Works:  "  Im  Tatra-Gebirge "  f.  full  orch., 
op.  27;  "  Trauerklange  "  f.  orch.,  op.  36;  a 
symphony;  2  cantatas  w.  orch.;  Romanze  f. 
'cello  w.  orch. ,  op.  40  ;  3  string-quintets  ;  string- 
quartet,  op.  28  ;  variations  f.  2  violins,  viola,  and 
'cello,  op.  21  ;  pf.-trio;  pf. -pieces  ;  also  a  mass 
w.  organ,  and  an  opera,  Goplana  (Cracow,  1896  ; 
succ). 

Zell,  F.    See  Walzel. 

Zell'ner,  Leopold  Alexander,  b.  Agram, 
Sept.  23,  1823  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  24,  1894.  His 
father,  the  cathedral-organist,  was  his  teacher  ; 
as  a  child  he  played  the  organ,  'cello,  and  oboe; 
at  15  he  became  organist  of  the  Katharinen- 
kirche,  and  played  the  kettledrums  in  the  theatre  - 
orch.;  served  in  the  army  until  1849  ;  then  taught 
music  in  Vienna,  founding  and  editing  the 
''Blatter  fur  Musik  "  (1855-68),  and  giving  a 
series  of  well-attended  historical  concerts  (1859- 
66)  ;  and  succeeded  Sechter  in  1868  as  prof,  of 
harmony  in  the  Cons,  and  Secr.-General  to  the 
"  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde."  He  excelled 
as  an  harmonium-player  ;  wrote  a  method  and 
transcriptions  for  the  instr.,  and  made  improve- 
ments in  its  mechanism  ;  he  also  publ.  instruc- 
tive 4-hand  pf. -pieces,  'cello-pieces,  and  choruses. 

Zell'ner,  Julius,  b.  Vienna,  1832.  He  took 
up  serious  music-study  in  1851,  abandoning  a 
mercantile  career;  and  has  had  much  success  in 
Vienna  as  a  teacher  and  composer. — Works  : 
2  symphonies,  in  E  and  Ej?;  music  to  "Die 
schone  Melusine  "  ;  "  Im  Hochgebirge"  f.  soli, 
ch.  and  orch. ;  chamber-music,  part-songs,  songs, 
and  pf. -pieces. 

Zel'ter,  Carl  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  11, 
1758  ;  d.  there  May  15,  1832.  The  son  of  a 
master-mason,  and  brought  up  to  the  same  trade, 
his    passion    for    music    was    irrepressible  ;    he 


studied  under  Kirnberger  and  Fasch,  became 
leader  in  Rellstab's  "  Liebhaber-Concerte," 
brought  out  a  funeral-cantata  at  the  death  of 
Frederick  the  Great  in  1786,  and  in  1791  joined 
the  "  Singverein  "  (later  "  Singakademie  ")  con- 
ducted by  Fasch,  often  acting  as  the  latter's 
deputy,  and  succeeding  him  in  1800.  He  was 
elected  associate  ("  Assessor  ")  of  the  Akademie 
in  1806  ;  professor,  in  1S09.  In  1807  he  organ- 
ized a  "  Ripienschule  "  for  orchestral  practice  ; 
and  in  iSog,  the  Berlin  "  Liedertafel,"  the 
pioneer  male  choral  society  so  called  [the 
"  Deutscher  Sangerbund  "  now  numbers  several 
hundred  such  associations,  with  over  50,000 
members],  for  which  Z.  composed  nearly  100 
male  choruses.  He  also  founded  the  R.  Inst, 
for  church-music,  of  which  he  was  the  Director 
till  death,  in  1819.  The  friendship  between  Z. 
and  Goethe,  inspired  by  the  poet's  predilection 
for  Z.'s  songs,  and  the  latter's  admiration  for 
Goethe's  poetry,  found  expression  in  voluminous 
correspondence,  "  Brief wechsel  zwischen  Goethe 
und  Zelter  "  (6  vol.s  ;  1S33-6).  In  his  songs  and 
male  choruses,  Z.  is  a  composer  of  national  im- 
portance ;  he  also  comp.  an  oratorio,  aTe  Deum, 
a  Requiem,  and  many  pf.-pieces  ;  and  wrote  a 
Life  of  Carl  Fr.  Chr.  Fasch  (Berlin,  1801). — 
Dr.  W.  Rintel  wrote  "  C.  F.  Z.,  eine  Lebens- 
beschreibung"  (Berlin,  1861). 

Zemlin'sky,  Alexander,  b.  Vienna,  1877, 
of  Polish  parentage.  Pupil  of  Director  Fuchs 
in  the  Vienna  Cons.  His  symphony  in  B[?  won 
prize  of  the  "  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde  " 
at  Vienna,  1897  ;  his  opera  Sarema  (Munich, 
1897  ;  succ.)  took  2nd  prize  in  competition 
opened  by  Bavarian  Regent  in  1894  (libretto 
after  Gottschall's  "  Rose  vom  Kaukasus"). 

Zeng'er,  Max,  b.  Munich,  Feb.  2,  1837. 
Pupil  of  Stark  at  Munich,  and  of  the  Leipzig 
Cons.;  Kapellm.  at  Ratisbon,  i860;  mus.  dir. 
of  the  Munich  Court  Opera,  1869  ;  court  cond. 
at  Karlsruhe,  1872  ;  resigned  on  account  of  ill- 
health,  and  became  cond.  of  the  Munich  Ora- 
torio Soc.  (1S78-85),  the  Acad.  Gesangverein, 
and  the  choral  society  in  the  R.  School  of  Music. 
Degree  of  Dr.  phil.  /ion.  eausa  in  1897  from  the 
Univ.  of  Munich. — Works  :  Opera  Die  Foscari 
(Munich,  1S63)  ;  opera  Kuy  Bias  (Mannheim, 
1868) ;  4-act  opera  Wieland  der  Schmied{JA\iri\c\\, 
1880;  revised,  1894);  oratorio  Kain  [after  By- 
ron] (Munich,  1867;  often  perf.  elsewhere  in  Ger- 
many); secular  cantata  Die  Heinzelmannchen, 
f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch.  (op.  79)  ;  cantata  Eros 
und  Psyche ;  2  ballets  [for  King  Ludwig  II.], 
Venus  und  Adonis,  and  Lcs  plaisirs  de  Vile  en- 
chanle'e  (both  1 881,  in  private);  2  Gretchen  scenes 
from  Faust;  symphony  in  D;  "tragic"  sym- 
phony ;  an  overture  (op.  42)  ;  pf.-trio  ;  choruses  ; 
pf. -music  ;  songs. 

Zen'ta,  Hermann.  Pen-name  of  Augusta 
Holmes. 

Zeretelew.     See  Lawrowskaja. 

Zerrahn',  Carl,  distinguished  conductor  ;  b. 


643 


ZEUGHEER— ZIMMERMANN 


Malchow,  Mecklenburg,  July  28,  1826.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Fr.  Weber  at  Rostock  ;  studied 
further  in  Hanover  and  Berlin  ;  went  to  Amer- 
ica in  1848  as  a  member  of  the  Germania  Orch., 
and  established  himself  in  Boston,  becoming  a 
prominent  figure  in  musical  circles.  From  1854- 
95  he  was  conductor  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn 
Society,  being  succeeded  by  B.  J.  Lang  ;  for 
many  years  he  also  conducted  the  Harvard  Sym- 
phony Concerts  ;  and  was  prof,  of  harmony,  in- 
strumentation, and  singing,  at  the  New  Eng- 
land Cons.,  Boston. 

Zeug'heer,  Jacob,  b.  Zurich,  1805  ;  d.  Liv- 
erpool, June  15,  1865.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of 
Wassermann  (Zurich)  and  Franzl  (Munich). 
In  1824  he  organized  the  Quartet  called  "  Ge- 
bri'ider  Herrmann"  ("Herrmann  Bros.";  1st 
violin  Z.;  2nd,  J.  Wex  ;  viola,  Baader  ;  'cello, 
J.  Lidel),  making  successful  concert-tours  for  6 
years.  In  1831  he  became  cond.  of  the  "  Gen- 
tlemen's Concerts,"  Manchester  ;  in  1838,  of 
the  Liverpool  Philharm.  Soc. 

Zeu'ner,  Carl  Traugott,  b.  Dresden,  Apr. 
28,  1775  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1841.  Pianist,  pupil 
of  Tiirk  at  Halle  and  Clementi  at  St.  Peters- 
burg ;  lived  as  a  concert-giver  and  teacher  in 
Paris,  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Dresden. — 
Works  :  2  pf. -concertos  ;  a  string-quartet  ;  var.s 
on  a  Russian  theme,  f.  pf.,  violin  and  'cello; 
Polonaises,  var.s,  fantasias,  etc.,  f.  pf.,  much  in 
vogue  at  the  time. 

Zia'ni,  Pietro  Andrea,  b.  Venice,  about 
1630;  d.  Vienna,  1711.  In  1666  he  succeeded 
Cavalli  as  2nd  organist  at  San  Marco  ;  in  1677 
he  entered  the  service  of  Empress  Eleonora  at 
Vienna.  A  noted  composer  in  his  day,  he  wrote 
21  operas  for  Venice,  Bologna,  and  Vienna  ;  an 
oratorio,  Le  lagrime  della  Vergine  (Venice, 
1662)  ;  "  Sacrae  laudes  "  a  5  (op.  6,  1659  ;  with 
2  instr.s  obbl.  or  ad  lib.)  ;  sonatas  for  3,  4,  5  or 
6  instr.s  (op.  7  ;   1691). 

Zia'ni,  Marco  Antonio,  nephew  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Venice,  1653  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  22, 
1715.  About  1700,  Vice-Kapellm.  at  the  Vi- 
enna court  ;  in  1712,  court  Kapellm. — Comp. 
some  40  operas  and  serenades,  also  9  oratorios, 
for  Venice  and  Vienna. 

Zichy,  Geza,  Count,  b.  Sztara,  Hungary, 
July  22,  1849.  Son  of  an  Hungarian  noble, 
and  passionately  fond  of  music  ;  he  unfortu- 
nately lost  his  right  arm  at  the  age  of  17,  but 
by  dint  of  unconquerable  energy  became  a  left- 
handed  piano-virtuoso  of  astonishing  and  bril- 
liant attainments,  under  the  guidance  of  Mayr- 
berger,  Volkmann,  and  Liszt  (Pesth).  A  mem- 
ber of  the  legal  profession,  and  an  incumbent 
of  high  positions,  he  has  found  time  to  give 
many  concerts,  and  even  to  undertake  extended 
pianistic  tours,  for  charitable  ends.  Until  1892 
he  was  president  of  the  Hungarian  National 
Acad,  of  Music  ;  Intendant  of  the  National 
Theatre  and  Opera  at  Pesth  from  1890-4. — 
Works  :    A    melodrama,    Die    Geschichte    einer 


Burg  (Vienna,  1889?)  ;  cantata  Dolores,  f.  soli, 
ch.  and  orch.  (18S9)  ;  4-act  romantic  opera  Alar 
(Pesth,  1S96  ;  succ.)  ;  3-act  opera  Meister  Ro- 
land (Pesth,  1899;  v.  succ);  a  collection  of 
studies  and  pf. -pieces  for  the  left  hand  alone 
(publ.  Paris),  songs  and  part-songs. 

Zim'mer,  Friedrich  August,  b.  Herrengos- 
serstadt,  Thuringia,  Feb.  26,  1S26  ;  d.  Zehlen- 
dorf,  n.  Berlin,  Feb.  8,  1899.  Pupil  of  E. 
Hentschel  at  Weissenfels  ;  in  1854,  teacher  at 
Gardelegen  Seminary  ;  in  1S59,  R.  Mus.  Dir.  at 
Osterburg  in  the  Altmark. — Publ.  an  "  Ele- 
mentarmusiklehre  "  ;  a  "  Violinschule  "  ;  a  "  Ge- 
sanglehre  "  ;  and  an  "  Evangelisches  Choral- 
buch." 

Zim'mer,  Otto,  b.  Priskorsine,  Silesia,  1827  ; 
d.  Breslau,  Apr.  2,  1896.  Pupil  of  Richter  and 
Mosewiusat  Breslau  ;  organist  and  R.  Mus.  Dir. 
at  Oels  ;  editor  of  the  "  Fliegende  Blatter  fur 
evangelische  Kirchenmusik." 

Zim'mer,  Robert,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  17,  1828  ; 
d.  there  Dec.  5,  1857.  Pupil  of  Dehn  ;  teacher 
in  Kullak's  Acad,  from  1856. — Publ.  "  Gedanken 
beim  Erscheinen  des  3.  Bandes  der  Bach-Gesell- 
schaft  in  Leipzig  "  (1854  ;  critique  of  Becker's 
ed.  of  Bach's  works  for  pf.). 

Zim'merman,  Pierre- Joseph- Guillaume, 
famous  pf. -teacher  ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  19,  1785  ;  d. 
there  Oct.  29,  1S53.  The  son  of  a  Paris  pf.- 
maker,  he  entered  the  Cons,  in  1798,  studying 
under  Boieldieu,  Rey,  Catel,  and  Cherubini  ; 
won  1st  prize  for  pf. -playing  in  1800,  and  for 
harmony  in  1802  ;  became  pf.-prof.  at  the  Cons, 
in  i8i6,and  retired  on  pension  in  1S48.  Cheva- 
lier of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  1848.  Among 
his  many  pupils  were  Alkan,  Marmontel,  Pru- 
dent, Ravina,  Lacombe,  Dejazet,  and  Lefebvre. 
— Works  :  3-act  comic  opera  V Enlevement 
(Opera-Comique,  1830)  ;  2  pf. -concertos  ;  a  pf.- 
sonata,  op.  5  ;  24  Etudes,  op.  21  ;  "  Les  de'lices 
de  Paris,"  a  book  of  contredanses  w.  variations  ; 
rondos,  fantasias,  etc.,  f.  pf.  ;  6  coll.s  of  vocal 
romances,  w.  pf.-accomp.  ;  and  his  chief  work, 
the  great  "  Encyclopedic  du  Pianiste,"  a  com- 
plete method  for  piano,  Part  iii  of  which  is  a 
treatise  on  harmony  and  counterpoint. 

Zim'mermann,  Anton,  b.  Pressburg,  1741  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  8,  1781.  Kapellm.  to  Prince 
Batthyany,  and  organist  at  Pressburg  Cath. — 
Publ.  9  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  (op.  1,  2)  ;  pf.- 
concerto  (op.  3)  ;  "  Die  Belagerung  von  Valen- 
ciennes "  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  6  string-quartets  ; 
6  violin-duos  ;  and  the  Singspiel  Andromeda 
und  Perseus  (Vienna,  1781)  ; — other  works  MS. 

Zim'mermann,  Agnes,  fine  pianist  ;  b.  Co- 
logne, July  5,  1847.  Pupil,  at  the  London  R.  A. 
M.,of  Potter  and  Pauer  (pf.  ,)and  SteggallandG. 
Macfarren  (comp.)  ;  twice  won  the  King's  Schol- 
arship (i860,  '62),  and  also  the  silver  medal.  Pi- 
anistic debut  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  1863  ;  at  the 
Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  1864  ;  also  toured  Eng- 
land and  Germany,  and  has  high  repute  as  an  in- 
terpreter of  classic  compositions. — Works :  A  pf .  - 


644 


ZINGARELLI— ZOLLNER 


trio,  op.  19  ;  3  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  16, 
21,  23  ;  a  pf. -suite,  op.  22  ;  2  pieces,  op.  iS  ;  other 
pf. -pieces;  and  has  edited  the  sonatas  of  Mozart 
and  Beethoven,  and  pieces  by  Schumann. 

Zingarel'li,  Nicola  Antonio,  celebrated 
composer  of  dramatic  and  sacred  music  ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Apr.  4,  1752  ;  d.  Torre  del  Greco,  n.  Naples, 
May  5,  1S37.  A  student  at  the  Cons,  di  Loreto, 
where  Fenaroli  was  his  teacher  in  composition, 
from  1759-69,  he  completed  his  studies  under 
Speranza.  His  first  opera,  I  quattro  pazzi,  prod, 
at  the  Cons,  in  1768,  was  followed  by  Montezuma 
(Teatro  San  Carlo,  1781);  neither  had  much  suc- 
cess, and  he  was  obliged  tosupport  himself  by  les- 
son-givinguntil  A  Isinda , prod. &t  LaScala,  Milan, 
in  1785,  brought  him  fame  and  commissions  ;  up 
to  181 1  he  produced  27  more  operas,  among  which 
Giulietta  e  Romeo  (Milan,  La  Scala,  Jan.  30,  1796) 
is  considered  his  masterpiece.  He  spent  much  of 
his  time  in  journeying  from  place  to  place  for  the 
rehearsal  and  production  of  his  operas.  In  1792 
he  was  app.  maestro  di  cappella  at  Milan  Cathe- 
dral ;  in  1794,  at  the  "  Santa  Casa  "  in  Loreto  ; 
and  in  1804,  at  St.  Peter's,  Rome.  In  all  these 
positions  he  wrote  a  great  deal  of  church-music. 
In  1811,  for  refusing  to  conduct  a  Te  Deum  to 
celebrate  the  birthday  of  Napoleon's  son,  the 
"  King  of  Rome,"  he  was  imprisoned  at  Civita- 
vecchia, and  later  transported  to  Paris  by  order 
of  Napoleon,  who  set  him  at  liberty  and  liberally 
paid  him  for  a  mass  written  in  Paris.  As  Fiora- 
vanti  had  meanwhile  become  maestro  at  St. 
Peter's,  Z.  repaired  to  Naples,  and  in  1813  be- 
came Director  of  the  royal ' '  Collegio  di  Musica  "  ; 
in  1816  he  succeeded  Paisiello  as  maestro  at  the 
Cathedral.  As  Director  he  was  very  conservative 
in  his  views,  and  displayed  little  energy ;  but  as 
a  teacher  he  had  excellent  success,  among  his  pu- 
pils being  Bellini,  Mercadante,  Carlo  Conti, 
Lauro  Rossi,  Morlacchi,  etc.  His  operas,  in- 
terpreted by  the  finest  singers  of  the  time  (Cata- 
lani,  Crescentini,  Grassini,  Marchesi,  and  Ru- 
binelli),  had  immense  vogue.  He  wrote  a  vast 
amount  of  church-music,  much  appreciated  in 
Italy,  more  particularly  the  collection  "  Annuale 
di  Zingarelli  "  (or  "  Annuale  di  Loreto  "),  a  series 
of  masses  for  every  day  in  the  year  (there  are  38 
f.  male  ch.  and  orch.,  about  20  solemn  masses,  7 
f.  double  choir,  66  with  organ,  25  a  2-3  w.  orch., 
etc.);  also  a  4-part  Miserere  alia  Palestrina 
(1S27);  furthermore,  about  80  Magnificats,  28 
Stabat  Maters,  21  Credos,  many  Te  Deums,  mo- 
tets, hymns,  etc.  ;  3  oratorios ;  also  solfeggi, 
arias, organ-sonatas,  a  string-quartet, etc. — Biog- 
raphy by  Florimo  in  "  La  scuola  musicale  di 
Napoli,"  Vol.  ii. 

Zink'eisen,  Conrad  Ludwig  Dietrich,  b. 
Hanover,  June  3,  1779  ;  d.  Brunswick,  Nov.  28, 
1838.  Trained  by  his  father,  and  by  Rode  at 
Wolfenbiittel;  1801-3,  in  a  regimental  band  at 
Luneburg;  then  leader,  under  Forkel,  of  the 
Academical  Concerts  at  Gottingen;  1819,  cham- 
ber-musician in  the  Brunswick  court  orch. — 
Works  :  4  overtures ;  6  violin-concertos  ;  a  Duo 


concertante  f .  violin  and  viola;  var.s  f.  violin  w. 
string-trio;  2 duets  f.  violin  and  viola  ;  3  string- 
quartets  ;  var.s  f.  flute  w.  string-quartet  ;  a  con- 
certo f.  oboe ;  do.  f.  clar. ;  do.  f .  basset-horn  ; 
do.  f.  bassoon;  pieces  f.  clar.  w.  orch.;  do.  f. 
oboe  w.  string-quartet  ;  var.s  f.  2  horns  w.  orch.; 
military  music ;  part-songs  f .  mixed  and  male 
chorus. 

Zipoli,  Domenico,  organist  at  the  Jesuit 
Church,  Rome;  publ.  "  Sonate  d'intavolatura 
perorganoo  cembalo"  (Rome,  1726  ;  Part  i  con- 
taining "Toccate,  versi,  canzone,  offertorio,  ele- 
vazione,  post-communio  e  pastorale  "  ;  Part  ii : 
"  Preludi,  Allemande,  Correnti,  Sarabande, 
Gighe,  Gavotte,  e  Partite"). 

Zoel'ler,  Carli,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  28,  1849  ; 
d.  London,  Aug.,  1889.  Pupil  of  H.  Ries 
(vln.),  W.  Garich  (harm.),  and  Grell  (cpt.),  at 
the  R.  Academy,  Berlin.  Travelled  with  Ger- 
man opera-troupes  ;  settled  in  London  1873  ;  in 
1S79,  bandmaster  of  the  7th  (Queen's  Own)  Hus- 
sars. Distinguished  composer  ;  member  of  the 
R.  Accad.  di  S.  Cecilia,  Rome,  1SS4;  hon.  mem. 
R.  Istituto  Mus.,  Florence,  1885  ;  Fellow  of  the 
London  Soc.  of  Sciences,  Arts,  etc.,  1886. — 
Works:  Comic  operetta  The  Missing  Heir ;  lyr- 
ical monodrama  Mary  Stuart  at  Fotheringay ; 
scene  f.  sopr.  w.  orch.,  The  Rhine  King 's  Daugh- 
ter;  4  overtures ;  other  orch.l  pieces ;  "  Concerto 
dramatique  "  f .  violin  ;  quintet  f .  flute,  oboe,  clar., 
horn,  and  pf . ;  string-quartet  ;  other  instr.l  mu- 
sic; church-music;  songs  ; — wrote  "The  Viole 
d'amour,  its  Origin,  History,  etc.  ";  edited  "The 
United  Service  Military  Band  Journal." 

Zoilo,  Annibale,  maestro  at  S.  Giovanni  in 
Laterano,  Rome,  1561-70  ;  in  1571,  singer  in 
the  Pontifical  Chapel.  A  Salve  regina  is  in  Co- 
stantini's  "  Selectae  cantiones  "  (1614)  ;  madri- 
gals and  canzoni  in  Lindner's  "  Gemma  musi- 
calis"  (Nuremberg,  1590),  and  other  coll.s  from 
15S5-96;  in  MS.  in  the  Vatican  Library  are 
masses,  a  Salve  regina  a  12,  a  Tenebrae  a  16, 
etc. 

Zoll'ner,  Karl  Heinrich,  b.  Oels,  Silesia, 
Mays,  J792  \  d.  Wandsbeck,  n.  Hamburg,  July 
2,  1836.  He  toured  Germany  as  an  organ-vir- 
tuoso, etc.,  until  1833,  then  settling  in  Hamburg. 
— Works:  Kunz  und  Kaufungen ,  opera  (Vienna, 
1S25?)  ;  a  melodrama,  Ein  Uhrj  publ.  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  part-songs,  organ-pieces,  a  pf.- 
sonata,  a  4-hand  do.,  other  pf. -music,  a  method 
f.  pf. ,  a  violin-sonata,  etc. 

Zoll'ner,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Mittelhausen, 
Thuringia,  Mar.  17,  1S00;  d.  Leipzig,  Sept.  25, 
i860.  He  studied  at  the  Thomasschule,  Leip- 
zig, under  Cantor  Schicht,  from  1814;  renounc- 
ing theology  for  music,  he  became  a  vocal 
instructor  at  the  "  Rathsfreischule  "  in  1820,  and 
in  1822  organized  a  musical  institute  with  his 
friend  Hemleben,  with  choral  practice  every  Sun- 
day. In  1830  he  began  waiting  male  choruses; 
in  1833  he  founded  a  Liedertafel  known  as  the 
"  Zollner-Verein  "  [see  Zelter],  a  male  choral 


645 


ZOLLNER— ZUR  NIFDFN 


society  whose  organization  was  soon  imitated 
elsewhere.  In  1859,  20  of  these  societies  held  a 
grand  mus.  festival  at  Leipzig;  after  his  death 
they  united  to  form  the  "  Zollner-Bund."  In 
1868  a  monument  to  his  memory  was  erected  in 
the  Rosenthal,  Leipzig.  Z.  was  one  of  the 
most  famous  among  German  composers  of  part- 
songs  for  male  chorus;  besides  these,  he  wrote 
motets,  songs  for  mixed  chorus,  and  songs  w. 
pf.-accomp. — His  son, 

Zoll'ner,  Heinrich,  b.  Leipzig,  July  4,  1854, 
was  intended  for  the  law,  but  studied  1875-7  at 
the  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Reinecke,  Jadassohn, 
Richter,  and  Wenzel;  in  1878,  Mus.  Dir.  at 
Dorpat  Univ.;  in  1S85,  cond.  of  the  Cologne 
Ala>inergesangverein,  also  teaching  at  the  Cons., 
and  conducting  the  Cologne  Gesangverein  (mixed 
chorus),  the  IVagner-  Verein,  and  the  Musical 
Society.  In  1889,  with  a  picked  male  chorus, 
he  undertook  a  most  successful  tour  to  the  chief 
cities  of  Italy.  In  1890  he  became  the  con- 
ductor of  the  New  York  "  Deutscher  Lieder- 
kranz";  in  1898  he  was  called  to  Leipzig  as 
Kretzschmar's  successor  as  University  Mus.  Dir. 
and  cond.  of  the  "  Paulinerchor"  (Univ.  male 
choral  union). — Works:  The  operas  Frithjof 
(Cologne,  1884),  Faust  [after  Goethe]  (ibid., 
1887),  the  "  Kriegsduologie  "  Im  Jahre  1870, 
consisting  of  two  2-act  operas,  (1)  Bei  Sedan 
(Leipzig,  1S95),  and  Der  Vberfall  (Dresden, 
1895);  and  the  "musical  comedy"  Das  hoherne 
Schwert  (Kassel,  Nov.  24,  1897); — grand  choral 
works,  Die  Hunnenschlacht  (Leipzig,  1880); 
Konig  Sigurd  Ring's  Brautfahrt,  f.  male  ch. 
and  orch.,  op.  53;  Heldenrequiem  f.  sopr.  solo, 
male  ch.,  and  orch.;  cantata  Die  nene  JVelt  (won 
the  international  prize  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  1892); 
also  an  oratorio,  male  choruses  (op.  I,  4,  5,  6), 
numerous  songs  (op.  2,  7,  8,  54  [5  numbers, 
poems  by  P.  Cornelius]);  a  symphony,  op.  20; 
an  orch.l  episode,  "  Sommerfahrt,"  op.  15;  6 
Little  Pieces  f.  violin  w.  pf.;  etc. 

ZolKner,  Andreas,  b.  Arnstadt,  Dec.  8, 
1S04;  d.  Meiningen,  Mar.  2,  1862,  as  musical 
director.  Publ.  popular  part-songs  for  male 
voices. 

Zopff,  Hermann,  b.  Glogau,  June  1,  1826  ;  d. 
Leipzig,  July  12,  1883.  After  taking  the  degree 
of  Dr.  pkil.,  and  studying  agriculture,  he  en- 
tered the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  in  1S50 ;  later 
founded  an  "  Opernakademie,"  an  "  Orchester- 
verein,"  etc.,  in  Berlin  ;  went  to  Leipzig  in  1864, 
became  co-editor  of  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fur 
Musik,"  and  editor-in-chief  after  Brendel's  death 
in  1868.  For  his  activity  on  the  committee  of 
the  "  Allgemeiner  deutscher  Musikverein"  he 
received  the  title  of  "  Professor."  He  publ. 
some  large  choral  works,  etc.;  a  "  Theorie  der 
Oper  "  ;  and  a  "  Gesangschule." 

Zschie'sche,  August,  b.  Berlin,  1800 ;  d. 
there  July  7,  1876.  Dramatic  bass  ;  sang  1820-3 
at  Pesth  in  minor  roles,  then  at  Temesvar,  and 
in  1826  was  eng.  at  the  Konigstadter  Th.,  Berlin, 


and  from   1829-61  as  basso  serioso  at  the  Court 
Opera. 

Zschoch'er,  Johann,  b.  Leipzig,  May  16, 
1821  ;  d.  there  Jan.  6,  1897.  Excellent  pianist, 
pupil  of  J.  Knorr,  Th.  Kullak,  Henselt,  and 
Liszt;  noted  teacher;  founder  (1846)  of  the 
"  Zschocher'sches  Musik-Institut  "  at  Leipzig. 

ZunVpe,  Hermann,  b.  Taubenheim,  Upper 
Lusatia,  Apr.  9,  1850 ;  after  graduating  from 
the  Seminary  at  Bautzen,  he  taught  for  a  year  at 
Weigsdorf,  and  from  1871  at  the  Third  Biirger- 
schule,  Leipzig,  also  playing  the  triangle  in  the 
City  Theatre,  and  studying  music  under  Tott- 
mann.  From  1873-6  he  was  with  Wagner  at 
Bayreuth,  aiding  in  the  preparation  of  the  Kibe- 
lung  scores  ;  was  thereafter  Kapellm.  in  theatres 
at  Salzburg,  Wurzburg,  Magdeburg,  Frankfort, 
and  (1884-6)  Hamburg.  After  some  years  spent 
in  teaching,  coaching  opera-singers,  and  com- 
posing, he  was  app.  court  Kapellm.  at  Stuttgart 
in  1891  ;  in  1893  he  succeeded  Faiszt  as  cond.  of 
the  "  Verein  fur  klassische  Kirchenmusik  "  ;  and 
in  1895  was  called  to  Munich  as  court  Kapellm. 
— Works  :  Opera  A nahra  (Berlin,  1S80)  ;  roman- 
tic comic  opera  Die  Veruninschene  Prinzessin 
(not  perf.)  ;  3-act  operetta  Farinelli  (Vienna, 
1S88  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  3-act  operetta  Karin  (Hamburg, 
1888  ;  succ.)  ;  operetta  Polnische  Wirthschaft 
(Berlin,  1891  ;  succ.) ;  also  an  overture  to  Wal- 
lensteins  Tod j  songs. 

Zumsteeg',  Johann  Rudolf,  b.  Sachsenflur, 
Odenwald,  Jan.  10,  1760  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Jan.  27, 
1802.  As  a  pupil  of  the  "  Carlsschule,"  he  was 
intimate  with  Schiller.  He  intended  to  become 
a  sculptor,  but  developed  under  the  teachings  of 
Kapellm.  Poli  and  others  into  an  excellent  'cellist 
and  composer;  in  1792  he  succeeded  Poli  as 
court  Kapellm.  He  prod.  8  operas  at  Stuttgart, 
4  of  which  are  publ.  in  pf. -score  {El  Bondokani, 
Die  Geisleriusel,  Zaalor,  and  Das  Ffauenfest)  ; 
choruses  to  Schiller's  Rauber  ;  church-cantatas  ; 
a  'cello-concerto,  duos  f.  'celli,  and  'cello-sona- 
tas. But  it  is  chiefly  as  a  ballade-composer,  the 
precursor  of  Lowe  and  Schubert,  that  he  will  be 
remembered  ;  he  wrote  20  ballades  or  cantatas 
for  solo  voice  with  pf.-accomp.,  including  Schil- 
ler's Maria  Stuart,  Burger's  I.enore,  Goethe's 
Colma,  Ritter  Toggenburg,  and  Des  Pfarrers 
Tochter  von  Taubenhayn. 

Zur  MiihTen,  Raimund  von,  tenor  concert- 
singer  ;  b.  Livonia,  on  his  father's  estate,  Nov. 
IO,  1854.  Pupil  of  the  Ilochschule  in  Berlin, 
of  Stockhausen  at  Frankfort,  and  of  Bussine  at 
Paris.  He  excels  as  a  singer  of  German  Lieder. 
Visited  London  for  the  first  time  in  1882,  and 
several  times  since. 

Zur  Nie'den,  Albrecht,  composer ;  b.  Em- 
merich-on-Rhine,  Mar.  6,  1819  ;  d.  Duisburg, 
Apr.  9,  1872.  A  theological  student  at  Bonn, 
his  love  of  music  prevailed  ;  he  studied  under 
Fr.  Schneider  at  Dessau,  then  taught  at  Bonn 
(where  Joseph  Brambach  was  his  pupil),  and  in 


646 


ZVONAR— ZWINTSCHER 


1S50  settled  in  Duisburg  as  musical  director, 
conducting  many  grand  choral  works  with  great 
success.  —  He  publ.  the  "  lyrisch-dram.  Gesang" 
Die  Sage  von  der  Martinswand ;  Der  blinde 
Konig  [Uhland]  ;  and  Das  Grab  auf  Bitsento  ; 
all  for  soli,  chorus,  and  orch. ;  (in  MS.  are  Ko- 
nigin  Esther,  Die  schone  Magelone,  etc.,  f.  do.)  ; 
also  a  "  Deutscher  Marsch "  f.  pf.  4  hands; 
songs  ;  etc. 

ZvonaF,  Joseph  Leopold,  b.  Kublov,  n. 
Prague,  Jan.  22,  1824 ;  d.  Prague,  Nov.  23, 
1S65.  Pupil  of,  teacher  in,  and  finally  Director 
of,  the  Prague  Organ-School.  In  1859,  Di- 
rector of  the  Sophien-Akademie  ;  in  1863, 
choirmaster  of   the  Trinitatiskirche,  and   music- 


teacher  in  the  "  hohere  Tochterschule  "  [school 
for  young  ladies].  Me  publ.  the  first  treatise 
on  harmony  in  the  Pohemian  language  ;  wrote 
an  opera,  Zabdj '(not  perf.);  and  numerous  vocal 
works. 

Zwin'tscher,  Bruno,  b.  Ziegenhain,  Sax- 
ony, May  15,  1S38.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Julius 
Otto  at  Dresden  for  two  years  ;  then  1856-9,  at 
the  Leipzig  Cons.,  of  Plaidy  and  Moscheles 
(pf.),  Richter,  Hauptmann,  and  Rietz  (harm, 
and  comp.) ;  in  1875  he  was  app.  teacher  of  pf.- 
playing  there  (resigned  189S  ?).  Has  publ.  a 
"  Technical  School  "  in  continuation  of  Plaidy's, 
and  a  "  School  of  Ornaments"  (also  in  Eng- 
lish ;   New  York). 


647 


APPENDIX 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS 


Agostini,  Paolo,    was  not  "the  pioneer  in 

the   employment  of   large  bodies   of  singers   in 

divided  choirs";   Willaert  antedates  him    by  :i 
century. 

Albani.  The  exact  date  of  her  birth  is  Nov. 
I,  1852.  Her  stage-name  was  not  assumed  "in 
grateful  memory  of  the  town  [Albany,  N.  Y.J 
where  her  public  career  began,"  but  was  selected 
for  her  quite  by  chance,  for  her  Italian  debut, 
by  her  teacher  Lamperti. 

Anderton,  Thomas,  b.  Birmingham,  Engl., 
Apr.  15,  1S36.  Was  teacher  there,  and  organist 
of  the  Parish  Ch.,  Solihull  ;  mus.  critic  of  the 
Birmingham  "  Daily  News." — Works  :  The 
cantatas  The  Song  of  Deborah  and  Barak, 
The  Wise  and  Foolish  Virgins,  The  Wreck  of 
the  Hesperus,  John  Gilpin,  The  3  Jovial  Hunts- 
men, The  Norman  Baron  (1884),  and  Yule 
Tide  (Birm.  Fest. ,  1885) ;  an  English  Requiem  ; 
many  songs  ;  prize  glee,  "  Mat  o'  the  Mill  "; — a 
symphony,  overtures,  marches,  and  an  Allc- 
mande,  f.  orch.;  string-quartet  ;  pf. -pieces. 

Arnold,  Richard,  excellent  violinist ;  b. 
Eilenburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1845.  Went  to  the 
United  States  in  1853 ;  returned  in  1864  to 
Europe  to  study  under  Ferd.  David  at  Leipzig  ; 
from  1869-76,  first  violin  in  Th.  Thomas's 
orch.;  1878-91,  leader  and  solo  violinist  in  the 
New  York  Philharm.  Club  ;  elected  member 
of  the  Philharm.  Soc.  in  1879,  a  director  in 
1880,  leader  in  1885,  and  vice-president  in  1896. 
Organized  the  R.  Arnold  String  Sextet  in  1S97. 
Living  in  New  York  as 
a  concert-violinist  and 
teacher. 

Aus  der  O'he, 
Adele,  accomplished 
contemporary  pianist  ; 
b.  Germany  ;  pupil  of 
Th.  Kullak  and  Liszt. 
Has  played  with  much 
success  inGermany, 
England,  and  the  Unit- 
ed States  . — Publ . 
works :  2  pf. -suites, 
op.  2,  8  ;  Concert-etude 
f.  pf.,  op.  3  ;  Three 
Pieces  f.  pf.,  op.  4 ; 
songs  (op.  5,  6,  7,  etc.). 

Bach,  Albert  Bernhard  [real  family-name 
Bak],  was  b.  in  B.  Gyula,   Hungary,  Mar.  22, 


1844.  At  his  father's  wish  he  began  a  mercar- 
tile  career  at  Yienna  in  1861,  but  went  over  to 
music,  studying  under  Marchesi  at  the  Cons. 
1S69-70,  also  with  Cunio,  Weiss,  and  Gans- 
bacher.  In  1S71  he  gave  his  first  concerts,  as  a 
bass- baritone  singer,  at  Vienna  ;  from  1 876-7 
studied  at  Milan  for  Italian  opera  under  Lam- 
perti, Ronconi,  and  Yaresi ;  was  eng.  at  La  Scala 
1S77-S,  and  in  1879  at  the  Court  Opera,  Pesth, 
where  he  was  reengaged  in  1S85  for  leading 
bass-baritone  roles  ;  since  1886  has  sung  in  ora- 
torio and  concert  (at  London,  Manchester,  Edin- 
burgh, Glasgow,  etc.,  also  in  Germany).  In 
Britain  he  has  had  great  success  as  a  concert- 
singer  ;  his  specialty  is  Lowe  (he  is  an  honorary 
member  of  the  Berlin  Lowe-Verein).  His  lec- 
tures on  "  Raphael,  Mozart  and  the  Renaissance" 
were  publ.  in  1SS3  (enlarged  ed.  in  preparation); 
a  booklet  on  "  Sound,  Light  and  Colour"  was 
publ.  in  1899.  Also  edited  3  vol.s  of  Lowe 
Ballades,  with  Engl,  translations,  Preface,  and 
directions  for  proper  performance.  Resides  in 
Edinburgh.  [Also  cf.  the  article  in  body  of  this 
Dictionary.] 

Bache,  Constance,  sister  and  pupil  of  Walter 
B.;  b.  Edgbaston,  Birmingham,  Engl.  Pianist  ; 
studied  further  at  the  Munich  Music-School,  and 
with  Klindworth  and  Hartvigson  ;  since  18S3, 
music-teacher  and  writer  in  London.  Has 
transl.  the  libretti  of  Liszt's  St.  Elisabeth,  Schu- 
mann's The  Rose ' s  Pilgrimage  and  Faust-scenes, 
Mozart's  Bastien  et  Bastienne,  and  Humper- 
dinck's  Hansel  und  Gretel ;  also  Liszt's  Letters 
(2  vol.s  ;  1894),  Hans  von  Billow's  Letters  and 
Literary  Remains  (1896),  Heintz's  analyses  of 
Wagner's  Tristan  und  Isolde,  Die  Meister singer, 
and  Parsifal,  and  other  works  ;  has  also  com- 
posed the  songs  "  To  my  love  "  and  "  The  rain 
is  falling." 

Badia,  Luigi,  died  Milan,  Oct.  30,  1899. 

Banister,  Charles  William,  English  com- 
poser ;  b.  1768  ;  d.  1S31.  The  complete  ed.  of 
his  works,  edited  by  his  son  H.  J.  Banister,  con- 
tains 21  numbers,  including  "  12  Psalm  and 
Hymn  Tunes,"  "  4  Moral  Pieces,"  the  song 
"  The  Star  of  Bethlehem,"  etc. 

Bannelier,  Charles,  died  Paris,  Oct.  5,  1899. 

Beazley,  James  Charles,  b.  1850,  at  Ry'de, 
Isle  of  Wight,  where  he  is  living  as  a  teacher 
and  composer.  Pupil  at  the  R.  A.  M.  of  H.  C. 
Banister,  Steggall,  Sterndale  Bennett,  and  Jew- 


649 


BELLASIS— COBB 


son. — Works:  Cantatas  Drusilda,  Josiah,  Tin- 
Red  Dwarf,  The  Go/den  Flitch  ;  songs  and  part- 
songs  ;  pieces  f.  violin  and  pf.  (Elegy,  3  sona- 
tinas, 6  Sketches,  6  Bagatelles,  6  Miniatures  ; 
etc.);  pf. -pieces,  and  35  studies  f.  pf. ;  other 
instr.l  music  ;  also  "  Aids  to  the  Violinist  ;  A 
Short  Treatise  in  Reference  to  Bow-marks." 

Bellasis,  Edward,  English  writer  ;  b.  Jan. 
28,  1852.  Publ.  "  Cherubini  :  Memorials  Illus- 
trative of  his  Life"  (London,  1874);  also  pf.- 
music,  several  songs,  etc. 

Bellermann,  Heinrich,  ha;  publ.  (Berlin, 
1S99)  a  biography  of  his  friend  Ed.  Aug.  Grell. 

Bevan,  Frederick  Charles,  b.  London, 
July  3,  1856.  Chorister  and  solo  boy-soprano  at 
All  Saints',  Margaret  St.,  London  ;  organ-pupil 
of  Willing  and  Hoyte,  and  organist  in  several 
churches  ;  studied  singing  under  Schira,  Deacon, 
and  Walker,  became  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  Whitehall,  in  1877,  and  at  St.  James's  in 
1888.  Well-known  bass  concert-singer,  and 
composer  of  very  popular  songs  :  The  Mighty 
River,  The  Flight  of  Ages,  My  Angel,  Watch- 
ing and  Waiting,  etc. 

Boedecker,  Louis,  died  Hamburg,  June  5, 
1899. 

Brandeis,  Frederic,  died  New  York,  May 
14,  1899. 

Breslaur,  Emil,  died  Berlin,  July  27,  1899. 

Brooks,  Walter  William,  b.  Edgbaston, 
Birmingham,  Engl.,  Mar.  19,  1861.  Chorister 
in  St.  Martin's  Ch. ;  pupil  of  King  Edward's 
School,  and  won  first  place  in  all  England  for 
theory  of  music  in  the  Oxford  local  exam.s  ; 
pupil  of  Prout  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  1879-81,  then 
settling  in  London.  Since  18S9,  teacher  of  pf. 
and  voice  at  the  Wm.  Ellis  Endowed  School. 
Has  written  for  the  "Monthly  Mus.  Record" 
(which  he  edited  for  a  time)  ;  "  Mus.  Opinion," 
and  the  London  "  Figaro." — Works  :  Allegro  f. 
orch.  (prize  at  Belfast,  1891);  pieces  f.  violin 
and  pf.  (op.  14,  48,  50) ;  pf. -pieces  (Prelude  and 
Fugue  ;  "  The  Family-circle,"  12  charact.  pieces  ; 
6  progressive  studies)  ;  songs  and  part-songs. 

Browne,  Lennox,  b.  London,  1841.  Eminent 
surgeon  and  throat-specialist. — Publ.  "  The 
Throat  and  its  Diseases"  (1878  ;  4th  ed.  1893)  ; 
"Voice,  Song  and  Speech  ;  a  Complete  Manual 
for  Singers  and  Speakers"  (1883;  15th  ed., 
1892  ;  with  E.  Behnke) ;  "  The  Child's  Voice  ; 
Its  Treatment  with  Regard  to  After-develop- 
ment" (1885;  w.  Behnke);  "Voice,  Use,  and 
Stimulants"  (1885)  ;  "Mechanism  of  Hearing" 
(1889)  ;  "  Science  and  Singing"  (18S4). 

Bullard,  Frederic  Field,  b.  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  21,  1864.  He  renounced  the  study  of 
chemistry  for  music,  taking  a  four-years'  course 
in  composition  under  Rheinberger  at  Munich 
(1S88-92).  He  then  settled  in  Boston  as  a 
teacher  of  composition,  and  composer  ;  he  was 
mus.  critic  for  "Time  and  the  Hour,"  1897-8. 
Has  publ.  about  40  songs  ("  The  Sword  of  Fer- 


rara,"  "  Beam  from  yonder  star,"  "  The  Water 
lily,"  " 'Tis  for  mylady  fair,"  "A  June  Lullaby," 

"  The  Singer, Fhe  Hermit,"  "  De  profundis," 

etc.);  also  church-songs,  hymn-anthems,  duets, 
and  a  score  of  four-part  songs  for  male  voices, 
several  of  which  are  very  popular. 

Bunnett,  Edward,  b.  Shipdham,  Norfolk, 
Engl.,  June  26,  1834.  Chorister  at  Norwich 
Cath.,  1S42  ;  articled  to  Dr.  Buck,  1849,  and  his 
assistant  1855-77  ;  then  org.  of  St.  Peter's,  Man- 
croft  ;  Borough  Organist  in  1880.  Mus.  Baa, 
Cantab.,  1857;  Mus.  Doc,  1S69 ;  F.  C.  O., 
1870.  From  1871-92,  cond.  of  the  Norwich 
Mus.  Union  ;  organist  of  the  Norwich  Mus. 
Festivals  since  1872. — Works  :  De  profundis 
(Norwich,  1880);  services,  anthems,  etc.;  the 
cantata  Rhine/and,  f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch. 
(Nonv.  Fest. ,  1872)  ;  cantata  Lora  (1876)  ;  come- 
dietta Incognita  (1892);  "Victoria,"  f.  sopr. 
solo  and  chorus  (1887)  ;  part-song  "  The  Rhine 
Maiden  "  (1884)  ; — Andante  and  Rondo  f.  pf. 
and  orch.;  pf.-trio  ;  duo  f.  pf.  and  clar. ;  pf.- 
pieces  ;  "  8  Organ-pieces"  ;  6  original  comp.s  f. 
organ  ;  12  Short  and  Easy  Pieces  f.  Organ  ; 
Largo,  and  Ave  Maria,  f.  organ  ;  etc. 

Burmeister,  Richard.  In  1898  he  succeeded 
Scharwenka  as  director  of  the  New  York  Scharw. 
Cons. 

Cantor,  Otto,  contemporary  writer  of  vocal 
music,  now  (1899)  living  in  London.  No  details 
obtainable. 

Clarke,  James  Hamilton  Smee,  b.  Bir- 
mingham, Engl.,  Jan.  25,  1S40.  An  organist  at 
12,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  land-surveyor  1855- 
61  ;  then  went  over  to  music,  held  various  posts 
in  Ireland,  and  in  1S66  became  organist  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  graduating  Mus.  Bac. 
in  1S67  ;  he  also  cond.  the  Queen's  Coll.  Mus. 
Soc.  In  1S72  he  succeeded  Sullivan  as  organist 
of  St.  Peter's,  S.  Kensington  ;  became  cond. ,  in 
succession,  at  the  Opera-Comique,  Comedy, 
Toole's,  Gaiety,  etc. ;  of  the  D'Oyly  Carte  Com- 
pany on  tour  (1878),  and  also  from  187S  mus. 
dir.  at  the  Lyceum  Th.,  writing  music  for  dramas 
given  by  Irving.  From  1889-90,  cond.  of  the 
Victorian  National  Orch.  (Australia).  In  1893, 
first  cond.  of  the  Carl  Rosa  Company.  Has 
publ.  about  400  works,  inch  incid.  music  to 
Hamlet,  Merchant  of  Venice,  King  Lear,  The 
Corsican  Brothers,  etc. ;  operettas  and  comedi- 
ettas for  the  German  Reed  Company  Entertain- 
ments ;  School-cantatas  and  -operettas  ;  sacred 
cantata  Praise  ;  8-part  anthem  The  Lord  is  my 
Light,  op.  44  (won  prize  of  Coll.  of  Organists, 
1864)  ;  much  other  church-music  ;  songs  and 
part-songs  ; — 2  symphonies,  6  overtures,  a  pf.- 
concerto,  op.  78  ;  a  pf. -quartet  ;  string-quartets  ; 
organ-music  (6  sonatas  ;  3  Andantes  ;  3  Offer- 
tories ;  3  Pieces,  op.  34S) ;  etc. 

Cobb,  Gerard  Francis,  b.  Nettlestead,  Kent, 
Fngl.,  Oct.  15,  1S38.  Fellow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1863  ;  studied  music  at  Dres- 
den.      Pres.    of    Cambridge    Univ.    Mus.    Soc. 


650 


COWARD— HANDEL 


1874-84  ;  Chairman  of  the  Univ.  Board  of  Mus. 
Studies,  1877-92.— Works  :  Psalm  62,  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.  (Ripon  Cath.,  1892);  7  church- 
services,  inch  a  full  Morning,  Evening,  and 
Communion  Service  f.  men's  voices,  corap.  by 
request  for  the  choir  of  St.  George's  Chapel, 
Windsor  ;  motet  Surge  illuminare  (1S87);  prize 
madrigal  "  Sleeping  Beauty,"  a  6  ;  a  prize  glee 
"A  Message  to  Phyllis,"  a  4  ;  numerous  songs 
and  ballads  (especially  Kipling's  "  Barrack-room 
Ballads")  ;  a  pf. -quintet,  op.  22  ;  suite  f.  violin 
and  pf . ;  pf. -suite,  "Voices  of  the  Sea  "  ;  etc. 

Coward,  Henry,  b.  Liverpool,  Nov.  26, 
1849.  Graduate  of  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  College  ; 
Mus.  Bac,  Oxon.,  1889;  Mus.  Doc,  1894; 
Lecturer  on  music,  Firth  Coll.;  singing-teacher 
at  the  Girls'  High  School,  Sheffield  ;  cond.  of 
the  Amateur  Instr.l  Soc,  and  of  the  Mus. 
Union,  at  Sheffield  ;  chorus-master  of  the  Shef- 
field Festival,  1896.  —  Works  :  Cantatas  Magna 
Charta,  1882  ;  Queen  Victoria,  1885  ;  The  Story 
of  Bethany,  1891  ;  The  King's  Error,  1894  ; 
Heroes  of  Faith,  1895  ;  and  The  Fairy  Mirror, 
f.  female  voices,  with  tableaux  vivants ;  also 
anthems,  songs,  Sunday-school  songs,  hymns, 
etc. 

Crowest,  Frederick  J.,  b.  London,  1S50. 
Organist  and  precentor  at  Christ  Church,  Kil- 
burn,  and  choirmaster  of  St.  Mary's,  Somers 
Town.  Has  comp.  church-music  and  songs. — 
Writings:  "The  Great  Tone- Poets"  (1874); 
"  Book  of  Musical  Anecdotes  "  (187S  ;  2  vol.s)  ; 
"  Phases  of  Musical  England  "  (1S81)  ;  "  Musi- 
cal History  and  Biography  in  the  Form  of  Ques- 
tion and  Answer"  (1883)  ;  "  Advice  to  Singers"; 
"  Musical  Groundwork  ";  "  Cherubini  "  (in 
"Great  Musicians  Series");  "Dictionary  of 
British  Musicians  "  (1S95)  ;  "  The  Story  of  Brit- 
ish Music"  (Vol.  i,  1895). 

Cui,  Cesar.  His  last  opera,  Sarazin  (text 
after  Dumas'  "Charles  VII  chez  ses  grands 
vasseaus"),  was  prod,  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov., 
1899,  with  decided  success. 

Curwen,  John  Spencer,  son  of  the  Rev. 
John  C;  b.  Plaistow,  1847.  Pupil  of  his  father 
and  G.  Oakey  ;  later  of  G.  A.  Macfarren,  Sulli- 
van, and  Prout,  at  the  R.  A.  M.  Active  pro- 
moter of  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  system,  and  of  vocal 
teaching  in  the  schools  ;  Pres.  of  the  Tonic  Sol- 
fa  College  in  1880.  Active  contributor  to  the 
"Tonic  Sol-fa  Reporter "  (now  the  "Musical 
Herald").  Has  publ.  "Studies  in  Worship- 
Music"  (1880),  and  a  2nd  series  of  do.  (1885)  ; 
"  Memorials  of  John  Curwen  "  (1882);  "  Musi- 
cal Notes  in  Paris"  (1882)  ;  etc. 

Davies,  Ben,  was  born  at  Ponardawe,  n. 
Swansea,  Wales,  Jan.  6,  1S58.  [Cf  London 
"  Mus.  Times  "  for  August,  1S99.] 

Davies,  David  Ffrangcon,  baritone,  b. 
Bethesda,  Carnarvonshire,  Dec.  11,  i860.  Took 
degree  of  M.A.  at  Oxford  and  rec.  orders  in  the 
Ch.  of  England  ;  then  studied  at  Guildhall  Sch., 
London,  and  under  W.  Shakespeare  ;    debut  at 


Manchester  in  1890.  Was  for  some  time  with 
Carl  Rosa  Co.  in  Engl,  opera  ;  has  also  sung  much 
in  oratorio.  Several  visits  to  the  United  States. 
De  Mol,  Pierre,  died  Alost,  Belgium,  July 
12,  1899,  as  director  of  the  Music-School,  "and 
m.  de  chap,  at  St.  Martin's  Church. 

Erdmannsdorffer,  Pauline  (nee  Oprawnik  ; 
called  Fichtner  after  her  adoptive  father);  b. 
Vienna,  June  28,  1847.  Excellent  pianist,  pupil 
of  Liszt  1870-1  ;  court  pianist  at  Weimar  and 
Darmstadt.      Married  Max  E.  in  1874. 

Errani,  Achille,  b.  Italy,  1823  (?)  ;  d.  New 
Vork,  Jan.,  1897.  Tenor  opera-singer,  pupil 
of  Vaccai.  He  was  the  teacher  of  Minnie 
Hauck,  Emma  Abbott,  Emma  Thursby,  etc. 

Foley  [  "  Foli  "  ],  Allan  James,  died  South- 
port,  Engl.,  Oct.  20,  1899. 

Fuchs,  Johann  Nepumuk,  died  Vienna, 
Oct.  5,  1899. 

Gade,  N.  W.  In  list  of  works,  op.  43  should 
be  "  Fantasiestiicke  f.  clar.  or  violin  w.  pf."  ; 
and  op.  49,  Zion,  "  Concertstuck  "  f.  baritone 
solo,  ch.,  and  orch. 

Garcia.  The  given  pronunciation  (gar'-shah) 
is  usual  in  Germany  and  England  ;  the  correct 
Spanish  pronunciation  is  "  gar-the'-ah."  The 
name  is  also  sometimes  pronounced  "gar-se'-ah." 

Gibsone,  Guillaume-Ignace,  b.  London, 
about  1826.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  Moscheles  ;  con- 
cert-giver in  Brussels,  1S45  ;  German  tour  in 
1846  ;  settled  in  London  as  a  teacher  and  com- 
poser in  1S50. — Works  :  3  cantatas,  an  opera, 
and  2  symphonies  (MS.);  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vio- 
lin ;  numerous  pf. -pieces  (Polonaise  ;  "  Medita- 
tions," 24  numbers  ;  Chanson  a  boire  ;  Chanson 
d'amour ;  4  Sketches;  etc.);  songs  ("Sweet 
hour  of  Eventide  "  ;  "  My  lady  sleeps  "  ;  etc.). 

Grell,  Eduard  August.  Excellent  biogra- 
phy by  H.  Bellermann  (Berlin,  1S99). 

Gretry.  Last  line  of  art.  (on  p.  234),  for 
Brunet  /vWBrenet. 

Hadow,  William  Henry,  b.  Ebrington, 
Gloucestershire,  Engl.,  Dec.  27,  1859.  Studied 
pf.-playing  at  Darmstadt  (1SS2),  and  comp.  with 
Dr.  Lloyd  at  Oxford  (1884-5),  graduating  Mus. 
Bac.  1890;  Fellow  and  Tutor,  Worcester  Coll., 
188S  ;  lecturer  on  mus.  form  (for  Stainer)  1890- 
2  ;  editor  of  a  series  of  works  on  Mus.  History 
for  the  Clarendon  Press.  Has  publ.  "  Studies 
in  Modern  Music "  (1S92),  2nd  series,  1S94  ; 
also  a  hymn,  "Who  are  these?"  f.  soli,  ch.. 
strings,  and  organ  ;  cantata  The  SouTs  Pilgrim- 
age ;  prize-anthem  "When  I  was  in  trouble"  ; 
songs  ;  string-quartet  ;  pf.-trio  ;  2  sonatas  f.  pf. 
and  violin  ;  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  viola  ;  2  pf. -so- 
natas ;  etc. 

Hallen,  Anders.  His  last  opera  is  Walde- 
mar  (Stockholm,  Apr.  8,  1S99  ;  v.  succ.) 

Handel.  On  p.  249,  1.  5,  for  Christian  read 
Christopher. 


651 


HAYDN— MOFFAT 


Haydn.  The  latest  biography  is  that  by  Dr. 
Leopold  Schmidt  (Berlin,  1899). 

Haynes,  Walter  Battison,  b.  Kempsey, 
Worcester,  Engl.,  1859.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons. 
Org.  of  St.  Philip's,  Sydenham,  1884  ;  do.  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  Savoy,  in  1891,  succeeding  H.  F. 
Frost.  In  1890,  prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  the 
R.A.M. — Works  :  Additional  accomp.s  to  Han- 
del's Chandos  Anthem  ;  2  cantatas  f.  female 
voices,  The  Fairies'  Isle,  and  A  Sea  Dream  :  a 
communion  service  ;  other  church-music  ;  duets 
and  songs  ;  "  Idyl  "  f.  violin  and  orch.;  Prelude 
and  Fuguef.  2pf.s. ;  organ-sonata;  other  organ- 
music. 

Hellmesberger,  Georg,  Sr.  Line  9,/^;'  titu- 
lar prof.,  read  prof .  extraordinary. 

Hertel,  Peter.  Retired  in  1893  ;  d.  in  Ber- 
lin, June  14,  1899. 

Houdard,  Georges,  contemporary  French 
writer,  has  publ.  2  important  works  explanatory 
of  neume-notation  :  ' '  L'art  dit  gregorien  d'apres 
la  notation  neumatique  "  (Paris,  1S97),  and  "  Le 
Rythme  du  chant  dit  gregorien  d'apres  la  nota- 
tion neumatique"  (1898;  with  an  Appendix, 
1S99).  His  exposition  is  said  to  be  clear  and 
convincing. 

Jadassohn,  Salomon.  His  latest  book  is 
"  Das  Tonbewusstsein.  Die  Lehre  vom  musi- 
kalischen  Horen  "  (Leipzig,  1899). 

Joachim,  Joseph.  Biography  by  Andreas 
Moser  :   "J.  J.,  ein  Lebensbild  "  (1S99). 

Kienzl,  Wilhelm.  His  opera  Don  Quichote 
was  prod,  at  Berlin,  Nov.  18,  1898. 

La  Tombelle,  Fernand  de.  See  Tombelle, 
DE  LA,  in  body  of  Dictionary. 

Leschetitzky  [not  Leschetitzki],  Theodor, 
is  now  (1899)  living  in  Wiesbaden. 

Lohr,  Richard  Harvey,  b.  Leicester,  Engl., 
June  13,  1856.  Pupil  of  Prout,  Sullivan,  and 
Holmes,  at  the  R.A.M.,  winning  Lucas  medal 
twice  (1877,  '78);  also  Potter  Exhibitioner,  and 
Santley  Prizeholder  (1879).  Organist  at  St. 
James's,  Marylebone.  Has  also  appeared  as  a 
concert-pianist  since  1882. — Works  :  Oratorio 
The  Queen  of  Sheba  ;  services,  anthems,  etc. ; 
part-songs  ;  songs  ;  a  pf. -quartet ;  a  Ballade,  op. 
3,  f.  'cello  and  pf . ;  Duo  concertante,  op.  13,  f. 
do.;  a  Caprice,  op.  II,  and  a  Cavatina,  op.  14, 
f.  violin  and  pf.;  "  The  Window,"  12  pf. -pieces  ; 
etc.; — "Primer"  of  the  rudiments  of  music 
(1882)  ;   "  Principia  cf  Music  "  (1890)  ;  etc. 

Lott,  Edwin  Matthew,  b.  St.  Helier,  Jer- 
sey, Jan.  31,  1836.  An  organist  at  10,  he  studied 
under  Best  185 1-2  ;  was  organist  of  various  Lon- 
don churches,  and  lived  in  Jersey  1865-70  ;  has 
been  org.  at  St.  Sepulchre's,  Holborn,  since  1883. 
— Works  :  A  church-cantata,  services,  anthems, 
etc.;  songs  ("Into  the  Silent  Land,"  "The 
Fairy  Wedding,"  etc.)  ;  about  300  pf. -pieces,  in- 
cluding a  sonata,  a  Bourree,  a  Minuet,  and  55 
Finger-inventions   in    all    keys ;    organ-pieces ; 


catechisms  f.  piano  and  harmony  ;  and  a  Dic- 
tionary of  Mus.  Terms. 

Lucas,  Clarence,  b.  in  Canada,  1866.  Pupil 
of  Dubois  in  the  Paris  Cons. — Works  :  2  operas, 
Anne  Hathaway,  and  The  Money  Spider  (Mati- 
nee Th.,  London,  1S97) ;  also  pf. -pieces,  and 
songs. 

Lussan,  Zelie  de,  dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  New 
York,  1863.  Taught  by  her  mother,  an  opera- 
singer.  Concert-debut  at  16,  in  the  Academy  of 
Music  ;  stage-debut  with  the  Boston  Ideal  Opera 
Company,  18S5  ;  she  sang  several  seasons  with 
that  troupe,  and  then  went  to  London,  where 
she  was  eng.  (1889)  for  the  Carl  Rosa  company. 
Roles  :  Arline  {Bohemian  Girl),  Zerlina,  Car- 
men, Mignon,  Lille  du  regiment,  Marion  {La 
Vivandihre),  etc. 

Marpurg,  Fr.Wilh.  In  enumerating  his  writ- 
ings the  following  were  inadvertently  omitted  : 
"  Historisch-kritische  Beytrage  zur  Aufnahme 
der  Musik  "  (5  vol.s  ;  1754-62  ;  1782  ;  appeared 
irregularly);  "  Kritische  Einleitung  in  die  Ge- 
schichte  und  Lehrsatze  der  alten  und  neuen  Mu- 
sik "  (1759  '<  onl>'  on  ancient  music) ;  and  "  Kri- 
tische Briefe  iiber  die  Tonkunst  "  (a  weekly  pub- 
lication appearing  1759-63,  covering  many  im- 
portant points  in  mus.  science  and  art). 

Massenet,  J.  E.  F.  Opera  Cendrillon  prod. 
1899. 

Mertz,  Joseph  Kasper,  distinguished  guitar- 
player  ;  b.  Pressburg,  Hungary,  Aug.  17,  1806  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Oct.  14,  1856.  His  parents  were 
poor,  and  he  was  early  obliged  to  give  music- 
lessons  to  support  himself.  In  1840  he  took  part 
in  a  concert  at  Vienna  ;  then  made  a  tour  through 
Moravia,  Silesia,  Poland,  and  Prussia  (Royal 
Th.,  Berlin) ;  gave  concerts  in  1842  at  Dresden, 
where  he  met  and  married  the  piano-virtuoso 
Josephine  Plantin,  with  whom  he  played  in 
Chemnitz,  Leipzig,  Dresden,  and  Prague,  when 
ill-health  compelled  his  return  to  Vienna  (Feb., 
1843).  There  they  played  before  the  Empress, 
and  settled  as  music-teachers  ;  gave  several  con- 
certs in  1851  ;  made  a  trip  to  Salzburg  in  1853, 
again  playing  before  the  Empress,  King  Ludwig 
of  Bavaria,  and  other  notabilities,  performing 
some  duos  for  guitar  and  pf.  of  their  own  com- 
position, and  giving  two  more  successful  con- 
certs.    After  this,  M.'s  health  failed  rapidly. 

Moffat,  Alfred  Edward,  b.  Edinburgh,  Dec. 
4,  1866.  Fupil  of  L.  Bussler  at  Berlin,  1882-88. 
Composer,  residing  in  London  and  Germany  in 
turn. — Works  :  Cantatas  (f.  female  or  children's 
voices)  The  Passing  Year,  The  Dressing  of  the 
Well,  The  Children  of  Samuel,  A  Christmas 
Dream  ;  album  of  ten  trios  f .  female  voices  ; 
many  duets  and  duettinos  ;  12  sacred  rounds  ;  8 
books  of  school-songs  ;  songs,  etc. — a  pf. -quar- 
tet ;  pieces  f.  violin  and  pf.  (24  pieces  ;  Album 
of  12  pieces  ;  Album  of  6  pieces)  ;  pieces  f.  'cello 
and  pf.  (12  salon-pieces  ;  12  pieces  ;  a  sonata) ; 
many  vocal  arrangements  ("  The  Minstrelsie  of 


652 


MOLLENIIAUER— WAGNER 


Scotland,"  "  Folk-songs  of  England,"  etc.) ;  also 
instr.l  arrangements,  chiefly  of  classical  pieces. 

Morienhauer,  Emil,  son  of  Friedrich  M.;  b. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1855.  A  violinist,  he 
appeared  at  the  old  Niblo's  Garden,  New  York, 
in  his  ninth  year  ;  joined  the  orch.  of  Booth's 
Th.  a  little  later,  and  when  about  16  entered  Th. 
Thomas's  orch.  as  one  of  the  1st  violins,  remain- 
ing here  about  8  years.  He  then  joined  the 
Damrosch  Orch.,  and  a  few  years  later  became 
a  member  of  the  Bijou  Th.  orch.  at  Boston  ;  was 
1st  violin  in  the  Boston  Symphony  Orch.  1SS4-8, 
then  assuming  the  conductorship  of  the  Germania 
and  Boston  Festival  Orchestras,  touring  the 
country  every  year  with  the  latter  with  famous 
vocal  and  instrumental  soloists  (Calve,  Nordica, 
Melba  ;  Campanari,  Plancon,  Ben  Davies  ;  Rum- 
mel,  Joseffy,  Ysaye,  Marteau).  In  1S99  he  was 
elected  conductor  of  the  Boston  Handel  and 
Haydn  Society,  succeeding  Mr.  Lang. 

Moszkowa.  The  preferable  spelling  of  the 
name  given  as  "  Moszkva  "  in  this  Dictionary. 

Mozart.     Cf.  Pressel,  G.  A. 

Prentice,  Thomas.  Properly  Thomas  Rid- 
ley Prentice. 

Rinck,  J.  C.  H.  In  list  of  works,  add  op. 
101  as  the  1st  annual  issue  of  the  "  Choral- 
freund." — The  error  made  by  Fetis  (and  copied 
by  Riemann  and  Shedlock),  of  assigning  op.  78 
to  "  preludes"  and  also  to  "  variations  on  cho- 
rals," was  discovered  too  late  for  correction. 

Rowbotham,  John  Frederick,  b.  Edin- 
burgh, Apr.  18,  1854.     Took  the  Balliol  Schol- 


arship, Oxford,  at  the  age  of  18  ;  studied  music 
there,  and  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  for  3 
years,  also  at  Dresden,  Paris,  and  Vienna.  He 
travelled  on  the  Continent  to  collect  materials 
for  his  "  History  of  Music,"  publ.  in  3  vols. 
(London,  1885-7)  I  has  also  publ.  "  How  to 
write  music  correctly"  (1889);  "  Private  Life  of 
Great  Composers"  (1S92)  ;  "  The  Troubadours, 
and  the  Courts  of  Love  "  (1895);  the  mus.  articles 
in  Chambers's  "  Encyclopaedia,"  and  many  pa- 
pers in  leading  periodicals  ;  has  comp.  a  mass  f. 
double  choir  w.  orch.;  and  songs. 

Schmidt,  Arthur  P.,  music-publisher  ;  b. 
Altona,  Germany,  Apr.  1,  1846.  He  went  to 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1866,  and  entered  the  music- 
business  of  Geo.  D.  Russell  &  Co.  In  1876  he 
established  a  business  of  his  own,  which  now 
has  branches  in  New  York  and  Leipzig,  and 
which  has  won  prominence  more  especially  by 
its  publication  of  the  works  of  American  com- 
posers. 

Schmidt,  I  )r.  Leopold,  has  written  the  latest 
biography  of  "  Josef  Haydn"  (Berlin,  1899). 

Strauss,  Ludwig,  died  Cambridge,  Engl., 
Oct.  23,  1899. 

Vannuccini.  The  preferable  spelling  of  this 
name  ;  which  is  also  written  "  Vanuccini  "  and 
"  Vannucini." 

Wagner,  Richard.  To  the  list  of  explana- 
tory works  add  "  Handlung  und  Dichtung  der 
Buhnenwerke  R.  W.'s  nach  ihren  Grundlagen 
in  Sage  und  Geschichte  dargestellt,"  by  von  der 
Pfordten  (Berlin,  1899).  Also  cf.  art.  Tappert, 
Wilhelm  ("  Wagner-Lexicon"). 


653 


A  SUPPLEMENT 


TO  THE 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


OF 


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BY 

THEODORE   BAKER,  Ph.D. 


$ 


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1905 


A   SUPPLEMENT  MAR  2  1937 


s 


•OGICAL 


fc* 


v 


TO  THE 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 


OF 


MUSICIANS 


BY 


THEODORE    BAKER,  Ph.D. 


$ 


NEW  YORK:    G.    SCHIRMER 

1905 


Copyright,  1905,  by 
G.   SCHIRMER 


SUPPLEMENT 


TO  THE 


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OF 


MUSICIANS 


This  Supplement  includes  and  wholly  supersedes  the  former  Appendix. 
An  *  refers  to  article  in  body  of  work. 


Abraham,  Dr.  Max,  died  in  Leipzig,  Dec. 
8,  1900,  in  his  70th  year.  P>orn  in  Danzig,  1831, 
he  became  a  partner  in  C.  F.  Peters'  "  Bureau 
de  Musique  "  in  1S63,  and  sole  proprietor  in  1888. 
On  Jan.  1,  1894,  his  nephew,  Heinrich  Hinrich- 
son,  of  Hamburg,  entered  the  firm,  and  is  now 
(1904)  its  head. — The  famous  "  Edition  Peters  " 
was  inaugurated  by  Dr.  A. 

*  Abranyi,  Kornel,  died  at  Buda-Pesth,  Dec. 
20,  1903. 

AcktS,  Aino  (Mme.  Ackte-Renvall),  stage- 
soprano  ;  b.  Helsingfors,  Finland  ;  member  of 
the  Grand  Opera,  Paris  ;  sang  in  New  York 
Metropolitan  Opera  House  in  February,  1904; 
reengaged  1904-5. — -Roles:  Juliette,  Marguerite, 
Ophelie,  Gilda,  Elisabeth,  Elsa,  etc. 

*Adam,  Adolphe.  His  autobiographical 
"Souvenirs  d'un  Musicien "  and  "  Derniers 
Souvenirs  d'un  Musicien  "  were  publ.  at  Paris  in 
I857-59- 

*  Adam  de  la  Hale.  An  "  Essai  sur  la  vie 
et  les  ceuvres  litte'raires  d'Adam  de  la  Dale,"  by 
Henry  Guy,  was  publ.  at  Paris  in  1S98. 

*  Adam,  K.  F.,  was  born  at  Constappel,  near 
Meissen,  Saxony. 

*  Adams,  Charles  R.,  died  West  Harwich, 
Mass.,  July  3,  1900. 

Affer'ni,  Ugo,  b.  Jan.  1,  1S71,  at  Florence, 
where  he  attended  the  Cons.  ;  from  1886-90  he 
studied  at  the  Raff  Cons.,  Frankfort  (Biilow, 
Schwarz,Urspruch)  and  Leipzig  Cons.(Reinecke, 
Jadassohn,  Piutti)  ;  1S93-7,  director  of  three 
societies  in  Annaberg  ;  in  1895,  married  the 
English  violinist  May  Brommer  [b.  Great 
Grimsby,  May  2,  1872  ;  taught  by  Herrmann, 
Schrudieck,    and    Brodsky,    at    Leipzig    Cons.]. 


Became  dir.  in  1S97  of  the  new  "  Verein  der 
Musikfreunde "  at  Liibeck.  Prod,  a  lyrical 
comedy-opera  Potemkin  an  der  Donau  (Anna- 
berg, 1897).     Publ.  pf. -pieces,  and  songs. 

*Agosti'ni,  Paolo,  was  not  "the  pioneer  in 
the  employment  of  large  bodies  of  singers  in 
divided  choirs  "  ;  Willaert  antedates  him  by  a 
century. 

Ahlstrom,  Olof  {not  A.  J.  R.),  b.  Stockholm, 
Aug.  14,  1756,  d.  there  Aug.  11,  1835,  as  organ- 
ist at  the  ch.  of  St.  Jacob. — Works  :  Piano- 
sonatas  ;  violin-sonatas  ;  the  collections  "  Mu- 
sikalisk  Tidsfordrift "  and  "  Sangestykken," 
both  containing  songs  by  himself  ;  etc. 

Ahlstrom,  Johan  Niklas,  b.Wisby,  Sweden, 
June  5,  1S05  ;  d.  Stockholm,  May  14,  1857  ; 
comp.  operas  {Alfred  the  Great,  Abu  Hassan), 
incid.  music,  songs  ;  publ.  w.  Boman  a  coll.  of 
Swedish  folk-songs. 

*  Alba'ni.  Exact  date  of  birth, Nov.  1,  1852. 
Her  stage-name  was  not  "assumed  in  grateful 
memory  of  the  town  (Albany,  N.Y.),  where  her 
public  career  began,"  but  was  selected  for  her 
quite  by  chance,  for  her  Italian  de'but,  by  her 
teacher,  Lamperti. 

Alfv£n,  Hugo,  b.  Stockholm,  1S72  ;  pupil  of 
the  Cons,  there  for  violin  and  theory,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  court,  orch.  Aided  from  1896-99  by 
the  government  stipend  for  young  composers, 
he  studied  the  violin  with  Cesar  Thomson  at 
Brussels,  lived  for  a  time  in  Paris,  and  travelled 
in  Germany;  then  received  (1900-3)  the  Jenny 
Lind  stipend  of  (about)  $850  annually. — Works  : 
2  symphonies;  sonata  f.  vln.;  Romance  f.  vln. ; 
cantata  for  the  year  1900,  The  Bells ;  a  grand 
choral  work,  The  Lord's  Prayer;  a  motet  f. 
mixed  ch.;  a  lyric  scene  f.  baritone  w.  orch.;  a 
score  of  songs  ;  etc. 


649 


supplement] 


ALPHERAKY— ARNOLD 


Alphera'ky,  Ach.  N.,  Russian  composer  ;  b. 
Charkov,  1846.  Some  fine  pf. -pieces  are  his 
Mazurkas  from  op.  25  and  27  ;  his  op.  29, 
30;  and  especially  the  characteristic  "  Serenade 
levantine  "  from  op.  25.  lie  has  publ.  over  100 
songs  ;  op.  31  is  "  Quatre  chants  de  femmes  "  ; 
op.  24,  "Die  Birke  "  [Tolstoi],  f.  mixed  ch.  a 
cappella. 

*  Altes,  Ernest-Eugene,  died  St. -Dye,  near 
Blois,  July  8,  1889. 

Alvarez  \npm  de  theatre  of  Albert-Ray- 
mond Gourron],  celebrated  stage-tenor  ;  b. 
Bordeaux,  France.  At  18  he  volunteered  for 
military  service  as  a  bandmaster  ;  at  22  studied 
singing  in  Paris  with  A.  de  Martini,  and  soon 
made  his  debut  at  Ghent,  Belgium.  He 
then  sang  at  the  "  Grands  Theatres  "  of  Lyons 
and  Marseilles,  winning  a  reputation  which 
caused  his  engagement  at  the  Paris  Grand  Opera 
(debut  as  Romeo).  Since  then  he  has  sung  the 
chief  tenor  roles  on  that  stage,  creating  leading 
parts  in  Thais,  La  Montague  noire,  Tr/d/gonde, 
He  lie1,  Messidor,  Les  Mai  t  res-Chan  teurs,  Bur- 
gonde,  and  Gaittier  VAquitaine  (Vidal).  His 
repertory  comprises  about  60  roles.  He  has  ap- 
peared several  seasons  at  the  Metr.  Opera  House, 
New  York. 

Ama'ni,  Nicholas,  contemporary  Russian 
composer. — Op.  1,  string-trio  ;  op.  3,  Variations 
f.  pf.  ;  op,  4,  pf. -suite  ;  op.  5,  two  pf.-valses  ; 
op.  6,  4  songs  ;  op.  7,  4  charact.  pieces  f.  pf.  ; 
op.  8,  3  Preludes  f.  pf. 

An'dersen,  (Carl)  Joachim,  b.  Copenhagen, 
April  29,  1847,  son  and  pupil  of  the  flutist 
Christian  Joachim  A.,  and  himself  a  remarkable 
flute-player  and  conductor ;  1869-77,  member 
of  the  R.  Orch.,  Copenhagen  ;  188 1  in  Berlin, 
where  he  was  a  co-founder,  and  for  ten  years 
1st  flute  and  asst. -conductor,  of  the  Philharm. 
Orch.  ;  since  1893,  cond.  of  the  Palace  Orch.  at 
Copenhagen.  Chamber-musician  to  the  Rus- 
sian, Prussian,  and  Danish  courts.  Composi- 
tions for  flute  many  and  fine  :  Concert-pieces  w. 
orch.  ;  Hungarian  Fantasia  ;  Ballade;  Dance  of 
the  Sylphs  ;  24  easy  and  24  difficult  Etudes  ; 
etc. — His  brother  Vigo,  eminent  flute-player, 
soloist  in  the  Thomas  orchestra  at  Chicago ;  b. 
Copenhagen,  April  21,  1S52,  d.  by  suicide  at 
Chicago,  Jan.  29,  1895. 

An'derson,  Thomas,  b.  Birmingham,  Engl., 
April  15,  1836;  d.  there  Sept.  18,  1903.  Was 
teacher  there,  and  organist  of  the  Parish  church, 
Solihull  ;  mus.  critic  of  the  Birmingham  "  Daily 
News." — Works:  The  cantatas  The  Song of De- 
borah and  Barak,  The  Wise  and  Foolish  Vir- 
gins, The  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus,  John  Gi/f/'n, 
The  Three  Jovial  Huntsmen,  The  Norman 
Baron  (1884),  and  Yulelide  (Birm.  Fest.,  1885)  i 
an  English  Requiem  ;  prize  glee  "  Mat  o'  the 
Mill";  many  songs; — a  symphony,  overtures, 
marches  and  an  Allemande,  for  orchestra ;  string- 
quartet  ;  pf. -pieces. 


*An'schiitz,  Johann  Andreas,  died  Kob- 
lenz, Dec.  26,  1856. 

An'sorge,    Konrad    (Eduard    Reinhold), 

pianist  ;  b.  Buchwald  near  Liebau,  Silesia, 
Oct.  15,  1862  ;  1S80-2,  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  ; 
1885,  of  Liszt;  after  long  concert-tours  in  Ger- 
many, Russia,  Austria,  and  America,  he  settled 
in  Berlin  as  a  successful  concert-player  ;  1898, 
teacher  in  the  Klindworth-Scharwenka  Cons. — 
Works:  Sonata,  Ballade,  "  Traumbilder,"  Pol- 
ish Dances,  f.  pf.  ;  songs  ;  orch.l  and  chamber- 
music  in  MS. 

Anti'poff  [Antipow],  Constantin,  b.  Rus- 
sia, Jan.  18,  1859. — Compositions  for  piano  : 
Op.  1,  3  Etudes  ;  op.  2,  3  Valses  ;  op.  3,  Var.s 
on  an  original  Russian  theme ;  op.  5,  five  pieces 
(the  Romance  is  fine)  ;  op.  6,  four  pieces  (Noc- 
turne) ;  op.  8,  2  Preludes  ;  op.  9,  Three  Minia- 
tures ^Valse)  ;  op.  10,  Prelude;  op.  11,  Valse 
and  Etude  ;  op.  12,  Nocturne  ;  op.  13,  Im- 
promptu and  Valse  ; — op.  7,  Allegro  sympho- 
nique  for  orchestra. 

*  AppeF,  Karl,  died  Dessau,  Dec.  9,  1895. 

*  Archer,  Frederick,  died  Pittsburg,  Oct. 
22,  1901. 

*Ardi'ti,  Luigi,  died  Hove,  near  Brighton, 
Engl.,  May  I,  1903.  He  studied  in  the  Milan 
Cons,  till  1842,  his  opera  I  Brigand  being  a 
student-production  ;  the  opera  La  Spia  was  first 
given  in  New  York,  with  Brignoli,  Morelli,  and 
Anna  de  la  Grange  in  the  cast.  He  was  a  vir- 
tuoso on  the  piano. 

*  d'Arienzo,  Nicola,  was  born  Dec.  23,  1842. 

Armes,  Philip,  b.  Norwich,  Engl.,  Aug.  15, 
1836.  Chorister  at  Norwich  and  Rochester 
cathedrals  ;  articled  at  the  latter  to  Dr.  Hopkins  in 
i850,andasst.-organisttill  i856;org. of  Chichester 
cath.  in  1861  ;  in  1862,  of  Durham  cath.  ;  in  1897, 
Queen  Victoria  Lecturer  at  Trinity  Coll., London, 
and  prof,  of  music  at  Durham  Univ.  He  is  Mus. 
Doc.  of  Oxford  and  Durham  ;  F.R.C.O.  (1892) ; 
etc. — Works  :  Oratorios  Hezekiah  (Newcastle-on- 
T.,1877) ;  St.  John  the  Evangelist (Leeds,  1881) ; 
St.  Barnabas  (Durham,  1891)  ;  communion  ser- 
vices, anthems,  etc.  His  5-part  madrigal  "  Vic- 
toria "  won  the  1st  ("  Molineux  ")  prize  of  the 
Madr.  Soc,  1897. 

*  Armingaud,  Jules,  died  Paris,  Feb.  (?), 
1900.  Add  to  works  two  vols,  entitled  "  Conson- 
nances  et  Dissonnances  "  and  "  Modulations." 

*  Arne,  Dr.  Thos.  Aug.  The  London  "  Mu- 
sical Times  "for  Nov.  and  Dec,  1901,  contains  a 
sketch  of  his  life  and  a  fairly  complete  list  of  his 
compositions. 

Arnold,  Richrrd,  excellent  violinist;  b.  Ei- 
lenburg,  Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1845.  Went  to  the 
United  States  in  1S53  ;  returned  to  Europe  in 
1864  to  study  under  Ferd.  David  at  Leipzig  ; 
from  1869-76,  first  violin  in  Theodore  Thomas's 
orch.  ;  1878-91,  leader  and  solo  violin  in  the 
N.  Y.  Philharm.  Club  ;  elected  member  of  the 
Philharm.  Soc.  in  1879,  vice-president  in   1896. 


650 


ATTRUP— BAUER 


[supplement 


Organized  the  R.  Arnold  String  Sextet  in  1S97. 
Living  in  New  York  as  a  concert-violinist  and 
teacher. 

*  Attrup,  Karl,  died  Copenhagen,  Oct.  5, 
1892. 

Aubry,  Pierre,  b.  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1874. 
LL.D.  ;  prof,  of  Oriental  languages  ;  lecturer  on 
mus.  history  in  the  mus.  dept.  of  the  "  Ecole  des 
Hautes  Etudes  Sociales  "  ;  has  publ.  "  La  Musi- 
cologie  medievale  "  (iSgg) ;  "  Les  proses  d'Adam 
de  Saint-Victor  "  (1900  ;  \v.  Abbe  Misset)  ;  "  Lais 
et  Descorts  fran9ais  du  XIIIe  siecle  "  (1901  ;  w. 
A.  Jeanroy  and  L.  Brandin)  ;  and,  after  tours 
for  special  study,  "  Le  rythme  tonique  dans  la 
poesie  liturgique  et  dans  le  chant  des  eglises 
chretiennes  "  (1903  ;  Part  I  of  a  series  of  compar- 
ative essays  on  the  liturgical  chants  of  the  Greek 
and  Roman  Churches). 

*  Audran,  Edmond,  died  Tierceville,  near 
Gesors,  France,  Aug.  16/17,  1901. 

Aulin,  Tor,  violinist  ;  b.  Stockholm,  Sept. 
10,  1866.  Pupil  of  Sauret  and  Philipp  Schar- 
wenka  ;  in  1889,  leader  in  the  Stockholm  opera- 
orch. ;  organized  the 
Aulin  Quartet  in 
1887  ;  conductor  of  a 
symphony  orch. ;  has 
publ.  piano-pieces. 

Aus  der  Ohe, 
Adele,  accomplished 
contemporary  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Germany  ;  pu- 
pil of  Th  Kullak  and 
Liszt.  Has  played 
with  much  success  in 
Germany,  England, 
and  the  United 
States.  —  Pu  b  1 . 
works  :  2  pf.-suites, 
op.  2;  8;  Concert-etude  f.  pf. ,  op.  3;  Three 
Pieces  f.  pf.,  op.  4  ;  songs  (op.  5,  6,  7) ;  etc. 


B 


*  Bach,  Leonhard  Emil,  died  at  London 
(Cricklewood),  Feb.  15,  1902. 

*  Bach,  Albert  Bernhard  [real  family-name 
Bak],  was  born  in  B.  Gyula,  Hungary,  Mar. 
22,  1S44.  Studied  under  Marchesi  at  the  Vienna 
Cons.  1869-70,  also  with  Cunio,  Weiss  and 
Gansbacher.  In  1871  he  gave  his  first  concerts, 
as  a  bass-baritone  singer,  at  Vienna  ;  from  1876- 
7  he  studied  at  Milan  for  Italian  opera  under 
Lamperti,  Ronconi,  and  Varesi  ;  was  eng.  at 
La  Scala  1877-8,  and  in  1879  at  the  Court 
Opera,  Pesth  (re-engaged  in  18S5)  ;  since  18S6 
has  sung  in  oratorio  and  concert  (Great  Britain, 
also  Germany).  As  a  concert-singer  his  specialty 
is  Loewe  (he  is  a  member  of  the  Berlin  Loewe- 
Verein).  Publ.  lectures  on  "  Raphael,  Mozart 
and  the  Renaissance"  (1S83)  ;  "Sound,  Light 
and  Colour"  (1S99).     Edited  3   vol.s  of  Loewe 


Ballades  w.  Eng.  transl.,  Preface,  etc.    Resides 
in  Edinburgh. 

Bache,  Constance,  b.  Edgbaston,  Mar.  n, 
1846  ;  d.  Montreux,  June  28,  1903.  The  sister 
of  F.  E.  and  Walter  Bache,  she  studied  at  the 
Munich  Cons.,  and  subsequently  under  Klind- 
worth  and  Frits  Hartvigson  ;  an  accident  to  her 
hand  cut  short  her  pianistic  career,  and  in  1883 
she  settled  in  London  as  a  teacher  and  musico- 
literary  worker.  Her  interestingvolume  "Brother 
Musicians "  portrays  her  brothers'  lives  ;  she 
translated  the  books  of  Liszt's  St.  Elisabeth, 
Schumann's  The  Rose  s  Pilgrimage  and  Faust 
Scenes,  Mozart's  Bastien  et  Bastienne,  and 
Humperdinck's  //tinsel  und  Gretel;  also  Liszt's 
Letters  (2  vol.s,  1S94),  Hans  von  Billow's  Let- 
ters and  Literary  Remains  (1896),  Heintz's 
analyses  of  Tristan  und  /solde,  Die  Meister- 
singer,  and  Parsifal,  and  other  works ;  also 
composed  the  songs  "  To  my  love"  and  "  The 
rain  is  falling." 

*  Badi'a,  Luigi,  died  Milan,  Oct.  30,  1899. 

*  Bannelier,  Charles,  died  Paris,  Oct.  5, 
1S99. 

*  Barbier,  Jules(-Paul),  died  Paris,  Jan.  16, 
1 901. 

*  Bargheer,  Carl  Louis,  died  Hamburg, 
May  19,  1902. 

*  Bargheer,  Adolf,  died  Basel,  Mar.  14,1901. 

*  Bartay,  Ede,  died  Pesth,  Aug.  31,  1901. 

*  Bassford,  William  Kipp,  died  New  York, 
Dec.  22,  1902. 

*  Bat'ka,  Richard,  b.  Prague,  Dec.  14,  1868  ; 
Dr-  phil.  of  Prague  Univ.;  1S96-8  editor,  with 
Teibler,  of  the  "  Neue  musikalische  Rund- 
schau". Now  mus.  critic  for  the  "  Bohemia," 
mus.  editor  of  "  Die  Kunstwart,"  librarian  of 
the  Deutschhistorischer  Verein. — Works:  Biog- 
raphies of  Schumann  and  Bach  (publ.  by  Reclam, 
1892);  "Aus  der  Musik-  und  Theaterwelt " 
(Prague,  1894)  ;  "Martin  Pluddemann.  Eine 
kritische  Studie  "  (Prague,  1896);  "  Musika- 
lische Streifziige  "  (Leipzig,  1S98);  "  Die  Musik 
der  Griechen  "  (igoo);  "  Die  mehrstimmige 
Kunstmusik  des  Mittelalters  "  (1901) ;  "  Kranz: 
Gesammelte  Blatter  uber  Musik"  (Leipzig,  1903); 
"  Studien  zur  Geschichte  der  Musik  in  Bohmen" 
(Prague,  1901 ;  pamphlet);  also  libretti:  Der pol- 
nische  Jude  (Weis,  rgoo),  Das  war  ich  (Blech, 
igo2),  Alpenkonig  und  A/enschenfeind  (Blech, 
1903);  and  translations. 

*  Batta,  Alexandre,  died  Versailles,  Oct.  8, 
1902. 

Batz,  Karl,  b.  Sommerda,  Thuringia,  Mar. 
17,  1851  ;  d.  Berlin,  igo2.  Lived  1871-86  in 
America,  then  in  Berlin,  where  he  founded  the 
"  Musikinstrumenten-Zeitung "  in  iSgo.  He 
publ.  pamphlets  on  instrument-making,  and  on 
"  Die  Musikinstrumente  der  Indianer"  (1876). 

Bau'er,  Harold,  pianist,  b.  London,  of  an 
English  mother  and  German  father,  April  28, 
1873.      Studied  violin  with  his  father  and   Adolf 


651 


supplement] 


BAUSZNERN— BELIAIEV 


Pollitzer  ;  first  appeared  as  a  violinist  in  1883  at 
London  ;  successful  tours  of  England  for  9  years. 
Went  to  Paris  in  1S92,  studied  piano  for  a  year 
with  Paderewski,  and  made  first  pianistic  tour 
in  Russia  1893-4.  Returning  to  Paris,  he  gave 
piano-recitals,  followed  immediately  by  engage- 
ments in  France,  Germany  and  Spain.  Has 
played  since  in  Holland,  Belgium,  Switzerland, 
England,  Scandinavia,  the  United  States  (3 
tours,  the  last  1903-4) ;  having  given  (up  to  Jan., 
1904)  over  1,000  concerts  in  all.  Has  decora- 
tions from  France,  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Bausznern,  Waldemar  von,  b.  Berlin,  Nov. 
29,  1866  ;  pupil  of  Kiel  and  Bargiel  at  the  R. 
Hochschule,  Berlin,  1882-8  ;  1891,  cond.  of  the 
Musikverein  and  Lehrergesangverein  at  Mann- 
heim ;  1895,  of  the  Dresden  Liedertafel,  1896 
also  of  the  Dresden  Bachverein ;  since  1903, 
teacher  in  the  Cologne  Cons. — Works  :  The 
operas  Dichter  und  Welt  (Weimar,  1897  ;  text 
by  Petri)  ;  Diirer  in  Venedig  (Weimar,  1901); 
Herborl  und  Hilde  (Mannheim,  1902) ;  La  Jac- 
querie (1904)  ; — a  Ballade-Cycle  "  Das  klagende 
Lied";  the  "  Gesang  der  Sappho"  f.  alto  w. 
orch.  ;  chamber  and  orch.l  music  in  MS. 

*  Bay'er,  Josef,  was  born  in  Vienna,  Mar.  6, 
1852.  From  1859-70  he  studied  at  the  Cons, 
under  Scheuner,  Bruckner,  Dessoff,  Heisler,  and 
Hellmesberger.  His  first  operetta,  Der  Cheva- 
lier von  San  Marco,  was  originally  prod,  at  the 
Thalia  Theatre,  New  York,  Feb.  4,  1882,  under 
Conried  and  Herrmann. — Corrected  dates  of 
prod,  of  his  ballets  are  as  follows  :  Wiener 
Walzer  (Vienna,  1886),  Deutsche  Marsche  (Ber- 
lin, 1887),  Die  Puppenjee  (Vienna,  1888),  Sonne 
und  Erde  (V.,  1889),  Ein  Tanzviarchen  (V., 
1890),  Der  Kinder  Weihnachtstraum  (Dresden, 
1891),  Die  Donaunixe  (V. ,  1892),  Rouge  et  noir 
(V.,  1S92),  Dine  Hochzeit  in  Bosnien  (V.,  1892), 
Die  Welt  in  Bild  und  Tanz  (Berlin,  1892), 
Columbia  (Berlin,  1893),  Burschenliebe  (Vienna, 
1894),  Bund  um  Wien  (V.,  1894),  Die  Braut 
von  Korea  (V.,  1894),  Das  Buckelhans  (V., 
1895),  Die  Engelsjdger  (Berlin,  1897),  Die  kleine 
WelHy.,  1904).— The  ballets  Wiener  Brillan- 
ten  and  Die  Waldfee  are  in  preparation  ;  also 
the  operettas  Arabella  and  Der  Polizeichef. — 
B.  is  Kapellm.  at  the  Court  Opera  in  Vienna  ; 
Knight  of  the  Franz-Josef  Order ;  etc. 

Beazley,  James  Charles,  b.  1850  at  Ryde, 
Isle  of  Wight,  where  he  is  living  as  a  teacher 
and  composer.  Pupil  at  the  R.A.M.  of  H.  C. 
Banister,  Steggall,  Bennett,  and  Jewson. — 
Works  :  Cantatas  Drusilda,  Josiah,  The  Bed 
Dwarf,  The  Golden  Flitch ;  songs  and  part- 
songs  ;  pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.  (Elegy,  3  Sonatas, 
6  Sketches,  6  Bagatelles,  6  Miniatures,  etc.)  ; 
pf.-pieces,  and  35  studies  f.  pf. ;  other  instr.l 
music;  also  "Aids  to  the  Violinist:  A  Short 
Treatise  in  Reference  to  Bow-marks." 

Bechgaard  is  the  correct  spelling  of  the 
name  given  on  p.  47  as  Beechgard. 

*Bech'stein,  (Friedrich  Wilhelm)    Karl, 


d.  Berlin,  March  6,  1900. — His  factory  then 
turned  out  some  3,000  pianos  yearly,  and  em- 
ployed over  6,000  workmen. 

*  Beck'er,  Hugo,  excellent  "'cellist,  son  of 
Jean  B.  ;  b.  Strassburg,  Feb.  13,  1864.  Pupil 
of  his  father,  of  K.  Kundinger,  and  later  of 
Griitzmacher  and  Hess  at  Dresden.  Member  of 
the  Park  and  Concert  Orch.  at  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  1884-6,  also  of  the  Heermann  Quartet  ; 
teacher  at  the  Hoch  Cons.  ;  in  1896  he  received 
the  title  of  "  Royal  Professor." — Works  :  A  con- 
certo, Variations,  and  pieces,  all  for  'cello. 

*  Becker,  Jeanne,  died  Mannheim,  April  6, 
1893. 

*  Beech'gard.  The  correct  spelling  of  this 
name  is  Bech'gaard. 

*  Beer,  Max  J.,  was  born  Aug.  25,  1851. 

*  Beethoven.  A  new  edition  of  Thayer's 
biography  of  B.,  entirely  rewritten  and  aug- 
mented by  Dr.  Deiters,  is  now  publishing.  Vol. 
i  appeared  in  1901  (Berlin).  This  ed.  will  in- 
clude the  missing  fourth  volume. — "  Neue  Beet- 
hoven-Briefe,"  edited  by  Dr.  A.  C.  Kalischer, 
were  publ.  at  Berlin  and  Leipzig,  1901. — Frim- 
mel  also  published  a  new  biogr.  in  the  series 
"  Beri'ihmte  Musiker,"  No.  XIII  (Berlin,  1901  ; 
illustr.). 

Behm,  Eduard,  b.  Stettin,  April  8,  1862, 
studied  in  Leipzig  (Cons.)and  Berlin  (Kiel,  Raif, 
Hartel),  was  for  a  time  teacherin  the  Erfurt  Acad, 
of  Music,  and  then  Director  of  the  Schwantzer 
Cons,  at  Berlin  until  1901.  He  won  the  Men- 
delssohn prize  with  a  symphony,  and  the  Bosen- 
dorf  prize  with  a  pf. -concerto  ;  has  also  written 
the  operas  Der  Schelm  von  Bergen  (Dresden, 
1890),  and  Marienkind  (1902)  ;  a  string-sextet 
(with  the  Stelzner  violotta),  a  pf  -trio,  a  violin- 
sonata,  a  violin-concerto  ("  Friihlingsidylle  ")  ; 
etc. 

*  Behr,  Franz,  died  Dresden,  Feb.  15,  1898. 

*  Beier,  Franz,  was  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  18,  1857. 
— Opera  Die  Kreuzfahrer  (Kassel,  1899). 

Belia'iev[Beljajew],  Mitrofan  Petrovitch, 

the  noted  music-publisher  ;  b.  St.  Petersburg, 
1836  ;  d.  there  Jan.  10,  1904.  On  finishing  his 
regular  schooling,  he  entered  the  business  of  his 
father,  a  lumber-dealer,  but  still  maintained,  as 
a  musical  amateur,  his  intimacy  with  leaders  of 
the  neo-Russian  school  of  music.  On  his  father's 
death  (1888)  the  income  from  the  business  was 
employed  to  found  a  music-publishing  establish- 
ment solely  for  works  by  young  Russian  com- 
posers ;  some  2,500  numbers  have  been  issued 
(chiefly  opera-scores,  piano-arrangements,  con- 
cert-pieces, symphonies,  and  chamber-music). 
B.  also  instituted  symphony  and  chamber-con- 
certs for  the  aid  and  encouragement  of  struggling 
talent ;  his  will  (by  which  the  music-publ.  estab- 
lishment is  constituted  a  foundation,  conducted 
by  a  committee  of  Russian  composers — Rimsky- 
Korsakov,  Glazunov,  Liadoff)  provides  for  at 
least    10   symphony   concerts   and    4    "Quartet 


6^2 


BELLAIGUE— BEVIGNANI 


[supplement 


Evenings  "each  season,  besides  continuing  other 
chamber-music  performances,  offering  prizes  for 
the  best  compositions,  and  establishing  a  pen- 
sion fund  for  needy  composers,  musicians,  and 
their  families. 

Bellaigue,  Camille,  b.  Paris,  May  24,  1858  ; 
law-student,  taking  a  course  in  music  under 
Paladilhe  and  Marmontel  ;  1S84,  music  critic 
for  the  "  Correspondant  "  ;  since  1885,  on  "  La 
Revue  des  deux  Mondes,"  also  writing  for  "  Le 
Temps."  His  best-known  works  are  probably 
the  "  Portraits  et  silhouettes  de  musiciens  "  and 
the  "  Etudes  musicales  et  nouveaux  silhouettes 
de  musiciens"  (also  publ.  in  German,  1904); 
other  collections  are  "  L'Annee  Musicale " 
(1886-93),  "  Un  Siecle  de  musique  francaise," 
and  "  Psycologie  musicale." 

Bellasis,  Edward,  English  writer;  b.Jan. 
28,  1852.  Publ.  "  Cherubini  :  Memorials  Illus- 
trative of  His  Life  "  (London,  1874) ;  also  pf.- 
music,  several  songs,  etc. 

*  Bel'lermann,  (Johann  Gottfried)  Hein- 
rich,  died  Potsdam,  April  10,  1903.  In  1899 
he  published  a  biography  of  his  friend  Ed.  Aug. 
Grell  (Berlin). 

Bellincio'ni,  Gemma,  Italian  dramatic  so- 
prano ;  b.  Como,  Italy,  Aug.  19,  1S66.  Taught 
by  her  father,  Cesare  B.,  and  Corsi  (18S0)  ; 
debut  at  the  Fiorentini  Th.,  Naples,  in  1881,  in 
Pedrotti's  Tutti  in  maschera.  She  then  travelled 
for  several  years  in  Spain  with  Tamberlik  ;  has 
sung  on  all  principal  stages  of  Italy,  including 
La  Scala  ;  has  toured  South  America  and  (1899) 
the  United  States  in  opera  ;  has  also  toured 
Germany,  Russia,  Austria,  Rumania,  Portugal, 
Switzerland,  and  England.  Her  creations  in- 
clude the  prima-donna  roles  in  Cavalleria  rn- 
slicaiia  (1890),  Fedora,  A  Santa  Lucia,  Lorenza, 
La  Marlire,  Saffo  (Massenet ;  in  Italy),  Nozze 
istriane,  Motna  (at  Monte  Carlo  ;  in  French), 
Labilia  (Spinelli),  Rudello  (Ferroni).  Favorite 
roles  are  Carmen,  Sapho,  Manon,  Violetta, 
Totea,  Santuzza,  Fedora  ;  besides  which  she  has 
about  thirty  more  actually  sung  on  the  stage. 
Violetta  (  Traviata)  is  considered  her  most  strik- 
ing impersonation.  Her  voice  is  brilliant  in  the 
high  register,  though  apt  to  be  dull  in  the  me- 
dium ;  but  always  of  strong  emotional  power  and 
intensity. 

*  Bell'man,  Karl  Gottlieb,  was  born  Sept.  6, 
1772. 

*  Benda,  Georg,  was  born  June  30,  1722. 

*  Bendix,  Victor  E,,  was  born  May  17,  1851. 

*  Bendix,  Otto,  was  born  July  26,  1845. 

*  Benoit,  Pierre-Leonard-Leopold,  died  at 
Antwerp,  Mar.  8,  1901. — Add  to  works  the 
oratorio  De  Rhijn  (1S80).  His  private  music- 
school  was  instituted  "  The  Royal  Flemish 
Cons."  in  1899,  ne  remaining  at  its  head. 

Ber'ber,  Felix,  notable  violin-virtuoso,  b. 
Jena,  March  11,  1S7 r,  received  his  first  regular 
instruction  at  the  nresdrn  I'miv;   studied   1SS4- 


9  with  Adolf  Brodsky  at  Leipzig  ;  Concertm.  at 
Magdeburg  1891-6.  From  1897  to  April  1,  1903, 
he  was  Concertm.  of  the  Leipzig  Gewandhaus 
Orch.  and  leader  of  the  Gewandh.  Quartet.  With 
Klengel  he  won  a  final  triumph  for  the  Brahms 
double-concerto  in  Vienna,  Leipzig,  etc. ;  in  Ber- 
lin he  played  9  different  concertos  in  3  consecutive 
concerts.  In  Feb.,  1904,  he  was  eng.  by  the  R. 
Acad,  of  Music  at  Munich  as  principal  instructor 
for  violin  and  quartet-playing.  His  technique  is 
described  as  "  astounding,"  "  amazing,"  "  dazzl- 
ing "  ;  his  instr.  is  a  Strad. 

*  Ber'ger,  Wilhelm.  Biography  by  Adolf 
Kohut  was  publ.  in  the  "  Neue  Musikzeitung  " 
(Stuttgart,  1902,  Nos.  21-3). — Since  1903,  B. 
has  been  court  Kapellm.  at  Meiningen,  as  F. 
Steinbach's  successor. 

*  Berg'son,  Michael,  died  March  9,  1898. 

*  Berlioz.  "  Briefe  von  H.  B.  an  die  Flirstin 
Carolyne  Sayn-Wittgenstein  "  (in  French),  edited 
by  La  Mara,  publ.  Leipzig,  1903. — Julien  Tiersot 
has  publ.  "  Hector  Berlioz  et  la  societe  de  son 
temps "  (Paris,  1904)  ;  there  is  also  a  German 
biogr.  by  Rudolf  Louis  (Leipzig,  1904). 

*  Bernard,  limile,  died  at  Paris  on  Sept.  11, 
1902. 

*  Bernar'di,  Enrico,  died  Milan,  July  17, 
1900.  At  the  age  of  12  he  was  1st  trombone  at 
La  Scala.  His  first  ballet,  Lllnsioni  d'uu  piitore, 
was  prod,  at  Milan  (Carcano  Th.)  in  1854  !  m 
all  he  wrote  nearly  60  ballets. 

Ber'neker,  Constanz,  b.  Darkehmen,  E. 
Prussia,  Oct.  31,  1844  ;  pupil  of  the  Inst,  fur 
Kirchenmusik,  and  the  R.  Acad,  at  Berlin  ;  now 
cathedral  organist  at  Konigsberg,  teacher  of 
comp.  at  the  Cons.,  etc. — Works  :  The  oratorios 
Judith,  Christi  Himmelfahrt ;  a  "Reforma- 
tion "  cantata  ;  the  cantatas  Gott  unsere  Zuflucht 
and  Christus  ist  mein  Leben  ;  the  choral  works 
"Hero  und  Leander",  "Das  Haidekind  ", 
"Mila";  Solomon's  Song  f.  soli  and  female 
chorus;  etc. 

*  Berns'dorf,  Eduard,  died  Leipzig,  June  27, 
1901. 

*  Bernuth,  Julius  von,  died  Hamburg,  Dec. 
24,  1902. 

*  Berwin,  Adolf,  died  Rome,  Aug.  29,  1900. 

*  Betz,  Franz,  died  Berlin,  Aug.  n,  1900. 

Bevan,  Frederick  Charles,  b.  London,  July 
3,  1S56.  Chorister  and  solo  boy-soprano  at  All 
Saints',  Margaret  St.,  London  ;  organ-pupil  of 
Willing  and  Hoyte,  and  organist  in  several 
churches  ;  studied  singing  under  Schira,  Deacon, 
and  Walker  ;  became  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  Whitehall,  in  1877,  and  at  St.  James's  in 
18SS.  Well-known  bass  concert-singer,  and 
composer  of  very  popular  songs  :  "  The  Mighty 
River  ",  "  The  Flight  of  Ages",  "  My  Angel  ", 
"  Watching  and  Waiting  ",  etc. 

*  Bevigna'ni,  Cav.  Enrico  (Modesto),  died 
Naples,  Aug,  29,  1903. 


653 


supplement] 


BIAGGI— BOOTT 


*  Biag'gi,  G.  A.,  was  born  at  Milan,  Feb.  2, 
1819. 

Bibl,  Rudolf,  b.  Vienna,  Jan.  6,  1832  ;  d. 
there  Aug.  2,  1902.  A  pupil  of  his  father  and 
Sechter,  he  became  successively  organist  at  St. 
Peter's,  at  St.  Stephen's,  in  1863  court  organist, 
in  1897  court  Kapellm.  ;  since  1891  also  teacher 
of  music  in  the  Teachers'  Seminary.  Excellent 
organist,  and  a  composer  of  merit  (organ-pieces, 
church-music,  etc.). 

Bidez,  L.  Aloys,  b.  near  Brussels,  Aug.  19, 
1847.  Educated  for  the  bar,  he  went  to  the 
U.  S.  in  1876,  and  taught  music  there  for  25 
years.  Was  one  of  the  early  lecturers  and  vice- 
presidents  of  the  M.  T.  N.  A.,  and  a  charter- 
member  of  the  A.  C.  M.  Publ.  "  The  Art  of 
Fingering"  (1877).  Numerous  compositions  f. 
pf. ,  other  instr.s,  the  voice,  etc.  ;  3-act  operetta 
The  Stratagem  ;  monody  with  orch.,  "Out  of 
Darkness  into  Light "  ;  pf. -concerto  in  Ej? 
minor  ;  etc.     Now  (1904)  residing  in  Belgium. 

Bie,  Dr.  Oskar,  b.  Breslau,  1S64  ;  student 
of  philology  and  architecture  at  Berlin  and 
Leipzig  ;  1901,  prof,  at  the  Technische  Hoch- 
schule,  Berlin.  Opera-critic  for  the  Berlin 
"  Borsen-Courier."  Has  publ.  a  valuable  mono- 
graph, "  Das  Klavier." 

*  Bie'se,  Wilhelm,  died  at  Berlin,  Nov.  14, 
1902. 

*  Bilse,  Benjamin,  died  at  Berlin,  July  13, 
1902. 

Bin'der,  Fritz,  b.  Baltimore,  Md.,  1873; 
taken  to  Germany  at  the  age  of  5,  and  from  7  to 
n  played  as  a  child-pianist  in  Germany,  Austria, 
Switzerland,  and  the  Netherlands.  His  first 
teachers  were  Reinthaler  and  Bromberger  ;  for 
3  years  he  was  taught  by  Leschetizky,  and 
on  Rubinstein's  recommendation  entered  the 
Cologne  Cons.  (Wullner,  Seiss,  Franke,  Jensen), 
graduating  in  1896  to  conduct  a  choral  society 
at  Solingen.  In  July,  1901,  app.  director  of  the 
Singakademie  at  Danzig,  a  post  still  (1904) 
occupied  by  him. 

*  Bisp'ham,  David,  b.  Jan.  5,  1857  ;  at  first 
an  amateur,  singing  in  the  principal  choruses 
in  Philadelphia,  also  in  the  choirs  of  Holy  Trin- 
ity and  St.  Mark's  churches.  Studied  in  Italy 
with  Vannucini  and  Hall  ;  later  (1887-90)  with 
Francesco  Lamperti  ;  also  in  London  with 
Shakespeare  and  Randegger.  Professional  oper- 
atic debut  in  Messager's  BasocJie  at  London  in 
Nov.,  1 89 1  ;  engaged  for  Wagnerian  roles  at 
Covent  Garden  in  1892  and  most  seasons  since, 
creating  many  principal  roles  and  singing  in 
about  50  different  parts  up  to  1903  ;  especially 
successful  in  Wagner  operas.  Since  autumn  of 
1896,  each  winter  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera 
House,  New  York,  up  to  1903-4. 

Black,  Andrew,  baritone  singer  ;  b.  Glasgow, 
Jan.  15,  1859.  Pupil  of  Randegger  and  J.  L>. 
Welch  ;  then  of  Dom.  Scafati,  at  Milan.  First 
great  success  at  a  Crystal  Palace  concert  on  July 
JO,    '  M  8  7  ;    lust    ;ij>|»i:.n':uHV    ;it    :i    pn»\  ji>ri:>l     I'- 


tival  at  Leeds,  1892  ;  in  1S94  he  sang  Elijah  at 
the  Birmingham  Fest.,  and  the  same  at  Glouces- 
ter, 1895,  and  Norwich,  1896.  Professor  of 
singing  at  the  Manchester  R.  C.  M.  since  1893. 
Has  also  sung  in  opera  ;  and  has  sung  in  the 
United  States. 

*  Blanc,  Adolphe,  died  Paris,  May  (?),  1885. 

Blech,  Leo,  b.  Aachen,  April  22,  1871.  After 
leaving  school  he  tried  a  mercantile  career  for  4 
years  ;  then  (1890)  was  for  one  year  a  pupil  of 
the  Hochschule  fur  Musik  at  Berlin  (Rudorff, 
Bargiel)  ;  study  here  proving  tedious,  he  returned 
to  Aachen  as  Kapellm.  of  the  Municipal  Theatre 
during  the  winters  of  1893-6,  pursuing  during 
the  summers  a  course  of  study  under  Humper- 
dinck.  Then  (1896-9)  1st  Kapellm.  at  Aachen; 
from  1899  to  the  present  (1904)  engaged  (on 
Angelo  Neumann's  recommendation)  as  1st 
Kapellm.  at  the  R.  German  Landestheater  in 
Prague,  where  his  success  is  unquestioned.  His 
debut  as  cond.  was  in  1893  ;  as  pianist  in  1880. — 
Works:  The  one-act  "  opera-idyl"  Das  war  ich 
(Dresden,  1902  ;  already  prod,  on  26  stages)  ;  the 
opera  Alpenkonig  und  Menschenfeind  (Dresden, 
Oct.  1,  1903  ;  already  received  for  or  prod,  on 
18  stages)  ;  the  symphonic  poems  Die  Nonne, 
Waldivanderung,  Trost  in  der  A:atnr  ;  choruses 
w.  orch.  "  Sommernacht ",  "  Von  den  Englein"; 
also  songs,  pf. -pieces  (op.  11,  10  Kleinigkeiten 
f.  pf.  4  hands)  ;  etc. 

*  Blow,  Dr.  John.  Biographical  sketch  in 
the  London  "  Mus.  Times  "  for  February,  1902. 

Blu'menfeld,  Sigismund,  b.  Odessa,  Dec. 
27,  1852  ;  brother  of  Felix.  Vocal  composer  ; 
has  also  written  some  pf. -music  (op.  5,  Six  Brim- 
borions  ;  op.  6,  Two  Mazurkas).  Lives  in  St. 
Petersburg. 

Blu'menschein,  William  Leonard,  b.  Brens- 
bach,  Germany,  Dec.  16,  1849.  Pupil  from 
1S69-72,  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  of  Wenzel,  Paul, 
Reinecke,  Richter,  David,  etc.  (piano,  organ, 
violin,  theory).  Since  1879,  organist  and  choir- 
director  of  the  Third  St.  Presb.  Ch.,  Dayton, 
Ohio  ;  since  1881,  director  of  the  Dayton  Philh. 
Soc.  From  1891-6,  the  energetic  and  efficient 
chorus-master  of  the  Cincinnati  May  Festival 
Assoc.  ;  has  conducted  various  smaller  societies. 
Successful  teacher  of  singing  and  piano.  —  His 
publ.  compositions,  which  have  reached  opus 
no,  include  50  sparkling  pf.-pieces  of  the  lighter 
genre,  a  score  of  secular  songs,  some  60  highly 
effective  anthems  and  sacred  songs,  and  several 
secular  choruses. 

*  Blum'ner,  Martin,  died  Berlin,  Nov.  16, 
1 90 1 . 

::  Boe'decker,  Louis,  died  Hamburg,  June 
5,  1S99. 

*  Boieldieu.  Biography  by  G.  Hequet,  with 
portrait.     (Paris,  1864.) 

*  Boott,  Francis,  died  Cambridge,  Mass., 
March  (?).  1904.  A  Harvard  graduate  in  1  S3 r , 
and    .1    . 1 1  ■  v- « .  t  ■  - 1 1    .Mil. it. -in    <.l    m.ii.h  ,   I,,-    lived    ,"' 


'  i  I 


BORDES— BROOKS 


[supplement 


many  years  in  Florence,  Italy  ;  for  the  last  30, 
in  Cambridge  He  was  quite  a  fruitful  composer 
of  the  lesser  forms  :  secular  and  sacred  songs, 
anthems,  chorals,  even  masses  ;  many  pieces  are 
in  the  service-book  of  King's  Chapel,  Boston. 
An  Ave  Maria  and  a  Maria  Mater,  with  the 
songs  "Here's  a  health  to  King  Charles", 
"  When  Sylvia  sings  ",  and  "  Lethe  ",  are  widely 
known. — Mr.  B.  bequeathed  to  Harvard  Uni- 
versity the  sum  of  $10,000,  the  interest  to  form 
an  annual  prize  for  the  best  4-part  vocal  compo- 
sition written  by  a  Harvard  man. 

Bordes,  Charles,  b.  Vouvray-sur- Loire, 
France,  May  12,  1863.  Pupil  of  Cesar  Franck  ; 
18S7-90,  church -cond.  at  Nogent-sur-Marne, 
since  then  at  St.-Gervais,  Paris ;  in  1892  he 
inaugurated  successful  performances  of  church- 
music,  which  led  to  the  establishment  (1894)  of 
the  Schola  Cantorum  de  St.-Gervais,  a  Parisian 
society  of  priests  and  musicians  dedicated  to  the 
publication,  in  modern  notation,  and  perform- 
ance of  church-music  of  the  15th— 1 7th  centuries. 
Their  official  paper  since  1S99  is  the  monthly 
"Tribune  de  St.-Gervais." — B's  works  include 
an  opera,  Les  trots  vagues  (not  perf.),  orch.l 
pieces,  pf. -pieces,  and  songs. 

*  Bordier,  Jules,  was  born  Aug.  23,  1846,  at 
Angers. 

*  Borghi-Mamo,  Adelaide,  died  at  Bologna, 
Sept.  28,  1901. 

Boulanger,  Ernest  (-Henri-Alexandre\ 
b.  Paris,  Sept.  16,  1815,  d.  there  April  14,  1900. 
A  pupil  of  Lesueur  and  Halevy  at  the  Paris 
Cons.,  where  he  himself  taught  singing.  Opera- 
composer,  a  disciple  of  Auber  and  Herold. 
Chief  work,  the  3-act  opera  Don  Quixote-  (Th.- 
Lyrique,  1869)  ;  Les  sabots  de  la  marquise  (1854) 
was  oftenest  given  ;  others  were  Le  Diable  a 
Te'co/e  (1842),  Les  deux  bergeres  (1843),  irue  Voix 
(•1845),  La  Cachette  (3-act,  1847),  r£ventail, 
(i860),  Don  Mucarade  (Op. -Com.,  1875). 

*  Boyce,  Dr.  William.  Six  pages  in  "  The 
Mus.  Times  "  (London,  July,  1901)  are  devoted 
to  him. — To  his  compositions  should  be  added 
bcthe,  a  masque;  Dryden's  Secular  Masque; 
The  Shepherds'  Lottery,  by  Moses  Mendez  ; 
Home's  Tragedy  of  Agis ;  and  Harlequin  s 
Invasion,  a  "  Christmas  Gambol,"  by  Garrick. 

*  Brahms.  The  first  authoritative  biography 
o'f  B.  is  that  by  Max  Kalbeck,  Vol.  i  of  which, 
containing  499  pages  and  extending  to  1862, 
appeared  in  1903. — Sole  posthumous  work  is 
"11  Choralvorspiele  fur  die  Orgel,"  op.  122. — 
Add  to  literature:  "J.  B.  in  seinen  Werken  ", 
by  Emil  Krause  (1892),  and  "J.  B.  und  seine 
Musik  ",  by  Richard  Barth  (1904). 

*  Bram'bach,  Joseph,  died  Bonn,  June  19, 
1902. 

*  Brandeis,  Frederic,  died  New  York,  May 
14,  1S99 

*  Brandl,  Johann  (2),  was  born  in  Bohemia, 

|0,  1835, 


*  Bre'ma  (rede  Bremer),  Marie,  dramatic 
mezzo-soprano  ;  born  at  Liverpool,  and  a  pupil 
of  G.  Henschel  ;  debut  at  the  Monday  Pop. 
Concerts,  Feb.  23,  1891  ;  in  Oct.  she  appeared 
as  Lola  in  Cavalleria  rusticana  at  the  Shaftes- 
bury Th.  First  sang  at  the  Philh.  Concerts 
April  20,  1893  ;  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  Mar.  24, 
1894.  At  Bayreuth,  in  1S94,  she  took  the  role 
of  Ortrud,  and  in  1S96  those  of  Fricka  and 
Kundry.  She  now  ranks  among  the  leading 
singers  of  Britain  in  festivals,  concert,  and 
opera.      Has  sung  at  Met.  Op.  H.,  New  York. 

*  Brenet,  Michel  {recte  Marie  Bobillier), 
was  born  at  Luneville,  April  12,  1858.  She  has 
resided  in  Paris  since  1871.— Works:  "  Histoire 
de  la  symphonie  a  orchestre  depuis  ses  origines 
jusqu'  a  Beethoven"  (18S2) ;  "  Gretry,  sa  vie  et 
ses  ceuvres"  (1884)  ;  "  Deux  pages  de  la  vie  de 
Berlioz"  (1SS9)  ;  "Jean  d'Okeghem "  (1893); 
"  La  musique  dans  les  processions"  (1896  ;  lec- 
tures) ;  "  Sebastien  de  Brossard  "  (1896)  ;  "  La 
musique  dans  les  couvents  de  femmes"  (1S98  ; 
lectures) ;  "  Claude  Goudimel  "  (1898)  ;  "  Notes 
sur  l'histoire  du  luth  en  France"  (1899)  '<  "  l-es 
concerts  en  France  sous  l'ancien  regime  "  (1900); 
"  Additions  inedites  de  Dom  Jumilhac  a  son 
traite "  (1902);  "La  jeunesse  de  Rameau " 
(1903)  ;  other  valuable  essays  in  periodicals. 

*  Bren'ner,  Ludwig  von,  died  Berlin,  Feb. 

9,  1902. 

*  BresTaur,  Emil,  died  Berlin,  July  27,  1899. 
Br6val,   Lucienne  [stage-name  ;  real  name, 

ace.  to  A.  Jullien,  Bertha  Agnes  Lisette 
Schilling],  dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Berlin,  Nov. 
4,  1869.  Pupil  of  Warot,  Obin  and  Giraudet  at 
Paris  Cons.  ;  took  1st  prize  for  opera  in  iSgo. 
Debut  at  the  Opera  as  Selika  on  Jan.  20,  1S92  ; 
has  created  Brlinnhilde  in  Die  Walkure  (May  12, 
1S93),  Yamina  in  La  montagne  noire  (Feb.  8, 
1895),  and  Eva  in  Les Maitres-Chanteurs   (Nov. 

10,  1897);  has  also  sung  Salammbo,  Venus,  Aida, 
Valentine,  Chimene,  etc.  In  America  season  of 
1900-1  ;  sang  Brlinnhilde  for  first  time  in  Ger- 
man at  Boston,  Apr.  9,  1901.  Created  the  title- 
role  in  Massenet's  Grisdlidis  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  Nov.  20,  1901. 

Breville,  Pierre  de,  b.  Bar-le-Duc,  France, 
1861  ;  pupil  of  Paris  Cons,  and  C.  Franck  — 
Compositions  :  Masses,  motets,  church-choruses, 
and  "  Sainte-Rose  de  Lima"  f.  ch.,  soli  and 
orch.  ;  the  orch.l  works  "  Nuit  de  decembre," 
overture  to  Maeterlinck's  Princesse  Maleine  and 
music  to  M.'s  Sept  Princesses  ;  music  to  Kali- 
dasa's  Sakuntala ;  also  songs  w.  orch.,  pf.- 
pieces,  etc. 

*  Brisson,  Frederic,  died  Orleans,  July  ( ?), 
1900. 

Brooks,  Walter  William,  b.  Edgbaston, 
Engl.,  Mar.  19,  i86r.  Chorister  in  St.  Martin's 
Ch.  ;  pupil  of  King  Edward's  School,  and  won 
first  place  in  all  England  for  theory  of  music  in 
the  Oxford  local  exam.s.  ;  1S79-81,  pupil  of 
Prout  al   <  lie  R.A.M.,  then  settling  in  London* 


supplement] 


BROWNE— CABEZON 


Since  1889,  teacher  of  pf.  and  voice  at  the  Wm. 
Ellis  Endowed  School.  Has  written  for  the 
"  Monthly  Musical  Record,"  which  he  edited 
for  a  time,  "  Mus.  Opinion,"  and  the  London 
"  Figaro." — Works  :  Allegro  f.  orch.  (prize  at 
Belfast,  1891)  ;  pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.  (op.  14, 
48,  50);  pf. -pieces  (Prelude  and  Eugue  ;  "The 
Family  Circle,"  12  charact.  pieces  ;  Six  Frogr. 
Studies) ;  songs  and  part-songs. 

Browne,  Lennox,  b.  London,  1841.  Emi- 
nent surgeon  and  throat-specialist. —  Publ.  "  The 
Throat  and  Its  Diseases"  (1878  ;  4th  ed.  1893)  ; 
"Voice,  Song  and  Speech  ;  a  Complete  Manual 
for  Singers  and  Speakers"  (1883;  15th  ed 
1892  ;  with  Behnke)  ;  "  The  Child's  Voice  ;  Its 
Treatment  with  Regard  to  After-development " 
(1885  ;  w.  Behnke);  "  Voice,  Use,  and  Stimu- 
lants "  (1885);  "  Mechanism  of  Hearing"  (1889) ; 
' '  Science  and  Singing  "  ( 1 884). 

*  Bruyck,  Carl  Debrois  van,  died  Waid- 
hofen,  Aug.  1,  1902. 

Bullard,  Frederick  Field,  b.  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  21,  1864;  died  there  June  24,  1904.  He 
renounced  the  study  of  chemistry  for  music,  tak- 
ing a  four-years'  course  of  composition  under 
Rheinberger  at  Munich  (1SSS-92).  He  then 
settled  in  Boston  as  a  teacher  of  composition 
and  composer  ;  was  mus.  critic  for  "  Time  and 
the  Hour,"  1S97-8.  He  publ.  about  40  songs 
("  The  Sword  of  Ferrara,"  "  Beam  from  yonder 
star,"  "  The  Water-lily,"  "  'Tis  for  my  lady 
fair,"  "  A  June  Lullaby,"  "  The  Singer,"  "  The 
Hermit,"  "  De  profundis,"  etc.)  ;  also  church- 
songs,  hymn-anthems,  duets,  and  a  score  of  4-p. 
songs  for  male  voices,  several  of  which  are  very 
popular. 

*  Bii'low,  Hans  von.  Four  volumes  of 
"Letters  "and  one  of  "  Selected  Writings"  have 
been  issued  (in  German)  by  his  widow,  Marie 
von  Billow. — His  biography,  by  Reimann,  is 
announced  for  publication  in  the  series  "  Be- 
rtihmte  Musiker." — Dr.  Georg  Fischer  wrote 
"  H.  v.  B.  in  Hannover"  (Hanover  and  Leip- 
zig, 1902). 

*  Bulss,  Paul,  died  Temesvar,  Mar.  20,  1902. 

*  Bungert,  August.  Life-sketch  by  Max 
Chop  :  "  A.B.,ein  deutscher  Dichterkomponist. 
Eine  monographische  Studie  "  (Leipzig,  1902). 

Bunnett,  Edward,  b.  Shipdham,  Norfolk, 
Engl.,  June  26,  1834.  Chorister  at  Norwich 
Cath.,  1S42  ;  articled  to  Dr.  Buck,  1841),  and 
his  assistant  1855-77  ;  then  org.  of  St.  Peter's, 
Mancroft ;  Borough  Organist  in  1880.  Mus. 
Bac.  Cantab.,  1857;  Mus.  Doc,  1869;  F.C.O., 
1870.  From  1871-92,  cond.  of  the  Norwich 
Mus.  Union  :  organist  of  the  Norwich  Mus. 
Festivals  since  1S72. — Works  :  De  profundis 
(Norwich,  1880);  services,  anthems,  etc. ;  cantata 
A'liineland,  f.  sopr.  solo.,  ch.  and  orch.  (Norw. 
Fest.,  1872)  ;  cantata  Lora  (1876);  comedietta 
Incognita  (1892)  ;  "  Victoria  ",  f.  sopr.  solo  and 
ch.  (1837);  part-song  "The  Rhine  Maiden" 
(1684)1"   Andanteand  Rondo  f.  pf     and   orch.  ; 


pf.-trio  ;  duo  f.  pf.  and  clar.  ;  pf.  -pieces  ;  "8 
Organ-pieces"  ;  6  original  comp.s.  f.  organ  ;  12 
Short  and  Easy  Pieces  f.  organ  ;  Largo,  and 
Ave  Maria,  f.  organ  ;  etc. 

Buongior'no,  Crescenzo,  b.  Bonito,  Prov. 
of  Avellino,  in  1864  ;  d.  Dresden,  Nov.  7,  1903. 
A  pupil  of  Serrao  at  the  Naples  Cons.,  he  later 
settled  in  Dresden.  His  first  opera,  Etelka 
(Naples,  1887  ;  Prague,  1894),  was  followed  by 
12  operettas,  among  them  Abukadabar  (Naples, 
1S89),  Circe  e  Calipso  (Turin,  1892),  and  La 
nuova  Salta  re  lla  (Trieste,  1894);  he  then  brought 
out  3  operas  in  Germany  :  Das  Erntefest  (Leip- 
zig, 1896);  Das  Mddchenherz  [II  cuore  delle 
fanciulle]  (Kassel,  1901);  and  Michel  Angelo 
und Rolla  (Kassel,  1903). 

Burg'staller,  Alois,  dramatic  tenor  ;  b. 
Holzkirchen,  Sept.  27,  1871  ;  pupil  of  Julius 
Kniese.  At  Bayreuth  he  began  with  minor  roles 
in  1894;  sang  Siegfried  (1897),  Siegmund  (1S99), 
Erik  (1901);  engngedatthe  Metr.  Opera  House, 
New  York,  1902-3,  '03-4,  '04-5  (Parsifal). 

Bur'mester,  Willy,  brilliant  violinist  ;  b. 
Hamburg,  Mar.  16,  1869  ;  was  taught  by  his 
father  till  1882,  often  playing  in  public  ;  pupil 
of  Joachim  at  the  Royal  Hochschule  in  Berlin  till 
1885  ;  artistic  tours  since  1886  ;  fora  short  time 
in  1890,  leader  at  Sondershausen,  afterwards 
living  in  Weimar,  Charlottenburg,  etc.  Scandi- 
navian tour  in  autumn  of  1903  ;  has  also  toured 
America. 

*  Buss'ler,  Ludwig,  died  Berlin,  Jan.  18, 
1900. 

Butt,  Clara,  alto  vocalist  ;  b.  Southwick,  n. 
Brighton,  Engl.  Pupil  of  D.  W.  Rootham, 
Bristol;  debut  Dec,  1889.  Entered  the  R.C.M., 
distinguishing  herself  there  in  concert  and  opera; 
debut  at  the  Albert  Hall  as  Ursula  in  Sullivan's 
Golden  Legend,  Dec.  7,  1S92  ;  sang  there  next 
year  in  Lsrael  in  Egypt.  Festival  debut  at  Han- 
ley,  Oct.  21,  1893  ;  also  sang  Oct.  25  at  the 
Bristol  Festival,  and  in  1S94  at  the  Handel  Fest. 
Since  then  frequent  successful  appearances  in 
concert  and  oratorio. 

*  Buz'zola,  Antonio,  was  born  Mar.  4,  1815. 


Cabezon,  Don  (Felix)  Antonio  de,  styled 
by  Pedrell  "the  Spanish  Bach";  b.  San- 
tander,  Mar.  30,  1510  ;  d.  there  May  26,  1566, 
as  cembalist  and  organist  to  King  Philip 
II.  His  son  and  successor,  Hernando,  publ. 
his  instrumental  works,  as  "  Obras  de  musica 
para  tecla,  arpay  vihuela  "  [Works  of  music  for 
keyed  inslr.s,  harp,  and  lute]  (Madrid,  1578); 
the  sole  extant  copy  is  in  Berlin,  and  contains, 
progressively  arranged,  2-  and  3-part  exercises, 
arrangements  of  hymn-tunes,  4-part  Tientos 
(Ricercari),  and  arrangement  of  motets  by  Jos- 
quin  and  other  Netherlanders  up  to  six  parts. 
Pedrell  has  brought  out  a  new  edition  in  "  Hisp. 
schola  musicae  sacrae  "  (4  volumes), 


656 


CAHEN— CHAMBERLAIN 


[supplement 


*  Cahen,  Albert,  was  born  at  Paris,  where 
he  died  in  March,  1903. 

*  Caldicott,  Alfred  James,  was  born  Nov. 
26,  1842. 

*  Callaerts,  Joseph  (-Jacques),  died  Ant- 
werp, Mar.  3,  1901. 

Calve,  Emma  [real  name  Emma  Roquer], 
dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Decazeville,  near  Avey- 
ron,  southern  France,  in  1863  [or  1866?].  Edu- 
cated from  10-15  m  the  Convent  of  the  Sacred 
Heart,  Montpellier ;  studied  1SS0-2  in  Paris 
with  I'uget,  the  former  stage-tenor.  Debut  as 
Marguerite  at  the  Monnaie  in  Brussels,  Sept. 
29,  1SS2  ;  sang  there  for  one  year,  studied  for 
another  year  under  Mme.  Marchesi,  and  created 
the  role  of  Bianca  in  Aben  Hamet  at  the  Th.- 
Italien,  Paris,  Dec.  16,  18S4  ;  soon  after,  she  en- 
tered the  Opera-Comique,  and  remained  there 
till  1SS7.  Her  successes  received  a  temporary 
check  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  in  Jan.,  1SS7,  when 
she  was  hissed  as  Ophelia,  but  she  scored  a 
triumph  there,  after  IS  months'  study  with  La- 
borde,  in  the  same  role.  She  created  Santuzza 
in  Cavalleria  rusticana  (1S90)  ;  was  eng.  at  the 
Opera-Comique  for  two   years  (1S91-3)  ;    sang 

1592  at  Covent  Garden  with  great  applause  ; 
eng.  by   Abbey  and   Grau  for  American  tour  in 

1593  ;  New  York  debut  Nov.  29,  1893,  as  San- 
tuzza ;  played  Carmen  on  Dec.  20,  and  made  an 
indescribable  sensation.  Sang  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  season  of  1894-5  ;  then  toured  Europe 
(Madrid,  Monte  Carlo,  St.  Petersburg);  created 
La  Navarraise  in  Oct.,  1895;  began  second 
American  tour  on  Nov.  20,  1S95  ;  created  Sapho 
Nov.  29,  1897,  at  Paris.  Since  then,  her  career 
has  been  an  uninterrupted  succession  of  triumphs. 
In  1903-4,  eng.  in  Paris  at  the  Opera  Municipal 
du  Theatre  de  la  Gaite. 

*  Campenhout,  Francois  van,  was  the  com- 
poser of  the  Belgian  national  hymn,  "  La  Bra- 
banconne".      He  wrote  17  operas  in  all. 

Cantor,  Otto,  b.  Creuznach,  Rhenish  Prus- 
sia, 1857.  Pupil  of  Lux,  Mannstadt  and  Rupp. 
Resides  in  London,  England.  Composer  of 
cantatas,  songs  and  other  vocal  music. 

*  Caron.  According  to  Haberl  ("Dufay", 
p.  75)  his  given  name  was  not  Firmin,  but 
Philippe. 

Caron,  Mme.  Rose,  dramatic  soprano;  b. 
Beauce,  France  ;  entered  the  Paris  Cons,  (al- 
ready married)  in  1880,  leaving  in  1882  to  take 
lessons  with  Marie  Sasse  in  Brussels,  where  her 
debut  was  made  as  Alice  in  Robert  (1884). 
Here  she  created  Brunehilde  in  Sigurd  (1S84), 
and  Eva  in  Les  Maitres-Ckanleurs  (1SS5);  then 
sang  2  years  at  the  Opera,  Paris,  and  again  in 
Brussels  189S-90,  creating  Laurence  (in  Jocelyn), 
Richilde,  and  Salammbo  (1890);  in  1890  she  re- 
turned to  the  Paris  Grand  Opera.  Other  princi- 
pal roles  are  Rachel,  Norma,  Marguerite,  Valen- 
tine {Huguenots),  Fidelio,  Elsa,  Sieglinde,  Elisa- 
beth, Desdemone. 

Caru'so,  Enrico,  dramatic  tenor;  b.  Naples, 


1S74.  A  pupil  of  Lamperti  and  Concone,  he 
made  his  debut  at  Caserta,  near  Naples,  but 
was  hardly  known  till  his  appearance  in  1896  at 
the  Fondo  Th.  in  Naples  in  La  Traviata,  suc- 
cessfully seconded  by  La  Favorita  and  Gioconda, 
His  full  artistic  career  began  at  the  T.  Lirico  in 
Milan  in  1898,  and  subsequent  engagements  at 
the  Carlo  Felice  in  Genoa  and  La  Scala  in  Milan 
made  him  well  known  ;  at  Milan  he  created  the 
leading  role  in  Giordano's  Fedora.  He  now  sang 
for  two  winter  seasons  at  St.  Petersburg,  and 
five  summer  seasons  (1899-1903)  at  Buenos 
Ayres  ;  for  the  Carnival  of  1901  he  re-appeared 
at  La  Scala  in  La  Boheme  (Leoncavallo),  Mefi- 
stofele,  and  L'Elisir  d'amore;  also  created  Ma- 
scagni's  Z<?  Maschere.  In  the  autumn  of  1901  he 
sang  at  Treviso  and  Bologna  in  Tosca  ;  in  the 
Carnival  of  1902  at  La  Scala,  creating  Fran- 
chetti's  Germania  after  a  successful  trip  to 
Naples  ;  was  then  engaged  for  four  seasons  at 
Monte  Carlo,  where  he  took  part  in  the  creation 
of  Puccini's  Madame  Butterfly  in  March,  1904. 
In  1903  he  was  applauded  at  Covent  Garden, 
London  ;  in  the  winter  of  1903-4  he  sang  at 
Rome,  Lisbon,  and  New  York  (Conried  com- 
pany). He  sings  leading  tenor  roles  in  some  40 
operas  (Rigoletto,  Aida,  Marion,  Lris,  Adriana, 
Lucrezia  Borgia,  etc.,  besides  those  named 
above).     Again  in  New  York  1904-5. 

Casals,  Pablo,  violoncellist  ;  b.  Veudrell, 
Catalonia,  Spain,  Dec.  30,  1S76  ;  until  11,  pupil 
of  his  father  ;  from  12-15,  at  Barcelona,  of  Jose 
Garcia  ('cello)  and  J.  Rodereda(comp.).  From 
1894-6  he  studied  at  Madrid  under  the  queen's 
patronage  with  Tomas  Breton  (comp.)  and 
assisted  in  the  chamber-music  class  of  Jesus  de 
Monasterio,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1895.  His 
first  public  appearance  was  in  1889  ;  his  profes- 
sional debut  at  the  Concerts  Lamoureux,  Paris, 
1898.  Prof,  of  'cello  at  Barcelona  Cons.  1897  : 
solo  'cellist  at  Paris  Grand  Opera  1S95-8.  Con- 
cert tours  :  1895-9,  throughout  western  Europe  ; 
to  the  United  States  1901-2  and  1903-4;  to  South 
America  I903,  1904. — Comp.s:  "La  Vision  de 
Fray  Martin,"  symph.  poem  f.  orch.,  org.,  soli 
and  ch. ;  another  symph.  poem  f.  orch.  (1902);  a 
Miserere  ;  orch.l  pieces;  pieces  f.  pf.  and  'cello, 
and  f .  pf.  and  vln. ;  etc. 

*  Castrucci,  Pietro,  died  in  Dublin,  March 
7,  1752  ;  not  in  London  in  1769.  [London 
"  Mus.  Times",  Oct.  1,  1904.] 

*  Chamberlain,  H.  S.,  was  born  at  Ports- 
mouth, Engl.,  Sept.  9,  1855  ;  has  resided  in 
Vienna  since  1889.  A  student  of  natural  science 
and  philosophy,  his  "  Notes  sur  Lohengrin  "  in 
the  "  Revue  YVagnerienne"  (1S85)  have  been  fol- 
lowed by  an  interesting  series  of  Wagner  essays 
in  the  principal  musical  journals  of  Europe,  also 
the  works  "Das  Drama  Richard  Wagners" 
(1892  ;  French  revision,  1894)  ;  "  R.  W.'s  echte 
Briefe  an  Ferdinand  Prager  "  (1S94  ;  Preface  by 
E.  von  Wolzogen);  "  Richard  Wagner"  (quarto 
ed.,    1896;    small    ed.,    1899;     English,    1897; 

French,  1899);  "  Parsifalmarchen"  (1900);  ,lDrel 


657 


supplement] 


CHAUMET— CLEMM 


Biihnendichtungen  "  (1902). — C.'s  deep  convic- 
tion of  the  civilizing  mission  of  the  Germanic 
races  is  embodied  in  his  chief  work,  "  Die 
Grundlagen  des  19.  Jahrhunderts "  (2  Parts; 
Munich,  1899-1901;  fifth  ed.  1903). 

*  Chaumet,  William,  died  Gajac,  Gironde, 
Oct.  (?),  1903. 

Chausson,  Ernest,  b.  Paris,  1855  ;  d.  Limay, 
near  Mantes,  June  10,  1899.  Pupil  at  the  Paris 
Cons,  of  Massenet  and  Cesar  Franck  ;  Secretary 
of  the  Societe  Nationale  de  Musique.  Composer 
of  distinguished  individuality. — Works  :  Book 
and  music  of  the  3-act  lyric  drama  Le  roi  Arthas 
(Brussels,  Monnaie,  Nov.  30,  1903) ;  2-act  opera 
He'lene :  symphonic  entr'acte-music  to  Les  ca- 
prices de  Marianne  j  symphony  in  B|?  ;  sympho- 
nic poem  "  Viviane  ; "  orch.l  pieces  "Un  soir 
de  fete,"  "  Solitude  dans  les  bois "  ;  music  to 
The  Tempest  (Shakespeare)  and  the  Le'gende  de 
Ste.-Ct'cile  (Bouchor)  ;  a  string-quartet  ;  a  pf.- 
concerto  ;  a  violin-concerto  w.  pf.  and  string- 
quartet ;  string-trio  in  G  minor;  "Poeme"  f. 
vln.  w.  orch.  ;  "  Hymne  vedique"  f.  ch.  and 
orch.  ;  "  Le  poeme  de  l'amour  et  de  la  mer," 
and  the  tragic  "  Chanson  perpetuelle,"  both  f. 
vocal  solo  w.  orch.;  etc. — In  his  dramatic  music 
he  belonged  to  the  neo-French  group  of  d'Indy 
and  others  with  more  or  less  pronounced  Wag- 
nerian affiliations. 

Chop,  Max  [pen-name ' '  Monsieur  Charles  "] , 
b.  Greuszen,  Thuringia,  May  17,  1S62  ;  a  law- 
student  turned  musician,  he  has  publ.  several 
books  of  songs  and  ballades,  and  a  piano-con- 
certo ;  lived  1885-8  in  Berlin  as  a  writer  of 
musical  feuilletons,  since  then  in  Neu-Kuppin 
as  music  critic  and  reviewer.  Publ.  "  Zeitge- 
nossische  Tondichter"  (2  vol.s,  1S88,  1890,  each 
containing  12  sketches)  ;  analyses  of  Liszt's  sym- 
phonic poems  and  Wagner's  music-dramas  ;  a 
sketch  of  August  Bungert  (1903)  ;  etc. 

*  Chopin.  A  biography  by  James  Huneker 
was  publ.  New  York,  1900;  another,  by  J. 
Cuthbert  Hadden,  has  appeared  in  the  "  Master 
Musicians"  series  (London,  1902). 

*  Choudens,  Antony,  died  Paris,  1902. 

*  Chrysan'der,  Friedrich,  died  Bergedorf, 
Sept.  3,  1901. — His  Handel  biography,  two 
volumes  and  a  half-vol.  of  which  (down  to  1740) 
have  been  publ.,  will  be  completed  by  Max  Seif- 
fert. — C.'s  career  forms  a  striking  illustration  of 
the  German  savant  totally  engrossed  in  a  grand 
life-work.  Gervinus'  death  in  1871  left  C.  the 
sole  surviving  member  of  the  Deutsche  Handel- 
Gesellschaft,  which  had  never  amounted  to  any- 
thing (except  on  paper)  with  the  exception  of 
these  two  members.  C.  himself  not  only  pre- 
pared the  copy  for  the  100  volumes  of  Handel's 
Complete  Works  (1859-94),  but  actually  did  the 
greater  part  of  the  engraving  and  printing  at  his 
house  in  Bergedorf.  Gervinus  at  first  paid  all 
expenses  ;  King  George  of  Hanover  added  an 
annual  allowance  of  $750,  which  was  continued 

ift<  '   1S66  by  the  Prussian  Finance  Ministry,-— 


Cf.  Emil  Krause's  detailed  "  appreciation "  of 
C.  in  the  "  Monatshefte  ftir  Musik-Geschichte," 
1904,  Nos.  3  and  4 ;  "  Einige  Bemerkungen 
fiber  den  Vortrag  alter  Musik,"  by  Hermann 
Kretzschmar,  in  the  Peters'  "  Jahrbuch "  for 
1900;  "  Die  Praxis  der  Handel-Auffi'ihrung,"  by 
Fritz  Volbach  (1899;  dissertation);  "  Erlaute- 
rungen_von  Handels  Oratorien  in  Chrysanders 
neuer  Ubersetzung  und  Bearbeitung,"  by  W. 
Weber  (Augsburg). 

*  Cilea,  Francesco,  b.  Palmi,  Calabria,  in 
1867,  has  produced  the  operas  Gina  (Naples, 
1889),  Tilda  (Florence,  1892),  V  Arlesiana 
(Milan,  1897)  [cf.  Daudet],  and  Adrienne 
Lecouvreur  (Milan,  1902  ;  Hamburg,  1903,  in 
German). 

Clarke,  James  Hamilton  Smee,  b.  Birming- 
ham, Engl.,  Jan.  25,  1840.  An  organist  at  12, 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  land-surveyor  1855-61  ; 
then  went  over  to  music,  and  in  1866  became 
organist  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford  (Mus.  Bac, 
1867) ;  also  cond.  the  Queen's  Coll.  Mus.  Soc. 
In  1872  he  succeeded  Sullivan  as  organist  of 
St.  Peter's,  South  Kensington  ;  was  cond.  in  suc- 
cession at  the  Opera-Comique,  Comedy,  Toole's, 
Gaiety,  etc.  ;  of  the  D'Oyly  Carte  company  on 
tour  (1878) ;  and  also  from  1S78  mus.  dir.  at  the 
Lyceum  Th.,  writing  music  for  dramas  given  by 
Irving.  In  1893,  first  cond.  of  the  Carl  Rosa 
Company.  Has  publ.  about  400  works,  includ- 
ing incid.  music  to  Hamlet,  Merchant  of  Venice, 
King  Lear,  The  Corsican  Brothers,  etc.  ;  operet- 
tas and  comediettas  for  the  German  Reed  Com- 
pany's Entertainments  ;  school-cantatas  and 
operettas;  the  sacred  cantata  "  Praise  ;"  8-part 
anthem  "  The  Lord  is  my  light"  (won  prize  of 
Coll.  of  Organists,  1864)  ;  much  other  church- 
music  ;  songs  and  part-songs  ; — 2  symphonies  ; 
6  overtures  ;  a  pf. -concerto  (op.  78) ;  a  pf. -quar- 
tet ;  string-quartets  ;  organ-music  (6  sonatas  ;  3 
Andantes  ;  3  Offertories ;  3  Pieces,  op.  348)  ; 
etc. 

Clemens,  Charles  Edwin,  b.  Plymouth, 
Engl.,  Mar.  12,  1856.  Organist;  pupil  of  Drs. 
Weeks  and  Martin,  and  E.  Pauer,  at  the  R.  C. 
M.  At  11,  org.  at  Christ  Ch.,  Davenport;  at 
Berlin,  from  1899,  org.  of  the  English  church 
and  also  to  Empress  Friedrich  ;  he  taught  in 
the  Scharwenka  Cons.,  and  publ.  his  well-known 
text-book  on  "Pedal  Technique"  (2  vols.). 
Settled  1895  in  Cleveland,  Ohio;  is  org.  and 
choirm.  at  St.  Paul's  Ch.,  cond.  of  the  Singers' 
Club,  and  lecturer  and  prof,  at  the  Women's 
Coll.,  Western  Reserve  Univ.  Successful  reci- 
tals at  Cleveland  and  elsewhere  ;  engaged  at  the 
Temple  of  Music  at  the  Pan-American  Expos., 
Buffalo.  In  1903  he  publ.  (New  York)  his 
"Modern  School  for  the  Organ,"  which  bids 
fair  to  rival  the  ' '  Pedal  Technique  "  in  pedagog- 
ical favor. 

Clemm,  John  [Johann  Gottlieb  Klemm], 
b.  Dresden,  1690;  learned  organ-building  under 
A.  Silbermann,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
in  1736;  lived  ff>'  b  time  in  New  York.  wJiere 


6|l 


COBB— CORTESI 


[supplement 


he  built  the  first  organ  for  Trinity  Church  (fin- 
ished Aug.,  1741) ;  removed  to  Bethlehem,  Pa., 
where  he  died  in  1762.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  trained  and  competent  organ-builder  in 
America. — His  son,  John  Clemm,  Jr.,  was  the 
first  organist  at  Trinity  Ch.,  New  York  city. 
[From  A.  H.  Messiter  :  "  History  of  Trinity 
Church  Music"  (MS.).] 

Cobb,  Gerard  Francis,  b.  Nettlestead,  Kent, 
Engl.,  Oct.  15,  1838  ;  d.  Cambridge,  Mar.  31, 
1904.  Fellow  of  Trinity  Coll.,  Cambridge,  1863  ; 
studied  music  at  Dresden  ;  Pres.  of  Cambridge 
Univ.  Mus.  Soc,  1874-84;  Chairman  of  the 
Univ.  Board  of  Mus.  Studies,  1877-92. — Works: 
Psalm  62,  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.  (Ripon  Cath.; 
1892)  ;  7  church-services,  inch  a  full  Morning, 
Evening  and  Communion  Service  f .  men's  voices, 
comp.  by  request  for  the  choir  of  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor;  motet  "Surge  illuminare" 
(1887)  ;  prize  madrigal  "  Sleeping  Beauty,"  a  6  ; 
prize  glee  "  A  Message  to  Phyllis,"  a  4  ;  numer- 
ous songs  and  ballads  {e.  g.,  Kipling's  "Bar- 
rack-room Ballads");  a  pf. -quintet,  op.  22; 
suite  f.  vln.  and  pf.  ;  pf.-suite,  "Voices  of  the 
Sea; "  etc. 

*  Coccon,  Nicolo,  died  Venice,  Aug.  4,  1903. 
— Since  1SS2  he  had  been  prof,  of  counterpoint 
and  composition  at  the  Liceo  Benedetto  Mar- 
cello  ;  among  his  pupils  were  Alberto  Fran- 
chetti  and  Lorenzi-Fabris. 

*  Coenen,  Franz,  the  former  Director  of  the 
Amsterdam  Music-School,  died  Leyden,  Feb.  (?), 
1904. 

*  Coenen,  Johannes  Meinardus,  died  Am- 
sterdam, Jan.  9, 1899. 

*  Cohen,  Jules,  died  Paris,  Jan.  14,  1901. 
Colborne,  Langdon,  organist  and  comp.;  b. 

Hackney,  London,  Sept.  15,  1S37  ;  d.  Hereford, 
Sept.  16,  1889,  as  organist  of  the  cathedral  (since 
1877).  George  Cooper  was  his  teacher. — Works: 
The  oratorio  Savi/tel  (iSSq)  ;  Service  in  C  ;  Mag- 
nificat and  Nunc  Dimittis  ;  Te  Deum  and  Bene- 
dictus  ;  anthems  and  part-songs. 

*  Coleridge-Tay- 
lor, Samuel.  This 
accomplished  Anglo- 
African  composer, 
who  resides  in  Lon- 
don, inaugurated  in 
December,  1903,  a  se- 
ries of  successful  or- 
chestral concerts  at 
Croydon  with  an  or- 
chestra of  sixty  pieces 
(amateur  strings  and 
professional  wind). — 
His  published  com- 
positions include  a 
Ballade  in  D  minor  for  vln.  w.  orch.;  the  op- 
eretta Dream  Lovers;  4  waltzes  f.  orch.;  Ilia- 
wathan  sketches,  2  (lypsy  Movements,  and  a 
Danse  riegre,  f.  vln.  and  pf, ;  African  Suite  f. 
pi ..  g  Humoresques  ''■  i>f-j  "In  Mimorlam", 


3  rhapsodies  f .  low  voice  and  pf. ;  Southern 
Love-songs  and  African  Romances  (words  by 
Paul  Laurence  Dunbar)  ;  "  Scenes  from  the 
Song  of  Hiawatha  "  (op.  30),  inch  Hiawatha's 
Wedding  Feast  f.  tenor  solo,  ch.  and  orch. ; 
Death  of  Minnehaha  f.  sopr.  and  bar.  soli,  ch. 
and  orch.;  and  Hiawatha's  Departure  f.  sopr., 
ten.  and  bar.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.;  song-cycle 
"  The  Soul's  Expression"  (1900);  incid.  music 
to  Herod  (1900);  "The  Blind  Girl  of  Castel- 
Cuille"  (op.  43),  f.  sopr.  and  bar.  soli,  ch.  and 
orch.;  "Meg.  Blane  ",  f.  mezzo-sopr.  solo,  ch. 
and  orch.;  "The  Atonement"  (op.  53),  f.  soli, 
ch.  and  orch. — Visited  the  U.  S.  in  1904. 

Combarieu,  Jules  (-Leon-Jean),  b.  Cahors, 
Lot,  France,  Feb.  3,  1859;  docteur  es  le -tires ; 
prof,  in  the  Licee  Louis  le  Grand  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  "  Les  rapports  de  la  poesie  et  de  la  mti- 
sique  conside'rees  au  point  de  vue  de  l'expres- 
sion  "  (1893  ;  dissertation)  ;  "  L'influence  de  la 
musique  allemande  sur  la  musique  francaise  " 
(1895;  Jahrbuch  of  the  C.  F.  Peters  Library); 
"Etudes  de  philologie  musicale  :  [1.  Theorie  du 
rythme  dans  la  composition  moderne  d'apres  la 
doctrine  antique  "  (1896  ;  critique  and  simplifica- 
tion of  Westphal)  ;  2.  "  Essai  sur  l'archeologie 
musicale  au  XIXe  siecle  et  le  probleme  de  l'ori- 
gine  des  neumes  "  (1896  ;  these  two  latter  were 
awarded  prizes  by  the  Academie  )  ;  3.  "Frag- 
ments de  l'Eneide  en  musique  d'apres  un  manu- 
scrit  ine'dit  "  (1898)]  ;  "  De  parabasi,  Atticae  co- 
moediae  olim  prologo  "  (1893  )  ;  many  articles  in 
periodicals. 

Converse,  Frederick  Shepherd,  composer; 
b.  Newton,  Mass.,  Jan.  5,  1871.  Graduate  of 
Harvard,  1893;  studied  music  in  Boston  with 
Carl  Baermann  and  Chadwick,  1894-6;  in  Mu- 
nich at  the  R.  Acad,  of  Music  under  Rhein- 
berger,  graduating  1898.  Taught  harmony  in 
the  N.  E.  Cons.,  Boston;  at  present  (1904) 
teacher  of  comp.  at  Harvard  Univ. — Works: 
Op.  1,  sonata  f.  vln.,  w.  pf.;  op.  2,  suite  f.  pf. ; 
op.  3,  string-quartet  (MS.);  op.  4,  Waltzes  f.  pf. 

4  hands;  op.  5,  Valzer  Poetici  f.  pf.  4  hands; 
op.  6,  concert-overture  "Youth"  (MS.);  op.  7, 
symphony  in  D  minor  (MS.) ;  op.  8,  Festival 
March  f.  orch.  (MS.);  op.  q,  Romance  f.  orch., 
"Festival  of  Pan";  op.  10,  Romance  f.  orch. 
(MS.);  op.  11,  Two  Poems  f.  pf.  and  orch. (MS.); 
op.  12,  Ballade  f.  baritone  w.  orch.,  "La  belle 
dame  sans  merci";  op.  13,  concerto  f.  vln.  w. 
pf.  (MS.);  op.  14,  3  Love-songs;  op.  15,  concert- 
overture  "  Euphrosyne";  op.  17,  2  songs  f.  so- 
prano; op.  18,  string-quartet  (MS.);  op.  19, 
orch.l  Fantasy  "The  Mystic  Trumpeter"  (MS.). 
All  the  unpbl.  works  except  op.  11,  13  and  19 
have  been  performed. 

*  Coquard,  Arthur,  was  born  May  26,  1846. 

Corona'ro,  Antonio,  brother  of  Gaetano  and 
Gellio  ;  b.  Vicenza,  i860  ;  has  prod,  the  operas 
Leila  (1880)  and  Falco  di  Calabria  (1901). 

Corte'si,  Francesco,  b.  Florence,  1830;  d. 
there  Jan,  3,  1904,  Studied  at  Uologna  under 
Rossini  and  others  \  became  a  conductor  of  note, 


supplement] 


COWARD— DAVIES 


and  a  composer  of  many  light  stage-works.  Set- 
tled in  Florence  about  1880  as  a  singing-master, 
and  was  appointed  head  of  the  vocal  department 
in  the  government  music-school.  Many  cele- 
brated dramatic  singers  were  his  pupils. — Ope- 
ras :  //  Trovatore  (Trieste,  1852  ;  then  at  Flor- 
ence, same  year,  as  La  Schiava)  ;  Almina  (Rome, 
1859)  ;  La  Dama  a  servire  {Ancona,  1859)  I  ^a 
Colpa  del  cuore  (Florence,  1S70) ;  Mariulizza 
(Florence,  1874) ;  L'Amico  di  casa  (Florence, 
1881)  ;  all  fairly  successful. 

Coward,  Henry,  b.  Liverpool,  Nov.  26,  1849. 
Graduate  of  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  College  ;  Mus.  Bac. 
Oxon.,  1S89  ;  Mus.  Doc,  1894.  Lecturer  on 
music,  Firth  College  ;  singing-teacher  at  the 
Girls'  High  School,  Sheffield  ;  cond.  of  the  Ama- 
teur Instrumental  Soc,  and  of  the  Mus.  Union, 
at  Sheffield  ;  chorusmaster  of  the  Sheffield  Festi- 
val since  1896  ;  also  cond.  of  the  Barnsley  "  Ce- 
cilia "  (1S97),  and  of  choral  societies  at  Hudders- 
field  (1901)  and  Chester (1902). — Works:  Can- 
tatas Magna  Charta  (1882),  Queen  Victoria 
(1885),  The  Story  of  Bethany  (1891),  The  Kings 
Error  (1894),  Heroes  of  Faith  (1895)  ;  also  The 
Fairy  Mirror,  f.  female  voices,  with  tableaux 
vivants  ;  and  Tubal-cain  ;  anthems,  songs,  Sun- 
day-school songs,  hymns,  etc.  Edited  a  coll.  of 
Methodist  Hymns  (1901). 

Crane,  Miss  Helen  C,  contemporary  com- 
poser ;  for  3  years  a  pupil  of  Philipp  Scharwenka 
at  Berlin.  Her  symphonic  poem  "  The  Last 
Tournament,"  a  Suite,  a  Serenade  (all  f.  orch.), 
also  songs  and  pf. -pieces,  were  prod,  in  Mendels- 
sohn Hall,  New  York,  summer  of  1900. 

*  CrivelTi,  Domenico,  was  born  June  7,  1793; 
he  died  in  London,  Feb.  11,  1857. 

Crowest,  Frederick  J.,  b.  London,  1850. 
Organist  and  precentor  at  Christ  Ch.,  Kilburn, 
and  choirm.  of  St.  Mary's,  Somers  Town.  Has 
comp.  church  -  music  and  songs.  —  Writings  : 
"The  Great  Tone-Poets  "(1874);  "Book  of 
Musical  Anecdote  "  (1878  ;  2  vol.s  ;  revised  ed., 
1902,  as  "  Musicians'  Wit,  Humour  and  Anec- 
dote"); "  Phases  of  Musical  England"  (1881)  ; 
"  Musical  History  and  Biography  in  the  Form 
of  Question  and  Answer"  (1SS3) ;  "Advice  to 
Singers";  "Musical  Groundwork";  "  Cheru- 
bini  "  (in  Great  Musicians  Series);  "  Dictionary 
of  British  Musicians  "  (1895)  ;  "The  Story  of 
British  Music"  (vol.  i,  1895)  ;  "Catechism  of 
Mus.  History"  (10th  thousand  1904);  "Story  of 
Music"  (1902;  in  America  as  "Story  of  the 
Art  of  Music");  Life  of  Verdi  (1897). 

*  Cui,  Cesar,  was  b.  Jan.  6  (O.  S.),  or  Jan.  18 
(N.  S.).  I  lis  opera  The  Saracen  (book  after  Du- 
mas' "  Charles  VII  chez  ses  grands  vasseaux,") 
was  successfully  prod,  at  St.  Petersburg  in  Nov., 
1899  ;  Mamzelle  Fifi  in  1900. 

Cursch-Biihren,  (Franz)  Theodor,  b.  Trop- 
pau,  Jan.  10,  1859  ;  pupil  of  Succo  in  Berlin  and 
Oscar  Paul  in  Leipzig.  After  two  years  as  con- 
ductor at  Worms,  Trier,  etc.,  he  settled  in  Leip- 
zig as  editor  of  the  "  Chorgesang  "  and  critic  for 
'  ■■:  ■  i-.'-'ii  I  i"       •)<■■•'  i':' 

06u 


Rosel  vom  Schwarzwald,  Ein  Tag  im  Pension- 
nat,  Die  Wilddiebe,  Die  Schmiede  im  Walde, 
Ein  Studentenstreich,  etc.  ;  male  choruses ; 
orch.l  and  pf. -pieces. 

Curwen,  John  Spencer,  son  of  the  Rev. 
John  C.  ;  b.  Plaistow,  1847.  Pupil  of  his  father 
and  G.  Oakey  ;  later  of  G.  A.  Macfarren,  Sulli- 
van and  Prout  at  the  R.  A.  M.  Active  promo- 
ter of  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  system,  and  of  vocal 
teaching  in  the  schools  ;  Pres.  of  the  Tonic  Sol- 
fa  College  in  1880  ;  frequent  contributor  to  the 
"  Tonic  Sol-fa  Reporter"  ("  Musical  Herald"). 
Has  publ.  "  Studies  in  Worship-Music"  (1880), 
and  a  2d  series  in  1885  ;  "  Memorials  of  John 
Curwen"  (18S2);  "Musical  Notes  in  Paris" 
(1882) ;  etc. 

Curzon,  Emanuel-Henri-Parent  de,  b. 
Havre,  July  6,  1861.  Ph.D.  ;  keeper  of  the 
govt,  archives  at  Paris  ;  since  1889  mus.  critic 
on  the  "  Gazette  de  France  ;  "  contributor  to  the 
"  Guide  musical  "  and  the  "  Revue  internationale 
de  musique." — Writings :  "  La  legende  de 
Sigurd  dans  l'Edda;  l'opera  d'E.  Reyer  "  (1890); 
"  Musiciens  du  temps  passe  "  (1893)  ;  "  Croquis 
d'artistes"  (1898  ;  sketches  of  Faure,  Lassalle, 
Maurel, — Viardot-Garcia,  Carvalho,  Nilsson, 
Krauss) ;  translations. 

*  Czartory'ska,  Marcelline,  was  born,  ace. 
to  the  "  Almanach  de  Gotha,"  at  Vienna,  May 
18,  1817.  She  died  in  her  castle  near  Cracow, 
June  8,  1894. 

D 

Da  Mot'ta,  Jose  Vianna,  noted  pianist ;  b. 
on  Isle  St.  Thomas,  Portuguese  Africa,  in  1S68; 
one  year  later  his  parents  returned  to  their  native 
city,  Lisbon.  In  his  seventh  year  began  his 
study  of  the  piano  and  harmony  under  local 
teachers  ;  first  concert  at  Lisbon,  1881  ;  from 
1882-5,  at  the  Scharwenka  Cons.,  Berlin,  he 
studied  piano  with  Xaver  S.,  and  comp.  with 
Philipp.  In  1885  he  went  to  Liszt  in  Weimar; 
studied  1887  with  von  Billow  at  Frankfort. 
Winter  1887-8,  concert-tour  through  Germany, 
followed  by  tours  in  Denmark,  Russia,  France, 
England,  the  United  States  (1892-3,  1899),  etc- 
He  is  a  fine  Bach-player.  Headquarters,  Berlin. 
Works:  Symphony  "An  das  Vaterland  ; "  a 
string-quartet ;  many  charact.  pf. -pieces,  in  some 
of  which  (e.  g.,  the  5  Portuguese  Rhapsodies 
and  the  Port,  dance  "Vito")  he  employs  Port, 
folk-themes  with  striking  effect.  Has  also  publ. 
"  Studien  bei  Bttlow "  ;  "  Betrachtungen  liber 
Franz  Liszt";  "  Geschichte  des  Klavierkon- 
zerts"  (as  a  program-book  to  Busoni's  concerts); 
essays  on  Alkan  ;  critical  articles  in  the  "  Kunst- 
wart,"  "  Klavierlehrer,"  etc. 

*  Danks,  Hart  Pease,  died  Philadelphia, 
Nov.  20,  1903. 

*  Da  Ponte  was  not  poet-laureate,  but  poet  to 
the  Court  Theatre  at  Vienna. 

*  Davies,  Benjamin  Grey,  was  born  at 
Ponardawe,    aear    Swansea,    Wales,    Jan,    6, 


DAVIES— DESTINN 


[supplement 


1S58.     \_Cf.  London  "  Musical  Times"  for  Au- 
gust, 1899.] 

Davies,  David  Ffrangcon,  baritone,  b. 
Bethesda,  Carnarvonshire,  Dec.  n,  i860.  Took 
degree  of  M.A.  at  Oxford  and  received  orders  in 
the  Church  of  England  ;  then  studied  at  Guild- 
hall School,  London,  and  under  Wm.  Shake- 
speare. Debut  Manchester,  1890  ;  was  for  some 
time  with  the  Carl  Rosa  Company  in  English 
opera  ;  has  also  sung  much  in  oratorio.  Several 
visits  to  the  United  States. 

Day,  Major  Charles  Russell,  b.  Horstead, 
Norfolk,  Engl.,  in  i860.  Pupil  of  J.  Barnby. 
Entered  the  British  army  in  1S62,  and  served  in 
India,  later  in  South  Africa,  where  he  was  killed 
in  the  battle  of  Paardeberg,  Feb.  18,  1900. 
Writer  on  music.  His  magnum  opus  is  "  Music 
and  Musical  Instruments  in  Southern  India  and 
the  Deccan "  (London,  1891)  ;  also  publ.  "A 
Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Mus.  Instr.s  Re- 
cently Exhibited  at  the  R.  Military  Exhib., 
London,  1900  "  (London,  1901),  and  papers  and 
pamphlets  on  national  and  military  music. 

*  Dayas,  W.  H.,  died  Manchester,  Engl., 
May  3,  1903.  He  succeeded  Sir  Charles  Halle 
as  principal  prof,  of  pianoforte  at  the  R.  Man- 
chester Coll.  of  Music  in  1897. — Add  to  works  : 
Sonata  f.  'cello  and  pf. ;  three  sets  of  songs. — 
He  was  one  of  Liszt's  last  pupils,  in  the  group 
which  included  d'Albert,  Sauer,  Siloti  and  Staven- 
hagen.  Arthur  Friedheim  is  his  successor  at 
Manchester. 

Debussy,  Achille-Claude,  b.  St. -Germain, 
Paris,  Aug.  22,  1862.  Pupil  of  Guiraud  at  Paris 
Cons. ,  winning  the 
prix  de  Rome  in 
1884  with  the  cantata 
P  Enfant  prodigue. 
His  cantata  La  De- 
moiselle e'lue  [Engl, 
edition  New  York  : 
The  Blessed  Damo- 
zel\  was  rejected  by 
the  Academie  as 
ultra-modern  in  ten- 
dency; this  did  not  de- 
ter him  from  continu- 
ing in  the  same  path 
with  the  symphonic 
poem  "  l'Apres-midi 
d'un  faune  "  (after  Mallarme's  "  Eglogue  ")  and 
others  after  poems  by  Baudelaire  and  Verlaine  ; 
also  with  the  lyric  drama  Pelle'as  et  Me'lisande 
[Maeterlinck]  (Paris,  Op.-Com.,  1902),  and  the 
"  musique  de  scene  "  of  Joachim  Gasquet's  old 
drama  Dionysos  (Orange,  Aug.  1,  1904).  His 
opera  Chimene,  and  another  after  Shakespeare's 
As  You  Like  Lt,  have  not  been  produced.  Other 
works  :  Forpf.  solo  :  "  Estampes,"  1903  (1.  Pa- 
godes.  2.  La  Soiree  dans  Grenade.  3.  Jardins 
sous  la  Pluie);  Ballade;  Danse  ;  Images  ;  Ma- 
zurka ;  ' '  Pour  le  Piano"  (Prelude,  Sarabande, Toc- 
cata); Reverie;  'A' Suite  Bergamasque"( Masques, 
2e  Sarabande,  File  joyeuse);  Valse  romantique; 


"Chansons  de  Bilitis  "  ;  "Proses  lyriques"; — 
"  Marche  ecossaise  "  f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  Fantaisie  f. 
pf .  and  orch. ;  Trois  Nocturnes  f .  orch.  and  female 
chorus  (Nuages;  Fetes;  Sirenes);  5  songs  ("Cinq 
Poemes"de  Ch. Baudelaire);  astring-quartet.op. 
10;  etc. — (Cf.  L.  de  Laurencin's  "Notes  sur 
l'art  de  Debussy  "  in  the  "  Courier  Musical  "  for 
1904,  No.  5  et  set/.) — Through  a  deliberate  em- 
ployment of  the  higher  primary  overtones,  for 
the  purpose  of  enriching  his  harmony,  an  addi- 
tional interest  is  given  to  D.'s  works. 

*  Defies,  Louis-Pierre,  died  Toulouse,  June 
10,  1900. 

*  Delia  Maria,  (Pierre-Antoine-)  Domini- 
que, was  born  June  14,  1769. 

Delmas,  Jean-Francois,  dramatic  bass  ;  b. 
Lyons,  France,  April  14,  1861  ;  pupil  of  the 
Paris  Cons.;  since  1886,  member  of  the  Grand 
Opera.  (Cf.  Curzon,  "  Croquisd'Artistes  ",  1898.) 

*  De  Mol,  Pierre,  died  Alost,  Belgium,  July 
2,  1899,  as  director  of  the  Music-School,  and  m. 
de  chap,  at  St.  Martin's  Ch. — Further  works  : 
The  opera  Queniin  Metsys;  oratorio  Ste.-Ce'tile  ; 
cantata  Belsliazzars  Feast ;  masses,  a  Te  Deum, 
and  12  string-quartets. 

Denn6e,  Charles  (Frederick),  b.  Oswego, 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  1,  1S63.  When  16,  he  entered  the 
N.  E.  Cons,  at  Boston,  studying  pf.  under  A. 
D.  Turner,  and  later  for  a  time  with  Mme.  Schil- 
ler, and  harm,  and  comp.  with  S.  A.  Emery  ; 
since  1883  he  has  taught  pf. -playing  at  the  Cons. 
A  successful  pianist,  an  accident  to  his  right 
wrist  caused  his  retirement  ;  subsequent  devo- 
tion to  teaching  and  composition  has  borne  good 
fruit. — Works  :  The  comedy-operas  and  musical 
pieces  The  Defender,  The  Belle  of  Newport, 
LJttle  Red  Riding-hood,  The  Merry-go-round, 
The  Royal  Barber  ;  3  others  in  MS.  ;  suite  f. 
vln.,  'cello,  pf.,  etc.  (MS.);  Festival  Overture  f. 
orch.  (MS.)  ;  a  sonata  (MS.)  and  other  pieces 
f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  ;  ingenious  pf.- 
duets,  "  The  Children's  Festival  "  ;  about  50  ele- 
gant salon-comp.s  and  charact.  pieces  f.  pf.  ; 
children's  pieces,  studies,  etc.  ;  several  songs. 
Further:  "Progressive  Technique",  an  elaborate 
treatise  on  pf. -technics.  D.  is  working  on  a 
new  technical  treatise,  and  a  one-act  grand  tragic 
opera,  Chatterton. 

*  Deppe,  Ludwig.  Add  to  works  :  "  Arm- 
leiden  der  Klavierspieler  "  (18S5)  ;  "  Zwei  Jahre 
Kapellmeister"  (1890)  ; — Symphony  in  F  ;  over- 
ture to  Zriny  ;  do.  to  Don  Carlos. — His  "  Lehre 
des  Klavierspiels "  [written  by  his  pupil,  Frl. 
Caland]  was  publ.  in  English  in  1903,  as  "  Artis- 
tic Piano-playing." 

Destinn,  Emmy,  dramatic  soprano ;  b. 
Prague,  Feb.  26,  1878  ;  pupil  there  of  Loewe- 
Destinn,  whose  patronymic  she  adopted  as  her 
stage-name  (her  real  family-name  is  Kittl) ; 
debut  1898  as  Santuzza  at  the  Royal  Opera, 
Berlin,  followed  by  engagement  there.  She  sang 
at  one  of  the  Concerts  Colonne,  Paris,  on  Mar. 


661 


supplement] 


DEVRIENT— DVORAK 


24,   igoi  ;  took  the  role  of  Senta  at  Bayreuth, 
1 901. 

Devrient,  Eduard,  b.  Berlin,  Aug,  11,  1801; 
d.  Karlsruhe,  Oct.  4,  1877.  Originally  a  dra- 
matic baritone  (he  created  the  title-role  in  Hans 
Heiling  at  Berlin,  May  24,  1833),  partial  failure 
of  voice  caused  him  to  adopt  the  career  of  an 
actor ;  as  stage-manager  of  the  Dresden  Court 
Th.  he  began  his  celebrated  "  Geschichte  der 
deutschen  Schauspielkunst "  (5  vol.s  ;  Vol.  i, 
1848).  For  20  years  he  was  manager  of  the 
Court  Th.  at  Karlsruhe. 

*  Diaz,  Eugene,  died  Colleville,  France, 
Sept.  12,  1901. 

*  Dick,  Charles  G.  C,  died  in  1895. 

Dippel,  Andreas,  dramatic  tenor  ;  b.  Kas- 
sel,  Nov.  30,  1866.  Pupil  of  Hey,  Leoni,  and 
Rau.  Member  of  the  Bremen  opera  1887-92; 
sang  1899  at  Bayreuth;  has  appeared  in  Breslau, 
Vienna,  London  (1897  ;  since  1900  at  Covent 
Garden),  etc.  ;  also  for  several  seasons  at  New 
York,  where  he  sang  the  role  of  Parsifal  in 
1903-4. 

Doh'nanyi,  Ernest  von,  noted  pianist ;  b. 
Pressburg,  Hungary,  July  27,  1877.  Pupil  of 
his  father,  Friedrich  v.  D.,  prof,  of  mathematics 
and  amateur  'cellist,  and  Karl  Forstner  (till 
1894);  then,  at  the  Landesmusikakademiem  Pesth, 
of  Stefan  Thoman  (pf.)  and  Hans  Koessler 
(comp.).  After  graduation  in  1897,  he  studied 
during  the  summer  with  d'Albert.  His  first  in- 
dependent piano-recital  was  at  Berlin  in  Oct., 
1897,  followed  by  a  concert-tour  to  Cologne, 
Dresden,  Frankfort,  Vienna,  Pesth,  etc.;  tour 
to  London  and  through  Great  Britain  in  spring 
of  1898  ;  same  autumn,  first  tour  in  the  United 
States  (second,  1900-1901) ;  further  travels  in 
Russia,  Austria-Hungary,  etc. — Works  :  Op.  1, 
quintet  f.  pf.  and  strings,  in  C  minor  ;  op.  4, 
Variations  and  Fugue  f.  pf.  and  '  cello  ;  op.  7, 
string-quartet  ;  op.  8,  Sonata  in  B|?  f.  pf.  and 
'cello;  op.  9,  Symphony  in  D  minor  (No.  2)  ; 
his  first  symphony  in  F,  and  his  overture 
"Zrinyi,"won  the  "  Millenniumskonigspreis" 
at  Pesth  in  1896  ;  a  pf.-concerto  won  the  first  of 
the  three  Bosendorfer  prizes  at  Vienna  in  1899. 
Further,  2  string-quartets,  2  'cello-sonatas,  2 
piano-sonatas,  a  string-trio,  a  string-sextet,  a 
Passacaglia  and  other  pieces  for  pf.,  songs,  etc. 
— Brahms  expressed  a  high  opinion  of  D.'s  com- 
positions. A  life-sketch  of  D.  was  publ.  in 
Vienna,   1904. 

*  Donizet'ti,  Alfredo.  His  real  name,  ace. 
to  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale  ",  Nov.  29,  1900,  is 
Alfredo  Ciummei. 

*  Dop'pler,  Karl,  died  Stuttgart,  March  10, 
1900. — To  the  sketch  on  p.  152  may  be  added 
that  D.  was  a  precocious  composer,  bringing  out 
large  instrumental  works  at  15,  followed  a  year 
later  by  ballades,  Singspiele,  etc.  In  1849  he 
became  bandmaster  of  a  "  Honved  "  regiment  ; 
1850,  2d  Kapellm.  at  the    National   Theatre  in 


Pesth,  remaining  there  until  called  to  the  Vienna 
Court  Opera  in  1862. 

*  Dorn,  Alexander,  died  Berlin,  Nov.  27, 
1901. 

Drey'er,  Alexis  de,  Russian  composer ; 
born  1857. — Op.  2,  Berceuse  and  Burlesque  f. 
pf. ;  op.  4,  Prelude  and  Etude  f.  pf. 

*  Dro'bisch,  M.  W.,  died  at  Leipzig,  Sept. 
30,  1896. 

Dukas,  Paul,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  1,  1865.  Pupil 
of  Dubois,  Mathias  and  Guiraud  in  the  Paris 
Cons.;  musical  critic  for  the  "Gazette  des 
Beaux- Arts  "  and  the  "  Revue  hebdomadaire." 
— Compositions  :  Symph.  poem  (scherzo)  I'Ap- 
prenti  sorrier ;  a  symphony  in  3  movements; 
overtures  to  King  Lear,  Polyettcte,  and  Gotz  von 
Berlichingen  j  opera  Ariadne  et  Barbe-bleu  (in 
preparation,  1904).  He  instrumented  part  of 
Guiraud's  Fre'de'gonde,  and  edited  the  new  edition 
of  Rameau's  Les  hides  galantes. 

*  Dulcken,  Ferdinand  Quentin,  died  in 
1902. 

Du  Locle,  Camille  (Du  Commun),  born 
Orange,  Vaucluse,  in  1832  ;  d.  Nice,  Oct.  (?), 
1903.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Opera  under  Per- 
rin's  direction  ;  later,  director  of  the  Opera- 
Comique.  The  libretti  of  Verdi's  Don  Carlos 
(French),  and  Reyer's  Sigurd  and  Salammbo, 
were  from  his  pen  ;  also,  in  collaboration  with 
Nuitter,  of  Verdi's  Aida  (in  French),  Duvernoy's 
die///,  and  La  Force  du  destin. 

Duparc  [Fouques  Duparc],  (Marie-Eu- 
gene-) Henri,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1848.  Pupil 
of  Cesar  Franck.  His  12  recently  published 
songs  are  works  of  remarkable  beauty  ;  many 
years  ago  he  also  publ.  a  symphonic  poem,  "  Le- 
nore."  Delicate  health  has  prevented  steady 
work  at  composition. 

*  Dupont,  Joseph,  le  jeune,  died  Brussels, 
Dec.  31,  1899. 

Dupuis,  Albert,  b.  Verviers,  France,  1875. 
In  1903  he  won  the  Belgian  prix  de  Rome  with 
the  opera  Hans  Michel.  Other  operas  :  /'  Idylle 
(Verviers,  1896);  Ducasse  (Brussels,  1904?); 
also  a  cantata,  Les  Cloches  nnptiales  (1900)  ;  etc. 

*  Durand,  Iimile,  died  Neuilly,  May  6,  1903. 
— Among  his  operettas  were  V Elixir  de  Corne- 
lius (1868),  and  /'  Astronofne  du  Pont-Neuf 
(1869)  ;  he  also  wrote  numerous  romances,  songs, 
and  choruses  for  the  Orpheons  ;  and  publ.  a 
"  Traite  d'harmonie  "  and  a  "Traite  de  com- 
position musicale,"  both  successful. 

*  Dvorak,  Antonin,  died  suddenly  at  Pra- 
gue, May  1,  1904.  Unquestionably  the  leader  of 
Bohemian  national  composers,  he  was  appointed 
Artistic  Director  of  the  Prague  Conservatory  in 
1901,  Knittl  being  the  Administrative  Director. 
He  was  the  first  musician  to  be  made  a  life-mem- 
ber of  the  Austrian  House  of  Lords.  A  com- 
poser of  singular  versatility  and  fecundity,  the 
most  prominent  characteristics  of  his  music  are 
a  wellnigh  unexampled  rhythmic  variety,  an  ex- 


662 


EATON— EXPERT 


[supplement 


haustive  employment  of  national  folk-tunes  and 
their  melodic  peculiarities,  and  an  intensity  of 
harmonic  vigor  which,  in  his  finest  works  (prob- 
ably the  chamber-music),  has  an  electrifying  ef- 
fect, though  sometimes  bordering  on  the  crude 
and  rough.  It  is  music  straight  from  heart  and 
soul,  rather  than  carefully  weighed  composition. 
Since  his  death,  regret  has  been  freely  expressed 
that  D.  of  late  years  gave  so  much  time  to  opera. 
It  is  true  that  his  stage-works  have  not  met  with 
the  same  warm  welcome  in  Germany  as  in  their 
native  land  and  tongue  ;  furthermore,  the  libretti 
are  said  to  be  weak.  Time  will  show  whether 
D.'s  dramatic  compositions  shall  rank  in  gen- 
eral estimation  beside  his  chamber-music  and 
some  vocal  pieces  (notably  the  Gypsy  songs).  A 
revised  list  of  his  nine  Tchech  operas  follows  : 

Krai  a  uhlir  ("  King  and  Charcoal-burner," 
Prague,  1874;  comic);  Wanda  (ibid.,  1876;  5 
acts)  ;  Sehn  a  sedldk  ("  The  Peasant  a  Rogue," 
ibid.,  1878,  comic  ;  also  Dresden,  1882,  as  Der 
Bauer  ein  Schelni) ;  Tvrde  palice  ("  The  Block- 
head," ibid.,  1881,  comic)  ;  Dimitrij  ("  Dimi- 
tri  ",  ibid.,  1882  ;  also  in  Vienna,  June  2,  1892) ; 
Jacobin  ("  The  Jacobins,"  ibid.,  1889  ;  3  acts)  ; 
(?)  ("  The  Devil  and  Wild  Katie,"  ibid.,  1S99)  ; 
Rusalka  ("  The  Waterwitch,"  ibid.,  1901  :  lyric 
fairy-tale)  ;  Armida  (ibid.,  Mar.  25,  1904  ;  4 acts, 
book  by  Jaroslav  Vrchlicky).  From  a  critique  of 
this  last,  in  the  "  Signale  "  for  Apr.  13,  we  quote: 
"Vividconception,  masterful  polyphony,  brilliant 
orchestral  color,  are  a  matter  of  course  with 
Dvorak.  But  the  forcefulness  of  the  dramatic 
accents  is  quite  as  prominent  as  the  eroticism  of 
the  love-songs.  All  in  all,  the  music  reveals 
the  master  at  the  height  of  his  creative  power." 
— Biographical  essay  (in  German)  by  J.  Zubatky 
(18S6)  ;  in  English  by  W.  H.  Hadow  in  "  Stud- 
ies in  Modern  Music,"  2d  Series  (London,  1895). 


Eaton,  Louis  H.,  b.  Taunton,  Mass.,  May  9, 
1 86 1  ;  organist  successively  at  Taunton  and  Mil- 
waukee (1885-68)  ;  he  studied  with  Guilmant  at 
Paris  1900-1,  when  he  was  eng.  as  organist  and 
mus.  director  at  Trinity  Episc.  Ch.,  San  Fran- 
cisco, a  position  still  held  in  1904.  He  is  a  skill- 
ful organizer,  trainer  and  conductor  of  choirs. 

*  Ec'card,  Johannes,  died  in  Konigsberg, 
Prussia  {not  in  Berlin). 

*  Edwards,  Julian,  was  born  Dec.  17,  1855. 

*  Ehr'lich,  (Alfred)  Heinrich,  died  Berlin, 
Dec.  30,  1899. — Add  to  works  :  "  Die  Orna- 
mentik  in  Beethoven's  Sonaten  "  (1896)  ;  "  Die 
Ornamentik  in  Seb.  Bach's  Klavierwerken  "  ; 
"  Beriihmte  Pianisten  der  Vergangenheit  und 
Gegenwart  "  (1897  ;  editions  in  Dutch  and  Eng- 
lish) ;  "  Shakespeare  als  Kenner  der  Musik  " 
(1899,  in  trie  "  Deutsche  Revue")  ;  "  Modernes 
Musikleben"  (1895)  ;  "  Vier  Novellen  aus  dem 
Musikantenleben  "  (1S95). — "  Aus  alien  Tonar- 
ten  "  was  publ.  in  1S88. 


*  Eilers,  Albert,  b.  Cothen,  Dec.  21,  1830. 

Elan'di,  Rita,  opera-soprano ;  b.  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio  ;  pupil  of  Mme.  Marchesi  in  Paris  ; 
has  toured  England,  Germany,  Italy,  Spain, 
etc.  ;  in  1900  she  sang  in  New  York  with  the 
American  Opera  Company. 

*  Elewyck,  X.  V.  van,  was  b.  Apr.  24,  1825. 

*  Elgar,  Sir  Edward.  A  7-page  biographical 
sketch  of  this  dis- 
tinguished English 
composer  may  be 
found  in  the  London 
"  Mus.  Times  "  for 
Oct.  1,  1900. — His 
oratorio  The  Dream 
of  Gerontius  was 
prod,  at  the  Birming- 
ham Mus.  Fest.  in 
1900  ;  The  Apostles 
was  brought  out  there 
on  Oct.  14,  1903  ; 
both  with  striking 
success.  His  latest 
important  work  is 
the  concert-overture  "In  the  South"  (1904). 
He  was  knighted  in  1904. 

Elm'blad,  Johannes,  dramatic  bass  ;  b. 
Stockholm,  Aug.  22,  1853.  Pupil  of  Stockhausen 
and  Garcia  ;  chosen  by  Wagner  to  create  the 
role  of  Donner  in  1876,  but  refused  in  deference 
to  the  objections  of  his  father,  a  professor  of 
theology.  From  1880,  opera-singer,  touring 
Europe  and  America.  Sang  the  role  of  Fafner 
at  Bayreuth  in  1896.  Since  1897  engaged  at  the 
Stockholm  Municipal  Theatre. 

En'de,  Heinrich  vom,  music-publisher  ;  b. 
Essen-on-Ruhr,  Aug.  12,  1858;  d.  Cologne, 
Jan.  20,  1904.  He  composed  a  considerable 
number  of  male  choruses  ("  Das  Katzchen," 
"  Es  ist  ein  Briinnlein  geflossen  "),  songs,  and 
pf. -pieces  ;  also  publ.  "  E.  T.  A.  Hoffmanns 
musikalische  Schriften ",  "  Dynamik  des  Kla- 
vierspiels  "  (1899),  and  "  Schatzkastlein  "  (prac- 
tical explanation  of  mus.  forms). 

*  Er'kel,  Alexander,  died  Beke's-Csabra, 
Hungary,  Oct.  14,  1900.  He  was  born  at  Pesth, 
Jan.  2,  1846. —  Tempefoi  is  an  operetta  ;  three 
others  by  him  were  produced  later. 

*  Ernst,  Franz  Anton,  was  b.  Dec.  3,  1745. 
*Erra'ni,  Achille.b.  Italy,  1823(7);  died  New 

York,  in  Jan.,  1897.  Tenor  opera-singer,  pupil 
of  Vaccai.  He  was  the  teacher  of  Minnie  Hauck, 
Emma  Abbott,  Emma  Thursby,  etc. 

*Espagne,  Franz,  was  b.  April  21,  1828. 

Expert,  Henri,  b.  Bordeaux,  May  12,  1S63; 
pupil  (1881)  of  the  Niedermeyer  School  at  Paris, 
later  of  C.  Franck  and  E.  Gigout  ;  now  teacher 
at  the  Ecole^  Nat.  de  Mus.  Classique,  and  lec- 
turer at  the  Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes  Sociales  ; 
founder  (rgo3,  with  Manry)  of  the  Societe 
d'e'tudes  musicales  et  concerts  historiques.  His 
lifework   is   the   editing  and  publication  of   the 


663 


supplement] 


FALCKE— FLUGEL 


French-Flemish  music  of  the  15th  and  16th  cen- 
turies, in  six  Parts  :  I.  Les  Maitres-Musiciens  de 
la  Renaissance  francaise  (works  by  Orlando  di 
Lasso,  Goudimel,  Costeley,  Jannequin,  Brumel, 
Larue,  Mouton,Fevin,  Mauduit.Claudinle  jeune, 
Regnart,  Caurroy,  and  Attaignant's  Collection 
of  Chansons  [1529],  all  in  modern  notation, 
with  facsimiles,  etc.  ;   17  vol.s  already  issued); 

II.  Bibliographic   thematique    (publ.    in    part); 

III.  Les  Theoriciens  de  la  musique  au  temps  de 
la  Renaissance  ;  IV.  Sources  du  corps  de  l'art 
franco-flamand  de  musique  des  XVe  et  XVIe 
siecles  (facsimile  editions  of  entire  works);  V. 
Commentaires ;  VI.  Extraits  des  Maitres- 
Musiciens  (selected  single  compositions,  ar- 
ranged for  modern  use  ;  a  large  number  have 
been  publ.).  E.  has  also  edited  a  "  monumental  " 
edition  of  the  Huguenot  Psalter  ;  and  is  prepar- 
ing another  of  the  Lutheran  Psalms  and  Church- 
hymns  of  the  16th  century. 


*  Falcke,  Henri,  died  Paris,  April  13,  1901. 

*  Faning,  Dr.  (Joseph)  Eaton,  is  pictured 
in  a  13-page  biographical  sketch  in  the  London 
"  Mus.  Times"  for  August,  1901. 

*  Farmer,  John,  died  London,  July  17,  1901. 

Farrar,  Geraldine,  lyric  soprano  (coloratura); 
b.  Melrose,  Mass.,  Feb.  28,  1882.  Began  seri- 
ous study  under  J.  H.  Long  of  Boston  at  the  age 
of  12  ;  continued  with  Trabadello  in  Paris  and 
Lilli  Lehmann  at  Berlin,  where  her  successful 
debut  at  the  Royal  Opera  on  Oct.  15,  1901,  as 
Marguerite  in  Faust,  led  to  immediate  engage- 
ment.— Repertory  :  Standard  French  and  Ital- 
ian, also  the  lighter  German,  roles. 

Farwell,  Arthur,  b.  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  April 
23,  1872.  Graduate  of  Mass.  Inst,  of  Tech- 
nology, 1893  ;  studied  music  under  Homer  Nor- 
ris  (Boston),  and  Humperdinck,  Pfitzner  and 
Guilmant  abroad.  Lecturer  on  music  at  Cornell 
Univ.  from  1899.  In  Dec.  1901  he  established 
at  Newton  Center,  Mass.,  the  "Wa-Wan  Press" 
for  publishing  music;  it  "aims  to  sum  up  all 
the  new  musical  tendencies  arising  in  America, 
whether  the  refined  expressions  of  a  composer 
conscious  of  what  he  is  doing,  or  the  broad, 
crude,  virile  expressions  of  aboriginal  races,  so 
they  have  some  bearing  on  American  life." 
Some  two-score  vocal  and  instr.l  compositions 
have  been  issued  to  date  (1904). — F.'s  publ. 
works  comprise  a  Coll.  of  Amer.  Indian  Melo- 
dies harmonized  for  piano  ;  3  pieces  on  Indian 
themes,  f.  pf.,  "Dawn",  "  Ichibuzzi,"  and 
"The  Domain  of  Hurakan";  and  "Love's 
Secret",  a  song. 

Felix,  Dr.  Hugo,  operetta-composer ;  b. 
Vienna,  Nov.  19,  i860.  Works  :  Husarenblut 
(Vienna,  1894)  ;  Das  Katzchen  (Lemberg 
[Polish],  1890,  and  Vienna,  1892)  ;  Rhodope 
(Berlin,  1900);  Madame  Sherry  (Berlin,  1902). 


*  Feu'rich,  Julius,  died  Leipzig,  July  16, 
1900. 

*  Fi'bich,  Zdenko,  died  Prague,  Oct.  15, 
1900. — Op.  57  is  "  Stimmungen,  Eindriicke  und 
Erinnerungen  ",  24  pf.  pieces.  He  was  one  of 
the  leaders  in  the  "  Young  Tchech  "  movement, 
and  a  most  prolific  composer.  His  last  opera 
was  The  Fall  of  Arcona  (Prague,  1900). — Bio- 
graphical sketch  by  Richter  (Prague,  1899). 

FiFke,  Max,  b.  Staubendorf-Leobschtitz, 
Silesia,  Oct.  5,  1855.  Pupil  of  the  Church-music 
School  at  Ratisbon,  and  Leipzig  Cons.  ;  since 
1889,  cathedral  organist  at  Breslau. — Works  : 
Masses,  male  and  mixed  choruses,  songs  ("  Isot 
la  Blonde  "  is  op.  73),  etc. 

Find'eisen,    Nikolai  Fedorovitch,   b.    St. 

Petersburg,  July  24,  1868,  pupil  of  Ph.  and  N. 
Sokolov  in  the  Cons.  ;  founder  (1893)  and  editor 
of  the  "  Russische  Musikzeitung." — Works:  "A. 
N.  Werstowski  "  (1890);  "  The  Mastersingers  of 
the  Middle  Ages"  (1897);  "Musical  Sketches 
and  Silhouettes"  (1891);  "Glinka  in  Spain" 
(1896);  "  M.  J.  Glinka  "(vol.  i  1896);  "Cata- 
logue of  the  Manuscripts,  Letters  and  Portraits 
of  M.  J.  Glinka"  (1898);  "Glinka  und  seine 
Oper  Russian  u/id  I.udmilla"  (Munich,  1899, 
in  German)  ;  "A.  N.  Serow  "  (1900)  ;  and 
"Musical  Antiquity"  (1903),  a  collection  of 
musico-historical  essays. 

*  Fioril'lo,  Federigo,  died  Amsterdam,  1812. 

Fisch'er,  Franz,  violinist,  a  native  of  Wiirz- 
burg,  died  San  Francisco,  Jan.  (?),  1904,  aged 
65.  First  violinist  at  the  Court  Theatre,  Karls- 
ruhe ;  then  opera-singer  on  various  leading 
stages  in  Germany  and  Austria  ;  settled  in  San 
Francisco,  1876,  as  a  conductor  of  several  sing- 
ing-societies. 

Fisher,  William  Arms,  b.  San  Francisco, 
April  27,  1861.  J.  P.  Morgan  was  his  teacher 
in  harmony,  pf.  and  organ  ;  H.  W.  Parker  in 
counterpoint  and  fugue ;  Wm.  Shakespeare 
(London,  1892)  in  singing  ;  and  Dvorak,  at  the 
Nat.  Cons.,  New  York,  in  composition.  He 
taught  at  the  Cons,  till  1895,  and  thenceforward 
has  lived  in  Boston.  Has  publ.  some  three 
score  very  attractive  sacred  and  secular  songs, 
and  20  anthems  ;  also  part-songs,  carols,  etc. 

*  Flei'scher,  Oskar,  was  born  at  Zorbig, 
Prov.  of  Saxony,  Nov.  2,  1856. — In  1899,  founder 
and  president  of  the  "  Internationaler  Verein 
fur  Musikvvissenschaft  ". — Further  writings  : 
"  Das  Accentuationssystem  Notkers  in  seinem 
Boetius  "  (1883) ;  a  "  Guide  to  the  R.  collection 
of  ancient  mus.  instrs."  (1892);  "Die  Bedeu- 
tung  der  Internat.  Ausstellung  fur  Musik  and 
Theater  in  Wien  "  (1893);  etc. — Vol.  ii  of  the 
"  Neumenstudien  "  appeared  in  1897. 

*  Fleischer,  Reinhold,  died  Gorlitz,  Feb.  1, 
1904. 

*  Flii'gel,  Gustav,  died  Stettin,  Aug.  16, 
1900. 


664 


FOLI— GAUTHIERS-VILLARS 


[supplement 


*  Foli  [Allan  James  Foley],  died  South- 
port,  Engl.,  Oct.  20,  1899. 

*  Forna'ri,  Vincenzo,  died  Cercola,  Naples, 
Aug.  (?),  1900. 

Foster,  Muriel,  alto  concert-  and  oratorio- 
singer  :  b.  Sunderland,  Engl.,  Nov.  22,  1877. 
In  1896  she  entered  the  R.  C.  M.,  her  teacher 
being  Miss  Anna  Williams  ;  that  same  year  she 
won  a  Council  Exhibition,  and  sang  at  Bradford 
in  Parry's  .King  Saul :  won  an  Open  Scholarship 
in  1897  ;  in  1898  obtained  the  London  Musical 
Society's  prize  ;  and  in  1900  the  Musicians'  Com- 
pany's medal  for  the  best  student  in  the  College. 
She  sang  before  Queen  Victoria  in  1900 ;  in 
1901  toured  Canada  with  Mine.  Albani's  concert- 
party,  having  much  success  ;  sang  (in  German) 
the  part  of  the  Angel  in  Elgar's  Dream  of 
Gerontius  in  Dtisseldorf  at  the  Lower  Rhine 
Mus.  Fest. ,  1902  ;  toured  Holland  that  year, 
and  has  also  sung  in  Berlin,  Frankfort,  etc.  ;  in 
Russia,  spring  of  1903.  Tour  of  Canada  and 
the  United  States,  spring  of  1904. 

*  Frere,  Marguerite-Jeanne.  See  Hatto 
(Supplement). 

*  Fries,  Wulf,  died  Roxbury  (Boston),  Mass., 
April  29,  1902. 

*Fritzsch,  E.  W.,  died  Leipzig,  Aug.  14, 
1902. 

*  Frost,  H.  F.,  died  London,  May  3,  1901. 

*Fuchs,  Johann  Nepomuk,  died  Voslau  {not 
Vienna),  Oct.  5,  1899. 

*  Fumagal'li,  Polibio,  died  Milan,  June  zi, 
1900. 


Gabrilo'vitch  [Gabrilowitsch],Ossip  Salo- 
monovitch,  pianist ;  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  26, 
O.  S.,  1878  ;  pupil  of  Rubinstein  at  the  Cons., 
winning  the  Rubinstein  prize  at  16  ;  studied 
with  Leschetizky  at  Vienna  1894-6  ;  since  that 
time,  successful  European  and  (1900,  1902) 
American  tours.     Has  publ.  a  few  pf.-pieces. 

*  Gade.  In  list  of  works,  op.  43  should  be 
"  Fantasiestiicke  f.  clar.  or  violin  w.  pf.";  and 
op.  49,  Zion,  "  Concertstiick  "  f.  baritone  solo, 
ch.  and  orch. 

Gad'ski,  Johanna  (Emilia  Agnes),  dramat- 
ic soprano  ;  b.  Anclam,  Pomerania,  June  15, 
1 87 1  ;  trained  from  her  eighth  year  by  Frau 
Schroeder-Chaloupa,  at  Stettin.  Debut  at  Kroll's 
Th.,  Berlin,  in  May,  1889,  as  Undine  in  Lort- 
zing's  opera  ;  sang  during  the  summers  of  18S9- 
93  at  Kroll's,  winter  of  1890  in  Mayence,  of  '91 
in  Stettin,  of  '92  in  Bremen,  and  of  'g3-'94  in 
Berlin  ;  concert-tours  in  Holland,  1894  ;  in  1895 
-8  with  Walter  Damrosch  in  America,  and  sub- 
sequent winter  seasons  with  Grau  and  Conried 
(1903-4)  ;  has  sung  at  Covent  Garden  in  the 
summer  seasons  of  1899-1902  inclusive.  Her 
repertory  embraces  some  sixty  dramatic  and 
"youthful-dramatic"  roles  in  German,   French 


and  Italian.  In  1S99  she  sang  the  role  of  Eva 
at  Bayreuth. — In  1892  she  married  First  Lieut. 
H.  Tauscher. 

Gallet'ti-Gianoli,  Isabella,  dram,  soprano  ; 
b.  Bologna,  Nov.  n,  1835  ;  d.  Milan,  Aug.  31, 
rgoi.  Pupil  of  Gamberini  ;  debut  Brescia,  i860. 
Her  voice  in  later  years  changed  to  contralto. 
She  sang  prima-donna  roles  in  Don  Bucefalo, 
Gemma  di  Vergy,  Anna  Bolena,  Norma,  Lucre- 
zia  Borgia,  Semiramide,  II  Trovatore,  VAfri- 
caine,  Un  Ballo  in  'Maschera,  Don  Carlos,  La 
Favorita,  le  Pr op  he  te,  etc.  After  retirement,  she 
establ.  a  singing-school  in  Milan. 

GalTi,  Amintore,  b.  Talamello,  near  Rimini, 
Oct.  12,  1S45;  pupil  of  Milan  Cons.  1S62-7  ;  was 
music-director  and  school-director,  then  settled 
in  Milan,  where  he  is  musical  editor  for  Son- 
zogno,  and  critic. — Works  :  The  opera  //  Corno 
d'oro  (Turin,  1876)  ;  oratorios  Espiazione  (after 
Moore's  "Paradise  and  Peri"),  and  Cristo  al 
Golgota ;  etc.  Editor  of  the  "  Teatro  Illu- 
strato  "  ;  published  "  Musica  e  Musicisti  del 
secolo  X  sino  ai  nostri  giorni"  (1871  ;  a  super- 
ficial work);  "  Estetica  della  musica"  (1900  ;  a 
riper  work,  on  historical  lines). 

*  Ganz,  Eduard,  was  born  Apr.  29,  1827. 

*  Garcia.  The  given  pronunciation  (gar'shah) 
is  usual  in  America  and  England  ;  the  Germans 
say  "  gar'se-a  "  ;  the  correct  Spanish  pronuncia- 
tion is  "  gar-the'ah." 

Garden,  Mary,  dram,  soprano  ;  b.  Aberdeen, 
Scotland,  Feb.  20,  1877.  Brought  as  a  mere 
child  to  the  United  States,  and  lived  in  Chicago; 
taught  by  Mrs.  S.  R.  Duff  of  Bangor,  Maine, 
and  taken  by  her  to  Paris,  where  she  was  coached 
by  Trabadello  and  Lucien  Fugere.  Debut  in  the 
title-role  of  Charpentier's  Louise  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  April  12,  1900,  where  she  was  imme- 
diately engaged.  Has  created  the  roles  of  Marie 
in  La  Marseillaise  (July  14,  1900),  Diane  in  La 
Fille  du  Tabarin  (Feb.  20,  1901),  Melisande  in 
Debussy's  Be/leas  et  Milisande  (1902),  and  Fia- 
mette  in  Leroux's  La  Reine  Fiamette  (Dec.  23, 
I903)- 

Gastoue,  Amed6e,  b.  Paris,  Mar.  13,  1873  ; 
pupil  of  Deslandres  and  of  the  Conservatoire  ; 
m.  de  chap,  at  St. -Jean  Baptiste  de  Belleville, 
and  lecturer  at  the  Ecole  des  Hautes  Etudes 
Sociales.  Chief  work,  "  Histoire  du  chant 
liturgique  a  Paris  "  (vol.  i,  1904,  to  the  Carolin- 
gian  epoch);  he  has  also  edited  and  publ.  a  great 
number  of  ancient  liturgical  chants,  etc.,  and 
written  numerous  essays. 

Gauthiers-Villars,  Henri  (called  Willy),  b. 
Villiers-sur-Orge,  France,  Aug.  10,  1859.  Music 
critic  for  the  "  Revue  des  Revues  "  ;  writer  for 
the  "  Revue  Internationale  de  musique,"  the 
"Echo  de  Paris"  (over  the  signature  '  L'ouv- 
reuse  du  Cirque  "),  and  other  Paris  papers. 
Several  volumes  of  his  numerous  criticisms  have 
been  published  :  "  Lettres  de  l'ouvreuse ", 
"Bains  de  sons",  "  Rythmes  et  rires  ",  "La 
mouche     de    croches ",     "  Entre    deux     airs", 


665 


supplement] 


GAVRONSKI— GIORDANO 


"  Notes  sans  portees 
etc. 


"  Lacolle  aux  quintes", 


Gavron'ski  [Gawronski],  Woitech,  b.  Sei- 
mony,  n.  Vilna,  June  27,  1S68  ;  pupil  of  Strobl 
and  Sigmund  Noskovski  at  the  Warsaw  Mus. 
Inst.;  then  conductor  of  an  orchestra  in  Vilna  ; 
after  studying  in  Berlin  and  Vienna,  he  opened 
a  music-school  in  Orel ;  now  living  in  Warsaw. — 
Works  :  The  operas  Marja  and  Pojata,  a  sym- 
phony, 3  string-quartets  (one  won  the  Leipzig 
Paderewski  prize  in  1898),  many  pf. -pieces, 
songs,  etc. 

*Gebhardi,  Ludwig  Ernst,  was  b.  Jan.  1, 
1787. 

*  Gei'stinger,  Marie,  died  in  her  villa  Ras- 
tenfeld,  near  Klagenfurt,  Sept.  29,  1903. — Her 
American  debut  was  at  the  old  Thalia  Theatre 
in  the  Bowery,  New  York,  1S80,  under  Amberg's 
management. 

G6rardy,  Jean,  violoncellist  ;  b.  Spa,  Bel- 
gium, Dec.  7,  1877;  taught  by  Richard  Bellmann 
(a  pupil  of  Griitzmacher)  at  the  Liege  Cons. 
Debut  1888  ;  toured  Europe  as  an  "  infant  pro- 
digy "  ;  American  tour  1899.  His  father  was 
Dieudonne'  G.  (d.  1900),  teacher  of  trumpet- 
playing  at  the  Liege  Cons. 

German,  Edward  (real  name  German  Ed- 
ward Jones),  b.  Whitchurch,  Engl.,  Feb.  17, 
1862.  With  great 
natural  proclivities  for 
music,  he  began  seri- 
ous study  in  Jan., 
1SS0,  under  W.  C. 
Hay  at  Shrewsbury  ; 
in  Sept.  he  entered 
the  R.  A.M.,  studying 
organ  (Steggall),  vio- 
lin (Weist  Hill  and 
Burnett),  theory  (Ban- 
ister), and  comp.  and 
orchestr.  (Prout), 
graduating  with  a 
symphony  in  E  minor 
of  the  R.A.M.  in  1895 
earned  his  living  as  a  violinist  in  theatres  and  con- 
certs ;  in  1888-9  ne  cond.  the  orch.  at  the  Globe 
Th.  for  7  months  ;  here  his  incidental  music  to 
King  Richard  III.  was  so  successfully  produced 
that  Sir  Henry  Irving  commissioned  him  to  write 
the  music  to  Henry  VIII.  (1S92).  G.  was  now 
enabled  to  give  up  teaching,  and  to  devote  him- 
self to  composition.  His  works  occupy  a  high 
place  among  contemporary  productions  in 
Britain  :  2  symphonies,  in  E  min.  and  A  min.; 
Gypsy  Suite  (1892)  ;  Suite  in  D  minor  (1895)  ; 
English  Fantasia  "Commemoration"  (1897); 
symphonic  poem  "  Hamlet  "  (1897)  ;  "  The  Sea- 
sons "  f.  orch.  (1S99)  ;  Rhapsody  on  March- 
themes  (1902)  ; — incidental  music  to  Richard 
III.  (Globe  Th.,  1889),  Henry  VIII.  (Lyceum 
Th.,  1892),  As  You  like  It  (St.  James's  Th., 
1S96),  Much  Ado  About  Nothing  (St.  James's 
Th.,  1S9S),  and  Nell  Gwyn  (Pr.  of  Wales's  Th., 


he  was  elected  Fellow 
While  working-  here  he 


1900); — Funeral  March  in  D  min.,  f.  orch.;  Ser- 
enade, f.  voice,  pf. ,  oboe,  clar. ,  bassoon  and 
horn;  Pizzicato,  "TheGuitar"  ;  Bolero  f.  violin 
and  orch.; — operas  The  Emerald  Isle  (with  Sul- 
livan ;  1901  )  ;  Merrie England '(1902)  ;  A  Prin- 
cess of  Kensington  (1903) — all  at  the  Savoy 
Theatre  ;  operetta  The  Rival  Poets  ; — many  pf . 
solos  (inch  a  suite)  and  duets  ;  violin  solo  and  a 
"  Scotch  Sketch  "  f.  pf.  and  2  violins  ;  "  Three 
Sketches"  f.  'cello  and  pf . ;  Suite  f.  flute  and 
pf. ;  several  soli  f .  flute  ;  Pastorale  and  Bourree 
f.  oboe  and  pf . ;  pieces  f .  clar.  and  pf. ;  3  pieces 
f.  Amer.  organ  ; — Te  Deum  in  F  ;  "  Three 
Albums  of  Lyrics"  (vv.  Harold  Boulton)  ;  "  The 
Just  So  Song  Book"  (w.  Rudyard  Kipling),  and 
other  songs;  etc.  [Cf.  the  "Musical  Times," 
London,  Jan.,  1904.] 

Giar'da,  Luigi  Stefano,  b.  Cassolnovo, 
Pavia,  Mar.  19,  186S  ;  pupil  of  the  Milan  Cons.; 
fine  'cellist,  1893-7  teacher  at  the  Padua  Music- 
school,  since  then  at  the  R.  Cons.,  Naples. — 
Works  :  Opera  Rcjctto  (Naples,  189S)  ;  concert- 
pieces  f.  'cello  and  orch.;  a  string-quartet; 
Adagio  f.  4  'celli  ;  2  'cello  sonatas  (one  "  in  the 
ancient  style  "  )  ;  Prelude  and  Scherzo  f.  vln. 
and  'cello  ;  Suite  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (op.  39)  ;  Studies 
in  the  Thumb-position,  f.  'cello  ;  etc. 

Gibson,  (George)  Alfred,  b.  Nottingham, 
Engl.,  Oct.  27,  1S49.  Violinist,  pupil  of  Henry 
Farmer.  He  played  in  various  towns  from  the 
age  of  11  ;  in  1867  he  went  to  London,  and  in 
1870  was  engaged  as  first  violin  at  the  Drury 
Lane  opera  ;  in  1871  he  joined  the  Royal  Opera 
orch.  at  Covent  Garden,  and  remained  there 
12  years.  He  is  principal  viola  in  Svendsen's 
Octet;  and  in  1893  he  succeeded  Ludwig  Strauss 
as  leader  of  the  Queen's  Private  Band.  Prof,  of 
violin,  R.A.M.  ;  of  the  viola  at  the  G.S.M. 

Gibsone,  Guillaume-Ignace,  b.  London, 
about  1826.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Moscheles  ;  con- 
cert-giver in  Brussels,  1845  ;  German  tour  in 
1846  ;  settled  in  London  as  a  teacher  and  com- 
poser in  1850. — Works  :  3  cantatas,  an  opera  and 
2  symphonies  (MS.)  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.  ; 
numerous  pf. -pieces  (Polonaise  ;  "  Meditations  ", 
24  numbers;  Chanson  a  boire  ;  Chanson  d'amour; 
4  Sketches;  etc.) ;  songs  ("  Sweet  hour  of  even- 
tide "  ;   "  My  lady  sleeps  "  ;  etc.). 

*Gilson,  Paul,  b.  Brussels,  June  15,  1865. 
He  is  a  past-master  of  the  technics  of  composi- 
tion. His  last  opera  is  the  4-act  lyric  fairy-tale 
Prinses  Zonneschyn  (Antwerp,  Oct.  10,  1903  ;  v. 
succ). 

*  Giorda'no,  Umberto,  was  born  at  Foggia, 
Aug.  26,  1867  ;  pupil  there  of  Gaetano  Briganti, 
later  of  Paolo  Serrao  in  the  Naples  Cons.  In 
1889  he  competed  for  the  Sonzogno  prize,  hand- 
ing in  the  i-act  opera  Marina ;  although  Ma- 
scagni  won  with  Cavalleria  ritsticana,  Marina 
attracted  favorable  attention,  and  G.  was  com- 
missioned to  write  an  opera  in  3  acts  ;  he  chose 
Mala  vita,  the  book  by  N.  Daspuro  after  a  work 
by    Di    Giacomo   and    Cognetti.      Prod,    at    the 


666 


GLEASON— GUIDO 


[supplement 


Argentina  Th.,  Rome,  Feb.  ir,  1S92,  with  a 
cast  including  the  Bellincioni  and  Stagno,  it  had 
ephemera]  success.  (Remodelled  as  //  Voto,  it 
was  brought  out  at  Milan  in  1897.)  Next  came 
the  2-act  opera  seria  Regina  Diaz,  book  by 
Targioni-Tozzetti  and  Menasci  (Fondo  Th., 
Rome,  Feb.  21,  1894 ;  unsucc).  His  first 
triumph  was  won  with  the  4-act  opera  seria 
Andrea  Che'nicr,  book  by  Luigi  Illica(La  Scala, 
Milan,  Mar.  1896)  ;  followed  by  the  3-act  opera 
Fedora  (book  by  Colautti  after  Sardou's  drama), 
and  the  3-act  opera  Siberia  (Illica). 

*  Gleason,  F.  G.,  died  Chicago,  Dec.  6, 
1903,  as  Director  of  the  Chicago  Auditorium 
Conservatory. 

Glover,  John  William,  b.  Dublin,  June  19, 
1815  ;  d.  there  Jan.  15,  1900.  Violinist  in  the 
Dublin  Orch.  1830  ;  prof,  of  vocal  music  in  the 
Normal  Training  School  of  the  Irish  Nat.  Educ. 
Board  in  1848  ;  establ.  the  Choral  Institute  of 
Dublin  in  1851  ;  succeeded  H.  Corri  as  direc- 
tor of  the  cathedral  choir  in  i860.  Lecturer 
on  Irish  music  ;  active  promoter  of  choral  music. 
— Works  :  The  opera  The  Deserted  Village 
(London,  18S0 ;  book  by  E.  Falconer,  after 
Goldsmith)  ;  cantata  St.  Patrick  at  Tara  (1870); 
"Erin's  Matin  Song,  Patria "  (1873);  "100 
Years  Ago",  ode  to  Moore  (1879);  masses, 
hymns,  songs,  etc. — Concerto  f.  vln.  ;  orch.l 
fantasias;  concertos,  etc.,  f.  organ;  pf. -pieces. 
Edited  Moore's  "Irish  Melodies"  (1S59). 

*  Gluck.  Biography  in  English:  "Cluck 
and  the  Opera",  by  E.  Newman  (London, 
1895). — On  page  219,  col.  b,  line  3,  for  Si/ace 
read  Sofonisba. — Add  to  works  the  ballet  Don 
Juan  (Vienna,  1761). 

*  Godfrey,  Daniel,  the  celebrated  bandmas- 
ter, died  Beeston,  Nottinghamshire,  June  30, 
1903. — He  retired  in  1896. 

GohTer,  Dr.  (Karl)  Georg,  b.  Zwickau, 
Saxony,  June  29,  1874;  pupil  there  of  Vollhardt; 
studied  1S93-6  at  Leipzig  in  the  Univ.  and 
Cons. ;  dissertation  on  the  composer  Cornelius 
Freund  (1535—1591)  ;  since  1898,  conductor  of 
the  Riedel-Verein. 

*  Goss,  Sir  John,  is  well  portrayed  in  two  arti- 
cles in  the  London  "  Mus.  Times"  for  April  and 
June,  1901. 

*  Got'ze,  Emil,  died  Charlottenburg,  Sept. 
28,  1901. — In  1894  he  was  appointed  R.  Prus- 
sian Chamber-singer. 

*  Gounod.  His  autobiographical  "  Reminis- 
cences" are  also  publ.  in  English  (London, 
1896). 

*  Gra'ben-Hoffmann,  G.,  died  Potsdam,  May 
21,  1900. 

*  Gregh,  Louis,  was  born  in  1843. 

*  Grell,  Eduard  August.  Excellent  biog- 
raphy by  H.  Bellermann  (Berlin,  1899). 

Gretchani'nov,  Alexander  Tichonovitch, 
neo- Russian  composer,  b.  Moscow,  Oct.  25,  1S64, 
and  trained  there  until    1S90,  when    he  entered 


the  St.  Petersburg  Cons.,  studying  theory  and 
composition  under  Rimsky-Korsakov  for  3  years. 
He  soon  attracted  attention  by  songs  and  choruses 
of  a  strongly  national  cast  and  original  concep- 
tion ;  his  G-major  string-quartet,  op.  2,  was 
played  in  St.  P.  in  1894  ;  his  first  symphony  (B 
minor),  in  1895.  Works  of  interest  are  the 
incidental  music  to  Tolstoi's  tragedies  Tsar 
Theodor  and  Ivan  the  Terrible  j  also  the  charm- 
ingly fantastic  music  to  Ostrovski's  myth  Snye- 
gourotchka  (The  Snow-Maiden).  In  1900  G. 
completed  his  first  opera,  Dobrynya  Nikitish 
(based  on  the  national  epic  of  Vladimir,  Prince 
of  Kiev,  the  Red  Sun),  brought  out  at  the  Mos- 
cow Opera  in  Oct.,  1903,  with  great  applause. — 
Other  works  :  Op.  1,  5  songs;  op.  3,  5  Pastels 
f.  pf.  solo  ;  op.  4,  4  songs  for  4-part  mixed  ch.  a 
capp.  ;  op.  5,  4  songs;  op.  7,  do.;  op.  9,  "Re- 
grets", f.  vln.  and  pf.  ;  op.  10,  two  4-part  female 
choruses  a  capp.;  op.  II,  two  4-part  mixed 
choruses  a  capp.  ;  op.  12,  do.;  op.  15,  2  songs  ; 
op.  16,  two  a  capp.  choruses  ;  op.  17,  2  duets  ; 
op.  20,  4  songs;  op.  25,  "Melodies  musul- 
manes  ". 

*  Grimm,  Julius  Otto,  died  Munster,  West- 
phalia, Dec.  7,  1903. 

*  Grisart,  Charles  (-Jean-Baptiste),  died 
Compiegne,  France,  Mar.  (?),  1904,  aged  66. 

Grod'zki,  Boleslas,  neo-Russian  composer  ; 
b.  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  25,  1865.  Pupil  of  Soko- 
lov.  His  works  consist  of  dainty  pieces  for 
piano,  songs,  mixed  choruses  ;  also  op.  21, 
Romance  f.  violin  ;  op.  24,  Album-leaf  f.  'cello; 
op.  25,  Valse  f.  do. ;  op.  27,  Barcarolle  f.  do. ; 
op.  30,  Serenade  f.  do.;  op.  32,  Eglogue  f.  violin; 
op.  38,  Fragment  f.  'cello  ;  op.  39,  Canzonetta 
f.  violin  ;  op.  47,  Valse  capricieuse  f.  pf . ;  op. 
48,  Meditation  f.  violin. 

*  Gros'si,  Carlotta,  died  May  28,  1900. 

*  Grove,  Sir  George,  died  London,  May  28, 
1900.  An  excellent  biography  has  been  pub- 
lished, entitled  :  "  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Sir 
George  Grove,  C.B.,  Hon.  D.C.L.  (Durham), 
Hon.  LL.  D.  (Glasgow).  Formerly  Director  of 
the  Royal  College  of  Music."  By  Charles  L. 
Graves.  London,  1903.  A  new  and  illustrated 
edition  in  5  vol.s  of  his  "  Dictionary  of  Music 
and  Musicians"  is  in  preparation  ;  vol.  i  (A-E) 
was  issued  in  November,  1904,  the  others  will 
follow  annually.     Editor,  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland. 

*  Griitz'macher,  Friedrich  (Wilhelm  Lud- 
wig),  died  Dresden,  Feb.  22,  1903.  From  1877 
he  had  been  an  instructor  in  the  Dresden  Cons. 

*  Griitz'macher,  Leopold,  died  Weimar, 
Feb.  26,  1900,  as  1st  Concertmeister  of  the  Court 
Orch. — His  successor  is  Edouard  Rose  of  Vienna. 

*  Guercia,  Alfonso,  died  in  1S90. 

*  Gui'do  d'Arez'zo  was  born,  according  to 
Dom  Germain  Morin  in  vol.  iii  of  the  "  Revue 
de  l'art  chretien  "  for  1888,  near  Paris,  and  edu- 
cated in  the  monastery  of  St.-Maur  des  Fosses  ; 


667 


supplement] 


GULBRANSON— HASSE 


this   latter   fact   explains   allusions   to   Guido  as 
"  Guido  de  Sancto  Mauro." 

Gul'branson,  Ellen,  ne'e  Norgren  ;  dramatic 
soprano  ;  b.  Stockholm,  Mar.  3,  1863,  and  pupil 
(1883)  of  Mme.  Marchesi.  Beginning  as  a  suc- 
cessful concert-singer,  she  went  over  to  opera  in 
1889,  and  has  sung  Brlinnhilde  and  Kundry 
(1899)  at  Bayreuth.  Her  headquarters  were  at 
Stockholm  till  Oct.  1,  1900,  when  she  became  a 
member  of  the  R.  Opera  at  Berlin. 

*  Gum'precht,  Otto,  died  Feb.  7,  1900,  at 
Meran,  whither  a  stroke  of  paralysis  caused  his 
retirement  in  1S89. 

*  GurTitt,  Cornelius,  died  Altona,  June  17, 
1901. 


H 


Hadley,  Henry  K.,  b.  Somerville,  Mass., 
1871  ;  pupil  of  Chadwick  and  Mandyczewski  ; 
at  present  (1904),  organist  and  musical  director 
at  St.  Paul's  School,  Garden  City,  Long  Island. 
In  1902  he  won  the  Paderewski  prize  and  the 
New  England  Cons,  prize. — Works  :  Symphony 
(prize),  several  orch.l  suites,  overtures,  choral 
works  (cantata  In  Music's  Praise,  New  York, 
1901),  pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Hadow,  William  Henry,  b.  Ebrington, 
Gloucestershire,  Engl.,  Dec.  27,  1859.  Studied 
pf. -playing  at  Darmstadt  (18S2),  and  composi- 
tion with  Dr.  Lloyd  at  Oxford  (1884-5),  graduat- 
ing Mus.  Bac.  1890;  in  1888,  Fellow  and  Tutor 
in,  at  present  (1904)  Dean  of,  Worcester  College; 
lecturer  on  musical  form  (for  Stainer)  1890-2  ; 
editor  of  a  series  of  works  on  musical  history  for 
the  Clarendon  Press.  Has  publ.  "  Studies  in 
Modern  Music  "(1892;  2d  series  1894);  also  a 
hymn,  "Who  are  these?"  f.  soli,  ch.,  strings 
and  organ  ,  cantata  The  Soul's  Pilgrimage ; 
prize  anthem  "  When  I  was  in  trouble  "  ;  songs  ; 
a  string-quartet  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  2  sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
violin  ;  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  viola  ;  2  pf. -sonatas  ; 
etc. 

Hae'sche,  William  Edwin,  b.  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  April  11,  1867.  Studied  the  violin  with 
Bernhard  Listemann  ;  piano  with  Perabo  ;  self- 
taught  in  theory,  except  a  course  in  fugue  with 
Prof.  Parker  at  Yale  ;  Mus.  Bac,  Yale,  1897. 
A  co-founder,  director,  and  member  (1st  violin) 
of  the  New  Haven  Symphony  Orch.;  conductor 
of  the  People's  Choral  Union  (250  voices). — 
Works:  Tone-poem  f.  orch.  "Forest  Idylle " 
(1896);  overture  "  Fridtjof  Saga"  (1897;  prize 
comp.) ;  "Young  Lovel's  Bride",  ballad  f. 
female  ch.  and  orch.  (1898);  overture  "Spring- 
time" (1899);  symphony  in  A\>  (1901)  ;  The 
Haunted  Oak  of  Nannau,  dramatic  cantata  f.  ch. 
and  orch.  (1903);  symphonic  poem  "  Fridtjof  and 
Ingeborg"  (1904);  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin; 
anthems,  songs,  etc. — In  1903  he  was  appointed 
instructor  of  instrumentation  at  Yale  Univ. 

Hall,  Marie  [Mary  Paulina],  b.  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,    England,   April    8,   1884.       Talented 


violinist,  pupil  of  her  father  and  Miss  Hildegard 
Werner.  As  a  small  child  she  used  to  play  to 
her  father's  harp-accompaniment  in  the  streets  of 
Bristol  ;  at  10  she  had  mastered  Bach's  sonatas. 
Her  talent  finding  recognition,  she  was  aided  to 
study  under  Johann  Kruse  in  London,  and  at  15 
won  the  first  Wessely  Exhibition  at  the  R.A.M. 
On  Kubelik's  recommendation  she  was  sent  in 
1901  to  Sevci'k,  at  Prague,  and  in  one  year  was 
considered  ready  for  public  playing  ;  her  ap- 
pearances in  Prague,  Vienna  and  London  were 
successful  beyond  expectation. 

*  HalFstrom,  Ivar,  died  Stockholm,  April  10, 
1 901. 

Ham'bourg,  Mark,  pianist ;  b.  Gogutchar, 
Govt,  of  Voronesh,  South  Russia,  May  31, 
1879.  Pupil  of  his  father,  a  piano-teacher,  and 
Leschetizky.  Highly  successful  concert-tours 
through  Europe,  Australia,  and  (1900  and  1902) 
America.  His  headquarters  are  in  London. 
Both  in  temperament  and  memory  he  is  akin  to 
Rubinstein  ;  he  has  20  concertos  and  some  500 
pieces  in  his  memorized  repertory. 

Ham'merich,  Angul,  b.  Copenhagen,  Nov. 
25,  1848,  studied  the  'cello  under  Riidinger  and 
Neruda,  and  after  6  years  in  the  Dept.  of  Finance 
devoted  himself  (1880)  wholly  to  music.  In 
1892  lecturer,  1896  prof,  of  mus.  science,  at  the 
Copenhagen  Univ. ;  1898,  founded  the  Collection 
of  Ancient  Mus.  Instr.s. — Writings:  "  TheCons. 
of  Music  at  C."  (1892)  ;  "  Essay  on  the  Music 
at  the  Court  of  Christian  IV."  (1892  ;  in  Ger- 
man, 1893) ;  "  On  the  Old  Norse  Lurs  "  (1893  ; 
in  German,  1894)  ;  etc. — He  is  the  brother  of 
Asger  Hamerik,  who  changed  the  spelling  of 
his  name. 

*  Hanslick,  Dr.  Eduard,  the  distinguished 
writer  and  critic,  died  in  Baden,  near  Vienna, 
Aug.  6,  1904. 

*  Hart'mann,  J.  P.  E.,  died  Copenhagen, 
March  10,  1900. — Add  to  works  his  very  popu- 
lar national  ballets,  e.  g.,  Valkyrien,  Folkcsagn, 
Thrymskviden,  and  others.  His  numbered 
compositions  reach  opus  200. 

*  Ha'ser,  Charlotte  Henriette,  died  in 
May,  1871. 

Hassard,  John  Rose  Green,  journalist  and 
musical  critic  ;  b.  New  York,  Sept.  4,  1836,  d. 
there  April  18,  18S8.  Studied  at  St.  John's 
College,  Fordham  ;  1865-6,  a  writer  on  the 
Chicago  Republican  ;  in  1866  he  joined  the 
staff  of  the  N.  Y.  Tribune  as  editorial  writer, 
and  literary  and  mus.  critic.  In  the  last-named 
capacity  he  was  succeeded  in  18S4  by  H.  E. 
Krehbiel.  His  account  of  the  Festival  Plays  at 
Bayreuth  in  1876  (later  publ.  as  a  pamphlet)  was 
the  fullest  sent  to  any  American  newspaper.  H. 
was  an  ardent  admirer  of  Wagner's  later  works 
before  their  general  recognition,  and  a  champion 
of  modern  music. 


Has'se,  Gustav,  died  Berlin,  Dec.  31,  li 


663 


HATTO-HENRION 


[supplement 


Hatto  (stage-name  of  Marguerite-Jeanne 
Frere),  dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Lyons,  Jan.  30, 
1879.  In  1899  she  took  first  prize  at  the  Paris 
Cons,  in  singing  and  opera.  Debut  at  the  Grand 
Opera,  Dec.  29,  1899,  as  Brunehilde  in  Reyer's 
Sigurd;  in  1900  she  sang  Salammbo ;  in  1901, 
created  Iole  in  Leroux's  Astarte ;  on  Oct.  23, 
1901,  she  created  Floria  in  Saint-Saens's  Les 
Barbares,  at  the  Opera. 

*  Haus'egger,  Fr.  von,  died  Graz,  Feb.  23, 
1899. —  His  collected  essays,  entitled  "  Gedanken 
eines  Schauenden ",  edited  by  his  son,  were 
publ.  Munich,  1903. 

Haus'egger,  Siegmund  von,  b.  Graz,  Aug. 
16,  1872  ;  son  of  Friedrich  v.  H.  Parallel  with 
the  gymnasial  and  univ.  course  he  was  trained 
musically  by  his  father  and  the  Liszt  pupil  Carl 
Pohlig  (pf.) ;  also,  at  the  Styrian  Musikverein, 
on  the  violin,  in  conducting,  and  in  score-read- 
ing. 1895-6,  1st  Kapellm.  at  the  Graz  Th. ; 
summer  of  1897,  Kapellm.  for  the  "  Musika- 
lische  Assistenz  "  at  Bayreuth  ;  autumn  189910 
spring  1902,  cond.  of  the  Kaim  Orch.  at  Munich; 
since  autumn  1903,  cond.  of  the  Museum  Con- 
certs at  Frankfort-on-Main.  As  a  composer  he 
brought  out  at  16  a  grand  mass  f.  ch. ,  soli,  orch. 
and  organ,  himself  conducting;  in  1898  his  3-act 
humoristic  opera  Zinnober  (publ.)  was  prod,  by 
Richard  Strauss  in  the  Munich  Court  Th. ;  in 
1899  he  cond.  his  symphonic  "  Dionysische  Fan- 
tasie  "  (publ.)  at  a  Kaim  concert  in  Munich,  and 
in  1900  his  symphonic  poem  "Barbarossa" 
(publ.)  at  a  Wagnerverein  concert  in  the  Berlin 
Philharmonic  ;  in  1903  his  i-act  fairy-opera 
Helfrid  was  prod,  at  Graz  (the  book,  like  that  of 
Zinnober,  is  by  H.).  His  publ.  works  include, 
further,  3  male  and  2  mixed  choruses  w.  orch., 
2  songs  f.  tenor  w.  orch.,  and  32  songs  w.  pf. ; 
in  MS.  are  the  symphonic  poem  "  Wieland  der 
Schmied  (1904),  3  songs  f.  baritone  w.  orch.,  7 
"  Lieder  der  Liebe  "  (Lenau),  "  Hymnen  an  die 
Nacht "  (Gottfr.  Keller),  and  other  songs. 

*  Hawkins,  Sir  John,  died  at  Westminster, 
London,  England,  not  at  Spa,  Belgium.  ["  A 
curious  error,  apparently  started  by  Dr.  Busby, 
has  been  made,  even  by  present-day  biographers 
of  Hawkins,  in  stating  that  he  died  at  Spa,  the 
famous  Belgian  watering-place  being  implied, 
instead  of  Islington  Spa,  at  which  he  met  with 
his  fatal  illness,  though  he  drew  his  last  breath 
at  his  house  in  Westminster."  ("  The  Musical 
Times,"  London,  Feb.,  1904.)] 

Hawley,    Charles  Beach,    b.    Brookfield, 

Mass.,  Feb.  14,   1S5S.  Composer  of  numerous 

well-liked    songs    and  part-songs,     also    vocal 
church-music. 

*  Haydn.  Biography  by  Dr.  Leopold  Schmidt, 
in  German,  No.  Ill  of  the  series  "  Beruhmte 
Musiker"  (Berlin,  1S98  ;  illustrated). — Also  by 
J.  Cuthbert  Haddon,  in  the  Master  Musicians 
series  (London,  1902). 

Haynes,  (Walter)  Battison,  b.  Kempsey, 
Worcester,  Engl.,  1859.    Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons. 


Organist  of  St.  Philip's,  Sydenham,  1884  ;  of 
the  Chapel  Royal,  Savoy,  in  1891,  succeeding 
H.  F.  Frost.  In  1890,  prof,  of  harm,  and 
comp.  at  the  R.A.M. — Works:  Additional  ac- 
companiments to  Handel's  Chandos  Anthem  ; 
2  cantatas  f.  female  voices,  The  Fairies'  Isle 
and  A  Sea  Dream  ;  a  communion  service  and 
church-music  ;  duets  and  songs  ;  "  Idyl  "  f.  vln. 
and  orch. ;  Prelude  and  Fugue  for  2  pianos  ;  an 
organ-sonata  ;  other  organ-music. 

*  Heap,  Charles  S.,  died  Birmingham,  June 
11,  1900. 

Heer'mann,  Hugo,  violinist ;  b.  Heilbronn, 
Mar.  3,  1S44  ;  pupil  for  5  years  of  Meerts,  de 
Be'riot  and  Fetis  at  the  Brussels  Cons.,  finishing 
with  a  3-years'  course  in  Paris.  After  successful 
concert-tours  he  was  called  to  Frankfort-on-Main 
as  Concertmeister ;  since  1878,  1st  teacher  of 
violin-playing  at  the  Hoch  Cons.  The  Heermann 
Quartet  is  famous. 

Hegyesi,  Louis  [Spitzer-Hegyesi],  noted 
violoncellist ;  b.  Arpad,  Hungary,  in  1853  ;  d. 
Cologne,  Feb.  (?),  1894,  where  he  had  taught 
in  the  Conservatory  since  1887.  From  1875-80 
he  was  a  member  of  Jean  Becker's  "  Florentine 
Quartet." 

Heinrich,  Max,  baritone  concert-singer ;  b. 
Chemnitz,  Saxony,  June  14,  1853 ;  trained  from 
1865  by  Klitzsch  at  Zwickau,  and  from  1869  at 
the  Dresden  Cons.  Resided  1873-6  in  Philadel- 
phia ;  1876-82,  teacher  in  the  Judson  Inst., 
Marion,  Ala.  In  1S82,  at  New  York,  success  in 
the  role  of  Elijah  (with  the  N.  Y.  Chorus 
Society)  opened  the  way  for  further  concerts 
under  the  batons  of  Thomas,  Seidl,  Gericke, 
Paur,  Nikisch,  W.  Damrosch,  etc.  In  1884, 
Californian  tour  with  the  Thomas  Orch. ;  18S8-93, 
prof,  of  singing  at  the  R.A.M.,  London  ;  since 
then,  Chicago  has  been  his  home.  H.  gave  his 
farewell  song-recital  there  Feb.  23,  1903  ;  but 
still  appears  on  the  stage  (Oct.  26,  1903,  as 
Peter  Brown  in  his  own  musical  version  of  J.  F. 
Waller's  "  Magdalena,  or,  The  Spanish  Duel"). 
A  pioneer  in  the  cultivation  of  the  German  Lied 
in  America. — Compositions  :  Several  attractive 
songs;  melodramatic  settings  of  "Magdalena" 
and  Poe's  "  Raven  ". 

*  Heinze,  Gustav  Adolf,  died  Muiderberg, 
n.  Amsterdam,  Feb.  20,  1904. 

*  Hein'ze,  Sarah,  died  Dresden,  Oct.  27, 
1901. 

Held,  Leo,  Kapellmeister  and  operetta-com- 
poser, died  Vienna,  May  16,  1903. 

*  Hell'mesberger,  Georg,  Sr.  Line  9,  for 
titular  prof,  read  prof,  extraordinary. 

*  Hen'kel,  Heinrich,  died  Frankfort-on 
Main,  April  10,  1899. 

Henrion,  Paul,  mentioned  by  Fetis  (</.  z>.)  as 
born  at  Paris,  July  29,  1819,  died  there  Oct.  26, 
1 901.  He  composed  many  songs,  which  he  sang 
very  effectively  in  parlors  and  at  concerts  ;  al- 
though many  are  favorites  of  the  Parisian  bour- 


669 


supplement] 


HENSCHEL— HOMER 


geoisie,  none  are  of  great  value("  Adieu, Grenade", 
"  Le  Muletier  de  Tarragone  ",  "Manola  ",  etc.). 

Hen'schel,  Mme.  Lilian  June  [not  H.],  ne'e 
Bailey),  died  Kensington,  Nov.  4,  1901.  She 
was  born  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  Jan.  17,  i860.  Her 
English  debut  was  at  the  London  Philharmonic 
Concert  of  April  30,  1879. 

Herites,  Marie,  violinist;  b.  Wodnian,  South 
Bohemia  (1884?)  ;  returning  to  Bohemia,  after 
some  years  in  Cleveland, Ohio,  she  was  graduated 
from  the  Prague  Cons.  (Sevclk)  in  1902  ;  made 
a  tour  through  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  and 
played  with  success  in  Paris,  London,  and  St. 
Petersburg  ;  season  of  1903-4  in  Prague,  Vienna, 
Pesth,  Laibach,  etc. 

*  Her'mann,  R.  L.,  spells  his  name  with  one 
"  n",  Herman. 

*  Herr'mann,  Hans,  inadvertently  printed  as 
"Heumann  "  in  the  first  edition,  successfully 
prod,  a  symphony  at  Kassel,  in  Jan.,  1901. 

Herold,  Max,  b.  Stehweiler,  Franconia,  Aug. 
27,  1S40;  since  1903  dean  and  vestryman  in 
Neustadt-on-the-Aisch  ;  the  founder  and  director 
of  the  Bavarian  Evang.  Kirchen-Gesangverein; 
also  from  1876  (with  Kruger)  assistant,  and  since 
1881  sole  editor  of  the  periodical  "  Siona  ". — 
Works  :  "  Passah,  liturgische  Gottesdienste  fur 
die  Charwoche  und  das  Osterfest "  (1874); 
"  Vesperale,  oder  die  Nachmittage  unserer 
Feste  "  ;  "  Alt-Ntirnberg  in  seinen  Gottesdien- 
sten  "  (1890)  ;  "  Kultusbilder  aus  vier  Jahrhun- 
derten  "  (1896).  D.  D.  hon.  causa  (Erlangen, 
1897). 

*  Her'tel,  Peter,  retired  in  1S93 ;  died  in  Ber- 
lin, June  14,  1S99. 

Herz'feld,  Victor  von,  b.  Tressburg,  Oct.  8, 
1856.  Law-student  in  Vienna,  where  he  also 
attended  the  Cons.,  graduating  in  1880  with  first 
prizes  for  violin  and  composition  ;  received  the 
Beethoven  prize  in  1884,  studied  with  E.  Grott 
in  Berlin,  and  in  1886  went  to  Pesth,  becoming 
prof,  of  musical  theory  at  the  Nat.  Acad,  of 
Music.  He  plays  2d  violin  in  the  Hubay  Quar- 
tet. Has  publ.  works  for  orchestra,  chamber- 
music,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

*  Her'zogenberg,  H.  von,  died  at  Wies- 
baden, Oct.  11,  1900. — Dr.  Wilhelm  Altmann 
has  publ.  a  pamphlet  on  "  H.  von  H.  Sein  Leben 
und  Schaffen"  (Leipzig,  1903). — Among  his  last 
works  is  op.  109,  Two  Biblical  Scenes  :  "  Der 
Seesturm  "  (f.  baritone  solo,  ch.,  string-orch.  and 
organ),  and  "  Das  Kananaische  Weib"  (f.  sop. 
and  bar.  soli,  2-p.  male  ch.,  and  organ)  ;  also 
add  3  symphonies  (op.  16,  50,  70),  a  string-quin- 
tet (op.  77),  5  string-quartets  (op.  i3,  op.  40 
[Nos.  1,  2,  3],  op.  63),  2  pf. -quartets  (op.  75, 
95),  2  string-trios  (op.  27,  Nos.  1,  2),  2  pf. -trios 
(op.  24,  36),  trio  f.  pf.,  oboe  and  horn  (op.  61), 
numerous  songs  and  duets,  etc. 

Hess,  Willy,  violinist;  b.  Mannheim,  July 
14,  1859.  Pupil  of  his  father;  lived  from  1865- 
72   in  the   United  States,   beginning  his  public 


career  at  9  by  a  tour  with  the  Thomas  Orch., 
followed  by  others;  1872-6  toured  Holland,  Bel- 
gium, France  and  Germany ;  studied  under 
Joachim  1876-8;  then,  until  1886,  Concertm.  in 
Frankfort,  1886-8  at  Rotterdam  ;  after  7  years 
at  Manchester,  Engl.,  in  the  Halle  Orch.,  as 
Ludwig  Strauss's  successor,  H.  was  1895-1903 
in  Cologne  as  1st  prof,  of  violin  at  the  Cons., 
leader  of  the  Gurzenich  Quartet,  and  Concertm. 
of  the  Gurzenich  Concerts.  In  1900,  "  Royal 
Prof."  From  Sept.,  1903,  violin-professor  at 
the  R.A.M.,  London,  succeeding  Sauret.  In 
1904  he  was  engaged  as  leader  of  the  Boston 
Symphony  Orch. 

*  Heumann,  Hans.  See  Herrmann,  Hans, 
in  this  Supplement. 

Heu'ser,  Ernst,  b.  Elberfeld,  April  9,  1863. 
Pf.-teacher  in  Cologne  Cons. — Opera  Aits  gro- 
sser Zeit ;  choruses  with  and  without  orchestra. 

*  Hill,  Wilhelm,  died  Homburg,  May  6, 
1902. 

*  Hinke.  It  was  Gottfried  Hinke  who  intro- 
duced the  bass  tuba  into  the  Dresden  orchestra. 

*  Hipkins,  Alfred  James,  died  Kensington, 
London,  June  3,  1903. — He  was  one  of  the  first 
in  England  to  recognize  Wagner's  genius,  and 
was  also  a  fervent  admirer  of  Chopin.  Concern- 
ing this  admiration  J.  W.  Davison,  the  critic, 
once  observed  :  "  Hipkins  is  not  a  bad  sort  of 
fellow,  but  he  will  like  Chopin." — (Another 
glimpse  into  the  great  gulf  fixed  between  the 
cool  professional  critic  and  the  musical  enthu- 
siast.) 

Hlawatsch,  Woizech  Ivanovitch,  b.  Le- 
ditsch,  Bohemia,  in  1849  >  pupil  1861-4  of  the 
Paris  School  of  Organists  ;  versatile  concert-con- 
ductor ;  since  188S  cond.  of  the  St.  Petersburg 
Student  Orch.,  since  1S92  also  of  the  Students' 
Singing-society,  and  since  1900  organist  of  the 
St.  P.  court  orch. — Works  :  Comic  opera  Oblava  ; 
studies,  mazurkas,  rhapsodies,  characteristic 
pieces,  waltzes,  etc.,  f.  pf. ;  a  suite,  9  mazurkas, 
7  waltzes,  an  elegy,  a  Rumanian  Rhapsody,  a 
Persian  March,  etc.,  f.  orch.;  songs,  choruses, 
etc. 

*  Hofmann,  Heinrich,  died  Gross-Tabarz, 
July  16,  1902. 

*  Hofmeister,  Friedrich,  was  born  Jan.  24, 
1782. 

*  Hoi,  Richard,  died  Utrecht,  May  14,  1904. 

*  Holmes,  Augusta,  died  Paris,  Jan.  28, 
1903. — Some  of  her  songs  and  pf. -pieces  were 
publ.  under  the  pen-name  of  "  Hermann  Zenta." 

Homer,  Sidney,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept.  9, 
1S64.  Pupil  of  Chadwick  in  Boston  ;  studied  5 
years  in  Leipzig  and  Munich  ( Rheinberger,  O. 
Ilieter,  Abell).  Taught  harmony  and  counter- 
point in  Boston  1S88-96,  and  had  lecture-classes 
in  the  study  of  symphonies  and  the  Wagner 
music-dramas  ;  he  married  in  1S95,  and  next 
year  went  to  Europe  [see  below]. — Has  publ. 
24  songs  (poems  by  Tennyson,  Hood,  Biown- 


670 


HOMER— IPFOLITOV-IVANOV 


[supplement 


ing,  Longfellow,  Holmes  and  Stevenson)  ;  has 
in  MS.  works  in  larger  forms. 

Homer,  Mme.  Louise  {ne'e  Louise  Dil- 
worth  Beatty),  dramatic  contralto  ;  b.  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.  ;  pupil  in  Philadelphia  of  Misses 
Whinnery  and  Graff  ;  in  Boston  from  1894  of 
Wm.  L.  Whitney  (voice)  and  Sidney  Homer 
(harm.).  In  1895  she  married  the  latter,  and 
went  with  him  to  Paris  in  1S96,  where  her  chief 
teachers  were  Fidele  Koenig  for  voice,  and  Paul 
Lherie  for  dramatic  action.  Debut  Vichy  in 
May,  1898,  as  Leonora  in  Favorita  ;  sang  win- 
ter of  1898-9  at  Angiers.  where  she  created 
Katelyne  in  Blockx's  Princesse  cfauberge  ; 
debut  at  Covent  Garden  in  May,  1899  ;  season 
of  1899-1900  at  the  Monnaie,  Brussels,  creating 
the  role  of  Mme.  de  la  Ilaltiere  in  Massenet's 
Cendrillon ;  Covent  Garden,  spring  of  1900; 
American  debut  at  San  Francisco,  Nov.  14, 
1900,  as  Amneris.  Since  then  she  has  sung  at 
the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York. 
Repertory  :  All  principal  French,  Italian  and 
Wagnerian  contralto  and  mezzo-soprano  roles. 

*  Hopkins,  Edward  John,  died  London, 
Feb.  4,  1901. 

Hopkins,  Harry  Patterson,  b.  Baltimore, 
1873;  pupil  at  the  Peabody  Inst,  of  Ilamerik 
and  Iiurmeister,  and  at  Prague  in  1895  of  Dvorak. 
Since  1899,  instructor  at  Washington  College, 
Washington,  D.  C.  and  Dir.  of  Music  at  Frank- 
lin St.  Presb.  Ch.,  Baltimore. — Works  (MS.)  for 
orch.:  2  overtures,  2  suites  de  ballet,  and  "The 
Dreamer"  (orch.l  Fantasie)  ;  also  a  pf. -quintet. 
— Has  publ.  a  score  of  short  pf. -pieces,  and 
numerous  songs  ;  also  "  A  Tragedy",  chorus  f. 
mixed  voices  w.  orch.,  op.  15. 

*  Hor'neman,  J.  O.  E.,  b.  May  13,  1S09. 
Horvath,    Geza,     b.     Komaron,     Hungary, 

May  27,  186S  ;  intended  for  a  mercantile  career, 
but  from  18  studied  music  in  Vienna  under  L. 
Schytte  and  others.  Director  of  a  private  music- 
school  at  Vienna  ;  librarian  of  the  Assoc,  of 
Licensed  Music-school  Proprietors  of  Vienna. 
Has  publ.  over  60  comp.  s,  chiefly  easy  pf .  -pieces. 

*  Horwitz,  Benno,  died  Berlin,  June  3,  1904. 
Houdard,  Georges  (-Louis),  b.  Neuilly-on- 

Seine,  Mar.  30,  1S60  ;  pupil  of  L.  Hillemacher 
and  J.  Massenet  ;  has  publ.  two  important  works 
explanatory  of  neume-notation  :  "  L'art  dit  gre- 
gorien  d'apres  la  notation  neumatique  "  (Paris, 
1897),  and  "  Le  Rythme  du  chant  dit  gregorien 
d'apres  la  notation  neumatique"  (1898;  with 
an  Appendix,  1899).  He  contends  that  each 
neume  represented  a  unit  of  value,  and  that, 
consequently,  neumes  of  four  notes  or  more  rep- 
resented lively  figurations  in  short  tones.  He 
has  also  written  considerable  church-music. 

Huhn,  Bruno  (Siegfried),  b.  London,  Eng- 
land, 1871  ;  piano-pupil  of  Miss  Sophie  Taun- 
ton, and  played  in  London  and  the  provinces 
1881-9  ;  starting  in  Sept.,  1889,  he  toured  Spain, 
Italy,  Egypt,  Southern  India,  and  Australia, 
where  he  stayed    18  months,  giving  concerts  in 


leading  towns.  In  1891  he  went  to  New  York  ; 
took  pf. -lessons  of  S.  P.  Mills  and  theory  with 
L.  Alberti  ;  first  piano-recital  at  Steinway  Hall, 
April  17,  1896.  H.  is  a  noteworthy  accom- 
panist. A  self-taught  organist,  he  has  held  sev- 
eral positions  in  New  York,  the  last  (since  1903) 
being  the  West  Presb.  Ch. — Works  :  Te  Deum 
Laudamus  and  Jubilate  Deo  f.  soli,  ch.,  orch. 
and  organ  ;  anthems,  songs,  and  pf. -pieces. 

Huhn,  Charlotte,  alto  singer  in  concert  and 
opera  ;  b.  Liineburg,  Sept.  15,  1865  ;  pupil 
1881-5  of  Ililler  and  Paul  Hoppe  at  the  Cologne 
Cons.,  and  1887-9  °f  Hey  in  Berlin,  then  mak- 
ing a  brilliant  debut  at  Kroll's  Th.  as  Orpheus. 
On  the  stage  since  then  ;  at  New  York  1890-1, 
at  Cologne  1S92-5,  thereafter  at  Dresden. 


I 


Imbart  de  la  Tour,  Georges  (-Jean- 
Baptiste),  operatic  tenor ;  b.  Paris,  May  20, 
1865  ;  pupil  of  St. -Ives  Bax  at  the  Conserva- 
toire. Debut  Geneva,  1891,  as  Raoul  in  Les 
Huguenots ;  has  also  sung  at  the  Opera-Co- 
mique,  Paris,  and  the  Monnaie,  Brussels,  where 
he  is  now  (1904)  engaged.  In  1901  he  toured 
the  United  States  with  the  Grau  Company. 
Created  leading  roles  in  /r/w/v/V/tv/ (Lacombe), 
Fervaal  (d'Indy),  Tyl  Uylenspiegel  (Blockx), 
and  Wert  her  (Massenet).  His  repertory  in- 
cludes all  the  Wagnerian  tenor  roles. 

Imbert,  Hugues,  b.  Moulins- Engilbert, 
Nievre,  France,  Jan.  II,  1842  ;  pupil  in  Paris 
from  1854  of  Faucheux  and  R.  Hammer.  Mus- 
ical critic  and  essayist  ;  editor  of  the  Paris  sec- 
tion of  Kufferath's  "  Guide  musical." — Works  : 
"  Profils  des  musiciens  "  in  3  series  :  I.  Tchai- 
kovsky, Brahms,  Chabrier,  d'Indy,  Faure,  Saint- 
Saens  ;  II.  Boisdeffre,  Dubois,  Gounod,  Augusta 
Holmes,  Reyer  ;  III.  A.  de  Castillon,  P. 
Lacombe,  Lefebvre,  Massenet,  Lalo,  A.  Rubin- 
stein, Ed.  Schure  ;  —  "  Portraits  et  Etudes" 
(essays  on  Brahms,  on  Gounod's  memoirs  and 
autobiography,  on  "  Rembrandt  and  Wagner")  ; 
etc. 

Ippolitov-Ivanov  [rede  Ivanov,  but  assumes 
his  mother's  name  to  distinguish  him  from 
Ivanov  below],  Michail  Michailovitch,  Rus- 
sian composer  ;  b.  Gatshin,  Nov.  19,  1S59  ;  pu- 
pil 1S75-82  of  R.-Korsakov  in  St.  Petersburg 
Cons.;  in  1882  Director  of  the  Music-School 
and  cond.  of  the  symphony  concerts  at  Tiflis, 
in  1884  also  cond.  at  the  Imp.  Theatre  ;  1893 
prof,  of  harm.,  instrumentation  and  free  com- 
position at  Moscow  Cons.,  and  since  1899  also 
cond.  of  the  Private  Opera. — Publ.  works  :  Op. 
1,  overture  "Jar  Chmel"on  Russian  themes  ; 
op.  2,  symphonic  Scherzo  ;  op.  9,  pf. -quartet  ; 
op.  10,  suite  f.  orch.  "  Sketches  from  the  Cau- 
casus" ;  op.  12,  "Coronation  Cantata";  op. 
13,  string-quartet  ;  op.  18,  "  Ftinf  Charakter- 
bilder"  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  op.  16,  ten  2-p.  female 
choruses  w.  pf. ;  op.  17,  five  4-p.  mixed  chor- 
uses a  cappella  ;  op.  24,  "  Legend  of  the  White 


671 


supplement] 


ISOUARD— JUON 


Swan  at  Novgorod  "  ;  op.  34,  Symphonietta  f. 
orch.  (originally  op.  8,  Sonata  f.  vln.  and  pf.)  ; 
psalms  f.  mixed  ch.  ;  songs  and  duets  ;  two 
operas,  Ruth  (Tiflis,  1887),  and  As/a  (Moscow, 
1900),  etc. — Also  "The  Science  of  the  Forma- 
tion and  Resolution  of  Chords  "  (1897,  Russian), 
and  an  essay  on  "  The  Georgian  Folk-song." 

*  Isouard,  N.,  was  born  Malta,  Dec.  6,  1775. 
Ivanov  [Iwanow],  Michail  Michailovitch, 

b.  Moscow,  Sept.  23,  1849  ;  pupil  of  Tchaikov- 
sky and  Dubuc  (pf.)  ;  studied  abroad  1870- 
6  (Sgambati)  ;  composer  and  writer. — Works  : 
Two  operas,  Potemkiri s  Feast  (1888),  and  Sabava 
Putjaiishna  (Moscow,  1899);  a  ballet,  The 
Vestal:  music  to  Medea;  symphony  "Night 
in  May";  symphonic  poem;  symph.  prologue 
"Savonarola";  Suite  champetre  ;  overtures; 
a  grand  Requiem  ;  songs  and  pf.-pieces. — 
"  Puschkin  in  Music  "  (St.  P. ,1900)  ;  translation 
of  Hanslick's  "Vom  Musikalisch-Schonen  "  ;  etc. 
Ivanovici,  the  well-known  waltz-composer, 
died  in  Rumania,  1902,  as  Inspector-General 
of  the  Rumanian  military  music. 

*  d'lvry,  marquis  Richard  (-Paul-Xavier- 
D6sir£),  died  at  Hyeres,  Dec.  18,  1903. 


*  Jackson,  John  P.,  d.  Paris,  Dec.  1,  1897. 

*  Jacobsohn,  Simon  E.,  died  Chicago,  Oct. 
3,  1902. 

Jacques-Dalcroze,  Emile,  born  of  French 
parents  at  Vienna,  July  6,  1865  ;  attended  school, 
University  and  Cons,  at  Geneva,  thereafter  study- 
ing under  Fuchs  and  Bruckner  at  Vienna,  and 
Delibes  at  Paris.  Appointed,  1892,  instructor 
of  mus.  theory  in  the  Geneva  Cons.  He  is  the 
chansonnier  populaire  par  excellence  of  French 
Switzerland  ;  his  latest  work,  the  "  Festival 
vaudois,"  for  soli,  chorus  and  orch.,  shows  how 
thoroughly  he  is  imbued  with  the  spirit  of  Swiss 
folk-music,  and  exhibits  very  marked  originality 
and  fecundity  of  invention.  Other  compositions 
are  the  3-act  opera  /anie  (Geneva,  1894)  ;  the 
4-act  opera  Sane  ho  Pansa  (Geneva,  1897) ;  a 
choral  work  La  Veille'e ;  many  pf.-pieces  {e.g., 
op.  44,  45,  46,  each  containing  3  characteristic 
pieces) ;  a  collection  of  "  Chansons  romandes  et 
enfantines  "  (1898) ;  etc. 

*  Ja'dassohn,  Salomon,  died  Leipzig,  Feb. 
1,  1902. — His  "Manual  of  Counterpoint"  is 
publ.  in  English  (New  York,  1902).  His  latest 
book  was  "  Das  Tonbewusstsein.  Die  Lehre 
vom  musikalischen  Horen  "  (Leipzig,  1899). 

Jaffe,  Sophia,  violinist  ;  b.  Odessa,  Feb.  26, 
1S72.  Pupil  of  Auer  at  St.  Petersburg  ;  later  of 
Massart  and  Sauzay  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  where 
she  won  first  prize  in  1892.  Very  successful 
concerts  at  Berlin,  season  of  1895-6,  afterwards 
in  other  German  cities.  Soon  after  she  inherited 
a  fortune,  and  retired. 

*  Jahn,  Wilhelm,  d.  Vienna,  April  21,  1900. 

*  Jan,  Karl  von,  was  b.  Schweinfurt,   May 


22,  1836  ;  d.  Adelboden,  Switz.,  Sept.  3,  1899. — 
An  important  work  is  his  critical  edition  (super- 
seding Meibom's)  of  the  Greek  writers  on  music  : 
"  Musici  scriptoresgraeci  :  Aristoteles,  Euclides, 
Bacchius,  [Cleonides],  Nichomachus,  Gauden- 
tius,  Alypius"  (1895),  with  an  Appendix  "  Melo- 
diarum  reliquiae  "  containing  all  the  extant  vocal 
music  (this  also  in  a  separate  edition,  augm.  and 
revised,  1899). 

*  Jano'tha,  Nathalie,  was  born  June  8, 1856. 

*  Jan'sa,  Leopold,  was  born  Mar.  23,  1795. 

Jedliczka,  Dr.  Ernst,  pianist  ;  b.  Pultava, 
S.  Russia,  June  5,  1S55  ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  3, 
1904.  He  gave  up  the  study  of  engineering 
for  music  ;  pupil  of  N.  Rubinstein,  Tchaikovsky 
and  Klindworth  at  Moscow,  where  he  taught  in 
the  Imp.  Cons,  for  seven  years  (1879-86)  ;  then 
till  1888  at  the  Klindworth-Scharwenka  Cons., 
Berlin,  thereafter  at  the  Stern  Cons. 

Jiranek,  Josef,  pianist  ;  b.  Ledec,  Bohemia, 
March  24,  1855  ;  pupil  of  Smetana  and  the 
Prague  Organ-School  ;  1877-91,  piano-teacher 
at  Charkov  ;  since  then  prof,  of  pf. -playing  at 
Prague  Cons. — Works  :  Scherzo  fantastique  and 
Ballade,  f.  orch.;  pf. -quintet  ;  Elegie  f.  pf.-trio  ; 
Stimmungsbilder  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  "School  of 
Chord-playing  "  ;   Studies  in  Touch. 

*  Jo'achim,  Joseph.  Andreas  Moser  has 
publ.  an  illustrated  biography  :  "  J.  J.  :  ein 
Lebensbild  "  (Berlin,  1898) ;  done  into  English  by 
Lilla  Durham  :  "  J.  J.  :  A  Biography  "  (London, 
1901). 

*  Joncieres,  Felix-Ludger  (called  Victorin), 
died  Paris,  Oct.  25,  1903. 

Journet,  (Hippolyte-Jules-)  Marcel,  basso 
cantanle,  b.  Grasse,  Alpes  Maritimes,  France, 
July  25,  1869.  Pupil  of  Obin  at  Paris,  1890-2  ; 
operatic  debut  at  Montpellier  in  1893  ;  then  en- 
gaged at  the  Theatre  de  la  Monnaie,  Brussels, 
for  six  seasons  ;  since  1900  he  has  sung  every 
winter  at  the  Metr.  Opera  House,  New  York, 
and  (since  1893)  8  summer  seasons  at  Covent 
Garden,  London.  Repertory  :  8  Wagner  operas 
in  German,  23  Italian  and  58  French  operas. 
Favorite  roles :  Leporello,  Mepliistopheles(Boito). 
and  Peters  (in  lE/oile  du  Nord).  Has  created 
the  leading  bass  parts  in  Thais,  Les  Maitres- 
Chanteurs,  La  ATavarraise,  Samson  el  Dalila  (at 
Brussels)  ;  etc. 

Juon,  Paul,  b.  Moscow,  Mar.  8,  1872  ;  pupil 
thereof  Hfimaly  (violin),  and  Taneieff  and  Aren- 
sky  (comp.),  1894-6  of  Bargiel  at  Berlin  ;  teacher 
of  theory  at  the  Baku  Cons,  for  one  year  ;  since 
1897  has  lived  in  Berlin. — Publ.  works  :  Pieces 
f.  string-orch.,  op.  16;  pf. -sextet,  op.  22;  string- 
quintet,  op.  5  ;  pf.-trio,  op.  17  ;  violin-sonata, 
op.  7  ;  viola-sonata,  op.  15  ;  several  books  of 
piano-pieces,  op.  1,  9,  12,  14,  18  (Satyrs  and 
Nymphs),  20;  songs,  op.  21.  Symphonies,  an 
overture,  etc.,  in  MS.  Has  also  publ.  a  "  Prakt. 
Harmonielehre ",  and  a  German  transl.  of  M. 
Tchaikovsky's  Life  of  Peter  Tchaikovsky. 


672 


JURGENSON— KIRCHNER 


[supplement 


*  Jurgenson  [pronounce  yiir'genson],  Peter 
Ivanovitch,  was  born  at  Reval,  July  5,  1836  ; 
died  Moscow,  Jan.  6,  1904.  The  youngest  son  of 
indigent  parents,  he  learned  the  music-trade  with 
M.  Bernard  at  St.  Petersburg,  served  in  three 
other  houses  there,  and  in  1861  opened  a  busi- 
ness of  his  own,  with  a  few  hundred  roubles,  in 
Moscow.  Under  Nicolai  Rubinstein's  protection 
he  entered  the  exclusive  musical  circles  of  the 
city,  became  purveyor  for  the  Conservatory,  and 
a  Director  of  the  Imp.  Russian  Musical  Society. 
For  years  prior  to  his  death  he  had  won  the 
position  of  the  most  influential  music-publisher 
in  Russia  ;  nearly  all  of  Tchaikovsky's  works, 
beginning  with  op.  1,  were  issued  by  him,  and 
this  foremost  Russian  composer  owed  his  success 
in  great  measure  to  his  publisher's  generous 
efforts.  J.'s  catalogue  embraces  over  19,000 
numbers  ;  through  the  quality  and  cheapness  of 
his  publications  he  has  been  a  mighty  factor  in 
Russian  musical  progress. — His  sons  Boris  and 
Sergei  will  carry  on  the  business. 


K 


*  Kade,  Otto,  died  Doberan,  July  19,  1900. 
He  was  born  at  Dresden,  May  6,  18 19. 

Kaja'nus,  Robert,  b.  Finland,  1856.  He 
founded  the  orch.  of  the  Philharm.  Soc.  at  Hel- 
singfors  on  a  very  modest  basis  in  18S2  ;  also 
founded,  and  is  conductor  of,  the  "Symphony 
Chorus."  Has  produced  all  principal  classicand 
modern  orchestral  works. — Compositions  :  Sym- 
phonic poems  "  Kullervo's  Funeral  March,"  and 
"  Aino";  orch. 1  suite  "  Memories  of  Summer"; 
Finnish  Rhapsodies.  All  these  are  founded  on 
national  musical  motives  or  dance-rhythms. 

Kalafa'ti,  B.,  Russian  composer;  b.  Eupato- 
ria,  Crimea,  in  1869. — Op.  1,  4  songs;  op.  2, 
do.  ;  op.  3,  mixed  ch.  w.  pf.-accomp. ;  op.  4,  2 
pf. -sonatas;  op.  5,  Nocturne  f.  pf. ;  op.  6,  2 
Nouvellettes  f.  pf. ;  op.  7,  5  Preludes  f.  pf. 

Kallin'nikov,Vasili  Sergeievitch,  b.Voina, 
Govt,  of  Orlov,  Russia,  Jan.  13,  1866  ;  d.  Jalta, 
Crimea,  Jan.  11,  1901.  Talented  neo-Russian 
composer;  pupil  1884-92  of  Iljinski  and  Bla- 
ramberg  at  the  Music-School  of  the  Moscow 
Fhilharm.  Soc. ;  1S93-4,  second  conductor  of  the 
Italian  Opera  at  Moscow,  relinquishing  this  po- 
sition on  account  of  ill-health. — Works  :  Music 
to  Tolstoi's  tragedy  Tsar  Boris  (1899  ;  overture 
and  4  entr'actes)  ;  prologue  to  the  opera  1812  ; 
cantata  John  of  Damascus  ;  ballade  f.  soli,  ch. 
and  orch.,  Russalka  ;  2  symphonies,  G  min. 
(played  in  Vienna  1S98,  Berlin  1899,  Paris  1900, 
etc.)  and  A  major  ;  2  symphonic  poems,  "  The 
Nymphs"  and  "Cedar  and  Palm";  2  orch.l 
Intermezzi  ;  suite  f.  orch. ;  a  string-quartet  ;  pf.- 
pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Kasatchen'ko,  Nicolai  Ivanovitch,  Rus- 
sian composer  ;  b.  May  3,  1858  ;  after  study  at 
the  St.  Petersburg  Cons.  1874-83,  he  became 
chorusmaster  of  the  Imp.  Opera.     Has  also  con- 


ducted concerts  in  St.  P.  and  (1898)  Paris.— 
Works  :  Two  operas,  Prince  Serebrjanny  (St. 
P.,  1892),  and  Pan  Solkin  (ibid.,  1902);  a  sym- 
phony; an  overture;  2  Oriental  Suites  (No.  1  is 
the  "  Armenian");  a  Ballet-Suite;  a  fantasia  on 
Russian  themes  f.  viola  and  orch.  ;  a  cantata, 
Russalka;  etc. 

Kasauli,  Nicolai  Ivanovitch,  Russian  com- 
poser ;  b.  Tiraspol,  Govt,  of  Cherson,  Dec.  17, 
1869;  studied  in  the  Odessa  Music-School  (1879- 
83)  and  St.  Petersburg  Cons.  (1891-4;  R.-Korsa- 
kov).  Since  1897  he  has  conducted  Russian 
symphony  concerts  abroad  (Prague,  Munich, 
etc.). — Works  :  A  symphony  (1897) ;  a  sympho- 
nietta  (1893);  "  Russalka"  f.  orch.  and  voices 
(Munich,  1S97)  ;  "  Leonore  "  f.  do.  (ibid.);  etc. 

*  Ka'te,  Andre  ten,  was  born  May  22,  1796. 

*  Kauf  mann,  Johann  Gottfried,  died  April 
10,  1818. 

*  Kauf  mann,  Friedrich,  was  born  Feb.  5, 
I785- 

Kaun,  Hugo,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  21,  1863;  pupil 
of  Oscar  Raif  and  Kiel  at  the  R.  Hochschule 
fur  Musik,  Berlin.  Settled  in  1S67  in  Milwaukee, 
Wis.,  where  he  is  well  known  as  a  teacher,  con- 
ductor and  composer. — Works:  The  symphony 
"An  mein  Vaterland,"  op.  22,  in  D;  two  r-act 
operas,  Der  Pietist  and  Oliver  Brown;  Nor- 
mannenabschiedi.  male  ch.,  bar.  solo  and  orch. , 
op.  20;  string-quintet,  op.  28;  string-quartet,  op. 
42;  pf.-trio,  op.  32;  octet  f.  wind,  op.  26;  pf.- 
pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Kin'der,  Ralph,  organist  ;  b.  Stalybridge, 
Lancashire,  Engl.,  Jan.  27,  1S76  ;  lived  from 
1881  in  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  where  he  was  a 
chorister  in  Trinity  Ch.,  and  from  188S  organist; 
he  studied  pf. ,  organ  and  theory  a  year  with  the 
choirm.,  Rev.  W.  R.  Trotter  ;  then  studied  with 
Macdougal  till  1S97,  finally  one  year  in  London 
with  Drs.  Pearce  and  Turpin,  and  organ  with  E. 
H.  Lemare.  On  Sept.  1,  1898,  app.  org.  and 
choirm.  of  Grace  Ch.,  Providence;  since  1899  at 
the  Ch.of  the  Holy  Trinity,  Philadelphia.  The 
organ  is  the  largest  in  Pennsylvania  ;  up  to 
Feb.  1,  1904,  K.  had  given  177  recitals,  also 
many  others  in  the  Eastern,  Middle  and  South- 
ern States. — Works  about  30  in  number  (ser- 
vices, anthems,  songs,  organ-music,  pf. -pieces). 

Kingston,  William  Beatty,  b.  London, 
1837,  d.  there  in  Sept.,  1900.  He  was  in  the 
Public  Record  Office  in  1852  ;  in  1856,  attached 
to  the  Austrian  consular  service.  Special  cor- 
respondent of  various  papers  ;  extended  travels 
in  Europe. — Works:  "Music  and  Manners" 
(London,  1887,  2  vol.s;  his  chief  work)  ; 
"  Wanderer's  Notes"  (188S,  2  vol.s)  ;  the  Eng- 
lish book  of  the  Bettclstndent  (London  produc- 
tion by  Rosa,  18S4) ;  etc. 

Kirch'ner,  Fritz,  b.  Potsdam,  Nov.  3,  1840; 
pupil  of  Kullak,  Wiierst  and  Seyffardt  at  Kul- 
lak's  Acad.,  Berlin,  and  1864-89  teacher  in  the 
same.     His   very    numerous   works    are  chiefly 


673 


supplement] 


KIRCHNER— KOPYLOFF 


salon-pieces  and  instructive  music  for  piano  ; 
also  vocal  comp.s  of  like  style.  For  instance, 
his  op.  970  is  3  "  Feuillets  d'Album  "  for  pf.  ; 
op.  971,  "  Deuxieme  mazurka  styrienne  ". 

*  Kirch'ner,  Theodor,  died  Hamburg,  Sept. 
iS,  1903. 

*  Kjerulf  [cher'oolf]  was  born  in  Christiania. 

Klee'feld,  Dr.  Wilhelm,  b.  Mayence,  April 
2,  1868.  Pupil  of  Radecke,  Spitta  and  Hartel 
at  Berlin  :  court  Kapellm.  at  Munich  and  Det- 
mold  ;  since  1897,  director  of  the  opera-school 
in  the  Klindworth-Scharwenka  Cons.,  Berlin. — 
Works  :  "  Das  Orchester  der  ersten  deutschen 
Oper";  "  Neue  Opern";  also  pieces  for  orch. 
and  for  pf. 

*  Klee'mann,  Karl,  was  appointed  mus. 
director  at  Dessau  in  1S82  ;  and  court  Kapellm. 
at  Gera,  and  cond.  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  there,  in 
1889.  Has  composed  3  symphonies  ;  No.  3  is 
"  Durch  Kampf  zum  Sieg." 

*  Klein'michel,  Richard,  died  Charlotten- 
burg,  Aug.  18,  1901. — For  years  co-editor  of 
the  Leipzig  "  Signale",  he  became  editor-in-chief 
on  Senff's  decease. 

Klenov'ski  [Klenowski],  Nicolai  Seme- 
novitch,  b.  Odessa,  1857;  pupil  of  Hrimaly  (vln.) 
and  Tchaikovski and  Hubert  (theory)at  the  Mos- 
cow Cons.;  conductor  of  the  Imp.  Theatre  at 
Moscow  (1883-93)  and  of  the  Univ.  orch.  (1S89- 
93);  1893-1902,  Director  of  the  Music-School  at 
Tiflis;  since  then  asst.-cond.  of  the  Court  Choir 
at  St.  Petersburg. — Works:  3  ballets,  Hasheesh 
(Moscow,  1885),  Svietlana  (ibid.  1886),  and 
Salanga  (St.  P.,  1900)  ;  music  to  the  dramas 
Messalina,  The  Star  of  Seville,  and  Antony 
and  Cleopatra  ;  4  cantatas ;  an  orch.l  suite, 
"  fata  Morgana";  Georgian  Songs  f.  solo,  ch. 
and  orch.;  a  pf. -suite;  a  Georgian  Liturgy  a 
cappella  (1902);  etc. 

*  Kling'enberg,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  died 
April  2,  1888. 

Klo'se,  Friedrich,  born  Karlsruhe,  1862  ; 
studied  there  with  V.  Lachner,  later  with  Rut- 
hardt  in  Geneva  and  Bruckner  in  Vienna. — 
Compositions:  Mass  f.  soli,  ch.,  orch.  and 
organ  ;  symphonic  poem  "  Das  Leben  ein 
Traum,"  f.  orch.  and  organ,  the  finale  with 
women's  voices,  declamation,  and  brass  wind 
(prod.  1899  by  Mottl  at  Karlsruhe);  Vidi  aquam 
f.  ch.,  orch.  and  organ  ;  Elfenreigen  and  Fan- 
tastischer  Zug,  f.  orch.  ;   Elegie  f.  orch.;    etc. 

*  Klug'hardt,  A.  Fr.  Martin,  died  Dessau, 
Aug-  3-  Jg02- 

*  Kneisel,  Franz,  resigned  from  the  Boston 
Orch.  in  1903.  In  his  Quartet-party  the  name 
of  the  viola  is  Svecenski  {not  Svencski)  ;  Fritz 
Giese  was  the  original  'cellist,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Hekking,  later  by  Schroeder. 

Kd'cian,  Jaroslav,  violinist ;  born  Wilden- 
schwert,  Bohemia,  Feb.  2,  1884.  Taught  by  his 
fat'her,  a  schoolmaster,   from   his  fourth  year ; 


entered  the  Prague  Cons,  at  12,  studied  under 
Sevci'k  (violin)  and  Dvorak  (comp.)  ;  at  his  final 
examination  he  played  the  Paganini  concerto 
and  had  over  20  recalls.  Debut  1901 ;  successful 
European  tours  ;  in  America  1902-3. 

Koessler,  Hans,  b.  Waldeck,  Bavaria,  Jan.  1, 
1853;  pupil  1874-7  of  Rheinberger,  Munich; 
1877  teacher  in  Dresden  Cons.,  and  cond.  of  the 
Dresden  Liedertafel,  which  won  the  highest 
prizes  at  the  international  contest  at  Cologne  in 
1880  ;  1881,  Kapellm.  at  the  Cologne  City  Th.  ; 
1882,  teacher  of  organ  and  chorus-singing  at  the 
Nat.  Acad,  of  Music  in  Budapesth,  also  taking 
the  classes  in  composition  after  Volkmann's 
decease. — Works  :  Opera  Der  MUnzenfranz 
(Strassburg,  1902);  "  Sylvesterglocken  "  f.  ch., 
soli,  orch.  and  organ  ;  a  symphony  ;  Symphonic 
Variations  f.  orch.  ;  a  violin-concerto  ;  string- 
sextet,  string-quintet,  2  string-quartets  ;  a  vio- 
lin-sonata ;  a  'cello-sonata  ;  Waltz-suite  f.  pf . ;  a 
16-part  Psalm  (his  first  notable  work,  for  which 
the  Vienna  Tonkiinstlerverein  awarded  him  a 
prize) ;  a  mass  f.  women's  voices  w.  organ  ;  cho- 
ruses and  songs. 

Kolakov'ski,  Alexei  Antonovitch,  violin- 
ist; b.  in  Podolia,  1856;  gold-medallist  of  the  St. 
Petersburg  Cons.,  1898,  then  studying  abroad 
with  government  stipend  ;  after  teaching  at  the 
Moscow  Cons.,  and  acting  as  soloist  at  the  Imp. 
Theatre,  he  became  (1897)  teacher  in  the  Kiev 
Music-School  of  the  Imp.  Russ.  Musical  Asso- 
ciation. 

Kolatchev'ski,Michail  Nicolaievitch,  con- 
temporary composer  (born  Oct.  2,  1851),  pupil 
of  Richter  in  the  Leipzig  Cons. ;  has  written  a 
"  Ukraine  "  symphony,  a  string-quartet,  a  trio, 
a  Requiem  f.  ch.,  string-orch.  and  organ,  2  Sal- 
vum  fac  for  ch.  a  eappella,  songs,  etc. 

Kon'nemann,  Arthur,  b.  Baden-Baden, 
Mar.  12,  1S61  ;  pupil  of  his  father  (cond.  of  the 
"  Kurorchester "),  and  G.  Krasselt  ;  theatre- 
cond.  in  several  German  towns  ;  since  1887  in 
Mahrisch-Ostrau  as  director  of  a  music-school 
and  head  of  the  Orchestral  Society. — Works  : 
The  operas  Gawrilo  (Rastatt,  1882),  Der  Bravo 
(Mtinster,  1886),  Vineta  [Die  versunkene  Stadt~\ 
(Leipzig,  1S95),  Der  tolle  Eberstein  (Munich, 
189S  ;  2nd  Luitpold  Prize)  ;  Symphonic  suite 
"  Indien  "  ;  orch.l  Scherzo  "  Lichtelfentanz  "  ; 
overture  "  Der  Herbst  "  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  choruses, 
ballads,  songs. 

*  Kont'ski,  Antoine  de,  d.  Dec.  2,  1899,  at 
Ivanitshi,  n.  Akulovka,  Govt,  of  Novgorod. 

*  Ko'pyloff,  Alexander,  was  b.  July  14, 
1854. — Works:  Op.  3,  2  Mazurkas  f.  pf . ;  op.  6, 
Waltz  f.  pf.;  op.  7,  Andantino  f.  string-quartet; 
op.  8,  Mazurka  f.  pf.  ;  op.  9,  Etude  f.  pf.  ;  op. 
10,  Scherzo  f.  orch.;  op.  11,  Prelude  and  Fugue 
f.  string-quartet  ;  op.  12,  3  Fugues  f.  pf . ;  op. 
13,  4  little  pieces  f.  pf.;  op.  14,  Symphony  in 
C  ;  op.  15,  string-quartet  No.  1  ;  op.  16,  Polka 
f.  pf.  ;  op.  17,  4  Miniatures  f.  pf.  ;  op.  iS, 
female  chorus;  op.  20,  5  pieces  f.  pf.  ;  op.  21, 


674 


KORESHTSHENKO— LANGER 


[SUPPLEMENT 


male  chorus ;  op.  22,  mixed  chorus  a  capp.  :  op. 
23,  string-quartet  No.  2  ;  op.  24,  2  female 
choruses;  op.  25,  song  f.  mixed  chorus  ;  op.  26, 
3  Album-leaves  f.  pf. ;  op.  27,  2  songs  ;  op.  28, 
do.;  op.  29,"  Souvenir  de  Pe'terhof  "  f.  violin  w. 
pf . ;  op.  30,  song. 

Koreshtshen'ko,    Arseni     Nicolaievitch, 

neo-Russian  composer  ;  b.  Moscow,  Dec.  18, 
1870,  pupil  of  Taneieff  and  Arenski  at  the  Cons, 
there,  graduating  1S91  with  the  gold  medal  ; 
then  appointed  teacher  of  counterpoint  and  mus. 
form  at  the  Cons,  and  the  Synodal  School. — 
Publ.  works  :  The  operas  Belshazzar  (Moscow, 
1892),  The  Angel  of Death,  and  The  Ice  Palace 
(Moscow,  1900) ;  music  to  Euripides'  Women  of 
Troy  and  Tphigenia  in  Aitlis  ;  a  ballet,  The 
Magic  Mirror  (Moscow,  1902)  ;  theorch.l  pieces 
"Barcarolle"  (op.  6),  "  Erzahlung  "  (op.  11), 
Scene  poetique  (op.  12),  2  "  Symphonische 
Bilder"  (op.  14),  Armenian  Suite  (op.  20), 
Scenes  nocturnes  (op.  21),  Symphonie  lyrique 
(op.  23),  "  Musikalische  Bilder  "  (op.  27a)  ;  can- 
tata Don  Juan,  f.  ch.  and  orch.  (op.  5);  Arme- 
nian Songs  f.  do.  (op.  8)  ;  Georgian  Songs  f.  do. 
(op.  27b)  ;  a  string-quartet  (op.  25)  ;  choruses 
(op.  16,  29,  32,  37);  instr.l  soli,  pf.-pieces, 
songs. 

Kossler,  Hans.     See  Koessler. 

Ko'tshetov,  Nicolai  Rasumnikovitch,  b. 

Oranienbaum,  July  8,  1864  ;  law-student  in 
Moscow,  but  soon  devoted  himself  to  music  as 
composer,  writer,  and  conductor.  —  Works  : 
Opera  The  Terrible  Revenge  (Moscow,  1903) ;  a 
symphony,  an  Arabian  Suite  f.  orch.,  a  Waltz- 
Serenade  f.  string-orch.,  piano-pieces,  and  songs. 

Ko'vafovic,  Karl, opera-composer;  b.  Prague, 
Dec.  9,  1862.  Pupil  of  Prague  Cons.,  and  in 
composition  of  Fibich  ;  since  1899  conductor 
and  director  of  opera  at  the  Nat.  Bohemian 
Theatre,  Prague. — -Opera  Zenichove"  ("The 
Bridegrooms";  1884);  Noc  Simon,  1  a  Indy 
("The  Way  through  the  Window";  1S93)  ; 
Cesta  oknem  (1886)  ;  Psohlavci  ("  Dog-heads"  ; 
1898);  Nastarem  Celidle (1901);  Fraq ui ta (1902); 
all  given  at  Prague,  where  "  The  Bridegrooms" 
and  "The  Way  through  the  Window"  rank 
with  Smetana's  operas  in  public  favor  ; — also  the 
ballet  Hasis  (1884),  a  pf. -concerto,  choruses, 
songs,  etc. 

Kraus,  (Konrad  Ferdinand  Hermann) 
Ernst,  dramatic  tenor  ;  b.  Erlangen,  Bavaria, 
1863  ;  studied  with  Cesare  Galliera  at  Milan 
1S91-2,  and  with  FrauSchimon-Regan  at  Munich 
until  1893.  Concert-debut  at  a  Kaim  Concert  in 
Munich,  Jan.  18,  1893;  opera-debut  at  Mann- 
heim, Mar.  26,  1S93,  as  Tamino  in  Die  Zanber- 
fiote  ;  member  of  the  Mannheim  Opera  till  1896, 
and  then  engaged  at  the  Court  Opera,  Berlin, 
with  contract  till  1909  ;  is  also  R.  Prussian 
chamber-singer,  etc.  Four  seasons  in  America 
(the  last  with  Conried,  1903-4) ;  has  likewise 
sung  in  England,  Austria,  Hungary  and  Russia. 
Repertory,  45  roles  actually  sung  on   the  stage, 


including  all  the  leading  Wagner  tenor-parts  ; 
favorite  roles  are  Siegfried  ( IValkiire)  and  Tris- 
tan.     In  1901  he  sang  Siegmund  at  Bayreuth. 

*  Krebs,  Mary,  died  Dresden,  June  28,  1900. 

KreisTer,  Fritz,  violinist ;  b.  Feb.  2,  1875, 
at  Vienna,  where  he  resides.  Pupil  of  Massart 
and  Delibes  at  Paris,  where  he  made  his  debut  ; 
he  has  toured  most  of  Europe  and  the  U.  S. 

*  Krug,  Arnold,  d.  Hamburg,  Aug.  4,  1904. 

Ku'belik,  Johann,  violinist  ;  b.  Michle,  near 
Prague,  July  5,  1880.  Taught  by  his  father,  a 
gardener  ;  then  for  six  years  by  Sevcik  at  the 
Prague  Cons.  ;  later  at  Vienna,  where  he  made 
his  debut  in  1S98.  "  Toured  Europe  ;  played  in 
Milan  and  London  (1900),  and  America  (1901-2). 
In  1902  the  London  Philh.  Soc.  awarded  him  its 
Beethoven  medal.  He  was  again  playing  in 
London  in  Oct.,  1903,  beginning  a  tour  through 
France,  Belgium,  Holland,  Germany,  Russia, 
Rumania,  Hungary,  Austria,  and  Italy. 

Kuczin'ski,  Paul,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  10,  1S46  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  21,  1897.  Though  a  banker  by 
profession,  he  was  an  excellent  musician  (pupil 
of  Biilow  and  Kiel),  and  an  intimate  friend  of 
Jensen's,  letters  from  whom  he  publ.  in  part  as 
"  Aus  Briefen  Ad.  Jensens  "  (1879).  His  book 
"  Erlebnisse  unci  Gedanken,  Dichtungen  zu 
Musikwerken  "  (1S9S)  shows  his  admiration  for 
Wagner.  For  his  own  numerous  vocal  works  he 
himself  wrote  the  poems  ;  Die  Bergpredigt,  f. 
bar.  solo,  ch.  and  orch.  and  Ariadne,  have  been 
frequently  performed  ;  his  "  130.  Psalm  "  is 
highly  praised.  Publ.  pf.-pieces  (Humoreske, 
Intermezzo,  Karnevalswalzer,  I'hantasiestiicke). 
Cf.  A.  v.  Hanstein's  "  Musiker-und  Dichterbriefe 
von  Paul  K."  (Berlin  ;  n.  d.). 


*  Labitz'ky,  August,  died  Reichenhall,  Aug. 
29,  1903. 

Lach'mund,Carl  V.,  b.  Booneville,  Missouri, 
1854.  When  13  years  old  he  studied  at  Cologne 
under  Hiller,  Jensen,  and  Seiss  ;  later  in  Berlin, 
and  finally  4  years  in  Weimar  under  Liszt.  Re- 
sides in  New  York  as  a  composer,  conductor,  and 
teacher. — Works:  Overture, string-trio, pf.-pieces 
and  songs. 

*  La  Mara  has  edited  a  series  entitled 
"  Briefe  hervorragender  Zeitgenossen  an  Franz 
Liszt"  ;  vol.  iii  (the  last,  a  "  new  series"  from 
1S36-86)  appeared  in  1903  (Leipzig). 

*  Lamoureux,  Charles,  died  Paris,  Sept.  21, 
1899. 

Lange,  Hans,  violinist ;  b.  Constantinople, 
Feb.  14,  18S4  ;  pupil  there  of  G.  Brassin  and 
Ch.  Wondra  (soloist  to  the  Sultan)  ;  1804-1902, 
pupil  of  the  Prague  Cons.  (Serbuloff  and  Sevcik)  ; 
first  independent  concert,  Berlin,  spring  of  1903. 

*  Lang'er,  Victor,  died  Pesth,  March  19, 
1902.     Pen-name  "  Tisza  Aladar," 


675 


supplement] 


LASSEN— LITVINNE 


*  Las'sen,  Eduard,  the  famous  song-com- 
poser, died  at  Weimar,  Jan.  15,  1904. 

*  Las'so,  Orlando  di.  According  to  the  re- 
searches of  Haberl,  his  real  name  was  Roland 
Lassus ;  and  he  was  born  in  1532  {not  1520). 

Las'son,  Bredo,  b.  Feb.  24, 1838  ;  brother  of 

Las'son,  Per,  b.  April  18,  1859  ;  d.  June  6, 
1883. —  Two  talented  Norwegian  composers, 
who  wrote  piano-pieces,  choral  compositions, 
songs,  etc. 

La  Tombelle,  Fernand  de.  See  Tombelle, 
in  body  of  Dictionary. 

Laurens,  Edmond,  b.  Bergerac,  France, 
Sept.  2,  1851  ;  pupil  of  Guiraud  in  the  Paris 
Cons.  Composer  of  operas,  a  Suite  japonaise, 
pf. -pieces,  etc. 

*  Lavignac  (Alexandre-Jean-)  Albert,  was 
born  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1846. — Add  to  list  of  works 
"  Solfeges  manuscrits  "  (six  books);  "  50  Lecons 
d'harmonie  "  ;  "  Ecole  de  Pedale  "  (for  the  pf.- 
pedal)  ;  "  Le  Voyage  artistique  a  Bayreuth  " 
(1897) ;   "  L'education  musicale  "  (1903). 

*  Lavigne,   Antoine-Joseph,  died  in  1886. 

*  Laz'zari,  Sylvio,  was  born  Jan.  1,  1858. 
His  "  music-drama  "  Armor  was  perf.  at  Prague 
in  1898  ;  the  opera  V Ensorcete  at  Paris,  1903, 
and  a  pantomime,  Lulu,  in  1887. 

*  Lei'tert,  (Johann)  Georg,  died  insane  at 
Ilubertusberg,  near  Dresden,  Sept.  6, 1901.  After 
leaving  Vienna,  he  lived  till  1899  in  Paris. 

Lekeu,  Guillaume,  b.  Neusy,  near  Verviers, 
Belgium,  Jan.  20,  1870  ;  d.  Angers,  Jan.  21, 
1894  ;  pupil  of  Cesar  Franck,  and  a  composer  of 
great  promise  untimely  blighted.  —Works  :  Lyric 
poem  Andromeda  ;  two  Symphonic  Studies  f. 
orch.  ;  Fantaisie  f.  orch.  on  two  folk-songs  of 
Angers  ;  Adagio  f.  'cello  w.  orch.  ;  an  unfinished 
piano-quartet ;  song  "  Sur  une  torn  be  "  ;  etc. 

Lemare,  Edwin  H.,  organist;  born  on  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  Sept.  9,  1865.  Taught  by  his 
father  ;  at  11  he  won  the  Sir  John  Goss  scholar- 
ship, and  studied  6  years  at  the  R.  A.  M.  under  G. 
and  W.  Macfarren,  Steggall,  and  Turpin.  After 
appointments  in  Cardiff  and  Sheffield,  and  suc- 
cessful concert-giving,  L.  in  1892  became  org. 
and  choirm.  at  Holy  Trinity  Ch.,  Sloane  Sq., 
London ;  at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster,  in 
1897  ;  and  since  1902  is  organist  at  Carnegie 
Hall,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. — At  18  he  was  elected 
F.  R.  C.  O.  ;  and  in  1893  he  was  made  Hon. 
F.  R.  A.  M. — He  is  a  master  of,  and  a  composer 
of  note  for,  his  instr.  (symphony  in  G  minor  ; 
Pastorale  in  E  ;  Andantino  in  ~D\)  ;  Chant  sans 
paroles  ;  Berceuse  ;  etc.  ;  also  about  100  brilliant 
transcriptions).  Australian  tour  in  1903  ;  first 
American  tour,  1901. 

*  Leschetiz'ky,  Theodor.  Biography  by 
his  sister,  Countess  Angele  Potocka,  done  into 
English  by  Genev.  S.  Lincoln  (New  Vork,  1903). 
— His  method  of  piano-playing  and  teaching  has 
been  effectively  presented  in  book-form  by  Mal- 


wine  Bree  (his  pupil  and  for  years  his  assistant- 
teacher)  ;  publ.  simultaneously  in  German, 
French,  English,  etc.,  in  1903;  English  edition 
is  "Groundwork  of  the  Leschetizky  Method" 
(New  York  ;  with  illustrative  cuts  and  musical 
examples). 

*  Levasseur,  J.-H.,  died  Faris,  1823. 

*  Le'vi,  Hermann,  died  Munich,  May  13, 
1900. — Add  to  sketch  on  p.  353,  that  in  18S2  he 
was  chosen  by  Wagner  to  conduct  the  first  pro- 
duction of  Parsifal  at  Bayreuth  ;  he  cond.  its 
successive  performances  until  1887. 

*  Lewy,  Joseph-Rodolphe,  was  b.  April  2, 
1802. 

*  Lie,  Erica  (Mme.  Nissen),  died  Christi- 
ania,  Oct.  27,  1903. 

*  Lie'be,  Eduard  Ludwig,  diedChur.Switz., 
Feb.  4,  1900. 

Lim'bert,  Frank  L.,  b.  New  York,  Nov.  15, 
1866,  living  in  Germany  since  1874  ;  trained  at 
the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort-on-Main  ;  then  further 
by  Rheinberger  ;  studied  musical  science  at  the 
universities  of  Berlin  and  Strassburg,  graduating 
Dr.  phil.  at  the  latter  in  1894  (dissertation 
"  Beitrag  zur  Kentnis  der  volkstumlichen  Musik, 
insbesondere  der  Balladenkomposition  in  Eng- 
land ").  1S95-8,  cond.  of  the  Oratorio  Soc.  at 
Hanau  ;  since  then  in  Frankfort  as  composer  and 
teacher. — Publ.  works  :  String-quartet,  op.  15  ; 
Konzertstiick  f.  pf.  and  orch.  ;  2  sonatas  f.  pf. 
and  vln.  (or  viola) ;  pf. -pieces  ;  5  German  Min- 
nelieder  f.  mixed  ch.  w.  pf.-accomp.,  op.  11  ;  a 
Sonnet-Cycle  (Lenau)  f.  4  voices  a  cafp.,  op. 
6  ;  songs,  duets,  male  choruses,  etc. 

Lissen'ko,  Nicolai  Vitalievitch,  Little 
Russian  composer  ;  b.  Grinjki,  Mar.  22,  1842  ; 
pupil  1866-8  of  Reinecke,  Richter  and  Pappe- 
ritz  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  settled  1868  in  Kiev. 
His  operas  are  very  popular  in  southern  Russia  ; 
he  has  also  publ.  cantatas,  songs,  choruses,  and 
pf. -pieces  ;  a  collection  of  Little  R.  songs  for 
mixed  ch.  and  male  ch.  (So  numbers)  ;  a  coll.  of 
Spring,  Dance-  and  Children's  Songs  ;  "Songs 
of  the  Ukraine  "  (240  numbers,  w.  pf.  )  ;  etc. 

*  Liszt,  Franz.  The  biography  by  Eduard 
Reuss,  "  Franz  Liszt.  Ein  Lebensbild  "  (Dres- 
den and  Leipzig,  1898),  Dr.  Otto  Neitzel  calls 
"the  best  life-portrait  so  far  published." — 
"  Franz  Liszt's  Briefe  an  Carl  Gille,"  edited  with 
a  biographical  introd.  by  Adolf  Stern,  were  publ. 
Leipzig,  1903. — The  authoress  La  Mara  is  the 
editor  of  the  "  Briefe  hervorragender  Zeitgenos- 
sen  an  Franz  Liszt,"  vol.  iii  (the  last)  of  which 
appeared  Leipzig,  1903. 

Litvinne,  Mme.  Felia;  born  in  Russia; 
pupil  of  Mme.  Barth-Banderoli  and  Maurel. 
Stage-debut  at  the  Theatre  des  Italiens,  Paris  ; 
at  present  (1904)  a  member  of  the  Theatre-Ly- 
rique  de  la  Gaite,  Paris.  Noted  Wagner  singer  ; 
has  appeared  in  New  York  and  St.  Petersburg. 
Also  sings  Gluck's  Armide,  and  kindred  roles. 


676 


LJADOFF— MACK 


[supplement 


Lja'doff ;  Lja'punov.  See  Liadoff,  Liatu- 
nov. 

*  Loeffler,  C.  M.  T.,  was  born  Jan.  30,  1861 . 
Retired  from  Boston  Symphony  Orch.  in  1903. 

Lohr,  Richard  Harvey,  b.  Leicester,  Engl., 
June  13,  1856.  Pupil  of  Prout,  Sullivan  and 
Holmes  at  the  R.A.M.,  winning  the  Lucas  medal 
twice  (1877,  '78);  also  Potter  Exhibitioner,  and 
Santley  Prizeholder  (1879).  Organist  at  St. 
James's,  Marylebone.  Has  also  appeared  as  a 
concert-pianist  since  18S2. — Works  :  Oratorio 
The  Queen  of  Shelnz  ;  services,  anthems,  etc. ; 
part-songs  ;  songs  ;  a  Ballade,  op.  3,  f.  'cello and 
pf. ;  Duo  concertante,  op.  13,  f.  do.;  a  Caprice, 
op.  II,  and  a  Cavatina,  op.  14,  f.  violin  and  pf. ; 
"  The  Window",  12  pf. -pieces;  etc. — "Primer" 
of  the  rudiments  of  music  (1882)  ;  "  Principia  of 
Music  "  (1890),  etc. 

*  Longhurst,  Dr.  William  Henry,  died  Can- 
terbury, England,  June  24,  1904. 

Loomis,  Harvey  Worthington,  composer  ; 
b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  5,  1865  ;  pupil  of 
Dvorak  at  the  National  Cons. ,  New  York  ;  lives 
in  New  York. — Works  :  Music  to  several  panto- 
mimes ;  "musical  backgrounds"  to  various 
poems  ;  pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

*  Los'sius  was  born  at  Vacha,  Hesse,  Oct. 
18,  1508. — The  first  ed.  of  "  Psalmodia  "  was 
1553- 

Lott,  Edwin  Matthew,  b.  St.Helier,  Jersey, 
Jan.  31,  1836.  An  organist  at  10,  he  studied  un- 
der Best  1 85 1-2  ;  was  organist  of  various  London 
churches,  and  lived  in  Jersey  1865-70;  org.  at 
St.  Sepulchre's,  Holborn,  since  18S3. — Works  : 
A  church-cantata,  services,  anthems,  etc.;  songs 
("  Into  the  silent  land,"  "  The  Fairy  Wedding," 
etc.);  about  300  pf. -pieces,  including  a  Sonata,  a 
Bourree,  a  Minuet,  and  55  Finger-Inventions  in 
all  keys;  organ-pieces;  catechisms  for  piano  and 
harmony;  and  a  Dictionary  of  Mus.  Terms. 

*  Lowe,  Carl.  Preferable  spelling  Loewe. 
— The  Complete  Edition  of  his  works  is  publ.  to 
Vol.  xvi,  "  Das  Loewesche  Lied." 

*  Lii'beck,  Louis,  died  Berlin,  Mar.  S,  1904, 
where  for  about  20  years  he  had  belonged  to  the 
Court  Orchestra. 

Lucas,  Clarence,  b.  in  Canada,  1866.  Pupil 
of  Dubois  in  the  Paris  Cons. — Works  :  2  operas, 
Anne  Hathaway  and  7'he  Money  Spider  (Mati- 
nee Th.,  London,  1S97)  ;  also  pf. -pieces  and 
songs. 

*  Lucas,  Stanley,  b.  London,  May  6,  1834  ; 
d.  there  July  24,  1903.  He  was  well  known  in 
London  musical  circles  as  a  music-publisher,  as 
secretary  of  Henry  Leslie's  choir  in  former  years, 
as  secretary  of  the  Philharm.  Soc.  (1866-80),  and 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Musicians  from  1861 
until  his  decease. 

Lud'wig,  August,  b.  Waldheim,  Saxony, 
Jan.  15,  1865;  pupil  of  Conservatories  at  Cologne 
and    Munich.      Has    brought  out   a  number  of 


orchestral  works  {e.g.,  the  overture,  "Ad  as- 
tra  "),  and  publ.  pf. -compositions  and  songs  ; 
edited  1894-7  the  "  Neue  Berliner  Musikzei- 
tung";  author  of  "  Geharnischte  Aufsatze  fiber 
Musik."  He  attracted  special  attention  by  his 
"  completion  "  of  Schubert's  B  minor  symphony, 
adding  2  movements,  a  "  Philosophen-Scherzo" 
and  a  "  Schicksalsmarsch." 

Luigi'ni,  Alexandre,  b.  Lyons,  Mar.  9,  1S30; 
pupil  of  Massenet  and  Savard  at  Paris  Cons.; 
1869  leader,  1877  chief  conductor  in  the  Grand 
Theatre  at  Lyons,  where  he  founded  the  Cons, 
concerts  ;  1S97  conductor  (with  Danbe)  at  the 
Opera-Comique,  Paris. — Works  :  Two  comic 
operas,  Margot  (Lyons,  1877),  and  Faublas 
(Paris,  188 1)  ;  several  ballets  ;  chamber-music, 
etc. 

Lussan,  Zelie  de,  dramatic  soprano ;  b. 
New  York,  1863.  Taught  by  her  mother,  an 
opera-singer.  Concert-debut  at  16  in  the 
Academy  of  Music  ;  opera-debut  with  the  Bos- 
ton Ideal  Opera  Company,  1885  ;  she  sang  sev- 
eral seasons  with  that  troupe,  and  then  went  to 
London,  where  she  was  engaged  (1889)  for  the 
Carl  Rosa  company.  Roles :  Arline,  Zerlina, 
Carmen,  Mignon,  Fille  du  Regiment,  Marion 
(La  Vivandiere),  etc. 

Luzza'schi,  Luzzasco,  from  about  1576- 
1604  court  organist  at  Ferrara,  and  highly 
praised  by  contemporaries,  publ.  7  books  of  5- 
part  Madrigals  (  ?,  1576,  1582,  1594,  ?,  1604; 
a  second  [posthumous]  coll.  appeared  in  1613)  ; 
also  Madrigals  a  1-3  soprano  voices  w.  instr.s 
(1601).  Diruta's  "II  Transilvano  "  contains  a 
toccata  and  2  ricercari  by  L.,  the  former  re- 
printed in  Ritter's  "  Zur  Geschichte  des  Orgel- 
spiels  ; "  a  4-p.  Canzon  da  sonar  is  given  in 
Rauerij's  Collection  (1608). 


M 


Macfarlane,    William     Charles     ("  Will 

C"),  b.  London,  Engl.,  Oct.  2,  1870  ;  since 
1874  in  New  York,  where  he  had  his  entire 
musical  education.  Taught  1876-S6  by  his 
father,  Duncan  M.  ;  1S86-90  by  S.  P.  Warren 
(organ  and  theory).  Debut  as  organist  in  a  re- 
cital at  Chickering  Hall  on  Mar.  22,  18S6  ; 
organist  of  St.  John's  Meth.  Ch.  18S5-6  ;  then 
filled  several  similar  positions,  at  present  (1904) 
being  organist  of  the  Temple  Emanu-El  (since 
1898),  organist  and  mus.  dir.  of  St.  Thomas's 
Ch.  (since  1900),  and  conductor  of  the  Yonkers 
Choral  Society  (since  1902).  Has  given  organ- 
recitals  in  New  York  and  adjoining  States,  and 
is  a  founder  and  Gold  Medalist  of  the  A.  G.  O. 
Has  publ.  several  anthems,  and  other  sacred 
music  ;  numerous  organ-pieces  in  MS. 

Mack,  Albert  August,  b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Oct.  20,  1856;  pupil  of  Stuttgart  Cons.  ;  later 
(1875-80)  of  W.  Speidel  (pf.),  M.  Seifriz  (comp.), 
and  Fr.  Fink  (organ).  Occupied  various  posi- 
tions as  teacher  and   mus.    dir.  in  Canada  and 


677 


supplement] 


MAHLER— MARTEAU 


the  United  States  ;  at  present  (1904)  in  the  Hol- 
lins  Inst.,  Hollins,  Va. — Works:  Op.  6,  Easter 
anthem  f.  soli,  ch.  and  organ  ;  op.  10,  Bourree 
f.  pf.  ;  two  Japanese  songs  ;  a  Mermaid  Song 
(op.  11,  No.  2)  ;  other  songs. 

*  Mah'ler,  Gustav.  A  sketch  of  his  career, ' 
by  L.  Schiedermair,  is  publ.  in  the  German 
series  "  Moderne  Musiker"  (Leipzig,  1900). 

Maikapar,  Samuel,  pianist  ;  b.  Chersson, 
Russia,  Dec.  18,  1867  ;  pupil  of  Soloviev  (St. 
Petersburg  Cons.),  and  Leschetizky  (at  Vienna). 
Concert-tours  in  Russia  and  Germany  ;  lives  in 
Moscow. — Works  :  Op.  1,  songs  ;  op.  2-5,  pf.- 
pieces  ;  also  an  essay  in  Russian,  "  Investigation 
of  Musical  Hearing"  (Moscow,  1900). 

Mair,  Franz,  b.  Weikersdorf  in  the  March- 
feld,  Mar.  15,  1821  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  14,  1893. 
Vocal  composer  ;  founder  (1883)  and  conductor 
of  the  Vienna  Schubertbund. — Works  :  Music 
to  Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans,  Dor//rosc/ien,  etc. ; 
male  choruses  ("  Germanenzug,"  "  FroherSinn," 
etc.). 

Ma'jor,  Julius  J.,  b.  Kaschau,  Hungary,  Dec. 
L3>  I^59  ;  pupil  of  Volkmann  and  Erkel  at  the 
Nat.  Mus.  Acad,  at  Pesth,  where  he  founded 
the  Ladies'  Choral  Union  in  1894  and  a  private 
music-school  in  1896. — Works:  Two  1-act 
operas,  Lisbeth  and  Erysika  (both  Pesth,  1901); 
a  symphony  ;  a  pf. -concerto ;  a  Serenade  f. 
strings  ;  2  trios  ;  several  violin-sonatas  ;  an  Hun- 
garian sonata  f.  pf.  ;  female  choruses  ;  songs. 

Malaschkin,  Leonid  Dimitrievitch,  popu- 
lar song-composer;  b.  Russia,  1842;  d.  Moscow, 
Feb.  11,  1902.  His  opera,  Ilja  Muromez  (Kiev, 
1879),  was  unsuccessful,  like  his  symphony  in  E. 
Besides  original  songs,  he  publ.  "  Forty  Folk 
songs,"  considerable  church-music,  and  pf.- 
pieces. 

Mal'ling,  Jorgen,  b.  Copenhagen,  1836  ;  ad- 
mirer and  disseminator  of  Cheve's  vocal  notation  ; 
organist  at  Svendborg,  and  music-teacher  at 
Copenhagen;  since  1875  chiefly  in  Vienna. — 
Operas,  pf. -pieces,  vocal  music. 

Mal'ling,  Otto  (Valdemar),  composer  ;  b. 
Copenhagen,  June  1,  1848.  Pupil  of  Gade  and 
J.  P.  E.  Hartmann  at  the  Cons.;  1872-84  con- 
ductor of  the  Students'  Choral  Society  ;  1878, 
organist  of  St.  Peter's  Ch.  ;  1S84,  co-founder 
and  cond.  of  the  Concert  Society  ;  1S85,  teacher 
of  theory  at  the  Cons.  His  published  works, 
over  70  in  number,  include  a  symphony  in  D 
minor,  op.  17  ;  Fantasia  f.  vln.  w.  orch.,  op.  20  ; 
Concert  Overture,  op.  29  ;  "  Reveil  "  for  4  solo 
voices  w.  string-orch.,  op.  13  ;  Danish  choruses 
w.  orch.,  etc.  (op.  65  is  "The  Holy  Scrip- 
tures" f.  sopr. ,  tenor  and  baritone  soli  w.  org. 
or  pf.) ;  numerous  songs  ;  characteristic  pieces 
f.  pf. ;  etc. 

Malm'qvist,  Karl  Julius,  composer  of  favo- 
rite male  choruses  and  songs,  also  operettas;  b. 
Copenhagen,    June    16,    1819;  d.    Hirschholm, 

Aug.  4,  1S59. 


Mandyczew'ski,  Eusebius,  b.  Czernowitz, 
Aug.  18,  1857  ;  pupil  of  R.  Fuchs  and  Notte- 
bohm  in  Vienna ;  1887  chorusmaster  of  the 
Vienna  Singakadcmie  and  archivarius  to  the  Ges. 
der  Ahisikfreunde ;  1897  teacher  of  instr.  1 
science,  and  1900  of  mus.  history,  at  the  Con- 
servatory. M.  is  chairman  of  the  Tonkiinstler- 
verein,  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Musical  Ex- 
perts, etc.  He  will  finish  Pohl's  biography  of 
Haydn. — In  1897  he  received  the  honorary 
degree  of  Dr.  phil.  (Leipzig)  for  his  work  on  the 
Complete  Edition  of  Schubert's  compositions. 

*  Man'gold,  Karl  Georg,  was  born  Darm- 
stadt, Sept.  27,  1S12. 

*  Mann,  Johann  Gottfried  Hendrik,  died 
Amsterdam,  Feb.  (?),  1904. 

*  Mapleson,  Col.,  died  London,  Nov.  14, 
1901.  His  book,  "  The  Mapleson  Memoirs," 
is  of  interest  (London,  1SS8  ;  2  vol.s). 

*  Marchet'ti,  Filippo,  died  Rome,  Jan.  18, 
1902. 

*  Marpurg,  Fr.  Wilh.  In  enumerating  his 
writings  the  following  were  inadvertently 
omitted  ;  "  Historisch-kritische  Beytrage  zur 
Aufnahme  der  Musik  "  (5  vol.s  ;  1754-62  ;  1782  ; 
appeared  irregularly)  ;  "  Kritische  Einleitung 
in  die  Geschichte  und  Lehrsatze  der  alten  und 
neuen  Musik  "  (1759  >  only  on  ancient  music)  ; 
and  "Kritische  Briefe  itber  die  Tonkunst  "  (a 
weekly  publication  appearing  1759-63,  covering 
many  important  points  in  mus.   science  and  art). 

Mar'sop,  Paul,  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  6,  1856;  pupil 
of  Ehrlich  and  v.  Billow  ;  living  since  1S81  in 
Munich  and  (during  the  winter)  Italy. — Works  : 
"  Musikalische  Essays"  (1899);  "  Studienblatter 
eines  Musikers"  (1903);  and  the  pamphlets  "Neu- 
deutsche  Kapellmeistermusik,"  "  Die  Aussich- 
ten  der  Wagnerischen  Kunst  in  Frankreich," 
"  Der  Kern  der  Wagnerfrage,"  etc. 

Marston,  George  W.,  b.  Sandwich.  Mass., 
May  23,  1840 ;  d.  there  Feb.  2,  1901.  He 
studied  with  local  teachers  ;  played  the  organ 
when  16  ;  about  1859  he  removed  to  Portland, 
Me.,  where  he  studied  under  Tufts,  and  re- 
mained permanently  as  organist,  choirmaster, 
and  teacher — from  1887,  organist  at  the  Hale 
St.  Congr.  Ch.,  for  whose  fine  choir  he  wrote 
much  excellent  music.  M.  also  made  two  stu- 
dent-trips to  Europe. — Compositions  :  Much 
church-music  (services,  anthems,  sentences, 
songs)  ;  part-songs  f.  male  voices  ;  trios,  quar- 
tets and  choruses  f.  female  voices  ;  the  sacred 
dramatic  cantata  David ;  2  books  of  English 
songs  with  German  translations  ;  book  of  Eng- 
lish songs,  "Grave  and  Gay";  many  other 
sacred  and  secular  songs.  Also  pf. -music 
(Bagatelle,  Impromptu-Caprice,  Slumber-song, 
Album  for  Children  [12  Nos.],  Pleasures  of 
Youth  [6],  etc.)  ;  a  Romance  f.  pf.  and  flute  ; 
Assyrian  Battle-march  f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  etc. 

*  Marteau,  Henri,  was  born  at  Rheims,  Mar. 
31,  1874;  pupil  of  Leonard  in  Paris,  and  later 
of  Garcin  in  the  Conservatoire. 


67S 


MARTIN— MERTZ 


[supplement 


Martin,  Sir  George  (Clement),  b.  Lam- 
bourne,  Berks,  Engl.,  Sept.  n,  1844.  Pupil  of 
J.  Pearson  and  Dr.  Stainer;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon. , 
1868;  F.  C.  O.,  1S75;  Mus.  Doc.  (Canterbury), 
1883.  In  1888  he  succeeded  Stainer  as  organist 
of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  Was  prof,  of  organ  at 
the  R.  C.  M.  for  a  few  years  (from  1883). — 
Works  :  Much  church-music  ;  also  part-songs, 
organ-arrangements,  etc.  Wrote  the  primer 
(Novello,  No.  39)  "  The  Art  of  Training  Choir 
Boys." 

*  Martin,  Jean-Blaise,  was  born  at  Ron- 
ciere,  n.  Lyons,  Feb.  24,  1768.     [Riemann.] 

*  Martin  y  Solar,  Vicente,  was  born  Mar. 
5,  1754;  he  died  Feb.  19,  1S06.     [Riemann.] 

*Ma'schek,  Paul,  died  Nov.  22,  1826. 

Massart,  Nestor -Henri- Joseph,  tenor 
opera-singer;  b.  Ciney,  Belgium,  Oct.  20,  1849  ; 
d.  Ostende,  Dec.  19,  1899.  An  officer  in  the 
Belgian  army,  his  remarkable  voice  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  royal  family,  through  whose  in- 
fluence he  was  granted  leave  of  absence  for 
study.  Sang  with  success  at  Brussels,  Lyons, 
Cairo,  New  Orleans,  San  Francisco,  and  Mexico. 
Chief  roles  in  La  Favorita,  Esclarmonde,  Lohen- 
grin, Sigurd,  Patrie,  etc. 

*  Massenet.  An  illustrated  "Etude  critique 
et  documentaire  ",  by  E.  de  Soleniere,  has  been 
publ.  (Paris,   1S97). 

*  Maszkow'sky,  Raphael,  died  Breslau, 
Mar.  14,  1901.      His  birthday  was  July  11,  1S3S. 

Maszyn'ski,  Peter,  b.  Warsaw,  1855;  piano- 
pupil  there  of  Michailowski  and  Rokunski;  stu- 
died composition  with  Noszkowskiat  Constance; 
resides  in  Warsaw  as  a  conductor  and  teacher. — 
Works:  Music  to  the  dramas  Larik  (by  Gadomski) 
and  Boritsa  (by  Grabowski);  many  choral  works 
(cantata  for  the  jubilee  of  II.  Sienkiewicz;  prize- 
chorus  "  Chor  zniviarzy");  orch.l  works,  varia- 
tions f.  string-quartet,  violin-sonata  (op.  21), 
pieces  f.  vln.  w.  pf. ,  pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Maurel,  Victor,  dramatic  baritone;  b.  Mar- 
seilles, June  17,  1848.  A  pupil  of  Vauthrot  (?) 
at  the  Paris  Cons.,  which  he  left  in  1867 
with  the  1st  prizes  (divided  with  Cailhard) 
for  vocal  art  an  opera.  Debut  the  same 
year  at  the  Opera,  as  de  Nevers  in  Les 
Huguenots,  with  slight  success  ;  then  sang 
for  several  seasons  in  Italy,  Spain,  America, 
London,  St.  Petersburg  and  Cairo  (at  Milan,  in 
1870,  he  created  //  Guarany;  at  Naples,  in  1871, 
Don  Carlos).  Rejoined  the  Opera  in  1S79  with 
an  established  reputation,  and  remained  there 
till  1894,  excepting  1883-4  (consumed  in  a  bril- 
liant but  financially  unfortunate  attempt  to  re- 
vive the  Italiens),  and  1S85-6  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  where  he  has  sung  from  1894  till  now 
(1904).  In  his  prime  he  had  hardly  a  rival  on 
the  French  stage  as  a  vocal  and  dramatic  artist  ; 
he  created  (in  French)  Iago  in  Verdi's  Otello  in 
1887,  and  Falstaff  in  1894  ;  leading  roles  are 
Don  Juan,  Amonasro  Mephisto,  Herode,  Rigo- 


letto.  In  the  autumn  of  1903  he  began  at  the 
Sorbonne  a  course  of  lectures  on  vocal  art.  He 
has  also  publ.  the  instructive  work  "  L'art  du 
chant,"  and  the  autobiographical  "  Dix  ans  de 
carriere  "  [1887-97]. 

*  Maylath,  Heinrich  (called  Henry),  died  in 
New  York,  Dec.  31,  1883. 

*  Mazzola'ni,  Antonio,  b.  Ruina,  Ferrara, 
Dec.  26,  1819;  d.  Ferrara,  Jan.  25,  1900.  Pupil 
of  Zagagnoni  and  Puccini  (cpt.)  and  Ferrari  and 
Lodi  (pf. ).  Produced  the  operas  Nicolb  de''  Lnpi 
(Lucca,  1S51),  Gistnonda  (Ferrara,  1S54),  and 
Enrico  Char  lis  (Ferrara,  1876);  all  quite  success- 
ful. His  choruses  with  soli  were  popular  in 
Italy  and  elsewhere. 

*  Mehr'kens,  Fr.  Ad.,  died  Hamburg,  May 
31,  1899. 

*  Mel'ba,  Nellie,  was  born  May  19,  1S65. 

Men'delssohn,  Arnold,  grandnephew  of 
Felix;  b.  Ratibor,  1855.  Law-student  ;  later  a 
pupil  (in  Berlin)  of  Haupt  (org.),  Grell,  Kiel, 
Taubert  and  Loschhorn  ;  1S80-3,  organist  and 
Univ.  music-teacher  at  Bonn;  then  mus.  director 
at  Bielefeld;  18S5,  teacher  at  Cologne  Cons.  ; 
1890,  director  of  church-music,  and  gymnasial 
music-teacher  at  Darmstadt,  with  title  of  Grand- 
Ducal  professor  in  1899.  Works:  Abendkantate 
(1SS1)  and  Der  Hagesioh  (1S90),  both  f.  soli, 
ch.  and  orch.;  two  operas,  Elsi,  die  selfsame 
Magd  (Cologne,  1896),  and  Der  Bdrenhauter 
(piano-score  publ.  ;  written  prior  to  Siegfried 
Wagner's  work).     [Riemann.] 

Menil,  Felicien  de,  born  Boulogne-sur-Mer, 
July  16,  i860;  since  1S99,  teacher  of  musical  his- 
tory at  the  Niedermeyer  School.  Has  publ.  the 
historical  essays  "  Monsigny  "  (1893),  "  josquin 
de  Pres"(i897),  "  l'Ecole  contrapunctiste  fla- 
mande  du  XVe  siecle  (1S95),  and  "  La  Danse  a 
travers  les  ages."  Also  the  comedy-opera  La 
Janeliere  (1S94),  the  operetta  Gosses  (1901),  and 
the  ballets  Divertissement  oriental  and  A  la 
Ducasse  (both  1902). 

*  Mer'kel,  Gustav.  Biography  by  Paul  Jans- 
sen  :  "  G.  M.,  Koniglich  sachsischer  Hofor- 
ganist  "  (Leipzig,  1886).  It  contain?  a  complete 
list  of  his  works. 

*  Mer'tens,  Joseph,  died  Brussels,  June  30, 
1901.  He  was  inspector  of  the  Belgian  music- 
schools,  and  latterly  Director  of  the  R.  Theatre 
at  the  Hague.  His  dramatic  compositions  in- 
clude De  Vrijer  in  de  strop  (1866),  La  meprise 
(1869),  I'Egoisa  (1873),  The'cla  (1S74),  Liederik 
Vintendent  (1875),  Les  trois  t'tudiants,  Le  vin,  le 
jen  et  le  tabac,  Le  Capitaine  Robert,  and  Les 
e'vince's.      He  wrote  one  oratorio,  V Angelas. 

Mertz,  Joseph  Kasper,  distinguished  guitar- 
player;  b.  Pressburg,  Hungary,  Aug.  17,  1806;  d. 
Vienna,  Oct.  14,  1S56.  His  parents  were  poor, 
and  he  was  early  obliged  to  give  music-lessons  to 
support  himself.  In  1S40  he  took  part  in  a  concert 
at  Vienna  ;  then  made  a  tour  through  Moravia, 
Silesia,    Poland,  and    Prussia   (Royal    Theatre, 


679 


supplement] 


MERZ— MOLLENHAUER 


Berlin) ;  gave  concerts  in  1842  at  Dresden,  where 
he  met  and  married  the  piano-virtuosa  Josephine 
Plantin,  with  whom  he  played  in  Chemnitz, 
Leipzig,  Dresden,  and  Prague,  when  ill-health 
compelled  his  return  to  Vienna  in  February,  1843. 
There  they  played  before  the  Empress,  and 
settled  as  music-teachers  ;  gave  several  concerts 
in  1851  ;  made  a  trip  to  Salzburg  in  1853,  again 
playing  before  the  Empress,  King  Ludwig  of 
Bavaria,  and  other  notabilities,  performing  some 
duos  for  guitar  and  pianoforte  of  their  own  com- 
position, and  giving  two  more  successful  con- 
certs.    After  this,  M.'s  health  failed  rapidly. 

*  Merz,  Karl.  Instead  of  the  last  sentence, 
read  as  follows  :  He  was  a  contributor  to  various 
periodicals  ;  his  collected  essays,  "  Music  and 
Culture,"  edited  by  his  son,  Dr.  Chas.  H.  Merz, 
were  publ.  at  Philadelphia,  1890. 

Mey,  Kurt  Johannes,  b.  Dresden,  June  24, 
1864;  settled  1894  in  Dresden. — Works:  "  Der 
Mcistergesang  in  Geschichteund  Kunst"(iSg2; 
revised  ed.  1901);  "  Die  Musik  alstonende  Welt- 
idee.  I.  Teil :  Die  metaphysischen  Urgesetze 
der  Melodik  "  (1901);  numerous  essays  in  the 
"  Bayreuther  Blatter,""  Wartburgstimmen,"  etc. 

*  Mey'erbeer.  Add  to  works  :  "  Fackeltanz  " 
for  military  band,  written  for  the  nuptials  of 
H.  R.  II.  Friedrich  Wilhelm  (Emperor  Friedrich 
III.)  and  Victoria,  Jan  25,  1858. 

*  Mey'er-Lutz,  Wilhelm,  died  Jan.  31, 
1903. 

*  Milanol'lo,  Teresa,  d.  Paris,  Oct.  25,  1904. 

*  Milde,  Hans  Feodor  von,  died  Weimar, 
Dec.  10,  1899. 

Mil'denberg,  Albert,  b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Jan.  13,  1S73.  Pupil  of  Joseffy  (pf.)  and  B.  O. 
Klein  and  C.  C.  Mailer  (comp.).  Has  written 
suites  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  other  instrumental  pieces, 
songs,  etc. 

*  Mil'locker,  Karl,  died  Baden,  near  Vienna, 
Dec.  31,  1899. 

Mlynar'ski,  Emil,  b.  Wirballen,  Poland,  July 
30,  1S70;  pupil  of  Leopold  Auerat  the  St.  Peters- 
burg Cons.;  from  1894-8  violin-teacher  at  the 
Odessa  Music-School;  1898  1st  Kapellm.  of  the 
Warsaw  Opera,  and  conductor  of  the  Philhar- 
monic Concerts,  resigning  the  former  position  in 
1901.  M.  has  published  many  violin-pieces  and 
songs;  he  won  the  Paderewski  prize  at  Leipzig 
in  1898  with  his  violin-concerto  in  D  minor. 

Mocquereau,  Dom  Andre,  b.  La  Tessouale, 
n.  Cholet  (Maine  et  Loire),  June  6,  1S49,  in  1875 
joined  the  order  of  Benedictines  at  the  Abbey  of 
Solesmes,  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
Gregorian  chorale  under  the  direction  of  Dom 
Pothier,  and  became  teacher  of  choral  singing 
in  the  Abbey.  Founder  (1889)  and  editor  of  the 
great  work  "  Paleographie  musicale",  published 
serially,  and  containing  photographic  facsimiles 
of  ancient  MSS.,  together  with  transcriptions  of 
the  neumes  into  nota  quadrata,  and  comprehen- 
sive essays  on  neume-notation.     The  following 


numbers  have  appeared  :  (I)  Codex  339  of  the 
St.  Gall  library,  "  Antiphonale  missarum  S. 
Gregorii  "  (10th  century),  with  a  general  Intro- 
duction, notes  on  the  St.  Gall  library,  a  description 
of  the  Codex,  and  the  essay  "  Origine  et  classe- 
ment  des  differentes  ecritures  neumatiques  "  ; — 
(II  and  III)  Responsorium  graduale  "Justus  ut 
palma  "  in  facsimile  after  MS.  antiphonaries  of 
the  gth-i7th  century,  together  with  the  essays  (1) 
on  "  Accent-bearing  Neumes  "  and  (2)  "  De  l'in- 
fluence  de  l'accent  tonique  latin  et  du  cursus 
sur  la  structure  melodique  et  rythmique  de  la 
phrase  gregorienne  :  A.  L'accent  tonique  et  la 
psalmodie  "  ; — (IV)  Codex  121  of  the  Einsiedeln 
library,  "Antiphonale  missarum  S.  Gregorii" 
(gth-ioth  century),  together  with  the  second  half 
of  the  essay  on  neumes,  B.  "  Le  cursus  et  la  psal- 
modie" ; — (V)  Codex  addit.  34209  of  the  British 
Museum,  "  Antiphonarium  Ambrosianum " 
(12th  century),  with  Introd.  and  description. — 
The  followingessayshave  been  printed  separately: 
"  De  l'influence  de  l'accent  tonique  .  .  .  sur  .  .  . 
la  phrase  gregorienne  "  (German  trans,  publ.  by 
Herder,  Freiburg)  ;  "  Origine  et  developpement 
de  la  notation  neumatique";  "  L'art  gregorien, 
son  but,  ses  precedes,  ses  caracteres  "  ;  "Petit 
traite  de  psalmodie";  "La  psalmodie  romaine 
et  l'accent  tonique  latin"  (1895);  "Notes  sur 
l'influence  de  l'accent  et  du  cursus  tonique  latins 
dans  le  chant  ambrosien  "  (1897)  ;  "  Methode  de 
chant  gregorien"  (1S99).  Of  these  essays 
RiEMANNsays:  "  The  method  of  the  Benedictine 
of  Solesmes  appears  to  be  the  sole  trustworthy 
one,  resting  as  it  does  on  a  judicious  maintenance 
of  tradition  upon  a  cautiously  broadened  founda- 
tion." 

Moffat,  Alfred  Edward,  b.  Edinburgh, 
Dec.  4,  1866.  Pupil  of  L.  Bussler  at  Berlin, 
1882-88  ;  composer,  residing  in  London  and 
Germany  in  turn. — Works  :  Cantatas  (f.  female 
or  children's  voices)  The  Passing  Yea?-,  The 
Dressing  of  the  Well,  The  Children  of  Samuel, 
A  Christmas  Dream  ;  album  often  trios  f.  female 
voices  ;  many  duets  and  duettinos  ;  12  sacred 
rounds  ;  8  books  of  school-songs  ;  songs,  etc. ; — 
a  pf. -quartet ;  pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.  (24  Pieces  ; 
Album  of  12  Pieces;  Album  of  6  Pieces);  pieces 
f.  'cello  and  pf.  (12  salon-pieces  ;  12  pieces  ;  a 
sonata)  ;  many  vocal  arrangements  ("  The  Min- 
strelsie  of  Scotland  ",  "  Folk-songs  of  England  ", 
etc.)  ;  also  instr.l  arrangements,  chiefly  of  classi- 
cal pieces. 

*  Moir,  Frank  Lewis,  died  Deal,  England, 
July  14,  1904.  He  was  best  known  as  a  song- 
composer  ;  "Only  once  more,"  and  "Best  of 
all,"  are  his  most  popular  numbers. 

Mol'lenhauer,  Emil,  son  of  Friedrich  M.;  b. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  4,  1855.  A  violinist,  he 
appeared  at  the  old  Niblo's  Garden,  New  York, 
in  his  ninth  year  ;  joined  the  orch.  of  Booth's 
Theatre  a  little  later,  and  when  about  16  entered 
Theodore  Thomas's  orch.  as  one  of  the  first 
violins,  remaining  here  some  8  years.  He  then 
joined   the    Damrosch    Orch.,  and  a  few   years 


680 


MONASTERIO— NEUVILLE 


[supplement 


later  became  a  member  of  the  Bijou  Th.  orch.  at 
Boston  ;  was  1st  violin  in  the  Boston  Symphony 
Orch.  1884-8,  then  assuming  the  conductorship 
of  the  Germania  and  Boston  Festival  Orchestras, 
touring  the  country  every  year  with  the  latter 
with  famousvocal  and  instrumental  soloists  (Calve, 
Nordica,  Melba  ;  Campanari,  Plancon,  Ben 
Davies  ;  Rummel,  Joseffy,  Ysaye,  Marteau). 
In  1899  he  was  elected  conductor  of  the  Boston 
Handel  and  Haydn  Society,  succeeding  Mr. 
Lang. 

*  Monaste'rio,  Gesu,  died  Santander,  Sept. 
28,  1903. — Chief  works  :  A  violin-concerto  ;  a 
coll.  of  etudes  and  miscellaneous  pieces  f.  violin; 
an  orch.l  Scherzo;  a  cantata  on  the  African  war, 
f.  ch.  and  orch.;  etc. 

*  Monk,  Edwin  George,  died  Radley,  Berk- 
shire, Jan.  3,  1900. — Add  to  works:  "Unison 
Chants  for  the  Psalter",  edited  with  Ouseley. — 
M.  was  organist  at  York  from  1858  (not  1859). 

*  Moszkwa.  The  more  usual  spelling  of  the 
name  given  as  Moszkva  in  this  Dictionary. 

*  Mozart.  Cf.  Pressel,  G.  A. — Mozart's 
German  operetta  Zaide  was  prod,  for  the  first 
time  at  the  Court  Opera,  Vienna,  Oct.  4,  1902. 
It  was  arranged  for  the  stage  by  the  writer 
Robert  Hirschfeld,  who  substituted  for  the  miss- 
ing overture  an  overture  in  G  major  written  by 
Mozart  at  the  same  period  as  the  operetta  ;  and 
for  the  missing  finale  added  a  chorus  from 
Mozart's  Konig  Thamos.  The  operetta  was 
warmly  applauded. — The  1st  edition  of  Nohl's 
biography  was  publ.  in  1863. — Mozart  wrote  no 
less  than  49  symphonies  :  8  in  C,  6  in  G,  15  in.D, 
3  in  A,  6  in  F,  4  in  BI7,  5  in  E|?,  and  2  in  G 
minor. 

*  Muf  fat,  Georg,  was  born  at  Schlettstadt. 

*  Muf'fat,  (August)  Gottlieb,  was  born  at 
Passau  in  1690  (baptized  April  25). 

*  Miil'ler,  Adolf,  died  Vienna,  Dec.  14,  1901. 

*  Miiller,  Richard,  d.  Leipzig,  Oct.  (?),  1904. 

*  Mu'siol,  R.  P.  J.,  died  Fraustadt,  Prov.  of 
Posen,  Oct.  18,  1903. — Add  to  biographies  that 
of  "  Hugo  Bri'ickler." 

*  Muzio,  Emanuele,  died  1890. 


N 


*  Nach'baur,  Franz,  died  Munich,  Mar.  21, 
1902.  He  created  the  parts  of  Walther  in  Die 
I\Ieistersinger  (Munich,  186S)  and  Froh  in  Das 
Rheingold  (Munich,  1869). 

*  Na'gel,  Dr.  Wilibald,  was  born  at  Miihl- 
heim-on-Ruhr,  Jan.  12,  1863.  A  pupil  of 
Ehrlich,  Spitta,  Bellermann,  etc.,  in  Berlin,  in 
1898  he  settled  in  Darmstadt  as  lecturer  on  mus. 
science  at  the  Technical  Academy.  As  Academi- 
cal Mus.  Dir.  he  conducts  the  Acad.  Singing 
Society  ;  is  also  a  ^successful  concert-pianist.  — 
Further  works  :  "  TJber  die  dramatisch-musika- 
lische      Bearbeitung     der     Genovefa-Legende " 


(1888) ;  "  Johannes  Brahms  "  (n.  d.);  "  Geschich- 
te  der  Musik  am  Darmstadter  llof  "  (1570-1800; 
in  preparation) ;  other  musico-historical  essays, 
etc.,  in  various  magazines. 

*  Napravnik,  Eduard.  His  birthyear  and 
birthplace  are  1838  and  BejiStg,  respectively. — 
Add  to  works  the  4-act  opera  Francesca  da 
Rimini;  4  symphonies  (No.  3,  in  E  minor,  is 
the  "  Demon  ") ;  string-quintet,  op.  19  ;  suite  f. 
orch.,  op.  49;  symphony-concerto  f.  pf.  vv.  orch., 
op.  27  ;  3  string-quartets  (op.  16,  28,  65);  1  pf.- 
quartet,  op.  42;  2  pf.-trios  (op.  24,  62);  orchestral 
music  (Triumph  overture,  op.  14  ;  Folk-dances, 
op.  20,  23  ;  Triumph  march,  op.  33  ;  Regiment 
march,  op.  38  ;  Dance-Suite,  op.  57  ;  Military 
march,  op.  72). 

Naval,  Franz,  lyric  tenor ;  b.  Laibach, 
Carniola,  Oct.  20,  1865  ;  pupil  of  Gansbacher  ; 
debut  at  Frankfort-on-Main  in  1888;  1895-98  at 
the  Berlin  Court  Opera  as  first  lyric  tenor  ; 
1898-1902  at  the  Vienna  Court  Opera.  Sang  in 
New  York  with  the  Conried  company  1903-4. 

Na'vratil,  Karl,  b.  Prague,  April  24,  1867; 
pupil  of  OndHcek  (violin)  and  G.  Adler  (theory); 
composer,  living  in  Prague. — Works  :  The  lyric 
drama  Hermann ;  opera  Salambo;  the  symphonic 
poems  "Der  weisse  Berg,"  "  Lipany,"  "  Jan 
Hus,"  "  Zizka,"  and  "  Zalco  ";  a  symphony  in 
G  minor  ;  a  pf. -concerto  in  F  minor  ;  a  violin- 
concerto  in  E  minor  ;  sonata  f.  viola  ;  male 
choruses;  songs;  a  biography  of  Smetana,  essays 
on  Hugo  Wolf,  etc. 

*  Neeb,  Heinrich,  wrote  4  operas,  the  last 
being  Rudolf  von  Habsbnrg. 

*  Nef,  Karl,  was  b.  in  St.  Gallen,  Aug.  22, 
1S73  i  studied  1S91-6  in  Leipzig  ;  since  1900, 
tutor  for  mus.  theory  at  the  Univ.  at  Basel. 

Neruda,  Franz,  brother  of  Wilma  M.  F. ;  b. 
Brtinn,  Dec.  3,  1843  ;  fine  violoncellist  ;  since 
1864  in  Copenhagen,  where  he  followed  Gade  in 
1892  as  cond.  of  the  Musical  Society. — Works  : 
An  orch.l  Suite  and  "  Slovakische  Marsche  "  f. 
orch.;  a 'cello-concerto  ;  string-quartets;  pieces 
f.  'cello,  piano-pieces,  organ-pieces,  songs.  He 
was  made  "  Professor"  in  1894. 

Neu'pert,  Edmund,  b.  Christiania,  April  1, 
1842 ;  d.  New  York,  June  22,  1888.  185S 
student,  later  teacher,  at  Kullak's  Acad,  in  Ber- 
lin; afterwards  he  taught  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  and 
in  i863  succeeded  Anton  Rees  as  pf.-teacher  at 
the  Copenhagen  Cons. ;  in  1881  he  followed  N. 
Rubinstein  as  principal  pf.-teacher  in  the  Moscow 
Cons.;  settled  1883  in  New  York,  where  he  soon 
made  a  reputation,  but  fell  a  victim  to  ill-health. 
An  excellent  concert-pianist,  his  instructive  pieces 
for  pf.  are  of  value  :  Technical  Studies  ;  Con- 
cert-Etudes, op.  17  ;  Octave  Studies,  op.  18  ; 
Studies  in  Style,  op.  19  and  20;  Poetical  Etudes, 
op.  25. 

Neuville,  Valentin,  b.  Rexpoede,  Belgium, 
in  1863  ;  pupil  of  the  Brussels  Cons. ;  organist 
at  the  Ch.  of  St.-Xizier,  Lyons. — Works  :  The 


6S1 


supplement] 


NEVIN— NOVOTNY 


operas  The  Four-leafed  Clover  ;  Tiphaine  (Ant- 
werp, 1899);  Madeleine  ;  V Aveugle  (1901)  ;  I.es 
Willis  (1902);  V  Enfant ;  oratorio  Notre  Dame 
de  Fourvieres  ;  2  symphonies,  2  string-quartets, 
pieces  f.  organ  and  f.  pf . ; — a  mass,  motets, 
songs,  etc. 

*  Nevin,  Ethelbert,  died  New  Haven, Conn., 
Feb.  17,  1901.  In  him  America  lost  a  song- 
composer  of  marked  individuality  and  power. — 
Add  to  works  the  song-cycles  "In  Arcady"  and 
"  The  Quest  of  Heart's  Desire." 

Nichols,  Marie,  violinist ;  b.  Chicago,  Oct. 
16,  1879.  Pupil  of  Emil  Mollenhauer  in  Boston 
till  1892;  then  studied  with  Halir  (Berlin)  and 
Debroux  (Paris).  Debut  at  the  old  Boston 
Music  Hall,  Nov.  12,  1899,  playing  Lalo's  Sym- 
phonic espagnole  with  the  Boston  Festival  Orch. ; 
also  toured  South  and  West  ;  abroad  she  has 
played  successfully  with  the  Berlin  Philharm. 
Orch.,  the  London  Queen's  Hall  Orch.  under  H. 
J.  Wood  (Bruch's  Serenade  op.  5;  Miss  Nichols 
was  the  first  lady  to  play  this  work  in  public)  ; 
also  in  Paris.    Tour  of  the  United  States  1903-4. 

Nielsen,  Carl,  Danish  composer  ;  b.  Norre- 
Lyndelse,  on  Fiinen,  June  9,  1865.  Member  of 
the  Copenhagen  court  orch. — Works  :  A  4-act 
opera,  Saul  and  David  (Copenhagen,  1902)  ; 
Ilymnus  amoris  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  C-minor  sym- 
phony, op.  7  ;  suite  f.  strings,  op.  1  ;  string- 
quartets  (op.  5,  op.  13,  op.  14)  ;  violin-sonata, 
op.  9  ;  fantasia  f.  oboe  and  clar.,  op.  2  ;  piano- 
pieces,  songs. 

*  Nie'tzsche,  Friedrich  (Wilhelm),  died  in- 
sane at  Weimar,  Aug.  25,  1900. — Biographies  by 
Elisabeth  Forster-Nietzsche  (2  vol.s:  1895,  1897); 
Th.  Achelis(i8g5);  Eugen  Kretzer(i8g5);  Rudolf 
Steiner  (1895).— "  The  Case  of  Wagner"  [Der 
Fall  Wagner]  is  publ.  in  English  (New  York 
and  London,  1896). 

*  Nik'isch.  Biography  by  F.  Pfohl,  "Nikisch 
als  Mensch  und  Kiinstler ",  in  the  series 
"Moderne  Musiker." 

*  Nohl.  The  1st  edition  of  his  "  Mozarts 
Leben  "  was  publ.  in  1S63  ;  the  1st  German  ed. 
of  "  Beethoven  nach  den  Schilderungen  seiner 
Zeitgenossen "  was  publ.  in  1877,  its  1st  Eng- 
lish ed.  appearing  in  London,  1880. 

*  Nordica,  Lillian,  was  born  May  12,  1859. — 
Season  of  1904-5  at  the  Metr.  Opera  House, 
New  York. 

Nord'qvist,  Johan  Conrad,  Swedish  com- 
poser ;  b.  Venersborg,  April  II,  1840.  Resides 
in  Stockholm. — Works:  Ballet-music,  orchestral 
pieces,  piano-pieces,  choruses,  songs,  etc. 

Nord'raak,  Rikard,  b.  Christiania,  June  12, 
1842  ;  d.  Berlin,  Mar.  20,  1876.  Pupil  of  Kiel 
and  Kullak  ;  composer  of  strong  Scandinavian 
tendency  (ef.  Grieg). — Works:  Music  to  Bjorn- 
son's  Marie  Stuart  in  Scotland,  and  Sigurd 
Slembe ;  also  national  songs  and  choruses,  and 
piano-pieces. 

Nor'ris,  Homer  Albert,  b.  Wayne,  Maine, 


i860.  Tupil  of  Marston  ;  graduate  of  N.  E. 
Cons.,  Boston  (Turner,  Emery,  Chadwick)  ; 
studied  4  years  in  Paris  under  Guilmant,  Dubois, 
Godard  and  Gigout  (chiefly  comp.  and  theory). 
Organist  at  Lewiston  and  Portland,  Me. ;  then 
at  the  Ruggles  St.  Baptist  Ch.,  Boston,  for  12 
years  ;  from  Easter,  1904,  org.  and  choirmaster 
at  St.  George's  Ch.,  New  York. — Works: 
"  Practical  Harmony  on  a  French  Basis"  ;  "  The 
Art  of  Counterpoint"  ; — Walt  Whitman's  "  The 
Flight  of  the  Eagle",  for  soprano,  tenor  and 
baritone  ;  about  60  sacred  and  secular  songs. 

No'vacek,  Ottokar  (Eugen),  talented  violin- 
ist and  composer;  b.  Fehertemplom  (Ungarisch- 
Weisskirchen),  Hun- 
gary, May  13,  1866  ; 
d.  New  York,  Feb.  3, 
1900.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  Martin  Jos. 
N.,  and  up  to  1SS0 
played  often  in  pub- 
lic ;  1880-3,  pupil  of 
Dont  in  Vienna;  then 
studied  in  the  Leip- 
zig Cons,  under 
Schradieck  and  Brod- 
sky,  graduating  1885 
with  the  Mendelssohn 
prize.  H  e  also  played 
in  the  Gewandhaus, 
and  joined  the  Brodsky  Quartet  as  2d  violin  (later 
viola).  In  1900  his  E  minor  quartet  (No.  1)  was 
produced  by  them.  Next  year  he  entered  the 
Boston  Symphony  Orch.  (under  Nikisch) ;  from 
1892-3  he  was  solo  viola  in  the  Damrosch  Orch., 
New  York,  and  likewise  in  the  revived  Brodsky 
Quartet;  also  a  member  for  a  time  of  the  Metro- 
politan Opera  House  orchestra.  About  1S99 
weakness  of  the  heart  caused  his  retirement,  but 
he  still  composed  zealously  till  shortly  before  his 
decease. — Publ.  works  :  Three  remarkable 
string-quartets,  No.  1  E  minor,  No.  2  E[>,  No. 
3  C  (posthumous) ;  concerto  f .  pf .  (played  by 
Busoni)  ;  2  Concert  Caprices  f.  pf.;  8  ditto  f. 
vln.  w.  pf. ;  Bulgarian  Dances  f.  vln.  w.  pf. ; 
Perpetuum  mobile  f.  vln.  w.  orch.;  Air  f.  vln.  w. 
pf. ;  6  Songs  (Tolstoi). — His  works  show  great 
originality  in  form  and  conception;  yet,  new  and 
bold  as  his  harmonic  schemes  appear,  they  are 
naturally  and  logically  developed  from  the  under- 
lying ideas.  The  instrumentation  abounds  in 
strikingly  novel  effects. 

Novak,  Vitezslav,  b.  Kamenitz  an  der 
Linde,  Bohemia,  Dec.  5,  1870  ;  pupil  of  Prague 
Cons.;  teacher  in  Prague. — Works:  Symph. 
poem  "  Auf  der  hohen  Tatra  "  ;  "  Slovakische 
Suite";  overture  "Marysa";  chamber-music, 
pf. -pieces,  choruses,  songs. 

Novotny,  Wenzel,  b.  Pocaterl,  Bohemia, 
Sept.  17,  1S49  ;  pupil  of  Prague  Organ-School 
(Skuhersky)  ;  for  many  years  editor  of  the  Bo- 
hemian musical  paper  "Dalibor";  comp.  of 
pieces  for  violin,  and  songs ;  made  a  large  col- 
lection of  Bohemian  folk-songs. 


682 


NOWOWIEJSKI— PEARCE 


[supplement 


Nowowiejski,  Felix,  b.  Wartenburg,  1875  ; 
pupil  of  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  and  the  Church- 
music  School  at  Ratisbon  ;  later  in  the  "  Aka- 
demische  Meisterschule,"  Berlin,  where  he  won 
the  Meyerbeer  prize  in  1901  with  an  8-part 
double  fugue,  an  overture,  and  the  oratorio  Der 
verlorene  Sohn.  Other  works  of  note  are  2 
symphonies,  and  the  oratorio  Quo  vadis,  after 
Sienkewicz. 

Nuitter,  pen-name  of  Charles-Louis-Iiti- 
enne  Truinet;  b.  Paris,  April  24,  1828;  died 
there  Mar.  (?),  1S99.  Originally  a  lawyer,  he 
became  custos  of  the  Opera  archives  and  a  writer 
for  the  stage ;  author  of  a  great  many  lyric 
poems,  vaudevilles  and  ballets,  operettas,  etc. — 
Wrote  book  of  Duvernoy's  Helle ;  translated 
Weber's  Oberon  and  Preciosa,  Bellini's  Romeo  e 
Giulielta,  Wagner's  Rienzi,  Hollander,  Tann- 
hduser  and  Lohengrin,  Mozart's  Zauberjlbte,  etc. 


*  Oakeley,  Sir  H.  S.,  died  Eastbourne,  Engl., 
Oct.  26,  1903. 

*Ochsenkuhn,  Sebastian,  was  born  Feb.  6, 
1521. 

*  O'denwald,  R.  T.,  died  Hamburg,  April  22, 
1899. 

Olit'zka,  Rosa,  dramatic  alto  ;  b.  Berlin, 
Sept.  6,  1873.  Pupil  of  Mme.  Artot  and  Julius 
Hey.  After  engagements  at  Briinn  and  Ham- 
burg, she  sang  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  and 
in  New  York,  St.  Petersburg,  etc. 

d'Ollone,  Max,  b.  Besancon,  June  13,  1875; 
pupil  of  Lavignac,  Massenet  and  Lenepveu  at 
the  Paris  Cons.  1892-7,  graduating  with  the 
Grand  prix  de  Rome.  Besides  some  chamber- 
music,  he  has  produced  a  cantate,  Frede'gonde  ; 
a  lyric  scene,  Jeanne  d'Arc  a  Domre'my ;  and 
songs. 

Orth,  John,  b.  near  Auuweiler,  Bavaria.  His 
parents  settled  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  when  he  was 
a  year  old  ;  at  8  he  began  study  under  his 
father,  took  an  organ  at  12,  and  from  16  to  20 
studied  and  taught  in  Boston,  earning  money  to 
continue  study  in  Germany  for  5  years  under 
Kullak,  Lebert,  Pruckner,  Deppe  and  Liszt 
(pf.),  and  Faisst,  Weitzmann,  Kiel,  and  P. 
Scharwenka  (comp.).  Since  1875  in  Boston  as 
pianist  and  teacher.  In  1883  he  married  his 
pupil,  Lizette  E.  Blood  [known  as  L.  E.  Orth, 
composer  of  songs,  pf. -pieces,  and  the  successful 
operettas  Mother  Goose's  Jubilee  and  The  Song 
of  the  Sea-shell]. — His  own  published  composi- 
tions number  about  50  pf. -pieces  in  14  opus- 
numbers,  chiefly  graceful  salon-music. 

Orth,  L.  E.     See  Orth,  John,  preceding. 

*  Otto,  Franz,  died  Mannheim  (not  May- 
ence). 


Pachulski,  Heinrich,  Russian  pianist ;  b. 
Lasa,  Govt,  of  Sedletz,  Oct.  16,  1859.  Pupil  of 
Strobl  and  Zelenski  at  Warsaw  ;  of  Taneieff 
(comp.),  N.  Rubinstein  and  Pabst  at  the  Moscow 
Cons.,  where  he  has  taught  since  1886. — Works: 
An  orch.l  suite,  op.  13  ;  fantasia  f.  pf.  w.  orch., 
op.  12  ;  pf. -sonata,  op.  10  ;  concert-studies  f. 
pf. ,  op.  7  ;  fine  pf. -arrangements  of  Tchaikov- 
sky's orchestral  works  ;  soli  for  various  instru- 
ments ;  songs. 

*  Pa'cius  antedates  Sibelius  as  the  composer 
of  the  "first  Finnish  opera",  having  produced 
Kung  Carls  jakt  at  Helsingfors  in  1852  (not 
IS54). 

*  Paderew'ski.  Biography  in  German,  by 
Nossig,  is  publ.  in  the  series  "  Beruhmte  Musi- 
ker  "  (Leipzig  ;  n.  d.). 

Page,  Nathan  Clifford,  b.  San  Francisco, 
Oct.  26,  1866.  Pupil  of  Edgar  S.  Kelley.— 
Works  :  2  operas,  Villiers,  and  [?]  (San  Fran- 
cisco, 1887);  incidental  music  to  Moonlight  Blos- 
som (London,  1S9S);  Village  Suite  f.  orch.;  suite 
"Caprice"  f.  orch.,  in  5  movements;  etc. 

Panz'ner,  Karl,  b.  Teplitz,  Bohemia,  Mar. 
2,  1866  ;  studied  in  the  Dresden  Cons.,  and  was 
Kapellm.  successively  at  the  theatres  in  Sonders- 
hausen,  Elberfeld,  and  Bremen;  from  1893-9, 
first  Kapellm.  at  the  Leipzig  City  Th.;  then 
assumed  a  similar  position  at  Bremen,  also  suc- 
ceeding G.  Schumann  as  conductor  of  the 
Bremen  Philharmonic 

*  Pap'peritz,  Robert,  died  Leipzig,  Sept.  29, 
1903. 

Parki'na,  stage-name  of  Elizabeth  Parkin- 
son, lyric  soprano  ;  born  in  Southern  Missouri, 
May,  1881  ;  taught  by  Mrs.  Layton  at  Kansas 
City  ;  went  in  1899  to  Paris  and  studied  with 
Mme.  Mathilde  Marchesi.  Engaged  at  the 
Opera-Comique  in  1902;  debut  in  the  title-role  of 
the  opera  Lakme ;  engaged  for  opera-season  of 
1904  at  Covent  Garden,  and  for  a  concert-tour  in 
Australia  in  January-March,  1905. 

*  Parratt,  Sir  Walter.  A  sympathetic  ten- 
page  description  of  his  career  will  be  found  in 
the  London  "  Musical  Times  "  for  July,  1902. 

Parratt,  Henry  Lister,  b.  Huddersfield, 
Engl.,  Sept.  17,  1834,  died  there  Feb.  15,  1904. 
A  pupil  of  Dr.  E.  J.  Hopkins,  he  held  the  post 
of  organist  at  the  Huddersfield  Parish  Ch.  for 
nearly  42  years.  He  was  a  brother  of  Sir  Walter 
Parratt. 

*  Parry,  Joseph,  died  Penarth,  near  Cardiff, 
Feb.  17,  1903. 

*  Pat'ti,  Adelina,  states  in  the  Philadelphia 
"Saturday  Evening  Post"  for  Aug.  S,  1903, 
that  she  owed  her  entire  musical  education  to 
Ettore  Barili. — Farewell  concert-tourof  America, 
1903-4. 

*  Pearce,  Dr.  S.  Austen,  died  Jersey  City, 
April  9,  1900. 


6S3 


scpplement] 


PEDRELL— PROCHAZKA 


*  Pedrell',  Felipe,  was  born  at  Tortosa, 
Spain,  Feb.  19,  1841.  A  self-taught  musician. 
— Operas  :  El  ultimo  Abencerrajo  (Barcelona, 
1874);  Quasimodo  (ibid.,  1875):  El  Tasso  d 
Eerrara,  Cleopatra,  and  Mazeppa  (all  three  at 
Madrid,  18S1) ;  also  the  trilogy  Los  Pirineos 
(Barcelona,  Jan  4,  1902  ;  successful). — In  line  4 
of  main  article,  "  Illustracion"  should  be  spelled 
"  Ilustracion." 

*  Petersilea,  Carlyle,  died  at  Tropico,  near 
Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  June  11,  1903.  He  had 
lived  in  California  for  11  years. 

*  Pfeil,  Heinrich,  died  Leipzig,  April  17, 
1899.  He  edited  the  "  Sangerhalle  "  until  1887  ; 
his  writings  include  an  "  Abriss  der  Musikge- 
schichte  ",  a  "  Tonkunstlermerkbuchlein  ",  etc. 
His  numerous  male  choruses  were  popular. 

*  Pfitz'ner,  Hans  (Erich).  Pamphlet  life- 
sketch  by  Cossmann  (1904  ;  unreliable). 

*  Piat'ti,  C.  A.,  died  Bergamo,  July  19, 
1901.  Sketch  of  his  career  in  the  London  "  Mus. 
Times"  for  Aug.,  1901. — His  first  London  ap- 
pearance was  at  an  "  Annual  Grand  Morning 
Concert"  given  by  Mrs.  Anderson  (Queen 
Victoria's  piano-teacher),  May  31,  1S44.  From 
1859-97  he  played  in  the  Monday  and  Saturday 
Popular  Concerts. 

*  Piccolo'mini,  Maria,  died  near  Florence, 
Dec.  (?),  1899. 

*  Piut'ti,  Carl,  died  Leipzig,  June  17,  1902. 
Plancon,    Pol   (-Henri),   excellent   dramatic 

bass  ;  b.  Fumay,  Ardennes,  France,  June  12, 
1854.  Trained  by  Duprez,  later  by  Sbriglia, 
who  "placed"  his  voice  as  it  is  to-day  (March, 
1904).  Debut  as  St.-Bris  in  Les  Huguenots  at 
Lyons,  where  he  remained  two  years,  then  going 
to  Paris  for  the  opening  of  the  Lamoureux  Con- 
certs ;  next  year  he  entered  the  Grand  Opera, 
where  he  sang  for  ten  years,  having  given 
Mephistopheles  in  Gounod's  Faust  100  times, 
and  having  at  command  all  the  current  bass  roles 
excepting  that  of  Bertram  in  Robert.  In  1893 
he  left  the  Opera  to  sing  in  grand  opera  in  New 
York,  etc.,  where  he  is  still  a  prime  favorite. — 
He  has  also  served  during  13  consecutive  seasons 
at  Covent  Garden,  London. 

*  Planquette,  Robert,  died  Paris,  Jan.  28, 
1903. 

*  Plante,  Francois,  died  Perigueux,  July  (?), 
1S9S. 

Podbert/sky,  Theodor,  favorite  composer  for 
men's  voices  ;  b.  Munich,  Nov.  16,  1846  ;  con- 
ductor of  the  Munich  "  Mannergesangverein  " 
and  "Das  neue  Bavaria." — Works:  "Am 
Chiemsee  "  ;  "  Friedrich  Rothbart  "  ;  "  Konig 
Erich  "  ;  etc. 

Poiree,  (Elie-Emile-)  Gabriel,  b.  Villeneuve 
St. -Georges,  Seine  et  Oise,  Oct.  9,  1850,  writes 
for  various  papers,  is  librarian  of  the  Ste. -Gene- 
vieve library,  and  has  publ.  "  L'evolution  de  la 
musique  "  (1S84),  an  essay  on  "  Tannhauser  " 
(1895;  with  Alf.   Ernst),  "  Essais  de  technique 


et  d'esthetique  musicales"  (No.  I,  Wagner's 
"  Meistersinger  "  [1898]  ;  No.  2,  '  Etude  sur  le 
discours  musical  "  [1899J). 

*  Poisot,  Charles  (-£mile),  died  Dijon, 
Mar.  (?),  1904. 

*  Pole,  William,  died  London,  Dec.  30, 1900. 

*  Polido'ro,  Federigo,  d.  S.  Giorgia  a  Cre- 
mano,  near  Naples,  Aug.  14,  1903. 

*  PolTitzer,  Adolf,  died  London,  Nov.  14, 
1900. 

Pomasanski,  Ivan  Alexandrovitch,  born 
near  Kiev,  April  11,  184S  ;  pupil  of  St.  Peters- 
burg Cons.;  since  1868  harpist  and  chorus-con- 
ductor at  the  Imperial  Opera. — Works  :  A  can- 
tata, Samsons  Death;  a  "Russian  Overture"; 
numerous  attractive  songs  ;  pf. -pieces. 

*  Ponchard,  L.-  A.-  E.  A  biography  by 
Mereaux  was  published  at  Paris,  1866. 

Popov,  Ivan  Gregorovitch,  Russian  com- 
poser ;  dir.  of  a  music-school  in  Stavropol, 
Caucasus,  since  1900  ;  was  born  in  1859  at  Eka- 
terinodar,  and  studied  in  the  Moscow  Philharm. 
School. — Numerous  orchestral  works. 

*  Porges,  H.,  died  Munich,  Nov.  17,  1900. — 
From  about  18S0  until  his  decease  he  was  musi- 
cal critic  for  the  Munich  "  Neueste  Nachrichten." 

Pottgiesser,  Karl,  b.  Dortmund,  Aug.  8, 
1861  ;  pupil  of  H.  Riemann  at  Hamburg  1SS7- 
90  ;  living  in  Munich  as  a  composer. — Works  : 
The  opera  Heimkehr  (Cologne,  1903);  "  Fest- 
spiel "  Das  Nibelungenlied  (1892);  musical 
comedy  Aldegevers  Erben ;  male  and  mixed 
choruses,  songs,  etc. 

*  Pra'ger,  F.C.W.  The  editions  of  "Wagner 
as  I  Knew  Him"  were  publ.  in  London,  1885, 
and  New  York,  1892. 

Prevo'sti,  Franzeschina,  dramatic  soprano  ; 
b.  Leghorn,  1866.  Pupil  of  Ronconi  at  Milan  ; 
her  debut  as  Violetta  in  La  Traviata  was  soon 
followed  by  European  tours  ;  since  1890  she  has 
had  much  success  in  Germany. 

*  Prey'er,  Gottfried  von,  died  Vienna,  May 
9,  1901.  He  was  ennobled  by  the  Emperor  in 
1893. 

Prochaz'ka,  Rudolf,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Prague, 
Feb.  23,  1864.  Pupil  of  Griinberger  and  Fibich. 
Song-composer  ("  Der  Wirthin  Tochterlein," 
"  Zu  spat  !  ",  "  Ein  Voglein  hat  gesungen," 
Skizzen,  Schumanniana,  Schicksalsfrage,  "  Die 
Nacht  war  schon  ")  ;  also  choruses  for  mixed 
voices,  and  f.  men's  voices,  e.g.,  "  Die  Palmen  " 
f.  soprano,  male  ch.  and  orch.  ;  a  "  Mystery", 
C/iristus ;  the  operas  Das  Gluck  (Vienna,  1897) 
and  Klytemnestra ;  orchestral  and  chamber- 
music. — Writings:  "Robert  Franz"  (1894: 
Reclam) ;  "Mozart  in  Prag"  (1892);  "Die 
bohmischen  Musikschulen  "  (1891)  ;  "  Versuch 
einer  Reform  der  deutschen  Lyrik  "  (1890); 
"  Arpeggien  :  Musikalisches  aus  alten  und  neuen 
Tagen "  (1897);  "  Johann  Strauss"  (1900). — 
Biography  by  K.  Hunnius  (1903). 


6S4 


PRUFER— REICHMANN 


[supplement 


Prii'fer,  Arthur,  b.  Leipzig,  July  7,  i860; 
law-student,  taking  degree  of  Dr.  jur.  in  1886  ; 
then  went  over  to  music,  studying  in  Leipzig 
and  Berlin,  taking  degree_of  Dr.  phil.  (Leipzig) 
with  the  dissertation  "  Uber  den  ausserkirch- 
lichen  Kunstgesang  in  den  evangelischen  Schulen 
des  16.  Jahrhunderts";  habilitated  1895  as  lec- 
turer at  Leipzig  Univ.  with  the  essay  "  Johann 
Hermann  Schein";  1902  as  prof,  extraordinary, 
with  the  lecture  "J.  S.  Bach  und  die  Tonkunst 
des  19.  Jahrhunderts  ".  Further  publications 
are  the  "  Brief wechsel "  between  Winterfeld  and 
Eduard  Kriiger  (1898) ;  lectures  on  the  Biihnen- 
festspiele  at  Bayreuth  (1899) ;  20  selected  secular 
songs  by  Schein  (1900)  ;  Schein's  Complete 
Works  (Vol.  i,  1901,  containing  the  "  Venus- 
kriintzlein"  and  "  Banchelto  musicale";  Vol.  ii 
in  press) ;  also  selected  instrumental  works  of 
Schein. 

Puchal'ski,  Vladimir  Vjatcheslavitch, 
Russian  pianist ;  b.  Minsk,  April  2,  1848;  taught 
by  Leschetizky,  Johannsen  and  Zaremba  at  the 
St.  Petersburg  Cons. ;  since  1876  director  of  the 
Kiev  Music-School. — Works:  An  opera,  Valeria; 
a  "Little-Russian  Fantasy"  f.  orch.,  op.  9;  a 
Liturgy;  pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

*  Pu'chat,  Max,  was  born  Jan.  8,  1859. 
Pychow'ski,  Jan  Nepomucene,  b.  Grazen 

(Nowry  Hrady),  Bohemia,  April  8,  1818  ;  d. 
Hoboken,  N.  J.,  Mar.  18,  1900.  Pianist  and 
teacher  ;  a  pupil  for  one  year  of  Prague  Cons. ; 
later  (for  4  years)  of  Tomaschek  at  Prague. 
Went  to  New  York  in  1850;  had  lived  in  Hoboken 
since  1855.  He  publ.  in  New  York  a  "Grand 
Sonata  for  violin  and  pf.",  op.  8  (Schuberth  & 
Co..  27S8)  ;  fine  pf.-trio  and  many  other  comp.s 
in  MS. 

*  Pyne,  Louisa  Fanny,  died  Cambridge 
Gardens  (London),  Mar.  20,  1904. 


*  Rachmani'noff,     Sergei     Vassilievitch, 

excellent  pianist  and  gifted  composer  ;  b.  Govt, 
of  Novgorod,  Russia,  April  2  (N.S.),  1873. 
Pupil  1882-5  of  Demjanski  in  St.  Petersburg 
Cons.;  1885-91,  in  Moscow  Cons.,  of  Siloti  (pf.) 
and  Taneieff  and  Arenski  (comp.),  winning  the 
great  gold  medal  ;  after  some  concert-giving, 
he  was  eng.  in  1899  by  the  London  Philharm. 
Soc.  as  pianist,  conductor  and  composer.  In 
1902  he  played  in  the  Vienna  Symphony  Con- 
certs ;  since  1903  he  has  taught  in  the  Moscow 
Marien-Inst.  for  girls. — Works  :  The  r-act 
opera  Aleko  (Moscow,  1893  ;  succ.);  a  symphony, 
op.  13  ;  Caprice  bohemienne  f.  orch.,  op.  12  ; 
"  Der  Felsen,"  fantasia  f.  orch.;  2  pf.-concertos  ; 
a  pf.-trio  ;  sonata  f.  'cello w.  pf.;  2  pieces  f.  do.; 
2  pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf . ;  2  suites  f.  2  pf.s  ;  6 
pieces  f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  various  pf. -pieces  ;  songs 
(op.  4,  8,  14,  17);  etc. 

*  Rappol'di,    Eduard,    died    Dresden,    May 

16,  1907 


*  Rau'scher,  Max,  died  Pfarring,  March  14, 
1895. 

*  Raymond-Ritter,  F.,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land, "  by  Avon  water."     She  died  in  188?. 

*  Rea,  Dr.  William,  died  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne,  Engl.,  Mar.  8,  1903. 

*  Re'bicek,  Josef,  died  Berlin,  March  24, 
1904.  A  symphony  in  D  minor  was  his  chief 
composition. 

Re'bikoff,  Vladimir  Ivanovitch,  b.  Krasno- 
jarsk,  Siberia,  June  1  (N.  S.),  1866.  At  first  a 
pupil  of  the  Moscow  Cons.,  he  studied  later  in 
Berlin  (cpt. ,  with  M  tiller)  and  Vienna;  thence 
went  to  Odessa,  where  he  prod,  the  2-act  opera 
WGrozu  [In  the  Thunderstorm]  in  1894.  Re- 
moving'to  KishinefT  in  1898,  he  founded  a  branch 
of  the  Imp.  Russ.  Mus.  Soc. ;  in  1901  he  returned 
to  Moscow.  The  works  of  his  "first  period" 
are  pleasing  and  poetical,  without  striking  origi- 
nality: op.  1  and  4,  songs ;  op.  2  (6  pf. -pieces),  op. 
5  (7  do.),  op.  6  (4  do.),  op.  7  (16  short  pf.-pes., 
"Autumn  Reveries"), op.  9("Autourdu  monde," 
f.  pf.);  with  op.  10  ("  Esquisses"  for  piano)  he 
enters  a  new  field.  He  declared  music  to  be  the 
"  language  of  emotion,"  and  thus,  as  "  our  feel- 
ings have  no  prepared  and  conventional  forms  and 
terminations,  music  should  give  them  correspond- 
ing expression."  Hence  his  disregard  of  set 
forms,  his  weird  harmonies  and  dissonant  closes; 
he  is,  in  fact,  a  leading  light  of  modern  musical 
decadence.  Nevertheless,  his  compositions  are 
musically  of  value.  In  the  "  Melomimiques  " 
for  piano  he  has  bared  a  new  vein  (op.  n  and  17). 
Other  pf. -comp.s  are  op.  13  (suite),  op.  15,  op. 
22  ("  Esclavage  et  liberte  ;  Tableau  musical- 
psycologique  "),  op.  24  (Chansons  du  creur  "), 
op.  25  ("  Aspirer  et  atteindre  ",  and  "  Tristesse, 
Etude  musicale-psycologique  ");  besides  numer- 
ous songs,  an  arrangement  for  the  stage  of 
Kryloff's  Fables  (36  numbers,  w.  pf.-accomp.), 
2  short  orchestral  suites,  and  the  i-act  opera 
The  Fir-tree. 

*  Reb'ling,  Gustav,  died  Magdeburg,  Jan, 
9,  1902. 

*  Reb'ling,  Friedrich,  died  Leipzig,  Oct. 
15,  1900. 

*  Redhead,  Richard,  died  Hellingly,  Sussex, 
Engl.,  April  24,  1901. — He  was  born  Mar.  1, 
1820. 

*  Reeves,  John  Sims,  died  Worthing,  Oct. 
25,  1900.  — His  autobiography  is  entitled  "  My 
Jubilee,  or  Fifty  Years  of  Artistic  Life  "(Lon- 
don, 1889). 

*  Rei'chardt,  Johann  Friedrich.  A  new 
biography  byW.  Pauli  (1903)  supersedes  Schlet- 
terer's  work. 

*Rei'chel,  A.  H.  J.,  died  Berne,  Mar.  4, 
1896. 

*  Reich'mann,  Theodor,  died  Marbach, 
Lake  of  Constance,  May  22,  1903. — According 
to  the  Leipzig  "  Signale",  he  joined  the  Vienna 


O85 


supplement] 


REIMANN— ROWBOTHAM 


Court  Opera  in   18S3  {not  18S2).      Me  sang  in 
New  York  also  in  the  season  of  1890-91. 

*  Rei'mann,  Heinrich,  is  organist  at  the 
Kaiser  Wilhelm-Gedachtnisskirche  {not  Gnaden- 
kirche). 

*  Rei'necke,  Carl.  A  biography  by  v. 
Wasielewsky  :  "  C.  R.,  sein  Leben,  Wirken 
und  Schaffen,"  was  publ.  in  Leipzig  (n.  d.)  ; 
also  a  sketch  by  E.  Segnitz,  in  the  series 
"  Moderne  Musiker"  (Leipzig,  n.d.). 

Rein'hold,  Hugo,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  3,  1854. 
Choir-boy  at  the  Court  Chapel  ;  pupil  of  the 
Cons,  till  1874.  Talented  composer. — Works: 
"  Praeludium,  Menuett  und  Fuge "  f.  orch.; 
suite  f.  pf.  and  strings;  string-quartet  (op.  18); 
pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

*  Reiss'mann,  August,  died  Berlin,  Dec. 
if  i9°3- 

Reiter,  Josef,  composer;  b.  Braunau-on-the- 
Inn,  Jan.  19,  1862;  since  1866  teacher  in  Vienna, 
where  friends  formed  a  "  Josef  Reiter- Verein  " 
in  1899  to  promote  his  music. — Works  :  Operas 
Der  Bundschnh  (performed),  Klopstock  in 
Zurich,  Frithjof,  and  Der  Totentanz  von 
Neisse  ;  symphonies,  overtures,  chamber-music; 
cantatas,  male  choruses,  ballads,  songs  ;  piano- 
pieces  ;  etc.  [Cf.  "J.  R.  Eine  Studie,"  by 
Max  Morold  (Vienna,   1904).] 

*  Rhein'berger,  Joseph,  died  Munich,  Nov. 

25,  1901. 

*Rice,  Fenelon  B.,  died  Oberlin,  Ohio,  Oct. 

26,  1901. 

Risler,  lidouard,  excellent  pianist,  b.  Alsa- 
tia,  1873  I  from  1883-90  pupil  of  Diemer  and 
Dubois  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  later  of  d'Albert. 
Successful  concert-tours  throughout  Europe. 

*  Robyn,  Alfred  G.,  has  written  three  operas 
and  six  operettas,  all  of  which  have  been  perf. 
on  the  public  stage. 

Rodenberg,  Julius,  b.  Rodenberg,  June  26, 
1821,  the  founder  of  the  "  Deutsche  Rund- 
schau," wrote  the  libretti  for  Jean  Bott's  Adda, 
das  Mddchen  von  Korinth,  and  Rubinstein's 
Feramors  ;  also  numerous  delicate  lyrics,  which 
have  been  set  by  various  composers. 

*  Roger,  Victor,  died  Paris,  Dec.  2/3,  1903. 
— Among  his  most  successful  stage-works  were 
Josephine  vendue  par  ses  sceurs,  Les  donze 
fannies  de  Japhet,  V Auberge  du  Tohu-Bohu, 
Le  Fetiche  and  the  very  amusing  Les  Fetards. 
He  left,  quite  finished,  the  scores  of  La  Fille  de 
Fra  Diavolo,  La  Princesse  de  Babylone,  and 
Ad/laide.  He  edited  the  "  Courrier  des  Thea- 
tres" in  the  "  Petit  Journal";  and  was  a  Cheva- 
lier of  the  Legion  of  Honor. — His  birthday  is 
given  by  " Le  Menestrel"  (No.  49,  1903)  as  July 
22,  1853. 

Rogers,  James  Hotchkiss,  b.  Fair  Haven, 
Conn.,  Feb.,  1857.  Studied  1875-S0  in  Berlin 
under  Loeschhorn  and  Ehrlich  (pf.),  Rohde 
(theory  and  organ),  and  Haupt  (organ)  j  in  Paris 


under  Fissot  (pf.),  Guilmant  (organ),  and  Widor 
(theory);  settled  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1881, 
where  at  present  (1904)  he  is  organist  of  the 
Scovill  Ave.  Temple  and  Unity  Church.  Has 
publ.  over  ioocomp.s:  A  Lenten  cantata,  "The 
Man  of  Nazareth";  an  Easter  cantata,  "The 
New  Life";  also  anthems,  secular. part-songs, 
songs,  pf. -pieces,  and  studies  for  pf. 

*  Root,  G.  F.  His  autobiography,  "The 
Story  of  a  Musical  Life",  was  publ.  Cincinnati, 
1891. 

Ropartz,  J.  Guy,  b.  Guingamp,  France. 
June  15,  1864.  He  deserted  the  practice  of  the 
law  to  enter  the  Paris  Cons.,  studying  under 
Dubois  and  Massenet  ;  left  them  for  Cesar 
Franck.  Director  of  Nancy  Cons,  in  1893  ;  also 
conducts  the  symphonic  concerts  there. — Works: 
Incid.  music  to  Loti's  Pecheitr  d'Islande  (1893)  ; 
2  symphonies;  2  suites;  a  fantaisie,  "Les 
Landes";  "Cinq  pieces  breves";  "  Dimanche 
Breton";  suite  "Carnaval";  symph.  impromptu 
"  Le  Convoi  du  fermier  ";  and  a  Festival  March 
(all  f.  orch.); — serenade  f.  strings  ;  string-quar- 
tet ;  Adagio  f.  'cello  and  orch. ;  Lamento  f.  oboe 
w.  orch.;  Quatre  poemes  (Heine)  f.  baritone  w. 
orch.;  Priere  f.  do  ;  Psalm  136  f.  ch.,  org.  and 
orch.;  "Les  Fileuses  de  Bretagne  "  f.  female 
voices  ;  church-music  ;  pieces  f.  org.;  pf. -pieces  ; 
songs  ;  etc. 

Rosch,  Friedrich,  b.  Memmingen,  Dec.  12, 
1862.  Law-student  at  Munich  ;  music-pupil  of 
Wohlmuth  and  Rheinberger,  and  conductor  of 
the  Academical  Singing  Society  ;  gave  up  the 
law  in  1888,  and  lived  in  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg, 
and  Munich.  In  1898  he,  with  H.  Sommer  and 
Richard  Strauss,  organized  the  "  Genossenschaft 
deutscher  Komponisten." — Works  :  Numerous 
humoristic  choral  pieces  ;  4-part  madrigals  for 
male  chorus;  songs. — He  has  written  "  Musik- 
asthetische  Streitfragen  "  (1898  ;  on  Billow's  col- 
lected letters  ;  on  Program-music  ;  etc.)  ;  an 
essay  on  Alexander  Ritter  (1898)  ;  etc. 

Roth-Ronay,  Kalman,  violinist ;  b.  Vesz- 
prim,  Hungary,  July  20,  1869.  Taught  by 
Grim  at  the  Vienna  Cons.,  winning  the  gold 
medal ;  then  studied  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  in 
Berlin  under  Joachim.  1893-4  leader  at  Covent 
Garden  ;  then  went  on  a  European  tour. — Publ. 
sonatas  f .  violin  and  pf . ;  also  songs. 

*  Rotoli,  A.,  died  Boston,  Nov.  26,  1904. 

*  Rouget  de  l'lsle.  Adolf  Kockert  publ.  a 
biography  in  pamphlet-form  in  1898. 

*  Rousseau,  Samuel,  died  Paris,  Oct.  1, 
1904. 

Rowbotham,  John  Frederick,  b.  Edin- 
burgh, April  18,  1854.  Took  the  Balliol  Scholar- 
ship, Oxford,  at  the  age  of  18  ;  studied  music- 
there,  and  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  for  3  years, 
also  at  Dresden,  Paris,  and  Vienna.  He  travelled 
on  the  Continent  to  collect  materials  for  his  "  1 1  is- 
tory  of  Music,"  publ.  in  3  vol.s  (London,  1S85- 
7)  ;  has  also  publ.  "  How  to  Write  Music  Cor- 


686 


RUCKAUF— SCHELLING 


[supplement 


rectly"  (1S89)  ;  "Private  Life  of  Great  Com- 
posers" (1892);  "The  Troubadours,  and  the 
Courts  of  Love"  (1895);  the  mus.  articles  in 
Chambers'  Encyclopedia,  and  many  papers  in 
leading  periodicals.  Has  comp.  a  mass  f.  double 
choir  with  orch.  ;  and  songs. 

Riick'auf,  Anton,  one  of  the  foremost  among 
contemporary  song-composers  ;  born  at  Prague, 
Mar.  13,  1855  ;  d.  at  Schloss  Alt-Erla,  Austria, 
Sept.  19,  1903.  A  pupil  of  Proksch  and 
the  Prague  Organ-School,  he  became  a  teacher 
in  the  Proksch  Inst.  ;  receiving  a  governmental 
stipend,  he  studied  further  at  Vienna  (cpt.  under 
Nottebohm  and  Nawratil),  where  he  settled  per- 
manently. He  owed  much  to  his  intimacy  with 
the  noted  singer  of  songs,  Gustav  Walter.  Publ. 
about  80  songs:  Op.  1,  2,  3,6  (Ballade  by  Uhland), 
9  (Hafis),  12  (five  "  Minnelieder,"  by  W.  von  d. 
Vogelweide),  14,  15,  16,  17  ("  Zigeunerlieder  "), 
18,  21  ("  Flammen  und  Asche  "),  22  ("  Lenz  und 
Liebe"),  23,  24,  25,  and  "  Gri'isse  "  by  Stieler  ; 
five  Russian  folk-poems  f.  mixed  ch.  w.  4-hand 
pf.-accomp.  ;  five  duets,  op.  11  ;  two  songs  f. 
mixed  ch.,  op.  19  ;  sonata  f.  vln.  and  pf. ,  op.  7  ; 
six  Stucke  f.  pf. ,  op.  10  ;  and  a  pf. -quintet,  op. 
13.  His  opera,  Die  Rosenthalerin,  was  success- 
fully produced  at  Dresden  in  1897. 

*  Rum'mel,  Franz,  died  Berlin,  May  3,  1901. 

*  Rum'mel,  Joseph,  was  b.  Oct.  6,  1S18. 
Runciman,  John  F.,  eminent  musical  critic  ; 

b.  England,  1866  (?).  Precocious  organist ;  in 
1887  he  accepted  a  position  in  London.  Critic 
on  "  The  Saturday  Review"  since  1894,  and  for 
a  short  time  acting  editor  and  managing  director  ; 
also  editor  of  "  The  Chord  "  (quarterly)  and  the 
"  Musician's  Library."  He  publ.  selected  essays 
in  1899  under  the  title  of  "  Old  Scores  and  New 
Readings ; "  and  an  interesting  Biographical 
Study  of  Purcell. 

*  Ryan, Thomas,  died  New  Bedford,  Mass., 
Mar.  5,  1903. 


Sacerdoti,  L.,  died  Berlin,  Apr.  7,  1904.  He 
was  the  founder,  and  for  years  the  director,  of 
the  Berlin  Philharmonic 

Safo'noff,  Wasili  de,  b.  Istchory,  Caucasus, 
Feb.  6,  1852  Pupil  of  Zaremba  (theory)  and 
Leschetizky  and  Brassin  (pf.)  in  the  Imp.  Cons., 
St.  Petersburg,  ;  from  1 88 1-5  he  was  a  teacher 
there  ;  from  18S5,  teacher  at,  and  since  1889 
Director  of,  the  Moscow  Cons,  (two  of  his  pupils 
have  won  the  Rubinstein  prize  :  Alex.  Godecke 
in  1900,  and  Jos.  Lhevinne  in  1S95).  Noted  con- 
ductor of  concerts  ;  has  visited  St.  Petersburg, 
Berlin,  Paris,  Rome,  Vienna,  Prague,  Amster- 
dam, and  (1904)  New  York. 

*  Salaman,  C.  K.,  died  London,  June  23, 
1901.  The  London  "Musical  Times"  has  an 
appreciative  sketch  of  his  career  in  the  number 
for  August,  1901. — Chief  works  :  Overture  in  D  ; 
Jubilee    Ode    to   Shakespeare  ;    Grand    Funeral 


March  for  Victor  Hugo ;  nearly  100  Hebrew 
sacred  choral  compositions.  His  best-known 
song  is  "  I  arise  from  dreams  of  thee." 

*Sa'loman,  Siegfried,  died  July  22,  1899. 
Birthday,  Oct.  2,  1816. 

*  Sanderson,  Sibyl,  dramatic  soprano  ;  born 
Sacramento,  Cal. ,  1865  ;  died  Paris,  May  16, 
1903.  She  was  educated  in  San  Francisco, 
where  her  musical  talent  attracted  attention  ; 
taken  to  Paris  by  her  mother,  she  studied  at  the 
Conservatoire  with  Massenet,  also  with  Sbriglia 
and  Mme.  Marchesi.  Her  operatic  debut  was 
in  Ninon  at  the  Hague  (1888?);  in  Paris  at  the 
Opera-Comique  in  Esc/armonde  (1889),  which 
Massenet  wrote  for  her,  like  Thais  (Grand 
Opera,  1S90);  Saint-Saens  wrote  Phryne  (1893) 
for  her.  In  1894-5,  and  again  in  1898,  she 
was  with  the  Grau  company  in  New  York  (roles  : 
Manon,  Juliette,  Michaela).  She  married  An- 
tonio Terry. 

*  Sauzay,  Eugene,  died  Paris,  Jan.  26, 
1901. 

Savard,  M.  A.,  composer  and  theorist  ;  b. 
Paris,  May  15,  1861.  Pupil  of  the  Conservatoire; 
Grand  prix  de  Rome,  1886.  Director  of  Lyons 
Cons,  since  1902. 

Sbri'glia,  Giovanni,  was  born  in  Naples  in 
1S40.  At  18  he  became  a  pupil  of  de  Roxas  in 
the  Naples  Cons.,  and  made  his  debut  at  21  as 
leading  tenor  in  Ricci's  //  Birrajo  di  Preston, 
at  the  San  Carlo  Th.,  then  singing  in  all  Italy 
the  entire  Italian  repertory  of  the  day.  Engaged 
by  M.  Maretzek,  he  sang  in  New  York  at  the 
Acad,  of  Music  with  Patti  in  La  Sonnambula, 
etc.;  in  Havana  he  successfully  deployed  his 
repertory  of  over  30  roles,  and  then  made  a 
grand  tournee  of  the  United  States  with  Parodi 
and  Adelaide  Phillipps.  After  seasons  in  Mexico 
and  Havana,  he  again  toured  the  -States  as  far 
as  San  Francisco,  and  returned  to  Europe.  His 
success  in  training  the  tenor  Nouvelli  now  led 
S.  to  devote  himself  to  teaching  ;  at  this  time 
Jean  de  Reszke  was  singing  baritone  roles  in  the 
Theatre  de  la  Salle  Ventadour,  but  under  S.'s 
training  he  re-formed  his  voice,  and  came  out 
in  the  tenor  role  of  Jean  (L/e'rodiade)  at  the 
The'atre-Lyrique,  thereafter  at  the  Opera  in  le 
Cid,  which  was  specially  written  for  him  by 
Massenet;  both  with  triumphant  success.  Jose- 
phine and  Edouard  de  Reszke  also  profited  by 
S.'s  instructions,  the  former  changing  her  voice 
from  a  light  to  a  dramatic  soprano  within  six 
months,  singing  the  role  of  Selika  in  V Africaine 
so  finely  that  Massenet  wrote  for  her  the  leading 
role  in  Le  Roi  de  Lahore.  Other  celebrated 
pupils  are  Pol  Plancon,  Nordica,  Sibyl  Sander- 
son, etc. — Sbriglia  resides  in  Paris  ;  he  is  an 
officer  of  the  Academie,  and  member  of  the  R. 
Acad,  at  Florence  since  1890. 

*  Schaf'fer,  Julius,  died  Breslau,  Feb.  10, 
1902. 

Schelling,  Ernest  (Henry),  composer-pianist; 
b.  Belvedere,   N.  J.,   U.S.A.,  July  26,   1S76. 


687 


supplement] 


SCIIIKANEDER— SENFF 


Appeared  as  an  infant  prodigy  (four  and  one-half 
years  of  age)  at  the  Acad,  of  Music,  Philadelphia, 
in  1880  ;  studied  1882-5  w'tn  Mathias  (Chopin's 
pupil)  at  Paris,  also  with  Moszkowski  ;  then  in 
turn  with  Pruckner,  Leschetizky,  Hans  Huber, 
Barth,  and  from  1898-1902  with  Paderewski  at 
Morges,  Switzerland.  Extended  tours  in  Europe 
(from  Russia  to  Spain)  and  South  America 
(1903-4).  Resides  in  Germany. — Works  :  Sym- 
phonische  Legende,  and  a  suite,  f.  orch.;  sonata 
f.  pf.  and  vln.;  6  Klavierstiicke  ;  Variations  f. 
pf.  on  an  orig.  theme  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

*  Schi'kaneder,  Emanuel  (Johann),  was 
born  at  Regensburg,  April  9,  1 75 t. — The  Leip- 
zig "  Signale  "  (No.  29,  1901)  prints  an  "  Ehren- 
rettung"  of  S. 

Schil'lings,  Max,  b.  Diiren,  Rheinland, 
April  19,  186S  ;  pupil  of  Brambach  and  O.  v. 
Konigslow  at  Bonn  ;  then  studied  3  years  in 
Munich,  where  he  settled.  Chorus-trainer  at 
Bayreuth  in  1902.  Composer  of  talent,  with 
Wagnerian  tendencies.  3-act  opera  Ingwelde 
(Karlsruhe,  1894);  opera  Der  Pfeifertag 
(Schwerin,  1901).  Published  works  are  two 
symphonic  fantasias,  "Meergruss"  and 
'"  Seemorgen  "  ;  a  "  Zwiegesprach  "  for  small 
orch.,  solo  vln.  and  solo  'cello;  "Abenddamme- 
rung  "  f.  baritone,  vln.  and  pf. ;  an  Improvisa- 
tion f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  several  books  of  songs  ;  the 
orch.l  accomp.  to  Wildenbruch's  "  Hexenlied  " 
(op.  15)  ;  etc. 

*  Schi'mon-Re'gan,  Anna,  died  Munich, 
April  iS,  1902. 

*  Schlos'ser,  Louis,  was  born  Nov.  17, 
1800. 

Schmidt,  Arthur  P.,  music-publisher;  b. 
Altona,  Germany,  April  1,  1846.  He  went  to 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1866,  and  entered  the  music- 
business  of  Geo.  D.  Russell  &  Co.  In  1876  he 
established  a  business  of  his  own,  which  now 
has  branches  in  New  York  and  Leipzig,  and 
which  has  won  prominence  more  especially  by 
its  publication  of  the  works  of  American  com- 
posers. 

*  Schmitt,  (Georg)  Aloys,  died  Dresden, 
Oct.  15,  1902. — It  should  be  added,  that  in  1S93 
he  assumed  the  directionof  the  Dresden  "  Mozart- 
verein  ",  which  flourished  under  his  sway  (1400 
members  and  a  special  orchestra). 

*  Schneck'er,  P.  A.,  died  New  York,  Oct. 
3,  1903.  For  32  years  he  was  organist  at  the 
West  Presb.  Church  in  42d  St. 

Schnorr  von  Carolsfeld,  Malwine  {ne'e 
Garrigues),  in  her  prime  one  of  the  foremost 
among  interpreters  of  Wagner,  and  the  first 
"Isolde"  (Munich,  1865),  died  at  Karlsruhe, 
Feb.  8,  1904,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two. 

*  Schu'bert.  A  biography  by  Heuberger  is 
publ.  as  No.  14  of  the  series  "  Bertihmte  Musi- 
ker"  (Berlin,  1902  ;  illustrated). 

*  Schu'mann,  Clara.  New  biography  ;  "  C. 
S.     Ein  Ki'instlerleben  nach  Tagebiichern  und 


Briefen,"by  Berthold  Litzmann  ;  Vol.  i,  "  Mad- 
chenjahre  "  (1819-1S40  ;  pp.  430),  appeared  in 
1902  ;  two  more  vol.s  to  follow. 

Schur6,  Edouard,  b.  Strassburg,  1841  ;  law- 
student  there,  and  lived  in  Bonn,  Berlin,  and 
Munich  ;  has  done  much  to  awaken  an  under- 
standing for  German  music  in  France. — Works  : 
"  Histoire  du  Lied  ou  la  chanson  populaire  en 
Allemagne  "  (1868  ;  3d  German  ed.  1883)  ;  "  Le 
drame  musical"  (1875  ;  3d  ed.  1895;  German 
transl.  by  v.  Wolzogen  as  "  Das  musikalische 
Drama,"  3d  ed.  1888  ;  Part  ii  is  devoted  to  an 
appreciation  of  Wagner). 

*  Sei'bert,  Louis,  died  Eisenberg,  near  Wetz- 
lar,  July  29,  1903. 

Seiffert,  Max,  b.  Beeskow-on-Spree,  Feb. 
9,  1868  ;  pupil  of  Spitta  in  mus.  science  at  the 
Berlin  Univ.  ;  took  degree  of  Dr.  phi  I.  with  the 
dissertation  "J.  P.  Sweelinck  und  seine  direkten 
deutschen  Schuler"  (1891).  Essayist  and  writer  : 
"  Geschichte  der  Klaviermusik  "  (the  3d  ed.  of 
Weitzmann's  ;  Berlin,  1899-1901)  ;  editor  of 
Sweelinck's  complete  works  ;  of  Scheidt's  "Tabu- 
latura  nova "  (vol.  i  of  "  Denkmaler  deutscher 
Tonkunst  ")  ;  Arthur  van  Noordt's  "  Tabulatuur- 
boek "  ;  Boscoop's  "  Psalmen  Davids";  etc. 
Since  Chrysander's  death,  Seiffert  has  undertaken 
to  complete  the  great  Handel  biography,  2% 
volumes  of  which  were  finished  by  C. 

Sel'mer,  Johan,  b.  Christiania,  Norway,  Jan. 
20,  1844.  Law-student  ;  studied  later  under 
Ambr.  Thomas  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  and  Paul  and 
Richter  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.,  receiving  a  stipend 
from  the  Norwegian  congress  in  1879.  From 
1883-6,  conductor  of  the  Christiania  Philharm. 
concerts.  A  composer  of  ultra-modern  tendency. 
— Works:  For  orch. ,"  Scene  funebre,"  "  Nor- 
discher  Festzug,"  "  Finnlandische  Festklange," 
"In  den  Bergen,"  "Carnival  in  Flanders"; 
further,  "  La  captive,"  f.  alto  solo  and  orch.  ; 
"  Zug  der  Ttirkengegen  Athen,"  f.  baritone,  ch., 
and  orch.  ;  "  Hilsen  til  Nidaros,"  f.  tenor,  male 
ch.  and  orch.  ;  a  cappella  mixed  choruses  and  3- 
part  female  choruses ;  duets  and  songs ;  pf.- 
pieces  ;  etc. 

*  Senff,  Bartholf  (Wilhelm),  the  well-known 
Leipzig  editor  and  music-publisher,  was  born  at 
Friedrichshall,  Sept.  2,  18 15  ;  d.  Badenweiler, 
June  24,  1900  [these  dates  are  correct].  As  a 
young  man  he  entered  Kistner'smusic-publ.  house 
in  Leipzig,  advancing  to  be  managing  clerk  ; 
here  he  already  began  publishing  the  "Signale 
fur  die  musikalische  Welt,"  a  trial  number  ap- 
pearing in  Dec,  1842  (publ.  regularly  from  Jan. 
1, 1843),  Senff  being  also  the  editor  until  his  death. 
He  founded  his  own  business  Nov.  1,  1847. 
Early  in  the  '6o's  he  became  A.  Rubinstein's 
publisher.  His  catalogue  shows  original  publi- 
cations of  works  by  Liszt,  Schumann,  Raff. 
Reinecke,  Franz,  Jensen,  Kirchner,  Bruch,  von 
Btilow,  Sarasate,  and  many  other  celebrities. — 
His  niece,  Fraulein  Marie  Senff,  is  the  present 
(1904)  owner  of  the  firm. 


CSS 


SENKRAH— STENHAM.MAR 


[supplement 


*  Sen'krah  died  Weimar,  Sept.  5,  igoo,  by 
suicide. 

*  Se'ring,  F.  W.,  died  Hanover,  Nov.  (?) 
1901. 

Servais,  Francois  (-Matthieu)  [also  known 
as  Franz],  son  of  the  famous  Belgian  'cellist 
Francois  S.,  d.  Asnieres,  Jan.  14,  1901,  aged  57. 
A  talented  conductor,  he  espoused  Wagner's 
cause,  and  brought  out  Der  Jliegende  Hollander 
and  Siegfried  for  the  first  time  at  the  Theatre  de 
la  Monnaie,  Brussels ;  also  instituted  grand 
orchestral  concerts.  Unfortunate  as  a  composer, 
his  lifework,  the  grand  opera  I'Apollonide,  was 
prod,  at  Karlsruhe  in  1898,  with  slight  success. 

Se'the,  Irma,  violinist ;  b.  Brussels,  Apr.  28, 
1876.  Pupil  of  Jockisch  at  Brussels  Cons.  ;  had 
lessons  of  Wilhelmj,  and  studied  four  years  with 
Ysaye.  Successful  debut  at  London,  1895  ; 
played  with  great  applause  at  Berlin,  Oct.  31, 
1898  ;  has  played  with  many  leading  orchestras 
of  Europe.  In  1S97  she  married  Dr.  S.  Sanger, 
of  Berlin,  where  she  has  resided  since. 

Sevcik,  Otakar  (Josef),  b.  Horazdowitz, 
Bohemia,  March  22,  1852.  Violinist  and  peda- 
gogue ;  pupil  of  his  father  {Regenschori  and 
schoolmaster) ;  1866-70,  of  A.  Sittand  A.  Benne- 
witz  in  Prague  Cons.  ;  three  years  Concertmeister 
in  the  Salzburg  Mozarteum,  also  giving  concerts 
in  Vienna,  etc. ;  one  year  in  the  Th.  an  der  Wien, 
Vienna;  1875-92,  after  successful  concerts  in 
Moscow,  violin-teacher  in  the  Music-school  at 
Kiev  ;  since  1892  at  the  Prague  Cons.,  where  he 
has  formed  several  noted  pupils(Kubelik,  Kocian, 
Marie  Hall,  Marie  Herites,  Eleanore  Jackson, 
Franz  Lange).  Author  of  several  instructive 
works  :  Op.  1,  School  of  Violin-technics  ;  op.  2, 
School  of  Bow-technics  ;  op,  7,  Prelim.  Studies 
on  the  Trill,  etc.  ;  op.  8,  Changes  of  Position 
[Shifting]  ;  op.  9,  Prelim.  Studies  in  Double- 
stopping.  Also  (without  opus-number),  Bohemian 
Dances  f.  vln.  w.  pf.  ;  op.  3,  Four  Easy  Var.s  f. 
vln. — Sevcik's  method,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
usual  diatonic  system,  is  founded  on  semitonic 
progression,  the  semitones  being  stopped  by  the 
same  two  fingers  on  each  string. 

*  SibeTius.     See  Pacius,  in  Supplement. 

*  Siehr,  Gustav,  was  born  Arnsberg,  West- 
phalia, Sept.  17,  1837. 

Silvestre,  Armand,  poet,  dramatist  and 
librettist;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  8,  1839;  d.  Toulouse, 
Jan.  (?),  1901.  Among  his  opera-texts  were 
Dimitri  (Joncieres),  Henri  JY//(Saint-Saens), 
Pedro  de  Zalamea  and  Jocelyn  (Godard),  Iz'eyl 
(Pierne),  Melusine  (Pugno),  Grise'lidis  (Masse- 
net), and  many  lesser  works. 

*  Simandl,  Franz,  was  born  Blatna,  Bohe- 
mia, Aug.  1,  1840. 

*  Sim'rock,  Fritz,  the  Berlin  music-pub- 
lisher, died  Pully,  near  Lausanne,  Aug.  19,  1901. 

*  Singer,  Otto,  was  assistant-cowd.  of  Cinn. 
May  Festival.     Otto  Singer,  Jr.,  is  his  son. 


Sipp,  Friedrich  Robert,  died  Leipzig,  Dec. 
21,  1899,  aged  94.  For  many  years  he  was  the 
1st  violin  in  the  Leipzig  theatre-orch. ;  Richard 
Wagner  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  his  least 
promising  pupils. 

*Sittard,  Josef,  died  Hamburg,  Nov.  23, 
1903. 

*  Slaughter,  A.  Walter,  was  born  in  i860. 

*  Smart,  Henry,  is  the  subject  of  an  inter- 
esting 7-page  article  in  the  London  "  Musical 
Times  "  for  April,  1902. 

Smith,  David  Stanley,  b.  Toledo,  Ohio, 
July  6,  1877.  St.  composition  with  Dr.  Horatio 
Parker  at  Yale,  graduating  B.  A.  in  1900.  His 
"Commencement  Ode"  f.  baritone  solo,  male 
ch.  and  orch.,  was  then  prod.;  in  1901  his 
"  Commemoration  March  "  f.  orch.  From  1901-3 
he  was  in  Europe,  studying  composition  privately 
with  Thuille  at  Munich,  and  Widor  at  Paris. 
Graduated  Mus.  Bac,  Yale,  1903.  At  present 
(1904)  instructor  in  the  theory  of  music  at  Yale, 
and  organist  of  the  Madison  Ave.  Methodist 
Ch.,  New  York. — Other  compositions  are  the 
"Ouverture  joyeuse"  (Boston  Symph.  Orch., 
Feb.,  1904)  ;  symphony  in  C  minor;  the  sym- 
phonic poem  "Darkness  and  Dawn";  an 
"  Ouverture  serieuse";  Prelude,  Chorale  and 
Fugue  f.  orch.  and  organ;  a  string-quartet;  has 
publ.  anthems  and  songs,  and  two  choruses  for 
female  voices. 

*  So'kolow,  N.,  was  born  Mar.  26,  1858. 
Soleniere,  Eugene  de,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  25, 

1872,  after  music-study  in  Germany  settled  in 
Paris  as  a  writer  and  lecturer  on  mus.  aesthetics. 
Works:  "  La  femme  compositeur"  (1894);  "Rose 
Caron "  (1895);  "Notes  musicales  "  (1896); 
"Massenet  et  son  oeuvre  "  (1897);  "  Musique  et 
religion  "  (1S97);  "  Camille  Saint-Saens  "  (1899). 

*  Stade,  Fr.  W.,  died  Altenburg,  Mar.  25, 
1902. 

*Stainer,  Sir  John,  died  Verona,  Mar.  31, 
1901. — A  13-page  life-sketch  is  in  the  London 
"  Musical  Times"  for  May,  1901. 

*Sta'mitz,  Johann  Karl.  His  correct  bap- 
tismal names  were  Johann  (Wenzel  Anton).  He 
died  in  1757,  on  Mar.  27th  or  28th,  as  he  was 
buried  on  the  30th. — It  should  be  mentioned 
that  his  symphonies  antedate  Haydn's. 

*  Stein'graber,  Theodor,  died  April  (?), 
1904. 

*Steh'le,  Gustav  Eduard,  died  St.  Gallen, 
April  11,  1896. 

Sten'hammar.Wilhelm,  b.  Stockholm,  Feb. 
7,  1871.  His  father,  Per  Ulrik  S.,  was  a  well- 
known  song-composer.  The  son  was  educated 
at  the  Stockholm  Cons.,  graduating  1890  with 
high  honors  ;  1892-3  he  studied  pf. -playing 
under  Barth  at  Berlin.  His  first  large  work, 
"  Prinzessan  och  Svennen  ",  for  solo,  chorus 
and  orch.,  was  prod,  at  Stockholm  in  1892,  he 
until  then  being  known  merely  as  a  gifted 
pianist  and  song-composer;  his  fame  was  estab- 


689 


supplement] 


STERLING— SULLIVAN 


lished  by  the  production  of  his  Festival  Cantata 
and  a  pf.-concerto  in  1897.  In  1S98  he  brought 
out  the  music-drama  Tirfing  at  the  R.  Opera, 
Stockholm;  in  1899  a  second,  Das  Fest  auf 
Sol  hang  [after  Ibsen]  at  Stuttgart  (at  Stockholm, 
in  Swedish,  in  1903).  Both  are  music-dramas 
of  a  Wagnerian  cast,  but  employing  many  folk- 
melodies.  S.  has  also  prod,  a  symphony  in  F; 
an  overture,  "Excelsior";  a  Ballade  f.  solo  and 
orch.,  "Flore  und  Blanchefleur";  songs  w.  pf. ; 
also  for  pf.,  besides  the  concerto,  3  Fantasias, 
and  a  Sonata  in  A\). — Since  1898  he  has  filled 
several  positions  as  conductor  in  Stockholm;  at 
present  (1904)  he  is  2d  Kapellm.  at  the  Royal 
Theatre. 

*  Sterling,  Antoinette  (Mme.  Mackinlay), 
died  at  Hampstead,  London,  Jan.  10,  1904. — 
In  1867  she  took  lessons  of  Signor  Abella  in 
New  York. — Soon  after  singing  at  the  Glouces- 
ter Festival  in  1874  she  gave  up  oratorio,  and 
devoted  herself  to  ballad-singing,  in  which  she 
made  such  striking  successes.  She  introduced 
such  favorite  songs  (most  of  which  were  especi- 
ally composed  for  her)  as  Sullivan's  "  Lost 
Chord"  (Jan.  31,  1877),  Cowen's  "  The  Better 
Land",  Molloy's  "  Darby  and  Joan,"  Barnby's 
"  When  the  tide  comes  in",  etc.  During  her 
Australian  tour  in  1893  her  husband  died  at 
Adelaide.  One  of  their  sons,  M.  Sterling 
Mackinlay,  has  had  success  as  a  vocalist. 

*  Stern,  Leo,  died  London,  Sept.  (?),  1904. 

*  Stern,  Margarethe,  died  Oct.  5,  1899. 

*  Stevens,  R.J.  S.,  was  born  Mar.  27,  1757. 

*  Stiehle,  L.  M.  A.,  d.  Mulhausen,  Alsatia, 
July  6,  1896. 

*  Stoltz,  Rosine,  died  Paris,  July  31,  1903. 
According  to  "Musicae  Musicisti"  (Milan,  Sept. 
15,  1903),  her  maiden-name  was  Rosa  Niva,  and 
she  was  born  in  Spain  in  1813. — Among  her 
chief  roles  were  Recha,  Valentine,  Leonore  {La 
Favorite),  and  Donna  Anna  {Don  Giovanni).  Her 
stage-career  ended  with  the  fiasco  of  Rossini's 
Robert  Bruce  (Dec.  30,  1846),  when  she  was 
fairly  hissed  off  the  stage. 

Stolz,  Teresina,  dramatic  soprano ;  b. 
Trieste,  1840  ;  d.  Milan,  Aug.  (?)  1902.  Pupil 
of  the  Milan  Cons.;  sang  1860-80  in  the  chief 
Italian  cities,  the  Paris  Italian  opera,  etc.,  with 
brilliant  success.  Principal  roles  Leonore,  Prin- 
cess Eboli,  Aida,  Amelia  ( Un  ballo  in  maschera), 
La  Favorita,  etc. 

*  Stradiva'ri,  Antonio.  A  biography  has 
appeared  in  English:  "A.  S. :  His  Life  and 
Work  (1644-1737).  By  W.  Henry  Hill,  Arthur 
F.  Hill,  and  Alfred  E.  Hill,  with  an  Introduc- 
tory Note  by  Lady  Huggins."  (London:  Wm. 
E.  Hill  &  Sons,  1902.      Illustrated.) 

*  Strauss,  Ludwig,  died  Cambridge,  Engl., 
Oct.  23,  1899. 

*  Strauss,  Johann.  Biography  by  Prochazka 
is  No.  X  of  the  series  "  Beruhmte  Musiker " 
(Berlin,  1900). 


*  Strauss,  Johann  ( Sokn).  It  should  be  stated 
that  the  French  version  of  Die  Fledermaus  pro- 
duced at  Paris  in  1877  was  provided  with  an 
entirely  new  and  different  text,  and  that  only 
part  of  the  music  was  from  Die  Fledermaus, 
some  being  taken  from  S.'s  Cagliostro,  and  some 
being  added  ; — this  conglomeration  was  prod,  as 
La  Tzigane,  with  indifferent  success.  A  genuine 
version  of  Die  Fledermaus,  entitled  La  Chauve- 
souris,  was  brought  out  at  the  Th.  des  Varietes, 
Paris,  on  Apr.  22,  1904. 

*  Strauss,    Richard    (Georg)    [he   has  two 

given  names],  is  characteristically  portrayed  in  a 
6-page  illustrated  article  in  the  London  "  Mus. 
Times"  for  Jan.,  1903. — Op.  1  is  a  Festival 
March  f.  orch.;  there  is  no  op.  4;  op.  8  is  a 
violin-concerto,  in  D  minor;  op.  15,  5  songs; 
op.  17,  6  songs;  op.  22,  4  songs  ("Madchenblu- 
men  ").  —  Also  add:  Op.  30,  "  Alsosprach  Zara- 
thustra",  Tondichtung  f.  full  orch.  (Munich, 
1896);  op.  31,  4  songs;  op.  32,  5  do.;  op.  33, 
4  songs  w.  orch.;  op.  34,  2  anthems  f.  16-part 
choir  w.  orch.;  op.  35,  "Don  Quixote",  fantastic 
var.s  f.  orch.  on  a  theme  of  knightly  character 
(1897) ;  op.  36,  4  songs  ;  op.  37,  6  songs  ;  op. 
38,  "Enoch  Arden",  melodrama  w.  pf.-accomp.; 
°P-  39.  5  songs;  op.  40,  "  Ein  Heldenleben  " 
Tondichtung  f.  full  orch.  (1898;  prod,  at  Frank- 
fort, Mar.  3,  1899)  ;  op.  41,  5  songs  ;  op.  42,  2 
choruses  f.  male  voices  ;  op.  43,  3  songs  ;  op. 
44,  2  songs  f.  low  voice,  (1)  Notturno  w.  pf.  and 
vln.,  (2)  w.  orch.l  accomp.;  op.  45,  3  male 
choruses  ;  op.  46,  47,  48,  each  5  songs  ;  op.  49, 
6  songs ;  op.  50,  Feuersnot,  Singgedicht  in  1 
act  by  v.  Wolzogen  (Dresden,  Nov.  21,  1901). — 
Without  opus-number  :  Burleske  in  D  minor  f. 
pf.  and  orch.;  "  Soldatenlied "  f.  male  chorus. 
— Further,  Uhland's  "  Das  Thai  ",  f.  deep  bass 
w.  orch.,  and  "Taillefer"  f.  3  solo  voices,  ch. 
and  orch.  (1903)  ;  and  the  Tondichtung  "  Sym- 
phonia  domestica;  ein  Tagaus  meinem  Familien- 
leben  "  (comp.   1902-3  ;  prod.  New  York,   Mar. 

21,  1904,  Strauss  himself  conducting). 
Among  recent    "Strauss  literature"    may  be 

mentioned  the  pamphlets:  "  R.  S.  Eine  mono- 
graphische  Skizze ",  by  G.  Brecher  (Leipzig 
[1901],  series  "  Moderne  Musiker");  "Strauss 
contra  Wagner",  by  Dr.  Erich  Urban  (Berlin 
and  Leipzig,  1902)  ;  "  R.S.",  same  author  (Ber- 
lin, 1901)  ;  "  Also  sprach  Zarathustra.  Eine 
Studie  iiber  die  moderne  Programmsymphonie  ", 
by  Hans  Merian  (Leipzig,  1900). 

*  Suc'co,  R.,  died  Dec.  3  {not  Nov.  29),  1897, 

*  Sullivan,  Sir  Arthur,  died  London,   Nov. 

22,  1900. — Add  to  works  :  The  romantic  opera 
The  Rose  of  Persia  (1900),  and  the  operetta  The 
Emerald  Lsle,  completed  by  J.  Edward  German 
(1901,  succ. ;  book  by  Basil  Hood);  also,  inci- 
dental music  to  The  Foresters  (1892) ;  the  Pro- 
cession March  and  Princess  of  Wales  March 
(both  1863);  concertino  f.  'cello  (1866);  Exhi- 
bition Ode  (18S6) ;  Imperial  Institute  Ode  (18S7); 
Imperial  Maioh  (1897).  As  a  choir-boy  he  wrote 
several  anthems  ;    his  first  published  composi- 


690 


SULZER— URSO 


[supplement 


tion  (1855)  was  a  song,  "  O  Israel  ". — Biographi- 
cal :  "Sir  A.  S.  His  Life  Story,  with  Letters, 
Reminiscences,  and  Many  Illustrations  ",  by  Ar- 
thur Lawrence  (London,  1900);  "Souvenir  of 
Sir  A.  S.,  Mus.  Doc,  M.V.O.  ",  by  W.  J.  Wells. 
In  the  London  "Musical  Times"  for  Dec, 
1900,  there  is  a  three-page  "  appreciation"  ;  in 
the  "Fortnightly  Review"  for  Jan.,  1901,  a  sym- 
pathetic article  by  Vernon  Blackburn,  who  is  en- 
gaged in  the  preparation  of  an  exhaustive  biog- 
raphy. 

*  Sulzer,  Johann  Georg,  was  born  Oct.  5, 
1720. 

*  Swobo'da,  August,  was  born  in  Bohemia, 
1787  ;  died  Prague,  May  17,  1856. — His  son,  Dr. 
Adalbert  Swoboda,  is  the  editor  of  the  "  Neue 
Musikzeitung  ". 

*  Sze'kely,  Imre,  died  Pesth,  April  (?),  1S87. 


*  Tane'ieff  [Taneiew],  Sergei,  is  a  pianist 
as  well  as  composer  ;  successful  debut  at  Moscow 
in  Jan.,  1S75  ;  after  a  sojourn  in  Paris  1876-7, 
he  joined  the  faculty  of  the  Moscow  Cons.,  of 
which  he  was  for  a  time  Director  ;  he  is  now 
(1904)  teacher  of  theory  and  corap.  there. — 
Works  :  Overture  (op.  6)  to  his  dram,  trilogy 
Oresteia  (not  the  regular  orch.l  prelude)  ;  sym- 
phony in  C,  op.  12  ;  string-quartets  ;  part-songs 
for  chorus  and  double  chorus  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

*  Tau'bert,  Otto,  died  Torgau,  Aug.  1,  1903. 

*  Tchaikov'sky  was  born,  not  on  Dec.  25  (as 
frequently  stated),  but  on  April  25  (O.  S.),  1S40. 
The  precise  name  of  his  birthplace  is  Kamsko- 
Wotkinsk,  a  mining  village  in  the  government 
of  Viatka. — Biographies  of  T.  have  been  writ- 
ten by  his  brother,  Modest  T.  ("  Life  and  Let- 
ters" in  Russian,  Moscow,  1900  ; — in  a  German 
translation  by  Paul  Juon,  Leipzig,  vol.  i  [down 
to  1878,  pp.  539],  1903  ;  vol.  ii,  1904)  ;  by  Iwan 
Knorr,  in  the  German  series  "  Beri'ihmte  Mu- 
siker  ",  No.  XI  (Berlin,  1900;  illustrated);  and 
by  Rosa  Newmarch,  in  English  (London,  1900). 

Terni'na,  Milka,  dramatic  soprano ;  b. 
Begizse,  Croatia,  Dec.  19,  1864.  Pupil  of  Gans- 
bacher  ;  debut  at  Leipzig  in  1883  ;  sang  at 
Grazand  Bremen  till  1890,  when  she  wasengaged 
at  Munich  with  the  title  of  "Court  Singer." 
Has  sung  at  New  York,  etc.,  during  the  opera- 
season,  since  1899;  has  also  appeared  at  Bayreuth. 

Theindl,  J.  N.,  noted  pianist  in  high  favor 
about  1860-1880,  died  at  Pesth,  Dec.  30,  1902. 

Thibaud,  Jacques,  violinist  ;  b.  Bordeaux, 
France,  Sept.  27,  1880.  Taught  at  first  by  his 
father,  he  entered  the  Paris  Cons,  at  13,  won 
honorable  mention  in  1S95  and  first  prize  in  1896  ; 
was  then  engaged  by  Colonne  as  first  solo  violin. 
Has  toured  Europe  with  success  ;  also  America 
(1903-4). 

*  Thie'le,  Eduard,  died  Dessau,  Jan.  10, 
1895. 


Thie'le,  Richard,  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  29,  1847, 
died  there  April  25,  1903.  Composer  of  popular 
songs,  and  other  music. 

*  Thi'mus,  A.,  Freiherr  von,  was  born  May 
21,   1806. 

*  Thomas,  Theodore.  The  following  data 
are  from  a  wholly  reliable  source  :  The  Symphony 
Soirees  begun  with  the  Thomas  orchestra  in  1864, 
were  continued  until  1878.  Mr.  Thomas  has 
been  mus.  dir.  of  the  Cincinnati  Biennial  Festiv- 
als since  1872  ;  of  the  Cincinnati  College  of  Music 
1878-80  ;  of  the  Brooklyn  Philharmonic  Orches- 
tra 1862,  '63,  '66,  '67,  '68,  and  1S73-91  ;  of  the 
New  York  Philh.  Orch.  1877-8  and  1S79-91  ;  of 
the  American  Opera  Company,  1885-7  >  °f  tne 
Chicago  Orch.,  since  1891,  in  which  year  he  re- 
moved to  Chicago  ;  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  Chicago,  in  1S93  ;  further,  at  differ- 
ent times,  of  the  following  choruses  :  N.  Y. 
Mendelssohn  Union,  N.  Y.  Chorus  Society,  N.  Y. 
German  Liederkranz.and  Brooklyn  Philharmonic 
Chorus.  He  was  never  Director  of  the  Chicago 
Conservatory. — He  died  in  Chicago,  Jan.  4,  1905. 
His  Autobiography,  edited  by  Geo.  D.  Upton, 
will  appear  in  April,  1905. 

Tracy,  Minnie,  soprano  opera-singer  ;  born 
New  York  ;  member  of  Hinrich's  Philadelphia 
Opera  Co.  :  sang  1900  with  the  American  Opera 
Co.  at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York. 
Season  of  1903-4,  successful  European  tour  with 
the  violoncellist  Pablo  Casals. 

*  Traet'ta.  To  the  list  of  his  works  add  : 
"An  Introduction  to  the  Art  and  Science  of 
Music.  Written  for  the  American  Conservatorio 
at  Philadelphia.  By  Phil.  Trajetta:  Philadelphia, 
Published  by  I.  Ashmead&  Co.,  1828."  (60  pages 
text,  with  18  tables  of  Musical  Illustration.) — 
Also  a  "  President's  March,"  for  pianoforte, 
comp.  in  honor  of  Madison. 

Treville,  Yvonne  de,  opera-  and  concert-so- 
prano (coloratura)  ;  a  native  of  Texas.  Sang  in 
New  York  with  the  Castle  Square  Opera  Com- 
pany ;  went  to  Paris  in  1900,  studied  there  with 
Mme.  Marchesi,  sang  in  Madrid  in  1901,  and  at 
the  Opera-Comique,  Paris,  in  1902.  In  the  spring 
of  1903  she  sang  in  opera  at  Stockholm  ;  Sept. 
and  Oct.,  at  the  Imperial  Opera,  St.  Petersburg. 

*  Troutbeck,  Rev.  John,  died  Oct.  n,  1899. 

*  Turk,  Daniel  Gottlob,  was  born  (accord-       r 
ing  to  the  researches  of  Pastor  Hertel  of  Clauss- 
nitz),  in  1750  {not  1756). 


U 


*  Ulibisheff  is  the  English  spelling  ;  Ulibi- 
scheff,  or-schew,  the  German  ;  and  Oulibicheff 
the  French  form,  of  this  Russian  name. 

*  Ur'ban,  Heinrich,  died  Berlin,  Nov.  24, 
1901. 

*  Ur'so,  Camilla,  the  celebrated  violinist,  died 
New  York,  Jan.  20,  1902. — She  was  married  to 
Frederic  Lueres. 


691 


supplement] 


VAN    BRUYCK— VOLBACH 


V 


Van  Bruyck,  Carl  Debrois,  composer  and 
writer  ;  b.  Briinn,  Mar.  14,  1828  ;  d.  Aug.  2, 
1901,  at  Waidhofen.  Law-student  in  Vienna, 
but  went  over  to  art  in  1850,  was  a  theory-pupil 
of  Rufinatscha,  wrote  for  various  musical  papers, 
and  publ.  many  essays.  Chief  works  are  a 
"  Technische  und  asthetische  Analyse  des  wohlt. 
Klaviers  "  (1S67  ;  2d  ed.  1889),  "  Entwickelung 
der  Klaviermusik  von  Bach  bis  Schumann  " 
(1880),  and  "  Robert  Schumann"  (1868,  publ.  in 
Kolatschek's  "  Stimmen  der  Zeit  "). 

*  Vanderstrae'ten,  E.  His  "Theatre  vil- 
lageois  en  Flandre  "  comprises  two  volumes,  pub- 
lished in  1874  and  1880  respectively. 

Vannuci'ni  appears  to  be  the  corned  spelling 
of  this  name. 

*  Van  Rooy,  Anton  [baptismal  names  Anto- 
nius  Maria  Josephus],  dramatic  baritone  ;  b. 
Rotterdam,  Jan.  1,  1870.  As  a  boy  he  sang  in 
a  church-choir,  having  a  high  soprano  voice  ; 
after  mutation  his  voice  developed  so  finely  that 
in  1892  he  left  a  cigar  business  which  he  had 
conducted  for  two  years,  and  studied  until  1896 
with  Stockhausen  at  Frankfort.  Frau  Prof. 
Thode  (Cosima  Wagner's  daughter)  having  heard 
him  sing  "  Wotan's  Farewell  "  at  a  concert,  sent 
to  Bayreuth  such  a  glowing  account  of  the  singer 
that  he  was  immediately  engaged  for  the  Festival 
Plays  of  1897,  where  he  sang  the  three  Wotans 
with  success.  For  the  summer  of  1898  he  was 
eng.  at  Covent  Garden,  and  the  following  winter 
at  New  York  (Metr.  Opera  House),  where  he  has 
appeared  each  subsequent  season,  singing  in  the 
summers  at  Covent  Garden  and  Bayreuth.  His 
roles  are  Wagner's  three  Wotans,  Hans  Sachs, 
Dutchman,  Wolfram,  Telramundand  Kurwenal; 
further,  Escamillo  and  Valentin.  Trained  by 
Stockhausen  chiefly  as  a  Lieder-singer,  and  for 
oratorio,  he  possesses  a  vast  repertory  in  these 
branches. 

Van  Zandt,  Marie,  coloratura  soprano  ;  b. 
New  York,  Oct.  8,  1861  ;  pupil  of  Lamperti; 
debut  Turin,  1879,  as  Zerlina  in  Don  Giovanni. 
During  a  season  in  London  she  was  engaged 
for  the  Paris  Opera-Comique,  where  she  re- 
mained 1880-5.  Then  began  a  long  series  of 
tours  to  the  principal  European  capitals,  also  to 
America  (1890)  ;  in  1896  she  rejoined  the  Opera- 
Comique.  She  possesses  a  voice  of  extraordi- 
nary compass  (a — f3),  mobility  of  expression, 
and  agility  ;  is  also  a  finished  actress.  Lakme, 
in  1883,  is  her  sole  original  creation.  Favorite 
roles  are  Ophelie,  Marguerite,  Mignon,  Zerlina, 
Juliette,  Gilda,  Rosina,  Dinorah,  and  Cherubin. 

Ve'csey,  Franz  von,  b.  Budapesth,  Hungary, 
Mar.  23,  1893.  Violinist  (infant  prodigy)  ;  his 
father  was  a  good  violinist,  his  mother  a  fine 
pianist.  Taught  by  Teno  Hubay  from  the  age 
of  eight  ;  in  the  autumn  of  1903  he  played  be- 
fore Joachim,  also  before  the  emperor,  at  Berlin; 
Joachim  praised  his  extraordinary  talent  ;  his 
technique   is  fairly  marvelous.      He  had  already 


made  a  sensational  debut  in  his  native  city.  The 
German  press  is  practically  unanimous  in  his 
praise.      Tour  in  England,  1903-04. 

*  Ver'di,  Giuseppe,  died  at  Milan,  Jan.  27, 
1901,  at  2.45  in  the  morning. — The  asylum  for 
musicians  ("  Casa  di  riposo  permusicisti  ")  which 
he  founded  in  Milan  and  liberally  endowed  by  a 
bequest  of  2,500,000  francs,  is  an  imperishable 
monument  to  his  greatness  of  heart. — Further 
biographies  are  that  by  Carlo  Perinello,  in  Ger- 
man, with  a  chronological  list  of  compositions 
(No.  IX  of  the  series  "  Beriihmte  Musiker ", 
Berlin,  1900)  ;  and  by  F.  J.  Crowest,  in  Eng- 
lish, "Verdi  :  "  Man  and  Musician  "  (London, 
n.d.). 

*  Vidal,  Louis-Antoine,  died  Paris,  Jan.  7, 
1891. 

*  VierTing,  Georg,  died  Wiesbaden,  June  1, 
1901. — His  strong  and  melodious  a-cappella  cho- 
ruses, among  them  ' '  Altes  Schifferlied  ", "  Schnee- 
glockchen  ",  "  Zigeunerlied  ",  "  Sonnlags  am 
Rhein  ",  "  Wenn's  Ostern  wird  am  Tiberstrand", 
and  others,  merit  special  encomium. 

Vieuxtemps,  Jean-Joseph-Lucien,  b.  Ver- 

viers,  July  5,  1S28,  d.  Brussels,  Jan.  (?),  1901. 
A  brother  of  the  renowned  violinist,  he  was  him- 
self a  good  pianist,  and  composed  many  piano- 
pieces. 

Villafiori'ta,  Giuseppe  Burgio  di,  b.  Pa- 
lermo, Mar.  22,  1845,  d.  Milan  Nov.  (?),  1902. 
Of  his  operas,  Di  c/ii  I-  la  colpa  ?  (Milan,  1870), 
Le  noiti  rotnane  (Adria,  1880),  Iolanda  (Brescia, 
1879),  ar>d  //  Paria  (Florence,  1872),  the  last 
had  considerable  vogue  in  Italy. 

*  Villaro'sa.  His  "  Lettera  biogr.  .  .  .  Ter- 
golesi  "  was  publ.  at  Naples  in  1831. 

*  Vincent,  Heinrich  Joseph,  died  Vienna, 
May  20,  1901. 

*  Vitto'ria,  L.  T.  A  complete  edition  of  his 
works,  edited  by  Felipe  Pedrell,  is  now  publish- 
ing at  Leipzig.  Vol.  i,  Motets,  was  issued  in 
1902. 

*  Vogl,  Heinrich,  the  famous  tenor,  died 
Munich,  April  21,  1900.  Dr.  Hermann  Frei- 
herr  von  den  Pfordten  has  written  a  biographi- 
cal pamphlet  on  V.  (Munich,  1900). 

Vol'bach,  Fritz,  b.  Wipperfurth,  near  Co- 
logne, Dec.  17,  1861.  Pupil  for  a  year  of  Hil- 
ler,  Jensen  and  Seiss  at  Cologne  Cons. ;  then, 
after  study  at  Heidelberg  and  Bonn,  he  resumed 
his  musical  course  in  the  R.  Acad,  of  Arts  at 
Berlin  under  Haupt  (org.),  Grell  and  Taubert 
(comp.),  and  Loeschhorn  (pf.),  and  in  1887  suc- 
ceeded Commer  as  teacher  of  the  history  of 
music  and  Gregorian  Chant  at  the  R.  Inst,  for 
Church-music.  Shortly  after,  he  also  became 
conductor  of  the  Klindworth  Chorus.  Called  to 
Mayence  in  1891  as  cond.  of  the  Oratorio  Soc, 
the  Liedertafel,  and  the  Datnengesangverein,  he 
has  brought  out  the  best  modern  choral  compo- 
sitions, and  likewise  Handel's  works  in  Chry- 
sander's    new  arrangements.      In    iSgS  he   was 


692 


VOLKM  ANN— WHITNEY 


[supplement 


the  cond.  at  the  Tonkiinstlerversammlung  of  the 
Allgem.  dentscher  Musikvercin ;  in  igoo  the 
title  of  "Professor"  was  bestowed  on  him. — 
Compositions  :  Symphonic  poem  "  Ostern  " 
[Easter]  f.  orch.  and  organ  ;  symph.  poem  "  Es 
waren  zwei  Konigskinder ",  f.  grand  orch. ;  a 
spring  poem  "  Alt- Heidelberg,  du  feine"  ,  f.  gr. 
orch.;  a  pf. quintet  w.  oboe,  clar.,  horn  and  bas- 
soon ; — "  Vom  Pagen  und  der  Konigstochter," 
f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch. ;  Festival  Cantata  for  the 
Gutenberg  celebration,  f.  gr.  ch.,  boy-chorus,  2 
orchestras  and  organ  ;  "  Reigen"  f.  tenor  solo, 
female  ch.  and  pf. ;  many  songs. — Writings  : 
Biography  of  Handel  (series  "  Berlihmte  Mu- 
siker",  1898);  "  Lehrbuch  der  Begleitung  des 
Gregorianischen  Gesangs "  ;  and  "Praxis  der 
Auffuhrung  Handel'scher  Werke". 

*  Volk'mann,  Robert.  Biography  by  Hans 
Volkmann  :  "  R.  V.  Sein  Leben  und  seine 
Werke  "  (Leipzig,  1903). 


W 

Wack'ernagel,  Philipp,  b.  Berlin,  1S00, 
d.  Dresden,  June  20,  1877.  Historian  of  litera- 
ture ;  alsopubl.  "  Das  deutsche  Kirchenlied  von 
Luther  bis  N.  Hermann  "  (1841  ;  2  vol.s) ;  "  Bib- 
liographic des  deutschen  Kirchenliedes  im  16. 
Jahrhundert "  (1855);  and  "Das  deutsche  Kir- 
chenlied von  den  altesten  Zeiten  bis  zu  Anfang 
des  17.  Jahrhunderts  "  (5  vol.s,  1863-77). 

*  Wag'ner,  Richard.  An  authorized  Eng- 
lish version  of  Glasenapp's  Wagner  biography, 
entitled  "The  Life  of  Richard  Wagner",  byWm. 
Ashton  Ellis,  is  publ.  in  London  (vol.  i,  1901 ; 
vol.  ii,  1902  ;  vol.  iii,  1903  ;  one  more  will  fol- 
low). This  is  no  mere  translation,  but  a  care- 
fully revised  and  greatly  augmented  version. — 
The  revision  of  the  German  Glasenapp  is  publ. 
as  follows  :  Vol.  i,  1S94  ;  vol.  ii  (2  Parts),  1896- 
'99;  vol.  iii,  Part  1,    1904. 

*  Wag'ner,  Siegfried,  was  born  at  Trieb- 
schen,  June  6,  1S69.  —  His  opera  //erzog  IVild- 
fang  was  prod,  at  Munich,  Mar.  23,  1901,  with 
moderate  success  ;  the  opera  Der  Kobold  at  Ham- 
burg, Jan.  29,  1904. — Ludwig  Karpath  has  publ. 
the  biographical  sketch  "  Siegfried  Wagner,  als 
Mensch  und  Kiinstler"  (Leipzig,  1902). 

Wald'auer,  August,  founder  and  for  many 
years  Director  of  the  Beethoven  Cons,  at  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  died  there  Dec.  26,  1900,  aged 
seventy-five. 

Wald'teufel,  Emil,  b.  1848  in  Strassburg, 
where  his  father  [Nathan  W.,  (1S06-1870)]  was 
pf.-teacher  in  the  Cons. — W.  is  living  in  Paris 
as  a  teacher.  Composer  of  graceful  and  popu- 
lar dance-music. 

Walker,  Edyth,  dramatic  contralto  ;  b.  New 
York  ;  a  pupil  of  Orgeni  at  the  Dresden  Cons. ; 
engaged  at  the  Vienna  Court  Opera  from  1899 
to  1903  for  leading  contralto  roles  ;  seasons  of 
1903-4  and  1904-5  at  New  York,  etc.,  with  the 
Conried  company  ;  reengaged  1904-5. 


*  We'ber,  C.  M.  von.  The  "  Briefe  C.  M. 
von  Webers  an  Heinrich  Lichtenstein  "  (Bruns- 
wick, 1901),  edited  by  Ernst  Rudorff,  embrace 
the  period  from  1812  to  April,  1826  (thus  exclud- 
ing the  London  period).  Another  biography  is 
H.  Gehrmann's,  No.  V  in  the  German  series 
"  Beriihmte  Musiker  "  (Berlin,  1899;  illustrated). 

*  We'dekind,  Erica.  Misplaced  after 
Wegelek,  p.  624. 

Weed,  Marion,  dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Ro- 
chester, N.  Y.;  1903-4  at  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House,  New  York,  with  the  Conried  com- 
pany, singing  Kundry,  Isolde,  etc. 

Wellings,  (Joseph)  Milton,  b.  Handsworth, 
near  Birmingham,  Engl.,  Dec.  4,  1850.  Popu- 
lar and  productive  song-composer  ("  I  wait  no 
more",  "At  the  Ferry",  "Be  mine  again", 
"Dreaming",  "  Forget,  forgive  ",  "The  Golden 
Anchor  ",  "  You  know  best  ",  "  Golden  Love  ", 
"  Only  a  Rose",  "  Primrose  Farm  ",  etc.) ;  he 
also  prod,  a  "  sketch,"  The  Dancing-inaster ,  at 
the  Criterion  Th.,  London,  in  1894. 

Wes'terhout.  See  Van  Westerhout,  in 
body  of  this  Dictionary. 

WetzTer,  Hermann  Hans,  b.  Frankfort-on* 
Main,  Sept.  8,  1870;  studied  from  1885-92  at 
the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort,  under  Frau  Schu- 
mann (pf.),  Heermann  (vln.),  Scholz  (comp.), 
Knorr  (cpt.),  and  Humperdinck  (score-reading). 
In  1892  he  settled  in  New  York  ;  was  organist 
at  Old  Trinity,  1897-1901  ;  in  1902  cond.  his 
first  grand  orch.l  concerts  at  Carnegie  Hall  ; 
1903,  founded  the  Wetzler  Symphony  Concerts 
(95  pieces  ;  L.  Lichtenberg,  leader),  which  have 
had  some  success  and  introduced  renowned 
soloists  ;  R.  Strauss  conducted  a  series  of  four 
concerts  of  his  own  works  in  Feb.  and  March, 
1904. — Works  :  Op.  I,  ballade,  "  The  Faery 
Queene";op.  2,  5  deutsche  Lieder;  op.  3,  Scotch 
Ballads;  op.  4,  12  Tonbilder,  Variationen,  f. 
pf. ; — in  MS.,  Variations  f.  oboe,  clar.,  2  violas, 
and  'cello  ;  Concert-overture  (Thomas  Orch., 
Chicago);  "Christi  Tod  und  Auferstehung"', 
Easter  music  for  wind-instr.s  and  organ  ;  "  En- 
gelskonzert ",  Tondichtung  f.  orch.  after  a 
painting  by  Hans  Thoma. 

Whelpley,  Benjamin  Lincoln,  b.  Eastport, 
Maine,  Oct.  23,  1864.  Studied  in  Boston  1S79- 
80  with  B.  J.  Lang(pf.),  Sidney  Homer  (comp.), 
and  others  ;  also  in  Paris  in  1890  with  E.  M. 
Delaborde.  First  appearance  as  pianist  at  a  re- 
cital in  Chickering  Hall,  Boston,  Mar.  19,  18S6. 
He  is  organist  of  the  South  Congr.  Ch.,  Boston, 
and  of  the  Cecilia  Society  ;  has  given  many  re- 
citals and  concerts.  His  works  include  a  "Dance 
of  the  Gnomes",  "Under  Bright  Skies",  and 
other  pf. -pieces;  also  songs. 

*  White,  John,  died  Bad  Nauheim,  Germany, 
July  18,  1902. — Add  to  list  of  works  the  oratorio 
Alpha  and  Omega. 

Whitney,  Myron  William,  bass  vocalist  ; 
b.  Ashby,  Mass.,  Sept.  5,  1S36.     Pupil  of  E.  II. 


693 


supplement] 


WIECK— WOLF 


Frost  in  Boston,  Randegger  in  London,  and 
Vannucini  in  Florence,  Italy.  Debut  in  oratorio 
in  Boston  (Messiah,  Dec.,  1858),  and  sang  in 
concert  and  oratorio,  also  in  chief  Festivals  in 
America  and  Great  Britain  ;  took  leading  bass 
roles  with  the  Boston  Ideal  Opera  Co.  at  Boston 
Theatre,  1879,  m  Pinafore,  Fatinitza,  Bohe- 
mian Girl,  Figaro,  Tsar  and  Carpenter,  Chimes 
of  Normandy;  with  American  Opera  Co.  in 
Lohengrin,  Flying  Dutchman ,  Huguenots, Magic 
Flute,  Aida,  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  etc. 
Retired  in  1900. 

*  Wieck,  Friedrich.  Biography  by  Dr.  V. 
Joss  :  "  Der  Musikpadagoge  Fr.  W.  und  seine 
Familie  "  (Dresden,  1902);  also  "  Fr.  W.  und 
sein  Verhaltnis  zu  Robert  Schumann  "  (Dresden, 
1900). 

Wieh'mayer,  (Johann)  Theodor,  pianist;  b. 
Marienfeld,  Westphalia,  Jan.  7,  1870;  studied  in 
Leipzig  Cons.  1886-9  under  Jadassohn  (comp.), 
Reinecke  (comp.  and  pf.),  and  Coccius(pf.);  then 
pf.  one  year  under  Martin  Krause  in  Leipzig, 
where  his  first  concert  took  place  autumn  of  1890, 
followed  by  a  winter  tour  through  Sweden  (33 
concerts).  He  now  settled  in  Leipzig  as  a 
teacher,  also  giving  concerts  in  other  towns  ;  in 
Jan.,  1902,  app.  teacher  of  pf.  in  the  Leipzig 
Cons. — Publ.  works:  Prelude  (canon)  and  Fugue 
f.  organ,  op.  1;  Petite  Valse  and  Albumblatt  f. 
pf.,  op.  2;  canon  f.  4  solo  voices,  "  Die  Baume 
bli'ih'n,"  op.  5  ;  Special  Studies  f.  pf. ;  "  Schule 
der  Finger-Technik." 

Wie'trowetz,  Gabriele,  violinist;  b.  Lai- 
bach,  Carniola,  Jan.  13,  1866.  Pupil  of  Joachim 
at  the  Berlin  Hochschule  for  3  years  ;  the  first 
year  (1883)  she  won  the  Mendelssohn  prize  of 
1,500  marks.  Debut  at  Miinster  1885,  with 
Brahms's  concerto,  followed  by  concert-tours 
through  Switzerland,  Norway,  and  Sweden  ; 
since  then  over  all  Europe.  She  is  now  (1904) 
teacher  at  the  Berlin  Hochschule — the  first 
woman  to  hold  such  a  position  there. 

*  Wilhel'mj,  August  (Emil  Daniel  Fer- 
dinand Victor),  is  his  full  name.  (See  the 
London  "  Mus.  Times"  for  June,  1901.) — His 
son,  whose  name  is  Adolf  (not  Anton),  was  born 
Mar.  31,  1871. 

Willis,  Henry,  the  celebrated  organ-builder, 
known  as  "  Father  Willis",  died  London,  Feb. 
11,  igoi.in  his  80th  year.  His  magnum  opus 
is  the  organ  in  St.  Paul's.  He  was  likewise  a 
skilled  organist,  holding  appointments  at  Hemp- 
stead Parish  Ch.  and  (for  30  years)  at  Islington 
Chapel-of-Ease.  (Excellent  biogr.  sketch  in 
London  "  Mus.  Times  "  for  May,    1898.) 

*  Willis,  R.  S.,  died  Detroit,  May  7,  1900. 
Wilson,    Grenville     Dean,    b.     Plymouth, 

Conn.,  Jan.  26,  1833  ;  d.  Nyack,  N.  Y.,  Sept. 
20,  1897.  His  teachers  were  his  mother,  and  a 
German  tutor  named  Donheim,  for  piano,  and 
A.  W.  Johnson  at  Boston  for  harmony  and 
comp.;  some  pieces  were  publ.  before  he  was 
ten.     From  18  he  taught  in  Lenox,  Mass.,  New 


York,  Saratoga,  and  Lasell  Seminary  ;  in  1871 
he  took  charge  of  the  musical  department  of 
Rockland  Inst.,  Nyack;  in  1877  ne  organized  the 
Nyack  Symphony  Society,  with  annual  concerts; 
and  in  1880  founded  the  Nyack  Choral  Society. 
— Publ.  works  number  nearly  200,  chiefly  songs 
("  The  Train  for  Poppyland  ",  "  My  love  went 
sailing ",  etc.),  and  many  popular  piano-pieces 
("The  Shepherd-boy",  "Wayside  Chapel", 
"Chapel  in  the  Mountains",  "Moonlight  on 
the  Hudson  ",  "  Voix  du  matin  ",  etc.). 

*  Winkelmann,  Hermann,  was  born  Bruns- 
wick, March  8,  1S49. 

Witkow'ski,    G.    M.,     contemporary    con- 
poser  ;  lieutenant  of   cuirassiers    in   the   French 
army  ;  pupil  of  d'Indy  in  theory  and  composi- 
tion.     Has  written  a  quintet  (prod.  Paris,  1898), 
a  symphony  (1901),  and  other  works. 

*  Wolf,  Hugo,  born  Windischgratz,  Styria, 
Mar.  13,  1S60  ;  died  insane  at  Vienna,  Feb.  22, 

1903.  He  studied 
one  year  at  the  Vi- 
enna Cons.,  there- 
after by  himself. 
From  1884-8,  musi- 
cal critic  for  t  he 
"Wiener  Salon- 
blatt  ".  A  song-com- 
poser of  extraordi- 
nary fertility,  he  soon 
became  widely 
known,  and  his  real 
genius  was  appreci- 
ated by  many  musi- 
cians ;  numerous 
"  Hugo  Wolf  Socie- 
ties" were  founded,  and  his  songs  were  sung 
throughout  Germany.  His  fruitful  period  began 
in  1886,  and  within  ten  years  he  set  to  music  20 
songs  by  Eichendorff,  53  by  Morike,  51  by 
Goethe,  44  in  the  "  Spanisches  Liederbuch  ",  3 
poems  by  Michelangelo,  and  single  poems  by  By- 
ron, Heine,  Keller,  Korner,  and  Scheffel.  "  Das 
Elfenlied  "  and  ' '  Der  Feuerreiter  "  were  arranged 
as  choral  works  with  orchestra  ;  he  also  provided 
Ibsen's  "  Festival  on  Solhaug  "  with  music  (these 
three  were  prod,  in  Vienna  in  1893).  In  1896 
he  brought  out  a  very  successful  4-act  comedy- 
opera,  Der  Corregidor,  at  Mannheim  ;  but  in 
1897  his  mind  gave  way.  Despite  artistic 
recognition,  he  was  always  in  pecuniary  straits. 
His  principal  "  lifework  "  was  done  in  the  years 
1888-91  ;  in  these  he  composed  the  "  Morikelie- 
der",  the  "  Goethe-Cyclus ",  the  "Spanisches 
Liederbuch  "  and  the  first  Book  of  Italian  songs. 
Among  his  finest  songs  are  "Der  Gartner", 
"  Anakreons  Grab",  "  Verborgenheit  ",  "  Stor- 
chenbotschaft  ",  "  Gesang  Weylas  ",  and  "Der 
Tambour."  "Der  Feuerreiter",  for  mixed 
chorus  with  orch.,  and  "  Dem  Vaterland  ",  for 
male  chorus  with  orch.,  are  also  very  popular. — 
String-quartet  "Entbehren  sollstdu",  in  Dmin., 
publ.  1904;  also  an  "  Italienische  Serenade  ",  and 
the    symph.  poem   "  Penthesilea ",    for   orch. — 


694 


WOLF-FERRARI— ZUMSTEEG 


[supplement 


Biography  by  Michael  Haberlandt  (Leipzig, 
1903) ;  also  by  Ernst  Decsey  (Leipzig  and  Berlin, 
Vol.  i  1903;  Vol.  ii  1904);  "Die  Musik  "  second 
year,  Nos.  12  and  13,  contains  four  long  articles 
on  W.;  his  "  Briefe  an  Hugo  Faisst  "  were  publ. 
in  Stuttgart,  1903;  the  "Briefe  Hugo  Wolfs  an 
Emil  Kauffmann ",  in  Berlin,  1903  ;  and  his 
"  Gesammelte  Aufsatze"  (3  vol.s),  in  Berlin, 
1898,  '99,  1900. 

Wolf-Ferra'ri,  Ermanno,  composer ;  b. 
Venice,  Jan.  12,  1876  ;  began  composing  at  the 
age  of  8,  and  wrote  an  opera  at  19.  His  opera 
Aschenbrodel  has  been  given  with  success  in 
Germany  ;  he  has  also  written  a  musical  comedy 
on  a  book  by  Goldoni,  Le  Donne  curiose. 
His  secular  oratorio  Vita  nuova  was  given  in 
1903-4  at  Cologne,  Hamburg,  Dusseldorf,  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  etc.  He  has  publ.  2  sonatas  for 
violin  and  pf.  ;  2  trios  ;  a  quintet ;  a  symphony 
for  small  orch.  ;  a  mystery,  Talitha  cutni  ;  a 
cantata,  La  Sidamita  ;  and  Italian  love-songs. 

*  Wolff,  Hermann,  died  Berlin,  Feb.  3,  1902. 

Wood,  Henry  J.,  b.  Newman  St.,  London, 
Mar.  3,  1870.  Of  musical  parentage,  at  the  age 
of  six  he  played  the  piano-part,  in  family  mu- 
sicales,  in  works  by  Bach  and  Haydn  ;  equally 
precocious  on  the  organ,  at  ten  he  often  acted  as 
deputy  organist,  and  his  organ-recitals  were  a 
feature  of  the  Fisheries'  Exhib.  (18S3)  and 
the  Inventions'  Exhib.  (1S85).  He  studied 
6  terms  in  the  R.  A.  M.  (from  1886)  under 
Prout,  Steggall,  Macfarren,  and  Garcia,  winning 
four  medals.  About  1888  programs  began  to 
bear  his  name  as  a  song-composer  ;  he  next  tried 
his  hand  at  light  operas,  cantatas,  and  oratorio, 
and  several  works  came  out.  But  his  darling 
ambition  was  to  become  a  professional  conductor ; 
his  first  practical  experience  was  a  4-months'  trip 
with  the  Rousbey  company,  beginning  Sept., 
1889  ;  next  autumn  he  superintended  the  re- 
hearsals of  Ivanhoe  (Sullivan),  and  then  became 
Cellier's  assistant  at  the  Savoy  Th.,  likewise  con- 
ducting Mignon  and  Le  Me'decin  malgrd  ltd  at 
the  Crystal  Palace.  In  August,  1891,  he  con- 
ducted Carmen  during  Mme.  Roze's  tour ;  in 
1S92,  at  the  Olympic,  Eugene  On/gin,  etc.  He 
now  devoted  much  time  to  opera-classes  and  sing- 
ing-lessons ;  in  1895  he  began  the  first  series  of 
Promenade  concerts  in  Queen's  Hall  with  an 
orchestra  of  nearly  100  picked  men.  Their 
success  encouraged  Mr.  Newman,  the  manager, 
to  begin  a  short  series  of  Symphony  concerts 
in  Jan.,  1896.  W.  now,  in  successive  seasons, 
competed  with  Lamoureux,  Chevillard,  Colonne, 
Ysaye,  Weingartner,  and  Nikisch  as  visiting 
conductors.  W.  himself  has  visited  Paris, 
Berlin,  and  (1904)  New  York  ;  he  also  con- 
ducts the  Sunday  afternoon  concerts  at  Queen's 
Hall.  As  an  opera-cond.  he  has  nearly  50  operas 
in  his  repertory.  His  predilections  are  distinctly 
modern,  though  his  interpretations  of  the  classics, 
like  Beethoven's  Fifth  and  Ninth,  are  fine  and 
sympathetic.       [Cf.    Rosa  Newmarch's   sketch, 


"Henry  J.  Wood"  (London,  1904.)] — Works: 
The  operettas  Daisy  (1890)  and  Returning  the 
Compliment  ;  comic  opera  Zuleika  (1890)  ;  100 
Years  Ago  (1892)  ;  dram,  oratorio  Dorothea 
(1889);  dram,  cantata  NacoocJiee  (1890);  two 
masses  ;  a  Romance  f.  vln.  and  pf.  (18S7)  ;  songs  ; 
etc. 

*  Woolf,  Benjamin  E.,  died  Boston,  Feb.  7, 
1901.  For  six  years  he  had  been  the  musical 
editor  of  the  "  Boston  Herald."  His  successful 
play   The  Mighty  Dollar  deserves  mention. 

*  Wiill'ner,  Franz,  died  Braunfels  an  der 
Lahn,  Sept.  7,  1902. 

*  Wurm,  Wilhelm,  died  St.  Petersburg, 
June  (?),  1904. 


Zahn,  Johannes,  b.  Espenbach,  Franconia, 
Aug.  1,  1817  ;  d.  Neudettelsau,  Feb.  17,  1895. 
Student  of  theology  at  Munich  and  Berlin  ;  1847 
Prefect,  1854-88  Director  of  the  R.  Teachers' 
Seminary  at  Altdorf.  Founded  in  1875  the  peri- 
odical "  Siona "  for  liturgy  and  church-music. 
Chief  work,  "  Die  Melodien  der  deutschen  evan- 
gelischen  Kirchenlieder,  aus  den  Quellen  ge- 
schopft  und  mitgetheilt "  (6  vol.s,  1854-93); 
numerous  other  works,  mostly  for  church-music, 
among  them  a"  Sonntagsschulbuch  fur  die  luthe- 
rischen  Gemeinden  Nordamerikas  "  (1894). 

Zel'ler,  Dr.  Karl,  the  Viennese  operetta-com- 
poser, likewise  court  councillor  in  the  Ministry 
of  Education  ;  b.  St.  Peter  in  der  Au,  Lower 
Austria,  1844;  died  Baden,  near  Vienna,  Aug. 
17,  1S98.  Favorite  operettas,  Der  Vogelhandler 
and  Der  Obersteiger;  others  were  Joconda,  Die 
Carbonari,  Der  Vagabund,  Die  Fornariner. 

*  Zemlin'sky.  Correct  name  is  Alexander 
von  Z. — In  1900  he  was  engaged  as  1st  Kapellm. 
at  the  Carl  Theatre,  Vienna.  His  fairy-opera, 
Es  war  einmal  ["  Once  upon  a  time  "]  was  suc- 
cessfully prod,  at  the  Vienna  Court  Opera  (1900?). 

*  Zell'ner,  Julius,  died  Miirzzuschlag,  Styria, 
July  28,  1900. 

ZepTer,  Bogumil,  b.  Breslau,  May  6,  1858. 
After  graduating  as  M.  D.  at  Breslau  Univ.,  he 
went  over  to  music  ;  studied  under  Heinrich 
Urban  at  Berlin  ;  brought  out  a  popular  parody 
on  Cavalleria  ruslieana,  entitled  Cavalleria 
Berolina,  at  Berlin  in  1891,  followed  (at  Kroll's 
Th.,  1902)  by  a  one-act  comedy-opera  Der  Braut- 
viarkt  ztt  Hira.  His  first  operetta,  Der  Vicomte 
von  Letorieres,  was  prod,  at  Hamburg,  1889. 
Other  works  :  A  ballet-suite  f.  orch.,  songs,  etc. 

*  Zim'mer,  Otto,  was  born  May  7,  1822. 

*  Zum'pe,  Hermann,  died  Munich,  Sept.  4, 
1903.  He  left  an  opera,  Sawitri,  with  only  parts 
of  the  orchestration  unfinished, 

*  Zumsteeg'.  Biography  by  Dr.  L.  Lands- 
hoff :  "  J.  R.  Z.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Geschichte  des 
Liedes  und  der  Ballade  "  (Berlin,  1902). 


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